"Hamlet" is Shakespeare s most popular, and most puzzling, play. It follows the form of a revenge tragedy, in which the hero, Hamlet, seeks vengeance against his father s murderer, his uncle Claudius, now the king of Denmark. Much of its fascination, however, lies in its uncertainties. Among them: What is the Ghost Hamlet s father demanding justice, a tempting demon, an angelic messenger? Does Hamlet go mad, or merely pretend to? Once he is sure that Claudius is a murderer, why does he not act? Was his mother, Gertrude, unfaithful to her husband or complicit in his murder? The authoritative edition of "Hamlet" from The Folger Shakespeare Library, the trusted and widely used Shakespeare series for students and general readers, includes: -Freshly edited text based on the best early printed version of the play -Newly revised explanatory notes conveniently placed on pages facing the text of the play -Scene-by-scene plot summaries -A key to the play s famous lines and phrases -An introduction to reading Shakespeare s language -An essay by a leading Shakespeare scholar providing a modern perspective on the play -Fresh images from the Folger Shakespeare Library s vast holdings of rare books -An up-to-date annotated guide to further reading Essay by Michael Neill The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC, is home to the world s largest collection of Shakespeare s printed works, and a magnet for Shakespeare scholars from around the globe. In addition to exhibitions open to the public throughout the year, the Folger offers a full calendar of performances and programs. For more information, visit Folger.edu."


It is increasingly being recognised that a significant number of able students who embark on a mathematics degree become disenchanted and move away from mathematics after graduating. This paper reports on the experiences of four such learners, exploring their mathematical trajectories against ideas in current literature. Through a consideration of their evolving agentic identities, we argue that observed difficulties arise not only out of cognitive challenges, but also from a paucity of resilient learning strategies and behaviours specific to mathematics. In this way, we offer a perspective which has relevance in preparing future students more effectively.


This paper evaluates the manner in which agglomeration influenced formation of cities and how this has changed with the evolution of 'global cities'. Furthermore, a study of global cities concentrating on London and New York, investigating the sales turnover of commercial real estate, is undertaken to investigate any changes in relativity.Changes in capital flows recorded in commercial real estate transactions over time will be analysed using market data supplied by RCA for each city sector studied. As a consequence of electronic communications and reduced costs of travel, earlier predictions were made of the 'end of geography' with reference to ending the importance of strategic fixed locations. Despite this, studies of agglomeration reveal that once a path dependency is established, a self-augmenting process with existing structure and infrastructure, direct contacts between firms, local information flows, joint use of facilities and provision of venture capital provided by existing firms in the location, maintains a local momentum. Firms create their own 'externalities' in a location resulting in positive effects on that industry. Whether this can continue to maintain or extend the life of an international financial centre has not been studied in great depth. In recent years the global network of world cities has undergone some alteration in balance of activity. A number of cities from developing nations are playing an increasingly significant part in global economic activity.The research confirms the significance of cities as a global base for business has not declined. However, agglomeration economies in the new wealth producing firms in global cities have altered from those important to former wealth producers in manufacturing. Furthermore, technological development has manifested vast changes in global competitive and economic advantages altering balances accordingly.


Variational data assimilation optimizes for an initial state of a dynamical system such that its evolution fits observational data. The physical model can subsequently be evolved into the future to make predictions. This principle is a cornerstone of large scale forecasting applications such as numerical weather prediction. As such, it is implemented in current operational systems of weather forecasting agencies across the globe. However, finding a good initial state poses a difficult optimization problem in part due to the non-invertible relationship between physical states and their corresponding observations. We learn a mapping from observational data to physical states and show how it can be used to improve optimizability. We employ this mapping in two ways: to better initialize the non-convex optimization problem, and to reformulate the objective function in better behaved physics space instead of observation space. Our experimental results for the Lorenz96 model and a two-dimensional turbulent fluid flow demonstrate that this procedure significantly improves forecast quality for chaotic systems.


Introduction: The number of people with diabetes is increasing in every country. Recent estimates put the prevalence at 8.3% of adults, with a predicted rise to 10.1 in 2035 [1]. Although less than 1% of patients with diabetes require definitive haemodialysis, this still represents a significant number who may require arteriovenous fistula creation. Presentation: We report a case of IMN occurring in a patient with end stage diabetic nephropathy following brachio-basilic arteriovenous fistula creation for chronic maintenance haemodialysis. Discussion: Ischaemicmonomelic neuropathy (IMN) has developed as a distinct clinical entity involving dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves following vascular access. Symptom onset is usually immediate, and neurological symptoms are dominant, generally in the absence of significant clinical ischaemia. Acute neurological symptoms may be disabling and irreversible, but prompt ligation of arteriovenous fistula can prevent permanent disability. Conclusion: Ischaemicmonomelic neuropathy (IMN) is a rare but serious complication of vascular access for arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hand dysfunction following such surgery. While the condition is not preventable or predictable, prompt recognition and treatment can lead to prevention of permanent disability.


A number of structurally diverse compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the DNA polymerase activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). The compounds can be grouped into two broad classes: nucleoside analogs and nonnucleoside inhibitors. The nonnucleoside inhibitors are quite specific for the polymerase activity of HIV-1 RT; they do not affect the polymerase activity of HIV-2 RT or the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity of either HIV-1 RT or HIV-2 RT. Structural, biochemical, and genetic analyses showed that this group of inhibitors binds in a hydrophobic pocket near the polymerase active site. Mutations in amino acids that line this hydrophobic pocket, for example at tyrosine 181, tyrosine 188, or lysine 103, lead to enzymes that are resistant to the nonnucleoside inhibitors. We have investigated the enzymatic properties of two mutants of HIV-1 RT in which residues 181 and 188 were replaced by the corresponding amino acids in HIV-2 RT (tyrosine 181-->isoleucine and tyrosine 188-->leucine). The two tyrosine mutants closely resemble the wild-type HIV-1 RT in almost all the catalytic functions tested, including the heat stability, sensitivity of the DNA polymerase activity to inhibition by deoxynucleoside analogs, inhibition by the zinc chelator o-phenanthroline, and the Km values calculated for the DNA polymerase activity. There is, however, a slight difference in the effect of orthophenanthroline on the RNase H activity. In addition, there is a subtle disparity in the fidelity of DNA synthesis (analyzed by a mispair extension assay), thus indicating that these mutant RTs are not likely to confer any selective advantages or disadvantages to the variant virions over wild-type virus.


Often dismissed as superficial, vampire films and television series have been a dominant mode by which Hollywood has negotiated the ever-shifting contours of social difference in the United States since the 1920s and 1930s. Remarkably, critical analysis has paid little attention to the interconnections between racism, sexism, and speciesism—and almost no attention to ways that difference affects nonhuman animals. Drawing on work in animal studies and the posthumanities, this article explores the extent to which HBO's True Blood (2008–present) can contribute to the ongoing process of decolonizing thinking from the everyday habits defined by anthropocentrism. By featuring supernatural species, it questions unwitting complicity with forms of cinematic and televisual realism in reifying political realism. The series is premised on the political organization of vampires who advocate for the right to the right of citizenship, exploring ongoing asymmetries in social and political power through resurrected Confederate soldiers, ghosts of murdered women and children, and terrorism in the form of rebel vampire groups exploding the factories where synthetic blood is manufactured and multiracial hate-groups of male and female humans wearing rubber "Barack Obama" masks and murdering shapeshifters. If the animal turn follows the postcolonial turn, then this article asks whether True Blood might suggest ways for humans to live ethically with other species and to think interspecies relations in ways that consider what interspecies ethics might also mean to humans still defined in terms of race, sex, nativity, and religion.


The effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on proteins that have been implicated in the migration of the Grade IV brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme, were investigated in this study. Differential expression levels of TIMP-2, MMP-2, and MTl-MMP in response to EGF treatment were compared by immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. This study involved two different cultured glioma cell lines, U87, which expresses wild-type p53, and T98, which has a mutation in the p53 gene, in order to determine if the status of the p53 tumor suppression gene is a factor in the regulation of proteins involved in this migration pathway. It was determined that the only response of mutant cells to EGF treatment was the putative upregulation of the level of TIMP-2 protein. Treatment of the U87 cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of MTl-MMP. It was believed that phosphorylation of MTl-MMP correlated with activity and ability to cleave the proenzyme of MMP-2, however, the level of MMP-2 activity actually decreased. These data highlight the complex interaction of p53 status and protein expression and activation that corresponds to the ability of tumor cells to migrate.


Growing evidence in macrofinance suggests long-lasting effects of personally experienced outcomes on beliefs. To understand the underlying mechanism we turn to the neurological foundations of memory formation. We propose that emotional tagging plays a crucial role in assigning weights in the belief formation process. We use exposure to communism as well as variation in its emotional tagging to predict long-run beliefs. We show that living under communism has long-term effects on beliefs about its benefits. In addition, positive and negative emotional tags strongly affect the (pro- or anti-communist) direction of beliefs, providing anchors to memory that seem hard to reverse.


Good faith is one of the key elements of the Roman law of obligations, whose implementation rests essentially on actiones bonae fidae. Despite the important contribution that the concept of bona fides made to the law in ancient times, particularly in the field of contracts, its reception has been extremely varied. Adopted to a large extent by the German civil law and its adherents, it has not been fully received in French law, as may be seen in the French Civil Code of 1804, nor in English law, which refuses to recognise it as a concept. Moreover, some doctrines remain hostile to it, considering the principle to be too vague to be useful. However, it seems that the concept of bona fides has regained some importance, especially in European community law as well as in draft legislation, as in France for example. This contribution focuses on bona fides in Roman jurisprudence as a point of reference for developments in contemporary European lawmaking.


Tail-biting in pigs (Sus scrofa) reduces welfare and production. Tail-docking reduces (but does not eliminate) tail-biting damage. The reason tail-docking reduces tail damage is unknown. It may reduce pigs' attraction to tails (H1), or increase tails' sensitivity to investigation (H2). To investigate these hypotheses, behavioural differences between 472 individually marked grower pigs with intact tails (nine groups of 25–34 pigs) or docked tails (nine groups of 22–24 pigs) were observed from 5–8 weeks of age on a commercial farm in Denmark. Pens had part-slatted floors, dry feeding and two handfuls of straw per day, and enrichment objects were provided. Behavioural sampling recorded actor and recipient for tail-directed (tail interest, tail in mouth, tail reaction) and investigatory behaviours (belly-nosing, ear-chewing, interaction with enrichment). Scan sampling recorded pig posture/activity and tail posture. Intact-tail pigs performed more overall investigatory behaviours but tail type did not affect the amount of tail-directed behaviours. Larger pigs performed more investigatory and tail-directed behaviours than smaller pigs and females performed slightly more tail investigation. Tail-directed behaviours were not consistent over time at the individual or group level. However, ear-chewing was consistent at the group level. One group with intact tails was affected by a tail-biting outbreak in the final week of the study (evidenced by tail-damage scores) and showed an increase over time in tail posture (tail down) and tail-directed behaviour but not activity. Overall, there were few behavioural differences between docked and undocked pigs: no evidence of reduced tail investigation (H1) or an increased reaction to tail investigation (H2) in docked pigs, and yet docked pigs had less tail damage. We propose that docking might be effective because longer tails are more easily damaged as pigs are able to bite them with their cheek teeth.


The increased societal need for surveillance and the decrease in cost of sensors have led to a number of new challenges. The problem is not to collect data but to use it effectively for decision support. Manual interpretation of huge amounts of data in real-time is not feasible; the operator of a surveillance system needs support to analyze and understand all incoming data. In this paper an approach to intelligent video surveillance is presented, with emphasis on finding behavioural anomalies. Two different anomaly detection methods are compared and combined. The results show that it is possible to best increase the total detection performance by combining two different anomaly detectors rather than employing them independently.


We devise the first closed formula for the number of rounds of a blockcipher with secret components so that these components can be revealed using multiset, algebraic-degree, or division-integral properties, which in this case are equivalent. Using the new result, we attack 7 (out of 9) rounds of Kuznyechik, the recent Russian blockcipher standard, thus halving its security margin. With the same technique we attack 6 (out of 8) rounds of Khazad, the legacy 64-bit blockcipher. Finally, we show how to cryptanalyze and find a decomposition of generic SPN construction for which the inner-components are secret. All the attacks are the best to date.


Abstract : Security cooperation with Europe has been the bedrock of American strategy for more than 50 years. Today, that relationship is undergoing both stress and refinement as Europe moves toward a more unified political and security identity, and as the United States responds to a changing global security environment. While many issues have the potential to complicate U.S.-European security cooperation, few are more pressing than the U.S. pursuit of missile defense and Europe's construction of European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). The author explains the relationship between missile defense and ESDP. He shows that, rather than serving as wedges between the United States and Europe, both of these can help construct a better security relationship. In fact, transatlantic cooperation and understanding of these issues is necessary for either of them to succeed.


The Bantu equivalent of a genitive construction, a construction in which a nominal constituent modifies another one, is part of a family of constructions commonly called the connective construction . This paper analyses the family of Bantu connective constructions from a perspective inspired by canonical typology. I first define a canonical type and subsequently discuss departures from this type along five dimensions. The resulting picture shows a functionally extremely versatile construction type in a grammatical space that lacks clear-cut boundaries between genitives, adjectives and relative clauses. Connective constructions are a frequent source of lexicalisation, and of grammaticalisation patterns that often lead to agreement in unusual places.


Abstract After 2000, the vast majority of defined benefit (DB) pension plans encountered a decrease in their funding ratios, largely due to a drop in asset prices. It is possible that public sector pension plans may have acted imprudently by chasing returns, once they encountered underfunding. We identify four indicators for DB plans' imprudent investment behavior: no portfolio rebalancing, employer conflicts of interest, trustee conflicts of interest, and failure to implement best investment practices. To see if public sector pension plans rebalance their portfolios, we use data from the Federal Reserve's Flow of Funds, dating from 1952 to 2007. To test for the remaining three hypotheses, we use data from the Census' State and Local Government Employee Retirement Systems data base, where consistent data for state and local government plans are available from 1993 to 2005. Our results suggest that there is no evidence that public sector plans systematically engaged in imprudent investment behavior and that this did not systematically differ after 2000 from the earlier period.


Major L. F. Giblin, D.S.O.. and Mr. A. V. Giblin during
the Christmas holidays of 1920, 1921, and 1922, organised
and led three successive trips into the little-known country
that surrounds Mt. Anne. The parties met with considerable
difficulties, and most of the available time was used up
in the endeavour to reach Mt. Anne, so the opportunities
for an investiqation of geology were few, but these fragmentary notes may be of assistance to future investigators.
The area reviewed in this paper extends from the
vicinity of Fitzgerald on the Russell Falls River on the
north, to the junction of the Huon and Weld rivers, on the
south. These points are approximately the end of cultivation
in this part of Tasmania. The area is bounded on
the west by the Huon River.


The point of theory, it seems, is to attempt to stop time, perhaps as if it was a dependent variable, and assemble the disparate elements of understanding into statements, or even a statement--or even a single word--that theorists would hope would capture the movement of the moment. Today, at this moment of global movement, we are assembled to reflect on our currency with and for one another. Many of us have attempted to stake a claim to having achieved perhaps the ultimate act of theorizing the movement of our moment by pronouncing the one word, globalization, that accomplishes the task of theory. (l) The word is effective since it seems to strike a responsive chord in all of us. In fact, the word is more than this: globalization is a name that is both proper and common. Each of us names globalization as a proper noun that is beyond critique (we all know what globalization is) because it enfolds within it an entire universe of possibility. We also name globalization as common nouns, subject to interpretation--to translation according to our presumably diverse languages of theory. We name globalization as if it is beyond question, and as if it is subject to question. Globalization says more than the name, just as it says, quite simply, the name. (2) The difficulty that ensues from naming globalization is that the conflict between the universality of the proper noun and the particularity of the common nouns that come of our interpretations (our translations) bears a double injunction: we are constrained by the argued-for sovereignty of the name and, presumably, liberated by the essential contestations that each of us brings to the name. (3) Another recently named phenomenon that has begun to occupy an albeit lower place in the pantheon of theoretical names is postcolonialism. Like globalization, postcolonialism also encompasses a very wide range of theoretical considerations. It is also subject to the double imperative of naming. But the two words/names--globalization and postcolonialism--are made to occupy different places in our theoretical pantheon. One could argue that postcolonialism and globalization suggest alternate categories of identity construction and maintenance. A theorist of globalization might, for example, point to blurred boundaries in which virtual reality and free markets transcend the space of the idea of sovereignty. A theorist of postcolonialism might point to ongoing colonialist practices that blur boundaries in which past histories are in confluence with current postcolonial conditions to transcend the time of the idea of sovereignty. If one assumes the incommensurability of the two concepts--the two names--on the basis of different categories of analysis, one should also acknowledge the need to assume their commensurability on similar themes; for example, of sovereignty. Both globalization and postcolonialism are "transcendent" of a third name: sovereignty. If we try to make sense of globalization or postcolonialism, we can apparently do so only in terms of the current limits of discourse. Paradoxically, however, the neologisms of the present (globalization and postcolonialism, for example) are conceivable only in terms of the neologisms of the past. Sovereignty is only one of those ancient neologisms that have come to constitute our "current thinking": power, movement, authority, anarchy, agency, order, norms, and so on--these, too, are our guides. The result can be as limiting as the content that one might assign to those names through definition, or as illuminating as the potentially endless contestations that those names recommend. I shall want to recommend the illumination of contestation over the limitation of definition. Rather than proceed, as theorists all too often do, by straining to simplify or mitigate contestations, I welcome and encourage those contestations and recommend that the radical democratization of the names we give to global life should become the central task of theory. …


The study of growth in African economies during the 20th Century is hampered by the lack of historical GDP estimates. There has been some backward projections, and country case studies, but despite the available data historical national accounts has not yet been assembled. This paper provides GDP estimates for some former British colonies between 1900 – 1950. The estimates indicate faster growth and economic expansion compared to the previous estimates that have been based on backward extrapolations. It further brings support to the argument that if we observe economic growth in many economies from the 1890s to the 1970s and then only interrupted from 1975s to 1995s, writing about the 20th century for Africa as a growth tragedy may be a mistake, caused by lack of data. New time series data on economic growth may foster a research agenda devoted to the study of different growth trajectories on the continent.


Accurate predictions of ground-borne vibration levels in the vicinity of an underground railway are greatly sought after in modern urban centers. Yet the complexity involved in simulating the underground environment means that it is necessary to make simplifying assumptions about this system. One such commonly made assumption is to ignore the effects of nearby embedded structures such as piled foundations and neighbouring tunnels. Through the formulation of computationally efficient mathematical models, this dissertation examines the dynamic behaviour of these two particular types of structures. The effect of the dynamic behaviour of these structures on the ground-borne vibration generated by an underground railway is considered. The modelling of piled foundations begins with consideration of a single pile embedded in a linear, viscoelastic halfspace. Two approaches are pursued: the modification of an existing plane-strain pile model; and the development of a fully three-dimensional model formulated in the wavenumber domain. Methods for adapting models of infinite structures to simulate finite systems using mirror-imaging techniques are described. The interaction between two neighbouring piles is considered using the method of joining subsystems, and these results are extended to formulate models for pile groups. The mathematical model is validated against existing numerical solutions and is found to be both accurate and efficient. A building model and a model for the pile cap are developed, and are attached to the piled foundation. A case study is used to illustrate a procedure for assessing the vibration performance of pile groups subject to vibration generated by an underground railway. The two-tunnel model uses the superposition of displacement fields to produce a fully coupled model of two infinitely long tunnels embedded in a homogeneous, viscoelastic fullspace. The significance of the interactions occurring between the two tunnels is quantified by calculating the insertion gains that result from the existence of a second tunnel. The results show that a high degree of inaccuracy exists in any undergroundrailway vibration prediction model that includes only one of the two tunnels present.


Non-violent action entails exerting power to bring about change through means which avoid the use of physical force. Examples include protests, boycotts, civil disobedience, and non-cooperation, among others. Although it is possible for a single individual to engage in non-violence, larger-scale efforts, which involve numerous people working together to achieve some shared goal, are associated with broader societal change. Historically, these goals have included: undermining authoritarian governments, contesting injustices, preserving human rights, freedoms, and civil liberties, preventing coups d'etats, defending against external threats, and expelling foreign invaders, among others. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the key thinkers, practitioners, and writings on non-violent action. Our purpose is twofold. First, we aim to introduce readers to the key figures in the long tradition of non-violent action. Second, we seek to emphasize non-violent action as an important means for responding to crises. This approach is bottom-up in that it requires people figuring out ways to work together collectively to generate change to the status quo without a single, overarching entity directing the effort.


Toward the end of Johann Goethe's first stay in Venice in 1786, an experience recounted in Italian Journey, he made two curious remarks about objects. Italian Journey is a record of Goethe's childlike enthusiasm for the places and objects that had been theretofore known to him only in the writings and engravings of others and that were now about to show themselves to him, one after the other, in place. What Goethe was most eager to see in northern Italy, and had already begun to do so in Vicenza, was Palladian architecture. This is, as we know, a passion that Andre Bazin came to share with Goethe, especially in his expressed admiration of the forced perspective set of Palladio's Teatro Olimpico.1 In a letter dated October 12, Goethe first tells us that "Since Palladio keeps referring to Vitruvius, I have brought Galliani's edition, but this tome weighs as heavy in my luggage as it weighs on my brain when I study it."2 What Goethe rather cleverly indicates here is a relation between an image and an object-that is to say, a relation between an image and the object that the image also is but need not only be. More simply, what he recounts here is an understanding of an image as an object that has density, form, and matter-so much so that it weighs heavy in his suitcase-and that is also an image that weighs, in an immaterial way, on his mind, that is, even when the object itself remains unseen in his luggage.Toward the end of this same letter, Goethe makes a second observation about objects:My passionate desire to see these objects with my own eyes had grown to such a point that, if I had not taken the decision I am now acting upon, I should have gone completely to pieces. More historical research was no help. The things were in arm's reach, yet I felt separated from them by an impenetrable barrier. Now I feel, not that I am seeing them for the first time, but that I am seeing them again.3What I would like to arrive at here is an understanding of what it means to say that one is not only not seeing something for the first time but is also seeing it again, even though one has never before been present to the object. What Goethe articulates in these two passages is not an original experience of a place and its objects in their authenticity, which would follow from a break with mediation-whether in the form of films, books, postcards, or the tales of teachers and parents-and that we find in so many cliched expressions about the real and in the more recent appeals to an aesthetics of presentation. Nor does it confirm the by now ubiquitous skepticism about the map that has become the territory and especially as such claims are made today in the quasiscientific discourse of biopolitics, in which the brain has taken leave of the mind and is described, in turn, as either a screen or an algorithm, if not both at once. Rather, if I am seeing something that I have never before been present to in its material form as an object in a particular place and I describe this experience as an instance of seeing again, I do so precisely because the image is an object and also nothing material at the very same time.So, in response to the question that organizes this dossier-is an image an object?-I want to answer that in fact it is but with the necessary stipulation that it is also something immaterial, insofar as an image requires an object for its existence but need not remain tethered in place to that object, where it-the object-stands to be an image of a potentially different sort. Or as Jean Mitry points out in The Aesthetics and Psychology of the Cinema, if we imagine a unicorn-that is, if we form an image of something that does not exist-we cannot help but do so by way of our knowledge of and real experience with something that does, namely, a horse. That is to say, with an object that we have actually encountered face to face or as an image so thoroughly repeated in the aligned aspects of horseness, we may be inclined to say that we are seeing a real horse again, even if we are seeing one in person for the first time. …


Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin theory was employed by Grimshaw (Geophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 6, 1974, pp. 131–148) and Achatz et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 210, 2010, pp. 120–147) to derive modulation equations for non-hydrostatic internal gravity wave packets in the atmosphere. This theory allows for wave packet envelopes with vertical extent comparable to the pressure scale height and for large wave amplitudes with wave-induced mean-flow speeds comparable to the local fluctuation velocities. Two classes of exact travelling wave solutions to these nonlinear modulation equations are derived here. The first class involves horizontally propagating wave packets superimposed over rather general background states. In a co-moving frame of reference, examples from this class have a structure akin to stationary mountain lee waves. Numerical simulations corroborate the existence of nearby travelling wave solutions under the pseudo-incompressible model and reveal better than expected convergence with respect to the asymptotic expansion parameter. Travelling wave solutions of the second class also feature a vertical component of their group velocity but exist under isothermal background stratification only. These waves include an interesting nonlinear wave–mean-flow interaction process: a horizontally periodic wave packet propagates vertically while draining energy from the mean wind aloft. In the process it decelerates the lower-level wind. It is shown that the modulation equations apply equally to hydrostatic waves in the limit of large horizontal wavelengths. Aside from these results of direct physical interest, the new nonlinear travelling wave solutions provide a firm basis for subsequent studies of nonlinear internal wave instability and for the design of subtle test cases for numerical flow solvers.


Divorce and remarriage usually imply a redefinition of family boundaries, with consequences for the production and availability of social capital. This research shows that bonding and bridging social capitals are differentially made available by families. It first hypothesizes that bridging social capital is more likely to be developed in stepfamilies, and bonding social capital in first-time families. Second, the boundaries of family configurations are expected to vary within stepfamilies and within first-time families creating a diversity of family configurations within both structures. Third, in both cases, social capital is expected to depend on the ways in which their family boundaries are set up by individuals by including or excluding ex-partners, new partner's children, siblings, and other family ties. The study is based on a sample of 300 female respondents who have at least one child of their own between 5 and 13 years, 150 from a stepfamily structure and 150 from a first-time family structure. Social capital is empirically operationalized as perceived emotional support in family networks. The results show that individuals in first-time families more often develop bonding social capital and individuals in stepfamilies bridging social capital. In both cases, however, individuals in family configurations based on close blood and conjugal ties more frequently develop bonding social capital, whereas individuals in family configurations based on in-law, stepfamily or friendship ties are more likely to develop bridging social capital.


Intermittent sand filtration (ISF) is an efficient system for treatment of greywater; however, the high quality of effluent and the simple set-up contrast with the high failure rate due to clogging of surface layers. The efficacy of several polypropylene non-woven geotextiles (apparent opening size from 0.10 to 0.18 mm) used as primary treatment filters to remove suspended particles from domestic greywater and the effects of this pretreatment in the performance of fine and small media size (0.3 and 0.6 mm) ISFs was examined. Results showed geotextile achieved suspended solids (SS) removal rates from 25 to 85% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 3 to 30%; although the portion larger than 75 μm was removed at higher rates (55–90%), particles smaller than the nominal pore size of the filter were also captured. Geotextile used as pretreatment resulted in improvement of lifetime of the ISFs over an experimental run of 60 days. The vertical profile of volatile organic matter in the ISFs was evaluated at the end of the experiment and it showed a clear reduction in the accumulation of organic material on the top layer of the ISFs, effectively avoiding its early failure by accumulation of solids.


This article analyses which of the major lessons learned from previous experiences in nation building have been applied or ignored in Iraq. It focuses on the first six months of the post‐combat period, a time frame generally recognised as being critical for laying the foundations for a stable and democratic future. A review of previous cases points to six lessons that, in fact, have been unlearned, and only two that have been realised in this initial phase in Iraq.


A fractured reservoir embedded in an isotropic background is equivalent to an anisotropic medium whose symmetry depends on fracture orientation. For this configuration, a variation of PP-reflection amplitude as a function of azimuth, φ at a given incidence angle is often observed. Here we report on an observation of unusual amplitude behavior for reflections from the top Cadotte and Falher formations in the Lynx Field, Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, Canada. Formation microscanner (FMS) images suggest considerable fracturing in the shallower Cadotte interval and resistivity measurements show fracturing in the Falher zone. Interestingly, reflection amplitudes from the Cadotte do not show the expected azimuthal variation consistent with a vertically fractured medium. Reflections from the deeper Falher interval, however, do exhibit large, unexpected azimuthal variation.


Five nodulin genes, PsN1, PsN6, PsN314, PsN335, and PsN466, with reduced expression in ineffective nodules on the pea (Pisum sativum) mutant E135 (sym13) were characterized. They encode small polypeptides containing a putative signal peptide and conserved cysteine residues and show homology to the nodulins PsENOD3/14 and PsNOD6. For each gene, multiple bands were detected by genomic Southern analysis. Northern analysis showed that all five genes were expressed exclusively in nodules and that their temporal expression patterns were similar to that of the leghemoglobin (Lb) gene during nodule development. Their transcripts were localized predominantly from the interzone II-III to the distal part of nitrogen-fixing zone III in effective nodules, resembling the Lb gene. However, transcripts in ineffective E135 nodules were localized in narrower regions than those in the effective nodules. These results indicate that these nodulins are abundant in pea nodules and that their successive expression during nodule development is associated with nitrogen-fixing activity.


Cellular automata are simulations of cells interacting with each other based on simple rules. Despite the simplicity, they can exhibit complex behaviour, and have a number of applications in fields such as medicine, biology, mathematics, and more. As a result, people from a variety of different backgrounds and skill-sets may find cellular automata useful to their work or research. There exist tools to explore well-known automata, but many require some form of textual programming ability, or do not offer easy and approachable ways to customise automata. Our software aims to be more accessible for those without backgrounds in programming or cellular automata, to allow users to more easily explore and modify automata. To achieve this, we have developed a visual programming language, where users can connect components to create their own automata from scratch, without any textual programming.


This paper describes the results of a survey of 108 environmental scientists employed as researchers in academic institutions in Australia. The objectives of the survey were: to gauge these scientists' perceptions of the political dimension of environmental research; to gauge the nature and extent of their own involvement in environmental politics; and to determine whether or not they believed scientists were adequately prepared for such involvement or whether more attention should be given to questions of ethics, politics and the media in the training of scientists. The survey results indicated a clear recognition on the part of senior environmental researchers of the need for political involvement and for a greater emphasis on the preparation of scientists in such areas as politics, ethics and the media. However, it highlighted obvious constraints on involvement in political activity and public communication.


Abstract:
 Maintaining the health and productivity of rangelands by controlling the livestock stocking rate to remain within carrying capacity is of significance to ensure sustainable management of rangeland ecosystems. But we know little about the safe carrying capacity in particular rangeland landscapes. This has hampered efforts to use rangelands in a risk-averse manner in fluctuating rainfall environments, and especially in arid and semiarid areas. To address this lack of information, we took Kailash Sacred Landscape in China (KSL-China) as our study site and used remote sensing data, meteorological data and statistical data from 2000 to 2015 to analyze rangeland carrying capacity, stocking rate, and major influencing factors. Rangeland carrying capacity presented an increasing trend, while stocking rate was gradually decreasing, resulting in an increase of carrying rate in the study area. The increased carrying capacity was closely related to increased rainfall. Stocking rate declined owing to government regulations, particularly implementation in 2004 of the national policy of Returning Grazing Land to Grassland. There was a sharp reduction of livestock number below 200 000 standard sheep units (SU) after 2005. The decrease of stocking rate had a stronger effect on rangeland carrying rate than did the increase of carrying capacity. Ecosystem restoration programs have provided subsidies to pastoralists to encourage them to reduce livestock numbers. Our findings suggest that a safe rangeland carrying capacity is ca. 170 000 SU in KSL-China. There is a carrying capacity surplus of ca. 50 000 SU for safe animal husbandry development in the study area. More importantly, future climate warming and increases in grazing may jointly play a key role in affecting rangeland carrying capacity.


We report an ultra-long Raman laser that implemented a variable pumping scheme in backward and forward configurations. Rayleigh backscattering effects were realized in the 51 km fiber length that functioned as a virtual mirror at one fiber end. With the employment of a fiber Bragg grating that has a peak reflection wavelength at 1553.3 nm, spectral broadening effects were observed. These occurred as the pump power level was diverted more to the forward direction. Owing to this fact, a maximum width of 0.9 nm was measured at 100% forward pumping. The obtained results show that the efficient exploitation of four-wave mixing interactions as well as strong Rayleigh backscattering are beneficial to influence the lasing performances. Both of these nonlinear responses can be adjusted by varying pumping distributions along the fiber longitudinal dimension.


The Gebel Zelten locality in Cirenaica, North Central Libya (Burdigalian, lower Miocene) has yielded numerous fossil remains of crocodilians. Although fragmentary in nature, several forms can be distinguished, among them the longirostrines Euthecodon arambourgi Ginsburg & Buffetaut, 1978 and Tomistoma lusitanica Antunes, 1967 and the brevirostrine Rimasuchus lloydi Fourtau, 1918. There are also other remains present in the collections from this locality that cannot be assigned with confidence to any known crocodilian species due to their fragmentary condition. Nevertheless, these remains indicate the presence of at least one additional taxon, a previously unidentified brevirostrine form differing from Rimasuchus lloydi in the morphology of its lower jaw. The crocodilian fauna from this locality shows similarities with that from the Burdigalian of Wadi Moghara (Egypt), pointing to the existence of a crocodilian assemblage in North Africa during the early Miocene, showing both forms endemic to the African continent (Euthecodon arambourgi, Rimasuchus lloydi) and forms that were also present at that time all around the Mediterranean basin and Asia (Tomistominae and Gavialoidea). The presence of crocodilians in North Africa at that time also indicates the existence of a tropical, warm and humid climate, before the onset of more arid conditions in the region that led to the disappearance of the crocodilians and the development and expansion of the Sahara desert.


The coming Internet of Things will usher in a smart semantic world where many more physical objects will be networked so that they can communicate with each other and with humans. This paper identifies protocols that smart objects will need to follow and the ways in which today's virtual worlds can be used to better design and understand these protocols for tomorrow's smart world.


The controversial Roe v. Wade decision purportedly removed the abor- tion controversy from the political arena and set constitutional standards by which questions on the issue could be resolved. The enactment of the Hyde Amendment, a bill which generally forbids the use of Medicaidfunds for abortions, was a recent political response to the abortion controversy. However, in the recent case of Harris v. McRae, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment and thus injected the abor- tion controversy back into the political arena. The author exhaustively ex-amines the abortion controversy from the time of the Roe decision up to the enactment of the Hyde Amendment, the various arguments and corresponding levels of review by which the Supreme Court upheld the Hyde Amendment and the drastic consequences that Harris v. McRae will pose for indigent women and the Supreme Court's "two-tiered" approach for Equal Protection Clause analysis. The author concludes that this case rep-resents not only a retreat from the Roe decision, but also the sanction of a law that effectively violates the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the fifth amendment.


Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) are of major interest as materials to control the cement hydration process. The swelling behavior of the SAPs significantly influences the performance of the resulting concrete by slowly releasing polymer-bound water in order to maintain a consistent w/c value. A round-robin test conducted by the RILEM Technical Committee 260-RSC showed that the same batch of polymer can lead to large deviations in concrete performance and this was assumed to originate in different storage conditions of the SAP. In this contribution the change in the performance of two SAPs, a crosslinked poly(acrylate) and a crosslinked poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide), was assessed after ageing in standard climate, at 50 °C, and under UV irradiation. During storage in standard climate or 50 °C, ageing led to dehydration of the SAP, and this subsequently led to a higher water uptake during swelling. By contrast, UV irradiation reduced the water uptake, most likely as a result of photo-crosslinking. Dynamic water vapor sorption experiments indicated a strong dependence of the water uptake on both the ambient humidity and the temperature. As a result, cement mixtures containing SAP must be calculated on the dry mass of the SAP rather than the actual weight on site. A standard procedure of how to pack and handle SAP to be used in concrete is also provided.


This work arose from 20 years' involvement with an Industry Training Advisory Board
in Tasmania, Australia. The board's primary role was to provide advice to the
appropriate authorities on the provision of vocational education and training to the
agricultural sector and rural industries in Tasmania and Australia.
The Kangan Report in 1973 was the catalyst for the development of vocational training
in Australia. This research examined how state and federal governments have
implemented the vocational education and training agenda and embraced the
development of skills training and its delivery, particularly as it relates to rural
communities and rural industries.
It seeks to undertake a critical analysis of vocational education and training (VET)
policy, processes and development in relation to Australian rural communities and their
rural and related industries in order to ascertain how they can best influence VET
policy settings and implementation for the future. This was based on an assumption that
Australian rural industries and rural communities have had little influence during the
past 25 years on the development on VET policy, except where policy issues have been
of national significance and then policy makers have sought guidance from this
constituency. Critically it seeks to establish the key criteria to enable policy, processes
and implementation to occur that benefit rural communities and industries and
considers potential policy settings to reflect effective input.
The first part of Chapter 2 provides an overview of the development of agriculture and
rural communities in Australia from 1788 to 2000. This is followed by a section which
consider the development of VET policy in Australia from 1945 to 2004, with
particular reference to federal and state government reports and enquiries. It reflects on
how these reports influenced the implementation of VET and the skills agenda in a
rural context. It also reflects on the issue of competition in education funding, the
debate between academic and technical, and the ongoing issue of old versus new
industries and how this then impacts on rural communities and rural industries with
particular reference to their implementation in a Tasmanian context.
Chapter 3 is a review of the literature which has identified a number of themes relevant
to the delivery of vocational education and training. These themes discuss the
importance of leadership, advocacy, boundary crossers, adult learning and social
capital, together with the political context, which may provide opportunities for a
community to influence educational delivery.
The research was based on qualitative methodology and a case study approach. The
research uses document analysis and an interview process to collect data which was analysed for themes. Three case studies were identified as the result of the document
analysis. Documents analysed consisted of a set of primary documents, particularly the
Tasmanian Rural Industry Training Board (TRITB) minutes, which included advice,
papers and ministerial pronouncements from state and federal governments, and letters,
evaluations and input from various state and federal organisations.
The cases were selected to provide an opportunity to consider different contexts in
which vocational education and training was delivered. The three case studies
considered in this research are the introduction of "a new taxation system and the goods
and services tax" in 2000; the development, implementation and introduction of the
national rural traineeship in 1994, and the direction by Australia's education and
training minister in 1996 that the "time serving apprenticeship system" was to be
replaced by a nationally imposed vocational training regime founded on competency
based outcomes. The document analysis identified key personnel who were invited to
participate in a semi-structured interview. To limit bias, those selected represented all
the various groups who were involved in the case studies, as identified in the document
analysis.
The key finding from this research relates to the issue of boundary crossers; the
research finds that both organisations and individuals can act as boundary crossers. The
board represented a collection of individuals who were able to influence VET policy by
developing collaboration and partnerships across defined boundaries. It also indicates
that effective boundary crossers—whether organisations or individuals—need to have
influential skills, particularly in leadership and advocacy. This allowed information and
ideas to be facilitated across two domains. Importantly the research shows that
organisations and institutions as well as individuals had an important role to play in
advancing the VET agenda. In turn this assisted in raising the social capital in rural
communities and related industries. Other implications from this research for VET
policy development are how this approach may be of interest to central policy makers
and local agencies who interact with the centre, how delivery to thin markets should be
addressed, particularly with the new technologies, and the importance of community
involvement in creating community leadership to advance the cause of rural
communities and industries.


Reed valve dynamics has a major role on the performance and reliability of compressors and has been the subject of many studies over the years. In terms of mathematical modeling, most of these studies describe valve dynamics through a mass-spring-damper system in which a damping coefficient has to be empirically adjusted. This is a consequence of little knowledge about the effect of different parameters on valve damping. For instance, in spite of great effort to understand viscous effects on the pressure distribution acting on the valve surface, very few works have addressed such effects on valve damping, especially for valve geometries found in compressors. The present study aims to experimentally quantify valve damping under controlled conditions considering the effects of clamping geometry, clamping force, gasket thickness and the presence of fluid around the valve. Finally, experimental data of damping coefficients are used to predict valve dynamics and compressor efficiency. We found that the damping coefficients of typical valves adopted in small reciprocating compressors have negligible effect on compressor efficiency and valve bending stress, but can change by up to 17% the valve impact velocity against the seat.


Background: Treatment-related problems (TRPs) may pose risks for patients if unaddressed. With the increased complexity of health care, it is important to target pharmacists' efforts to patients that are at high risk for TRPs. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify medications most commonly associated with TRPs. Setting: Outpatient departments of five public and teaching hospitals in Jordan. Method: TRPs and drugs most commonly implicated with TRPs were assessed for patients recruited from outpatient clinics in five major hospitals in Jordan using a standardized and validated pharmaceutical care manual. Main outcome measure: Drugs associated with different types of TRPs. Results: Ultimately, 2,747 patients, with a total of 10,672 TRPs, were included in the study. The medication groups most commonly associated with TRPs were cardiovascular (53.0%), endocrine (18.1%), and gastrointestinal (7.7%) drugs. The most common specific drugs associated with TRPs from any category were atorvastatin (12.5%), metformin (8.5%), simvastatin (6.2%), and enalapril (5.9%). Cardiovascular medications were the most common drugs implicated with multiple subtypes of TRPs – most commonly, allergic reaction or undesirable effect (88.5%), drug product not available (87.3%), safety interaction issues (81.8%), a need for additional or more frequent monitoring (78.0%), and more effective drugs available (77.2%). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were the most common diseases associated with different subtypes of TRPs. Conclusion: The present study identified high-risk drugs for TRPs, which can be used as identification of targeting approach TRPs. Such an approach would improve care provided to patients and can inform health care policies.


In their different mediums, Henry Moore (1898-1986) and Francis Bacon (1909-1992) created unforgettable images of the human figure. The distinctive visual languages that each artist developed over more than half a century were marked by a growing simplicity and monumentality of form. Their perspective differed: Moore clung to a belief in humanism, while Bacon espoused a post-humanist, nihilistic view of the world. In expressing their visions of humanity, the two artists had very different approaches: Bacon working from the outside in, disintegrating and dissolving form; Moore from the inside out, pushing anatomical structure to the surface. If Bacon's images suggest flux, chance, and the arbitrariness of existence, Moore's sculptures have been interpreted as universal symbols of strength and endurance. Bacon and Moore first exhibited together in a group exhibition at the Lefevre Gallery in London in which Bacon showed his Three Studies for Figures, at the Base of a Crucifixion(1944), propelling him into the limelight for the first time. Moore showed two sculptures from the1930s and fourteen wartime drawings, some of which anticipate the theme (though not the savage imagery) of Bacon's triptych. Exhibiting together in a commercial gallery was repeated twice in the 1960s, when Moore and Bacon were both represented by Marlborough Fine Art. These joint shows, extensively reviewed in the press, gave critics a chance to compare the artists' radical approaches to the human figure, which were seen as complementary rather than conflicting. Fifty years later, this publication once again brings their work into direct comparison.


Many problem ensembles exhibit a phase transition that is associated with a large peak in the average cost of solving the problem instances. However, this peak is not necessarily due to a lack of solutions: indeed the average number of solutions is typically exponentially large. Here, we study this situation within the context of the satisfiability transition in Random SSAT. We find that a significant subclass of instances emerges as we cross the phase transition. These instances are characterized by having about 85-95% of their variables occurring in unary prime implicates (UPIs), with their remaining variables being subject to few constraints. In such instances the models are not randomly distributed but all lie in a cluster that is exponentially large, but still admits a simple description. Studying the effect of UPIs on the local search algorithm WSAT shows that these "single-cluster" instances are harder to solve, and we relate their appearance at the phase transition to the peak in search cost.


Stomach content analyses of fishes occurring in the Fitzroy River, Western Australia, were used to investigate seasonal and ontogenetic changes in the diets and feeding relationships of the most abundant teleost and elasmobranch species. Concurrent analysis of δ13C and δ15N isotope ratios was also used to determine which food resources were energetically important to each species (assimilated) and included less common fishes for which few dietary samples were attained. The use of δ13C and δ15N isotope and stomach content analysis indicated that differences often exist between the food types consumed and those that are energetically important to a species. Dietary analysis suggested that aquatic insects, and to a lesser extent filamentous algae, were important food sources for many of the species present. While stable isotope analysis also suggested that insects are important prey, both insects and algae did not appear to be as important as direct energy sources. In contrast, prey types that persist throughout the year (e.g. fish, molluscs and Macrobrachium spinipes) may be more important sources of energy than dietary data revealed. For example, isotope analysis suggested that fish are an important energy source for a large number of species including several which have been considered to be strict algivores/detritivores. Dietary overlap between species was found to be the highest during the wet season, when prey availability was presumably also high, decreased in the early dry season as fishes became more specialised in their feeding and increased again in the late dry when food became very limited.


Huntington's disease (HD) is neurodegenerative disorder for which the mutation results in an extra-long tract of glutamines that causes the huntingtin protein to aggregate. It is characterized by neurological symptoms and brain pathology that is associated with nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates and with transcriptional deregulation. Despite the fact that HD has been recognized principally as a neurological disease, there are multiple epidemiological studies showing that HD patients exhibit a high rate of cardiovascular events leading to heart failure. To unravel the mechanistic basis of cardiac dysfunction in HD, we employed a wide range of molecular techniques using the well-established genetic R6/2 mouse model that develop a considerable degree of the cardiac atrophy at end stage disease. We found that chronic treatment with isoproterenol, a potent beta-adrenoreceptor agonist, did not change the overall gross morphology of the HD murine hearts. However, there was a partial response to the beta-adrenergenic stimulation by the further re-expression of foetal genes. In addition we have profiled the expression level of Hdacs in the R6/2 murine hearts and found that the isoproterenol stimulation of Hdac expression was partially blocked. For the first time we established the Hdac transcriptional profile under hypertrophic conditions and found 10 out of 18 Hdacs to be markedly deregulated. Therefore, we conclude that R6/2 murine hearts are not able to respond to the chronic isoproterenol treatment to the same degree as wild type hearts and some of the hypertrophic signals are likely attenuated in the symptomatic HD animals.


During the 1980s, capitalism triumphantly secured its global reach, anti-communist ideologies hammered home socialism's inherent failure, the New Left increasingly moved into the professional middle class--and many of feminism's earlier priorities were marginalized. "Identity politics", often formulated in terms of social reconstructionism or multiculturalism, has increasingly suppressed materialist feminism's systematic perspective, replacing it with discourse analysis or cultural politics. Materialist Feminism: A Reader argues against the retreat to multiculturalism for keeping invisible the material links among the explosion of meaning-making practices in highly industrialized social sectors, the exploitation of women's labor, and the appropriation of women's bodies that continues to undergird the scramble for profits and state power in multinational capitalism.


This paper presents a systematic literature review of the current state–of–research on online participation. The review draws on four databases and is guided by the application of six topical search terms. The analysis strives to differentiate distinct forms of online participation and to identify salient discourses within each research field. We find that research on online participation is highly segregated into specific sub–discourses that reflect disciplinary boundaries. Research on online political participation and civic engagement is identified as the most prominent and extensive research field. Yet research on other forms of participation, such as cultural, business, education and health participation, provides distinct perspectives and valuable insights. We outline both field–specific and common findings and derive propositions for future research.


Current in vitro or ex vivo models of hemostasis and thrombosis fail to recapitulate the hemodynamic conditions and biorheologic phenomena found throughout the vasculature. Microfluidic technology enables physiologic hemodynamics for the study of platelet deposition and coagulation using minimum volumes of human whole blood. This dissertation describes the application of microfluidic assays, the manipulation of surface-patterned procoagulant and sub-endothelial proteins, anti-coagulation, and flow conditions to investigate platelet function and coagulation under flow. First, we demonstrate a novel method to assess the in vivo or in vitro therapeutic efficacy of anti-platelet therapies on platelet aggregates adhering to collagen type I surfaces. We phenotyped individual healthy donor platelet function responses to in vivo or in vitro aspirin, a common antiplatelet therapy over collagen type I surfaces at venous shear rates. Utilizing the same flow assay, we also characterized mechanism-based resistance to aspirin conferred by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Furthermore, we have also developed a new model to assess the intrinsic pathway of coagulation under flow on collagen type I surfaces and investigated the role of the intrinsic pathway in recombinant coagulation factor VIIa (rFVIIa) therapeutic efficacy. We then extended this mechanistic investigation of rFVIIa to flow assays where clotting is initiated by collagen and immobilized lipidated tissue factor to evaluate the role of the intrinsic tenase in conjunction with exogenous rFVIIa when surface-triggered extrinsic pathway is present. Finally, we continued to assess coagulopathic patients by first mimicking resuscitation-driven hemodilution, hyperfibrinolysis, and plasmin-inhibitor therapy under flow. We then evaluated downregulation of platelet function in whole blood from trauma patients during the acute phase of trauma-induced coagulopathy. The development of microfluidics, microfabrication, and its applications in hemostasis and thrombosis is essential in advancing our knowledge of clinical and pathological disorders such as myocardial infracts, hemophilia, and deep vein thrombosis. Beyond this work, microfluidic platforms in hemostasis and thrombosis can potentially be used as drug screening platforms for antiplatelet or clotting factor therapies, or a point of care diagnostic test for bleeding and pin-pointing the therapeutic index of novel biopharmaceutics. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering First Advisor Scott L. Diamond This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1857


Microsoft® Dynamics CRM 4.0 Unleashed presents start-to-finish guidance for planning, customizing, deploying, integrating, and managing Dynamics CRM in your unique business and technical environment. Authored by two leading Microsoft Dynamics implementers, this book systematically explains how the system works, why it works that way, and how you can leverage it to its fullest advantage.The authors present clear examples, proven best practices, and pitfalls to avoid in using every significant Dynamics CRM capability. The far-reaching coverage ranges from Dynamics CRM's sales, marketing, and customer service features to its automated workflows; from Outlook and Office integration to reporting and security. The authors offer independent insight into Dynamics CRM's most powerful new features, from its improved interface to its new mail merge and data migration tools.This book is for every IT professional who intends to work with Dynamics CRM, regardless of their experience with Dynamics or other CRM solutions. The authors provide example-rich, realistic coverage of advanced Dynamics customization, extensibility, and integration: information that is available nowhere else.Detailed information on how to... Set up, configure, and maintain all facets of Dynamics CRM in any organization or industry Thoroughly understand both the on-premise and hosted versions of Dynamics CRM Make the most of Dynamics' new features, including email, the Outlook client, Internet Facing Deployment (IFD), and relationships Manage sales leads, opportunities, accounts, contacts, marketing lists, sales collateral, campaigns, quotes, orders, and invoices Improve customer service by integrating schedules, cases, contacts, product/service information, and more Build powerful automated workflows that streamline key sales tasks and liberate salespeople for more effective selling Efficiently administer and secure any Dynamics CRM implementation Drive greater value by integrating Dynamics CRM with Microsoft Office productivity tools Customize and extend Dynamics CRM using Visual Studio, .NET, and custom plug-ins and add-ons ON THE WEB:Download all of this book's examples and source code at informit.com/title/9780672329708


The sessile nature of plants demands the development of seed-dispersal mechanisms to establish new growing loci. Dispersal strategies of many species involve drying of the dispersal unit, which induces directed contraction and movement based on changing environmental humidity. The majority of researched hygroscopic dispersal mechanisms are based on a bilayered structure. Here, we investigate the motility of the stork's bill (Erodium) seeds that relies on the tightening and loosening of a helical awn to propel itself across the surface into a safe germination place. We show that this movement is based on a specialized single layer consisting of a mechanically uniform tissue. A cell wall structure with cellulose microfibrils arranged in an unusually tilted helix causes each cell to spiral. These cells generate a macroscopic coil by spiralling collectively. A simple model made from a thread embedded in an isotropic foam matrix shows that this cellulose arrangement is indeed sufficient to induce the spiralling of the cells.


We present an overview of a wavefront sensor-less adaptive optics scheme for microscopy based upon the optimisation of a metric related to the spatial frequency content of images. Aberrations are expanded as a series of suitable functions that permit the independent optimisation of each aberration mode. A general scheme to derive these modes theoretically and experimentally is presented. Resulting aberration correction is demonstrated in an incoherent transmission imaging system and in a structured illumination microscope.


As in many developing countries, the advent of extreme climatic events, including El Niño and La Niña phenomena has exposed the livelihoods of small scale Filipino farmers to climate vulnerabilities. Recent developments in climate prediction suggest that seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) have potentials for alleviating the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods. In the Philippines, however, farmers' uptake of SCF is low. This study pilot-tested SCF dissemination and examined if small rice farmers from communities vulnerable to flooding and drought would use the information in their farming and management decisions. Farmers then participated in a seminar on the basic concepts of climate and were advised of the climate forecast for the July 2012 cropping season. Focus group discussions were conducted four months after, that is, during the harvest season. Respondents assessed the SCF as "accurate" but in making farm decisions, they relied on their experiences on the onset and amount of rain. For some farmers, the shortage of rainfall in the middle of the cropping season led to crop failure. Thus, they resorted to growing other crops. Results of this study highlighted the need to inform farmers of the onset, amount, and duration and distribution of rainfall for the incoming cropping season. Overall results indicate the need for the meteorological agency to improve the skill and to down-scale (localize) the climate forecast.


: We have performed both Josephson and quasiparticle tunneling in vacuum tunnel junctions formed between a conventional superconducting scanning tunneling microscope tip and overdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ single crystals. A Josephson current is observed with a peak centered at a small finite voltage due to the thermal-fluctuation-dominated superconducting phase dynamics. Josephson measurements at different surface locations yield local values for the Josephson ICRN product. Corresponding energy gap measurements were also performed and a surprising inverse correlation was observed between the local ICRN product and the local energy gap. We have performed both Josephson and quasiparticle tunneling in vacuum tunnel junctions formed between a conventional superconducting scanning tunneling microscope tip and overdoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ single crystals. A Josephson current is observed with a peak centered at a small finite voltage due to the thermal-fluctuation-dominated superconducting phase dynamics. Josephson measurements at different surface locations yield local values for the Josephson IcRn product. Corresponding energy gap measurements were also performed and a surprising inverse correlation was observed between the local IcRn product and the local energy gap.


In February 1946, George Orwell published 'The Decline of the English Murder', an essay which both charts and laments the demise of a specific kind of criminal: the
English gentleman-murderer, who commits his crimes in a domestic, often suburban setting; whose motives arise largely from status anxiety or sexual repression (or both);
and who commits his crime in a manner that befits his gentility.
In December 1944 - only a year previously - Raymond Chandler published his essay 'The Simple Art of Murder'. Though normally read for its spirited defence of
American 'hard-boiled' detective fiction, this essay is predominantly concerned with the features and problems of the very same genre as was Orwell: the quintessential
'Englishness' of traditional crime writing.
Both writers concur that, in its setting, structure, sociology, plot, and dramatis personae, the typical crime story thrives in an upper-middle class, English
environment. Yet Chandler, though he views the genre Orwell describes with much fondness, nevertheless considers it far too quaint, too out of touch with the modern world, to succeed at any intellectual or artistic level. Orwell, however, regards the genre of English crime writing as a telling reflection of the English ideology: in its sociological dimension, it illustrates, amongst many other things, the deeply problematic assumption of a link between morality and the class system.
My paper will stage a critical debate between these two contemporaries over the cultural identity, sociology, and politics of crime writing in the mid-twentieth century.
In so doing, it will draw out and compare the critical and political implications of Orwell's and Chandler's views for a genre whose place in literary history has always
been hotly contested.


In 1700, most composers were employees of noble courts or the church. But by the nineteenth century, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Verdi, and many others functioned as freelance artists teaching, performing, and selling their compositions in the private marketplace. While some believe that Mozart's career marks a clean break between these two periods, this new book tells the story of a more complex and interesting transition. F. M. Scherer first examines the political, intellectual, and economic roots of the shift from patronage to a freelance market. He describes the eighteenth-century cultural "arms race" among noble courts, the spread of private concert halls and opera houses, the increasing attendance of middle-class music lovers, and the founding of conservatories. He analyzes changing trends in how composers acquired their skills and earned their living, examining such impacts as demographic developments and new modes of transportation. The book offers insight into the diversity of composers' economic aspirations, the strategies through which they pursued success, the burgeoning music publishing industry, and the emergence of copyright protection. Scherer concludes by drawing some parallels to the economic state of music composition in our own times. Written by a leading economist with an unusually broad knowledge of music, this fascinating account is directed toward individuals intrigued by the world of classical composers as well as those interested in economic history or the role of money in art.


Fracture characterization under mode I loading of a cement‐based material using the single‐edge‐notched beam loaded in tree‐point‐bending was performed. A new method based on beam theory and crack equivalent concept is proposed to evaluate the Resistance‐curve, which is essential to determine fracture toughness with accuracy. The method considers the existence of a stress relief region in the vicinity of the crack, dispensing crack length monitoring during experiments. A numerical validation was performed by finite element analysis considering a bilinear cohesive damage model. Experimental tests were performed in order to validate the numerical procedure. Digital image correlation technique was used to measure the specimen displacement with accuracy and without interference. Excellent agreement between numerical and experimental load–displacement curves was obtained, which validates the procedure.


A new method is presented to exploit the cross-gain modulation mechanism in semiconductor optical amplifiers to reduce the intensity noise of spectrum-sliced communications systems via conversion of the modulated incoherent optical signal into a coherent signal before the detection process. Wavelength-division-multiplexed networks using broad-band sources have performance limited by intensity noise; conversion from an incoherent to a coherent signal reduces the intensity noise and enables the elimination of the bit-error-rate floor.


ABSTRACT Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous enzymes which protect cells against oxidative stress. The first step of catalysis is common to all peroxiredoxins and results in oxidation of a conserved peroxidatic cysteine residue to sulfenic acid. This forms an intermolecular disulfide bridge in the case of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, which is a substrate for the thioredoxin system. 1-Cys Prx's contain a peroxidatic cysteine but do not contain a second conserved cysteine residue, and hence the identity of the in vivo reduction system has been unclear. Here, we show that the yeast mitochondrial 1-Cys Prx1 is reactivated by glutathionylation of the catalytic cysteine residue and subsequent reduction by thioredoxin reductase (Trr2) coupled with glutathione (GSH). This novel mechanism does not require the usual thioredoxin (Trx3) redox partner of Trr2 for antioxidant activity, although in vitro assays show that the Trr2/Trx3 and Trr2/GSH systems exhibit similar capacities for supporting Prx1 catalysis. Our data also indicate that mitochondria are a main target of cadmium-induced oxidative stress and that Prx1 is particularly required to protect against mitochondrial oxidation. This study demonstrates a physiological reaction mechanism for 1-Cys peroxiredoxins and reveals a new role in protection against mitochondrial heavy metal toxicity.


As climate change and a pandemic pose enormous challenges to humankind, the concept of expert governance gains new traction. This book revisits the idea that scientists, bureaucrats, and lawyers, rather than politicians or diplomats, should manage international relations. It shows that this technocratic approach has been a persistent theme in writings about international relations, both academic and policy-oriented, since the 19th century. The technocratic tradition of international thought unfolded in four phases which were closely related to domestic processes of modernization and rationalization. The pioneering phase lasted from the Congress of Vienna to the First World War. In these years, philosophers, law scholars, and early social scientists began to combine internationalism and ideals of expert governance. Between the two world wars, a utopian period followed that was marked by visions of technocratic international organizations that would have overcome the principle of territoriality. In the third phase, from the 1940s to the 1960s, technocracy became the dominant paradigm of international institution-building. That paradigm began to disintegrate from the 1970s onwards, but important elements remain until the present day. The specific promise of technocratic internationalism is its ability to transform violent and unpredictable international politics into orderly and competent public administration. Such ideas also had political clout. This book shows how they left their mark on the League of Nations, the functional branches of the United Nations system, and the European integration project.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Dominican Republic & Haiti is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Follow in the footsteps of conquistadors in Santo Domingo, claim a spot in the sand at Playa Rincon, or visit Haiti's mighty Citadelle la Ferriere; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of the Dominican Republic and Haiti and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Dominican Republic & Haiti Travel Guide: *Color maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, and prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Cultural insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including customs, religion, history, art, literature, music, dance, sport, architecture, politics, landscapes, and wildlife *Over 39 local maps *Useful features - including Month-by-Month (annual festival calendar), Dominican Republic Outdoors, and Top Experiences *Coverage of Santo Domingo, Port-au-Prince, Playa Rincon, La Vega, Damajagua, Cabarete, La Citadelle la Ferriere, Punta Cana, the Peninsula de Samana, Port Salut, Lago Enriquillo, Pico Duarte, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Dominican Republic & Haiti, our most comprehensive guide to the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less traveled. * Looking for more coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Caribbean Islands guide for a comprehensive look at what the whole region has to offer. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Paul Clammer, Michael Grosberg, and Kevin Raub. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


As a benefit of bypassing the potentially excessive-complexity and yet inaccurate channel estimation, differentially encoded modulation in conjunction with low-complexity non-coherent detection constitutes a viable candidate for user-cooperative systems, where estimating all the links by the relays is unrealistic. In order to stimulate further research on differentially modulated cooperative systems, a number of fundamental challenges encountered in their practical implementations are addressed, including the time-variant-channel-induced performance erosion, flexible cooperative protocol designs, resource allocation as well as its high-spectral-efficiency transceiver design. Our investigations demonstrate the quantitative benefits of cooperative wireless networks both from a pure capacity perspective as well as from a practical system design perspective.


Author(s): Lane, Robert S. | Abstract: In the western United States, Lyme disease has been reported primarily from the three Pacific states, especially California, and sporadically or not at all from various mountain states. In California, surveillance for Lyme disease was initiated in 1983, but it was not made a reportable disease in this state until 1989. Nevertheless, approximately 400 human cases were reported by California State Health authorities between 1983 and 1987. In 1982, I began studying the ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease in the far-western United States in collaboration with Dr. Willy Burgdorfer of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, and others. The objectives of this research have been to determine how the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), is maintained and distributed in natural foci including the routes of transmission to humans and other animals. Five species of ticks have been found infected naturally with Bb or related borreliae during these studies, but of these only the western black-legged tick, lxodes pacificus, has been implicated as a vector to humans. Transovarial and transstadial passage of Bb has been demonstrated in this tick, though the efficiency of these processes for maintenance of the spirochete is still being evaluated. Western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) and Columbian blacktailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) were found to be major hosts of subadult and adult I. pacificus, respectively. Antibodies to Bb, spirochetemias, or both, have been detected in 8 species of wildlife in California (western fence lizard, 2 species of lagomorphs, 2 species of rodents, 3 species of deer). Species exhibiting the highest seropositivity rates (titers ≥1:64) include brush rabbits (≤100%) and black-tailed jackrabbits (≤90%). The widespread distribution of jackrabbits in the West, their prolific breeding habits, infestation by several species of ticks known to harbor Bb, and their high seropositivity rates render them suitable as sentinel animals for surveillance of Lyme disease. The reservoir competencies of some of these species of wildlife including Columbian black-tailed deer, and the vector competencies of their associated ticks, are currently under investigation.


Introduction: Fatigue and sleepiness can negatively affect driver's consciousness and their cognitive function. Traffic accidents due to sleepiness are more common among people who work more than 60 hours a week, or have irregular working hours or night shifts. Methods: Last available literature and the most authentic sources were assessed and different aspects of the issue were evaluated. Results: Drowsy driving increases the risk of a crash four times. Fatigue reduces performance in tasks that require alertness, manipulation and retrieval of stored information. There are several instruments to measure drivers' sleepiness including Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Conclusion: Careful consideration and scientific approach to professional drivers' work schedule to prevent sleepiness, fatigue, and driving for long and consecutive hours and also the study of underlying sleep diseases, are highly important.


The basic argument of this work is that Martin Luther
King's public ministry is best understood as an act of public
theology in which he sought to re-imagine American democracy on the
basis of a Christian theology of love. Embedded in this thesis are
three distinct but related—and also contested—claims. First, this
is a claim about the source of King's public ministry—that it was
fundamentally an expression of an encounter between King's
Christian theological tradition and his American democratic moment.
Secondly, this is a claim about scope of King's public
ministry—that in it, King sought to re-imagine not merely an aspect
of American democratic life—race, economics, or military policy—but
the whole. Thirdly, it is claim about the substance of King's
public ministry—that when Martin Luther King, Jr. set out to
theologically re-imagine American democracy, he did so specifically
and unwaveringly in terms of an unapologetically Christian theology
of love.


Yielding of granular aggregates is associated with particle breakage. Breakage depends on the rock toughness, particle geometry, density of aggregate, current grain size distribution, stress intensity and relative humidity. Most of these
factors were defined or monitored in a series of suction controlled large diameter
triaxial tests performed on two widely different parent rock materials: a quartzitic
fissured shale and a very hard limestone. Shale particles had a high aspect ratio and
planar shapes. Limestone gravels exhibit low aspect ratios and sharp edges. The paper reviews the experimental technique used and compares the triaxial behaviour of a well graded mixture of both types of parent rock materials. Critical state conditions are reasonably well established for the softer aggregate (shale) but it is absent in the hard limestone. Yielding loci and its dependence on current relative humidity are also given. Dilatancy is shown to depend on a number of factors: stress ratio, strength envelope, accumulated plastic work and suction. Some dilatancy rules are compared and new ones, better adapted to the mechanisms of particle breakage, are proposed. The paper is a contribution towards the development of general constitutive models for granular aggregates.


Covering legendary and obscure intercity passenger trains in a dozen Southeastern states, this book details the golden age of train travel. The story begins with the inception of steam locomotives in 1830 in Charleston, South Carolina, continuing through the mid-1930s changeover to diesel and the debut of Amtrak in 1971. Throughout, the book explores the technological achievements, the romance and the economic impact of traveling on the tracks. Other topics include: contemporary museums and excursion trains; the development of commuter rails, monorails, light rails, and other intracity transit trains; the social impact and legal issues of train travel; and historical rail terminals and facilities. The book is supplemented with more than 160 images and 11 appendices.


This study explores ideological polarization among Chinese Internet users by examining both the structure of local belief systems and temporal changes of opinions. It implements research tools investigating voters' cognition and behavior in democratic societies, including those concerning Internet use and political polarization. To probe this sensitive terrain, it employs network and relational class analysis to a unique historical data set: online records of the Chinese Political Compass self-assessment (2008–2011). Results demonstrate that the overarching ideological division of the Chinese Internet is split between nationalism and cultural liberalism. Groups of "ideologues" and "agnostics" that differentially contributed to overall rapid polarization are also identified. The study further speculates how, in nondemocratic societies, Internet use may influence people's political views through different mechanisms.


Abstract. Energy preservation and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere can be partially gained through decentralization of heat supply. In the case of cultivation facilities, a solution is a combined heating system which includes soil infrared heating and air heating in the winter greenhouse up to the required values by means of autonomous convective heaters. Upon analysing domestic and foreign scientific publications, there has not been found any comprehensive calculation method of the combined heating system. The target of research is normally one of the space heating ways: either radiant or convective. The calculation method considered in the article is based on the solution of the coupled equations set of the greenhouse heat and material balances, its walling and soil surface. It takes into consideration both the features of radiant heat transfer between distant bodies, and convective air heating from heaters. The developed calculation method has been tested using the modern industrial greenhouse "Fermer 7.5" for yearround cultivation of crops. As shown by the results of software calculations, at low temperatures of the outside air, the heat power of winter greenhouse radiant heating should be twice as high as the heat consumption for convective heating of the cultivation facility. There have been obtained heat power change patterns of the winter greenhouse combined heating system depending on a number of important factors, such as: temperature of the outside air; walling thermal resistance; absorption coefficient of the soil surface. Due to the fact that according to the calculations results, the heat loss via the winter greenhouse ventilation proved to be significant, it makes sense to consider further the option of preheating outdoor air necessary for air exchange indoors.


Are Europeans hard-wired for conflict? Given the enmities that wracked the Greek city-states, or the Valois, Bourbons and Habsburgs, it seems undeniable. The Holy Roman Empire promised peace, but collapsed before it could deliver it, while rival rulers counter-balanced its power by stressing their own sovereign independence. Yet, since Antiquity, there has also been a yearning for the rule of law, the Pax Romana.

For seven centuries, Europe's philosophers and diplomats have sought to build institutions of compromise between the unrestricted competition of nation-states and the universal monarchy of the old empires: a confederation whose representatives would meet to resolve differences. We have seen these ambitions at least partially realised in a progression of multilateral solutions: the Congress System, the League of Nations, the United Nations, and the European Union. But, with the United Kingdom's vote to leave the EU, state sovereignty seems to be pushing back against two centuries of travel in the other direction.

The Brexit result shows that distrust of a 'greater Europe' and fierce insistence on state sovereignty remain live issues in today's politics. To explain recent events, Beatrice Heuser charts the history and culture underpinning this age-old tension between two systems of international affairs.


Gelation of hydrocolloids under shear conditions results in a weak gel which is capable of sustaining elastic mechanical deformation at small strains but which flows if subjected to higher deformations (fluid gels). I have investigated the formation, production and lubrication properties of fluid gels from the gelation of agarose and -carrageenan. The formation of fluid gels in a rheometer, using well-defined, flow patterns and cooling rates have been described. Under these conditions narrow particle size distributions were achieved by inducing spinodal decomposition. The increase in viscosity due to particles formation was found to be inversely proportional to the shear rate. The power law exponents describing this relationship are provided for several hydrocolloid concentrations. The studies on the formation of fluid gels from -carrageenan, showed that it was possible to form homogeneous particle size fluid gels with mean diameter smaller than 5 μm. The fluid gels produced showed strong and highly recoverable particle bridging. A model is presented for the kinetics of aggregation of these particles, providing information on the mechanisms involved.
The use of the pin stirrer heat exchanger was previously reported as the large-scale method for the production of agar fluid gels. However little work has been done in describing fluid dynamics, and specifically the shear rates. Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) was used to characterise flow phenomena occurring in a pin stirrer heat exchanger for a 1 Pa s glycerol solution and a 2% agar fluid gel. Internal recirculation paths and axial-occupancy show a compartmental behaviour, with the tracer selectively occupying specific areas. Analysis of particle paths revealed that for a rotational speed of 900 rpm the average shear rate experienced by a particle was approximately 200 s-1. Areas of poor mixing in dead-zones were also identified. These findings can contribute to a rational design of equipment and processes for industrial scale fluid gel production.
Bulk rheological properties of fluid gels are similar to emulsions used in a large number of applications in everyday food products and cosmetics (Brown, Cuttler et al., 1990; Bialek, Jones et al., 2000), in order to replace emulsions their lubrication behaviour should also be fully understood. In the proposed lubrication mechanism the agarose fluid gel micro particles under specific conditions of entrainment velocity U, normal load W and elasticity E, interact with the lubricating surfaces, resulting in a localised increase in friction. A wide range of agarose concentration was studied (1% to 4%) resulting in fluid gel particles having different values of elasticity E, ranging from 5 kPa to 140 kPa, which were shown to alter their tribological behaviour, modifying the critical velocity required to induce entrainment of the particles, Uentr. For an identical particle's elasticity, the critical velocity was found to decrease by 50% when the normal load was increased by 30%, while the opposite trend was observed when the normal load maintained constant. Fluid gel systems of the same elasticity E but of different particles sizes were also investigated. The maximum friction measured upon entrainment of the particles decreased from 0.3 to 0.2 when the average Sauter mean diameter of the particles passed from 102 m to 83 m.