The effect of channel rotation on jet impingement cooling by arrays of circular jets in two channels was studied. Jet flow direction was in the direction of rotation in one channel and opposite to the rotation direction in the other channel. The jets impinged normally on two smooth target walls. Heat transfer results are presented for these two target walls, for the jet walls containing the jet producing orifices, and for side walls connecting the target and jet walls. The flow exited the channels in a single direction, radially outward, creating a cross flow on jets at larger radii. The mean test model radius to jet diameter ratio was 397. The jet rotation number was varied from 0.0 to 0.0028 and the isolated effects of jet Reynolds number (5000 and 10000), and wall-to-coolant temperature difference ratio (0.0855 and 0.129) were measured. The results for non-rotating conditions show that the Nusselt numbers for the target and jet walls in both channels are about the same and are greater than those for the side walls of both channels. However, as rotation number increases, the heat transfer coefficients for all walls in both channels decrease up to 20% below those results which correspond to non-rotating conditions. As the wall-to-coolant temperature difference ratio increases, heat transfer coefficient decreases up to 10% with other parameters held constant.


The paper presents a descriptive account of a Morphological Processing Spelling Approach (MPSA), which substitutes a more conventional spelling instruction, proposed for developing primary school students' metamorphological knowledge and strategies in English as a foreign language. For the application of the MPSA, seven dictation texts were carefully designed by the researchers, each one including a specific morphemic pattern recycled in ten different words. They were implemented in the 6 th grade of an English primary school classroom during seven 45 minute sessions, carried out after the completion of every unit of the conventional English textbook. In this way, each dictation served as a recycling way of teaching inflexional and derivational morphemic patterns. In a guided participatory context, problem-solving spelling activities were performed in five basic steps, involving spellers, especially the struggling ones, into employing morphological processing strategies during sub- processes. It could serve as a supplementary strategy to learning to spell, a critical element of a comprehensive approach to spelling instruction, since MPSA is a flexible approach and can also incorporate the use of phonetic or visually-memory based spelling strategies.


This paper deals with the possibility of reducing carbon content by heat treatment in reactive atmospheres in order to improve plastic deformations properties of steel sheets. The heat treatment involves a decarburation annealing after a cold rolling, as opposed to the traditional process that performs the heat treatment in non-reactive atmospheres. Some of the most relevant variables were studied. For this, commercial hot rolling steel sheets were cold rolled with different grades of cold reduction (60%, 70% and 80%). The recrystallization temperature and the decarburation kinetics were determined by heat treatments performed at temperatures varying between 600 and 700oC, for variable lengths of time up to 2 hours. The grain size evolution was monitored by metallography. In order to analyse the plastic properties of the treated sheets, the n and r coefficients were obtained by tension tests and the sheet texture was determined by X-ray diffraction.


Due date management is a central issue when production is triggered by customer orders. In a wide range of industries, especially if either craftsmanship is necessary or small scale project management is employed, quoting short but still attainable due dates and sustaining the highest return for the company in the long run provides an important competitive edge. In this study, we consider a single stage make-toorder manufacturing system, where customers are quoted hundred percent reliable due dates, immediately after they arrive. Lead time sensitive customers are offered price discounts in return for due dates further out. Still, quoted lead times cannot be arbitrarily long, and strict upper bounds are imposed on these depending on the type of the customer order. The scheduler does not have any information about the future arrivals in terms of their type and timing, and s/he needs to make decisions in an online setting without prior information about the arrival process or the attributes. In this thesis, a framework which evaluates the potential decisions for each order in conjunction with the current temporary production schedule is introduced. Using this framework, a group of algorithms is developed which aim to maximize the long term profit per unit time by estimating the future implications of accepting an order with a certain due date. Computational results demonstrate that under mild congestion and relatively frequent arrival of high-margin orders, this group of algorithms outperform first-come-first-served (FCFS) order selection and sequencing approach which is typical in many contexts.


This paper deals with policy options for constructing cross-border innovation systems. Trans-frontier cooperation and policies to stimulate increased interaction between neighbouring regions that belong to different nation states are not new phenomena. There is a large body of work on the governance structures of such areas and the array of public policies geared towards promoting increased economic integration. Little has been said so far, however, about the nature of policies that could stimulate the innovation dynamics of cross-border regions. This issue is critically important, because in the contemporary era of the globalizing knowledge economy the competitiveness of these regions will – at least in the long run – depend on their capacity to develop a common innovation system. Arguably, cross-border regions differ markedly in their preconditions and abilities to create such systems. Recent research has enhanced our understanding of different types (or stages) of cross-border RIS and the role played by suboptimal levels of distance – including physical, cognitive, functional and institutional ones – as barriers to the flow of knowledge across borders. What remain less understood are the policy implications that result from these insights. The paper intends to shed some light on the role of policy in constructing a cross-border RIS by addressing the following research questions. Do suboptimal levels of distance constitute rationales for innovation policy and demand specific policy actions? What are adequate policy strategies for different stages of cross-border RIS development? (Less)


Fibre-reinforced polymer composites are being widely adopted as the de facto material for automotive lightweight design, but lack the material models capable of accurately predicting fracture. To address this research gap, three large-scale experimental studies are undertaken to characterize thermoset polymers during cure, understand the fibre-matrix interfacial bond strength, and predict the fracture of random long-fibre composites via the energy of fracture. In conjunction with the Fraunhofer Project Center in London, Ontario, sample sheet moulded composites were used to verify the key findings with several industrial composite samples. With refined interfacial strength measurement methods, and accurate predictions of the composite residual strength, the fracture toughness of composites has been more accurately determined than previous research. These improvements directly translate to improved material and fracture models for fibre reinforced polymer composites. It is thus determined that utilizing the interfacial strength of a composite, failure can be predicted with increased confidence.


: Paper for Presentation at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science. The data consisted of 204,558 complete Holstein lactations in 2,100 herds compiled by the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory from 1959 to 1969. All lactation records had to have a 9th or 10th test day present to be regarded as complete. The generalized least squares analysis used a model including effects due to the mean, herd‑year and season‑age‑stage of freshening which were assumed to be fixed. The error term included the random effects due to the cow and residual. Generalized least squares estimates for specified stages of lactation for milk and fat were found for lactations 1, 2, 3 and ≥ 4 which were grouped by age of freshening, two age groups for the first three lactations and one for ≥ four lactations. Extension factors will be presented which differ from current U.S.D.A. factors. The new factors emphasize the need for considering lactation number, season and age at freshening when extending in‑progress lactation records. The extension factors differ for each lactation. The major differences occur between the first two and later lactations. The importance of considering season of freshening is apparent for the early stages of the lactation. The age effect is significant for the factors for early stages of lactation but decreases as lactation length increases. Differences due to age become less important as lactation number increases. The factors for third and later lactations are only slightly affected by age of the cow


We present a formulation of deep learning that aims at producing a large margin classifier. The notion of margin, minimum distance to a decision boundary, has served as the foundation of several theoretically profound and empirically successful results for both classification and regression tasks. However, most large margin algorithms are applicable only to shallow models with a preset feature representation; and conventional margin methods for neural networks only enforce margin at the output layer. Such methods are therefore not well suited for deep networks.
In this work, we propose a novel loss function to impose a margin on any chosen set of layers of a deep network (including input and hidden layers). Our formulation allows choosing any norm on the metric measuring the margin. We demonstrate that the decision boundary obtained by our loss has nice properties compared to standard classification loss functions. Specifically, we show improved empirical results on the MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets on multiple tasks: generalization from small training sets, corrupted labels, and robustness against adversarial perturbations. The resulting loss is general and complementary to existing data augmentation (such as random/adversarial input transform) and regularization techniques (such as weight decay, dropout, and batch norm).


Background: Studies investigating the link between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and inflammation have yielded inconsistent results. This may be due to two factors. First, studies differed regarding the specific inflammatory markers studied and covariates accounted for. Second, specific depression symptoms may be differentially related to inflammation, and traditional analyses of symptom total scores or diagnostic status may obfuscate such associations. Here we test these two possibilities.Methods: In increasing levels of complexity, we estimated six regularized partial correlation networks in 2321 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety study to explore the shared variance among depression modeled via sum-score, 9 DSM-5 symptoms, or 28 individual symptoms; inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); excluding and including the covariates sex, age, body mass index (BMI), exercise, smoking, alcohol, and chronic diseases Results: After covariate adjustment, the depression sum-score was associated with IL-6; all markers were related to sex; and CRP and IL-6 were associated with BMI. When modeling the 9 DSM-5 symptoms and CRP as replication of Jokela et al. (2016), CRP was associated with trouble sleeping, energy level, BMI, and sex. In a final adjusted model with all 28 individual symptoms, depression and inflammation were unrelated; CRP was associated with BMI and sex; IL-6 with BMI and age; and TNF-α with chronic diseases.Conclusions: Differential relations between markers, symptoms, and covariates emerged. Links between depression and inflammation were largely to completely attenuated after covariate adjustment.


The Chi-Chi earthquake is the largest inland earthquake in Taiwan during the 20th century. It caused severe damage in central Taiwan. Three possible induced earthquakes triggered by a mainshock are being examined from the strong ground motion data. The occurrence of these three-triggered events can be used to explain the difference between preliminary isoseismal map, based on the real-time data, and final one. They can also explain why a wide area of aftershock distribution Was observed. On the other hand, the overshooting of ground motion at those stations located
near the northern end of Chelungpu fault is probably the reason for the complex surface rupture observed between FengYuan and TungShih.


Background: The relationship between physical activity and muscular strength has not been examined in detail among older adults. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between physical activity and hand grip strength among adults aged (cid:2) 60 years. Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank study, we included 66 582 men and women with complete baseline data and 6599 with 4.5 years of follow-up data. We used multiple linear regression models to examine the cross-sectional, longitudinal and bidirectional associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and grip strength, adjusting for potential confounding by age, sex, height, weight, health status, education level, smoking status, Townsend deprivation index and retirement status. Results: In cross-sectional analyses, grip strength and MVPA were linearly and positively associated with each other. Longitudinally, baseline MVPA was not associated with grip strength at follow-up {difference between quintile [Q] 5 and Q1 ¼ 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.14, 0.94]kg}, whereas baseline grip strength was associated with MVPA at follow-up [Q5 vs Q1 ¼ 7.15 (1.18, 13.12) min/day]. People who maintained/increased time spent in MVPA did not experience any benefit in grip strength [0.08 ( (cid:3) 0.20, 0.37) kg] whereas those who increased their grip strength spent 3.69 (0.20, 7.17) min/day extra in MVPA. Conclusion: Promotion of strength-training activities may enable and maintain participation in regular physical activity among older adults.


Learning useful representations is a key ingredient to the success of modern machine learning. Currently, representation learning mostly relies on embedding data into Euclidean space. However, recent work has shown that data in some domains is better modeled by non-euclidean metric spaces, and inappropriate geometry can result in inferior performance. In this paper, we aim to eliminate the inductive bias imposed by the embedding space geometry. Namely, we propose to map data into more general non-vector metric spaces: a weighted graph with a shortest path distance. By design, such graphs can model arbitrary geometry with a proper configuration of edges and weights. Our main contribution is PRODIGE: a method that learns a weighted graph representation of data end-to-end by gradient descent. Greater generality and fewer model assumptions make PRODIGE more powerful than existing embedding-based approaches. We confirm the superiority of our method via extensive experiments on a wide range of tasks, including classification, compression, and collaborative filtering.


Interplanetary electric field coupling with the magnetosphere has been analyzed predominantly using data from the Wind magnetometer and the Polar electric field instrument. The coupling was investigated using the Polar Electric Field Instrument (EFI) to measure the electric field in the northern polar cap immediately following sharp southward turnings of the IMF as observed by Wind. Southward turnings were chosen which exhibited a sudden change of the IMF north–south component from BZ > 0 to BZ < 0 (GSM coordinates) after an hour or more of relatively stable conditions, and for which Polar was in the northern polar cap. These BZ changes correspond to EY changes in the interplanetary electric field. For each of the 30 identified events, a time was estimated for the arrival of the IMF change at the magnetopause using the solar wind speed observed by the Wind Solar Wind Experiment (SWE), and Polar electric field data were examined to identify responses. For many of the selected events (about one third), abrupt changes of state in the magnetospheric electric field were evident with timing that matched the expected solar wind arrival time at Earth. For events for which additional data were available, we conducted in-depth examination of the individual events using IMP 8, Geotail, and GOES 9. In one such event, GOES 9 data showed a substorm growth phase and onset which also corresponded to features in the solar wind observed by Wind, Geotail, and IMP 8. In addition to the individual event studies, a superposed epoch analysis of all available events revealed a consistent rise in the mean polar cap electric field about 15 min following sharp IMF southward turnings.


Abstract. Net carbon balance on croplands depends on numerous factors (e.g., crop type, soil, climate and management practices) and their interactions. Agroecosystem models are generally used to assess cropland carbon fluxes under various agricultural land use and land management practices because of their ability to capture the complex interactive effects of factors influencing carbon balance. For regional carbon flux simulations, generally gridded climate data sets are used because they offer data for each grid cell of the region of interest. However, studies consistently report large uncertainties in gridded climate datasets, which will affect the accuracy of carbon flux simulations. This study investigates the uncertainties in daily weather variables of commonly used high resolution gridded climate datasets in the U.S (NARR, NLDAS, Prism and Daymet), and their impact on the accuracy of simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) under irrigated and non-irrigated corn and soybeans using the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) agroecosystem model and observational data at four flux tower cropland sites in the U.S Midwest region. Further, the relative significance of each weather variable in influencing the uncertainty in flux estimates was evaluated. Results suggest that daily weather variables in all gridded climate datasets display some degree of bias, leading to considerable uncertainty in simulated NEE fluxes. The gridded climate datasets produced based on interpolation techniques (i.e. Daymet and Prism) were shown to have less uncertainties, and resulted in NEE estimates with relatively higher accuracy, likely due to their higher spatial resolution and higher dependency on meteorological station observations. The Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPE) values of average growing season NEE estimates for Dayment, Prism, NLDAS and NARR include 22.53 %, 23.45 %, 62.52 % and 66.18 %, respectively. The NEE under irrigation management (MAPE = 53.15 %) tends to be more sensitive to uncertainties compared to the fluxes under non-irrigation (MAPE = 34.19 %). Further, this study highlights that NEE fluxes respond differently to the individual climate variables, and responses vary with management practices. Under irrigation management, NEE fluxes are more sensitive to shortwave radiation and temperature. Conversely, under non-irrigation management, precipitation is the most dominant climate factor influencing uncertainty in simulated NEE fluxes. These findings demonstrate that careful consideration is necessary when selecting climate data to mitigate uncertainties in simulated NEE fluxes. Further, alternative approaches such as integration of remote sensing data products may help reduce the models' dependency on climate datasets and improve the accuracy in the simulated CO2 fluxes.


The bacterial community structures in High-Arctic snow over sea ice and an ice-covered freshwater lake were examined by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of cultivated isolates. Both the pyrosequence and cultivation data indicated that the phylogenetic composition of the microbial assemblages was different within the snow layers and between snow and freshwater. The highest diversity was seen in snow. In the middle and top snow layers, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria dominated, although Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were relatively abundant also. High numbers of chloroplasts were also observed. In the deepest snow layer, large percentages of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were seen. In freshwater, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were the most abundant phyla while relatively few Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were present. Possibly, light intensity controlled the distribution of the Cyanobacteria and algae in the snow while carbon and nitrogen fixed by these autotrophs in turn fed the heterotrophic bacteria. In the lake, a probable lower light input relative to snow resulted in low numbers of Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts and, hence, limited input of organic carbon and nitrogen to the heterotrophic bacteria. Thus, differences in the physicochemical conditions may play an important role in the processes leading to distinctive bacterial community structures in High-Arctic snow and freshwater.


Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.


The standard metabolic rates (SMRs) of 19 lizard and a single crocodilian species were measured at 30 "C, and 14 lizards at 37 "C. The basal metabolic rates (BMRs) of 8 mammal ian species were also determined using similar techniques. Although the inter-specific exponent relating BMR to body mass in rodents was close to the widely used value of 0.75, intra-specific exponents and that of the genus Sorex were lower. Intra-generic exponents of Lacerta and CordyZus are significantly higher than 0.75, and a general exponent of 0.85 is proposed for inter-specific comparisons of small lizards. Standard metabolic levels (SMLs) calculated using this exponent ranged from 0.096 to 0.230,at 30°C, demonstrating that lizards are not a metabolically homogeneous group. Mammalian BMLs varied from 2.108 to 11.096, and therefore the metabolic differences between this class and the reptiles cannot be described by a single factor. The in vitro oxygen consumption rates were measured of liver, kidney, cardiac and skeletal muscle from lizards and mammals coveri ng a range of body masses. Brain, lung and visceral smooth muscles were also compared in Mus muscuZus and CordyZus jonesi. All mammalian organs possessed higher metabolic rates than their reptilian equivalents. However, these differences, which varied considerably between tissues, were less than those of living animals. The reasons for the higher cellular and organismal metabolic rates of mammals are discussed. Lacerta liZfordi and CordyZus jonesi acclimated to 20°C displayed the same preferred body temperatures (PBTs) as lizards maintained at 30°C, despite experiencing partial compensation of their SMRs. Lizards allowed to behaviourally thermoregulate during their photophase possessed similar SMRs to those acclimated isothermally to the same background temperatures. The PBTs of 4 European and 8 African lizard species were determined in a thermal gradient . Possible adaptative differences in saurian PBTs and SMLs are discussed in relation to their thermal environment.


The porpose of study was to determine the level of panelistsacceptance and analysis of business by ice cream soyghurt the encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus. The study began with the manufacture of encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and proceed with the making of ice cream soyghurt then tested by comparing the reception panelists soyghurt encapsulation ice cream and yoghurt ice cream commercial. The result of T test analysis showed that soyghurtencapsulation ice cream and yoghurtice cream commercial significantly different (P 0.05). Chi Squared results show that there is a difference between soyghurt encapsulation ice cream and yoghurtice cream commercial. The analysis of business shows the soyghurt encapsulationice cream able to compete with commercial yoghurt ice cream on the market.


The Social Dynamics of Open Data is a collection of peer reviewed papers presented at the 2nd Open Data Research Symposium (ODRS) held in Madrid, Spain, on 5 October 2016. Research is critical to developing a more rigorous and fine-combed analysis not only of why open data is valuable, but how it is valuable and under what specific conditions. The objective of the Open Data Research Symposium and the subsequent collection of chapters published here is to build such a stronger evidence base. This base is essential to understanding what open data's impacts have been to date, and how positive impacts can be enabled and amplified. Consequently, common to the majority of chapters in this collection is the attempt by the authors to draw on existing scientific theories, and to apply them to open data to better explain the socially embedded dynamics that account for open data's successes and failures in contributing to a more equitable and just society.


The amount of biomedical literature available is increasing at an exponential rate and is becoming increasingly difficult to navigate. Text-mining methods can po-tentially mitigate this problem, through the systematic and large-scale extraction of structured information from inherently unstructured biomedical text. This the-sis reports the development of four text-mining systems that, by building on each other, has enabled the extraction of information about a large number of pub-lished statements in the biomedical literature. The first system, LINNAEUS, en-ables highly accurate detection (?recognition?) and identification (?normaliza-tion?) of species names in biomedical articles. Building on LINNAEUS, we im-plemented a range of improvements in the GNAT system, enabling high-throughput gene/protein detection and identification. Using gene/protein identifi-cation from GNAT, we developed the Gene Expression Text Miner (GETM), which extracts information about gene expression statements. Finally, building on GETM as a pilot project, we constructed the BioContext integrated event ex-traction system, which was used to extract information about over 11 million dis-tinct biomolecular processes in 10.9 million abstracts and 230,000 full-text arti-cles. The ability to detect negated statements in the BioContext system enables the preliminary analysis of potential contradictions in the biomedical literature. All tools (LINNAEUS, GNAT, GETM, and BioContext) are available under open-source software licenses, and LINNAEUS and GNAT are available as online web-services. All extracted data (36 million BioContext statements, 720,000 GETM statements, 72,000 contradictions, 37 million mentions of spe-cies names, 80 million mentions of gene names, and 57 million mentions of ana-tomical location names) is available for bulk download. In addition, the data ex-tracted by GETM and BioContext is also available to biologists through easy-to-use search interfaces.


This is an original study analysing the staging of the German national holiday the Day of German Unity commemorating the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 rd October 1990. By examining the mise-en-sc6ne and rhetoric of the unity commemorations, it highlights the way in which political actors attempted to redefine ideas about united Germany's past, present and future from 1990 to 2005. Adopting the innovative approach of the cultural history of politics NNhich understands representations such as national holidays as key mechanisms that not only reflect but also have the potential to influence agendas and discourses the thesis is based on extensive research of German, French and British newspaper articles, televised reporting, speeches, organisational documents, Bundestag debates and structured interviews with Day of Unity organisers. The study concludes that the Day of Unity functioned as a stage on which political actors attempted to present a specific image of Germany, to redefine Germany's 'official' interpretation of the National Socialist and German Democratic Republic pasts and to improve intra-German relations. Furthermore, it contends that the German national holiday was staged to some extent as a postriational event: on the one hand, through emphasis at the unity celebrations on sub-national (regional) aspects; on the other hand, through manifestations of supra-national aspects visible in the 'EU-isation' of the event, that is to say, through an emphasis on the European Union in the staging and in the prioritisation of bilateral relations. The thesis relates to a number of theoretical debates including Benedict Anderson's understanding of nations as 'imagined communities', Eric Hobsbawrn and Terence Ranger's study of the 'invention of tradition', Rogers Brubaker's work on civic and ethnic nationalism, Maurice Halbwachs concept of 'collective memory', Jan and Aleida Assmann's concepts of 'cultural memory' and 'communicative memory' and Edgar Wolfrum's work on Geschichtspolitik. The research also contributes to the debate about the resilience and transformation of the nation-state in a phase of Europeanisation and


Most US consumers are charged a near-constant retail price for electricity, despite substantial hourly variation in the wholesale market price. The Smart Grid is a set of emerging technologies that, among other effects, will facilitate "real-time pricing" for electricity and increase price elasticity of demand. This paper simulates the effects of this increased demand elasticity using counterfactual simulations in a structural model of the Pennsylvania-Jersey-Maryland electricity market. The model includes a different approach to the problem of multiple equilibria in multi-unit auctions: I non-parametrically estimate unobservables that rationalize past bidding behavior and use learning algorithms to move from the observed equilibrium counterfactual bid functions. This routine is nested as the second stage of a static entry game that models the Capacity Market, an important element of market design in some restructured electricity markets. There are three central results. First, I find that an increase in demand elasticity could actually increase wholesale electricity prices in peak hours, contrary to predictions from short run models, while decreasing Capacity Market prices and total entry. Second, although the increased demand elasticity from the Smart Grid reduces producers' market power, in practice this would be a small channel of efficiency gains relative to forestalled entry. Third, I find that the gross welfare gains from moving a typical consumer to the Smart Grid, under the assumed demand parameters and before subtracting out the initial infrastructure costs, are about 10 percent of the consumer's total wholesale electricity costs.


The relation between liberty and security has been highly contestable over the past 10 years in the EU integration process. With the expansion of the EU's powers into domains falling within the scope of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, liberty and its relation to security has brought a new range of issues, struggles and debates. Acts of political violence labelled as 'terrorism' and human mobility at the European and international levels have justified the construction of these phenomena as threats to the security and safety of the nation state. They have legitimised the development of normative responses that go beyond traditional configurations and raise fundamental dilemmas for the security and liberty of the individual. This paper assesses the ways in which the notions and perceptions of security and insecurity in the EU have evolved as political values and legal/policy goals, and how they are being transformed. It aims at synthesising the results of the research conducted since 2004 by the Justice and Home Affairs Section of CEPS through the CHALLENGE project (Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security). The research has been premised upon one basic, but determining question: To what extent has the evolution of the international context altered the dynamics of liberty and security in the EU?


Objective The study aims were to identify demographic, clinical, and quality of life variables related to embarrassment for people living with ostomies and to determine the experiences and/or feelings of veterans who were embarrassed by their ostomy. Design This was a cross-sectional, correlational study. Setting and Subjects A convenience sample of veterans (n = 239) living with ostomies from 3 VA medical centers was studied. The veterans were primarily Caucasian (84%), male (92%), and older (M = 69). Instruments The modified City of Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy questionnaire was used. Additionally, an open-ended question related to living with an ostomy was asked. Methods The questionnaire packets were mailed to participants and self-administered. Results Approximately half of the participants (48%) rated their embarrassment as low, but 26% reported high embarrassment. Participants with high embarrassment were compared to those with low embarrassment on demographic, clinical, and quality of life variables. High embarrassment was associated with poorer total quality of life (P < .001) and poorer quality of life on the physical (P < .001), psychological (P < .001), social (P < .001), and spiritual (P < .001) subscales. Younger (P < .001) and unpartnered veterans (P < .001) were more likely to be highly embarrassed. Veterans with high embarrassment had higher anxiety (P < .001) and depression (P < .001), more difficulty with intimacy (P < .001), and felt more isolated (P < .001). Spiritual domain variables like hopefulness were associated with low embarrassment (P < .001). Sources of embarrassment included leakage, odor, and noise. Conclusions Embarrassment may negatively impact a person's quality of life; therefore, the variables associated with high embarrassment should be recognized and addressed.


Research into assessment is in its infancy in translation studies, and there is a paucity of research in this regard. The present study mainly aimed at: 1) examining if student-centered corrections of translations has any impact on the translation accuracy created by translation students, and 2) exploring the translation students' reactions to the use of student-centered corrections of translations. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approach to gather and analyze the data. A pool of 32 BA translation students participated in this experimental study. The students were required to fill in their Correction Cards while correcting their mistakes, following the student-centered assessment developed by Sainz (1994). The results of the ANCOVA revealed that there was a significant difference in the students' accuracy scores for subjects in the experimental group and the control group. Moreover, the results emerged from students' responses to the interview questions revealed that translation students were satisfied with student-centered corrections of translations. As for the translation students, student-centered corrections of translations allows for self-assessment and reassessment; they can assess their progress and measure their translation performance and reevaluate themselves as many times as needed.


The CO2SAFE-ARREST joint industry project (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of steel pipelines carrying anthropogenic CO2, and (2) to investigate the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The project is supported by two full-scale burst tests, each based on a layout of eight X65 grade 24″ line pipes filled with a dense-phase CO2-N2 mixture. The tests were conducted over the 2017–2018 period at the DNV GL testing site at Spadeadam, UK. An overview of both the CO2SAFE-ARREST JIP and the first full-scale burst test is provided in a companion paper (IPC2018-78517). The dispersion aspect is covered in another companion paper (IPC2018-78530).
 This paper presents the material properties, the design layout and the results of the first full-scale burst test. Material characterisation of the pipes available to the project and the motivation leading to the design of the layout are first presented. Six pipes had a nominal wall thickness of 13.5 mm and the remaining two pipes had a nominal wall thickness of 14.5 mm. Laboratory testing was conducted on the material at the end of each pipe section. The testing consisted of Charpy impact and Drop Weight Tear tests, capturing the upper shelf fracture energy, load-displacement curves and an assessment of the fracture surfaces. Charpy and Drop Weight Tear test energies as well as strength data are provided.
 The layout reflects the research focus of the project with both conventional and less conventional pipe arrangements. The test was primarily designed around 13.5 mm nominal wall thickness pipes with a 1m depth backfill and laid East-West. The design was telescopic and introduced an asymmetry with respect to the mid-point by arranging pipe sections with increasing Charpy toughness on one side and increasing yield strength on the opposite side.
 The fracture was initiated at half-length, across the girth weld between the 'west' and 'east' initiation pipes. A running ductile fracture ensued, followed by an arrest in the third pipe on either side of the test section. Experimental data relevant to fracture velocity, decompression wave speed of the CO2-N2 mixture and pressure at the crack tip are presented.
 The discussion is driven from the perspective of traditional running ductile fracture control technology applied to dense-phase CO2 carrying pipelines. Emphasis is put on the analysis of the fracture velocity and transient pressure data relative to the properties of the material and CO2 mixture. The limitations of the Battelle Two-Curve Method (BTCM) traditionally used in the analysis of running ductile fracture are discussed.
 The design of this test was different from that used in the three full-scale burst tests conducted as part of the COOLTRANS project. The conclusions drawn here support those from the COOLTRANS project and apply to larger D/t ratios. The first CO2SAFE-ARREST test provides additional evidence that the original Battelle Two-Curve Model is not applicable to dense-phase CO2 carrying pipelines. A shift in prediction tool technology is called for.


Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a clinically effective neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson disease. Tissue reaction to chronic DBS therapy and the definitive location of active stimulation contacts are best studied on a postmortem basis in patients who have undergone DBS. The authors report the postmortem analysis of STN DBS following 5 years and 11 months of effective chronic stimulation including the histologically verified location of the active contacts associated with bilateral implants. They also describe tissue response to intraoperative test passes with recording microelectrodes and stimulating semimacroelectrodes. The results indicated that 1) the neural tissue surrounding active and nonactive contacts responds similarly, with a thin glial capsule and foreign-body giant cell reaction surrounding the leads as well as piloid gliosis, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, scattered lymphocytes, and Rosenthal fibers; 2) there was evidence of separate tracts in the adjacent tissue for intraoperative microelectrode and semimacroelectrode passes together with reactive gliosis, microcystic degeneration, and scattered hemosiderin deposition; and 3) the active contacts used for approximately 6 years of effective bilateral DBS therapy lie in the zona incerta, just dorsal to the rostral STN. To the authors' knowledge, the period of STN DBS therapy herein described for Parkinson disease and subjected to postmortem analysis is the longest to date.


We consider a general nonzero-sum impulse game with two players. The main mathematical contribution of the paper is a verification theorem which provides, under some regularity conditions, a suitable system of quasi-variational inequalities for the value functions and the optimal strategies of the two players. As an application, we study an impulse game with a one-dimensional state variable, following a real-valued scaled Brownian motion, and two players with linear and symmetric running payoffs. We fully characterize a Nash equilibrium and provide explicit expressions for the optimal strategies and the value functions. We also prove some asymptotic results with respect to the intervention costs. Finally, we consider two further non-symmetric examples where a Nash equilibrium is found numerically.


Recently, there has been growing interest amongst researchers, practitioners and policy-makers in approaches to understanding and ways of helping parents, children and the communities in which they live to respond to 'families experiencing multiple problems' (FEMPs). There is a strong need for information − both descriptive in terms of the services actually offered directly to children as well as their ability to benefit from the services provided to the whole family, and also evaluative, with a focus on outcomes. Motivated by the need for practice-oriented knowledge this special issue was prepared. The contributions have been divided into two parts; the first part focusing on perspectives on helping these families with special attention to the position and the interests of children; the second part covering empirical research on intervention programmes for FEMPs that support them in coping with daily struggles and challenges, and helping them to prevent unnecessary out-of-home placement of a child.


The chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) versican forms complexes with hyaluronan (HA), which are essential in a range of functions including cellular proliferation and migration. Four isoforms of versican result from alternative splicing. Furthermore, biological roles have been identified for the proteolytic cleavage product of versican which contains the N-terminal G1 hyaluronan binding domain. All of these versican forms have different tightly regulated tissue expression profiles. Consequently, impaired regulation is associated with a number of disease pathologies. For example the largest variants (V0/V1) have been shown to be negative indicators of disease outcome in a number of malignant cancers and are a marker of disease progression in atherosclerosis. Interestingly, the smaller versican isoform V3 which lacks CS chains has been demonstrated to have the potential to reverse disease associated phenotypes. The motivation for carrying out the work in this thesis was to try and gain a better understanding of how versican functions on a molecular scale. In this regard, the first aim was to investigate the structure of the hyaluronan binding region of versican using a construct called VG1. The structure of VG1 was analysed in the presence and absence of hyaluronan oligomers. This revealed an insight into the multi-modular structure of the versican hyaluronan binding region and demonstrated that on binding to HA, VG1 under goes a conformational change. Furthermore, the interaction between VG1 and longer lengths of hyaluronan (pHA) was investigated. This demonstrated that when VG1 binds to pHA it is does so with positive cooperativity, packing very close to neighbouring VG1 molecules along a chain of HA. One consequence of this interaction was to reorganise pHA into a helical conformation, an organisation that was confirmed by a number of solution phase techniques. The effect of this reorganisation of pHA by VG1 on HA/CD44 interactions was also assessed. Previously the interaction between CD44 (a cell surface hyaluronan receptor) and long chains of HA (>30 kDa) was shown to be irreversible; however we demonstrate that VG1 can reverse this. Furthermore, a TSG-6 enhanced CD44/interaction was also completely reversed by the addition of VG1. This provides an indication that a functional hierarchy of hyaluronan binding proteins may exist which could have important implications in understanding the function of hyaluronan complexes.Currently, we do not know whether intact versican molecules could interact with HA in the same way as VG1. However, preliminary data suggests that the CS-containing variants (i.e. V0, V1 and V2) would not, whereas V3 and versican fragments could. This work provides an exciting mechanistic insight into the function of versican variants and their breakdown products.


We report an experimental study of the crack pattern formed during the drying of a colloidal suspension. A horizontal fiber, which provides a one-dimensional, boundary-free substrate, is coated by a film of micronic thickness. The geometry imposes a remarkable annular crack pattern and allows precise measurements of the crack spacing over a short range of film thickness (between 2 and 10 μm) which varies linearly with the film height. We compare our experimental data with a model proposed by Kitsunezaki which suggests that the variation of the crack spacing with the film thickness depends on the ratio between a critical stress at cracking and a critical stress for slipping on the substrate. By measuring the friction force of the colloidal gels on a hydrophobic surface through a cantilever technique, we can deduce the critical crack stress for these colloidal gels simply by measuring the crack spacing of the pattern.


Background: High plasma concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) is a well-established risk factor for several disorders, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. Folic acid deficiency leads to an increase in homocysteine. This study aimed to test whether elevated serum homocysteine, diminished folate, and B12 levels correlate with the frequency of crisis in sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted on 110 adults consisting of participants with SCD in vaso-occlusive crises (VOC), SCD in hyperhemolytic crises (HHC), SCD in steady-state (SS), and healthy controls. Serum homocysteine, folate, and B12 levels were determined using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The level of statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05, at a 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean age of all participants was 25.5 ± 5.8 years. There was a statistically significant difference in mean serum homocysteine levels with mean levels of (11.9 ± 4.5, 13.1 ± 5.4, 10.3 ± 2.3, 9.9 ± 2.5 μmol/L) in participants in VOC, HHC, SS, and controls, respectively (P = 0.016). With a cut-off of <15 μmol/L, hyperhomocysteinemia was seen in 31.% and 26.7% of participants in HHC and VOC, respectively. Conversely, no participant in the SS or the control group had hyperhomocysteinemia. Serum folate (nmol/L) level was lower, though not significantly, in the HHC group than in the other groups, with 9.9 ± 5.5 versus 12.7 ± 6.8, 11.8 ± 4.1 and 12.7 ± 2.2 nmol/L for the VOC, SS, and control group, respectively (P = 0.121). A significant inverse correlation was found between homocysteine and folate (correlation coefficient − 0.589 and P < 0.001) in all study participants. Conclusion: This study reveals significantly higher homocysteine levels in participants with sickle anemia in vaso-occlusive and hyperhemolytic crises (HHCs), highlighting homocysteine and folate role in the pathogenesis of these events.


The original second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), has received a lot of attention but still has some new secrets to be revealed. Dyachok et al. provide evidence that oscillations in the concentration of intracellular cAMP occur and may result in distinct signals from those elicited by more stable increases in the amount of the second messenger. As every good student of signal transduction knows, when cAMP binds to the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it causes dissociation of the catalytic and regulatory subunits. By tagging a truncated form of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with a fluorescent label and expressing it in cells along with a fluorescently labeled version of the catalytic subunit, the authors could monitor rapid changes in the [cAMP]i as changes in fluorescence in live cells. In cultured rat insulinoma cells, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) or glucagon at high doses produced stable increases in the [cAMP]i. However, lower doses caused oscillations in [cAMP]i with frequencies of .16 to 1.5 min–1 in 20 to 40% of the cells tested. The authors used stable or pulsatile application of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (which blocks degradation of cAMP) to cause stable or oscillating changes in [cAMP]i and found that either treatment caused oscillations in the intracellular concentration of free calcium. However, only stable increases in [cAMP]i cause translocation of a fluorescently tagged version of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the nucleus. Thus, the authors propose that information may be encoded in the temporal pattern of cAMP signals as well as the absolute amount of the second messenger. O. Dyachok, Y. Isakov, J. Sågetorp, A. Tengholm, Oscillations of cyclic AMP in hormone-stimulated insulin-secreting β-cells. Nature 439, 349-352 (2006). [PubMed]


We will perform a version of the Game of War as authored by Alice Becker-Ho and Guy Debord, using a map and pieces designed and hand-made by artist Rob Lycett, using a game concept and ruleset originally developed in 1965 by Guy Debord (1931-1994) and as most recently published by Atlas Press in 2006.

Debord was a film-maker, essayist and the founder of the Situationist International, a movement in which the ludic and the revolutionary were indivisible. Key concepts of Debord's Game of War involve communication and logistics developed out of the military theories of Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831). Contemporary players of the game follow Clausewitz in the pursuit of war as the "continuation of politics by other means" (Clausewitz 'On War' 1832). However, rather than the political our interest is the playful pursuit of philosophy by other means - a philosophy of 'as-if', where the field of battle is a field of play, and the fog of war a field of ideas.

To be clear, in assembling this class to learn to play a game of war for the first time we do not profess a political pedagogy:
"This is not at all a criticism, it is simply a recognition of reality, from which the following conclusions may be drawn: The direct transfer of artistic gifts is impossible; artistic adaptation takes place through a series of contradictory phases: Shock — Wonder — Imitation — Rejection — Experimentation — Possession.

None of these phases can be avoided, though they need not all be gone through by any one individual.
Our practical conclusion is the following:
We are abandoning all efforts at pedagogical action and moving toward experimental activity."
Asger Jorn (1957)


Purpose of review This article focuses on two novel asthma therapies – antibiotics and a procedure, bronchial thermoplasty. The challenges of identifying which treatment would best help an individual patient can be addressed by use of noninvasive measurements to define their asthma. Recent findings Asthma is heterogeneous. Methods can be applied that define different phenotypes. We can now obtain a more detailed description of physiological changes, for example with bronchial provocation, and inflammatory changes, for example with exhaled nitric oxide or sputum cell analysis, in patients with airway symptoms. These measurements help define disease mechanisms and are especially informative when patients do not respond to standard therapy. Furthermore, detailed phenotyping may help identify who is most likely to benefit from newly developed, more specific therapies ranging from antagonists of individual mediators, for example anti-tumor necrosis factor-α or anti-immunoglobulin E, to interventions that directly address structural determinants of asthma, for example bronchial thermoplasty. Summary Asthma treatment is evolving beyond the current cornerstones of bronchodilation, leukotriene antagonism and corticosteroids. This change will be propelled by a more detailed description of individual patients' disease that will enable customization of treatment, and the development of specific interventions that modify disease mechanisms, including airway remodelling.


The present study was carried out to investigate the efficacy and safety of seed kernels of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Twenty patients of either sex with mild-to-moderate asthma were given finely powdered dried seed kernels in dose of 3 g for 3 weeks. The clinical efficacy with respect to symptoms and respiratory functions were assessed using a spirometer prior to and at the end of the treatment. Hematological parameters were not changed markedly by treatment with M. oleifera. However, the majority of patients showed a significant increase in hemoglobin (Hb) values and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly reduced. Significant improvement was also observed in symptom score and severity of asthmatic attacks. Treatment with the drug for 3 weeks produced significant improvement in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and peak expiratory flow rate values by 32.97 ± 6.03%, 30.05 ± 8.12%, and 32.09 ± 11.75%, respectively, in asthmatic subjects. Improvement was also observed in % predicted values. None of the patients showed any adverse effects with M. oleifera. The results of the present study suggest the usefulness of M. oleifera seed kernel in patients of bronchial asthma.


Measuring sub-ppm levels of fluorine (F) directly with a commercial ICPMS is not possible due to the high ionisation potential of F. Mixing of barium and fluorine solutions enabled a new approach in fluorine analysis through the formation of the polyatomic ion BaF+ using ICPMS/MS. Different parameters such as reaction gas flow rate, sampling position, nebuliser and makeup gas flow rate, waiting and acquisition time as well as RF power were optimized in order to obtain the highest possible sensitivities for 138Ba19F+, as these parameters were important for polyatomic ion formation, avoiding barium oxide and barium hydroxide ion interference and sensitive detection in MS/MS. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.043 mg L−1 was achieved with a good recovery of fluoride spiked in deionised water. For fluorine speciation analysis, coupling of anion exchange chromatography online with ICPMS/MS allowed separation and fluorine specific detection of fluoride and fluoroacetate. The response was compound independent as expected for ICPMS. The LODs of fluoride and fluoroacetate were 0.022 mg L−1 and 0.11 mg L−1, respectively. Both compounds were baseline separated and detected quantitatively, making this newly developed method a promising candidate for non-target fluorine speciation analysis in environmental samples.


This article examines the latest trends in intercountry adoption worldwide, based on data from twenty-three receiving countries. Trends in the number of children sent by states of origin are based on their returns to the Hague Special Commission or on estimates derived from country data provided by the receiving states. The analysis concentrates on the period from 2004 to 2010 when estimated annual global numbers declined from 45,000 to 29,000, fewer than those recorded in 1998. The article will also look at changes in the age – and other characteristics – of children sent. Discussion centres on changes in sending countries, exploring the declines in China, Russia and Guatemala, the rise in adoptions from Haiti after the earthquake of 2010 and the emergence of Africa – and in particular Ethiopia – as a significant source of children for adoption. The article concludes with a consideration of the implications of a continuing high demand from childless couples in developed countries on the intercountry adoption 'market'; and the prediction of David Smolin that, unless truly reformed, intercountry adoption will eventually be abolished and labeled as a 'neo-colonial mistake'.


BACKGROUND
Maternal thyroid hormones play a fundamental role in appropriate fetal development during gestation. Offspring that have been gestated under maternal hypothyroidism suffer cognitive impairment. Thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation can significantly impact the central nervous system by altering the migration, differentiation, and function of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Given that gestational hypothyroidism alters the immune cell ratio in offspring, it is possible that this condition could result in higher sensitivity for the development of autoimmune diseases.

METHODS
Adult mice gestated under hypothyroidism were induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty-one days after EAE induction, the disease score, myelin content, immune cell infiltration, and oligodendrocyte death were evaluated.

RESULTS
We observed that mice gestated under hypothyroidism showed higher EAE scores after disease induction during adulthood compared to mice gestated in euthyroidism. In addition, spinal cord sections of mice gestated under hypothyroidism that suffered EAE in adulthood showed higher demyelination, CD4(+) and CD8(+) infiltration, and increased oligodendrocyte death.

CONCLUSIONS
These results show for the first time that a deficiency in maternal thyroid hormones during gestation can influence the outcome of a central nervous system inflammatory disease, such as EAE, in their offspring. These data strongly support evaluating thyroid hormones in pregnant women and treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy to prevent increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system of offspring.


Background: Cryopreserved bone allografts are often used to reconstruct segmental bone defects. They are non-viable, which can result in infection, non-union and stress-fractures. We aimed to revascularize allografts in porcine and rat models using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), combined with platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) administered through an adeno-associated viral vector. We report the development of vascular tumors resulting from this treatment.
Methods: In two separate studies, an identical AAV.VEGF.PDGF vector was used to promote angiogenesis in cryopreserved bone allografts. In 8 Yucatan minipigs, a 3.5 cm segmental tibial defect was reconstructed with a matched allograft, revascularized by placement of a transfected arteriovenous (AV) bundle within the medullary canal. In another experiment, cryopreserved femoral bone allografts coated with AAV.VEGF.PDGF were placed across a 10 mm segmental femoral gap in 10 Lewis rats.
Results: Vascular tumors developed in skin and subcutaneous tissues in 5 out of 8 pigs and all of the rats. Histology revealed changes essentially identical to those seen in pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma) in humans. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the sequence of human VEGF-DNA in all of the sampled tumor tissues.
Conclusion: Recombinant AAV gene therapy used to promote angiogenesis in avascular bone risks the development of vascular cutaneous lesions. Gene therapy using an identical AAV.VEGF.PDGF vector should not be considered clinically until safe use can be demonstrated and.concerns regarding chromosomal integration, dose effect and species differences are addressed.


A new axisymmetric throughflow method for analyzing and designing turbomachines is proposed. This method utilizes body-force terms to represent blade forces and viscous losses. The resulting equations of motion, which include these body-force terms, are casted in terms of conservative variables and are solved using a finite-volume time-stepping scheme. In the inverse mode, the swirl schedule in the bladed regions (i.e. the radius times the tangential velocity rVθ) is the primary specified flow quantity, and the corresponding blade shape is sought after. In the analysis mode, the blade geometry is specified and the flow solution is computed. The advantages of this throughflow method compared to the current family of streamline curvature and matrix methods are that the same code can be used for subsonic/transonic/supersonic throughflow velocities, and the proposed method has a shock capturing capability. This method is demonstrated for designing a supersonic throughflow fan stage and a transonic throughflow turbine stage.Copyright © 1995 by ASME


In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to control a distributed autonomous robotic system under dynamically changing environment based on immunological interaction between robots. Our algorithm can organize the robot population for dynamically changing multiple works. At first, we designed a control architecture for a multiple robotic system based on B-cell (which is main agent of immune system) interaction. Immune system has various kinds of B-cells, and B-cell interaction can organize its population balance against dynamically changing environment. We set the analogy between distributed autonomous robotic system and biological immune system. We verified the performance of our algorithm by computer simulation. As a simulation example there is considered the transportation of multiple objects to multiple locations against a deadline, with time-varying demand.


This article raises the following questions: whether social workers need creativity; whether the social workers, who organise socio-cultural activities, have the necessary competences and if they are able to use them; if the necessity of creativity and artistic abilities in social work is properly realized and whether there are good conditions for the development of the later? The objectives of the article is to analyse the view of social workers on creativity in social work, to reveal and compare different ways of creative expression of social workers; to explore what influence creativity has on the personality and quality of the work of the social workers. A partially structured interview method was applied and 10 social workers were interviewed. The empirical study has shown that creative thinking is characteristic of social workers. This kind of thinking is distinguished by the free creation of new ideas, flexibility of theur views, sensitivity to the problems, endurance and patience while reaching for the changes. Most social workers are driven by inner motivation. They can integrate different forms of creativity into their activity. However, there are certain factors which inhibit creativity and which are seen as unsatisfactory working conditions, i.e. the indifference of the managers, lack of support from their colleagues, and the absence of positive feedback.


There are two main historical works on Assemblies of God in Britain. The first is Donald Gee's Wind and Flame (originally published under the title The Pentecostal Movement in 1941; later revised and enlarged for publication in 1967). Gee was intimately involved in much of AoG's development not only in the British Isles but also overseas, There are, however, three things which Donald Gee fails to do and which I decided to attempt in the history which follows. First, and very properly, Gee underestimates his own contribution to the shape of British pentecostalism. A natural modesty prevented Gee from seeing all the value of his own efforts. Second, Gee very rarely gives the source of any information he cites. There is a complete absence of footnotes, references, printed materials and the like in his book. We simply do not know what and whom he consulted when he wrote. And, third, Gee fails to make any mention of the immense social and technological changes which took place in his life time. He gives us the foreground without the background, and yet the background was important. It matters, for example, that ordinary commercial air travel opened up after the 1939-45 war or that telephones became common in the 1950s. The Pentecostal movement did not develop in a vacuum and sometimes successful events are explicable by reference to forgotten factors. For example, the success of the great Stephen Jeffreys crusades makes more sense when one knows that, at one stage, he moved from town to town, each within easy travelling distance of the others; this allowed those who had been attracted by one set of meetings to travel to the next. Or that these crusades took place when the national health service in Britain did not exist and people were more desperate in their search for healing.
The second main work is Walter Hollenweger's The Pentecostals (SCM, 1972). This sets British pentecostalism in a world wide context and allows comparisons with Pentecostal churches in Latin America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Continent and North America. Inevitably, therefore, Hollenweger's book paints on a broad canvas and omits many events within British Assemblies of God.
At the end of this thesis a list is given of all the people I interviewed or consulted by phone. Not listed, however, because references are given at appropriate places in the text or notes, are the various documents which became available to me. These included letters, handbills, newspaper cuttings, minute books, diaries, reports submitted to the General Conference, accounts, short-lived magazines and, of course, all the volumes of Redemption Tidings. Undoubtedly Redemption Tidings proved to be the richest source of information. It was published continuously from 1924-85 and contained a whole variety of articles, crusade reports, letters, editorials, stenographically recorded sermons, advertisements and the like which, more than any other single source, recreate early pentecostalism. Redemption Tidings was published monthly 1924-33 and then fortnightly 1934-1956 and weekly 1956-1985.
So far as the ordering of the following history is concerned, I have simply moved forward decade by decade and with little attempt to group subjects together thematically. This rather unimaginative approach has the virtue of being systematic and it was used by Adrian Hastings in his excellent A History of English Christianity: 1920-1985 (Collins, 1986). At the start of each major section, I have briefly outlined the economic and political events of the era. At the end of each major section, I have paused for sociological comment. These comments are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, I have used some of the tools and concepts of sociology to illuminate the historical development previously described. Alternation between description and analytic comment is slightly clumsy, but seemed to be the only sensible way of handling the overall task. The events of Pentecostal history are simply not well enough known to take them for granted: they need to be described first. Any attempt to describe them while simultaneously analysing them would have proved confusing in the extreme.
It is also necessary to point out that this history pays particular attention to Pentecostalism in Britain and only mentions missionary work overseas to the extent that this it is relevant to what was happening in Britain. In some respects this is unfortunate, but to do justice to the extraordinary work of men and women in various continents of the world would require a separate study of comparable length.


The essay, by one of the authors of Educating Lawyers (the "Carnegie Report") offers fresh insights as to why legal education reform is so difficult, drawing upon the theory of "wicked problems" increasingly used in public policy, engineering and a variety of other fields. It demonstrates the application of that theory with reference to the oft-told tale of Rumpelstiltskin, and draws from that tale key lessons that can be used by those seeking to create a new prospectus for legal education in coming years. It then illuminates four "wicked problems" that have plagued legal education for years: how responsibility should be allocated for lawyer preparation; why change in content alone does not result in enduring improvements in legal education; whether "thinking like a lawyer" has a continuing place in legal education; and how the upper division can be fruitfully improved. In illuminating these problems, it also offers suggestions for how they might be approached and resolved.After providing background on the characteristics of "wicked problems" and how they can best be approached, the essay focuses on "commonplaces" that underlie professional work and accordingly should drive professional education (including legal education), thereby providing a fresh framework for actionable steps to improve legal education and the practice of law.It next S discusses the need to attend both to visible and invisible dimensions of problems in order to shape meaningful solutions and explains the importance of often unrecognized dynamics of learning and teaching as major forces that play crucial roles in legal education and curriculum reform.The essay then discusses the power of naming, offering an in-depth look at the nuances of "thinking like a lawyer" as understood by students and faculty members interviewed at sixteen diverse law schools in connection with the site visits that informed the Carnegie Report. It stresses the specific ways that first year case-dialogue instruction forces students to deal with uncertainty, one of the critical dimensions of professional practice, and unpacks the notion of "thinking like a lawyer" in ways that should prove illuminating for students and helpful for faculty members who seek to help students understand the resulting changes in epistemology that are so central to the first year of law school. It also considers the nature of the "case-dialogue method" and explains the ways in which that classic teaching technique plays a critical role in building students' abilities to think analytically.Finally, the essay considers one of legal education's most intransigent "wicked problems": the upper division curriculum. Using insights from the theory of "wicked problems," the essay endeavors to explain why upper division curriculum reform is so difficult. It then offers four strategies for "renegotiating" existing assumptions and practices in order to improve the upper division curriculum. These strategies (including purposeful redesign on the large scale, rethinking content, rethinking pedagogy, and re-balancing teaching and learning responsibilities) each of which are very likely need to be used in concert in order for meaningful improvements to occur. In particular, this portion of the essay incorporates insights from educational psychology and work on professional identity development in graduate students to stress the ways in which effective advanced curricular innovations should attend to the challenges faced by the current generation of students who, much more than those in past decades, face challenges in navigating changes in personal identity at the same time they confront the need to develop a sense of professional identity before leaving law school.


Storm surge is an important factor that contributes to coastal flooding and erosion. Storm surge magnitude along eastern North Pacific coasts results primarily from low sea level pressure (SLP). Thus, coastal regions where high surge occurs identify the dominant locations where intense storms make landfall, controlled by storm track across the North Pacific. Here storm surge variability along the Pacific coast of North America is characterized by positive nontide residuals at a network of tide gauge stations from southern California to Alaska. The magnitudes of mean and extreme storm surge generally increase from south to north, with typically high amplitude surge north of Cape Mendocino and lower surge to the south. Correlation of mode 1 nontide principal component (PC1) during winter months (December–February) with anomalous SLP over the northeast Pacific indicates that the dominant storm landfall region is along the Cascadia/British Columbia coast. Although empirical orthogonal function spatial patterns show substantial interannual variability, similar correlation patterns of nontide PC1 over the 1948–1975 and 1983–2014 epochs with anomalous SLP suggest that, when considering decadal-scale time periods, storm surge and associated tracks have generally not changed appreciably since 1948. Nontide PC1 is well correlated with PC1 of both anomalous SLP and modeled wave height near the tide gauge stations, reflecting the interrelationship between storms, surge, and waves. Weaker surge south of Cape Mendocino during the 2015–2016 El Nino compared with 1982–1983 may result from changes in Hadley circulation. Importantly from a coastal impacts perspective, extreme storm surge events are often accompanied by high waves.


We report a system for generating infectious papillomaviruses in vitro that facilitates the analysis of papillomavirus assembly, infectivity, and serologic relatedness. Cultured hamster BPHE-1 cells harboring autonomously replicating bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) genomes were infected with recombinant Semliki Forest viruses that express the structural proteins of BPV1. When plated on C127 cells, extracts from cells expressing L1 and L2 together induced numerous transformed foci that could be specifically prevented by BPV neutralizing antibodies, demonstrating that BPV infection was responsible for the focal transformation. Extracts from BPHE-1 cells expressing L1 or L2 separately were not infectious. Although Semliki Forest virus-expressed L1 self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs), viral DNA was detected in particles only when L2 was coexpressed with L1, indicating that genome encapsidation requires L2. Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) L1 and L2 together in BPHE-1 cells also yielded infectious virus. These pseudotyped virions were neutralized by antiserum to HPV16 VLPs derived from European (114/K) or African (Z-1194) HPV16 variants but not by antisera to BPV VLPs, to a poorly assembling mutant HPV16 L1 protein, or to VLPs of closely related genital HPV types. Extracts from BPHE-1 cells coexpressing BPV L1 and HPV16 L2 or HPV16 L1 and BPV L2 were not infectious. We conclude that (i) mouse C127 cells express the cell surface receptor for HPV16 and are able to uncoat HPV16 capsids; (ii) if a papillomavirus DNA packaging signal exists, then it is conserved between the BPV and HPV16 genomes; (iii) functional L1-L2 interaction exhibits type specificity; and (iv) protection by HPV virus-like particle vaccines is likely to be type specific.


Failure to ratify the European Constitution by popular vote in France and the Netherlands in June 2005 proved the strength of anti-globalising spurs within the EU. The attitude of each Member State towards the European Institutions depends on its national culture, and different languages shape the original message conveyed by the Union into different ideas. The aim of this paper is to explore the way in which the language used in EU documents reflects the cultural expectations of the prospective audience in terms of both content and stylistic features. In particular, the analysis aims to identify any correspondence between the degree of Euro-scepticism among European citizens and the language used in a EU product. In the European Union, translators play a crucial role in the communicative process between the EU institutions and citizens. Specific translators' choices can be the result of either their 'cultural frames', acting at the unconscious level, or their deliberate choice to shape the text in such a way as to suit their audience's specific communicative needs. The analysis is carried out on the script of a video on the European Constitution released by the EU Audiovisual Service, and is grounded on concepts drawn from translation studies, as well as on Geert Hofstede's model of cultural cdimensions.


Aims A novel immunoenzymatic assay using viral citrullinated peptides derived from Epstein–Barr virus-encoded proteins (viral citrullinated peptide 2 (VCP2)) has been developed and evaluated by means of a multicentre collaborative study. Methods Three hundred nine sera from patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 36 with early arthritis, 12 with juvenile arthritis and 453 controls were tested for VCP2 and cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies. Results The VCP2 assay showed 78.3% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity. VCP2 and CCP had a high concordance rate in patients with RA (88%) and controls (97%). However, 36 RA sera were positive in the CCP assay but negative on VCP2, and two RA sera reacted only on VCP2. Conclusions The new VCP2 assay is endowed with high sensitivity and specificity. VCP2-positive RA sera are mostly but not completely contained in the CCP-positive population. Studies are in progress to establish whether the VCP2 assay can detect clinically distinct subsets of patients with RA.


The presence of asymmetry in the misclassification costs or class prevalences is a common occurrence in the pattern classification domain. While much interest has been devoted to the study of cost-sensitive learning techniques, the relationship between cost-sensitive learning and the specification of the model set in a parametric estimation framework remains somewhat unclear. To that end, we differentiate between the case of the model including the true posterior, and that in which the model is misspecified. In the former case, it is shown that thresholding the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate is an asymptotically optimal solution to the risk minimization problem. On the other hand, under model misspecification, it is demonstrated that thresholded ML is suboptimal and that the risk-minimizing solution varies with the misclassification cost ratio. Moreover, we analytically show that the negative weighted log likelihood (Elkan, 2001) is a tight, convex upper bound of the empirical loss. Coupled with empirical results on several real-world data sets, we argue that weighted ML is the preferred cost-sensitive technique.


Work in our laboratory for more than two decades has focussed on the production of genetically modified pigs for xeno transplantion research. More recent work has focussed on the isolation of porcine embryonic stem cells to facilitate this as well as and other research applications. Central to this research has been the production of in vitro Produced (IVP) embryos. These embryos are produced using a twostep culture system based on NCSU23. This culture system which was developed by modifying energy substrate availability and concentrations and by adding non-essential and essential amino acids in a sequential manner. As a result of this work we have developed a culture system that better suits the changing metabolic needs of the pig embryo and produces embryos with relatively high developmental competence compared to the original formulation. These embryos can be used for a range of research applications including the isolation of embryonic stem cells.


Flash CS3 is the premier tool for creating web animations and interactive web sites, can be intimidating to learn. This entertaining reference tutorial provides a reader-friendly animation primer and a guided tour of all the program's tools and capabilities. Beginners will learn to use the software in no time, and experienced users will quickly take their skills to the next level. The book gives Flash users of all levels hands-on instructions to help them master: * Special effects * Morphing * Adding audio and video * Introducing interactivity * And much more With Flash CS3: The Missing Manual you'll be able to turn an idea into a Flash animation, tutorial, or movie. This book will help you create online tutorials, training materials and full-blown presentations. It also teaches design principles throughout and helps you avoid elements that can distract or annoy an audience. This is the first new release of Flash since Adobe bought Macromedia, which means that it's the first version that will integrate easily with other Adobe products. It's a whole new ballgame when it comes to Flash, and Flash CS3: The Missing Manual offers you complete and objective coverage. It's the perfect companion to this powerful software.


We study the design of dealer compensation policy in the indirect auto lending market, where most lenders give dealers the discretion to mark up interest rates. To protect consumers from potential discrimination by the dealer discretion, several banks switched to a new compensation scheme by fixing the markup as a percentage of the loan amount. We document that the market share of these banks responded positively (negatively) in the consumer segment where the policy increased (decreased) the interest rate — a reversal of the usual demand curve — which highlights the influence of dealers on the bank choice for financing loans. Accordingly, we develop and estimate an empirical model that allows for dealer–consumer bargaining, which depends on both the dealers' and the consumers' utility. Based on the estimation results, we explore alternative compensation policies that also eliminate dealers' discretion. We show that a lump-sum compensation that pays dealers a fixed dollar amount per loan dominates the current policy for the banks in terms of gaining market share. This is because dealers' equivalent markup rates would better align with their bargaining power. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for the interests and bargaining power of middlemen in designing a compensation scheme.


A classification of models for animating synthetic actors is proposed. The classification depends on the motion control method used (geometric, physical, or behavioral) and the type of actor interaction (single actor, actor-actor, actor-environment, and animator-actor). These interactions and models give rise to a classification array with four rows and three columns. Each case represents existing and potential approaches to animation control. The characteristics of each motion control method and interaction type are examined.<<ETX>>


Many of phenomena, their growth or trend, are dependent on the interactions between neighboring areas. Model of shift-share analysis represent a growth rate (rate of change) of the different options phenomenon by taking into account the phenomenon of increase in the neighbouring area. The aim of the study is to analyze the changes in the commodity structure of agricultural production in the European Union according to the selected types of agricultural products using of shifts share analysis. The study assesses the rate of change the size of the phenomenon and identified and estimated the share of structural, sectoral and regional (local spatial) in the size of the effect of the global (agricultural production in the European Union overall) in the EU countries.


In this study, we explore how different components like syntactic knowledge and discourse context may interact with each other in sentence acceptability judgment performance. We examined the acceptability judgment patterns on Chinese topic constructions in different contexts and we also looked at how different types of topic NPs (definite topic NPs vs. bare topic NPs) may affect the judgment patterns. Our findings show that island-obeying topic sentences were consistently judged better than their island-violating counterparts, whether presented in a null context or in a relevant context. This contrast suggests that discourse context and syntactic knowledge do not interact in sentence acceptability judgment performance, and favors a categorical approach to grammar. In addition, our findings also show that topic sentences with a definite topic NP were consistently rated better than those with a bare topic NP, and that canonical sentences which served as the baseline were also consistently judged to be better than grammatical topic sentences. These patterns suggest that acceptability judgment is continuous with a wider range of variations due to the ambiguity, frequency, and processing complexity involved in the given sentences. Overall, our study not only suggests that the traditional acceptability judgment task can elicit good data about grammaticality, but it also recognizes that extra-grammatical factors can affect acceptability judgment performance and should therefore be taken into consideration to ensure the quality of the collected data.


THE EXPECTATION THAT EDUCATORS will develop partnerships with parents is a key principle in early childhood education and care provision. This is particularly so in Australia where policy guidelines and quality standards list parent partnerships as key indicators of quality practice. However the language used across the two key policy documents, the Early Years Learning Framework and the National Quality Standard, is inconsistent in the way these partnerships are defined and intended to be enacted. This has resulted in an ambiguity in the way teachers and educators are engaging in partnerships in their work with families. Drawing on a framework for examining partnerships that positions the notion of mutuality and reciprocity in the centre of the relationship, and examining this through Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological perspective, this paper presents findings of a small scale case study that explored the extent to which these characteristics are reflected in the relationships between the teacher and parents. The study found that while the teacher was meeting identified performance standards, that a true partnership underpinned by mutuality and reciprocity was not evident in the relationships between the teacher and the families.


This paper explores the Cuban case to understand how contentious voices have managed to bridge asymmetries of access to public space thanks to their critical use of new information and communication technologies (NICTs) Internet. I argue that we need to look at how contentious uses of NICTs have reinforced existing processes on the island, while creating new channels of expression and linkage. The paper shows that the transnational dynamics of linkage put into place by a lively web of emigres, Cuban activists and intellectuals as well as foreign journalists and scholars have allowed for the convergence of contentious micro arenas which already existed but were formerly segmented. This process of convergence has in turn allowed for the emergence of a more intricate public space and for the creation of a somewhat autonomous contentious space. Although this evolution of the Cuban regime is positive as far as freedom of speech, it is clear that new inequalities in access to voice emerge: the protagonists of those new social spaces are limited to specific social categories, namely the urban, young and highly educated.


The Miocene Marnoso-arenacea Formation (Italy) is the only ancient sequence where deposits of individual submarine density flow deposits have been mapped in detail for long (>100 km) distances, thereby providing unique information on how such flows evolve. These beds were deposited by large and infrequent flows in a low-relief basin plain. An almost complete lack of bed amalgamation aids bed correlation, and resembles some modern abyssal plains, but contrasts with ubiquitous bed amalgamation seen in fan-lobe deposits worldwide. Despite the subdued topography of this basin plain, the beds have a complicated character. Previous work showed that a single flow can commonly comprise both turbidity current and cohesive mud-rich debris flows. The debris flows were highly mobile on low gradients, but their deposits are absent in outcrops nearest to source. Similar hybrid beds have been documented in numerous distal fan deposits worldwide, and they represent an important process for delivering sediment into the deep ocean. It is therefore important to understand their origin and flow dynamics. To account for the absence of debrites in proximal Marnoso-arenacea Formation outcrops, it was proposed that debris flows originated within the study area due to erosion of mud-rich seafloor; we show that this is incorrect. Clast and matrix composition show that sediment within the cohesive debris flows originated outside the study area.

Previous work showed that intermediate and low strength debris flows produced different downflow-trending facies tracts. Here, we show that intermediate strength debris flows entered the study area as debris flows, while low strength (clast poor) debris flows most likely formed through local transformation from an initially turbulent mud-rich suspension. New field data document debrite planform shape across the basin plain. Predicting this shape is important for subsurface oil and gas reservoirs. Low strength and intermediate strength debrites have substantially different planform shapes. However, the shape of each type of debrite is consistent. Low strength debrites occur in two tongues at the margins of the outcrop area, while intermediate strength debrite forms a single tongue near the basin center. Intermediate strength debrites are underlain by a thin layer of structureless clean sandstone that may have settled out from the debris flow at a late stage, as seen in laboratory experiments, or been deposited by a forerunning turbidity current that is closely linked to the debris flow. Low strength debrites can infill relief created by underlying dune crests, suggesting gentle emplacement. Dewatering of basal clean sand did not cause a long runout of debris flows in this location. Hybrid beds are common in a much thicker stratigraphic interval than was studied previously, and the same two types of debrite occur there. Hybrid flows transported large volumes (as much as 10 km3 per flow) of sediment into this basin plain, over a prolonged period of time.


Background. Globally, it is estimated that depressive features occur in 15 - 36% of people suffering from chronic diseases and 60% of people with HIV/AIDS. A high prevalence of mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals has been shown in South Africa and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Untreated depression leads to poor adherence to treatment and poor quality of life for patients with chronic diseases. Methods. Using the Zung self-rating scale, we screened for depressive features among adult patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who attended primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district of North West Province in South Africa during December 2009. Results. Among 117 participants, 81 (69.2 %) had mild depressive features, 2 (1.7%) had moderate depressive features, 1 (0.9 %) had severe depressive features and 33 (28.2%) did not have depressive features. Depressive features were more common in males (77.1%) than in females (69.5%), and were most common in patients taking the combination of efavirenz, lamivudine and stavudine. Conclusion. Depressive features seem to be common among adult patients receiving HAART and attending primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district.


Abstract. Crowdsourcing is an emerging methodology for spatial data collection. This methodology has been used extensively to create small scale maps such as in OpenStreetMap. However, it has rarely been used in acquiring large scale, accurate engineering data. Expert-sourcing uses methods similar to crowdsourcing except that it collects information from experts and professionals. This article describes the development steps of novel expert-sourcing methodologies for updating the national geo-spatial database (cadastre and topography) in Israel. The input data for the process are building permit maps at a scale of 1 : 250 created by professionals. The first step in the process was the adaptation of a national standard for digital map contents, cartography and computer format. The second step was the development of the crowdsourcing system to get the maps from mapping professionals, assess them and verify that they meet the criteria. The two challenges in this step were to design an engaging User Experience (UX) that will not require training or a user manual and to develop automatic quality control tools. The third step was the creation of a data integration process to update the national database from the various sources. The system (aka TopoCad) provides a comprehensive set of tools to support the practice of obtaining information from all the surveyors and mapping experts in Israel. The system aggregates all the information of every mapping activity (geodesy, cadastre, construction permits, mapping and GIS) in a semi-automatic process. This novel platform improved governmental procedures and made services more efficient. In addition, this innovative tool improved the national databases by updating them with new data on an on-going basis.


Introduction: It has been shown that three new synthetic coumarins-3-carboxamides including 3-fluorobenzilchloride, 4-fluorobenzilchloride and 2-hidroxy-3 metoxybenzaldehyde, have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. This study was performed to estimate ameliorating effect of these new coumarin-3-carboxamides on memory impairments induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, induced prolongation) in mice. Methods: 30 male mice were divided into five groups, 6 mice in each group. Three experiment groups received coumarins-3-carboxamides (10 mg/kg body weight) 30 min before scopalamin injection and two other groups considered as normal (saline-treated) groups and finally one negative control (scopalamin only) group. The experiment groups were treated with coumarins of 3-fluorobenzilchloride, 4-fluorobenzilchloride and 2-hidroxy-3 metoxybenzaldehyde. The passive avoidance test was performed in an automatic conventional shuttle box set-up. The stepped down latency and number of errors was recorded. Results: With reference to saline-treated group, scopolamine-treated mice demonstrated impairment of learning and memory as a reduction of latency and an increased numbers of errors in step-down test)p < 0.01). Treated mice receiving these coumarins at the dose of 10 mg/kg showed an increase in the number of avoidances on the memory tests compared to the scopolamine group (p < 0.01). Conclusion : The study has demonstrated some therapeutic effects of coumarin-3-carboxamides on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine. Further investigation is needed to explore whether coumarin-3-carboxamides could be beneficial for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease in which cholinergic deficit is one of the hallmarks.


Abstract Between 1995 and 2011 a global positioning system survey of 13 boulders and three ablation stakes (long stakes frozen in the ice) on the frozen surface of Lake Hoare was undertaken. Data interpretation illustrates complexities of post-depositional transport dynamics of boulders. Earlier studies on comparable datasets have suggested linear 'conveyor' type transport mechanisms for lake surface boulders. Yet explanations for non-linear boulder displacements or 'walks' and the mechanisms responsible for movements are inadequate. Two modes of boulder specific movement were observed. First, localized changes in the ice surface promote individual boulder movement (rolling). Second, ice rafting, which indicates the displacement of 'plates' of lake ice on which the boulder is located. Ablation stakes used as fixed survey control points support the hypothesis that ice cover moves as discrete plates rather than as a single homogenous mass. Factors that create the conditions to generate either of the two modes of movement may be related to location specific energy budgets. A relationship between average orientations and prevailing wind direction was also observed. The investigation describes the local-scale behaviour of surveyed boulders, and offers methodologies and interpretive frameworks for additional studies of modern and ancient sediment transportation dynamics in Antarctic lacustrine environments.