Bradykinin released during exercise stimulates nerve growth factor production by muscle, which sensitizes pain nerves and leads to delayed muscle soreness. People who engage in unaccustomed exercise are likely to feel delayed-onset muscle soreness, which occurs 1 to 2 days later and resolves after 3 to 7 days. Because bradykinin is released from muscle during exercise and is known to mediate pain, Murase et al. examined the role of bradykinin in a rat model of mechanical muscle hyperalgesia. Pharmacological block of bradykinin 2 receptors before lengthening-contraction (LC) exercise of the rat leg muscle prevented the development of mechanical hyperalgesia, but application 30 minutes after LC exercise (before hyperalgesia onset) was not effective at preventing the development of hyperalgesia, and application during the time of the hyperalgesic response (2 days after LC) failed to reverse the hyperalgesia. Transcript and protein abundance of nerve growth factor (NGF) was increased in muscle after LC exercise but not after other exercise paradigms that fail to produce hyperalgesia. Intramuscular injection of antibodies that block NGF activity 6 hours after LC exercise blocked generation of muscle hyperalgesia, and injection of high concentrations during the period of hyperalgesia partially reversed the hyperalgesia. Injection of NGF into the muscle induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the absence of exercise. Unexpectedly, injection of bradykinin failed to stimulate hyperalgesia in the absence of exercise. However, the bradykinin 2 receptor antagonist at concentrations that blocked hyperalgesia prevented the increase in NGF associated with exercise, suggesting that the bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia involved stimulation of NGF production. Finally, intramuscular injection of NGF in an isolated muscle-nerve preparation resulted in increased afferent nerve activity in response to mechanical stimulation. Thus, exercise that induces the production of bradykinin triggers a pathway that induces NGF, which sensitizes pain nerves associated with muscles, which contributes to delayed-onset muscle soreness. S. Murase, E. Terazawa, F. Queme, H. Ota, T. Matsuda, K. Hirate, Y. Kozaki, K. Katanosaka, T. Taguchi, H. Urai, K. Mizumura, Bradykinin and nerve growth factor play pivotal roles in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise (delayed-onset muscle soreness). J. Neurosci. 30, 3752–3761 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


At the start of Run 2 in 2015, the LHC delivered proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. During Run~2 (years 2015--2018) the LHC eventually reached a luminosity of 2.1 $\times$ 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, almost three times that reached during Run 1 (2009-2013) and a factor of two larger than the LHC design value, leading to events with up to a mean of about 50 simultaneous inelastic proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing (pileup). The CMS Level-1 trigger was upgraded prior to 2016 to improve the selection of physics events in the challenging conditions posed by the second run of the LHC. This paper describes the performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger upgrade during the data taking period of 2016-2018. The upgraded trigger implements pattern recognition and boosted decision tree regression techniques for muon reconstruction, includes pileup subtraction for jets and energy sums, and incorporates pileup-dependent isolation requirements for electrons and tau leptons. In addition, the new trigger calculates high-level quantities such as the invariant mass of pairs of reconstructed particles. The upgrade reduces the trigger rate from background processes and improves the trigger efficiency for a wide variety of physics signals.


Edupreneurship is an important branch of science to be taught at every level of education. Everyone has the right to be entrepreneur, including the educators on Early Childhood Education services (PAUD). PAUD Educators have a strategic opportunity as entrepreneurs by looking at the needs of learning media for children, in the form of Educational Game Tools (APE) needed to support learning, as well as the readiness of innovative teaching materials in order to create quality learning. With edupreneurship, PAUD educators will have an entrepreneurial mentality and become an independent person who is able to innovate and be creative to develop themselves into competent PAUD educators. PAUD educators will be able to become entrepreneurs by developing media products and teaching materials, as well as being an idolized teacher because it can create a learning atmosphere in the classroom with great fun with the products of these teaching materials. Edupreneurship can also be introduced to children through aspects of child development, such as aspects of moral values development, aspects of language development, emotional social development aspects of independence, aspects of physical motor development, aspects of cognitive development and aspects of art development.


This paper explores a novel way to incorporate hardware-programmable resources into a processor microarchitecture to improve the performance of general-purpose applications. Through a coupling of compile-time analysis routines and hardware synthesis tools, we automatically configure a given set of the hardware-programmable functional units (PFUs) and thus augment the base instruction set architecture so that it better meets the instruction set needs of each application. We refer to this new class of general-purpose computers as programmable instruction set computers (PRISC). Although similar in concept, the PRISC approach differs from dynamically programmable microcode because in PRISC we define entirely-new primitive datapath operations. We concentrate on the microarchitectural design of the simplest form of PRISC-a RISC microprocessor with a single PFU that only evaluates combinational functions. We briefly discuss the operating system and the programming language compilation techniques that are needed to successfully build PRISC and, we present performance results from a proof-of-concept study. With the inclusion of a single 32-bit-wide PFU whose hardware cost is less than that of a 1 kilobyte SRAM, our study shows a 22% improvement in processor performance on the SPECint92 benchmarks.


In the last seven years the AFL-CIO has put forth an immense effort to facilitate, support, and encourage organizing initiatives by all affiliates. Although to date progress has been much slower than the leadership of the labor movement had hoped, more recently there have been some signs that those efforts are beginning to bear fruit. A growing number of unions are putting more resources into organizing, recruiting and training more organizers, running more organizing campaigns, winning more elections and voluntary recognitions, and winning them in larger units. Yet, despite all the new initiatives and resources being devoted to organizing and all the talk of "changing to organize," American unions today are at best standing still. Massive employment losses in manufacturing, retail, hospitality, and airline industries have eliminated hundreds of thousands of union jobs, raising the bar even higher for the number of new workers needed to maintain current union density, much less grow. At the same time, the political climate for organizing has become ever more hostile as the threat of terrorism and the fog of war have been used to justify a full scale attack on civil liberties, federal sector unions, immigrant workers, and organizing and collective bargaining rights. Even in this climate, some unions, in some industries, have still managed to make major organizing gains, despite intensive employer opposition. In just the last several years we have witnessed significant victories such as CWA at Cingular Wireless, IFPTE at Boeing, UAW at New York University, PACE at Imerys, SEIU at Catholic Healthcare West, UNITE at Brylane, and HERE in the Las Vegas hotels. Although there was great variation in the industry, workforce, union, and company characteristics in each of these campaigns, still a pattern becomes evident—the unions that are most successful at organizing run fundamentally different campaigns, in both quality and intensity, than those that are less successful. In this paper we focus on these fundamental differences in the nature of winning and losing campaigns which provide us with a blueprint for the kinds of comprehensive organizing strategies that are required to win across a wide range of organizing environments and company and unit characteristics. We also look at the strategic, organizational, and cultural changes the U.S. labor movement must make in order to be able to mount these more comprehensive campaigns and make the gains necessary to significantly increase union density and the political and economic power that goes with it.


Fluorescence liftime imaging (FLIM) of modified hydrophobic bodipy dyes that act as fluorescent molecular rotors shows that the fluorescence lifetime of these probes is a function of the microviscosity of their environment. Incubating cells with these dyes, we find a punctate and continuous distribution of the dye in cells. The viscosity value obtained in what appears to be endocytotic vesicles in living cells is around 100 times higher than that of water and of cellular cytoplasm.Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements also yield rotational correlation times consistent with large microviscosity values. In this way, we successfully develop a practical and versatile approach to map the microviscosity in cells based on imaging fluorescent molecular rotors.


Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) on an anodically passivated CoCrMo biomedical alloy has been studied using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) in phosphate buffer solution at 37 degrees C. CoCrMo layers were deposited on the quartz crystals by physical vapor deposition. EQCM measurements were performed under potentiostatic conditions and combined with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Adsorption of BSA onto the CoCrMo alloy surface was found to favor passive dissolution without modification of the chemical composition and thickness of the oxide passive film. In addition, passive film growth and adsorption kinetics of the protein follow a logarithmic trend. Both EQCM and XPS techniques demonstrated that protein coverage depends on the applied potential. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.


The World Bank is one of twin institutions established to stabilise the post-war international economic structure and provide development assistance. It has been subject to much criticism. This article considers some of these criticisms and examines the structure and operation of the World Bank. It concludes that there is an alternative image of the World Bank, one that shows it is a more diverse and multi-facetted institution than its critics allow. The World Bank (hereafter the Bank) is a multilateral development agency based in Washington, DC. Its mission is to assist member countries in the development of their economies and alleviate poverty. It was one of the twin institutions created at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944 to stabilise the post-war international economic structure; the other is the International Monetary Fund. The Bank is large; it has around 10,000 staff. Its assistance comes in many forms, from the traditional project work in infrastructure, agriculture and health to the more recently developed social protection and governance. It not only offers loans but also provides analytical support, training and technical assistance. It manages the subscriptions of its member states, borrows on the international financial markets, and coordinates trust funds. Its annual lending is over $20 billion. Even though its financial assistance to developing countries in the global assistance budget is minuscule compared to the national aid agencies, its profile remains high and it is properly regarded as authoritative when it talks of development. Critics of the Bank are vocal, articulate, and persistent and their views are often heard. Its sins are legion. There is an alternative story, perhaps less often heard, certainly more dispersed, in which people in the Bank's client countries appreciate the electricity that lights their houses, the irrigation that underpins their shift from outright poverty, the education that taught their children to read, and the efforts made by some Bank officials to maintain stability . There has hardly been any debate between the 'good' and the 'bad' Bank; it is the latter that prevails in the media and in scholarly writing because the arguments are simple to understand, and stir high emotions. Criticism of the World Bank This article examines the three main criticisms of the World Bank. The first critique proposes that, instead of lending to poor countries which are thereby pushed further into debt, the Bank should provide grants or other forms of assistance free of charge. Easterly (2006, 11) argues, after 60 years and $2.3 trillion, the poor remain poor because the Bank's lending programs only add to the burden of the poor. Instead of trying to 'develop' poor countries, 'aid agencies could devise a program to give cash subsidies to parents to keep their children in school' Jeffrey Sachs (2005, 270) made a similar argument: 'the existing World Bank poverty reduction plan lays out the country's goals, targets, policies, and strategies to cut poverty', but the Bank is underfunded because the traditional loan programs (concessional or not) must be supplemented with additional programs of debt relief. The second critique suggests that, as an international organisation, the Bank has been hijacked by the rich countries and that it has been an all-powerful arm of imperialism, recolonising the poor countries around the world with its neo-liberal ideologies imposed through loans (Wade 1997, George & Sabelli 1994, Woods 2006). The third argument portrays the Bank as a single actor in the international arena with clearly defined objectives and well-designed instruments and condemns it on those grounds, without identifying who or what really speaks and acts for the Bank. These claims come not only from protestors in the street but also from sophisticated analysts, using the principal-agent or constructivist theories. By contrast, insiders argue, 'no one person sitting in the headquarters building or working elsewhere grasps all the threads of activities bearing the label of the World Bank' (Marshall 2008, 2). …


The refractory period, the ability to transmit trains of impulses, and the effect of temperature on conduction, have been studied in the sciatic-tibial nerve trunks of Trembler mice, which suffer from a dominantly inherited hypertrophic neuropathy. Both the refractory period of transmission and the relative refractory period were increased in Trembler mice when compared with controls. The nerve trunks of Trembler mice were unable to conduct rapid trains of impulses, and conduction block occurred at rates of stimulation as low as 25 Hz. Cold block occurred at temperatures significantly higher in Trembler nerves than in controls. The conduction velocity increased in an approximately linear fashion in both Trembler and control nerves when the temperature was raised from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C, and the slopes were not significantly different. The Q10 (27 degrees C-37 degrees C) was 1.5 and 1.6 for control and Trembler nerves respectively. Conduction block was regularly observed in Trembler nerves when the temperature was raised within the physiological range. The abnormalities are related to the pathological changes of chronic demyelination.


This paper proposes a procedure to adapt the geometry of the toolpath to remove a constant thickness on a five-axis machine. The aim of this work is to contribute to the automation of prosthesis machining, mainly, in the preparation of polishing surface. The proposed method can deform and adapt a toolpath to respect the geometry of the manufactured surface. This method is based on three steps: alignment, deformation and smoothing toolpath. In the alignment step, a mapping is carried out between the measured surface of prostheses and the nominal toolpath using the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. The aligned toolpath is deformed in two steps. The first step is the projection of aligned points on the measured surface (defined by STL file). In the second step, these points are offset by a value (a(p)) to obtain the required geometry. During the deformation step a meshed surface is used, reducing the smoothness of the deformed toolpath. Experimental tests on industrial prostheses are conducted to validate the effectiveness of this method. During these tests the effects of the smoothing methods on the surface quality of machined parts are presented.


This paper seeks to unveil the attitudes of a sample of students at the University of Jordan towards the use of romanized Arabic in computer -- mediated communication (CMC). In particular, it provides answers to two questions. First, do the subjects encode Arabic characters, including numbers, in a romanized version in their CMC? If yes, how often and why? Second, does the students' major and the language of instruction used therein (i.e. English or Arabic) affect their choice of Arabic romanization and their attitudes towards it? The data are collected by means of a questionnaire completed by students from four different majors: (1) Applied English, (2) Arabic, (3) Medicine, and (4) Islamic Sharia. While the majority of students of Applied English and Medicine tend to use Romanized Jordanian Arabic, the students of Arabic and Sharia show a clear preference for the use of Arabic letters. The users of Romanized Arabic cite a number of reasons for their choice. Some believe that Romanized letters are easier and faster to type than Arabic letters. Some posit that English is the language of the Internet and technology and, thus, the use of romanization gives communication a special flavor. A third group report that their devices do not support Arabic language. This study is expected to contribute to identifying the youth attitudes towards the use or avoidance of romanized Arabic, which in turn may help develop a better understanding of this issue and assist cyber Arabic users to make the right choice when interacting with others in Arabic online.


Understanding the role that 401(k) plan characteristics – like investment choice – play in participation and employee contributions is important as more workers rely on this type of retirement plan and proposals for Social Security solvency include individual savings plans. Using the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, this paper investigates which individual and job characteristics are associated with asset choice in defined contribution plans. Investment choice is found to substantially increase contributions to defined contribution plans.


This volume presents authoritative and up-to-date research in colour studies by specialists across a wide range of academic disciplines, including vision science, psychology, psycholinguistics, linguistics, anthropology, onomastics, philosophy, archaeology and design. The chapters have been developed from papers and posters presented at the Progress in Colour Studies (PICS2016) conference held at University College London in September 2016. The book continues the series from the earlier PICS conferences, which have become renowned for their insights into colour in language and cognition. In the present book all chapters have been rigorously peer-reviewed and revised to ensure the highest standards throughout. The chapters are grouped into three sections: Colour Perception and Cognition; The Language of Colour; and The Diversity of Colour. Each section is preceded by a short introduction drawing together the themes of its chapters. There are over 120 colour illustrations.


Richard A. Epstein's The Classical Liberal Constitution is an imposing addition to the burgeoning body of legal scholarship that seeks to "restore" a robust conception of economic liberty and limited government to its rightful place at the center of American constitutionalism. Legislators and judges operating within a "classical liberal conception of government," Epstein explains, would approach skeptically "[a]ll [regulatory] proposals that deviate from the basic common law protections of life, liberty, and property." Classical liberal constitutional courts would thus renounce the toothless rational basis review of the post-New Deal "progressive mindset," and instead subject to exacting scrutiny the government's "purported justifications both as to the ends [it] chooses and the means [it] uses to achieve them." Such a recalibration of constitutional scrutiny, Epstein predicts, would "exert a profound," and highly salutary, "effect on the size of government."
Readers who share Epstein's normative commitments naturally will find his constitutional vision compelling. But The Classical Liberal Constitution is not merely preaching to the choir; it is also addressed to those of us — constitutional progressives and conservatives alike — who do not necessarily share the author's definition of individual liberty, faith in unregulated markets, or enthusiasm for limited government. And this large and politically heterogeneous segment of Epstein's audience will just as naturally greet his constitutional vision with suspicion that Epstein is, to paraphrase Justice Holmes, attempting to engraft upon the Constitution a political and economic theory to which a majority of the country does not subscribe.


The growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration are investigated using the methodology and data developed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher growth in value added in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both output and firm creation among externally dependent industries - given that the countries have reached a relatively high level of financial development. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing. Some tentative evidence points toward the latter explanation.


Abstract Objective: To determine the cause(s) of an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) in open-heart–surgery (OHS) patients at hospital A. Design: Case-control and cohort studies and an environmental survey. Results: Nine patients developed GNB with Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Serratia marcescens (2), or Klebsiella oxytoca (1) following OHS; five of nine patients had polymicrobial bacteremia. When the GNB patients were compared with randomly selected OHS patients, having had the first procedure of the day (8 of 9 versus 12 of 27, P=.02), longer cardiopulmonary bypass (median, 122 versus 83 minutes, P=.01) or cross-clamp times (median, 75 versus 42 minutes, P=.008), intraoperative dopamine infusion (9 of 9 versus 15 of 27, P=.01), or exposure to scrub nurse 6 (6 of 9 versus 4 of 27, P=.001) were identified as risk factors. When stratified by length of the procedure, only being the first procedure of the day and exposure to scrub nurse 6 remained significant. First procedures used pressure-monitoring equipment that was assembled before surgery and left open and uncovered overnight in the operating room, whereas other procedures used pressure-monitoring equipment assembled immediately before the procedure. At night, operating rooms were cleaned by maintenance personnel who used a disinfectant-water solution sprayed through a hose connected to an automatic diluting system. Observation of the use of this hose documented that this solution could have contacted and entered uncovered pressure-monitoring equipment left in the operating room. Water samples from the hose revealed no disinfectant, but grew P aeruginosa. The outbreak was terminated by setting up pressure-monitoring equipment immediately before the procedure and discontinuing use of the hose-disinfectant system. Conclusions: This outbreak most likely resulted from contamination of uncovered preassembled pressure-monitoring equipment by water from a malfunctioning spray disinfectant device. Pressure-monitoring equipment should be assembled immediately before use and protected from possible environmental contamination.


summary: the aim of this research memorandum is to investigate if the conventional theory of production is an adequate approach for studying the austrian manufacturing industry. the study consists of two parts. the first one is a short theoretical review of the concept, the different kinds and properties of production functions. the second part shows the results of the empirical time series estimates of production functions for the austrian manufacturing industry. two different data sets were available: one for actual net production and one for full capacity output (= actual production divided by degree of capacity utilization). according to this, different arguments are used. the actual production is explained by flows - namely by energy usage (as indicator of capital usage) and real personal expenditure (as labour indicator). the arguments in the capacity production function are the capital stock and number of employees. the production functions (linear, cobb-douglas, ces, ves) havebeen estimated for 20 branches, 7 aggregates (composed of these branches) and for the manufacturing industry as a whole. the results are given aggregatewise including a diagram showing the fit of the estimated functions, a short description of the aggregate and its branches and a comparison of the feasible functions.;


This paper deals with the often-observed complex relationship between the so-called old, 'economic' left/right alignment (egalitarianism) and the new, 'cultural' alignment. Many authors have observed that the less educated members of society occupy an apparently contradictory position, combining a leftist stand in favor of more equality and government intervention, with a rightist stand on minority rights, the treatment of criminals, and other aspects of democratic citizenship. Various explanations have been offered for this paradox. This paper proposes an explanation in terms of vulnerability and the way in which it is culturally processed. Less educated people are often vulnerable and long for more equality. The stronger their desire for equality, the greater their frustration when feeling vulnerable, and the greater the need to cope with that vulnerability. They do so, using particular narrative-coping strategies that create an affinity with the attitudes that form the new left/right alignment. One such coping strategy is based on feelings of relative deprivation. In the empirical part of the paper it is shown that relative deprivation completely explains the paradoxical position of the less educated, and that, when taking feelings of deprivation into account, the two left/right dimensions are in fact independent of each other at all levels of education, creating a situation that leads to tensions within parties that pursue egalitarian policies. The mechanism uncovered in this analysis reveals a tension at the heart of egalitarianism: the stronger the longing for equality among the vulnerable members of society, the more likely they are to opt for right wing positions on the new left/right dimension.


Polymerizable hydroxypyridinium and hydroxyisoquinolinium salts 1a-4a, 2d, and 3d have been prepared from vinylbenzyl chloride or glycidyl methacrylate and 3-hydroxypyridine (2), 4- or 5-hydroxyisoquinoline (1, 3), and 8-hydroxyquinoline (4). Radical homo- and copolymerization with styrene or methyl methacrylate of the salts 1a-3a, 2d, and 3d produced (co)polymers 1e, 2e, 2f, 3f, 1g, 2g, 2h, and 3h. The photosensitive dipolar oxypyridinium. or oxyisochinolinium betaine structures were generated in solutions with triethylamine from the low molecular weight and polymeric salt precursors. For the model compounds 1b-4b and (co)polymers le, 2e, 2f, 3f, 1g, 2g, 2h, and 3h, the degradation of the longest wavelength absorption of this betaine structure was detected during UV irradiation. UV irradiation of the model compound N-benzyl-4-hydroxyisochinolinium chloride (1b) in the presence of triethylamine produced the expected aziridine type structure 1k by intramolecular cyclization.


This article offers a critique of the sensory deprivation under which legal studies normally operate by exploring how material forms shape law's substance. Archives and the objects in them used for storing precedents have a history that we must understand if we are to ascribe meaning and authority to the texts they contain. Thus the images here do not simply illustrate propositions; they raise and answer questions about how physical forms constrain what is knowable as law. We can see this by studying practices in the eighteenth-century English court of King's Bench, and especially the manuscript precedent books made by that court's clerks. Examining one case—of the liberal campaigner, John Wilkes—we can watch clerks shaping authority as they used indexing tools of their own making to find the crucial precedents. Those same clerks then turned the case into a precedent by storing the results in the archive over which they were masters.


It is now impossible to understand major North American cities without considering the seemingly never-ending and ever-growing sprawl of their surrounding suburbs. In The Shape of the Suburbs, activist, urban affairs columnist, and former Toronto mayor John Sewell examines the relationship between the development of suburbs, water and sewage systems, highways, and the decision-making of Toronto-area governments to show how the suburbs spread, and how they have in turn shaped the city. Using his wealth of knowledge of the city of Toronto and new information gathered from municipal archives, Sewell describes the major movements and forces that allowed for rapid development of the suburbs, while considering the options that were available to planners at the time. Discussing proposals to curb suburban sprawl from the 1960s to the recently adopted plan for the Greater Toronto area, Sewell combines insightful and accessible commentary with rigorous research on the debate between urban and suburban. Concerned not only with sprawl, The Shape of the Suburbs also demonstrates the ways in which suburban political, economic, and cultural influences have impacted the older, central city, culminating in the forced Megacity amalgamation of 1998. Rich in detail and full of useful visual illustrations, The Shape of the Suburbs is a lively look at the construction of the suburban era.


Digital platforms for buying and selling agricultural commodities have generated significant interest in the trade literature as a way to link rural communities to the Internet. Yet, the extent to which these digital platforms actually translate into higher commodity prices for producers remains an open research question. We investigate this question by comparing transaction data on trading various grades of coffee from a recently implemented digital platform in India with similar transactions from a physical commodity auction held weekly, and farm-gate prices in the coffee producing regions of India. Although the digital platform prices closely track the physical commodity auction prices, producers obtain significantly higher prices when they sell the commodity through the digital platform rather than at the farm-gate through brokers who operate in their regions. However, coffee grades with higher price volatility and premium coffee grades that require face-toface interactions to verify quality obtain lower prices on the digital platform. Our results also indicate that market participants who control the transaction obtain better prices. We discuss the implications of our findings for governments and platform providers.


AbstractSeismic amplitude anomalies are attractive exploration targets in the Krishna-Godavari Basin offshore India. These bright spots mostly have very high amplitudes, so confident interpretations have been possible. We distinguished between hydrocarbon-bearing sands, water-bearing sands, and high-impedance nonreservoir bodies. Also, we mapped channel architecture and accurately predicted reservoir thickness. Strong amplitude anomalies, prospective seismic character based on an understanding of data phase and polarity, flat spots, and amplitude versus offset have all provided valuable evidence.


Abstract Purpose To investigate the accuracy of the dosimetry of radiation fields produced by small ELEKTA cone collimators used for stereotactic radiosurgery treatments (SRS) using commercially available detectors EBT3 GafchromicTM film, IBA Stereotactic diode (SFD), and the recently developed detector DUO, which is a monolithic silicon orthogonal linear diode array detector. Methods These three detectors were used for the measurement of beam profiles, output factors, and percentage depth dose for SRS cone collimators with cone sizes ranging from 5 to 50 mm diameter. The measurements were performed at 10 cm depth and 90 cm SSD. Results The SRS cone beam profiles measured with DUO, EBT3 film, and IBA SFD agreed well, results being in agreement within ±0.5 mm in the FWHM, and ±0.7 mm in the penumbra region. The output factor measured by DUO with 0.5 mm air gap above agrees within ±1% with EBT3. The OF measured by IBA SFD (corrected for the over‐response) agreed with both EBT3 and DUO within ±2%. All three detectors agree within ±2% for PDD measurements for all SRS cones. Conclusions The characteristics of the ELEKTA SRS cone collimator have been evaluated by using a monolithic silicon high spatial resolution detector DUO, EBT3, and IBA SFD diode. The DUO detector is suitable for fast real‐time quality assurance dosimetry in small radiation fields typical for SRS/SRT. This has been demonstrated by its good agreement of measured doses with EBT 3 films.


The Architectural Uncanny presents an engaging and original series of meditations on issues and figures that are at the heart of the most pressing debates surrounding architecture today. Anthony Vidler interprets contemporary buildings and projects in light of the resurgent interest in the uncanny as a metaphor for a fundamentally "unhomely" modern condition. The essays are at once historical -- serving to situate contemporary discourse in its own intellectual tradition and theoretical -- opening up the complex and difficult relationships between politics, social thought, and architectural design in an era when the reality of homelessness and the idealism of the neo-avant-garde have never seemed so far apart. Vidler, one of the deftest and surest critics of the contemporary scene, explores aspects of architecture through notions of the uncanny as they have been developed in literature, philosophy, and psychology from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present. He interprets the unsettling qualities of today's architecture -- its fragmented neo-constructivist forms reminiscent of dismembered bodies, its "seeing walls" replicating the passive gaze of domestic cyborgs, its historical monuments indistinguishable from glossy reproductions - in the light of modern reflection on questions of social and individual estrangement, alienation, exile, and homelessness. Focusing on the work of architects such as Bernard Tschumi, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Coop Himmelblau, John Hejduk, Elizabeth Diller, and Ricardo Scofidio, as well as theorists of the urban condition, Vidler delineates the problems and paradoxes associated with the subject of domesticity.


The Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill forms part of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's Waste Management Series that establishes a reference framework of standards for waste management in South Africa. It also facilitates the enforcement of the landfill permitting system provided for in terms of Section 20 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act 73 of 1989). The minimum requirements (MR) are standards by which environmentally acceptable waste disposal practices can be differentiated from unacceptable practices. The need for environmentally acceptable yet cost-effective waste disposal has become a priority in South Africa. This is because increasing population and urbanisation have resulted in growing waste generation, placing pressure on the environment. There is also an increasing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for a clean environment on the part of the public. To ensure a cleaner environment, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, with whom responsibility for waste disposal is currently vested, has been tasked to meet both current and future waste disposal needs. The aim of the Department is to protect the environment and the public from the impacts of bad waste disposal practices. It has been found that whilst there is sound legislation in place, many local authorities do not comply for various reasons. The Minimum Requirements will be evaluated and a case study approach and a local authority in the Kwazulu-Natal province will be selected. The research is envisaged to highlight areas of capacity lincapacity and to identify a set of resource requirements that may be required to ensure compliance at local authority level and ultimately to the legislation that promulgates it.


Today's cloud services process data and let it often unclear to customers, how and by whom data is collected, stored and processed. This hinders the adoption of cloud computing by businesses. One way to address this problem is to make clouds more accountable, which has to be provable by third parties through audits. In this paper we present a cloud-adopted evidence collection process, possible evidence sources and discuss privacy issues in the context of audits. We introduce an agent based architecture, which is able to perform audit processing and reporting continuously. Agents can be specialized to perform specific audit tasks (e.g., log data analysis) whenever necessary, to reduce complexity and the amount of collected evidence information. Finally, a multi-provider scenario is discussed, which shows the usefulness of this approach.


This study brings the inventory of the Leguminosae species which occur in an area of Ombrophilous Dense Forest from the north coast of the state of Sao Paulo, in altitudes that vary from the Restinga Forest, close to the sea level, to the vegetation at the top of the Cuscuzeiro Mountain, between 1,000 to 1,279 m of altitude. The floristic survey involved the collecting of herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, trees and lianas and was done going through ranges in the different phytophysiognomies. The Leguminosae family is well represented in the Ombrophilous Dense Forest of Picinguaba Nucleus (108 species), this reinforces the premise that their species play an important role in the composition and structure of this forest. Nineteen species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. The Ombrophilous Dense Forest of Picinguaba Nucleus has a larger number of taxa of Leguminosae than presented in previous papers, which demonstrates that the presence this family in the forests of the north coast of Sao Paulo is even more significant than previously estimated. Besides a genera and species list with their corresponding keys to identification, illustrations, information on flowering and fruiting periods, dispersal syndromes geographical distribution are also presented.


In this paper, we explore when and how the work of Noam Chomsky diverged from that of his mentor, Zellig Harris, and identify the origins and character of their differences. Considering evidence that they never fully understood each other, the rhetorical vehicle for this exploration is speculation as to how much this divergence is due to differences of temperament, to "post-war" generational differences, or, with more importance for the field, to different conceptions of the proper conduct of science. A number of questions are addressed, such as: Is truth attained by winning arguments, or is the appropriate role of argument to do everything possible to prove oneself wrong? Is a theory of language a prerequisite to or an outcome of linguistic analysis? And what are the fundamental data of linguistics?


Since 2008, or so, some conventional approaches to design-led urban regeneration have begun to unravel. The global financial crisis has produced pressures on municipal budgeting and undermined a property-led financial model of urban development. This has been met by important developments in the status and application of design. There has been a growth in the importance of discourses of participation and co-creation in design and design as a tool for policy and strategic thinking on several scales. This has opened up a space in urban policy where design's role is more to process thinking and action within networks of material resources and human assets, than to solve problems. Kolding is a small city with 57,600 inhabitants located on the southeast coast of the Danish peninsula of Jutland. On 10 December 2012 the Kolding Municipal Council unanimously adopted a new vision for the city and municipality: 'Together, we design a better life through entrepreneurship, social innovation and education'. Later this became 'Kolding – We Design For Life'. Design was to be at the centre of all city development activities within a 10-year programme. As such, the Kolding case provides a 'living test lab' for the experimentation of new forms of social welfare, cultural, educational and commercial practices. In a broader context, it opens design-led regeneration onto more open-ended, processual conceptions that provide a departure from more orthodox approaches both in policy and design terms. This article begins with a critical review of those 'traditional' approaches to design-led urban regeneration, revealing something of a policy vacuum, created not least by the global economic slowdown. It then reviews broad shifts in design practice over the past 10 years that signal possible future directions. The envisioning of Kolding's new regeneration programme is then recounted to establish its place against these wider directions and demonstrate the emergence of a new form of design culture. This is then contextualised in Danish questions of governance, political economy and regeneration. The research draws from a critical reading of urban regeneration and design thinking literature, the primary material builds on Leerberg's work within the Kolding municipal organisation. This material was supplemented by a series of research workshops organised by Julier; these brought together key academics, municipal officers, representatives of cultural institutions and business.


Objective: To better understand the economic burden of patients with epilepsy receiving outpatient services in China and to analyze potential factors influencing epileptic economic burden through a cross-sectional study. Methods: Using a self-designed questionnaire, we collected information retrospectively from 754 patients with epilepsy evaluated in neurology clinics in Shanghai Municipality, Shanxi Province and Sichuan Province. Descriptive analyses were used after cost variables were presented as logarithms, and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore influencing factors. Results: Fifty percent of the investigated patients experienced an epilepsy attack before the age of 15, and 51.3% had suffered from epilepsy for more than five years. In the past year, 87.9% of patients had visited different hospitals multiple times for evaluation (40.3%) and maintenance treatment (40.7%). The total economic burden of epilepsy was US$ 1 143.2. The average direct economic burden and indirect economic burden were US$ 939.0 and US$ 110.2, respectively. Multiple linear regressions showed that patients had to bear greater economic burden if they were hospitalized, using multiple antiepileptic drugs, experiencing illness for less than 5 years, in severe seizure index or active epilepsy with drug resistance, which was statistically significant. Totally only 14.3% of patients could get reimbursement in outpatient services. Conclusions: Patients with epilepsy must present to hospitals regularly for satisfactory prognosis, which results in economic burden. Patients bear greater economic burden, especially direct medical costs, if they are newly diagnosed, experience severe seizures, or undergo multiple drug treatments that require more frequent monitoring. However, current insurance policy for outpatient services do not help reduce economic burden of patients efficiently.


In plants, receptor-like kinases regulate many processes during reproductive and vegetative development. The Arabidopsis subfamily of Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinases (CrRLK1Ls) comprises 17 members with a putative extracellular carbohydratebinding malectin-like domain. Only little is known about the functions of these proteins, although mutant analyses revealed a role during cell elongation, polarized growth, and fertilization. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signal transduction cascades remains largely unknown. CrRLK1L proteins are also involved in biotic and abiotic stress response. It is likely that carbohydrate-rich ligands transmit a signal, which could originate from cell wall components, an arriving pollen tube, or a pathogen attack. Thus, post-translational modifications could be crucial for CrRLK1L signal transduction and ligand binding.


Abstract. This study focuses on the relationship between art and cartography. The main objective is to analyze how contemporary art uses maps to criticize borders. Inspired by the arguments raised by the Critical Cartography against the false neutrality of maps, we emphasize the potential of artworks to communicate different insights about how we experience and live the contemporary space. In that sense, art plays an important role not only to discuss the articulation of power and knowledge in cartography, but also to propose other categories of thought. Considering that borders are one of the most relevant visual elements on a map, we propose the following question: how the intersection between art and cartography can improve the critical thinking about borders? By questioning borders, art underlines that physical world is characterized by liminal spaces, not by absolute or strict separations. We briefly analyzed some examples of artworks that deal with political issues regarding this topic. Our findings suggest that art could reveal the impact of imposing borders in a space, whose arbitrary delimitation reflects power relations.


The copolymerization behavior of poly[2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV) with poly[2-methoxy-5-(carboxypentyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (CPM-PPV) and poly[2,5-dicyano-p-phenylene vinylene] (CN-PPV) in the anionic sulfinyl precursor route is studied and copolymerization parameters are determined. (MDMO/CPM)-PPV shows similar reactivity ratios for both monomers – r1 = 0.74 ± 0.09 and r2 = 0.90 ± 0.10 – when reactions were performed to almost full conversion (>90%). Kinetics of (MDMO/CN)-PPV on the other hand clearly indicate the preference to fully enrich the copolymer with MDMO as r1 = 0.65 ± 0.16 and r2 = 0.015 ± 0.02. Although deviations from the ideal behavior are observed for (MDMO/CN)-PPV, already a small amount of CN leads to significant difference in absorption and emission of the material, allowing to tune the color of the material. Further, post polymerization modification via transesterification of the CPM groups with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or propargyl alcohol via the DCC/DMAP procedure leads to a versatile way of synthesizing a variety of (water soluble) PPV copolymers, without affecting the optical properties of the PPV materials. All reactions are carried out on the anionic polymerization pathway of the sulfinyl route, hence allowing to incorporate these polarity and wavelength tunable PPVs into more complex structures.


This paper presents a first attempt to evaluate two previously proposed methods for statistical anomaly detection in sea traffic, namely the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and the adaptive Kernel Density Estimator (KDE). A novel performance measure related to anomaly detection, together with an intermediate performance measure related to normalcy modeling, are proposed and evaluated using recorded AIS data of vessel traffic and simulated anomalous trajectories. The normalcy modeling evaluation indicates that KDE more accurately captures finer details of normal data. Yet, results from anomaly detection show no significant difference between the two techniques and the performance of both is considered suboptimal. Part of the explanation is that the methods are based on a rather artificial division of data into geographical cells. The paper therefore discusses other clustering approaches based on more informed features of data and more background knowledge regarding the structure and natural classes of the data.


ABSTRACT Persistent, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by L1-only virus-like particles (VLPs) can block HPV infection; however, the lack of high-resolution structures has limited our understanding of the mode of virus infection and the requirement for type specificity at the molecular level. Here, we describe two antibodies, A12A3 and 28F10, that specifically bind to and neutralize HPV58 and HPV59, respectively, through two distinct binding stoichiometries. We show that the epitopes of A12A3 are clustered in the DE loops of two adjacent HPV58 L1 monomers, whereas 28F10 recognizes the HPV59 FG loop of a single monomer. Via structure-based mutagenesis and analysis of antibody binding, we further identified the residues HPV58 D154, S168, and N170 and HPV59 M267, Q270, E273, Y276, K278, and R283, which play critical roles in virus infection. By substituting these strategic epitope residues into other HPV genotypes, we could then redirect the type-specific binding of the antibodies to these genotypes, thus highlighting the importance of these specific residues, HPV58 R161, S168, and N308 and HPV59 Q270, E273, and D281. Overall, our findings provide molecular insights into potential structural determinants of HPV required for infectivity and type specificity. IMPORTANCE High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered the major causative pathogens of cancers that affect epithelial mucosa, such as cervical cancer. However, because of the lack of high-resolution structural information on the sites of neutralization, we have yet to determine the precise mode of HPV infection and how different types of HPV cause infection. Our crystal structures in this study have uncovered discrete binding stoichiometries for two different antibodies. We show that one A12A3 Fab binds to the center of one HPV58 pentamer, whereas five 28F10 Fabs bind along the top fringe of one HPV59 pentamer. Furthermore, through targeted epitope analysis, we show that 6 to 7 discontinuous residues of the L1 major capsid protein of HPV are determinants, at least in part, for virus infection and type specificity. This knowledge will help us to unravel the process of HPV infection and can potentially be used to drive the development of therapeutics that target neutralization-sensitive sites. IMPORTANCE High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered the major causative pathogens of cancers that affect epithelial mucosa, such as cervical cancer. However, because of the lack of high-resolution structural information on the sites of neutralization, we have yet to determine the precise mode of HPV infection and how different types of HPV cause infection. Our crystal structures in this study have uncovered discrete binding stoichiometries for two different antibodies. We show that one A12A3 Fab binds to the center of one HPV58 pentamer, whereas five 28F10 Fabs bind along the top fringe of one HPV59 pentamer. Furthermore, through targeted epitope analysis, we show that 6 to 7 discontinuous residues of the L1 major capsid protein of HPV are determinants, at least in part, for virus infection and type specificity. This knowledge will help us to unravel the process of HPV infection and can potentially be used to drive the development of therapeutics that target neutralization-sensitive sites.


One way to engage students with critical, content-area literacy in secondary classrooms is by asking them to respond to what the author terms Cultural and Political Vignettes or CPVs. CPVs are cultural and/or political problems that are presented to respondents so that they can practice critical thinking and decision-making skills that they will need in both their classrooms and larger communities of practice. CPVs deal with cultural and political issues, but also with content-specific knowledge and critical problem solving. They are designed to ask respondents to reflect upon and question the values, biases, stereotypes, relationships, decision making processes, funds of knowledge and actions of both themselves and others. This article explores the use of CPVs as a pedagogical strategy to promote critical literacy in secondary classrooms. It provides examples from several content areas and discusses how and why CPVs help to engage students in critical literacy, particularly when the CPVs are in the form of situated performances.


Open a cess: www.balimedicaljournal.org and ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bmj Clinical and plain x-ray findings of spinal metastases: a retrospective study of pathologically-confirmed cases I Ketut Suyasa1*, Ni Made Puspa Dewi Astawa2 Background: Malignancy of breast, prostate, and lung contribute to metastatic bone disease, and the metastases are mostly located in the spine. Spinal metastases may involve the spinal cord, leptomeninges, epidural space and also the bone itself. Therefore, proper imaging is needed in early detection and diagnosis of spinal metastasis. This study aimed to perform the clinical and plain x-ray findings in patients with spinal metastasis. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on 28 spine pathological fracture patients with neurologic deficits who underwent surgical intervention in Sanglah General Hospital during a year. We evaluated the present symptoms, neurological status (Frankel score), pathological reports by plain x-ray findings, metastases cell type by histological assessment, and extension of mass expansion on MRI. A total of 20 cases that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Result: Most patients suffer from pathologic fracture on thoracic spine level, followed by lumbosacral level and none on cervical spine level. The compressive fracture was a major finding on plain x-ray. The extradural lesions account for most of the MRI findings, followed by intradural/extramedullary and intramedullary lesion. Primary tumours that lead to bone metastases in this serial-cases are prostate, breast, cervix, kidney and lung cancer, respectively. Conclusion: Thoracic spine is the most common spinal metastases manifestation. Conventional plain x-ray is the most initial modality to evaluate systemic neoplasia patients with spinal pain, although it is not a sensitive indicator to identify the presence and extent of metastatic involvement.


An analysis of attitudes to'ward persons '65 years or older' yielded five factors: Integrity, Fortitude, Social Appeal, Dependability, and Open-mindedness. When the 716 respondents were divided into those aged 40 and over and those under 40, ratings by the older respondents yielded two additional factors: Competence and Reflectiveness. Analyses by sex showed Integrity accounting for the greatest variance in the ratings by females while Social Appeal accounted for the greatest variance in the ratings by males. An unfavourable stereotype of the older person was manifested in the negative pole of Open-mindedness (Rigidity). Positive attitudes toward the elderly were manifested in the variables comprising the first four factors, but this positive stereotype is rarely reported in the literature.


An outstanding climate anomaly 8200 years before the present (B.P.) in the North Atlantic is commonly postulated to be the result of weakened overturning circulation triggered by a freshwater outburst. New stable isotopic and sedimentological records from a northwest Atlantic sediment core reveal that the most prominent Holocene anomaly in bottom-water chemistry and flow speed in the deep limb of the Atlantic overturning circulation begins at ∼8.38 thousand years B.P., coeval with the catastrophic drainage of Lake Agassiz. The influence of Lower North Atlantic Deep Water was strongly reduced at our site for ∼100 years after the outburst, confirming the ocean's sensitivity to freshwater forcing. The similarities between the timing and duration of the pronounced deep circulation changes and regional climate anomalies support a causal link.


Recently, MRFs with two-dimensional (2D) labels have proved useful to many applications, such as image matching and optical flow estimation. Due to the huge 2D label set in these problems, existing optimization algorithms tend to be slow for the inference of 2D label MRFs, and this greatly limits the practical use of 2D label MRFs. To solve the problem, this paper presents an efficient algorithm, named FastLCD. Unlike previous popular move-making algorithms (e.g., α-expansion) that visit all the labels exhaustively in each step, FastLCD optimizes the 2D label MRFs by performing label coordinate descents alternately in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions, and by this way, it does not need to visit all the labels exhaustively. FastLCD greatly reduces the search space of the label set and benefits from a lower time complexity. Experimental results show that FastLCD is much faster, while it still yields high quality results.


Abstract As one of the most efficient lattice-based signature schemes, and one of the only ones to have seen deployment beyond an academic setting (e.g., as part of the VPN software suite strongSwan), BLISS has attracted a significant amount of attention in terms of its implementation security, and side-channel vulnerabilities of several parts of its signing algorithm have been identified in previous works. In this paper, we present an even simpler timing attack against it. The bimodal Gaussian distribution that BLISS is named after is achieved using a random sign flip during signature generation, and neither the original implementation of BLISS nor strongSwan ensure that this sign flip is carried out in constant time. It is therefore possible to recover the corresponding sign through side-channel leakage (using, e.g., cache attacks or branch tracing). We show that obtaining this single bit of leakage (for a moderate number of signatures) is in fact sufficient for a full key recovery attack. The recovery is carried out using a maximum likelihood estimation on the space of parameters, which can be seen as a statistical manifold. The analysis of the attack thus reduces to the computation of the Fisher information metric.


Although full faith and credit for tribal court judgments in state courts and the reverse situation, state court judgments enforced through tribal courts, have received substantial scholarly attention, no commentators have looked at the full faith and credit question from the point of view of enforcing tax liabilities. A substantial number of tribes have tax systems and collection of unpaid tribal taxes may force tribal tax officials to seek taxpayer assets located off the reservation. Likewise, states have a history of aggressively asserting their taxes against tribes and their members. Given these realities, state courts will have to consider the enforceability of tribal tax liabilities, and tribal courts will certainly have to decide whether they will assist state tax authorities in their efforts to collect unpaid state taxes owed by tribal members having substantial on-reservation assets. Federal courts may also be involved because tribes are likely to have better luck on jurisdictional questions in the federal forum. The history of comity and full faith and credit provide a helpful backdrop to the application of these doctrines in Indian Country. The case law in area seems to show that the federal full faith and credit statute itself does not apply to tribes. Congress has enacted several narrow full faith and credit provisions for states and tribes. None of these statutes, however, applies to state or federal tax liabilities. Some states have their own full faith and credit statutes and these rules might enable tribal tax authorities to receive off-reservation enforcement of their tax liabilities. The Uniform Foreign Money Recognition of Judgments Act provides a possible state law basis for enforcing tribal court tax judgments. This turns out to be an unlikely possibility. Another possibility is comity - a common law rule that permits, but does not require, a state court to recognize a foreign court judgment. The bad news continues, unfortunately. A common law doctrine known as the revenue rule provides that comity does not extend to tax liabilities. Does this mean that tribal tax officials should just give up? Maybe yes, maybe no. Federal courts have begun to develop what they call a federal common law of comity. This developing area of law is promising and could provide a basis for actually getting off-reservation enforcement of tribal court tax judgments. Even without federal comity, tribes and states, because they may have a common interest in promoting cross-border enforcement of tax liabilities, are free to enter into inter-governmental agreements that could provide a basis for off-reservation enforcement of tribal court tax judgments.


Manufacturers are invited to send details of new products to be included in this section. All information supplied should be strictly factual. The text may be altered by the editors. There is no charge to the manufacturers of products featured in this section and the journal accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided. Please send details to Dr J Fenner, Associate Editor (JMET), Dept. Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Floor I, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The forms and distributions of phosphorus were determined for four different land use practices in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, with the aim of evaluating the effects of land use and soil depth on soil physical and chemical properties, forms and distributions of phosphorus. The study was a 4×2 factorial experiment laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Factor 1 was four different land use practices (Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Leucaena leucocephala plantations and secondary forest), and Factor 2 was soil samples collected from two soil depths (0-30cm and 30-60cm). The soil pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable bases (Na, K, Mg and Ca), particle size, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus fractions (Al-P, Fe-P and Al-P) and available phosphorus analyses were carried out using standard procedures. Data collected from the laboratory analysis were subjected to two-way Analysis of Variance while the means among the treatments were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the soils had low total and available P contents. The soil under Leucaena leucocephala plantation had the highest total phosphorus (111.05mg kg-1), followed by Tectona grandis (97.63mgn kg-1), Gmelina arborea (96.41mg kg-1) and secondary forest (83.63mg kg-1). Total P decreased with depths (0-30cm and 30-60cm). Inorganic P-fractions were greatly influenced by soil properties such as soil pH, soil electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and soil particle size. The inorganic phosphorus fractions of the soils in all study area occurred generally in the following sequential order; Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P. The highest inorganic phosphorus recorded in all in the study area was Fe-P, followed by Ca-P and Al-P. Al-P had the lowest content between the depths examined. Lower nutrient concentrations in soils under secondary forest within the depths were due to lower organic matter content, higher nutrient demand, nutrient immobilization by tree species and other flora present. P fractionation investigations are therefore recommended in soils under indigenous species plantation in order to provide adequate understanding of P status in the soils and fertilizer recommendation so as to improve productivity.


A previous article proposed a model for when disclosure helps or hurts security, and provided reasons why computer security is often different in this respect than physical security. This paper provides a general approach for describing the incentives of actors to disclose about their software or systems. A chief point of this paper is that the incentives for disclosure depend on two, largely independent, assessments - the degree to which disclosure helps or hurts security, and the degree to which disclosure creates advantages or disadvantages for the organization competitively. The paper presents a 2x3 matrix, where disclosure for security and competition are assessed for three types of systems or software: Open Source; proprietary software; and government systems. The paper finds greater convergence on disclosure between Open Source and proprietary software than most commentators have believed. For instance, Open Source security experts use secrecy in stealth firewalls and in other ways. Open Source programmers also often rely on gaps in Open Source licenses to gain competitive advantage by keeping key information secret. Meanwhile, proprietary software often uses more disclosure than assumed. For security, large purchasers and market forces often lead to disclosure about proprietary software. For competitive reasons, proprietary software companies often disclose a great deal when seeking to become a standard in an area or for other reasons. Despite this greater-than-expected convergence of practice for Open Source and proprietary software, there are strong reasons to believe that less-than-optimal disclosure happens for government systems. The tradition of military secrecy, and the concern about tipping off attackers, leads to a culture of secrecy for government security. Market mechanisms to force disclosure are less likely to occur for agencies than for private companies. Competition for turf, such as the FBI's reputation for not sharing with local law enforcement, further reduces agency incentives to share information about vulnerabilities. Part I of the paper briefly recaps the relevant portions of the Security Disclosure model from the prior paper. Part II shows the incentive problems that exist when large databases are breached and the data of individuals is leaked. This sort of breach appears to be accompanied by significant externalities, so that breach notification statutes or similar measures are likely appropriate. Part III looks at the six parts of the matrix, analyzing the incentives for disclosure or secrecy for security reasons and competitiveness reasons, for Open Source software, proprietary software, and government systems. This research provides a general approach for determining when disclosure is societally efficient (the first paper) as well as for describing the incentives actors face to disclose or not (this paper). The actual decision of whether to disclose in a given instance will depend on assessment of the empirical magnitude of the factors set forth in the papers. The research provides, however, the first theoretical structure for assessing these issues, which are so important to the design of systems and software in our information-rich age.


"CIMA Exam Practice Kits" consolidate learning by providing an extensive bank of practice questions. Each solution provides an in depth analysis of the correct answer and highlights why the alternatives are incorrect. "CIMA Exam Practice Kits" are ideal for students studying independently or attending a tutored revision course. It supplements the Official "CIMA Study Systems" and "CIMA Revision Cards" with a wealth of additional questions and material focused purely on applying what has been learnt to passing the exam. "CIMA Exam Practice Kits" help students prepare with confidence for exam day, and to pass the new syllabus first time. It helps CIMA students to prepare and pass the new syllabus first time and practice applying and displaying knowledge so CIMA examiners can award you marks. It provides worked answers to fully explain the correct answer, and analysis of incorrect answers helping CIMA students avoid common pitfalls.


Despite the increasing popularity of soft interactive devices, their fabrication remains complex and time consuming. We contribute a process for rapid do-it-yourself fabrication of soft circuits using a conventional desktop inkjet printer. It supports inkjet printing of circuits that are stretchable, ultrathin, high resolution, and integrated with a wide variety of materials used for prototyping. We introduce multi-ink functional printing on a desktop printer for realizing multi-material devices, including conductive and isolating inks. We further present DIY techniques to enhance compatibility between inks and substrates and the circuits' elasticity. This enables circuits on a wide set of materials including temporary tattoo paper, textiles, and thermoplastic. Four application cases demonstrate versatile uses for realizing stretchable devices, e-textiles, body-based and re-shapeable interfaces.


Seasonal rainfall prediction, while useful for some planning, does not have the temporal resolution required for many applications. Information regarding sub‐seasonal variations in rainfall is often needed for water management and agriculture sector decisions. Daily station observations are used to characterize rainfall frequency and intensity and to verify a regional climate model (RegCM). The model is driven by reanalyses and by general circulation model ensemble realizations for two anomalous seasons in South America. Rainfall distributions simulated by the RegCM slightly overestimate smaller events at the expense of large events in the Northeast and Amazon, yet the smallest rainfall events are generally well represented. Importantly, the RegCM captures the shift in the rainfall distribution which occurs between 1983 (more small events) and 1985 (more large events). The sensitivity of these results to periodic reinitialization show some promise. These results imply that regional models may provide useful statistics on the subseasonal character of rainfall, however, longer nested integrations are needed.


Laboratory measurements on the instability of axisymmetric capillary surfaces pinned to the corners of annular grooves of rectangular section rotating at constant angular velocity Ω have been conducted. In stable configurations the fluid contact lines remain pinned to the corners of the groove with contact angles θ1,2 relative to the inner and outer vertical walls. Using water as the test fluid in narrow grooves of nearly constant width, the critical frequency Ωc for instability generally decreases with increasing overfill volume ΔV and mean groove radius. Numerical integration of the describing equation gives the shape of the rotating meniscus as a function of five independent parameters. In the range of contact angles θ1, 2 < π, a comparison of experimental results with numerically computed meniscus profiles suggests three mechanisms for contact line movement based on the effective static advancing (θA) and receding (θR) contact angles for liquid pinned to a sharp corner. Measurements of critical frequencies over a wide range of overfill volumes in six different grooves are in favourable agreement with composite regime diagrams for the critical static meniscus configuration. An interesting feature of this system is the existence of a range of overfill volumes inaccessible to experiments conducted by fixing the overfill volume on a stationary disk and subsequently elevating the disk rotation until contact line movement is observed. Numerical studies showing the effects of Bond number, groove curvature and contact angle hysteresis are presented.


Migrants are generally assumed to minimize their overall migration time by adjusting their departure fuel loads (DFL) in relation to anticipated and experienced fuel deposition rates (FDRs). We utilized a 21-yr long migration banding station dataset to examine the relationship between FDR and DFL during spring migration in six Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbird species during stopover along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) following trans-gulf flight. Estimates of fuel stores, stopover durations, and FDRs from our long term migration data set were combined to determine DFL. We expected and found that migrants across all six species adjust their DFL to the rate at which they deposit fuel reserves. This robust finding suggests that songbird migrants are sensitive to time constraints during spring passage presumably to fine-tune their stopover schedule in relation to experienced and anticipated habitat quality. Two of the species studied showed an effect of age on the FDR–DFL relationship: one was consistent with the expectation that older birds would be less sensitive to changes in FDR, while the second was contrary to our expectations and likely suggesting an age-dependent response to habitat quality. We found sex-dependent differences consistent with male DFL being more sensitive to FDR in only two of six species studied, and argue that both males and females are time constrained during spring passage in relation to arrival at breeding destinations. The positive relationship between FDR and DFL among all species and for age and sex groups in some species reflects a migration strategy sensitive to time.


The utilization of domain-specific programming abstractions for wireless sensor actor networks can greatly ease application development. A high level of abstraction from underlying system complexity fosters fast prototyping and less erroneous source code. However, especially in this domain access to low-level parameters can be mandatory to allow for sophisticated application fine-tuning.
 In this paper, we present a layered system access interface we developed for our middleware platform FACTS to address this challenge. Context-based configuration and control of system-level resources is facilitated by relying on lean additions to the FACTS framework. These will be discussed with the help of a common use case to illustrate the simple, yet powerful abstraction provided.


We read with great interest the article by Thomsen et al. (1), which is the latest study fueling the ongoing discussion on acute pancreatitis (AP) associated with incretin-based therapies. This controversy on drug safety started with conflicting animal and clinical data shortly after marketing approval of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4I). Recently, regulatory authorities reviewed the available data and concluded no increased AP risk, yet they called for further studies (2). Thomsen et al. underlined this conclusion with results from the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS) database. In their case-control study, a history of incretin-based drug use was identified in 89 first-time hospitalization AP cases and 684 matched control subjects. After correction for confounders, incretin-based therapy did not increase AP risk, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.75–1.21). Although this is the largest observational study to address this issue so far, and the high-quality CRS database facilitates accurate conclusions, we are not convinced these results will provide enough clinical certainty to reassure health care providers. A recurring concern is the residual confounding that is inherent to the nature of database studies. Moreover, at closer inspection, only 30 and 68 AP cases ever used GLP-1RA and DPP-4I, respectively. We question whether these numbers are sufficient to adequately correct for confounding without hampering statistical power and thereby missing a potential risk. Also, when analyses were restricted to primary AP diagnoses, which enhances validity, a history of DPP-4I use was associated with increased AP risk (OR ;1.40), an observation only briefly touched upon by the authors. Confounding and diagnostic uncertainty are less problematic in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). However, given the low incidence of AP, an enormous amount of subjects need to be studied for a long period of time. In the largest RCTs available, the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53 (SAVOR-TIMI 53) and Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin versus Standard of Care (EXAMINE) trials, use of DPP-4I was not associated with increased AP risk (3,4). When pooling all RCT data, nonsignificant ORs of 1.39 (95% CI 0.67–2.88) for GLP-1RA and 1.07 (0.72–1.58) for DPP-4I for AP development were found (4). Importantly, these conclusions also were based on a low number of cases, 38 and 57, respectively. What if incretin-based therapies do increase AP risk, to what clinical risk are we exposing our patients? On the basis of meta-analysis data from RCTs, over 1,800 (GLP-1RA) and 10,200 (DPP-4I) patients with type 2 diabetes must be treated for 1 year to prompt one extra AP case (background AP incidence rate: 1.4 cases per 1,000 person-years) (4). Whether this (low) risk is outweighed by the potential benefits on cardiovascular outcome still needs to be determined. Finding or dismissing a (patho)physiological basis underlying the potential AP risk in humans could guide the discussion and strengthen conclusions. Interestingly, treatment with incretin-based drugs increases serum lipase and amylase levels, although the cause and clinical relevance remain unclear (5). Weexpect that the pooled results from the ongoing cardiovascular safety trials will be the only means to definitely settle the debate on the pancreatic safety of incretin-based therapies (expected;2020). Until then, we believe that high-quality database studies, such as the current study, and well-performed humanmechanistic studies are needed to reassure clinicians that their patients are not harmed.


This paper defines Spook: a sponge-based authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm. It is primarily designed to provide security against side-channel attacks at a low energy cost. For this purpose, Spook is mixing a leakageresistant mode of operation with bitslice ciphers enabling efficient and low latency implementations. The leakage-resistant mode of operation leverages a re-keying function to prevent differential side-channel analysis, a duplex sponge construction to efficiently process the data, and a tag verification based on a Tweakable Block Cipher (TBC) providing strong data integrity guarantees in the presence of leakages. The underlying bitslice ciphers are optimized for the masking countermeasures against side-channel attacks. Spook is an efficient single-pass algorithm. It ensures state-ofthe-art black box security with several prominent features: (i) nonce misuse-resilience, (ii) beyond-birthday security with respect to the TBC block size, and (iii) multiuser security at minimum cost with a public tweak. Besides the specifications and design rationale, we provide first software and hardware implementation results of (unprotected) Spook which confirm the limited overheads that the use of two primitives sharing internal components imply. We also show that the integrity of Spook with leakage, so far analyzed with unbounded leakages for the duplex sponge and a strongly protected TBC modeled as leak-free, can be proven with a much weaker unpredictability assumption for the TBC. We finally discuss external cryptanalysis results and tweaks to improve both the security margins and efficiency of Spook.


This thesis researched the representation of British Indians in three types of visual media which were enormously popular at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. Together they reached a wider public than any other visual representations had done before. Magic lantern presentations had become popular in the 1870s, while postcards and film developed throughout the 1890s. To gain an understanding of the meaning of these representations, the thesis compares them with other colonial understandings of India. A comparison between the media reveals the medium specific contributions to the representations. The overarching framework of British colonial rule was one in which they believed to have a civilizing mission to the Indians, bringing both material and moral progress. The perceived lack of this progress in India was explained through a focus on India's religions, with religion believed to be the defining aspect of a person; its social stratification through the caste system, which supposedly permeated every aspect of society; and its treatment of women, who were considered to be either suffering under paternalistic structures or to be sexually immoral. As this was first of all an administrative point of view, cultural expressions in Britain were frequently at least as concerned with the entertainment value of Indians as with morality and progress. This entertainment was generally at the cost of the Indians. The thesis uses these three broad strands as the basis for an in-depth analysis. However, in order to be able to analyse and compare the different media, the concept of the dispositif is applied and developed. The dispositif enables an understanding of the different facets of a medium, while remaining aware of their interconnectedness. The importance of the 'cinema of attractional displays', highlighting the dominance of attraction over narrativity in early film, as well as of the concept of visual narrativity in the individual images, is assessed for the analysis of the images themselves. By applying these theoretical concepts when comparing and contrasting representations of religions, festivals, male occupations, fakirs, women and courtesans in these media with general discourses, the study comes to several significant conclusions. 1.The subjects popular in the representations were generally those that were also part of general colonial discourses, the media did not broach entirely new subjects. 2.Even if the representations reflected general colonial interests, the way in which they were executed and the meaning they acquired was strongly determined by the medium itself. 3.The importance of written and spoken text in magic lantern presentations anchors the visual representations in general colonial discourses, even if these images do not reflect these understandings. 4.Indian postcard publishers frequently reconfigured the colonial meaning given to representations, by using backgrounds and presenting Indians as independent and self-conscious. 5.Film was mostly interested in entertainment and had far less interest in pursuing colonial ideas, although Indians were almost never depicted as equal to Europeans.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the perceptions of and concerns regarding dental fluorosis among 12-15 year-old schoolchildren in an area where fluorosis is endemic and to find any association with Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) scores.

BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN
A cross sectional study.

PARTICIPANTS
316 children aged 12-15 years with varying level of dental fluorosis selected from 696 children screened for fluorosis.

METHODS
The study was undertaken in three villages in rural Gadag, Karnataka, India, with fluoride levels in the drinking water ranging from 2.2 to 4.5 ppm as estimated by the SPADNS spectrophotometric method. Children's fluorosis was assessed under natural lighting conditions on the labial surface of upper anterior teeth using the TSIF 8-point scale. A self-administered questionnaire assessed knowledge, perceptions and concerns. Data were analysed by frequency distributions and Spearman's correlation coefficients.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Aesthetic perceptions and TSIF scores.

RESULTS
The children were aware of the fluoride presence and its health effects. TSIF scores correlated with: the appearance of front teeth (r = 0.135, p = 0.015); feeling fluorosis would hinder smiling (r = 0.116, p = 0.040); feeling distress due to fluorosis (r = 0.111, p = 0.048).

CONCLUSION
Children were aware of fluoride and its health effects. They also perceived dental fluorosis as an aesthetic problem.


Objectives To evaluate the long-term effects of bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation in patients with coronary artery stenosis or occlusion lesions and with symptoms of angina pectoris. Methods 224 patients with serious stenosis (75% to 100%) of a native coronary artery presenting with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled from1 Mach, 2001 to 1 Mach, 2010. Among them there were 123 cases with hypertension (54.9%), 52 cases with diabetes mellitus (23.2%), 3 cases (1.3%) with old myocardial infarction and 32 cases (14.3%) with hyperlipidemia. 74 patients (33.0%) were smoker. The coronary angiography showed that the type 1 lesion characteristics were 95 cases (42.4%), type 2a lesion characteristics were 50 cases (22.3%), type 2b lesion characteristics were 46 cases (20.5%) and type 3 lesion characteristics were 33 cases (14.7%). Single coronary vessel lesion was 143 cases (63.8%), double coronary vessel lesions were 64 cases (28.6%) and three coronary vessel lesions were 17 (7.6%). BMS was implanted in the ischemia related coronary lesion. The diameter of the implanted stents was (3.16 ± 0.42) mm with length of (18.38 ± 6.15) mm. After the procedure of PCI recommended antiplatelet regimen included clopidogrel and aspirin for 2 months and followed by chronic aspirin therapy. All patients were followed for 24 to 157 months with an average of (93.50 ± 39.20) months. The main endpoint of follow-up was the occurrence of the first major adverse cardiac event (MACE), defined as death due to all cause, nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularisation (TLR) and target vessel revascularisation (TVR), heart failure with III class and over, very late thrombosis in stent and stroke. Results Complete clinical status was available in 224 patients to the end of follow-up. The combined cumulative MACE rate was 37.5% (84 cases) with an average of 4.81% per year. The number of death due to all cause was 32 cases (14.29%) with an average of 1.83% per year. The rate of TLR was 14.29% (32 cases) with an average of 1.83% per year. The rate of TVR was 6.25% (14 cases) with an average of 0.80% per year. The rate of heart failure with III class was 1.33% (3 cases). CABG was need in 2 cases (0.89%). The very late thrombosis in stent (1 case, 0.45%) presenting STEMI was very low. 2 case (0.89%) died to cerebral haemorrhage occurring within 24 month after the PCI. Conclusions It was the low incidence rate of MACE in the long-term follow-up for more than 2 years that BMS was used to treat unselective coronary artery stenosis lesions.


The Astdalen catchment (373 km 2 ) represents largely a natural ecosystem, typical for the higher central and southern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It is underlain by fractured sedimentary rocks with a thin cover of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits. The runoff process in Astdalen is mainly determined by: Large accumulation of precipitation as snow, large areas covered by peatlands, and a high waterstorage capacity in the bedrocks. Groundwater discharge occurs in river beds, in springs and as flow towards the soil surface, especially toward peatland areas. The discharges of the main river Asta and of investigated springs rise rapidly following snowmelt and rainstorms during the two water-years of study, 1 October 1980 to 30 September 1982. This shows that the catchment has a high infiltration capacity, and that water moves rapidly downslope in the saturated zone, following macropores in soils, peatlands and bedrock fractures. Groundwater, especially shallow groundwater, plays an important role of streamflow peak generation, even during snowmelt. About 60-70 % of the river discharges during the melting periods in 1981 and 1982 were baseflow. There is a net gain of protons, ammonium, potassium, nitrate and chloride to the catchment from the atmosphere during the year, and a net loss of calcium, magnesium sodium and sulfate. Constituents showing a net loss have an internal geologic and/or organic source in addition to the atmosphere. The concentration of most substances in river Asta and in the investigated springs are lowered during peak flows. The concentration of protons is on the other hand typically increased during snowmelt. This indicates that fresh rain and/or snowmelt water dominates such flow periods and not older prestorm water. About 56 % of the protons needed to supply the weathering-derived ions to river Asta come from precipitation.


Knowledge sharing has become an important issue that challenges the efficient healthcare delivery in eHealth system. It also rises as one of the most demanding applications with reference to dynamic interactivities among various healthcare actors (e.g. doctors, nurses, patients, relatives of patients). In this paper, we suggest an activity theory based ontology model to represent various healthcare actors. The goal of the suggested model is to enhance interactivities among these healthcare actors for conducting more efficient knowledge sharing, which helps to design eHealth system. To validate the feasibility of suggested ontology model, three typical use cases are further studied. A questionnaire based survey is carried out and the corresponding survey results are reported, together with the detailed discussions.


The syntax of human language is a recursive, generative system. Both of these properties are ubiquitous in the natural world. In fact, sentences, trees, and brains share the property of hierarchical structure (i.e., tree-structure) as a fundamental principle. Aspects of syntax are subject to general constraints on structure which in themselves have no meaning. In contrast, the way we use and manipulate these structures (usually) are meaningful. Another parallel between trees and brains is that they both have bark, in the brain called cortex. I argue that the activation in the "bark" of the brain depends on the nature of the syntactic tree, that is, structural properties of any given sentence. I present results from two neuroimaging studies on sentence comprehension which also provide support for a much more distributed implementation of language in the brain than is usually assumed, especially in neuropsychology textbooks. In particular, comprehension phenomena at the interface between syntax and pragmatics (i.e., between form and function) engage Broca's area (often called the speech area), whereas purely structural differences in syntactic form engage motor and premotor cortex. Language is a complex system of subsystems (or modules) implemented in the brain as distributed and overlapping networks.


The three-dimensionality of 3D GaN field-effect transistors (FETs) provides them with unique advantages compared to their planar counterparts, introducing a promising path towards future FETs beyond Moore's law. Similar to today's Si processor technology, 3D GaN FETs offer multi-gate structures that provide excellent electrostatic control over the channel and enable very low subthreshold swing values close to the theoretical limit. Various concepts have been demonstrated, including both lateral and vertical devices with GaN nanowire (NW) or nanofin (NF) geometries. Outstanding transport properties were achieved with laterally contacted NWs that were grown in a bottom-up approach and transferred onto an insulating substrate. For higher power application, vertical FETs based on regular arrays of GaN nanostructures are particularly promising due to their parallel integration capability and large sidewall surfaces, which can be utilized as channel area. In this paper, we review the current status of 3D GaN FETs and discuss their concepts, fabrication techniques, and performances. In addition to the potential benefits, reliability issues and difficulties that may arise in complex 3D processing are discussed, which need to be tackled to pave the way for future switching applications.


OBJECTIVE: To establish the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with chronic otitis media. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 22 patients with chronic otitis media scheduled for tympanomastoid surgery were enrolled in this study between September 2007 and January 2008. Biopsies of the middle ear mucosa and cultures were taken at the time of surgery. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods for Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria identification was performed using the Becton Dickinson automatic identification system. Slime forming ability was tested on congo red agar for culture positive bacteria. The presence of icaA and icaD DNA were detected by polymerase chain reaction using forward and reverse primers for icaA and icaD for staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS: 6 of 22 patients' tissue specimens were culture-positive(72.7%). 5 Staphylococcus aureus and 11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified on 16 specimens. Bacterial biofilms were present on 9 of 16(56.2%) culture-positive specimens. 2 of 5(40%) Staphylococcus aureus and 7 of 11(63.6%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced bacterial biofilms. CONCLUSION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly bacteria in chronic otitis media. Biofilm forming ability was higher in Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with other bacteries. The presence of biofilms on the mucosa of patients with chronic otitis media offers a possible cause of antimicrobial therapy failure. Atatürk Training and Research Hospital ENT Clinic, (E. P›nar, S. Öncel, Ü. Karagöz, Ç. Çall›, B. Tatar); Atatürk Training and Research Hospital Microbiology Clinic,(G. fiener); ‹zmir


In this paper, we propose a generic method to assess the vulnerability to Differential Fault Analysis of generalized Feistel networks (GFN). This method is based on an in-depth analysis of the GFN properties. First the diffusion of faults is studied, both at the block level and at the S-box level, in order to have a fault which maximizes the number of S-boxes impacted by a fault. Then the number of faults in an S-box required to find the key is evaluated. By combining these results, a precise assessment of the vulnerability to fault attacks of GFN can be made. This method is then used on several examples of Feistel ciphers.


Seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) of the Caribbean Islands (primarily West Indies) is floristically distinct from Neotropical SDTF in Central and South America. We evaluate whether tree species composition was associated with climatic gradients or geographical distance. Turnover (dissimilarity) in species composition of different islands or among more distant sites would suggest communities structured by speciation and dispersal limitations. A nested pattern would be consistent with a steep resource gradient. Correlation of species composition with climatic variation would suggest communities structured by broad‐scale environmental filtering.


We consider the empirical risk minimization problem for linear supervised learning, with regularization by structured sparsity-inducing norms. These are defined as sums of Euclidean norms on certain subsets of variables, extending the usual l1-norm and the group l1-norm by allowing the subsets to overlap. This leads to a specific set of allowed nonzero patterns for the solutions of such problems. We first explore the relationship between the groups defining the norm and the resulting nonzero patterns, providing both forward and backward algorithms to go back and forth from groups to patterns. This allows the design of norms adapted to specific prior knowledge expressed in terms of nonzero patterns. We also present an efficient active set algorithm, and analyze the consistency of variable selection for least-squares linear regression in low and high-dimensional settings.


Benthic community responses to lake eutrophication are poorly understood relative to pelagic responses. We compared phytoplankton and periphyton productivity along a eutrophication gradient in Greenland, U.S., and Danish lakes. Phytoplankton productivity increased along the phosphorus gradient (total phosphorus [TP] = 2–430 mg m−3), but whole‐lake benthic algal productivity decreased, substantially depressing increases in primary productivity at the whole‐lake scale. In shallow, oligotrophic Greenland lakes, periphyton was responsible for 80–98% of primary production, whereas in Danish lakes with TP > 100 mg m−3, phytoplankton were responsible for nearly 100% of primary production. Benthic contributions ranged from 5 to 80% depending on morphometry and littoral habitat composition in lakes with intermediate phosphorus concentrations. Thus, eutrophication was characterized by a switch from benthic to pelagic dominance of primary productivity. Carbon stable isotope analysis showed that the redistribution of primary production entailed a similar shift from periphyton to phytoplankton in the diets of zoobenthos. Benthic and pelagic habitats were energetically linked through food web interactions, but eutrophication eroded the benthic primary production pathway.