An ideal drug for outpatient treatments under conscious sedation would have both sedative and analgesic properties. CB1/CB2 agonists are expected to have sedative, amnestic, analgesic and anti-emetic properties. The main objective of this first study in humans was to assess the sedative properties of intravenous Org 26828. In addition, pharmacokinetics, amnestic properties, postural stability, and behavioural and cardiovascular effects were studied. Midazolam intravenous 0.1 mg/kg and placebo were used as controls. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and AUC0-inf) of the main metabolite Org 26761 were proportional to dose. No effects were observed after doses up to 0.3 μg/kg of Org 26828. Dose-related effects were observed at higher doses. Although subjects reported subjective sedation after administration of Org 26828 at 3 and 6 μg/kg, the observed sedation was considerably less than after midazolam. Doses higher than the maximum tolerated dose of 1 μg/kg of Org 26828 caused unpleasant central nervous system effects (anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations). Therefore, Org 26828 is not suitable for providing sedation for outpatient surgical procedures.


I want to place the fate of the National Museum of Australia (NMA) in the context of some of the political strategies that underpin the electoral placidity and public acceptance of a government so radically reshaping Australian democratic institutions. A national museum that reaches and engages with a national constituency can be an important place for the vigorous public debate that democracy requires. In such a place, political doctrines and dogmas, cultural fantasies and assumptions, historical interpretations and good old common-sense may all be scrutinised as well as confirmed. Such a place sits beside schools and universities, public libraries and art galleries and festivals, each of which provides the opportunity for reflection as well as for congratulation. As with the other publicly funded but independent sites of public reflection, the National Museum is to be reined in and redirected. It is to become 'balanced'. Nothing could more surely ring its death knell. In future, the museum's visitors will reflect along the narrow and limited lines of carefully delineated 'alternatives' that in fact confine and constrain rather than enlarge understanding.


Dr. H. S. Tsien (also known as Dr. Qian Xuesen), is celebrated as the leader of the research that produced China's first ballistic missiles, its first satellite, and the Silkworm anti-ship missile.
This volume collects the scientific works of Dr. H. S. Tsien (also known as Dr. Qian Xuesen) and his co-authors, which published between 1938-1956 when he was studying and working in the United States as a graduate student, scientist and professor, when aeronautic exploration stepped up from low speed to high speed regimes and astronautic technology entered its infant stage.

The author is one of the most significant Chinese scientists in the past 70 years.
Focuses on a series of key problems in aerodynamics, stability of shells, rocket ballistics and engine analyses.
Collects Tsien's work as author and co-author from his time working in the US.


Web pages define their appearance using Cascading Style Sheets, a modular language for layout of tree-structured documents. In principle, using CSS is easy: the developer specifies declarative constraints on the layout of an HTML document (such as the positioning of nodes in the HTML tree), and the browser solves the constraints to produce a box-based rendering of that document. In practice, however, the subtleties of CSS semantics make it difficult to develop stylesheets that produce the intended layout across different user preferences and browser settings. This paper presents the first mechanized formalization of a substantial fragment of the CSS semantics. This formalization is equipped with an efficient reduction to the theory of quantifier-free linear real arithmetic, enabling effective automated reasoning about CSS stylesheets and their behavior. We implement this reduction in Cassius, a solver-aided framework for building semantics-aware tools for CSS. To demonstrate the utility of Cassius, we prototype new tools for automated verification, debugging, and synthesis of CSS code. We show that these tools work on fragments of real-world websites, and that Cassius is a practical first step toward solver-aided programming for the web.


2 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgment must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 3 Sarah Jane Brown: Working at the interface between the art and science of breastfeeding: A qualitative study of International Board Certified Lactation Consultants 19 experiences. Abstract Since 1985 a specialist breastfeeding practitioner, an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC), has been in existence. European and global recommendations propose that IBCLCs are employed within health services to support breastfeeding initiatives, however, the research-based evidence is restricted and did not include any description of the experiences of practitioners. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of IBCLCs in England and in the process understand some of the enablers and barriers of their role. Data was collected through narrative accounts from twelve IBCLCs who worked in the north of England. The first interview asked practitioners to narrate accounts of how they became and practiced as IBCLCs and the second interview, six months later, sought further elucidation on topics that were found to be common experiences to all practitioners. The narrative accounts were analysed through a social constructionist framework where descriptions were drawn into categories, then themes. The four themes were identified as; centred on breastfeeding; developing a breastfeeding practice; chip, chipping away at the breastfeeding practice coalface and maintaining a balance within a professional practice. The IBCLCs described seeking a niche in practice from which they could work with the necessary freedom and autonomy to meet the needs of the breastfeeding dyad. The IBCLCs demonstrated a passion and a woman-centred expertise which led them to being seen as breastfeeding champions. All of the participants extended their role into teaching and managing change in breastfeeding practice but the participants felt underprepared and not well supported for such a role. While the IBCLC qualification provided the professional qualification the participants 19 sought, the study identified issues that needed further consideration.


David Allen is the Gertz Regents Professor of chemical engineering, and the Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of six books and more than 200 papers in areas ranging from coal liquefaction and heavy oil chemistry to the chemistry of urban atmospheres. For the past decade, his work has focused primarily on urban air quality and the development of materials for environmental and engineering education. Allen was a Lead Investigator for the first and second Texas Air Quality studies, which involved hundreds of researchers drawn from around the world, and which have had a substantial impact on the direction of air quality policies in Texas. He has developed environmental educational materials for engineering curricula and for the University's core curriculum, as well as engineering education materials for high school students. The quality of his work has been recognized by the National Science Foundation (through the Presidential Young Investigator Award), the AT&T Foundation (through an Industrial Ecology Fellowship), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (through the Cecil Award for contributions to environmental engineering and through the Research Excellence Award of the Sustainable Engineering Forum), the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (through their Distinguished Lecturer Award), and the state of Texas (through the Governor's Environmental Excellence Award). He has won teaching awards at the University of Texas and UCLA. Allen received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering, with distinction, from Cornell University in 1979. His M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering were awarded by the California Institute of Technology in 1981 and 1983. He has held visiting faculty appointments at the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Department of Energy.


Abstract : Past history and recent intelligence have shown that New York City (NYC), a critical node of the U.S. economy, is clearly in the terrorist's crosshairs. In order to reduce the probability, lessen the risk, and minimize the consequences of a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD), or "dirty bomb," attack, NYC's first responders must be adequately prepared for its seemingly inevitable occurrence. This particular type of attack on NYC has the potential to create immense panic and confusion on behalf of the general public. Adding to the complexity of the problem is the notion that, since 9/11, the expected actions taken by employees in NYC high-rise office buildings in response to shelter-in-place instructions can be extremely difficult to predict. Therefore, a proposed public awareness campaign and a shelter-in-place plan are two cost-effective and easily implemented terrorism preparedness programs that would build the confidence and increase the capability of the citizenry. Since an RDD incident would likely result in a major inter-agency emergency operation, the unification of command, control, and coordination among NYC's first responder community is an essential element to its overall success. Hence, an informed and collaborative response by both public and private sector entities could potentially reduce casualties and save lives.


In the U.S., individuals give more than 200 billion dollars to over 50 thousand charities each year, yet how people make these choices is not well understood. In this study, we use data from CharityNavigator.org and web browsing data from Bing toolbar to understand charitable giving choices. Our main goal is to use data on charities' overhead expenses to better understand efficiency in the charity marketplace. A preliminary analysis indicates that the average donor is "wasting" more than 15% of their contribution by opting for poorly run organizations as opposed to higher rated charities in the same Charity Navigator categorical group. However, charities within these groups may not represent good substitutes for each other. We use text analysis to identify substitutes for charities based on their stated missions and validate these substitutes with crowd-sourced labels. Using these similarity scores, we simulate market outcomes using web browsing and revenue data. With more realistic similarity requirements, the estimated loss drops by 75%—much of what looked like inefficient giving can be explained by crowd-validated similarity requirements that are not fulfilled by most charities within the same category. A choice experiment helps us further investigate the extent to which a recommendation system could impact the market. The results indicate that money could be redirected away from the long-tail of inefficient organizations. If widely adopted, the savings would be in the billions of dollars, highlighting the role the web could have in shaping this important market.


Abstract The ARIES-CS study focusing on the conceptual design and assessment of a compact stellarator power plant identified the important advantages and key issues associated with such a design. The coil configuration and structural support approach represent key design challenges, with the final design and material choices affected by a number of material and geometry constraints. This paper describes the design configuration and analysis and material choices for the ARIES-CS magnets and its structure. To meet aggressive cost and assembly/maintenance goals, the magnets are designed as lifetime components. Due to the very complex geometry, one of the goals of the study was to provide a robust operational design. This decision has significant implications on cost and manufacturing requirements. Concepts with both conventional and advanced superconductors have been explored. The coil structure design approach adopted is to wind all six modular coils of one field period in grooves in one monolithic coil structural shell (one per field period). The coil structural shells are then bolted together to form a strong structural shell to react the net radial forces. Extensive engineering analyses of the coil system have been performed using ANSYS shell and solid modeling. These include electromagnetic (EM) analyses to calculate the magnetic fields and EM forces and structural analyses to evaluate the structural responses and optimize the coil support system, which has a considerable impact on the cost of the ARIES-CS power plant.


The ageing of existing structures and new innovative designs are increasing the necessity for a greater understanding of structural behaviour. A better understanding would improve effectiveness of activities such as assessing reserve capacity, evaluating load increases and replacement decision making. Identification methodologies are needed to indicate the right behaviour using indirect measurements and behaviour models. This paper proposes a methodology that is able to accommodate multiple explanations while overcoming limitations of other SI approaches. The algorithm is called Candidate Model Search for System Identification (CMS4SI). Metrology guidelines are extended for use in the field of system identification while systematically including uncertainties and their correlations. The CMS4SI approach provides the necessary robustness and simplicity to support decisions related to the identification and understanding of structural behaviour. The approach is evaluated by full scale-testing of the Langensand Bridge. A critical aspect for meaningful identification is the uncertainty associated with model simplifications. The adaptation of clustering techniques and the use of radar plots allow for a convenient visualisation of results involving several parameters. Finally, models that are identified can be used to perform predictions of unmeasured behaviour, thereby supporting infrastructure management.


In populations exposed to heavy metals, there are few biomarkers that capture intermediate exposure windows. We sought to determine the correlation between toenail metal concentrations and prior 12-month work activity in welders with variable, metal-rich, welding fume exposures. Forty-eight participants, recruited through a local union, provided 69 sets of toenail clippings. Union-supplied and worker-verified personal work histories were used to quantify hours welded and respirator use. Toenail samples were digested and analyzed for lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) using ICP-MS. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine the correlation between toenail metal concentrations. Using mixed models to account for multiple participation times, we divided hours welded into three-month intervals and examined how weld hours correlated with log-transformed toenail Pb, Mn, Cd, Ni, and As concentrations. Highest concentrations were found for Ni, followed by Mn, Pb and As, and Cd. All the metals were significantly correlated with one another (rho range = 0.28–0.51), with the exception of Ni and As (rho = 0.20, p = 0.17). Using mixed models adjusted for age, respirator use, smoking status, and BMI, we found that Mn was associated with weld hours 7–9 months prior to clipping (p = 0.003), Pb was associated with weld hours 10–12 months prior to clipping (p = 0.03) and over the entire year (p = 0.04). Cd was associated with weld hours 10–12 months prior to clipping (p = 0.05), and also with the previous year's total hours welded (p = 0.02). The association between Ni and weld hours 7–9 months prior to clipping approached significance (p = 0.06). Toenail metal concentrations were not associated with the long-term exposure metric, years as a welder. Results suggest Mn, Pb, and Cd may have particular windows of relevant exposure that reflect work activity. In a population with variable exposure, toenails may serve as useful biomarkers for occupational metal fume exposures to Mn, Pb, and Cd during distinct periods over the year prior to sample collection.


Have We Overcome? Race Relations Since Brown, 1954-1979 Edited by Michael V. Namorato Essays by Lerone Bennett, Jr., Vincent Harding, Morton J. Horwitz, William E. Leuchtenburg, Henry M. Levin, C. Eric Lincoln, and Robert H. Wiebe On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court rendered the first of two historic decisions in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. One year later, the conclusion to a second case demanded that integration proceed "with all deliberate speed." These two verdicts affected American life far beyond the schools and proved the beginning of the end to the segregated South. The essays in Have We Overcome? Race Relations Since Brown, 1954-1979, delivered by major scholars just after America's bicentennial and on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Brown decision, endeavor to answer that question and determine what strides have been made and what remains to be overcome. This book is the final volume in a three-part investigation which begins with What Was Freedom's Price? and includes The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890-1945. All three are available again in paperback from University Press of Mississippi. Michael V. Namorato is a professor of history at the University of Mississippi.


Computers, the Internet, smartphones, and telecommunication technologies have all changed the way we live--how we think, socialize, entertain, work, teach, learn, and train as well. One of the modern ICT trends of organizations involve the integration of e-learning, in general, and online training systems, in particular, as new methods for delivering training programs/courses online. This longitudinal study aimed to scrutinize and assess the reaction-based satisfaction level, indeed the first level of Kirkpatrick's classic 4-level evaluation research model, of Kuwait University's (KU's) students regarding the online training system service provided by KU to its faculty, students, and employees alike. A total of 700 undergraduate students from the College of Education (COE) at KU participated in this study. Even though the majority of the participants, 97.4 percent, were not aware about the online training system service. However, the findings demonstrate that the reaction-based satisfaction level of KU's students is significantly high. Students' feelings, perceptions, and attitudes toward e-training courses are significantly encouraging. KU's students consider the contents/materials provided in the online training courses as being pertinent and useful to their work/study. They were satisfied with what they learn using the online training system. The majority of the participants, about 95 percent, asserted that they are eager to take more training courses offered online. Keywords: Distance Learning, Online Learning, e-Learning, Online Training, e-Training Introduction Computers, the Internet, smartphones, and telecommunication technologies have all changed the way we live--how we think, socialize, entertain, work, teach, learn, and train as well. The current explosion of online training (i.e., Network-based training such as Internet-based, Intranet-based, Extranet-based, or Web-based training) in educational settings--for academic purposes--as well as work-related environments--for professional development purposes--is not a fad. Online training is changing the way PK-12 schools and higher education institutions teach, the way pupils approach learning, as well as the way organizations help keep their employees' skills and competencies abreast. The most common types of training courses offered online include computer software applications, professional development skills, technical skills, and job-related skills. Despite the widespread implementation of online training in educational and work-related environments. However, organizations and entities globally tend to rely on blended methods/approaches wherein traditional face-to-face instructor-led training settings are accompanied and enriched with online training environments (Bonk, 2002). We live in a knowledge-driven society which entails the acquisition, usage, and sharing of knowledge, skills, attitudes, competencies, proficiencies, practices, and experiences. These knowledge management (KM) processes should be done effectively, efficiently, and rapidly. Therefore, utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) means, such as online training, as a KM tool and enabler in many organizations seems to be relevant. Hence, there is a great need for quality and accessible online training courses available to anyone, anywhere, anytime, and covering anything. Objectives of the Study ICT usage has a significant influence on organizations' effectiveness and efficiencies globally. The impact of ICT use is touching the organizations' infrastructures as well as their personnel (i.e., students, employees, and individuals). Modern ICT trends of organizations involve the integration of e-learning systems, in general, and more specifically e-training or online training systems, as new methods for delivering training programs/courses online. The State of Kuwait, since the beginning of the new millennium, is among these nations embracing and sustaining the implementation of online training in Kuwait's public and private sectors. …


This study examined the effect of portfolio assessment on goal-orientation of Iranian male and female EFL learners. Twenty-nine upper-intermediate EFL learners learning English at Chitsazan Language Institute, in Tabriz, were selected for the purpose of study. The participants were from a male intact class (N=16) and a female intact class (N=13). Both groups were tested based on TOEFL test to ensure the homogeneity in terms of general language proficiency. Besides, Midgley and Colleagues' (1998) goal-orientation questionnaire was administered as the pre-test to estimate prior goal-orientation level of both groups. To match this questionnaire to the needs and context of this study, the researchers adopted the 18 item questionnaire to writing assignment. Later on, during 8 sessions, the researcher carried out portfolio assessment with a focus on writing assignments. The seven steps of portfolio assessment proposed by Delett's et al (2001) were opted for as a framework for portfolio evaluation. After the finalizing the assessment sessions, the participants performed the same questionnaire as the post-test. The data were analyzed using a One-way ANCOVA test. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference in mean goal-orientation F(27)=6.40, p=0.018 between the two groups. Moreover, comparing the estimated marginal means showed that the most progress in goal-orientation was for females (mean=76.124) compared to male participants (mean=65.274). The research findings have several implications for language learners and teachers.


Abstract Do the mass media deliver what contemporary democracies require? This fundamental research question has been discussed for many decades and the body of literature is firmly rooted in the debate following from the Hutchins Commission 1947. In more recent years, monitoring of the relations between democracy and the mass media has concentrated on new or democracies in transition. Fewer monitoring efforts have been undertaken in mature democracies. The following text develops a social science based monitoring instrument for established democracies, the Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM). It has been developed at the University of Zurich and tested in five European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Portugal, and Switzerland).


Abstract— Action spectra for phototropic balance of Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores were measured for various reference wavelengths and intensity ranges. Balance action spectra were made at fluence rates of 10‐4 W m‐2 with reference wavelengths of 450 nm, 394 nm, 507 nm, and broadband blue light. For broad‐blue light and 450 nm light as references, typical flavin‐like action spectra were found with a ma jor peak at 455 nm, a secondary peak at 477 nm, and a minor peak at 383 nm; these peaks are wider for broad blue than for 450 nm light. With the 394 nm reference, there is a major peak at 455 nm, a secondary peak at 477 nm and a minor peak at 394 nm. An action spectrum with 507 nm reference has a major peak at 455 nm and a minor peak at 383 nm, but no peak at 477 nm. A balance action spectrum was made with 450 nm reference light near threshold intensity (2 times 10‐8 W m‐2); there, the 386 nm peak is greatly reduced, while the 455 nm peak is enhanced. The intensity dependence of the 386 nm peak was studied in detail for reference light of 450 nm. We found that the relative quantum efficiency of the 386 nm light increases with the logarithm of the 450 nm fluence rate; in the high intensity range (0.3 W m‐2) the relative quantum efficiency of the 386 nm light is 1.3 and approaches zero at 10‐9 W m‐2. These findings indicate that P. blakesleeanus phototropism is mediated by multiple interacting pigments or by a photochromic photoreceptor.


Bacteria do not appear to possess the seven transmembrane guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that represent one of the largest classes of receptors found in eukaryotes. Marlovits et al. provide evidence that FeoB, a protein required for iron uptake, may have a G protein within the primary sequence of this polytopic transmembrane protein. The NH2 domain contains a consensus guanine nucleotide-binding site with motifs consistent with GTPase activity. In vitro, this domain was able to bind and hydrolyze GTP specifically, with no apparent activity or binding affinity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Elimination of guanine nucleotide binding by a point mutation produced a protein that could not restore iron uptake in FeoB-deficient bacteria, confirming the physiological importance of GTP binding. Iron transport is known to be ATP-dependent. Thus, the G protein component of FeoB may serve as a regulator for an ATP-dependent secondary protein that is the transporter or that controls the transporter's activity. The authors further suggest that FeoB may be the "missing link in the evolution of G protein-coupled membrane processes in higher organisms." T. C. Marlovits, W. Haase, C. Herrmann, S. G. Aller, V. M. Unger, The membrane protein FeoB contains an intramolecular G protein essential for Fe(II) uptake in bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16243-16248 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


OF DISSERTATION SUSTAINABLE DISPOSAL OF COAL PROCESSING WASTE STREAMS Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.


What do creators want? Jessica Silbey's book, the Eureka Myth, distills the answers she received to this question over the course of interviews with more than fifty filmmakers, photographers, hardware and software engineers, business executives working with pharmaceutical, medical device, and telecommunications companies, and others. While many purport to speak for creators, Silbey's subjects speak for themselves, through long excerpts that appear throughout the book. In this book review, I combine their insights with other historical and modern empirical accounts to carry out the thought experiment of what an intellectual property system keenly attuned to the needs of creators – knowing that creators are not the only constituent that the intellectual property system needs to care about – might look like. I find, perhaps unsurprisingly, that what creators really want is freedom, credit, and audience. While intellectual property may seem orthogonal to these aims, it can often directly support, but at other times counter, their achievement. An artist whose song becomes the basis for a national commercial can use the royalties from that to support her for years. But copyright and patents can also send the wrong message – mis-signaling through exclusive rights the message that access and use are prohibited and sending away the audiences that feed the creative spirit. In an ideal world, intellectual property would feature more ways for creators to customize the ways in which they engage with the world through their inventions and creations. It would better support sharing, licensing, and attribution, so that intellectual property can be configured to support with the evolving desires of their creators. While lawmakers wrestle with challenging policy topics like abusive patent litigation and copyright statutory damages, they should also keep in mind the needs and desires of creators as human beings, to create, to be heard, and to be recognized.


PURPOSE
We developed a preoperative model to risk stratify patients for prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure following radical prostatectomy (RP) and identify those at high risk who would be potential candidates for neoadjuvant clinical trials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective survey of 459 patients from the SEARCH Database treated with RP between 1990 and 2002 was done. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the preoperative variables of patient age, race, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, clinical stage and percent of prostate needle biopsy tissue with cancer for the ability to predict time to PSA recurrence following RP. Significant independent predictors were combined to create a novel risk grouping model.

RESULTS
On multivariate analysis biopsy Gleason score (p < 0.001), percent of biopsy tissue with cancer (p < 0.001) and serum PSA (p = 0.001) were the only significant independent predictors of PSA failure. Combining these 3 significant predictors of PSA failure using previously published cutoff points for each variable generated a 4 tier preoperative model for predicting biochemical failure following RP (HR 1.91 for each 1 risk category increase, CI 1.62 to 2.26, p < 0.001). The model further stratified patients who were already stratified into low, intermediate and high risk groups based on a previously described model using PSA, biopsy Gleason score and clinical stage. A simplified table was developed to predict the risk of biochemical recurrence within 2 years following surgery, as stratified by percent of tissue with cancer, PSA and biopsy Gleason score.

CONCLUSIONS
A combination of serum PSA, biopsy Gleason score and percent of prostate biopsy tissue with cancer define a new preoperative model for predicting PSA failure following RP. This model further stratified patients who were already stratified based on PSA, biopsy Gleason score and clinical stage, and it can be used preoperatively to identify patients at high risk who would be candidates for neoadjuvant clinical trials. Using this model an easy to use table was developed to predict preoperatively the 2-year risk of PSA recurrence following RP.


In New Zealand, the rate of registered cancer cases increased significantly in recent years especially for breast, melanoma, colorectal cancer and lung cancer (Ministry of Health, 2008b). The success rate of cancer chemotherapy is generally low mainly due to cytotoxic side effects and multi-drug resistance of current anti-cancer drugs (Szakacs, Paterson, Ludwig, Booth-Genthe, & Gottesman, 2006). Two major components of U. pinnatifida, fucoxanthin and fucoidan, have recently been found to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines (Nishibori, Itoh, Kashiwagi, Arimochi, & Morita, 2012). The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether fucoxanthin could inhibit proliferation of different types of cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependant pattern. The secondary objective of this study was to determine other potential anti-cancer compounds from both New Zealand and Japanese U. pinnatifida. In addition, a novel extraction method has been developed by Japanese scientists to isolate fucoxanthin and fucoidan by supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water in a single process. The third purpose was to evaluate biological activities of these two major components isolated by using the novel extraction method. Based on the particular statistical reported several types of human cancer cell lines were used in this study including lung carcinoma A549, NCI-H522, colon adenocarcinoma WiDr, Lovo, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7, malignant melanoma Malme-3M, cervix squamous carcinoma SiHa, and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH. Anti-proliferative effects were determined by 24 hr-72 hr MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays.

Pure fucoxanthin showed anti-proliferative effects in all types of cancer cell lines in dose- and time- dependent manners. The ranking of anti-proliferative sensitivity to fucoxanthin is in the order of SiHa > MCF-7, Lovo, NCI-H522 > Hep G2, A549, WiDr, SK-N-SH, and Malme-3M.

Similarly, anti-proliferative effects of fucoxanthin extracted from New Zealand seeweeds were found in all types of cancer cell lines in dose- and time- dependent manners. These three fucoxanthin extracts (purity of fucoxanthin: 0.2%, 43.5% and 60.77%) were achieved through a series of fucoxanthin isolation and purification procedures. Compared with anti-proliferative IC50 of pure fucoxanthin standards, the significant anti-proliferative effects of fucoxanthin extracts were found in some cancer cell lines including WiDr, Lovo, and NCI-H522.

Similar results were also found from the determination of anti-proliferative effects fucoxanthin extracts by the novel extraction method. However, SiHa and Malme-3M were special cases, suggesting some of compounds might effectively inhibit growth of those cancer cells. In comparison to other published studies, similar anti-proliferative effects from Japanese fucoidan fraction were found in dose- and time dependence, but its anti-proliferative effects were much lower.

In conclusion, fucoxanthin as a type of…


Redistricting - the act of drawing and redrawing legislative districts as population shifts, to ensure roughly equal representation for each district - is once again upon the nation. In 2011, jurisdictions across the country will again redraw the lines that determine the representation they will receive. And with each new redistricting cycle, the debate arises anew about whether the procedures used are well suited to effectuate the public's interest in the process. The 2010 California elections offer a particularly salient opportunity to reflect on the manner in which redistricting is conducted. In 2008, Californians narrowly passed Proposition 11, which removed the state legislature's control over the lines of its members' own districts, and delivered that control instead to a commission of citizens without direct ties to officials likely to keep or lose their jobs based on the way the lines are drawn. Two years later, two new Propositions appeared on the general election ballot. One measure granted the new citizens' commission control over drawing congressional lines as well. The other would have eliminated the commission entirely. This Symposium Essay takes California's choice as inspiration to examine more generally the potential for redistricting by an independent group of citizens. In Part I, it explores the nature of the redistricting process. Often, this process is explained as fundamentally political, and therefore particularly suited to execution by politicians. I argue, instead, that the process is both political and pre-political; it not only flows from, but also defines, the jurisdiction's relevant political cleavages. Part II then examines incumbent legislators' role in the redistricting process in light of this insight, including a normative assessment of skills and predilections that incumbents may bring to bear, and a challenge to the presumption of incumbents' accountability with respect to redistricting. Part III follows with a brief review of various alternatives to incumbent control of the redistricting process, capped by a more thorough review of the potential - both positive and negative - for citizen redistricting.


Iconic leaders are those who have become symbols of their institutions. This volume of historical studies portrays a collection of college and university presidents who acquired iconic qualities that transcend mere identification with their institution. The volume begins with Roger L. Geiger's observation that creating and controlling one's image requires managing publicity. Andrea Turpin describes how Mount Holyoke Seminar's evolution into a modern women's college required reshaping the image of Mary Lyon, its founder. Roger L. Geiger and Nathan M. Sorber show how College of Philadelphia provost William Smith's partisan politics and patronage tainted the college he symbolized. Joby Topper reveals how presidents Seth Low of Columbia and Francis Patton of Princeton mastered the modern art of publicity. Katherine Chaddock explains how John Erskine--the Columbia University English professor responsible for the first Great Books program--and his unusual career inverted the normal route to iconic status. In contrast, Christian Anderson's analysis of John G. Bowman, chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh, shows how he substituted architectural vision for academic leadership. James Capshew explores the background that made Herman Wells a revered leader of Indiana University. Nancy Diamond details how building Brandeis University involved a challenging series of decisions successfully navigated by founding president Abram Sachar. Finally, Ethan Schrum depicts how Clark Kerr's controversial understanding of the role of contemporary universities was formed by his earlier career in industrial relations. This study of iconic leaders probes new dimensions of leadership and the construction of institutional images.


Disturbances often control community structure by removing large dominant species, allowing new species to colonize. Disturbances vary in intensity and extent, and their effects on resident communities can depend on local environmental conditions. We tested the effects of disturbance intensity and extent on different functional groups of understory species in kelp forests at 4 locations along an ocean climate gradient in Western Australia. We hypothesized that, compared to intact canopies, increasing disturbance intensities (50 and 100% of kelp removal) and extents (2, 4 and 8 m diameter) would promote light-dependent competitors (turf, foliose, articulated coralline and fucoid seaweeds) at the expense of less light-dependent functional groups (invertebrates and encrusting seaweeds). We also hypothesized that these effects would be most pronounced at warmer relative to cooler locations, where metabolic and ecological rates are faster. The first hypothesis was supported; light-dependent understory groups (turfs, in particular) increased, while less light-dependent groups (crusts in particular) decreased with increasing disturbance regimes. However, the second hypothesis was not supported; even though understory communities differed between locations and turf covers were highest at the warmest location, we found no significant interactions between locations and disturbance regimes. Importantly, our results revealed that even small-scale partial canopy loss can have significant effects on kelpassociated communities. The implied community-wide, density-dependent effects have implications for the management and conservation of kelp forests, because restoration of ecological functions must also consider the density of kelp forests, not simply their presence or absence.


Objective: To assess the knowledge of Chiropractic students in orthopedics and neurology.

Design: A previously published knowledge questionnaire designed by chief orthopedic residents was given to a Chiropractic student group for comparison to the results of the medical resident group.

Setting: Chiropractic Research Center of Macquarie University.

Participants: 51 volunteers, between the ages of 20 to 47 were given the questionnaire in their first week of their final semester of the Master of Chiropractic degree.

Main Outcome Measures: Students were asked to complete the entire questionnaire to the best of their ability within a 30 minute time period. The questionnaires were then independently marked by lecturer/practitioners utilizing the grading system published by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.

Results: Based on the marking scale determined by the chief residents, the Chiropractic group (n = 51) showed statistically significant higher average grade than the orthopedic residents. Expressed in other terms, 70% of chiropractic students passed the knowledge questionnaire, compared to an 80% failure rate for the residents.

 It needs to be mentioned, for clarity sake, the distinct difference between the chiropractic and the medical participants in these studies.

 The chiropractic group were still just 10th tri students.

 The medical group had already graduated from medical school, and been awarded their MD degrees, then had completed all their hospital rotations, and had been accepted into a highly competitive orthopedic residency program.

 One would expect that during their rotations, and other programs that they *might have* picked up a little more musculoskeletal knowledge. Evidently this is NOT the case.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that chiropractic student neuromusculoskeletal knowledge is as good or better than medical residents.

To say the least, this author is a Master of the under-statement!


Can folding a piece of paper flat make it larger? We explore whether a shape S must be scaled to cover a flat-folded copy of itself. We consider both single folds and arbitrary folds (continuous piecewise isometries \(S\to\mathbb{R}^2\)). The underlying problem is motivated by computational origami, and is related to other covering and fixturing problems, such as Lebesgue's universal cover problem and force closure grasps. In addition to considering special shapes (squares, equilateral triangles, polygons and disks), we give upper and lower bounds on scale factors for single folds of convex objects and arbitrary folds of simply connected objects.


Governments have policies explicitly directed at the integration of migrants. This article addresses how policymakers and politicians privilege certain constructions of the social relationship between migrants and the majority society (expressed through narratives of 'integration'), while making it seem as if they were presenting facts in their policies. These constructions provide the justifications for adopting a direction in policy-making over other alternatives. This article sets to analyse comparatively how policy actors in two urban contexts construct migrants' integration through policy narratives and how, within this, they evaluate migrants as 'integrated' and 'non-integrated'. Through narrative analysis, the article sheds light on how migrants are positioned by political institutions within the normative order of the society in which they live. Furthermore, it shows that local policy-making is shaped by national citizenship regimes, models of steering, welfare regimes and stories about the nation and its people.


As part of an operations research project aimed at improving outpatient services in Kenya the quality of care in Kiambu District Hospitals antenatal clinic was monitored in 1974-76 with particular emphasis on the identification of high risk women. Of the 270 patients studied 57 (21%) were considered by midwives to be at no risk in terms of their pregnancy and 213 (79%) were considered at risk. 46% of the care observed in this study was considered adequate by the audit method; however an implicit judgement assessment of the same care rated only 19% as adequate. Since the evaluators were familiar with the working conditions and capabilities of the staff these low performance statistics suggest that the quality of care being provided in antenatal clinics is a serious problem. Dramatic improvements can be recorded if more attention is given by midwives to obtaining a medical and obstetric history and using an antenatal card. There is a need for clearly defined criteria and instructions for categorizing and managing high and low risk groups of pregnant women. In-service training and clinical meetings are essential to ensure that midwives can interpret abnormal findings and estimate the fundal height of the uterus. Although antenatal cards that guide midwives in the categorization of risk factors are available in Kenya they are frequently out of stock and replaced with hastily developed inadequate substitute forms.


: Purpose: The right of the individual to good administration goes beyond legal standards which determine the actions of entities to which they are addressed. This paper indicates that the inclusion of sustainable development as one of the principles in the Polish constitutional law obliges all entities responsible for the implementation of the objectives and tasks of the state to act within the constitutional imperative. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main goal of this article is to present the issue of the right of the individual to good administration in the context of the concept of sustainable development. The article is based on a legal analysis including dogmatic and axiological methodology. Findings: The role of the public administration is emphasized in respect of the policy of the effective application of the law to citizens in terms of creating stable living conditions and facilitating development which takes into account intergenerational solidarity through distributive justice. Practical implications: The extension of the positivist concept of sustainable development to include the language of human rights indicates that it can be treated as a "meta-principle", extending its semantic scope beyond the right to a clean environment. Originality/value: Our in-depth legal and axiological analyses included in this paper will contribute to the overall strengthening of the concept sustainable development. Our manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies concerning the evolution of rights and value based sustainable policy.


This heartbeat provides a thorough analysis of identity management in formal and informal settings throughout life. We discuss how identities are created, used, maintained, and terminated in these settings. The formal key areas we cover are namely: government, education, healthcare, employment, and shopping. First, identity management here is approached at an abstract level, describing how a general formal identity is created. Then, identity management in the key areas is described. A more detailed overview for the first four key areas is provided from the perspectives of several European countries. The example of informal settings we walk through are influenced by the social environment of individuals in their private life and cover the arising online applications that help people to interact with their social network. Here we point out the link to the other workpackages in Activity 1.


Objectives: The aim of the current study was to determine the contribution of interleukin (IL)1 gene cluster polymorphisms previously implicated in susceptibility for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to AS susceptibility in different populations worldwide. Methods: Nine polymorphisms in the IL1 gene cluster members IL1A (rs2856836, rs17561 and rs1894399), IL1B (rs16944), IL1F10 (rs3811058) and IL1RN (rs419598, the IL1RA VNTR, rs315952 and rs315951) were genotyped in 2675 AS cases and 2592 healthy controls recruited in 12 different centres in 10 countries. Association of variants with AS was tested by Mantel–Haenszel random effects analysis. Results: Strong association was observed with three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL1A gene (rs2856836, rs17561, rs1894399, p = 0.0036, 0.000019 and 0.0003, respectively). There was no evidence of significant heterogeneity of effects between centres, and no evidence of non-combinability of findings. The population attributable risk fraction of these variants in Caucasians is estimated at 4–6%. Conclusions: This study confirms that IL1A is associated with susceptibility to AS. Association of the other IL1 gene complex members could not be excluded in specific populations. Prospective meta-analysis is a useful tool in confirmation studies of genes associated with complex genetic disorders such as AS, providing sufficiently large sample sizes to produce robust findings often not achieved in smaller individual cohorts.


Background A national mapping survey of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) was conducted in The Gambia in May, 2015. The survey aimed at establishing endemicity of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases to inform decisions on program planning and implementation of mass drug administration (MDA). Methodology/Principal findings A cross-section of 10,434 eligible school aged children (SAC), aged 7 to 14 years old were enrolled in the survey. The participants were randomly sampled from 209 schools countrywide using N/50, where N = total eligible children per school. Stool, and urine samples were provided by each child and examined for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthic infections using double Kato-Katz, urine filtration, dipstick techniques and CCA rapid test kits. Data were managed using online LINKS system enabling real-time data availability and access. Epi Info version 3.5.3 and health mapper version 4.3.2 were used to generate outputs of endemicity and distribution. Descriptions of mapped districts for MDA eligibility and frequency were done with reference to WHO PC strategy recommendations. Mapping results indicated that nationally, the prevalence of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) was 4.3% and 2.5% respectively. In terms of distribution STH are more common in Western Region One (WR1) at 4.1% prevalence, then Lower River Region (LRR) 3.6%, and Western Region Two (WR2) 3.0%. In contrast, SCH indicated much higher prevalence in Central River Region (CRR) at a rate of 14.2%. This is within medium prevalence range, and is followed by Upper River Region (URR) at 9.4%, which is within low prevalence range. At the district level, schistosomiasis prevalence seems to be highest in Niani district (22%) in CRR. Banjul island, the capital city, seems to have the highest prevalence of STH (up to 55%), followed by Kombo South with 22% prevalence. Schistosoma haematobium characterised by haematuria, was the most dominant infection of schistosomiasis discovered followed by Schistosoma mansoni which reported in 0.1% of infections. Out of 42 districts mapped 14, or 38%, of them are co-endemic for soil-transmitted helminthiases (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hook-worm infections) and schistosomiasis (S. haematobium and S. mansoni). Conclusions We identified that 24/42(57%) districts mapped in The Gambia are endemic for schistosomiasis expressing the need for preventive chemotherapy. Twenty (47%) of the districts mapped are endemic for STH. However, only two STH endemic districts namely Banjul (55%) and Kombo South (22%) were within rates eligible for mass drug administration.


SAS's PROC MIXED can be problematic when analyzing data from randomized longitudinal two-group designs when observations are missing over time. Overall (1996, 1999) and colleagues found a number of procedures that are effective in controlling the number of false positives (Type I errors) and are yet sensitive (powerful) to detect treatment effects. Two favorable methods incorporate time in study and baseline scores to model the missing data mechanism; one method was a single-stage PROC MIXED ANCOVA solution and the other was a two-stage endpoint analysis using the change scores as dependent scores. Because the twostage approach can lack sensitivity to detect effects for certain missing data mechanisms, in this article we examined variations of the single-stage approach under conditions not considered by Overall et al., in order to assess the generality of the procedure's positive characteristics. The results indicate when and when not it is beneficial to include a baseline score as a covariate in the model. As well, we provide clarification regarding the merits of adopting an endpoint analysis as compared to the single-stage PROC MIXED procedure.


Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean). The data have gone through rigorous quality control procedures to assure the highest possible quality and consistency. The data for the pertinent parameters in the CARINA database were objectively examined in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Systematic biases found in the data have been corrected in the three data products: merged data files with measured, calculated and interpolated data for each of the three CARINA regions, i.e. the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. These products have been corrected to be internally consistent. Ninety-eight of the cruises in the CARINA database were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean, defined here as the region south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge and north of about 30° S. Here we present an overview of the Atlantic Ocean synthesis of the CARINA data and the adjustments that were applied to the data product. We also report the details of the secondary QC (Quality Control) for salinity for this data set. Procedures of quality control – including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data – are briefly described. Adjustments to salinity measurements were applied to the data from 10 cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. Based on our analysis we estimate the internal consistency of the CARINA-ATL salinity data to be 4.1 ppm. With these adjustments the CARINA data products are consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the World Hydrographic Program in the 1990s, and is now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation.


This research project focused on factors influencing consumers' purchasing behavior. Specifically, the project focused on sustainability of packaging and attempted to find if sustainability of a package (represented by post-consumer content) affected a consumer's decision to buy that product. The specific question asked was: "Are consumers willing to purchase a product based on the environmental friendliness of its package even if it goes against the consumer's brand preference, or if it has a higher price point than competing products?" Research data was gathered through a multi-page survey comprised of seven questions of varying complexity. Participants were primarily aged 18-25 and the majority female, but the ages of participants range from 19 to 60 years. It was found that participants choose products based on price, quality and brand rather than sustainability. The results of this study suggest that it would not be profitable for a company to spend money marketing or advertising sustainability of a product's package, especially if it affects the quality or look of the package or the retail price of the product.


The paper compares the political economic systems under German (1915–1918) and Soviet (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) occupations in Lithuania. During the World War I, Lithuania was part of the German occupation zone Ober Ost, ruled by the higher commando of the German Eastern front (Oberbefehlshaber Ost). The German military command of Eastern front under Paul Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff used Lithuania as a laboratory for large scale social experiment, creating the first planned command administrative economy in the world. After they were promoted to the higher commando of all German armed forced and established in 1917–1918 de facto military dictatorship over Germany, they made the attempt to establish the Ober Ost system in the metropole. Although the realization of the complete "Hindenburg programme" did fail, by 1917 Germany lived under military socialism (Kriegssozialismus) and coercive economy, which became the example and source of inspiration for Bolsheviks constructing Soviet model of state socialism. In 1940, this model came back to Lithuania, history making the full circle. This means that the market transition in 1990–1992 was second restoration of capitalism in Lithuania, because in 1918–1922 the capitalist economic system also was restored here jointly with the establishment of national state. Contemporary Lithuania demands from Russia to pay for damage inflicted on Lithuanian economy by Soviet occupation, and interwar Lithuania did demand the same form Weimar Germany in 1922–1923. However, while interwar Lithuania did ask to pay only direct occupation damage, contemporary Lithuania demands to compensate also the indirect damage. The main part of this damage is the loss of the national income which Lithuania did not receive in 1940–1990 because the efficient capitalist economic system was replaced by the less productive state socialist system during this time. However, the calculations of the indirect damage incorrectly assume that all varieties of capitalism are more efficient in the developing countries in comparison with command administrative system. The assumption that the variety of capitalism which existed in Lithuania by 1940 (state cooperative capitalism) was not less efficient than Stalinist Soviet socialism is politically correct one, as much as the expectation that under this system independent Lithuania would become advanced technological frontier country ("second Finland") by 1990. Nevertheless, the counterfactual development path of the independent capitalist Lithuania in 1940–1990 would include critical conjunctures and crossroads, which could end with Lithuania entering "low road" development path. Tellingly, Latin American capitalist country Uruguay (similar to Lithuania and other Baltic culture by its size and economc structure) had higher GDP per capita level than Lithuania in 1940, but by 1990 this level was lower than in Soviet Lithuania. Importantly, Uruguay never was under Soviet Russian occupation, did not construct socialism or suffered war damage.


The aim of this study was to assess changes in pharyngeal airway, hyoid bone position in patients who had surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in cases of skeletal maxillary constriction. Fifteen patients with skeletal maxillary constriction with age ranged from 20 to 22.4 years. All patients had presurgical orthodontic treatment for six months. Lateral cephalograms were taken before and after surgery. Parameters indicating the upper and lower pharyngeal airway and the hyoid bone were evaluated. The results of the present study showed that; significant increased of the SPAS (superioposterior airway) by 5mm and significant increase of the vertical airway length (VAL) by 3.8 mm. The hyoid bone position was changed as indicated by significant increased of (H-C3) and (HVRP) distances by 2.8mm and 4.5mm respectively, and significant decreased of (H-RGn) distance by 1.3 mm. While the movement of the hyoid bone in superior position indicated by significant decreased of (MPH) and (HC3Me). Conclusion: From the results of the present study the following could be concluded; 1) the surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion RME significantly improve the upper pharyngeal airway. 2) No significant changes were observed in the lower pharyngeal airway spaces. 3) The hyoid bone moved anteriorly and superiorly after treatment. 4) Surgically assisted RME treatment tends to normalize hyoid bone position. [Raafat El Ghetany, Hussein Al-Khaliph and Atef Hasanine. Changes in the Pharyngeal Airway Spaces and Hyoid Bone Position Associated with Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion. J Am Sci 2013;9(6):561565]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 70


Variational quantum algorithms are a leading candidate for early applications on noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. These algorithms depend on a classical optimization outer-loop that minimizes some function of a parameterized quantum circuit. In practice, finite sampling error and gate errors make this a stochastic optimization with unique challenges that must be addressed at the level of the optimizer. The sharp trade-off between precision and sampling time in conjunction with experimental constraints necessitates the development of new optimization strategies to minimize overall wall clock time in this setting. We introduce an optimization method and numerically compare its performance with common methods in use today. The method is a simple surrogate model-based algorithm designed to improve reuse of collected data. It does so by estimating the gradient using a least-squares quadratic fit of sampled function values within a moving trusted region. To make fair comparisons between optimization methods, we develop experimentally relevant cost models designed to balance efficiency in testing and accuracy with respect to cloud quantum computing systems. The results here underscore the need to both use relevant cost models and optimize hyperparameters of existing optimization methods for competitive performance. We compare tuned methods using cost models presented by superconducting devices accessed through cloud computing platforms. The method introduced here has several practical advantages in realistic experimental settings, and has been used successfully in a separately published experiment on Google's Sycamore device.


Hawaii's tourism-dependent economy and oil-fired power plants make it the most oil dependent state in the United States. It also has the nation's highest electricity prices, often between 3 and 4 times the national average over the last decade. These high prices, the state's sunny and windy climate that make it amendable to increasingly economical renewable energy, plus a relatively progressive political culture have pushed the state to adopt an ambitious goal of being 100 percent renewable by 2045. Focusing mainly on the state's largest grid on Oahu, where most people live, we discuss the cost structure of the current electricity system, the potential benefits and challenges of growing the share of renewable energy, and make a few policy suggestions. In particular, we argue that all homes and businesses should be given an opportunity to buy and sell electricity at the marginal cost of generation. Variable pricing could greatly the cost of renewable energy, and perhaps seed development of Hawaii as a technology center focused on batteries and smart machines that can help shift electricity demand to align with the variable supply of solar and wind energy.


Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England. Gloria L. Main. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2001. 316 pp. ISBN 0-674-00628-3. $49.95 (cloth). This is a book replete with useful information about family life in colonial New England. Gloria Main takes an unusually broad view, covering a large and diverse region encompassing what is now Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine from prehistoric times through the middle of the 18th century. Unlike most monographs, the study also takes a comparative perspective that includes fascinating information about the Ninnimissinouk (an umbrella term for the Native Americans of the area) in addition to the English settlers. The bulk of the study is organized around stages of the human life cycle into chapters on sexuality, courtship, and marriage; childbirth and childhood; and youth and old age. Although the book is too densely written to serve a popular audience, it works well as an upto-date overview of early New England family history for readers from other disciplines. Throughout the book, Main provides an intelligent synthesis of existing scholarship, and her dual focus on the English and Ninnimissinouk brings her to posit generalizations with cross-cultural implications. Unlike most historians, she usefully refers to contemporary socialscience literature and evolutionary theories. She often stretches her comparisons into examples from other times and places, and she frequently points to contrasts and similarities with the present. At times, her penchant for considering the broader human context can lead her astray: for example, her attempt to bring anthropological studies of the Ache of Paraguay to bear on the childrearing practices of the Ninnimissinouk and the English seem speculative in the extreme. But for the most part, her wide reach into different fields of inquiry greatly enriches her analysis. From the point of view of a specialist, Main's greatest empirical contributions lie in the abundant material she gleans from the colonists' legal and genealogical records. Her evidence from probate records, in particular, reveals many new and intriguing pieces of information about changes in the consumption patterns, the movement toward more specialized types of household labor, and the variations in the degree of female literacy. Her analysis of vital records of births and marriages similarly yields valuable conclusions about the differences between male and female ages at marriage and the rates and seasonal timing of premarital pregnancies that supplement earlier findings by demographic historians. Bringing such otherwise dry materials to life, Main leavens her story with compelling, often amusing stories of individual lives drawn from documents like diaries and court records. …


We present our experiments on refractometric sensing with ultrahigh-Q, crystalline, birefringent magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) whispering gallery mode resonators. The difference to fused silica which is most commonly used for sensing experiments is the small refractive index of MgF₂ which is very close to that of water. Compared to fused silica this leads to more than 50% longer evanescent fields and a 4.25 times larger sensitivity. Moreover the birefringence amplifies the sensitivity difference between TM and TE type modes which will enhance sensing experiments based on difference frequency measurements. We estimate the performance of our resonators and compare them with fused silica theoretically and present experimental data showing the interferometrically measured evanescent field decay and the sensitivity of mm-sized MgF₂ whispering gallery mode resonators immersed in water. These data show reasonable agreement with the developed theory. Furthermore, we observe stable Q factors in water well above 1 × 10⁸.


This study investigates how stock market prices react to oil prices and money supply shocks in Turkey using a nonlinear ARDL approach. We establish the time series properties of the data using both conventional linear unit root tests and the procedure advanced by Zivot-Andrews (1992) to consider the possible existence of endogenous break in the series. Empirical evidence revealed asymmetric cointegration through Wald statistics of Pesaran and Banerjee. Findings suggest asymmetric responses of Turkish stock market prices to oil prices and money supply shocks, confirming the importance of non-linearity in macro-finance variables. Namely, in the long-run, we find a significant negative relation between oil prices and stock market prices. Meanwhile, stock market prices react positively to negative (positive) shocks in money supply. The obtained evidence of the asymmetric behaviors of stock prices should be taken into account by stock market participants when dealing with their portfolio diversification strategies.


Interpretation has long been recognized as an important aspect of implementation. Yet, interpretation remain understudied and undertheorized in the implementation literature. In this paper, I argue that implementation will always involve several processes of interpretation, as the abstract model or intention that constitutes a public service intervention is recreated as concrete actions in specific locations. Drawing on recent developments in implementation and organization theory, I theorize these processes as translation and suggest that socially skilled actors act as translators by interpreting public service interventions in ways that foster collective action. To do so successfully, they must exercise four distinct translation skills: knowledge, creativity, patience and strength. I further argue that processes of translation unfold along three dimensions in the implementation system–within the hierarchy (vertical), across fields (horizontal) and over time (longitudinal). To illustrate this argument, I present a multi-sited case study of the implementation and translation of evidence-based practice in Danish child protective services as it has unfolded over two decades. By calling attention to the crucial role of interpretation on all levels of the implementation system and theorizing this as translation, the paper contributes to our understanding of implementation as a complex social process, which is both highly context-specific and at the same time characterized by generalizable patterns of action. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


Individual abilities continue to be highly debated and researched issues in the fields of social and behavioral sciences. Findings from the Flynn Effect studies (Flynn, 1984, 1987) and Cocodia et al. (2003) suggest that average general intelligence is rising rapidly mainly due to environmental changes particularly in the Asian Tiger countries, while teachers in Australia reported that they did not believe intelligence had increased or decreased significantly in the last three decades. Thus the study theorized that rising intelligence is evident only where environmental changes have occurred more rapidly and recently. As such, Cocodia et al. proposed that rising intelligence may have finished in developed countries such as Australia. The present paper sought to explore further drawing from teacher responses in a developing country. Lagos, the former capital of Nigeria was selected as environmental changes have not occurred as rapidly as the Asian Tiger nations, nor is it a highly developed nation like Australia. Findings from the survey showed that more Nigerian teachers (58%) perceived that student abilities had increased in the last three decades. The perception that students are more knowledgeable due to more access to new technology was also reported. Thus rising intelligence may also be evident in developing countries where environmental changes have not occurred as rapidly as reported elsewhere.


As an increasing number of robots have been designed to interact with people on a regular basis, research into human-robot interaction has become more widespread. At the same time, little work has been done on the problem of long-term human-robot interaction, in which a human uses a robot for a period of weeks or months. As people spend more time with a robot, it is expected that how they make sense of the robot-their "cognitive model" of it-may change over time. In order to identify factors that will be critical to the future development of a quantitative cognitive model of long-term human-robot interaction, a study was conducted involving the Personal Exploration Rover (PER) museum exhibit and the museum employees responsible for it. Results of the study suggest that these critical factors include how people experience successes and failures with the robot (as opposed to how they understand its capabilities) and how people anthropomorphize the robot and talk about anthropomorphization.


In this paper, we propose a method for supporting knowledge creation in a community by talking with virtualized-egos. We propose two ideas for the community knowledge creation. The first idea is talking with virtualized community member called "virtualized-ego"; a virtualized-ego is a software agent that mimics a community member. Virtualized-egos replay past speeches of community members and generate a conversation with voices. A community member can exchange knowledge by oral chat with virtualized-egos on behalf of other community members. The other idea is a story-telling; speeches of virtualized-egos are ordered as a story. A story is a series of speeches that reflect personalities of community members, and using story is casual method for exchanging knowledge because story-telling is human-style communication method. We have developed a system called EgoChat to investigate these ideas, and discussed effectivity of the proposed system for the community knowledge creation based on a experiment.


Long before Betty Friedan wrote about "the problem that had no name" in The Feminine Mystique, a group of American feminists whose leaders included Melusina Fay Peirce, Mary Livermore, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman campaigned against women's isolation in the home and confinement to domestic life as the basic cause of their unequal position in society.The Grand Domestic Revolution reveals the innovative plans and visionary strategies of these persistent women, who developed the theory and practice of what Hayden calls "material feminism" in pursuit of economic independence and social equality. The material feminists' ambitious goals of socialized housework and child care meant revolutionizing the American home and creating community services. They raised fundamental questions about the relationship of men, women, and children in industrial society. Hayden analyzes the utopian and pragmatic sources of the feminists' programs for domestic reorganization and the conflicts over class, race, and gender they encountered.This history of a little-known intellectual tradition challenging patriarchal notions of "women's place" and "women's work" offers a new interpretation of the history of American feminism and a new interpretation of the history of American housing and urban design. Hayden shows how the material feminists' political ideology led them to design physical space to create housewives' cooperatives, kitchenless houses, day-care centers, public kitchens, and community dining halls. In their insistence that women be paid for domestic labor, the material feminists won the support of many suffragists and of novelists such as Edward Bellamy and William Dean Howells, who helped popularize their cause. Ebenezer Howard, Rudolph Schindler, and Lewis Mumford were among the many progressive architects and planners who promoted the reorganization of housing and neighborhoods around the needs of employed women.In reevaluating these early feminist plans for the environmental and economic transformation of American society and in recording the vigorous and many-sided arguments that evolved around the issues they raised, Hayden brings to light basic economic and spacial contradictions which outdated forms of housing and inadequate community services still create for American women and for their families.


Teenagers' lives are full of change and this simple book will help them cope with the unique problems that face them every day, such as doing well at school, making career decisions, dealing with parents, relationships and dating, feeling good about themselves and being positive about the future. A group of teenagers are worried about changes in their lives. To help them out, Chris tells the story of Who Moved My Cheese. Four characters, Hem, Haw, Sniff and Scurry, search through a maze for cheese, to nourish them and make them happy, but soon the cheese runs out. Sniff and Scurry go off in search for more, but Hem and Haw stay to work out what went wrong and wait for more cheese. Eventually, Haw realises that no new cheese is coming, so he sets out into the maze and eventually finds new cheese. The group then discusses the story, finding ways to apply it to their own lives. Who Moved My Cheese? for Teens is an essential book for teenagers - an entertaining parable that reveals profound truths and insights that will last a lifetime.


At the laboratory scale, locating acoustic emission (AE) events is a comparatively mature method for evaluating cracks in rock materials, and the method plays an important role in numerical simulations. This study is aimed at developing a quantitative method for the measurement of acoustic emission (AE) events in numerical simulations. Furthermore, this method was applied to estimate the crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence in rock materials. The discrete element method-acoustic emission model (DEM-AE model) was developed using an independent subprogram. This model was designed to calculate the scalar seismic tensor of particles in the process of movement and further to determine the magnitude of AE events. An algorithm for identifying the same spatiotemporal AE event is being presented. To validate the model, a systematic physical experiment and numerical simulation for argillaceous sandstones were performed to present a quantitative comparison of the results with confining pressure. The results showed good agreement in terms of magnitude and spatiotemporal evolution between the simulation and the physical experiment. Finally, the magnitude of AE events was analyzed, and the relationship between AE events and microcracks was discussed. This model can provide the research basis for preventing seismic hazards caused by underground coal mining.


The transition from the apartheid rule to a new democracy in South Africa has been accompanied by a vision of a national health care system that is based on the principles of universal primary health care. This vision opens up access to provision of mental health to everyone. This means that nurses, as gate-keepers of primary health care, have had to be trained in identification and management of minor mental health problems that are presented in their community clinics as well as health centres. For the current study, the need for such training was identified by an intern psychologist placed in one of the clinics in the area of KwaDedangendlale CValley of a Thousand Hills). His work in the area alerted him to the shortcomings of the nurses in both identification and management of what was perceived to be mental health problems. These shortcomings included the nurses' inability to identity and hence properly refer patients who needed the intervention of a professional mental health specialist. From this, a training programme which also included a reorientation process to deal with negative attitudes that are usually levied against the mentally ill was undertaken. Reorientation in this context was based on the assumption that prior to training nurses had a particular world view or position towards the provision of health care, which was identified to be biomedical and this training sought to re-orientate them towards the provision of a more holistic care which is inclusive of psycho social aspect of functioning The follow up to that training and reorientation programme was an evaluation component. This sought to ascertain whether after training, nurses were better equipped to identify and manage mental health problems. Further to that, the researcher sought to identify whether their attitudes had improved, such that they would be willing to deal with patients who presented with minor psychiatric problems. The objective of the current study is to present results of the evaluation component that was undertaken after training. This evaluation took into consideration both the process undertaken during training and the outcome of the reorientation process itself. Process evaluation focused on what makes a programme successful or unsuccessful. This included how the training was undertaken, i.e. manner of instruction etc. Outcome evaluation focused on establishing how good the programme was and whether it managed to provide desired outcomes i.e. change in nurses' attitudes. The Physician's Belief Scale (Ashworth, Williamson & Montano, 1984) was used for both the pre and post evaluation of the nurses' attitudes. The results revealed that before training, nurses had limited knowledge of mental health problems and as a consequence of this limited knowledge they developed negative attitudes towards provision of mental health care. One of the unexpected results of the study was the response of one of the groups of the nurses trained to the integrative manner of instruction. Their response highlighted the importance of understanding the influence of the padagogy on knowledge transmission and acquisition. Nurses reported to be accustomed to harsh pedagogical methods, used during formal nursing training. This kind of pedagogy was viewed as disempowering, as well as somewhat disrespectful, and hence, the much as the friendly and warm atmosphere presented by the facilitators in the current study was viewed as a welcomed change and an empowering process. Most importantly, one was also alerted to the importance of providing ongoing support to health care professionals after being trained. As Petersen (2000) has cautioned that should there be no additional mentoring or support, nurses would be likely to revert to their usuaVold styles of dealing with their patients' problems, given that the training does not necessarily change their environments. They would still be pressured to see large numbers of patients within a limited time period. And because of this, it becomes easier to just prescribing medication than to explore issues that are psychological in nature. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 3 1.


Europa's Plumes Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean and a relatively young icy surface. Roth et al. (p. 171, published online 12 December 2013; see the Perspective by Spencer) analyzed spectral images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope that show ultraviolet emissions from the moon's atmosphere, and report a statistically significant emission signal extending above the satellite's southern hemisphere. This emission is consistent with two 200-km-high plumes of water vapor. Tidal stresses likely play a role in opening and closing fractures at the surface. Hubble Space Telescope images of Jupiter's moon Europa reveal emission consistent with transient water vapor plumes. [Also see Perspective by Spencer] In November and December 2012, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaged Europa's ultraviolet emissions in the search for vapor plume activity. We report statistically significant coincident surpluses of hydrogen Lyman-α and oxygen OI 130.4-nanometer emissions above the southern hemisphere in December 2012. These emissions were persistently found in the same area over the 7 hours of the observation, suggesting atmospheric inhomogeneity; they are consistent with two 200-km-high plumes of water vapor with line-of-sight column densities of about 1020 per square meter. Nondetection in November 2012 and in previous HST images from 1999 suggests varying plume activity that might depend on changing surface stresses based on Europa's orbital phases. The plume was present when Europa was near apocenter and was not detected close to its pericenter, in agreement with tidal modeling predictions.


In 2008, two human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, Cervarix ® and Gardasil ® , were licensed for use in South Africa. Initial models showed that vaccination could lead to an approximate 70% decline in cervical cancer cases. This paper describes the knowledge, awareness and health beliefs about HPV and the HPV vaccine, and the intentions of female tertiary students with respect of being vaccinated with the latter. An observational, descriptive and analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted among 150 female tertiary students at a university in the Eastern Cape province in this regard. Knowledge and awareness of HPV and the HPV vaccine were poor. Only 22.7% of the students were aware of HPV and that an HPV vaccine was available in South Africa. However, most respondents (80%) reported a willingness to be vaccinated. Being aware of the existence of a Papanicolaou smear, higher knowledge of HPV, higher perceived vaccine effectiveness and higher perceived severity of HPV infection were significantly associated with increased willingness to be vaccinated. There is a need for education on HPV and its vaccination in South Africa. An effective vaccine marketing strategy should emphasise the effectiveness of the vaccine, the susceptibility of women to contracting HPV and the severity of being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.


Introduction: Prolonged uncontrolled hyperglycaemia has shown to cause oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis and upregulation of angiogenesis in diabetics, which all contributes to diabetic retinopathy development and progression. Vitamin E is found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-thrombogenic and anti-angiogenesis which could play an important role in early treatment of diabetic retinopathy. This study aims to investigate the effect of Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E (Tocovid) on the progression of retinal microhaemorrhages and diabetic macular oedema in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: This is a multi-centred, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial which involved 55 eligible participants. The participants in the treatment group (n = 22) received Tocovid 200 mg twice daily while those in the placebo group (n = 23) would receive placebo twice daily. Both groups will be on the treatment for a total duration of 12 months. Both retinal signs will be assessed at baseline, 2 months, 6 months and 12 months of treatment to determine the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor which reflects on the angiogenesis process in the eye was analysed as well at similar time points as the retinal findings. Results: After 12 months of treatment, the placebo group had a significant increase of 23.42% in retinal microhaemorrhages (p < 0.05), but the Tocovid group had no significant changes. Moreover, the Tocovid group showed a significant decrease of 48.38% in area of diabetic macular oedema over the 12 months period (p < 0.05), but the placebo group had no significant changes. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in serum vascular endothelial growth factor level when comparing between both groups. Conclusion: These findings could indicate that Tocovid has an important role in preventing early diabetic retinopathy progression.


Background: The purpose of this study was to report the preoperative complaints and postoperative outcome of patients after removal of the radial head prosthesis. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 14 adult patients (6 females and 8 males) from 2007 to 2011, who underwent radial head prosthesis removal by three surgeons. The average time between implantation and removal was 23 months (range from 2 weeks to 12 years, median 12 months). Results: The leading reported complaints before removal were restricted mobility of the elbow (active range of motion of less than 100 degrees) in 6, pain in 3, and pain together with restricted mobility in 4 patients. The objective findings before removal were restricted mobility of the elbow in 10 (71%), capitellar cartilage wear, loose implants, and heterotopic ossification each in 8 (57%), subluxation of the radio-capitellar joint or malpositioning of the stem in 5 (36%), and chronic infection in 2 (14%) patients. All patients with pain had wear of the capitellar cartilage on radiographs. The ulnar nerve was decompressed in four patients at the time of removal. Four patients underwent a subsequent operation for postoperative ulnar nerve symptoms 5 to 21 months after removal. Four patients were still complaining about persistent pain at the last follow-up visit. Except two patients, the total range of motion improved with a mean of 34 degrees (range 5 to 70) after a mean follow-up of 11 months. Conclusions: Removal of radial head prosthesis improved function and lessened pain in our case series. The reoperation rate was yet nearly 30% due to ulnar neuritis. Selective ulnar nerve decompression at the time of removal must be evaluated, especially in patients with expected large gain in range of motion after removal.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effectiveness of the use of insulin lispro with the use of regular insulin in managing children with diabetes in outpatient settings.

DESIGN
In this prospective study, telephone records of 75 children treated for ketonuria were analyzed. Outcome was based on the number of successful home treatment episodes (hospitalization not required), the amount of insulin the patients needed, and the time to resolution of ketonuria.

RESULTS
Doses of supplemental insulin used to treat patients with both moderate and large urine ketone values were similar (P>.05) in the insulin lispro and regular insulin groups. Likewise, the time to resolution of moderate or large ketonuria was not statistically different (P>.05) between the 2 groups. No hospitalizations were required for any of the patients for whom management via telephone was attempted.

CONCLUSION
These data indicate that insulin lispro is an effective option for the outpatient management of ketonuria.


This paper addresses the problems of high spatial resolution in the estimated optical flow velocity vector map and robustness to large object displacement. We present a novel multi-resolution adaptive shifting method (MRAS), which uses variable image region shifts to refine velocity vectors calculated using the optical flow constraint equation at each level in a multi-resolution Gaussian pyramid. Furthermore an overlapping window technique is presented to overcome the spatial resolution limitations of the multi-point approach. The performance of MRAS is compared to a published multi-resolution clustering (MRC) technique, for two image sequences. Significant improvements in robustness with respect to large displacements is shown for MRAS compared to MRC, with little degradation in velocity vector accuracy as the magnitude of the displacement increases.


Objective To characterise the determinants, time course, and risks of acute myocardial infarction associated with use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Design Systematic review followed by a one stage bayesian individual patient data meta-analysis. Data sources Studies from Canadian and European healthcare databases. Review methods Eligible studies were sourced from computerised drug prescription or medical databases, conducted in the general or an elderly population, documented acute myocardial infarction as specific outcome, studied selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors (including rofecoxib) and traditional NSAIDs, compared risk of acute myocardial infarction in NSAID users with non-users, allowed for time dependent analyses, and minimised effects of confounding and misclassification bias. Exposure and outcomes Drug exposure was modelled as an indicator variable incorporating the specific NSAID, its recency, duration of use, and dose. The outcome measures were the summary adjusted odds ratios of first acute myocardial infarction after study entry for each category of NSAID use at index date (date of acute myocardial infarction for cases, matched date for controls) versus non-use in the preceding year and the posterior probability of acute myocardial infarction. Results A cohort of 446 763 individuals including 61 460 with acute myocardial infarction was acquired. Taking any dose of NSAIDs for one week, one month, or more than a month was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. With use for one to seven days the probability of increased myocardial infarction risk (posterior probability of odds ratio >1.0) was 92% for celecoxib, 97% for ibuprofen, and 99% for diclofenac, naproxen, and rofecoxib. The corresponding odds ratios (95% credible intervals) were 1.24 (0.91 to 1.82) for celecoxib, 1.48 (1.00 to 2.26) for ibuprofen, 1.50 (1.06 to 2.04) for diclofenac, 1.53 (1.07 to 2.33) for naproxen, and 1.58 (1.07 to 2.17) for rofecoxib. Greater risk of myocardial infarction was documented for higher dose of NSAIDs. With use for longer than one month, risks did not appear to exceed those associated with shorter durations. Conclusions All NSAIDs, including naproxen, were found to be associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction. Risk of myocardial infarction with celecoxib was comparable to that of traditional NSAIDS and was lower than for rofecoxib. Risk was greatest during the first month of NSAID use and with higher doses.


Anyone familiar with Gregorian chant knows the repertoire is massive and can afford to reserve special chants for specific days the year. Of these "propers," the most musically ornate tend to be used towards the beginning of the Mass, and the so-called "easier" antiphons find their place towards the end. It is providential if not intentional that the culmination of every Mass (the Eucharist) is accompanied by the relatively simpler sorts of antiphons. This allows more people to sing with less potential distraction, and possibly with greater purity of intention. The Church Music Association of America, in its publishing of Communio, acknowledges this group of chants as having some of the best potential for use by scholas and parishes who are just beginning to incorporate chant into their liturgies. Dr. William Mahrt has called the communion chants "a good place to begin," reasoning that "the antiphon can be sung in alternation with psalm verses, allowing the desirable repetition (a few times) to familiarize both congregation and choir with the chant." (1) One of these antiphons is the subject of this paper. Tu puer is the proper communion antiphon for the Feast of St. John the Baptist, celebrated on June 24. The date only falls on a Sunday when chance occasions, as was the case in June 2007. This gave opportunity for a full High Mass to be celebrated. The words, the music, and their interplay provide for an exploration into some exceptional aspects of medieval creativity. A literal translation of the Latin text follows below, courtesy of Fr. Anthony Ruff, O.S.B. The Latin word order preserves that of the Vulgate (Luke 1:76), except for a minor omission of the "et" (which means "and") at the beginning of the verse. Tu, puer, propheta Altissimi vocaberis; praeibis You, child, prophet of-the-Most-High will-be-called; you-will-go enim ante faciem Domini parare vias eius. indeed before the-face of-the-Lord to-prepare ways his. The organization is strikingly chiastic. Three main concepts appear, each having a divine and human element. "You" and "his [God's]," self and other, the contingent and the Creator: this confrontation presents a most intense paradox and frames the entire verse. It is this relationship of God and man (or God and child, here) which the scripture means to illuminate. The chiasm will be addressed further below, but first a cursory sequential exposition of both tone and word is advisable, both to give attention to the flow of the text and to accustom the reader to an older form of musical notation. I am grateful once again to Fr. Ruff for guiding me to a revised version of the melody from Beitrage zur Gregorianik. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The most recent Vatican-approved editions of chants, such as the Graduale Romanum or Graduale Triplex (they differ only in annotation) present melodies that, over time, have been somewhat changed. For example, in the Tu puer antiphon, the Graduale gives D as the starting note, which is the final tone of Modes I and II. How much more expressive it is, however, to delay that defining tone until the first nine notes have passed, and start on a very weak degree (E) instead. In fact, compared to the melodic reconstruction, the Graduale eliminates all the Es until the very end. The four alterations are marked in the example below. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Let us turn again to the "corrected" version. The first three notes, which deceivingly hint at some form of the deuterus mode, accompany a strong plosive "t," all of which declare this "tu" ("you") to be very mysterious and important. Until the second word is uttered, it is not clear to whom the "tu" applies. Is he a sinner, or a holy man, or a way of referring to all the faithful? He is a child, "puer." Here the chosen pitches begin to clarify the mode, as the E and G of "tu" give way to the A and F of "puer. …