Treatment of melanoma remains a challenge in advanced disease. Recently, the molecular differentiation in BRAF-mutated, NRAS-mutated and c-kit-mutated melanomas led to new treatment strategies. Different trials show that imatinib or nilotinib lead to meaningful responses in c-kit-mutated melanoma patients. There are little published data on sequential inhibition using these two drugs in melanoma. We describe the sequential use of imatinib after nilotinib in a c-kit-mutated melanoma patient, who progressed on interferon, Allovectin, dacarbazine, nilotinib and ipilimumab, and was finally treated with the c-kit inhibitor imatinib. From July 2011 to September 2011, the patient received ipilimumab (four doses with 3 mg/kg). Clinical assessment after immunotherapy showed disease progression. Therefore, a treatment change to imatinib 800 mg daily was made from February 2012 to May 2013. Under this treatment, the patient showed a partial response as per the RECIST criteria. The present lesions continued responding (computed tomography scans: May 2012-March 2013). Unfortunately, in October 2012, new brain metastases developed. Nevertheless, the use of c-kit inhibitors in c-kit-mutated melanoma patients seems to be a promising treatment option. Furthermore, a delayed response to ipilimumab after 6 months could also have led to or supported the partial response in this case. However, when two biologically similar compounds are administered in a melanoma patient and the tumour mass shows progressive disease upon administration of the first agent, an additional progression with no effect may be expected when the second one is used. This case shows, in contrast, that the use of imatinib after progression upon nilotinib can be beneficial.


Water is the most common plasticizer for proteinbased thermoplastics, lowering the softening point to a allow processing without excessive degradation. The biggest drawback of using water a plasticizer is that water easily evaporates from the material during use or storage. This leads to embrittlement and loss of functionality over time. In this study a series of high molecular mass plasticizers were evaluated for their efficiency in plasticizing bloodmeal-based thermoplastics. It was found that propylene glycol, di and tri-ethylene glycol were most efficient in increasing the material's ductility, as measured by elongation at break. Using 10 parts plasticizer per hundred bloodmeal (pphBM) in combination with 10 pphBM urea gave optimal results in terms of Young's modulus, tensile strength and processability. The mechanical properties of plasticized samples showed a stronger dependency on moisture content, compared to unplasticized samples and reached higher equilibrium moisture content in a shorter time. Using 10 pphBM TEG as plasticizer in resulted in a plastic material with a Young's modulus of 869 MPa, tensile strength of 14.7 MPa and an elongation at break of 46%.


ABSTRACT Proinflammatory cytokines are involved in clearance of Plasmodium falciparum, and very high levels of these cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. In order to determine how cytokines vary with disease severity and syndrome, we enrolled Malawian children presenting with cerebral malaria (CM), severe malarial anemia (SMA), and uncomplicated malaria (UCM) and healthy controls. We analyzed serum cytokine concentrations in acute infection and in convalescence. With the exception of interleukin 5 (IL-5), cytokine concentrations were highest in acute CM, followed by SMA, and were only mildly elevated in UCM. Cytokine concentrations had fallen to control levels when remeasured at 1 month of convalescence in all three clinical malaria groups. Ratios of IL-10 to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and of IL-10 to IL-6 followed a similar pattern. Children presenting with acute CM had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α (P < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (P = 0.0019), IL-2 (P = 0.0004), IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), and IL-10 (P < 0.001) in sera than healthy controls. Patients with acute CM had significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (P < 0.001) and IL-10 (P = 0.0003) than those presenting with acute SMA. Our findings are consistent with the concept that high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, despite high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, could contribute to the pathogenesis of CM.


Spitzer data at 24, 70, and 160 μm and ground-based Hα images are analyzed for a sample of 189 nearby star-forming and starburst galaxies to investigate whether reliable star formation rate (SFR) indicators can be defined using the monochromatic infrared dust emission centered at 70 and 160 μm. We compare recently published recipes for SFR measures using combinations of the 24 μm and observed Hα luminosities with those using 24 μm luminosity alone. From these comparisons, we derive a reference SFR indicator for use in our analysis. Linear correlations between SFR and the 70 μm and 160 μm luminosity are found for L(70) ≳ 1.4 × 1042 erg s−1 and L(160) ≳ 2 × 1042 erg s−1, corresponding to SFR ≳ 0.1–0.3 M☉ yr−1, and calibrations of SFRs based on L(70) and L(160) are proposed. Below those two luminosity limits, the relation between SFR and 70 μm (160 μm) luminosity is nonlinear and SFR calibrations become problematic. A more important limitation is the dispersion of the data around the mean trend, which increases for increasing wavelength. The scatter of the 70 μm (160 μm) data around the mean is about 25% (factor ∼2) larger than the scatter of the 24 μm data. We interpret this increasing dispersion as an effect of the increasing contribution to the infrared emission of dust heated by stellar populations not associated with the current star formation. Thus, the 70 (160) μm luminosity can be reliably used to trace SFRs in large galaxy samples, but will be of limited utility for individual objects, with the exception of infrared-dominated galaxies. The nonlinear relation between SFR and the 70 and 160 μm emission at faint galaxy luminosities suggests a variety of mechanisms affecting the infrared emission for decreasing luminosity, such as increasing transparency of the interstellar medium, decreasing effective dust temperature, and decreasing filling factor of star-forming regions across the galaxy. In all cases, the calibrations hold for galaxies with oxygen abundance higher than roughly 12 +log(O/H) ∼ 8.1. At lower metallicity, the infrared luminosity no longer reliably traces the SFR because galaxies are less dusty and more transparent.


Over the last twenty years, the extent of defined benefit provision has declined substantially in the United Kingdom. Whilst most of the focus has been on deficits relating to past benefit accrual, a more important consideration is the increasing cost of future benefit accrual. In particular, I look at how the cost of pensions has changed relative to the cost of non-pensions earnings. I also look at the main components of the change in pensions cost – those relating to benefits payable, discount rates and longevity – to analyse their relative importance. I find that the cost of employing a member of defined benefit pension scheme has outpaced the cost of employing someone in a defined contribution arrangement by 1.1% of earnings per annum from 1995 to 2015. As at March 2015, the total cost of accrual was 25.4% of earnings.

The average impact of interest rate changes on the change in the cost of accrual is 0.9% per annum. This is significantly more than the average impact of longevity improvements, which is 0.2% per annum. Both of these have added to the total cost. However, benefit changes marginally offset these increases, by around 0.05% per annum on average.

Looking only at changes in interest rates, the estimated cost of accrual has risen to 36.7% of earnings as at September 2016. If the current 2.5% LPI increases to pensions in payment were removed and replaced with conditional indexation, the cost of accrual for the employer would fall back to 27.0%. However, this is still more than three times the maximum level of auto-enrolment contributions that will be required – these peak at 8% of earnings in 2019. It is also nearly seven times the current average level of contributions, which in 2015 stood at 4.0% of earnings. If contribution rates to defined contribution arrangements do not rise, a large proportion of the population will reach retirement with inadequate retirement savings.

This paper revisits and extends analysis I first published in 2008, which looked at the change in the cost and value of defined benefit pensions from 1995 to 2005 (Sweeting, 2008).


Advanced data visualisation techniques enable the exploration and analysis of large datasets. Recently, there is the emerging field of data physicalisation, where data is represented in physical space (e.g. via physical models) and can no longer only be explored visually, but also by making use of other senses such as touch. Most existing data physicalisation solutions are static and cannot be dynamically updated based on a user's interaction. Our goal is to develop a framework for new forms of dynamic data physicalisation in order to support an interactive exploration and analysis of datasets. Based on a study of the design space for dynamic data physicalisation, we are therefore working on a grammar for representing the fundamental physical operations and interactions that can be applied to the underlying data. Our envisioned extensible data physicalisation framework will enable the rapid prototyping of dynamic data physicalisations and thereby support researchers who want to experiment with new combinations of physical variables or output devices for dynamic data physicalisation as well as designers and application developers who are interested in the development of innovative dynamic data physicalisation solutions.


The overarching purpose of this study is to put the experiences of clandestine asylum seekers (rejected asylum seekers who, avoiding deportation, continue to stay in Sweden) at the centre of a critical re-reading of Swedish migration and gender regimes. Further, the study – in dialogue with feminist and postcolonial perspectives – aims to analyse the gendered experiences of migration and clandestinity in the context of a Nordic welfare model in transition towards a model more closely identified with neoliberal discourses and migration and welfare policies.
 The research is based upon a long-term ethnographic study with clandestine asylum seekers and asylum rights activists. The central focus is upon ten in-depth interviews with asylum seekers and nine interviews with activists and 'experts'. Other forms of material (from the media, public events, websites of NGOs, etc.) are used to illustrate the context of the interview material and to analyse aspects of clandestinity in media and public debates.
 A series of research questions have guided the process. These circulate around the experiences of clandestine asylum seekers, and how their position can be understood in relation to a gendered migration regime and to notions and practices of citizenship and belonging. The main research question is: How, through public representations, institutional practices and subjective experiences, is clandestinity constructed within the frames of the Swedish welfare state, and in relation to citizenship and migration policies?
 The thesis offers a background analysis, a discussion of the theoretical framework and an outline of the methodological considerations. Thereafter follow three analytical chapters focussing on the ethnographic material. These chapters explore the experiences of the informants from the labour market, from the asylum process, and from an everyday life characterised by a lack of social rights and limited access to welfare entitlements. The final chapter summarises the thesis as well as offers some final reflections on the research questions and aims.
 The study illuminates the racialised and gendered processes through which everyday lives in the family, in relation to civil society and to state institutions, shape – and are shaped by – clandestinity and deportability. Further, it illuminates the centrality of the position of clandestine asylum seekers in relation to the construction of citizenship and belonging, and shows how these processes are gendered at the level of symbols, institutions and identities. I also explore how different fields of social policies are interconnected and define the position of clandestinity. Clandestinity is shown to be a location characterised by exclusion and fragmentation on some levels, but also by limited kinds of collectivity and inclusion on other levels.


Background Antipsychotic medicines are associated with an increased risk of falls, delirium, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular fatalities.1 These adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have a negative impact on patient quality of life and are often implicated in hospital admissions; as such they can be a significant burden on health services.2 Purpose To investigate how adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from antipsychotic medicines may contribute to admission in an acute general hospital. Material and methods We undertook a prospective study of all patients in our institution who were prescribed antipsychotics. Patients were identified from real-time dispensing information which was used by a specialist pharmacist to drive a ward-based clinical pharmacy review. If an ADR was suspected, consent was gained and a referral to the liaison psychiatric team generated. Results were recorded in line with national [Caldicott] ethical guidelines. Results During the study period (17/09/2012 to 28/10/2013), 312 patients prescribed antipsychotic medicines were admitted. Thirty-one patients (10%) were referred due to concerns over ADRs, the majority of which (24, 77%) were generated by the specialist pharmacist (figure 1). Following referral, 21 of the 31 patients had their antipsychotic drug altered. It was stopped in 11 patients and doses reduced in a further 10. Conclusion An admission-related ADR was identified in 10% of the patients prescribed antipsychotic medicines. The pharmacist was pivotal in this process and detected the majority. Early identification and psychiatric referral is essential to facilitate a decision that balances the patients' mental and physical health needs. Pharmacists working in the acute sector should be mindful that antipsychotic medicines may contribute to admissions. A close relationship with psychiatric services can facilitate medicines review and prevent harm. References and/or Acknowledgements BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. British National Formulary; 68, 2014 Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18,820 patients. BMJ 2004;329(7456):15–19 No conflict of interest.


In this paper, two-way relaying networks using physical layer network coding under practical constraints are considered. In the multiple access phase, both users transmit their messages simultaneously on the same resources. At the relay a superposition of both massages is received containing the influence of the channel as well as the impact of Carrier Frequency Offsets (CFOs) and Timing Offsets (TOs), respectively. To be more robust against these impacts, a combination of a generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) system, which uses Gaussian waveforms is analyzed in comparison to classical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The additional interference introduced by the non-orthogonal impulse shape is treated by an additional linear equalizer. The overall system performance of the classical OFDM system and non-orthogonal waveforms is compared for Physical-Layer Network Coding (PLNC) with respect to the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) and the achievable mutual information in the PLNC system. The obtained simulation results show that a well designed Gaussian waveform outperforms the classical OFDM system with guard interval.


Concert sound reinforcement systems aim at the reproduction of homogeneous sound fields over extended audiences for the whole audio bandwidth. For the last two decades this has been mostly approached by using so called line source arrays due to their superior abilities of producing homogeneous sound fields. Design and setup criteria for line source arrays were derived as Wavefront Sculpture Technology in literature. This paper introduces a viewpoint on the problem at hand by utilizing a signal processing model for sound field synthesis. It will be shown that the optimal radiation of a line source array can be considered as a special case of spatial-aliasing-free synthesis of a wave front that propagates perpendicular to the array. For high frequencies the so called waveguide operates as a spatial lowpass filter and therefore attenuates energy that otherwise would lead to spatial aliasing artifacts.


A subset of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to preferentially reduce the secretion of the highly amyloidogenic, 42-residue amyloid-β peptide Aβ42. We found that Rho and its effector, Rho-associated kinase, preferentially regulated the amount of Aβ42 produced in vitro and that only those NSAIDs effective as Rho inhibitors lowered Aβ42. Administration of Y-27632, a selective Rock inhibitor, also preferentially lowered brain levels of Aβ42 in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the Rho-Rock pathway may regulate amyloid precursor protein processing, and a subset of NSAIDs can reduce Aβ42 through inhibition of Rho activity.


Trans-p-coumaric and trans-sinapinic acids are cinnamic acids derivatives which show strong antioxidant properties. In this work full optimization of both chemical structures and their radical, cation radical and anionic forms in vacuum and water medium has been performed, and antioxidant descriptors: Bond Dissociation Enthalpy, Adiabatic Ionization Potential, Proton Dissociation Enthalpy, Proton Affinity, Electron Transfer Enthalpy, Gas Phase Acidity, Free Gibbs Energy have been calculated. The Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energies have been employed to determine groups in compounds studied with the highest electron density. All calculations were performed using Gaussian 03W software package at the DFT level of theory (B3LYP hybrid functional) together with 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. Strong antioxidant properties of both investigated compounds were determined in this study. Based on the results it may be suggested that trans-p-coumaric and trans- sinapinic acids react according to the Hydrogen Atom Transfer mechanism in vacuum and according to Single- Electron Transfer followed by the Proton Transfer mechanism in water medium. Moreover, in both compounds studied the O-H bond is a preferred place of free radical attack.


We give two new randomized algorithms for strong renaming, both of which work against an adaptive adversary in asynchronous shared memory. The first uses repeated sampling over a sequence of arrays of decreasing size to assign unique names to each of n processes with step complexity O(log3 n). The second transforms any sorting network into a strong adaptive renaming protocol, with an expected cost equal to the depth of the sorting network. Using an AKS sorting network, this gives a strong adaptive renaming algorithm with step complexity O(log k), where k is the contention in the current execution. We show this to be optimal based on a classic lower bound of Jayanti. We also show that any such strong renaming protocol can be used to build a monotone-consistent counter with logarithmic step complexity (at the cost of adding a max register) or a linearizable fetch-and-increment register (at the cost of increasing the step complexity by a logarithmic factor).


It is considerably easier to say that modern philosophy began with Descartes than it is to define the modernity and philosophy to which Descartes gave rise. In "Lines of Thought", Claudia Brodsky Lacour describes the double origin of modern philosophy in Descartes's "Discours de la m thode" and "G om trie", works whose interrelation, she argues, reveals the specific nature of the modern in his thought. Her study examines the roles of discourse and writing in Cartesian method and intuition, and the significance of graphic architectonic form in the genealogy of modern philosophy. While Cartesianism has long served as a synonym for rationalism, the contents of Descartes's method and cogito have remained infamously resistant to rational analysis. Similarly, although modern phenomenological analyses descend from Descartes's notion of intuition, the 'things' Cartesian intuitions represent bear no resemblance to phenomena. By returning to what Descartes calls the construction of his 'foundation' in the Discours, Brodsky Lacour identifies the conceptual problems at the root of Descartes's literary and aesthetic theory as well as epistemology. If, for Descartes, linear extension and 'I' are the only 'things' we can know exist, the Cartesian subject of thought, she shows, derives first from the intersection of discourse and drawing, representation and matter. The crux of that intersection, Brodsky Lacour concludes, is and must be the cogito, Descartes's theoretical extension of thinking into material being. Describable in accordance with the "G om trie" as a freely constructed line of thought, the cogito, she argues, extends historically to link philosophy with theories of discursive representation and graphic delineation after Descartes. In conclusion, Brodsky Lacour analyzes such a link in the writings of Claude Perrault, the architectural theorist whose reflections on beauty helped shape the seventeenth-century dispute between 'the ancients and the moderns.' Part of a growing body of literary and interdisciplinary considerations of philosophical texts, "Lines of Thought" will appeal to theorists and historians of literature, architecture, art, and philosophy, and those concerned with the origin and identity of the modern.


Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been utilized in patients with brain metastases (BMs) for decades, but recent evidence has called into question the value of WBRT. As a result, clinicians are left wondering which, if any patients with BMs should receive WBRT. We believe that the answer can be found by revisiting the original rationale for WBRT and what trials have revealed about its benefits and limitations. In the realm of big data, we believe that WBRT will evolve to find its new place in contemporary cancer management.


Individual-level inertia exists if users stick to incumbent technologies even if better alternatives are available. Thus, inertial behavior fosters the continued use of current information systems rather than the adoption of new ones. Despite the growing research interest in inertia in recent years and its importance for users' post-adoption decisions, there is still no common ground or procedure to examine these psychological effects. Foremost, although there is strong theoretical proximity, inertia is still neglected in established continuance and switching models. To close this research gap and to provide a consolidated basis for future research, we integrate inertia into both UTAUT2 and the PPM framework and investigate their adequacy empirically. We find that PPM exhibits higher overall goodness-of-fit, while UTAUT2 is more appropriate for inertia integration concerning reliability criteria and explanatory power. We further derive recommendations on adapting UTAUT2 to continuance contexts and on conceptualizing inertia for different research approaches.


Channel adaptive M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) schemes have been developed to provide higher average link spectral efficiency by taking advantage of the timevarying nature of wireless fading channels. Much of the earlier work on such schemes uses the assumption that thresholds designed for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels can be directly applied to slowly varying block-fading channels. The thresholds are calculated with a commonly used approximation bit error rate (BER) expression in these schemes. The first aim of this paper was to investigate the accuracy of using this common BER expression in a fading channel. This was done by comparing the result of the average BER expression derived using the approximate expression with results of simulations over a Nakagami-m block-fading channel. The second aim was to show that the inaccuracy in the threshold values determined using the closed form approximation expression would lead to inappropriate operation of the adaptive M-QAM scheme in a fading channel. This was done by comparing expected theoretical values with the simulation results. Two alternative approximate BER expressions for M-QAM in AWGN were then presented and used to determine the average M-QAM of BER over a Nakagami-m fading channel. The comparison between the average BER expressions and the simulation showed a much closer match. More accurate thresholds for the adaptive M-QAM system were then determined using one of the two average BER expressions and the accuracy of these threshold points was then verified using simulation results.


The role of the significance of organisational culture has been historically difficult to define and apply to the school setting. This thesis is concerned with the factors that contribute to the modality (ie. the most typical way of being) of a school and the ways in which this interacts with the teaching and learning of Health Education in England. It draws on the works of Bernstein, Daniels and Vygotsky, where their ideas of power and control are mediated both through discourse and action at both the micro-level of the classroom and the macro-level of the school as an organisation. Their theories form the link between what happens at the level of pupil learning within the school and the outcomes of the pedagogy that is taught. The health aspects can be integrated with the above by combining Antonovsky's concepts of Salutogenesis and 'sense of coherence'. Four High Schools within one English LEA participated in the research in 2008. Collected data included interviews, observations and questionnaires from pupils and staff. The outcomes from the analyses considered how the schools operationalised Health Education as part of the Personal, Social, Health and Economic education programme. The research also considered the consequences and learning experiences for the pupils. A link has been found between the type of school modality and the status of Health Education that exists in each school post the 1988 Education Reform Act. The use of the ideas associated with Salutogenesis can be seen as a way towards instilling the notion that health is a valuable personal commodity that is needed throughout the life course. Schools are well placed to continue promoting positive health education and could introduce a 'Health Passport'. This would effectively encourage individuals to take responsibility for their attitude and behaviour towards their own health because it is a resource for everyday living. The correct modality conditions within a school will enable this idea to succeed.


The numerical computer models that simulate municipal solid waste (MSW) bioreactor landfills have mainly two components – a biodegradation process module and a multi-phase flow module. The biodegradation model describes the chemical and microbiological processes of solid waste biodegradation. The models available to date include predefined solid waste biodegradation reactions and participating species. In a bioreactor landfill several processes, such as anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation, nitrogen and sulfate cycling, precipitation and dissolution of metals, and adsorption and gasification of various anthropogenic organic compounds, occur simultaneously. These processes may involve reactions of several species and the available biochemical models for solid waste biodegradation do not provide users with the flexibility to selectively simulate these processes. This research work includes the development of a generalized biochemical process model, BIOKEMOD-3P, which can accommodate a large number of species and process reactions. This model is able to simulate bioreactor landfill processes in a completely mixed condition; when coupled with a multi-phase model it will be able to simulate a full-scale bioreactor landfill. This generalized biochemical model can simulate laboratory and pilot-scale operations which are important to determine biochemical parameters important for simulation of full-scale operations. To illustrate application of BIOKEMOD-3P, two sets of laboratory MSW bioreactors were simulated in this research work. The first demonstrated simulation of data from anaerobic biodegradation of MSW in experimental bioreactors. In another application, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes in iii MSW bioreactors were simulated. The results from these simulations generated information about various modeling parameters that would help implement these processes in a full-scale bioreactor landfill operation.


Why do countries find it so hard to get their budget deficits under control? Systematic patterns in the errors that official budget agencies make in their forecasts may play an important role. Although many observers have suggested that fiscal discipline can be restored via fiscal rules such as a legal cap on the budget deficit, forecasting bias can defeat such rules. The members of the eurozone are supposedly constrained by the fiscal caps of the Stability and Growth Pact. Yet ever since the birth of the euro in 1999, members have postponed painful adjustment by making overly optimistic forecasts of future growth and budget positions and arguing that the deficits will fall below the cap within a year or two. The new fiscal compact among the euro countries is supposed to make budget rules more binding by putting them into laws and constitutions at the national level. But what is the record with such national rules? Our econometric findings are summarized as follows: -Governments' budget forecasts are biased in the optimistic direction, especially among the Eurozone countries, especially when they have large contemporaneous budget deficits, and especially during booms. -Governments' real GDP forecasts are similarly over-optimistic during booms. -Despite the well-known tendency of eurozone members to exceed the 3% cap on budget deficits, often in consecutive years, they almost never forecast that they will violate the cap in the coming years. This is the source of the extra bias among eurozone forecasts. If euro area governments are not in violation of the 3% cap at the time forecasts are made, forecasts are no more biased than other countries. -Although euro members without national budget balance rules have a larger over-optimism bias than non-member countries, national fiscal rules help counteract the wishful thinking that seems to come with euro membership. The reason is that when governments are in violation of the 3% cap the national rules apparently constrain them from making such unrealistic forecasts. -Similarly, the existence of an independent fiscal institution producing budget forecasts at the national level reduces the over-optimism bias of forecasts made when the countries are in violation of the 3% cap.


On the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Commonwealth Attorney-General announced a national public consultation concerning the need for better human rights protection in Australia and the viability of a federal human rights charter. Whether or not the anticipated charter includes social, economic and cultural rights is directly relevant to questions of social justice in Australia. This paper argues that the legislative acknowledgment of civil and political rights alone will not adequately address the human rights problems that are experienced in Australia. The reluctance to include economic, social and cultural rights in human rights legislation stems from the historical construction of an artificial distinction between civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. This distinction was articulated and embedded in law with the translation of the UDHR into binding international law. It has been accepted and replicated in judicial consideration of the application of human rights legislation at the domestic level. The distinction between the two forms of rights underpins a general ambivalence about the capacity of human rights legislation to deliver social justice and echoes a critical tradition in legal philosophy that cautions against the reification of law. Coming into force early in the 21st century, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities illustrates the effort of the international community to recognise and eschew the burden of the false dichotomy between civil and political rights, on the one hand, and economic, social and cultural rights on the other. Acknowledging the indivisible, interdependent and indissociable nature of human rights in Australia is a crucial step toward achieving human rights-based social justice.


Restorative justice is developing organically within the criminal justice system and although initially considered most applicable to young offenders and with less serious offences, there is increasing evidence that it is with more serious offending that there is considerable impact and particularly with offences of violence. Restorative processes are considered in the context of increasing concern about violence in society and in prisons. The author's experience of governing prisons gives him a perspective about violence from within the setting in which the most violent and dangerous people in our society are held. David's story, which is part of the article, gives an illustration of how therapeutic work with people who have been violent can be done in a custodial setting where there is time to focus on the needs of all involved and affected by a violent crime.


Many of Homo sapiens' defining characteristics relate to our sociality—our advanced mind reading abilities; sophisticated languages; diverse cultural norms and practices that manifest as highly differentiated rituals and religions; and 'hyper-cooperative' tendencies. Thus, understanding the evolution of human sociality is indispensable for a complete understanding of humanity. One question that remains unanswered is how individual differences in social integration within the group affect biological fitness. I explore this question by studying BaYaka hunter-gatherers living in the rainforests of Northern Congo. For the vast majority of our species' history we lived as hunter-gatherers, hence such populations offer a valuable insight into human evolution. The overarching hypothesis presented is that cooperation is a fundamental means by which hunter-gatherers surmount the ecological challenges they face. Therefore, if certain individuals have superior access to cooperation from other group members, which I refer to as social capital, they are likely to achieve higher fitness. I use childcare practices as a case study to demonstrate how essential cooperation is for the BaYaka. Employing a novel method, using wireless sensing devices to track proximate interactions, I find mothers only account for ~25% of the proximate interactions of 0–4 year olds. The analyses also show that this form of cooperation in childcare is preferentially directed towards kin and reciprocal partners. I use economic gift games to measure social capital and confirm that it varies considerably between group members. Moreover, I find that it is associated with larger food sharing networks and higher body-mass index, indicating it enhances one's ability to buffer the food risk inherent with hunter-gatherer subsistence. Additionally, I show that social capital positively predicts polygynous marriage in men (whereas physical attributes do not), as well as age-specific fertility in women. Finally, I find some evidence for a heritable component of social capital, suggesting that the evolutionary advantages it confers may accrue over multiple generations. These results have important implications for our understanding of the processes underlying human social evolution. Additionally, they help to explain how fitness variance emerges in egalitarian hunter-gatherers, and why social integration is consistently linked with mental and physical health.


This memo focuses on the intricacies of Russia's policies towards Moldova in the aftermath of the electoral victory of the Alliance for European Integration (AEI). The defeat of the Communist Party of Moldova in the repeat parliamentary election of 2009 and the resignation of President Vladimir Voronin have deeply challenged Russia's position in this geographically small, yet politically very important, country. It has also made Moscow reshape its policies toward Chisinau.


Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior, which reflects a gain in knowledge, understanding, or practice. Conventional teaching has assumed that learning should involve determined concentration and frequent repetition. It is now known that this style of learning is not efficient because it causes unnecessary tension and it tends to involve just one half of the brain. So it is imperative to use new techniques of learning to digest large amount of knowledge within a short period of time without tension and boredom.

Superlearning is an easy and relaxed way to learn that speeds up learning two, five, ten or more times with the help of relaxation courses. This modern way of accelerated learning taps the reserves of the mind to release better mental abilities, super memory and powers, such as, photographic memory, power to control extreme pain, intuition or super performance. Some experts believe that 80 to 90 percent of our capabilities lie untouched. Superlearning mobilizes some of the 90 percent of the brain potential that is seldom used. It is learning without stress and tension. Superlearning gives us access to hypernesia-in common English, super memory.

The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of superleaning techniques for teaching science at elementary level. For this purpose class eight was selected to find out the effectiveness of superlearning techniques in comparison with the traditional teaching methods.

The research design involved two experimental group (N=62), which underwent the complete superlearning process, and a control group (N=53) that was taught through the traditional method. In order to measure the existing achievement level of experimental and control group, an objective type Student Achievement Test (SAT) was constructed and administered to both the groups. Material was developed for teaching science through superlearning and four teachers were provided training on superlearning techniques. One of them was selected to teach the experimental group on volunteer basis, the same test (SAT) was administered to both the groups to see the effects of intervention. To investigate the retention rate of the experimental and control group, the same test (SAT) was administered after a period of six months.

On the basis of the pre-test, the experimental and control groups were further subdivided into two groups, high achievers and low achievers on the basis of their relative mean scores (students having score more than their relative mean were considered as high achievers and rest of the students were place in low achievers groups). Mean score of control group on pre, post and retention test 10.18, 18.32 and 14.85 while that of experimental group was 9.95, 31.41 and 25.07 respectively.

The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the performance of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group both on post-test and retention-test.

The important findings to emerge in the investigation was superlearning appears to have the potential to enhance the academic achievement of the students in the context of the regular science teaching class.


We use rich, micro-level tax return data for the entire population of small and medium-sized German restaurants and find empirical evidence that these firms employ the misclassification of meal consumption type as a VAT evasion strategy. Using difference-in-differences as well as triple-difference-in-differences specifications, we find that a ceteris paribus increase in the standard VAT rate significantly increases the declared sales volume of take-away consumption (reduced rate) relative to on-site consumption (standard rate), even though gross prices are customarily identical for both consumption types.


One of the hallmarks of an emergency department (ED), compared with an urgent care, or a physician's office, is that patients are seen by the clinicians in order of acuity, not arrival. When there are plenty of caretakers and few patients, determining the order is less important; everyone gets seen quickly. But when there are more patients than there are staff, some form of prioritisation is needed to prevent a critically ill patient deteriorating in the waiting room. Thus, triage is a critical need when there are not enough clinicians to go around. And as our departments become more and more crowded, our waits longer, there appears to be a greater and greater need for triage.

At the same time, triage itself, or at least the way we are told to practise it, also soaks up resources. In most EDs where emergency medicine is practised, one form or another of a multilevel triage scale is used to sort patients into three, four or five categories. Usually, only experienced nurses are allowed to perform triage, but only after special training. However, despite their extensive experience, these nurses are then asked to follow an algorithm rather than utilising their clinical judgement. Moreover, we hand to triage tasks that could be done by others: in some cases a quick registration, taking observations which could be done by a technician, or handling complaints from waiting patients, which would be better solved by a security guard, or, better yet, a kindly volunteer offering a cup of tea. Moreover, the nurses are asked to sort to a degree that at …


On December 26, 1985, at a secluded cabin in upstate New York, Whitley Strieber went siding with his wife and son, ate Christmas dinner leftovers, and went to bed early. Six hours later, he found himself suddenly awake...and forever changed. Thus begins the most astonishing true-life odyssey ever recorded -- one man's riveting account of his extraordinary experiences with visitors from"elsewhere..". how they found him, where they took him, what they did to him and why... Believe it. Or don't believe it. But read it -- for this gripping story will move you like no other... will fascinate you, terrify you, and alter the way you experience your world.


The present study investigated the effect of bioturbation by the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus on the transport and environmental distribution of lead (Pb). Experiments used L. variegatus at densities of 0 ind./m2, 2093 ind./m2, and 8372 ind./m2, in freshwater microcosms with Pb‐spiked sediment. At the end of the 14‐d experiment, Pb levels in the water column, tissues of L. variegatus, and sediment were determined, and bioturbation was quantified using luminophores. The bioturbation by L. variegatus increased Pb transport from the sediment to the water column. However, it did not significantly affect Pb bioaccumulation by L. variegatus or Pb levels in the sediment. The biodiffusion coefficient (Db) was positively related to worm density, but did not differ between Pb‐spiked sediment and uncontaminated sediment. The latter finding suggests that Pb at the 100 μg/g concentration used in the present study did not affect L. variegatus bioturbation. The present study shows that bioturbation can enhance Pb transfer across the sediment–water interface and thus enhance Pb availability to organisms in the water column. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1123–1129. © 2015 SETAC


Adsorption of xyloglucan (XG) onto thin desulfated nanocrystalline cellulose (DNC) films was studied by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. These studies were compared to adsorption studies of XG onto thin sulfated nanocrystalline cellulose (SNC) films and regenerated cellulose (RC) films performed by others. Collectively, these studies show the accessible surface area is the key factor for the differences in surface concentrations observed for XG adsorbed onto the three cellulose surfaces. XG penetrated into the porous nanocrystalline cellulose films. In contrast, XG was confined to the surfaces of the smooth, non-porous RC films. Surprisingly surface charge and cellulose morphology played a limited role on XG adsorption. The effect of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on the adsorption of cellulase onto alkane thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold was also studied. Methyl (-CH3), hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) terminated SAMs were prepared. Adsorption of cellulase onto untreated and Tween 80-treated SAMs were monitored by SPR, QCM-D and AFM. The results indicated cellulase adsorption onto SAM-CH3 and SAM-COOH were driven by strong hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, however, hydrogen bonding between cellulase and SAM-OH was weak. Tween 80 effectively hindered the adsorption of cellulase onto hydrophobic SAM-CH3 substrates. In contrast, it had almost no effect on the adsorption of cellulase onto SAM-OH and SAM-COOH substrates because of its reversible adsorption on these substrates.


In addition to their security properties, adversarial machine-learning attacks and defenses have political dimensions. They enable or foreclose certain options for both the subjects of the machine learning systems and for those who deploy them, creating risks for civil liberties and human rights. In this paper, we draw on insights from science and technology studies, anthropology, and human rights literature, to inform how defenses against adversarial attacks can be used to suppress dissent and limit attempts to investigate machine learning systems. To make this concrete, we use real-world examples of how attacks such as perturbation, model inversion, or membership inference can be used for socially desirable ends. Although the predictions of this analysis may seem dire, there is hope. Efforts to address human rights concerns in the commercial spyware industry provide guidance for similar measures to ensure ML systems serve democratic, not authoritarian ends.


Inspired by the "Silver Surfer" cartoons and movies, we designed and developed a surfboard travel interface, which works in either tilt or balance mode. The system supports the comparison of isometric and elastic devices for rate-controlled and position-controlled travel in virtual environments. In this paper, we demonstrate the interface as well as the setup of a complete virtual reality system aimed to evaluate its usability in a future study. We also discuss the device-directed feature of this interface and some potential cognitive overload and confusion incurred by user as were observed in a public demonstration.


Anti-PM-Scl antibodies are associated with polymyositis-scleroderma overlap or either disease alone. Among sera from 39 patients with anti-PM-Scl, 23 recognized the 100-kD band in immunoblot against HeLa cell extract, 16 of which also stained the 70-kD band. A human thymocyte lambda gt11 cDNA expression library was screened with anti-PM-Scl serum, and two clones were identified whose products reacted with 33 and 37 of 39 anti-PM-Scl sera, respectively, but none of 26 negative control sera. Affinity-purified antibody reacting specifically with plaques of the clone stained the 100-kD band on immunoblot, reacted with nucleoli of HEp-2 cells, and immunoprecipitated the PM-Scl protein complex. Partial sequences of both inserts were identical. One insert was fully sequenced, and additional 5' and 3' sequence was obtained using a gene-specific primer to form a cDNA with HeLa cell RNA as template followed by PCR. The complete nucleotide sequence included 2,739-bp coding for a predicted full-length protein of 98,088 D. There was no homology with the PM-Scl 75-kD protein and no significant homology with other proteins. A mixed-charge cluster was identified, with 22 charged amino acids of 37. In conclusion, the full-length cDNA sequence was determined coding for the PM-Scl 100-kD protein, the most commonly antigenic protein of the PM-Scl complex.


Every day large quantities of spatio-temporal data are captured, whether by Web-based companies for social data mining or by other industries for a variety of applications ranging from disaster relief to marine data analysis. Making sense of all this data dramatically increases the need for intelligent backend systems to provide realtime query response times while scaling well (in terms of storage and performance) with increasing quantities of structured or semi-structured, multi-dimensional data. Currently, relational database solutions with spatial extensions such as PostGIS, seem to come to their limits. However, the use of graph database technology has been rising in popularity and has been found to handle graph-like spatio-temporal data much more effectively. Motivated by the need to effectively store multi-dimensional, interconnected data, this paper investigates whether or not graph database technology is better suited when compared to the extended relational approach. Three database technologies will be investigated using real world datasets namely: PostgreSQL, JanusGraph, and TigerGraph. The datasets used are the Yelp challenge dataset and an ambulance response simulation dataset, thus combining real world spatial data with realistic simulations offering more control over the dataset. Our extensive evaluation is based on how each database performs under practical data analysis scenarios similar to those found on enterprise level.


Atmospheric turbulences blur astronomical images taken by earth-based telescopes. Taking many short-time exposures in such a situation provides noisy images of the same object, where each noisy image has a different blur. Commonly astronomers apply a technique called "Lucky Imaging" that selects a few of the recorded frames that fulfill certain criteria, such as reaching a certain peak intensity ("Strehl ratio"). The selected frames are then averaged to obtain a better image. In this paper we introduce and analyze a new method that exploits all the frames and generates an improved image in an online fashion. Our initial experiments with controlled artificial data and real-world astronomical datasets yields promising results.


While the biological sciences cover a broad terrain of ideas and subjects, we who explore that terrain have always defined ourselves as biologists. We might include an adjective that clarifies the level at which we study (e.g., molecular biologist) or the methods with which we're most comfortable (e.g., mathematical biologist), but the noun has always been "biologist." Over the years, the number of adjectives has grown—we now have, among others, computational biologists, structural biologists, and systems biologists—and the definition of "biologist" has become ever broader, as has the range of background and expertise applied to research in biology. This dynamism and the progress it has catalyzed have inspired a new report from the National Research Council titled A New Biology for the 21st Century. As was noted in this space last November (http:// caliber.ucpress.net/doi/full/10.1525/bio.2009.59.10.1), the report calls for an increased effort to nurture collaborations among different types of scientists who study living systems, defining the "New Biology" as the "reintegration of the subdisciplines of biology and integration into biology of physicists, chemists, computer scientists, engineers, and mathematicians." The report will inspire a range of reactions among biologists. Some of us may be uneasy with the report's subtle urging of biology to become more like engineering. And some of us may roll our eyes, because the New Biology is already upon us in so many arenas, from collaborations at the various synthesis centers to the range of author expertise in a typical journal issue. But we should set any such reservations aside and embrace this report. For one reason, the report supports the reintegration of our subdisciplines; if we believe in the noun, "biologist," we surely believe that integration of our adjectival knowledge is important. For another reason, to advance the New Biology, the report urges a set of life-science research missions that is catholic in its breadth and vital in its importance to society. We surely want to support a clarion call for a substantially increased investment in fundamental life science and its applications. The report does test our sense of identity, because in the New Biology, almost anyone can be a biologist. This calls us to focus on what that noun means. In particular, it asks us to balance the noun and our many adjectives. In practical terms, the challenge in both research and training is balancing depth in a specialty—how much emphasis to give the adjective—against breadth of understanding—how solid to make the noun. This challenge is not really new, and AIBS has long been immersed in helping biologists answer it (witness its pioneering role in helping to develop the National Ecological Observatory Network—a massive research and educational effort that exemplifies the New Biology). AIBS, through its member societies, includes a very wide range of biologists and is the organization best suited to help advance the New Biology. During this year, I hope to bolster this effort, keeping more focus on the noun and less on this "newest" adjective. After all, when it comes to a passion for studying living systems, we are all biologists.


Although a large number of publications dealing with Tesla transformers have appeared, many of these are confined to providing an analysis of the transformer performance based on a lumped equivalent circuit model. The present paper is concerned with more practical issues and begins by considering the often overlooked significance of the magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary windings for the range of potential applications of these transformers. It continues by discussing the benefits of using a solid-state primary switch and providing an insight into various other additions that may be made to the basic circuit.


AIM
Insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), are among the mechanisms that have been implicated in pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH). Peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are primed in EH patients, releasing uncontrolled superoxide anion contributing to OS in these patients. PMNL priming correlates with insulin resistance and with PMNL intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Recent studies have attributed to the anti-hypertensive drug lercanidipine, a third generation calcium-channel blocker, and additional anti-ischemic and anti-oxidative characteristics. Aim of the study was to evaluate the possible non-traditional effect of two months of lercanidipine treatment on insulin resistance and on PMNL-related inflammation in EH patients.

METHODS
Non-smoking EH patients with untreated mild to moderate high blood pressure (BP) were included. Low-graded inflammation was reflected by WBC and PMNL counts and by PMNL apoptosis. Systemic inflammation was measured by plasma fibrinogen, CRP and albumin levels. Fasting serum insulin levels served as a marker of insulin resistance.

RESULTS
Two months of lercanidipine treatment showed significant decrease in BP, in WBC and PMNL counts, in PMNL apoptosis, in CRP and serum insulin levels and significant increase in serum albumin levels. Rates of superoxide release from PMNLs, WBC and PMNL counts and insulin levels positively correlated with mean arterial blood pressure values.

CONCLUSION
We imply that use of this CCB lercanidipine can be favored in EH patients due to its combined anti-PMNL priming and anti-inflammatory effects, in addition to its anti-hypertensive characteristics.


Over the last three decades, the Supreme Court has established complex procedural safeguards in an effort to reduce the arbitrariness of the death penalty. Despite the Court's considerable efforts however, capital punishment is still imposed in an arbitrary fashion. One reason for the continued arbitrariness is that the Court's efforts have focused almost exclusively on the guilt and sentencing phases of capital trials, while imposing few barriers limiting which capital cases are input into the criminal justice system in the first place. Because there are few legal constraints on the sheer number of cases in which prosecutors can pursue the death penalty, the Government is not under sufficient pressure to choose its capital cases carefully. As a result, the death penalty is sought and meted out in some cases, which though terrible, are no worse than the thousands of other murder cases in which prosecutors pursue only life imprisonment. Moreover, because prosecutors in certain jurisdictions file too many capital cases, the criminal justice system lacks the resources to focus sufficient attention on each one. This paper argues that the Court would be better served by imposing a cap on the number of death-penalty prosecutions each jurisdiction can bring in a given year. The cap would be based on the number of murders in a given jurisdiction and the national average of death-penalty prosecutions each year. Such a cap would bring outlying jurisdictions into the mainstream, rather than allowing those counties to seek the ultimate punishment in an excessive number of cases. This paper argues that a cap on death-penalty prosecutions would be more likely to reduce the arbitrariness of capital punishment and would be no more activist than the Court's current death-penalty jurisprudence.


A study was carried out to investigate the chromosome constitution of 3 subspecies of
elephants from cultured lymphocytes; karyotypes were constructed according to
standard procedure. Lymphocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented
with a mitogen (phytohemagglutinin-PHA or pokeweed-PWM), penicillin- streptomycin
and bovine calf serum. The karyotype showed that the Asian elephant has a diploid
number (2n) of 56 and fundamental number (NF) of 66 in both male and female. The
autosomes comprised 6 pairs of submetacentric, 10 pairs of large acrocentric and the
remaining 11 pairs are characterized as small acrocentric. On the other hand, the sex
chromosomes consisted of the largest submetacentric X chromosome while the Y
chromosome is a small acrocentric.G-, C- and NORs bandings were carried out to assist the conventional banding. Gbanded
karyotypes of the three subspecies were identical as well as for the C- banded
karyotypes. NORs banding revealed active nucleolar organizer regions chromosomes 2,
4, 13 and 17. These results were the first banded karyotypes established for the Asian
elephants.
Investigations of DNA polymorphisms using RAPD technique provided identical
information between the three subspecies. Blood samples from three subspecies of the
Asian elephants were employed in the study. Based on band sharing frequency value of
pair-wise comparison within subspecies, the genetic relationship between Malayan and
Indian elephants was determined to be low and likewise between the Indian and
Myanmar elephants. Interestingly, the band sharing frequency value between Malayan
elephant and Myanmar elephant are genetically closely similar to the Malayan elephants
compared with the Indian elephants. With regards to the similarities in chromosome
morphology as well as at the DNA level, they are able to breed amongst themselves
without any complication related to parental chromosomal incompatibility.


Meiofauna from 20 stations (ranging between 8 and 550 m) in the Magellan Straits and the Beagle Channel revealed 28 small sized taxa of higher categories including the temporary meiofauna. Nematoda, Copepoda Harpacticoidea and Polychaeta occurred in all samples; Turbellaria, Bivalvia, Kinorhyncha and Ostracoda were regularly present. Nematodes represented between 68% and 94% of the meiofauna at each station, followed by the copepods (2.3% to 14.5%) and polychaetes (1.1% to 11.5%). Maximal total density, 9700 individuals 10 cm -2 , was found in the surroundings of Picton Island, while the mean abundance per station was 3374 individuals 10 cm-2. The vertical pattern within the sediment showed that 87% of meiofauna components concentrated in the upper 0-5 cm sediment layers and 13% in the lower ( > 5cm) layers. More than 95% of copepods, as well as the temporary meiofauna occurred in the top 5 cm layers. The proportion of nematodes and copepods shows opposite trends in the vertical distribution. Multivariate analysis using the total density and the 10 `true´ meiofauna taxa densities discriminates between communities in the Straits of Magellan and the Beagle Channel area. Meiofaunal density was much higher in the Beagle Channel, but the diversity was lower than that in the Straits of Magellan. The Southern Magellan meiofauna communities are compared with those found at the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Weddell Sea (high Antarctic). It is considered that hydrodynamic features (tidal currents with strong winds), geographical characteristics, together with sediment composition are the key parameters structuring the meiofauna community in the Straits of Magellan and in the Beagle Channel.


Background: With increasing resource scarcity in specialized mental healthcare, collaborative care models have been advanced in order to strengthen primary mental healthcare. The consultation-liaison model was introduced in conjunction with sweeping reform of the Quebec (Canada) healthcare system. Respondent-psychiatrists were hired to provide consultation and support to both general practitioners (GP) working in medical clinics and primary care MH teams. This study evaluates the impact of respondent-psychiatrists on the capacity of GPs and primary care teams to diagnose and treat MH disorders, and identifies barriers and facilitators to their deployment within the consultation-liaison model.
Methods: Eleven local networks provided the setting. Data collection included structured questionnaires completed by 29 respondent-psychiatrists and 33 managers, and semi-structured interviews with 102 network stakeholders. Mixed methods were employed, triangulating data from questionnaires, interviews and network-related documents.
Results: Respondent-psychiatrists collaborated more effectively with MH primary care teams than with GPs. Barriers to implementation of respondent-psychiatrists were identified, including poor comprehension of the model, inadequate provincial coordination, resistance from psychiatrists and GPs, lack of financial incentives for GPs, little knowledge of GP and patient needs in primary care, and physical distance between GPs and respondent-psychiatrists.
Conclusion: Although respondent-psychiatrists positively impacted MH primary care teams, the consultation-liaison model as implemented did not fully meet needs among GPs who treat most MH problems. Implementation called for better model indicators and provincial-level coordination. A more comprehensive model of collaborative care including integrated MH teams and psychosocial care managers might optimize the use of GPs in primary mental healthcare.


A simple matrix transformation linking the resultant matrices of Sylvester and Bezout is derived. This transformation matrix is then applied to generate an explicit formula for each entry of the Bezout resultant, and this entry formula is used, in turn, to construct an eecient recursive algorithm for computing all the entries of the Bezout matrix. Hybrid resultant matrices consisting of some columns from the Sylvester matrix and some columns from the Bezout matrix provide natural transitions from the Sylvester to the Bezout resultant, and allow as well the Bezout construction to be generalized to two polynomials of diierent degrees. Such hybrid resultants are derived here, employing again the transformation matrix from the Sylvester to the Bezout resultant.


The Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are important regulators of a variety of cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization, cell-cell contact, and cell-matrix adhesion. Activation of Src family kinases also can induce DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation; therefore, tight regulation of their kinase activities is important for the cell to maintain proliferative control. Posttranslational phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are recognized as the principle modifications by which the activities of the Src family of tyrosine kinases are regulated. We have discovered that this family of kinases also is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Studies aimed at the identification of cellular targets for E6AP, an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase involved in ubquitin-mediated degradation, led us to the identification of members of the Src family kinases as potential substrates for E6AP. We have found that E6AP can bind to several of the Src family tyrosine kinases. Here we show that activated Blk is preferentially degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and that its ubiquitination is mediated by E6AP. Identification of members of the Src tyrosine kinase family as substrates of the E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase implicates a role for the ubiquitin pathway in regulating the activities of individual members of this important family of signaling molecules.


This study analysed factors that influence household choice of adaptation strategies and examined the contribution of such strategies on crop production and household food security. The study collected data from 283 randomly selected households from 26 Villages of Chikhwawa district using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results show that irrigation farming, income-generating activities, crop diversification and shifting planting dates are some of the adaptation strategies in the study area. Empirical results from a Multinomial Probit Model indicate that flood, droughts, gender and education are important factors on influencing household choice of adaptation strategies. Climatic information, input markets and credit accessibility deterred households from adapting to climatic and weather variability. Based on the Normalized Translog Production and Tobit Models' results, irrigation farming increased crop production and household food security by 80% and 21% in the study area, respectively. On the other hand, shifting planting dates reduce crop production and household food security by 50% and 9% in the study area, respectively. The study concludes that adaptation strategies have significant contribution on crop production and household food security in the study area. The study therefore advocates that projects should mainstream barriers and choice of adaptation strategies in the farming system.


Maximum entropy discrimination (MED) is a general framework for discriminative estimation based on the well known maximum entropy principle, which embodies the Bayesian integration of prior information with large margin constraints on observations. It is a successful combination of maximum entropy learning and maximum margin learning, and can subsume support vector machines (SVMs) as a special case. In this paper, we present a multi-view maximum entropy discrimination framework that is an extension of MED to the scenario of learning with multiple feature sets. Different from existing approaches to exploiting multiple views, such as co-training style algorithms and co-regularization style algorithms, we propose a new method to make use of the distinct views where classification margins from these views are required to be identical. We give the general form of the solution to the multi-view maximum entropy discrimination, and provide an instantiation under a specific prior formulation which is analogical to a multi-view version of SVMs. Experimental results on real-world data sets show the effectiveness of the proposed multi-view maximum entropy discrimination approach.


Many private and public institutions depend on reasoned discourse to reach decisions. Before collective action, before voting, tends to come reasoned discourse, at least in aspiration. Reformers commonly call for increases in the transparency of collective decision-making, lobbying for instance for the Supreme Court to televise proceedings. Here, we examine reasoned discourse in one important public body, the U.S. Senate, and study how increasing transparency through the introduction of C-SPAN changed legislative discourse. We find that the introduction of C-SPAN encouraged member discourse to herd with co-partisans and to anti-herd with cross-partisans; it also appears to have led to the restructuring of Senate time to facilitate performative speech. Suggesting the information problems and career incentives at play, these herding and anti-herding effects seem strongest for those closest to an election and for those with less sophisticated constituencies.


A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases is a handy reference for all kinds of writing, as well as an absorbing collection of phrases, mottoes, proverbs and sayings. This new dictionary offers a fresh look at a language which has retained its influence and colour. Thematic index A comprehensive index will take you to all the words and phrases relating to a particular subject, covering everything from ambition, beauty, and courage to war and wisdom. More than just words and phrases Along with clear translations and pronunciation guidance, sources from literature and history are annotated with fascinating descriptions and explanations that place the phrases in context. Mottoes of countries and famous people and institutions The American dollar, Henry VIII, Oxford University and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer are just a few of the inspiring and sometimes ironic mottoes. Proverbs Familiar and amusing proverbs are included and easily found in a separate index. Includes literary examples An A-Z listing of all Latin authors cited includes outlines of their lives and works.


Supporting and investing in the integration of immigrants and their children is critically important to US society. Successful integration contributes to the nation's economic vitality, its civic and political health, and its cultural diversity. But although the United States has a good track record on immigrant integration, outcomes could be better. A national, coherent immigrant integration policy infrastructure is needed. This infrastructure can build on long-standing partnerships between civil society and US public institutions. Such partnerships, advanced under Republican- and Democratic-led administrations, were initially established to facilitate European immigrants' integration in large American cities, and later extended to help refugees fleeing religious persecution and war. In the twenty-first century, we must expand this foundation by drawing on the growing activism by cities and states, new civil society initiatives, and public-private partnerships that span the country. A robust national integration policy infrastructure must be vertically integrated to include different levels of government and horizontally applied across public and private sector actors and different types of immigrant destinations. The resultant policy should leverage public-private partnerships, drawing on the energy, ideas, and work of community-based nonprofit organizations as well as the leadership and support of philanthropy, business, education, faith-based, and other institutions. A new coordinating office to facilitate interagency cooperation is needed in the executive branch; the mandate and programs of the Office of Refugee Resettlement need to be secured and where possible expanded; the outreach and coordinating role of the Office of Citizenship needs to be extended, including through a more robust grant program to community-based organizations; and Congress needs to develop legislation and appropriate funding for a comprehensive integration policy addressed to all, and not just humanitarian immigrants. The federal investments in immigrant and refugee integration we propose are a big ask for any administration; they seem especially unlikely under the Trump administration, whose efforts focus on enforcement and border control, targeting undocumented and legal immigrants alike. Yet immigrant integration is not and should not be a partisan issue. Federal politicians across the political spectrum need to realize, as many local officials and a large segment of the public already do, that successful immigrant integration is a win-win for everybody. When immigrants have more opportunities to learn English, to improve their schooling and professional training, to start businesses, and to access citizenship, we all benefit. A majority of the American public supports immigrant integration, from proposals for learning English to a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Local and state governments are setting up initiatives to promote integration. If the federal government will not act, cities, states, and civil society organizations must continue to work together to build an integration infrastructure from the bottom up.


Background . The use of computer interpretations of electrocardiograms (ECGs) as an aid to physician interpretations is widespread. Computer misinterpretations are common and negatively affect physician interpretations. Objective . To measure the effect of computer ECG misinterpretations on clinical decision making. Design . Quasi-randomized trial. Setting . Resident teaching conferences. Participants . Included 105 internal and emergency medicine residents. Intervention . After a brief case presentation, residents were asked to interpret an ECG and choose appropriate management. Residents chose from a concealed stack of handouts; some contained an erroneous computer interpretation of the ECG (citing acute ischemia), and some contained no computer interpretation. Measurements . ECG interpretations and management decisions by residents whose ECG did or did not include an erroneous computer interpretation were compared using chi-square tests. Results . The presence or absence of erroneous computer interpretations of ischemia did not significantly affect residents' ECG interpretations (P=0.62). However, the residents whose ECGs included erroneous computer interpretations were more likely to recommend revascularization than the residents without (30% v. 10%, P= 0.01). Of those residents who read the ECG as diagnostic of ischemia, those with the erroneous computer interpretation were more likely to recommend revascularization than those without (54% v. 25%, P=0.048). Limitations . A single ECG was used. Conclusions . Erroneous computer interpretations of ECGs affected residents' clinical decision making in the absence of an effect on the actual interpretation of the ECG. Measuring the impact of computer misinterpretations by examining only physician interpretations will underestimate the effect of computer misinterpretations on clinical decision making.


Sexually mature male orangutans live in home ranges that are 3–5 times that of adult females and show very high overlap. Encounters among flanged males, while rare, are invariably antagonistic and may lead to injury or death. Their dominance relations are not always transitive, however, producing non-linear hierarchies, probably because they usually meet one on one. Flanged males in consortship with a receptive female frequently chase unflanged males trailing them, but never catch them, so that unflanged males often remain associated with the consort pair. Unflanged males are more tolerant among each other, although attacks also occur. The response of flanged males to long calls they hear depends on their dominance position: the dominant male approaches them, whereas the other males tend to avoid them. There is no conclusive information on the reaction of unflanged males. Data from Sumatra suggest that dominant flanged males and the males challenging them for local dominance were most commonly present in a given study area, suggesting that non-dominant males roamed more widely in search of uncontested access to females.


Recent progresses in miniaturization of sensors and actuators have yielded to the first attempt to create an mm3 -sized autonomous robot with sensing capabilities called I-SWARM. The robot is conceived to interact with other I-SWARM robots in order to create a robotic swarm. It is provided with a locomotion unit, an infrared communication system, a contact sensor, solar cells for powering, and a system on chip (SoC) that acts as the brain of the robot. All these components are mounted over a flexible printed circuit board, being I-SWARM a real system in package (SiP). The SoC communicates with other I-SWARMs, sense its environment, processes data and takes decisions, as for example moving, with less than 1.5 mW. Different electronic circuits (power electronics, buffers, ADCs, DACs, control units, analog transducers, and even an oscillator) have been embedded in the SoC due to the limited area, less than 3 × 3 mm2. The SoC is reprogrammable optically in order to change the behavior of the microrobot.


Primary external auditory canal (EAC) malignancies are very rare with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) representing approximately 5% of these tumors. The majority of these patients present with constant ear pain of prolonged duration, hearing loss and a mass in the external ear canal. The treatment is surgical resection and postoperative radiation therapy. However, the overall prognosis is poor due to recurrences and distant metastasis. In this article, we report a case of ACC of the EAC with a review of the literature. J Med Cases. 2016;7(12):536-538 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2689w


In performance display advertising, bidders compete on behalf of advertisers for ad impressions, that is, the opportunity to display relevant ads on a publisher website. We consider bidding on behalf of online retailers who buy ad impressions hoping to realize value only from purchases attributed from clicks. The bidder has a two stage problem. In the first stage, the bidder has to select a small subset from a large selection of ads, with the selected ads most likely to lead to purchases. In the second stage, the bidder has to estimate the purchase probability of the selected ads, which can then be used to create bid values. The challenge in the first stage is that a model optimized for purchases also needs to be (near) optimal for clicks, due to the click attribution constraint. The challenge in the second stage is that true probability of purchases is extremely small, and is difficult to accurately model. We propose a ranking model, followed by a calibration method, to sequentially address the two stage problem. We describe how ordinal ranking is a natural fit for the ad selection problem and how to learn a single model by optimizing for purchases, while being (near) optimal for clicks. We then propose a calibration method, which comprises of a novel non-uniform binning technique for empirical probability estimation, in conjunction with calibration functions such as isotonic and polynomial regression and Platt scaling. We provide empirical results on logged events from a major ad network, that demonstrate the superiority of ordinal model over binary classifiers for ranking ads and the superiority of our proposed calibration technique over traditional uniform binning based calibration technique.


This paper explores artefact generativity as a novel conceptual frame to inform information system (IS) artefact design beyond designing for artefact utility at the time of an artefact's introduction or implementation. The paper draws on three recently developed generativity conceptualizations and applies the findings to IS artefact design. Artefact generativity captures the notions that 1) sustained artefact utility may require potentially continuous artefact changes over its lifetime, 2) (re-)designers need to enact these changes within a design system, and 3) continuous artefact use may lead to further generative transformations in the artefact's social and technical environment. IS design science researchers can draw on this paper's findings to inform future artefact design decisions that address these three notions by drawing on the established and growing foundations of IS and social science theories that underlie the established generativity perspectives.


"Internal communications have advanced a long way from the management-sponsored house journals of yesteryear to well-organized systems of internal communication." (Baines, Egan and Jefkins, 2004, p. 312) .
Over the years the role of the internal communications practitioner has changed considerably. Rather than controlling and directing employees through providing information, today's practitioners need to focus on involving and engaging employees and help employees to be flexible and deal with constant change and innovation effectively (Keenan and Hazelton, 2006).
The focus has moved from journalistic skills, emphasising expertise in writing and editing, drafting messages (Tench and Yeomans, 2006) and ensuring that communication channels are open (Tourish and Hargie, 1998). Today's practitioners concentrate on engaging employees, involving them in business improvement (Tench and Yeomans, 2006), stimulating thinking, creating opportunities to participate, networking of know-how, provoking ideas generation and developing employees' sense of what is achievable (Tourish and Hargie, 1998).
This paper seeks to identify, through literature review, the role of the internal communications practitioner presented in contemporary public relations, internal communication and employee communications texts. The key competency themes isolated are: understanding people in organisations; strategic focus; planning and process management; change management; coaching and consultation; communications through technology; tactical skills; management competencies; sectoral knowledge and professional knowledge.
To discover the extent to which these themes are reflected in the competencies demanded of internal communication practitioners today a content analysis of job advertisements was undertaken. Advertisements appearing between January 2007 and March 2008 in the UK's PR Week, and between March and May 2008 on the UK Jobshop page of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations website, were studied.
This paper concludes that senior internal communication personnel are indeed required to have strategic focus alongside tactical skills and that in particular their ability to work effectively with senior management, integrate their work with that of other functions, deal effectively with ambiguity, network and build relationships are valued. At a non-managerial level tactical skills remain key and practitioners need to be able to use technology for communication. Research skills and the ability to deal with people at all levels are also valued. Across all roles reference is made to competency in change management, understanding people in organisations and providing coaching and consultancy.
The paper concludes that, although today's internal communication practitioner roles are broader and more strategic than literature suggests was previously the case (Baines, Egan and Jefkins, 2004), the requirement for expertise in tactical skills, now including use of technology for communication, remains.


The efficacy of a newly developed gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC-NICI-MS-SIM) assay for measuring globin adducts of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and chrysene diol epoxides in human was evaluated. In this pilot study, smokers and nonsmokers were selected as exposed and nonexposed groups. Using [2H12]r-7,t-8,9,c-10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyren e ([2H12]trans,anti-B[a]P-tetraol) as an internal standard, B[a]P-tetraols released from globin after hydrolysis and derivatization were quantified by GC-NICI-MS-SIM. Levels of trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene (chrysene-DE)-globin adducts were estimated by assuming that the recovery and the MS response of the perdeuterated B[a]P-tetraol internal standard reflected the recovery and MS response of chrysene tetraols. The assay was found to be reproducible and sensitive enough to detect both analytes in all samples. The mean levels of B[a]P-tetraols released from the corresponding benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) globin adducts in smokers were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers, i.e., 2.6 +/- 0.6 SE fmol/mg globin (ranging from 1.2 to 7.8 fmol/mg globin) in smokers and 0.97 +/- 0.05 SE fmol/mg globin (ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 fmol/mg globin) in nonsmokers (P < 0.01). Interestingly, estimated levels of chrysene-DE-globin adducts in the same subjects were about two orders of magnitude higher than those of the globin adducts of BPDE. The mean of the chrysene-DE adducts in smokers was estimated to be 310 +/- 30 SE fmol/mg globin (ranging from 190 to 460 fmol/mg globin) and that in nonsmokers was 250 +/- 25 SE fmol/mg globin (ranging from 110 to 380 fmol/mg). Although the estimated mean of chrysene-DE adducts with globin in smokers appeared to be about 25% higher than in nonsmokers, the difference was not significant (P = 0.06). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the GC-NICI-MS-SIM method for measurement of BPDE globin adducts in humans.


Both regular and special educators are continually involved in the process of change to better meet the needs of a range of learners. Effective leadership to facilitate and support the process of growth and development is a necessary component of teacher growth. Through this project a small group of special and regular classroom teachers met to develop personal growth goals in the area of special education and to work together to assist each other in meeting their individual goals related to special education. This opportunity allowed participants to share their findings and frustrations and, in a collegial fashion, support each other in the process of change. The goal of the writer was to develop her own leadership skills and abilities in facilitating teachers' individual growth and development in the area of special education. Through ongoing reflection group members continually revisited their individual goals and grew through the process of shared reflection. Through the sharing of ideas each group member was able to incorporate their individual understandings into their own classroom experience. The overall goal was to cause teachers to reflect on and modify their teaching practises. Through this process each member shared their stories and reflections and grew as educators. The process of shared reflection encouraged each member to look deeper at what they were doing as educators of students with special needs and further develop the learning opportunities they offered their students. Through this qualitative research project the writer attempts to share some of the stories, experiences and understandings that demonstrate that growth and development occurred during the course of the project.


Despite the proliferation of poverty studies, poverty in Brunei Darussalam (hereafter, Brunei) is under-researched. What poverty means in Brunei is, therefore, little understood, and there is a local belief that poverty in the country is unique and relative. Moreover, the terms 'poverty' (kemiskinan) and 'poor' (miskin) are somewhat sensitive in Brunei, but the reason(s) for this sentiment and preferred terms are not known. This study examines the language and meaning of poverty in Brunei. It also sheds light on the local belief about poverty within the country. The study used an exploratory research methodology and data were collected from poor and non-poor households and key informants. Results show that Bruneians use different terms to refer to poverty or poor people, but preferred terms are 'living in need', 'difficult life' and 'needy people'. Bruneians avoid the terms 'poverty' and 'poor' because they can erode one's self-confidence or self-esteem. Poverty in Brunei is construed in different ways, but it is mostly perceived as relative, and its nature is not unique.


A (layered) broadcast approach is studied for the fading wiretap channel without the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. Two broadcast schemes, based on superposition coding and embedded coding, respectively, are developed to encode information into a number of layers and use stochastic encoding to keep the corresponding information secret from an eavesdropper. The layers that can be successfully and securely transmitted are determined by the channel states to the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. The advantage of these broadcast approaches is that the transmitter does not need to know the CSI to the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper, but the scheme still adapts to the channel states of the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Three scenarios of block fading wiretap channels with stringent delay constraints are studied, in which either the legitimate receiver's channel, the eavesdropper's channel, or both channels are fading. For each scenario, the secrecy rate that can be achieved via the broadcast approach developed in this paper is derived, and the optimal power allocation over the layers (or the conditions on the optimal power allocation) is also characterized. A notion of probabilistic secrecy, which characterizes the probability that a certain secrecy rate of decoded messages is achieved during one block, is also introduced and studied for scenarios when the eavesdropper's channel is fading. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the impact of the CSI at the transmitter and the channel fluctuations of the eavesdropper on the average secrecy rate. These examples also demonstrate the advantage of the proposed broadcast approach over the compound channel approach.


This paper employs the dual approach to trace the impact of public policy instruments upon the operational and financial performance of U.S. dairy cooperatives. A restricted profit function is applied to the Operations and Finance Statements for years 1980-1988 of thirty major dairy cooperatives. The data set for this study is provided by the Agricultural Cooperatives Service, USDA. A specification search such as described in Mountain and Hsaio (1989) is conducted to ensure the most appropriate fit for the data provided. From the estimated parameters, output supply and factor demand elasticities will be obtained by way of well-known functional relationships. From these elasticities, the short-run effect of any change in Federal Marketing Order prices upon cooperative revenues may be calculated in a straightforward manner. By retracing the price effects of Federal Order policy changes in a stepwise manner, the impact on cooperative operations and revenues of these changes is approximated.


Self-harm registers (SHRs) are an essential means of monitoring rates of self-harm and evaluating preventative interventions, but few SHRs exist in countries with the highest burden of suicides and self-harm. Current international guidance on establishing SHRs recommends data collection from emergency departments, but this does not adequately consider differences in the provision of emergency care globally. We aim to demonstrate that process mapping can be used prior to the implementation of an SHR to understand differing hospital systems. This information can be used to determine the method by which patients meeting the SHR inclusion criteria can be most reliably identified, and how to mitigate hospital processes that may introduce selection bias into these data. We illustrate this by sharing in detail the experiences from a government hospital and non-profit hospital in south India. We followed a five-phase process mapping approach developed for healthcare settings during 2019–2020. Emergency care provided in the government hospital was accessed through casualty department triage. The non-profit hospital had an emergency department. Both hospitals had open access outpatient departments. SHR inclusion criteria overlapped with conditions requiring Indian medicolegal registration. Medicolegal registers are the most likely single point to record patients meeting the SHR inclusion criteria from multiple emergency care areas in India (e.g., emergency department/casualty, outpatients, other hospital areas), but should be cross-checked against registers of presentations to the emergency department/casualty to capture less-sick patients and misclassified cases. Process mapping is an easily reproducible method that can be used prior to the implementation of an SHR to understand differing hospital systems. This information is pivotal to choosing which hospital record systems should be used for identifying patients and to proactively reduce bias in SHR data. The method is equally applicable in low-, middle- and high-income countries.


When a single layer graphene is epitaxially grown on silicon carbide, it will exhibit a finite energy gap like a conventional semiconductor, and its energy dispersion is no longer linear in momentum in the low energy regime. In this paper, we have investigated the tunneling characteristics through a two-dimensional barrier in a single layer graphene with an energy gap. It is found that when the electron is at a zero angle of incidence, the transmission probability as a function of incidence energy has a gap. Away from the gap the transmission coefficient oscillates with incidence energy which is analogous to that of a conventional semiconductor. The conductance under zero temperature has a gap. The properties of electron transmission may be useful for developing graphene-based nano-electronics.


Background: Running is one of the most popular branches of athletics. Running has several physiological benefits, such as a higher maximal oxygen consumption, increased muscle mass and reduced blood pressure. There have been plenty of discussions about what the most efficient running technique might be, should you use a short step length and a high step frequency or vice versa. It is generally known that you can increase your running speed by increasing your step frequency or your step length, and also both. However, maximal speed is achieved by increasing your step frequency rather than your step length. For endurance runners it is important to have a good running economy, because runners with a good running economy use less energy while running, and therefore require less oxygen than a runner with poor running economy. Previous research have not found any correlations between the length of the leg with step frequency or step length. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine whether there are any significant correlations between the length of the leg in relation to the step frequency or the step length while running in different speeds. Method: 15 trained males participated in this correlation study. All participants' leg length were measured with a measuring tape. Three running trials, with the speeds of 12, 16 and 20 km/h were performed on a treadmill during 1 minute each. Between each trial the participants rested for 3 minutes. The trials were recorded with a video camera, and the participants individual step frequency, step length and heel or fore foot strike were collected. Persons coefficient of correlation test was used to analyze if there were any significant correlations between the length of the leg with step frequency and step length. Also a paired samples T test was performed to see if there was a significant increase between step frequency and step length with the speeds. Result: There were no significant correlations (p>0,05) found between the length of the leg and the step frequency or the length of the leg and step length in any of the different speeds. The paired samples t-test showed a significant (p<0,001) increase in step frequency and step length with the different speeds. Conclusion: In conclusion, according to the present study, there were no significant correlations found between the length of the leg with step frequency or step length, which is in consensus with previous research. Therefore, it is not advisable to predict an individual's step length based on their leg length. There are various factors involved in determining a person's step length and step frequency, and this study showed that running speed is one important factor. This information may be useful for runners and their coaches to apply, so they avoid making interventions involving alternations in the runners step length based on their body dimensions, such as leg length.


This qualitative research study explores how teachers who write social justicefocused curriculum support resources conceptualize curriculum and social justice. Curriculum used in schools reflects underlying assumptions and choices about what knowledge is valuable. Class-based, cultural, racial, and religious stereotypes are reinforced in schooling contexts. Are the resources teachers create, select, and use to promote social justice reproducing and reinforcing forms of oppression? Why do teachers pursue social justice through curriculum writing? What are their hopes for this work? Exploring how Teachers' beliefs and values influence cy.rriculum writing engages the teachers writing and using curriculum support resources in critical reflective thought about their experiences and efforts to promote social justice. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with four teacher-curriculum writers from Ontario schools. In theorizing my experiences as a teacher-curriculum writer, I reversed roles and participated in individual interviews. I employed a critical feminist lens to analyze the qualitati ve data. The participants' identities influenced how they understand social justice and write curriculum. Their understandings of injustices, either personal or gathered through students, family members, or other teachers, influenced their curriculum writing . .. The teacher-curriculum writers in the study believed all teachers need critical understandings of curriculum and social justice. The participants made a case for representation from historically disadvantaged and underrepresented groups on curriculum writing teams. In an optimistic conclusion, the possibility of a considerate curriculum is proposed as a way to engage the public in working with teachers for social justice.