Upon his arrest in New York in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks for charges related to identity theft, Javaid Iqbal, a Muslim male, was classified as a person of "high interest" and thereafter placed in a federal prison facility housing "September 11 detainees." Iqbal, claiming that this classification was premised on his race, religion, and national origin, and not based on any evidence tying him to terrorism, filed suit against John Ashcroft, Robert Mueller, and others. Ashcroft and Mueller moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that Iqbal's allegations were insufficient to overcome their entitlement to qualified immunity. The district court and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit disagreed, denying the motion. Last term, the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 ruling, reversed, holding that Iqbal's allegations of discrimination were implausible under the pleading standards announced in Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, and finding unremarkable the accepted fact that the government targeted Muslims in the wake of 9/11. The purpose of this Article is to challenge both the procedural and substantive rulings in Iqbal. In particular: Part I will provide an overview of the factual background and procedural history of the case, Part II will examine the arguments put before the Court by the parties and amici, Part III will summarize the Court's decision and the dissenting opinions, while Part IV will argue that the Court not only drastically altered the traditional pleading standards that apply to civil cases, but erroneously concluded that Iqbal's allegations of constitutional violations were insufficient at the motion to dismiss stage. It also offers an alternative framework as to how motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim and claims of discrimination in the wartime context should be assessed by courts when and if Iqbal is revisited. Though Iqbal has largely escaped serious scholarly attention, hundreds of federal court orders are now relying upon it for its explication of the pleading requirements under Rule 8(a)(2) and even for its approval of racial profiling. This Article sheds light on Iqbal and charges that, because it dissolved notice pleading and sanctioned blanket profiling of Muslims for national security reasons, it is one of the worst decisions of our generation. It is, in other words, 9/11's Korematsu.


Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus that can compromise the lungs and the liver and cause infection in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, this virus can cause infectious mononucleosis syndrome, infection in the CNS, and retinitis. Moreover, it has been associated with the development of oral hairy leukoplakia and ulcers. Objective: To report two cases of patients with HIV with oral manifestations associated with CMV infection. Case Report: In the first case, the patient sought medical attention, with complaints of weakness, fever, cough, and weight loss. In the second case, the patient complained of weakness and blurred vision for about a week. Both patients were infected with HIV and made irregular use of antiretroviral therapy. Several ulcers were observed in the mouth that caused much discomfort. The diagnosis of CMV infection was defined by the following tests: enzyme immunoassay fluorescence-CMV IgG and PCR for CMV in real time. Ganciclovir has been used in the treatment of patients, and oral ulcerations received symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: The dentist must be aware that CMV may also be responsible for the development of ulcers in the oral cavity, especially in immunocompromised patients.


The development of a negative electrode for supercapacitors is very critical for the next-generation of energy-storage devices while it remains a great challenge. Herein, a flexible and free-standing nanocomposite electrode of Bi2O3-decorated electrospun carbon nanofibers (ESCNFs) was prepared via electrospinning technology and a simple solvothermal method. The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite electrode was investigated. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device made of the ESCNF@Bi2O3 negative electrode and CF@NiCo2O4 positive electrode was developed. It achieved excellent electrochemical properties including high energy density, high power density, and outstanding cycling stability. Moreover, the ability to power light-emitting diodes also indicates the feasibility for practical use. This work holds great promise for developing next-generation supercapacitors with high energy density.


The goal of this study is to investigate the speech act of persuasion in the Xhosa drama text Isisila sehobe by Satyo and Gwashu. The investigation into persuasive communication in Isisila sehobe takes as a starting point the persuasive strategies of Larson (1999). The study's main aim is to establish the linguistic realisation through which social aspects of isiXhosa persuasion are expressed in Isisila sehobe. The core persuasive message in this text is concerned with marriage. This study shows that some people take as their reasons for marriage materialistic things such as wealth and as a result such marriages seldom materialise or become stable, because people merely stay together for convenience and not love. In Isisila sehobe the results of such a marriage are disastrous, even leading to death. In addition, this study aims to present an account of how characters in Isisila sehobe realise premises and strategies of persuasion in authentic communication, using the framework of persuasion theory (O'Keefe, 1990).


The anti-Semitic films of Third Reich stand as a vivid illustration of the hatred targeted at the Jews in Germany from 1933 to 1945. Two of the anti-Semitic films in particular, Jud Suss (Veit Harlan, 1940) and Der Ewige Jude (Fritz Hippler, 1940), have received much attention from academics and the general public. In this paper, however, I will examine two other films that have been largely ignored: Robert und Bertram (Hans Zerlett, 1939) and Die Rothschilds (Erich Waschneck, 1940). These two films show that anti-Semitism could adopt very different guises in Third Reich film; it could appear in a light-hearted humorous farce film, like Robert und Bertram or in a serious historical drama, like Die Rothschilds. Just as anti-Semitism took different forms, so did the image of the Jew. Advertisers of the films walked a fine line between displaying the Jew as a repulsive, evil figure on the one hand and displaying him as an attractive, saleable figure on the other. As a result, the character of the Jew, and his counterpart, the Aryan, were often portrayed in very contradictory manners. By examining how advertisers marketed the genre, plot and characters for each of these two films, I will show how conflicting images and messages dominated even this cornerstone of Nazi ideology, the anti-Semitic film.


Abstract Many global tourist destinations have experienced growth in arrivals. This has triggered various conflicts in destinations and sparked debates as to how to deal with what is increasingly referred to as 'overtourism'. Most Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) pursue strategies to stimulate arrivals even further. Pro-growth discourses are reinforced by lead bodies such as the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). However, maximisation strategies based on higher numbers of tourists increasingly cause conflicts with local residents, whereas simultaneously undermining climate change mitigation pledges as negotiated in the Paris Agreement. New approaches to destination management based on optimisation are therefore warranted. Drawing on a survey of international tourists (n = 5,249) in south-western Norway, this article discusses whether 'activities', i.e. the development of local, small-scale and ideally more sustainable experiences, can contribute to economic growth without necessarily increasing numbers of arrivals. Results confirm that destinations should seek to better understand their markets, including length of stay, spending, and/or activity intention, to identify profitable markets. Ultimately, such knowledge may help addressing overtourism conflicts while building tourism systems that are more economically, socially, and environmentally resilient.


Endemic tuberculosis and brucellosis threaten Canada's wood bison population. For the purposes of developing a procedure to harvest pathogen-free sperm from bison, a sperm separation and purification product, BoviPure, was tested to determine its effect on bison sperm viability before and after cryopreservation. BoviPure (NidaCon International AB, Molndal, Sweden) is a density centrifugation gradient system that contains trypsin and is designed to separate motile from non-motile sperm and remove infectious pathogens. Spermatozoa were expelled from the caudal epididymis of bison testicles collected at slaughter and diluted in 3 to 5 mL of TCM-199 medium (Gibco, Burlington, Ontario, Canada). After 1 h of incubation at 37°C, 1 to 1.5 mL of diluted sample (approximately 300 × 106 sperm) was placed in (1) a BoviPure gradient containing trypsin (n = 18 samples), (2) a BoviPure gradient without trypsin (n = 10 samples), or 3) left untreated (control; n = 20). Gradients were centrifuged at 300g for 20 min. The sperm pellet was resuspended in 5 mL of TCM-199 medium and recentrifuged at 500 g for 10 min. Total and progressive motility were estimated using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Gradient-treated and untreated sperm samples were diluted in an egg yolk extender (Triladyl; Minitube Canada, Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada), placed in 0.5-mL straws (50-200 × 106 spermatozoa per straw), frozen, and stored in liquid nitrogen for a minimum of 24 h. Semen straws were thawed by plunging in a 37°C water bath for 30 s, and motility measurements were taken immediately by CASA. Total and progressive motility were compared among groups by analysis of variance. Before cryopreservation, total motility and progressive motility were not affected by gradient processing. Total motility was 85±5.1%, 80±4.8%, and 77 ± 3.7% for untreated, BoviPure with trypsin, and BoviPure without trypsin, respectively (mean ± SEM), and progressive motility was 74 ± 2.7%, 77 ± 3.8%, and 68 ± 4.7%, respectively. After freezing and thawing, total motility decreased compared to unfrozen samples (P < 0.0001) but was not different among groups (37 ± 3.6%, 33 ± 3.7%, and 29 ± 4.8% for untreated, BoviPure with trypsin, and BoviPure without trypsin, respectively). Similarly, progressive motility decreased compared to unfrozen samples (P < 0.0001) but was not different among groups (26 ± 3.6%, 21 ± 3.7%, and 14.5 ± 4.9% for untreated, BoviPure with trypsin, and BoviPure without trypsin, respectively). We conclude that the BoviPure gradient with or without trypsin does not influence total motility or progressive motility of bison sperm either before or after cryopreservation and has potential as a method of harvesting pathogen-free sperm from wild animals of unknown disease status. This study was supported by Canadian Adaptation and Rural Development in Saskatchewan.


Pneumothorax, or a collapsed lung, is a serious medical condition resulting when air or fluid escapes the lung into the chest cavity and prevents the lung from inflating. Few viable means of sealing the damaged and leaking tissues are currently available, leading to longer hospital stays, multiple interventions, and increasing costs of care. The motivation of this dissertation is to engineer a novel polysaccharide-based therapeutic surgical sealant, which can be utilized to seal trauma-induced damage to the outer lining of the lung, i.e. pleura, preventing or reversing lung collapse to restore normal breathing function. The use of polysaccharides, such as alginate and hyaluronan, has become increasingly prevalent in biomedical and tissue engineering applications due to the ability to add functionality through chemical modification, allowing for tunable mechanical and physical properties. These hydrophilic polymer chains can be crosslinked to form hydrogels, which can retain large volumes of water and can mimic the properties of tissues found within the body. In this work, polysaccharide hydrogel sealants were engineered with well-regulated gelation and mechanical properties, and further modified to achieve adhesion to biological tissues. This was accomplished by mimicking the mechanical and physical properties of the complex tissues, and crosslinking the hydrogels in situ using a visible light-initiated system. Methacrylated alginate and oxidized alginate were successfully synthesized and utilized to fabricate adhesive sealant patches, which can adhere and seal damaged tissues in vivo. Methacrylation was implemented to allow covalent photo-crosslinking between adjacent polymer chains in solution. Here, a novel anhydrous chemistry was developed to allow for precise control over the degree of methacrylation and thus tune the mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels by modulating the number of crosslinkable sidegroups attached to the polysaccharide chain. To increase the adhesive properties of the resulting hydrogels, oxidation of the polysaccharide chain was subsequently implemented to form functional aldehyde groups capable of protein interactions through the formation of imine bonds on biological tissue surfaces. To test the performance of this multifunctional material, burst pressure testing was executed, revealing the relationship between the two distinct chemical modifications performed and the mechanical and adhesive properties of the resulting sealant. In addition, methacrylated alginate was utilized to synthesize therapeutic, drugencapsulating hydrogel nanoparticles, which when incorporated within the polysaccharide-based surgical sealant allow for local drug release. The ability to control drug release at the site of application further broadens the potential uses of this surgical sealant patch and will be discussed further within this dissertation.


Purpose: local therapeutic cooling to soft tissue is known to sometimes cause necrosis and neuropathy via cold-induced ischemia. The purpose of this study is to quantify the occurrence and persistence of cold-induced ischemia associated with cryotherapy. Methods: Fda approved or exempt cryotherapy devices were applied for localized cooling on human subjects via recommended user protocols. Subjects were instru-mented on the cooling site with thermocouples and laser doppler blood flow probes. Results: local cutaneous blood perfusion was depressed to as little as 15% to 20% of baseline and remained depressed for hours following the cessation of active cooling. Induction of vasoconstriction was coupled to active surface cooling, and persistence of vasoconstriction was decoupled from subsequent passive surface rewarming. Conclusions: Skin blood flow drops progressively during active cooling of skin, but during subsequent passive rewarming the flow may remain deeply depressed and decoupled from the increasing skin temperature. There is a large hysteresis between skin temperature and blood flow during the tissue cooling and warming cycle, having important implications for therapeutic efficacy and safety.


Oceanic sources of nutrients to the kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel were diagnosed using time series from three moorings in 12‐ to 17‐m water depth. An in situ nitrate autoanalyzer on the moorings provided the first high‐resolution time series of nitrate + nitrite (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN) concentrations for this environment. Measurements between February 2001 and May 2003 show that the major mechanisms that supply DIN to the inner shelf of the Santa Barbara Channel are upwelling, diurnal internal motions, and storm runoff. These supply mechanisms vary in importance seasonally. Upwelling dominates increases of inner‐shelf DIN concentration between March and May and accounts for more than half of the annual advective DIN transport to shelf reefs. In summer, baroclinic motions akin to internal waves are an important source of DIN because they occur when surface nutrient concentrations are depleted and other supply mechanisms are inactive. Brief episodes of upwelling become important in late autumn and early winter. DIN inputs from storm runoff, detected as salinity dilution at the moorings and estimated from measurements of stream discharge and nutrient concentration, are significant during winter runoff events.


While the commerce clause neither mentions federal courts nor expressly prohibits the exercise of state regulatory powers that might operate concurrently with Congressional commerce powers, the Supreme Court has long used the dormant commerce clause doctrine to limit the power of states to regulate across a diverse array of subject areas in the absence of federal legislation. Commentators have criticized the Court less for creating the doctrine than for applying it in a seemingly inconsistent, or even haphazard, way. Past commentators have recognized that a game theoretical model, the prisoners' dilemma, can be used to explain the role of the dormant commerce clause doctrine in promoting cooperation among states by inhibiting a regime of mutual defection. This model, however, provides at best a partial account of existing dormant commerce clause doctrine, and sometimes seems to run directly counter to actual case results. The difficulty is not the power of game theory to provide a positive account of the cases or to provide the dormant commerce clause doctrine with a meaningful normative foundation. Rather, the problem has been the limited choice of models drawn from game theory to explain the conditions in which states rationally elect to avoid mutually beneficial cooperative strategies with other states. Professor Stearns shows how a state might avoid cooperation in a situation not captured in the prisoners' dilemma account to disrupt a multiple Nash equilibrium game, thus producing an undesirable mixed strategy equilibrium in place of two or more available pro-commerce, Nash equilibrium outcomes. At the same time, the defecting state secures a rent that only became available as a consequence of the Nash equilibrium, pro-commerce strategies of surrounding states, and that is closely analogous to quasi rents described in the literature on relational contracting. The combined game theoretical analysis, drawing upon the prisoners' dilemma and multiple Nash equilibrium games, not only explains several of the most criticized features of the dormant commerce clause and several related doctrines, but also underscores the proper normative relationship between the dormant commerce clause doctrine and various forms of state law rent seeking.


Deliberate tanning, poor sun protection and sun exposure increase an individual's risk for skin cancer. Recent evidence suggests that individuals of Asian heritage have lower incidence of skin cancer than Caucasians but that their post-diagnosis outcomes are often worse. In Western cultures tanning behaviours are often motivated by a desire for 'attractive' tanned skin. Conversely, a light complexion is desired in a number of Asian cultures and may consequently serve to protect this group from excessive and risky sun exposure behaviours. This possibility is yet to be tested, with little known about the sun-related behaviours of Asian people residing in Australia. The present study involves 140 South Australian young adults who report having Asian heritage. Results show that the majority of female participants, and significantly fewer males, reported participating in deliberate outdoor tanning behaviour. Perceptions of family, peer and media tanning norms influenced behaviour, with peer norms being the strongest predictor. The desire for a lighter skin tone was associated with increased sun-protective behaviour and a lower number of previous severe sunburns. As a significant proportion of participants engaged in deliberate tanning behaviour, it is recommended that future research continue to explore factors associated with tanning, including an explicit measure of culture.


Dated molecular phylogenies of broadly distributed lineages can help to compare patterns of diversification in different parts of the world. An explanation for greater Neotropical diversity compared to other parts of the tropics is that it was an accident of the Andean orogeny. Using dated phylogenies, of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear DNA WRKY sequence datasets, generated using BEAST we demonstrate that the diversification of the genera Theobroma and Herrania occurred from 12.7 (11.6-14.9 [95% HPD]) million years ago (Ma) and thus coincided with Andean uplift from the mid-Miocene and that this lineage had a faster diversification rate than other major clades in Malvaceae. We also demonstrate that Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, diverged from its most recent common ancestor 9.9 (7.7-12.9 95% HPD) Ma, in the mid-to late-Miocene, suggesting that this economically important species has had ample time to generate significant within-species genetic diversity that is useful information for a developing chocolate industry. In addition, we address questions related to the latitudinal gradient in species diversity within Malvaceae. A faster diversification rate is an explanation for the greater species diversity at lower latitudes. Alternatively, tropical conditions may have existed for longer and occupied greater areas than temperate ones meaning that tropical lineages have had more time and space in which to diversify. Our dated molecular phylogeny of Malvaceae demonstrated that at least one temperate lineage within the family diverged from tropical ancestors then diversified at a rate comparable with many tropical lineages in the family. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Malvaceae are more species rich in the tropics because tropical lineages within the family have existed for longer and occupied more space than temperate ones, and not because of differences in diversification rate.


The author states that as a second-year medical student with a liberal arts degree, it is often difficult for him to reconcile his former education with the current demands of his training. Although the medical curriculum acknowledges the importance of a biopsychosocial model, the prioritization of knowledge remains the same: know your biological, pharmacological, and anatomical facts. However, the author's experience with a social pediatrics research summer studentship moved him beyond this basic sciences mindset and provided a practical framework for the application of his liberal arts training. The experience was twofold: he worked on a research project while simultaneously shadowing a pediatrician twice a week. His project applied a Foucauldian critical discourse analysis to an archive of texts that sought to better characterize the term social pediatrics. The author concludes that the thought-changing reflection, mentorship, and concrete clinical experiences made possible by the summer studentship expanded his worldview.


In good times, most universities worry little about the systematic processes they have developed for admitting, advising, and retaining students. When enrollments decline, there may be more than a demographic explanation. One metropolitan university has discovered the value of continuous quality improvement methods in upgrading its core studentrelated administrative processes. As a result, it is increasing efficiency and personalizing a traditionally bureaucratic system of student service. This description of change in progress at the University of Missouri-St. Louis can assist other universities with similar interests in improving the student experience. Concurrent goals are to increase retention and decrease time to degree attainment.


Swedish elementary school children stopped receiving written end of year report cards following a grading reform in 1982. Gradual implementation of the reform creates an opportunity to investigate the effects of being graded on adult educational attainments and earnings for children in the cohorts born 1954–1974, using a differ-ence-in-differences strategy. Accounting for municipal time trends and tracing out reform dynamics, there is some evidence that being graded increases girls' years of schooling, but has no significant average effect on boys. Analysis of effects by fam-ily background suggests that getting grades increases the probability of high school graduation for boys and girls with compulsory school educated parents. Sons of uni-versity graduates, however, earn less and are less likely to get a university degree if they were graded in elementary school.


Modern highly-concurrent search data structures, such as search trees, obtain multi-core scalability and performance by having operations traverse the data structure without any synchronization. As a result, however, these algorithms are notoriously difficult to prove linearizable, which requires identifying a point in time in which the traversal's result is correct. The problem is that traversing the data structure as it undergoes modifications leads to complex behaviors, necessitating intricate reasoning about all interleavings of reads by traversals and writes mutating the data structure. In this paper, we present a general proof technique for proving unsynchronized traversals correct in a significantly simpler manner, compared to typical concurrent reasoning and prior proof techniques. Our framework relies only on sequential properties of traversals and on a conceptually simple and widely-applicable condition about the ways an algorithm's writes mutate the data structure. Establishing that a target data structure satisfies our condition requires only simple concurrent reasoning, without considering interactions of writes and reads. This reasoning can be further simplified by using our framework. To demonstrate our technique, we apply it to prove several interesting and challenging concurrent binary search trees: the logical-ordering AVL tree, the Citrus tree, and the full contention-friendly tree. Both the logical-ordering tree and the full contention-friendly tree are beyond the reach of previous approaches targeted at simplifying linearizability proofs.


An inquiry into the lives of children of similar, if not identical, historical an cultural heritage who today find themselves in radically opposed ideological worlds, regarding one another across the concrete manifestation of their considerable differences, the Berlin Wall. Under these circumstances, what are the significant factors that contribute to the development in children of feelings of loyalty to or alienation from their nation? How do they view not only themselves, but the "other" Germans as well? How do they come to terms, emotionally and cognitively, with a unique, frequently painful, and frustrating reality? What are the lessons intended for them by their societies, and what lessons do they in fact learn? How do these children persist as Germans while at the same time becoming something else -- "communists? or "capitalists"? Thomas Davey conducted interviews with children both sides of the Wall, participated in their daily lives, collected their drawings, talked with their teachers and families and grew aware of just how attentive children can be to moral and political subtleties of national life. The result is a revealing and dramatic portrait of a young generation coming to terms with complex national and historical circumstances of the two cites of East and West Berlin.


The fatality rate associated with severe bacterial infections is about 30 percent and appropriate antibiotic treatment reduces it by half. Unfortunately, about a third of antibiotic treatments prescribed by physicians are inappropriate. We have built a causal probabilistic network (CPN) for treatment of severe bacterial infections. The net is based on modules, each module representing a site of infection. The general configuration of a module is as follows: Major distribution factors define groups of patients, each of them with a definite prevalence of infection caused by a given pathogen. Minor distribution factors multiply the likelihood of one pathogen, without changing much of the prevalence of infection. Infection caused by a pathogen causes local and generalized signs and symptoms. Antibiotic treatment is appropriate if it matches the susceptibility of the pathogens in vitro and appropriate treatment is associated with a gain in life expectancy. This is balanced against the cost of the drug, side effects, and ecological damage, to reach the most cost effective treatment. The net was constructed in such a way that the data for the conditional probability tables will be available, even if it meant sometimes giving up on fine modeling details. For data, we used large databases collected in the last 10 years (1990-2000) and data from the literature. The CPN was a convenient way to combine data from databases collected at different locations and times with published information. Although the net is based on detailed and large databases, its calibration to new sites requires data that is available in most modern hospitals.


Abstract We study unconfined homogeneous turbulence with a destabilizing background density gradient in the Boussinesq approximation. Starting from initial isotropic turbulence, the buoyancy force induces a transient phase toward a self-similar regime accompanied by a rapid growth of kinetic energy and Reynolds number, along with the development of anisotropic structures in the flow in the direction of gravity. We model this with a two-point statistical approach using an axisymmetric eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure that includes buoyancy production. The model is able to match direct numerical simulations (DNS) in a parametric study showing the effect of initial Froude number and mixing intensity on the development of the flow. We further improve the model by including the stratification timescale in the characteristic relaxation time for triple correlations in the closure. It permits the computation of the long-term evolution of unstably stratified turbulence at high Reynolds number. This agrees with recent theoretical predictions concerning the self-similar dynamics and brings new insight into the spectral energy distribution and anisotropy of the flow.


The Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase structural gene (amyE) lacking its own signal peptide coding sequence was joined to the end of the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (phoA) signal peptide coding sequence by using the technique of oligonucleotide-directed site-specific deletion. On induction of the phoA promoter, the B. subtilis alpha-amylase was expressed and almost all the activity was found in the periplasmic space of E. coli. The sequence of the five amino-terminal amino acids of the secreted polypeptide was Glu-Thr-Ala-Asn-Lys-, and thus the fused protein was correctly processed by the E. coli signal peptidase at the end of the phoA signal peptide.


Memory cells have been protected from soft errors for more than a decade; due to the increase in soft error rate in logic circuits, the encoder and decoder circuitry around the memory blocks have become susceptible to soft errors as well and must also be protected. We introduce a new approach to design fault-secure encoder and decoder circuitry for memory designs. The key novel contribution of this paper is identifying and defining a new class of error-correcting codes whose redundancy makes the design of fault-secure detectors (FSD) particularly simple. We further quantify the importance of protecting encoder and decoder circuitry against transient errors, illustrating a scenario where the system failure rate (FIT) is dominated by the failure rate of the encoder and decoder. We prove that Euclidean geometry low-density parity-check (EG-LDPC) codes have the fault-secure detector capability. Using some of the smaller EG-LDPC codes, we can tolerate bit or nanowire defect rates of 10% and fault rates of 10-18 upsets/device/cycle, achieving a FIT rate at or below one for the entire memory system and a memory density of 1011 bit/cm2 with nanowire pitch of 10 nm for memory blocks of 10 Mb or larger. Larger EG-LDPC codes can achieve even higher reliability and lower area overhead.


This work fall within the cadre of Cryptanalysis. Because, under certain condition, we would give a fairly simple method to solve the CDHP (the Problem Computational of Diffie and Hellman) and others problems associated to it. Since, solving this problem, will help us to provide a solution to the BDH (Problem Bilinear of Diffie and Hellman). The CDHP and BDHP are the heart of many cryptosystems in the point of view security, so solving it may be a threat to this cryptosystem's. To elucidate this, we use a concept of geometry algebraic named Tate Pairing. This work is purely theoretical, we give firstly an overview on the idea and we illustrate it by an examples to see its efficiency.


The combination of semantic technologies and social software has become more and more popular in the last few years as can be seen by the emergence of Semantic Wikis or the popularity of vocabularies such as FOAF or SIOC. The KiWi project is based upon these principles and offers features required for Social Media applications such as versioning, (semantic) tagging, rich text editing, easy linking, rating and commenting, as well as advanced "smart" services such as recommendation, rule-based reasoning, information extraction, intelligent search and querying, a sophisticated social reputation system, vocabulary management, and rich visualization. KiWi can be used both, as a platform for building custom Semantic Media applications, and as a Semantic Social Index, integrating content and data from a variety of different sources, e.g. Wikis, blogs and content management systems in an enterprise internet. Third-party applications can access the KiWi System using simple-to-use web services. The demo presents the whole functionality of the Open Source development platform KiWi in its final version within one integrated project management scenario. Furthermore it shows different KiWi-based Social Media projects to illustrate its various fields of application.


This paper updates and builds on research which was first presented at the Learning in Law Annual Conference 2010. The project was originally funded by a university Learning and Teaching Fellowship award and examined the experience of first year assessment of undergraduates in the Brighton Business School.

An assessment audit examined the nature of assessment within the Business School and found a traditional mix of coursework and examinations although the module Legal Academic Skills had a variety of assessment tasks.

All first year students were asked to complete a questionnaire in May 2010 addressing their experience of assessment. There was a relatively low response rate (17% n=103) but students had a wide range of views on which assessment tasks they found challenging and why. Law students generally found the non-law subjects most challenging, but there was a great variety in the reasons. Staff were also asked why they had selected a particular form of assessment and despite a reasonable response rate (53% n=11) very few (3) mentioned learning outcomes.

The literature suggests that there has been a reduction in both the quantity and quality of feedback students receive (Gibbs and Simpson 2004) and that students are confused about guidance which lecturers think is clear (Hodgson and Bermingham 2004). These findings were supported by this research. Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2006) state that it is necessary to ensure that feedback is embedded into the curriculum and the assessment strategy.

In summer 2010 a decision was made to realign the assessment methods for three first year subjects on the LLB Law with Business degree: Legal Academic Skills, Legal Institutions and Method and the Law of Tort. In the academic year 2010-2011 first year students will be given a series of tasks which enable the students to develop research, presentation and problem-solving skills using examples from the law of negligence. Formative assessment from the first task set in week five (in one module) will feed into the first summative assessment in week nine (in the second module) and feedback from both tasks will be monitored using one-to-one interviews with weaker students to ensure their understanding in preparation for the third assessment task (a tort problem for the third module). Interviews will enable the tutor to discuss with students their understanding of the feedback so that they can ensure they do not make similar errors.

This paper gave an overview of the findings of the original research and gave an initial impression of the impact of the scaffolding strategies on student learning and assessment. It is proposed that although the use of personal interviews to ensure feedback is understood by students is resource intensive, it is likely to result in better performance by students across all three of the modules covered.


Abstract RNA binding proteins have been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) cause ALS and exhibit the hallmark nuclear-to-cytoplasmic mislocalization of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). However, the mechanism by which mutations in VCP lead to this mislocalization of RBPs remains incompletely resolved. To address this, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons carrying VCP mutations. We first demonstrate reduced nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS) and splicing factor proline and glutamine rich (SFPQ) in VCP mutant motor neurons. Upon closer analysis, we also find these RBPs are mislocalized to motor neuron neurites themselves. To address the hypothesis that altered function of the D2 ATPase domain of VCP causes RBP mislocalization, we used pharmacological inhibition of this domain in control motor neurons and found this does not recapitulate RBP mislocalization phenotypes. However, D2 domain inhibition in VCP mutant motor neurons was able to robustly reverse mislocalization of both TDP-43 and FUS, in addition to partially relocalizing SFPQ from the neurites. Together these results argue for a gain-of-function of D2 ATPase in VCP mutant human motor neurons driving the mislocalization of TDP-43 and FUS. Our data raise the intriguing possibility of harnessing VCP D2 ATPase inhibitors in the treatment of VCP-related ALS.


RNA interference (RNAi) in plants can move from cell to cell, allowing for systemic spread of an anti-viral immune response. How this cell-to-cell spread of silencing is regulated is currently unknown. Here, we describe that the C4 protein from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus has the ability to inhibit the intercellular spread of RNAi. Using this viral protein as a probe, we have identified the receptor-like kinase (RLK) BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1 (BAM1) as a positive regulator of the cell-to-cell movement of RNAi, and determined that BAM1 and its closest homologue, BAM2, play a redundant role in this process. C4 interacts with the intracellular domain of BAM1 and BAM2 at the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata, the cytoplasmic connections between plant cells, interfering with the function of these RLKs in the cell-to-cell spread of RNAi. Our results identify BAM1 as an element required for the cell-to-cell spread of RNAi and highlight that signalling components have been co-opted to play multiple functions in plants.


The Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) are superb indicators of the quality of fresh water. All communities rely on water, and especially in rural areas water is used directly from rivers. The habitat of the Odonata represents the source of clean and reliable water. So, in a nutshell: "What is the use of dragonflies?" They are a signpost pointing to healthy freshwater habitat, and freshwater is a resource everyone needs. The dragonflies and damselflies are ambassadors for healthy freshwater ecosystems, and they can be used to monitor the quality of these systems. OdonataMAP is generating a data-rich baseline for the study of future changes in aquatic systems, at both local and global scales. So this atlas has the potential to influence government policy on the use of water resources, especially for the rural poor. No other taxon has the potential to be so politically prominent in this way.


The aim of this study was exploratory and to acquire descriptive information from learners to assist schools with the assessment of dagga-related problems. The sample consisted of a total of 2003 learners from 35 schools in the N-3 district (now district 4) in Tshwane. Most of the respondents were female learners (56.6%) while males constituted 43.4 percent of the sample. Of the respondents, 5.4 percent were from Grade 7, and 42.5 percent and 52.1 percent respectively from Grades 10 and 11. Most of the pupils were black (41.7%), followed by whites (37.9%), Indian (10.7%) and coloureds (9.7%). The survey was conducted in the first semester of 2000.
Results indicated that a substantial percentage (33.6%) of the group admitted to smoking dagga before. More than one-third (35.0%) of those respondents who answered in the affirmative, started to use dagga before the age of twelve years. Almost three-quarters (74.1%) of the dagga smokers in the group cited friends as the reason they started. The influence of siblings (31.9%) was given as another important reason for starting to use dagga. A considerable number of learners who had not tried dagga credited themselves (84.2%) and their parents (67.4%) for their decision. The significance of this finding is that parents have a huge influence over their children's decisions.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not L-carnitine decreases mortality rates post MI. STUDY DESIGN: Review of three randomized controlled trials published in 1996, 2000, and 2012, all English language. DATA SOURCES: Three double blind, randomized controlled clinical trials comparing mortality rates in patients post MI who were treated with L-carnitine or a placebo. All articles were found using PubMed and EBSCO. OUTCOMES MEASURED: In the Singh et al. study the outcomes were total cardiac events that included death and nonfatal infarctions, cardiac enzymes activity, infarct size, and any complications that were measured by myocardial infarct size, cardiac enzyme levels of CK and CK-MB, radiology, and electrocardiographic. In the Colonna study, outcomes were: left ventricular dilation, end diastolic volume, systolic volume, incidence of death and heart failure at 6 months, and infarct size that were measured by an echocardiograph. In the Tarantini study, the outcomes measured were: combined occurrence of death and heart failure that were measured by deaths. RESULTS: In the Singh et al. study the total cardiac events including nonfatal infarction and cardiac deaths were significantly fewer in the L-carnitine group compared to placebo in 28 days. In the Tarantini study, a reduction in mortality was seen in the L-carnitine arm of the study at 5 days. The Colonna study results shows L-‐Carnitine does not seem to be effective in reducing mortality in patients after AMI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these RCTs suggest that L-carnitine isn't much more effective in reducing mortality rates after AMIs than the placebo. There was some evidence to suggest that L-‐carnitine may be effective in reducing mortality short-‐ term after an AMI but not long term. The studies reviewed demonstrated statistically significant decreases in mortality only in the time frame directly following an AMI.


This article attempts to begin the process of learning about the legal systems that have developed over the past 500 years in the "New World" and their relationship to, and impact on, indigenous people. It focuses on the policies of eight countries with respect to a single, but extremely important, legal issue for indigenous people, their right of sovereignty or self-determination. Four of the countries: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, are common-law countries whose policies were shaped to some extent by their English predecessors. The other four countries: Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and Nicaragua, are civil law countries, whose policies are more closely tied to that of their Iberian predecessors, Spain and Portugal.A broader cross-sample of legal issues and countries will have to be considered before any final conclusions can be reached. Yet, this paper focuses on what may be the central issue for indigenous peoples; the right of self-determination or sovereignty. The eight country sample is sufficiently broad to include civil and common law systems, and yet the scope is sufficiently narrow in that all the countries were influenced by the early Spanish experience in the new world. Each state developed at roughly the same time period and under similar conditions. From these circumstances we may draw a few general observations.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of artificial aging on the fracture strength and stiffness of fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures (FPDs).

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Twelve FPDs were replicated using Targis/Vectris resin composite (Ivoclar Vivadent) and randomly divided in 2 groups. Group A was artificially aged for 900 hours in a weathering machine using dry/wet cycles and 534 W/m2 irradiations with wavelengths ranging from 300 to 800 nm. Group B (control) was stored in 100% relative humidity at 37 degrees C +/- 1 degree C for 900 hours. The FPDs were luted on metal abutments with Variolink II resin cement (Ivoclar Vivadent). The flexure stress was applied on the pontic at a descending speed of 1.0 mm/min until complete failure. Fracture strength, stiffness, and number of cracks produced on the FPDs were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS
Targis veneering material in the control group fractured at a mean of 913 +/- 130 N, whereas in the aged group it failed at a mean of 722 +/- 154 N (P = .042). The mean fracture load of aged FPD frameworks was slightly lower than that of the controls: 1,532 +/- 237 N and 1,578 +/- 257 N, respectively (P = .758). The stiffness at 400 N was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The number of cracks at Targis failure was higher in aged groups.

CONCLUSION
Accelerated aging significantly reduced the strength of the Targis veneering composite, increasing its brittleness; however, it had no effect on the inner Vectris framework.


Recent MESSENGER observations confirmed that Mercury is dominated by a disproportion-ally large iron-rich core, and also showed a surprisingly high content of a moderately volatile element K on the planet's surface. This latter observation challenges several popular models for the iron-rich composition of the planet that invoke extreme heating of the Mercury's surface. Here we examine mechanisms by which such high-density planets can form in the context of the Tidal Downsizing (TD) model, in which planet formation takes place inside massive gaseous fragments born by the self-gravitational instability in the outer cold disc. The fragments migrate inward and are tidally disrupted in the inner ∼ 1 au disc region. Grains settle inside the fragments into dense planetary-mass cores before the disruption of the fragments. The disruption leaves behind terrestrial-like proto-planets, which are all that remains after the gaseous component of the fragment is dispersed and accreted by the parent star. In our model for the proto-Mercury in particular, iron grains are assumed to have higher mechanical strength than silicate grains, and the strength of the latter varies depending on the temperature of the surrounding gas according to experimental data. We present two exploratory calculations that contrast grain sedimentation inside a relatively low temperature gas clump, T ≈ 700 K, where silicate grains are amorphous and thus 'weak', to that in a higher temperature clump, T ≈ 1200 K, where the silicates are sintered and 'strong'. In the weak silicate case, iron grains are found to sediment faster than the silicate grains due to their higher mechanical strength. An iron-dominant low-mass proto-planet is left behind in this scenario when the host fragment is destroyed by tides and the silicates are accreted (together with the gas) by the Sun. volatile elements such as K could then be accreted from the Nebula on the surface of the planet, potentially explaining MESSENGER's observations. In the hotter strong silicate fragment, however, both silicates and iron sediment into the proto-cores. This leaves behind more massive ( (cid:2) 1 M ⊕ ) silicate-dominated planets. Comments on what this model implies for the massive cores of Uranus/Neptune and high-density exoplanets such as CoRot-7b, Kepler-10b and Kepler-36b are made.


We synthesize continuous solid solutions with monophasic zircon-type
 structure of vanadates of formula YxBi0.95-xVO4:0.05Dy3+ (x = 0-0.95) using a
 combined method of co-precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis. The X-ray
 diffractometer patterns confirm the formation of a solid solution of
 YxBi0.95-xVO4:0.05Dy3+, and the results show that all the samples have monophasic
 zircon-type structure. The absorption spectra of the prepared phosphors show a
 blue-shift of the fundamental absorption band edge with increasing Y3+ content. An
 intense tunable characteristic emission of Dy3+ is observed with the increasing
 ratio of Y/Bi. Finally, the mechanism of luminescence of Dy3+ in the
 YxBi0.95-xVO4:0.05Dy3+ (x = 0-0.95) solid solution is analyzed and discussed.


Time series analysis of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, GPS measurements, and field observations reveal that the central section of the Izmit (Turkey) fault that slipped with a supershear rupture velocity in the A.D. 1999, M w 7.4, Izmit earthquake began creeping aseismically following the earthquake. Rapid initial postseismic afterslip decayed logarithmically with time and appears to have reached a steady rate comparable to the pre-earthquake full fault-crossing rate, suggesting that it may continue for decades and possibly until late in the earthquake cycle. If confirmed by future monitoring, these observations identify postseismic afterslip as a mechanism for initiating creep behavior along strike-slip faults. Long-term afterslip and/or creep has significant implications for earthquake cycle models, recurrence intervals of large earthquakes, and accordingly, seismic hazard estimation along mature strike-slip faults, in particular for Istanbul which is believed to lie adjacent to a seismic gap along the North Anatolian fault in the Sea of Marmara.


This research offers a theoretically informed application of the concept of 'personhood' to archaeology by analysing the rich funerary record of Veneto (1050 BC - AD 25). Anthropologically, 'personhood' is understood as a moral categorization discriminating between the individuals given full or partial membership in society and those denied it. Today, the ascription of personhood to subjects such as foetuses and brain-dead patients is an issue painfully at the core of debates over human rights, female reproductive concerns and the acceptable limits of the control that states and individuals can achieve over the human body. Within this framework, I explore whether practices relating to personhood in 1st millennium BC Veneto – albeit concerned with different issues than those of modern Western cultures – were equally embedded in a social milieu entailing elite control over subordinates, reproduction of inequalities and exclusion of marginal individuals from the centre of society. My argument is that Venetic cemeteries were ritual spaces actively structured to enhance inequality ideologically. Therefore, I argue that differences in funerary treatment offer important glimpses into the degree of social recognition granted to the deceased. Methodologically, I use a set of different databases holding complete information on over 1,500 graves from the entire region to develop statistical, contextual and spatial analysis of the evidence. Data drawn from such an analysis are plotted on maps of the cemeteries to show how burials with specific characteristics were purposely arranged in the graveyard in order to delineate the degree of social inclusion granted to each individual. Overall, I demonstrate that Venetic personhood was hierarchical and changeable over time due to the socio-political development of this region. In particular, I suggest that not all Venetic individuals were granted complete social integration, depending on their gender, age, rank and family affiliation; importantly, this changed through time, especially after crucial historical turning points, including Rome's conquest of Veneto.


This paper will argue that when contemplating the elaboration of a European civil law, Dutch law may have some interesting ideas to offer. From the wealth of thoughts offered by the General Reporter, only one particular thread will be taken up in depth. It is the protection of the weaker contracting party. In the new Dutch Civil Code, the old technique of providing relief in individual cases has been supplemented by a new technique of providing relief to parties who have a particular status. This may be the status of employee, hirepurchasor, tenant, patient or consumer. The >Reflexwirking The substantive law aiming at protecting the weak party may be satisfactory, but the enforcement of this substantive law remains a major concern, as does the position of deprivileged contracting parties such as asylum seekers. Private complaints settlement procedures, collective action and a further use of human rights in contract law may provide a (partial) solution to these problems. In order to prove my case, I shall compare the present state of Dutch contract law with the law as it was before the enactment of the new Code. I shall also try to compare the protection of the weak party under Dutch law with that under some other jurisdictions. Before setting out to do so in Part II, I will present some more general ideas as to the development of a European private law in Part I. Having developed my ideas with regard to the protection of the weak, I shall then in Part III briefly address some of the other issues suggested by the General Reporter. The paper will thus be divided in three Parts, each consisting of seven Chapters. Part I will begin with an Introduction (Chapter 1), followed by a short description of the contents of a possible European Civil Code (Chapter 2). I shall then deal with the constitutionality of directives on European private law from an EU point (Chapter 3) and with the issue of codification (Chapter 4). The question whether a European private law is feasible will be dealt with in Chapter 5. Having given some thought to the issue how to proceed in Chapter 6, I shall present some conclusions in Chapter 7. In this Part, I will try - chiefly by references in the footnotes - to acquaint the German reader with publications by Dutch authors or published in Dutch law reviews on the development of a European private law. In Part II, I shall first draw an outline (Chapter 8). Then, in Chapter 9,1 will give some factual information as to the new Dutch Civil Code, the main part of which entered into force in 1992. Having done so, I will draw the attention to the techniques which the Dutch legislature has used to ensure the protection of weak parties. These techniques will be discussed under two headings: Chapter 10 will be devoted to traditional techniques aiming to protect individual parties and Chapter 11 to more recent techniques aiming at the protection of parties with a specific status. A specific issue at hand is the protection of the deprivileged (Chapter 12). Since a reform of substantive law usually is worth very little without a regular enforcement, I will be forced to give some consideration to that aspect in Chapter 13.1 will conclude this Part with some final observations in Chapter 14. Part III will be devoted to some of the remainig questions presented by the General Reporter. In Chapter 15 some consideration will be given to the precontractual phase. Chapter 16 will deal with standards of behaviour, Chapter 17 with Standard contracts, Chapter 18 with penalty clauses, Chapter 19 with relational contracts and Chapter 20 with the development of new contract types. I will finish this Part in Chapter 21 with some conclusions. This is not the first time that I have been writing on these subjects. I have first developed some of the ideas expressed in Part I in a Chapter in >Towards a European Civil Code Welfarism in Contract Law<.


Experimental archaeology has long yielded valuable insights into the tools and techniques that featured in past peoples' relationship with the material world around them. We can determine, for example, how many trees would need to be felled to construct a large round-house of the southern British Iron Age (over one hundred), infer the exact angle needed to strike a flint core in order to knap an arrowhead in the manner of a Neolithic hunter-gatherer, or recreate the precise environmental conditions needed to store grain in underground silos over the winter months, with only the technologies and materials available to Romano-Briton villagers (see Coles 1973; Reynolds 1993). However, experimental archaeology has, hitherto, confined itself to rather rigid, empirical and quantitative questions such as those posed in these examples. This is quite understandable, and in line with good scientific practice, which stipulates that any 'experiment' must be based on replicable data, and be reproducible. Despite their potential in this area however, it is notable that digital reconstruction technologies have yet to play a significant role in experimental archaeology. Whilst many excellent examples of digital 3D reconstruction of heritage sites exist (for example the Digital Roman Forum project: http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum) most, if not all, of these are characterized by a drive to establish a photorealistic re-creation of physical features. This paper will discuss possibilities that lie beyond straightforward positivist re-creation of heritage sites, in the experimental reconstruction of intangible heritage. Between 2010 and 2012, the authors led the Motion in Place Platform project (MiPP: http://www.motioninplace.org/), a capital grant under the AHRC's DEDEFI scheme developing motion capture and analysis tools for exploring how people move through spaces. In the course of MiPP, a series of experiments were conducted using motion capture hardware and software at the Silchester Roman town archaeological excavation in Hampshire, and at the Butser Ancient Farm facility, where Romano-British and Iron Age dwellings have been constructed according to the best experimental practice. As well as reconstructing such Roman and early British dwellings in 3D, the authors were able to use motion capture to reconstruct the kind of activities that – according to the material evidence – are likely to have been carried out by the occupants who used them. Bespoke motion capture suits developed for the project were employed, and the traces captured and rendered with a combination of Autodesk and Unity3D software. This sheds new light on how the reconstructed spaces - and, by inference, their ancient counterparts - were most likely to have been used. In particular the exercises allowed the evaluation and visualisation of changes in behaviour which occur as a result of familiarity with an environment and the acquisition of expertise over time; and to assess how interaction between different actors affects how everyday tasks are carried out.


The first ghetto was established in Hungary on April 16, 1944, about one month after
the German invasion of the country. Within eight weeks, the Hungarian gendarmerie
and police, together with the German Sondereinsatzkommando, had detained more
than 400,000 Hungarian Jews in over 170 ghettos. There were significant differences
between the individual ghettos in Hungary with regard to housing, provisions, the
ability to make contact with the "outside world," the extent of violence, etc. The living
conditions depended to a great extent on how the local administrations implemented
the measures for ghettoization and how the non-Jewish population reacted to the
creation of the ghettos. In addition, ghettoization in the annexed territories differed
in many perspectives from ghettoization in the core of Hungary. It was not only more
brutal, but also much less structured. The paper investigates the formal differences
between the individual Hungarian ghettos and describes the widely differing situations
experienced in them. On the basis of personal documents and the preserved estates of
ghetto administrations, I offer a portrayal of daily life inside the ghettos in the capital
and in cities and smaller towns in rural parts of Hungary.


This new edition of "Statutes on Commercial and Consumer Law" has been fully revised and updated to include all relevant legislation through to June 2005. Designed specifically for students, "Blackstone's Statutes" lead the market in providing a carefully selected, regularly updated and well sourced collection of legislation for the core subjects and major options offered on the law syllabus. Each title is ideal for use throughout the course and in exams providing the student with: unparalleled coverage; unannotated primary and secondary legislation; new improved indexing and tables of content to aid quick and efficient research; and up-to-date and relevant material.


In \emph{classical optimization} it is assumed that full information about the problem to be solved is given. This, in particular, includes that all data are at hand. The real world may not be so nice'' to optimizers. Some problem constraints may not be known, the data may be corrupted, or some data may not be available at the moments when decisions have to be made. The last issue is the subject of \emph{online optimization} which will be addressed here. We explain some theory that has been developed to cope with such situations and provide examples from practice where unavailable information is not the result of bad data handling but an inevitable phenomenon.


This study associates the dynamics of enhanced vegetation index in lowland desert oases to the recycling of water in two endorheic (hydrologically closed) river basins in Gansu Province, north-west China, along a gradient of elevation zones and land cover types. Each river basin was subdivided into four elevation zones representative of (i) oasis plains and foothills, and (ii) low-, (iii) mid-, and (iv) high-mountain elevations. Comparison of monthly vegetation phenology with precipitation and snowmelt dynamics within the same basins over a 10-year period (2000–2009) suggested that the onset of the precipitation season (cumulative % precipitation > 7–8 %) in the mountains, typically in late April to early May, was triggered by the greening of vegetation and increased production of water vapour at the base of the mountains. Seasonal evolution of in-mountain precipitation correlated fairly well with the temporal variation in oasis-vegetation coverage and phenology characterised by monthly enhanced vegetation index, yielding coefficients of determination of 0.65 and 0.85 for the two basins. Convergent cross-mapping of related time series indicated bi-directional causality (feedback) between the two variables. Comparisons between same-zone monthly precipitation amounts and enhanced vegetation index provided weaker correlations. Start of the growing season in the oases was shown to coincide with favourable spring warming and discharge of meltwater from low- to mid-elevations of the Qilian Mountains (zones 1 and 2) in mid-to-late March. In terms of plant requirement for water, mid-seasonal development of oasis vegetation was seen to be controlled to a greater extent by the production of rain in the mountains. Comparison of water volumes associated with in-basin production of rainfall and snowmelt with that associated with evaporation seemed to suggest that about 90 % of the available liquid water (i.e. mostly in the form of direct rainfall and snowmelt in the mountains) was recycled locally.


Excavation on the headland at Auldhame has revealed one thousand years of burial activity and liturgical practice, the nature of which changed over the course of the millennium. It has charted the birth and death of a church, from a monastic settlement established in the seventh century AD, which then became a parish church in the twelfth century and ultimately ended its life in the seventeenth century AD as the burial aisle/mortuary chapel for its wealthy landowners.

Undoubtedly, the most significant elements of the evidence from Auldhame are those for Anglian activity and for Norse contact. Between the mid-seventh and mid-ninth centuries AD a para-monastic community, associated with the Anglian saint Balthere flourished on the headland. Whether Balthere actually founded the community is moot, but he was revered locally throughout the medieval period and it is probably his connection, and possibly his burial there, that ensured the sanctity of the location for the next millennium.

The monastic settlement ceased to exist sometime towards the end of the ninth century AD, an event which may have been influenced by Viking activity around the coast. Among the ninth- and tenth-century graves was one of a young man buried with his spear, prick spurs and belt set, all of which associate him with the Norse communities around the Irish Sea. Could the young man be Olaf Guthfrithson, king of Dublin and Northumbria, who died in AD 941 shortly after attacking the East Lothian coast, or just a member of his war retinue?


'Light and Dark Chambers' is a 4500 word essay commissioned for the photographer Todd Hido's major survey Intimate Distance: 25 Years, published by Aperture, 2016. French co-edition published by Editions Textuel.

From Aperture's catalogue:

Well-known for his photographs of landscapes and suburban housing across the United States, and for his use of luminous color, Hido casts a distinctly cinematic eye across all that he photographs, digging deep into his memory and imagination for inspiration. David Campany introduces the work and looks specifically at Hido's relation to cinema and the kind of spectatorship his work demands. The book is organized chronologically, showing in new ways how his many series overlap. From exterior to interior, surface observations to subconscious investigations, landscapes to portraits, this mid-career survey gives an insight into Hido's photographs, and illustrates how his unique approach has developed over the last twenty-five years.


Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication. By Xing Lu. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004; pp. xiii-250. $49.95. Xing Lu's book combines rhetorical anal yses of primary texts with qualitative interviews and autobiography to explore the Chi nese Cultural Revolution that lasted from 1966 to 1976. (Although Mao himself proclaimed that the Cultural Revolution ended in 1969, most historians claim the revolution continued until his death in 1976.) Implemented by leader Mao Zedong, the revolution intended to silence anyone perceived to be an enemy of communism. In the ensuing violence, millions were tortured, imprisoned or killed. Lu's book is meticulously re searched, written in a readable style, and provides some insight about recent Chinese history, but its implications for further re search are disappointing. One of the most striking features of the book is its use of data gathered from qualitative interviews and personal experience, in addition to traditional rhetorical texts. Such methods give the book a human quality and make Lu's own feelings toward her subject clear. Chapter 1 consists primarily of Lu's memories of the early years of the Cultural Revolution. Lu's father, a member of the communist party and security officer at a factory, was unfairly labeled a "class enemy" and subjected to years of torture and manual labor. Yet in spite of her father's suffering, Lu became indoctrinated in Maoist thought. As she writes at the chapter's conclusion: "I had virtually no private thoughts and no individual expressions during those years. Even my diaries were filled with communist dogma and slogans" (96). Reflecting on her own experiences, she frames the rest of the book as an attempt to explain why the rhetoric of the Cultural Revolution was so influential in China and how it motivated people to commit barbaric acts of violence. After showing how the Cultural Revolution affected her own family, Lu lays the groundwork for her rhetorical analysis in chapter 2, drawing on both western and Chinese rhetorical theory and philosophy. She argues that several philosophers' ideas are relevant for understanding the Chinese rhetorical situation, including Plato, Confucius, Francis Bacon, John Locke, and David Hume. She also rightly explores how the ideas of Karl Marx influenced Maoist thought. Her analysis draws from a number of other scholars, including Mikhail Bakhtin, Kenneth Burke, Michel Foucault, Michael McGee, and Philip Wander. Chapters 3 through 6 rhetorically analyze different elements of the Cultural Revolution. In chapter 3, Lu examines political slogans, arguing that they delineate the rhetorical themes of radicalization, alienation, negation, and mythmaking. These slogans helped Mao cement his ideological control over China by discouraging individual thought and exploiting traditional Chinese culture's submission to authority. In chapter 4, Lu examines the rhetorical functions of wall posters of large Chinese characters (dazibao) that were the most common form of written communication during the Cultural Revolution. …


This paper describes the origins of security economics. The birth of this thriving new discipline is sometimes credited to a talk I gave at ACSAC in December 2001, but the story is more complex. After sabbatical visits to Berkeley in 2001--2 to work with Hal Varian, we organised the first Workshop on the Economics of Information Security in June 2002. Since then the field has grown to encompass arguments over open versus proprietary systems, the econometrics of online crime, the behavioural economics of security and much else. It has started to have a significant impact on policy, with security-economics studies of cybercrime and infrastructure vulnerability being adopted as policy in the EU, while security economics PhDs have got influential jobs in the White House and elsewhere.


Changes in the pattern of activity of neurones within the basal ganglia are relevant in the pathophysiology and symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The globus pallidus (GP) – subthalamic nucleus (STN) network has been proposed to form a pacemaker driving regenerative synchronous bursting activity. In order to test whether this activity can be sustained in vitro a 20o parasagittal slice of mouse midbrain was developed which preserved functional connectivity between the STN and GP. Mouse STN and GP cells were characterised electrophysiologically by the presence or absence of a voltage sag in response to hyperpolarising current steps indicative of Ih and the presence of rebound depolarisations. The presence of evoked and spontaneous post-synaptic GABA and glutamatergic currents indicated functional connectivity between the STN and GP. In control slices, STN cells fired action potentials at a regular rate, activity which was unaffected by bath application of the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (50 μM) or the glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX (10 μM). Paired extracellular recordings of STN cells showed uncorrelated firing. Oscillatory burst activity was induced pharmacologically using the glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA (20 μM), in combination with the potassium channel blocker apamin (50 -100 nM). The burst activity was unaffected by bath application of picrotoxin or CNQX while paired STN recordings showed uncorrelated activity indicating that the activity is not produced by the neuronal network. Thus, no regenerative activity is evident in this mouse brain preparation, either in control slices or when bursting is pharmacologically induced, suggesting the requirement of other afferent inputs that are not present in the slice. Using single-unit extracellular recording, dopamine (30 μM) produced an excitation of STN cells. This excitation was independent of synaptic transmission and was mimicked by both the Dl-like receptor agonist SKF38393 (10 μM) and the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (10 μM). However, the excitation was partially reduced by the D1-like antagonist SCH23390 (2 μM) but not by the D2-like antagonists sulpiride (10 μM) and eticlopride (10 μM). Using whole-recordings, dopamine was shown to induce membrane depolarisation. This depolarisation was caused either by a D1-like receptor mediated increase in a conductance which reversed at -34 mV, consistent with a non-specific cation conductance, or a D2-like receptor mediated decrease in conductance which reversed around -100 mV, consistent with a potassium conductance. Bath application of dopamine altered the pattern of the burst-firing produced by NMDA an apamin towards a more regular pattern. This effect was associated with a decrease in amplitude and ll1crease in frequency of TTX-resistant plateau potentials which underlie the burst activity.


It is still an open question whether or not Civil Disobedience (CD) has to be completely nonviolent. According to Rawls, "any interference with the civil liberties of others tend to obscure the civilly disobedient quality of one's act". From this Rawls concludes that by no means can CD pose a threath to other individuals' rights. In this paper I challenge Rawls' view, arguing that CD can comprise some degree of violence without losing its "civil" value. However, I specify that violence must not be aimed at seriously injuring, or even killing, other individuals. This would contravene the communicative aspect of CD. The main claim is that what really is important is that the civil disobedients be willing to accept the punishment following their law-breaking behaviour. By doing so, they demonstrate the conscientiousness of their civilly disobedient action. This also shows that they are aiming for future cooperation with the State, and are expecting the State to be sensitive to their concern for the principles of justice.


Fiona Ross and John Hudson (co-designers) were commissioned by Harvard University Press to design an original typeface in the Telugu script for the prestigious Murty Classical Library of India series. In line with other specially commissioned Indian-script typeface designs for this project, the brief was to provide high-quality readable type that would render the classics accessible to a wide readership world-wide, i.e. to young readers as well as scholars of Indian literature.
Murty Telugu was first employed for the publication of the classical text of the Allasani Peddana, The Story of Manu (HUP, 2015). It relied on intensive research to achieve a well-crafted contemporary design that utilises current type-making technology to overcome customary challenges in providing balanced, well-spaced Telugu texts. The typeface is inspired by the metal types of the Swatantra Type Foundry in the shaping of the counters and the relatively high degree of stroke modulation for Telugu letterforms. Following the manuscript tradition, subscript letters are larger than in many fonts, making them more legible in text.
Murty Telugu is now available, free of charge, for non-commercial use from the Murty Classical Library of India website.


This study proposes an optically driven complex micromachine with an Archimedes microscrew as the mechanical power, a sphere as a coupler, and three knives as the mechanical tools. The micromachine is fabricated by two-photon polymerization and is portably driven by optical tweezers. Because the microscrew can be optically trapped and rotates spontaneously, it provides driving power for the complex micro-tools. In other words, when a laser beam focuses on the micromachine, the microscrew is trapped toward the focus point and simultaneously rotates. A demonstration showed that the integrated micromachines are grasped by the optical tweezers and rotated by the Archimedes screw. The rotation efficiencies of the microrotors with and without knives are 1.9 rpm/mW and 13.5 rpm/mW, respectively. The micromachine can also be portably dragged along planed routes. Such Archimedes screw-based optically driven complex mechanical micro-tools enable rotation similar to moving machines or mixers, which could contribute to applications for a biological microfluidic chip or a lab-on-a-chip.


The composition of the eukaryotic community and the three-dimensional structure of diverse phototrophic microbial mats from two hot springs in Iceland (Seltun and Hveradalir geothermal areas) were explored by comparing eukaryotic assemblages from microbial mats. Samples were collected in July 2007 from 15 sampling stations along thermal and pH gradients following both hot springs. Physicochemical data revealed high variability in terms of pH (ranging from 2.8 to 7), with high concentrations of heavy metals, including up to 20 g Fe/l, 80 mg Zn/l, 117 mg Cu/l, and 39 mg Ni/l at the most acidic sampling points. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA genes revealed a diversity of sequences related to several taxa, including members of the Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Euglenophyta phyla as well as ciliates, amoebae, and stramenopiles. The closest relatives to some of the sequences detected came from acidophilic organisms, even when the samples were collected at circumneutral water locations. Electron microscopy showed that most of the microecosystems analyzed were organized as phototrophic microbial mats in which filamentous cyanobacteria usually appeared as a major component. Deposits of amorphous minerals rich in silica, iron, and aluminium around the filaments were frequently detected.


This major reference collection collates the best of the research for scholars, policymakers, students, reformers, journalists, and interested citizens, showing us where we have been and where we need to go as the work continues. Further, the collection develops a much-needed comprehensive record of what we have learned from political scientists, economists, and historical and cultural analysts; while all borrow selectively and creatively from each other, they are still engaged in largely separate conversations. Finally, this collection focuses on the whole issue of reform. The past generation's research has both led to new ideas about how to attack corruption, measure its seriousness, and assess the effects of corruption control efforts. The collection is a particularly important toolkit to bring the best of our knowledge to bear upon efforts at control-in effect, to integrate theory and practice-for as in many other policy areas it is entirely possible to do the wrong things for the right reasons.


At the end of the 1970s, social work was established as an academic discipline with research,professorships and PhD programmes. This dissertation consist of a number of studies andarticles on the development and production of academic knowledge and research in Sweden, withspecial attention to implications for the relations between basic education, research andsocial work practice. These relations could be hold as the core dynamic in applied social workbut also a source of tensions and controversies. The dissertation consists of five articlesand a separate report (Dellgran & Hojer 1999). Following empirical data is analysed; (1) thefirst 89 PhD dissertations social work between 1980-1998; (2) more than 500 theses written bystudents on Bachelor´s and Master´s level 1977-97; (3) two examples of comprehensive theoryfor social work practice with great influence on social work education; (4) curriculums andcourses in PhD-programs, and (5) literature on research methods within BSW-programmes. Our aimis to describe profiles of topics and subject matters, research methods, use and extension oftheory, and to discuss important factors behind these patterns and some crucial aspects of thedevelopment of the discipline. Both PhD dissertations and undergraduate theses are heterogeneous and include a wide range ofdifferent types of social problems and interventions. Regarding epistemological positions,qualitative methods dominates. To explain the predominance of qualitative methods a number ofhypotheses involving both cognitive and social components are presented (the knowledgehypothesis, the cultural hypothesis, the resemblance hypothesis, the hypothesis of theparadigmatic development). On the whole the PhD dissertations gives the impression of adiscipline with a great deal of knowledge import, theoretical pluralism and a high level ofparadigmatic openness. On the other hand, sociology has a very strong position. The role ofpsychology is more concealed, and so far no Swedish dissertation has been dominated byreferences to social work. In the theses the situation for psychology and sociology isprincipally reversed.The growth of junior and senior research has slowly begun to influence the production of newknowledge. If this could be labelled a "10/90-situation", we believe we are heading for a"50/50-situation". This is a metaphor for saying that future research in social work willsimultaneously develop abstract, cumulative knowledge of its own and continue to useknowledge, produced outside the discipline. Another metaphor describes the direction of socialwork science as an initial rural landscape of knowledge with a certain degree of urbanisation,consisting of growing socio-cognitive networks of researchers. The result may be an exclusionof certain topics and areas and a troublesome narrowing of social work, at least as a researchtask. Furthermore, this dual development of deeper but more narrow scientific knowledge, iseffecting the relation with the profession, social work management and other stakeholders withspecific, but various, knowledge demands.


The Economic Transition and Integration (ETI) Project at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) has built on the institute's tradition of promoting collaborative research between East and West. The ETI Project's proven ability in dealing with issues pertaining to the transformation from central planning to market economies has been valuable for policy-makers and scientists alike. As a result, the government of the Russian Federation turned in 1992 to the ETI Project to organize a series of seminars and provide reports on topics of concern to the government. The Ford Foundation and Pew Charitable Trusts have generously provided financial support for the seminar series.

This report summarizes the contribution of participants at a seminar held at IIASA on 9-11 June 1994, "Restructuring and Recovery of Output in Russia". This workshop had several goals: to understand the root causes and effects of the recent enormous output decline in Russia, to assess the amount of restructuring that has occurred in Russia, and to develop a path of restructuring for recovery of output in Russia. Insights into this broad agenda were made through seminar sections on macroeconomics and public policy, enterprise behavior, unemployment, and domestic and international competition. Under the rubric of these topics, seminar participants presented papers and had discussions ranging from the role of subsidies to measurement problems, from output to employment decline and their relationship to regulation and trade issues. When available, comparisons to the transition experiences of Central European countries were used.

This wide array of paper presentations and discussions was moved to greater depth by the intense willingness of workshop participants from Russia, Central and Eastern Europe, and the West to share their experiences and engage each other with provocative thoughts. Through this process, the workshop was able to move toward a better understanding of what has occurred to output decline and restructuring as well as what the best path to further restructuring and output recovery will be for Russia's future.


The article describes the role of "Certification Authorities" (CAs) in the emerging field of electronic commerce. CAs issue certificates to participants in electronic commerce that provide indicia of identity or authority, or supply a transactional timestamp. Several states, including California, Utah, Washington, Florida, Georgia, and New Mexico, have passed ,or are considering, legislation to regulate CAs; the article seeks to inform this process by examining the law applicable to the issuance of digital certificates absent specific legislation. As part of an effort to identify legal problems CAs are likely to engender, the article examines a CA's potential liability if a customer tricks a CA into issuing a false identity credential. Among the issues discussed are the size of the class of foreseeable relying parties and whether the CA produces a "good" or a "service" or a hybrid of the two under Article 2 of the U.C.C. The article concludes with a survey of the major arguments for and against regulation of CAs, and cautions against over-hasty grants of blanket immunity of CAs against liability for their own negligence.


The purposes of this study were to identify criteria which influence students' decisions to attend specific colleges and to determine whether different groups of students use similar criteria. The following groups were compared: white students and minority students, males and females, older students and younger students, university-bound students and vocational students, and full-time students and part-time students.
The sample used for this study was taken from the students enrolled in freshman English classes at Vernon Regional Junior College, Clarendon College, and Grayson County College. Approximately 100 students at each college were selected to participate in the study. Each student in the study received instruction, provided demographic information, and completed a two-part survey.
The survey asked respondents to evaluate each of twenty items on a Likert-type scale. The data provided were compiled and organized into groups by a data base computer program. Data obtained from specific groups of respondents were compared, first through an examination of means, then through a chi-square test of independence.
It was determined that the most important college selection criteria to these respondents were the cost of attendance, the availability of specific programs, the size of the college, the size of individual classes, the location of the school, and the availability of financial aid. Further, the research revealed that two comparison groups differed significantly in their choices of important college selection criteria. Younger students appeared to use different selection criteria than their older counterparts, and vocational students differed from university-bound students in their choice of criteria.


Although the social science literature on globalization has proliferated, social policy and social work scholars have not adequately debated the consequences of globalization for social welfare and social justice. Drawing on different social science interpretations of globalization, four major perspectives that offer different analytical and normative insights into globalization are identified and their implications for social welfare and social justice are briefly examined. The implications of these perspectives for social policy and social work scholarship are also considered. Keywords: globalization, social welfare, social justice, social work scholarship ********** The concept of globalization is widely used today not only in the social sciences but in journalism and popular discourse. However, it is still poorly defined. Although loosely employed to connote the processes of social change that are affecting social relations between people living in the world's different nation states, the nature of these processes and their effects are widely debated and contested in the social sciences today. Nevertheless, these processes are said to be qualitatively different from earlier forms of international exchange in that they are more complex, intense and volatile. They are also believed to be fostering a historically unique interdependence between the people and nations of the world that will ultimately result in the integration of economies and societies. Of course, this interpretation has been disputed and an alternative view that defines globalization as no more than the acceleration of historic patterns of international exchange has also been formulated. Different interpretations of the nature of global change reflect different disciplinary social science perspectives. While economists view globalization as the creation of a world economic market, sociologists place more emphasis on the role of international social relations, communications and population movements in fostering space-time compression, post-modernity and cultural diffusion. In turn, political scientists stress the way power relations operate internationally to foster new systems of global regulation and governance. These diverse disciplinary perspectives have different normative implications that not only evaluate globalization differently but inspire different policy perspectives on how the process of globalization might and should be molded. These normative dimensions are of obvious interest to scholars in the fields of social policy and social work. However, as will be shown, different social science interpretations reach very different conclusions about globalization's consequences for welfare and justice. This article outlines four major perspectives which offer different analytical and normative insights into this issue and then considers the social welfare and social justice implications of these different perspectives. But first, it provides a brief discussion of the emergence of the concept of globalization and its social science usage. The Idea of Globalization Although the term globalization was popularized in the 1990s, some commentators believe that its roots are far olden Jan Scholte (2000) finds evidence that it was first employed in the social sciences during the Second World War, but notes that it was increasingly used in 1960s and 1970s and became pervasive by the 1990s not only in the social sciences but in everyday discourse. The concept's social science formulation owes much to the Neo-Marxist dependency scholars of the 1960s and 1970s (Cardoso and Faleto, 1979; Frank, 1967, 1975; Rodney, 1972) who examined the way international economic and power relations impeded domestic development effort. Although they did not actually use the term, their focus on global economic exchanges paved the way for the adoption of a wider perspective which was subsequently augmented by Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory (1975, 1980). …


In this article, we report a case describing the airway management and anesthetic technique of a 47-year-old male patient undergoing endolaryngeal surgery with extremely limited mouth opening due to previous maxillofacial trauma. An excisional biopsy was planned after laryngoscopic examination for a possible pathological right vocal cord irregularity. Anterior open laryngofissure approach under transtracheal high-frequency jet ventilation was performed after reviewing all possibilities. Neither direct laryngoscopy nor any endolaryngeal instrument placement was possible in this case. This approach was considered the most preferable choice to provide an unobstructed surgical field and safe gas exchange without requiring additional invasive procedure.


Penaeid shrimps are, perhaps, the most important fishery resource
of the coastal waters of our country. Their exceptionally tasty,
protein-rich flesh tops any seafood in for eign exchange earnings. No
wonder, the demand oC shrimp, the "Pinkish Gold of the Sea" OIPEDA,
1992), is increasing in the world market. The high demand of shrimp in
the developed countries, espec ially USA and Japan, since the beginning
of the sixties, has been a strong incentive Cor de veloping countries
with good shrimp fishery grounds, to concentrate on this Cisher y .
Although penaeid species are Cound in all the seas of the world upto
subpolar latitudes, their . distribution is mainly tropical and
subtropical (Wickins, 1976a). Most oC the species of high commercial
value, and their most productive fishing grounds, are d istributed
between the tropics (Pedinl, 1981).
The high demand and the high price ot shrimp in the International
market have led to a rapid increase in the number of shrimp trawlers in
the fishing fleets oC the developing countries, r esulting in inte nsive
exploitation, rather overexploitation, of this resource; shrimp fishery
of many of the countries, t hus, has been de ple ted , is fast dwindllng,
or has reached the maximum s ustainable yield . The global production of
shrimp by capture had already levelled oft in 1985 at 1.9-2.0 million
mt. The a verage annual growth from 1985 to 1990 was only 0.02% ; indeed
negligible by all standards (Csavas, 1993). Since the capture shrimp
fishery in terms of CPUE has been stagnating for the last several
years, any further increase to close the supply-demand gap can be
achieved only through aquaculture; shrimp c ulture has already gained
considerable momentum in many parts of the world.


This volume has a bold agenda, in which academics create immersive worlds where the avatar is the center of the universe. As the virtual world grows, avatars move away from quasi-human interactions within virtual domiciles, gardens, and businesses to being blood cells in the blood stream, or to be firing neurons in the human brain, or creatures competing on the ocean floor or the surface of Mars or just about anything that can be imagined using the magic of photographic and artistic images, programming, narrative and avatars. What are the frameworks and strategies for building these environments? What are the things the avatar adapts and learns from in its environment? This book will examine such frameworks, strategies, examples and feedback systems to explore what it takes to create a global education environment for learning. This starts with engaging your avatar and is completed in a transformation in how you interact with the internet. Whether using the visual internet to learn or to interact with a customer about a product or service, this immersive interface can be a world that knows you and forms around your unique needs and interests.


In contrast to crustal deformation observed in the actively forming Himalayas, where
shallowly dipping crustal detachments extend over hundreds of kilometers, prior work on
the Paleozoic southern Appalachian orogeny inferred that the final continental collision
occurred on a steeply dipping crustal suture, permitting collision models that are dominated
by strike-slip motion. Here, we use scattered seismic phases to instead reveal the Appalachian
(Alleghanian) crustal suture as a low-angle (<∼15°) southward-dipping interface that soles
into a flat-lying mid-crustal detachment. The observed suture geometry implies more than
300 km of head-on shortening across a plate boundary structure similar to the Himalayan
mid-crustal detachment, indicating that this mode of deformation has been fundamental in
continental collisions over hundreds of millions of years.


The use of mobile phones has expanded in recent decades. Despite the extensive studies in this field, less attention has been paid to the biological effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by the mobile phones. Therefore, in this study there has been an attempt to compare the electric field, the specific absorption rate caused by exposure to mobile phones from samsung, nokia and sony to be followed. The electric field of Samsung mobile phones (8 Brands), Nokia (9 Brands) and Sony (4 Brands) at intervals of 2, 25 and 50 cm in case of ringing, vibration and silent modes by HI-3603 equipment to measure and compare. The electric field amplitude Brand Samsung 0.06 to 1.5 v/m in Nokia brand 0.06 to 10.9 v/m, 0.05 to 2.8 v/m in the Sony brand. Specific absorption rate respectively in different modes Samsung brand; vibration


Abstract Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is a major intervention world-wide in the fight against the HIV pandemic, and has resulted in markedly reduced rates of mother-to-child transmission rates in well-resourced countries. However, it seems that barriers to implementation of the programme exist at all levels of health care at all facilities providing maternal care. Aim: To conduct a clinical audit of the PMTCT programme at a regional hospital in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods: Data was collected from an analysis of antenatal and medical records of women who attended antenatal care and delivered at the regional hospital between January and December 2007. Only pregnant women who attended antenatal care at this regional hospital and delivered in its facilities were selected for the study. Patients eligible for review were identified using the labour ward delivery log book. Results: Of the 499 records analysed, 479 women (96%) were offered testing, of which 473 accepted. Of those tested, 227 (48%) were HIV positive. Only 15 (6.1%) of the 246 who tested negative were re-tested. CD4 counts were done for only 159 (70%) of the 227 HIV-positive women. More importantly, only 134 (84.3%) received their results. Of the 227 HIV-positive women, only 131 (57.7%) were given 200 mg nevirapine at ≥ 28 weeks gestation (to take home and swallow once they had strong labour pains); 185 (81.5%) took nevirapine before delivery (i.e. the total number of both those that took NVP < 2hrs and > 2hrs) 143 (77.3%) took nevirapine > 2 hours before delivery and 84 (37%) took nevirapine < 2 hours before delivery. Of the babies, 208 (91.6%) were given nevirapine within 72 hours. Discussion: This audit shows that progress has been made in the implementation of PMTCT of HIV at this regional hospital by the high uptake of HIV testing; however, barriers to full implementation are caused by the lack of integration of testing, counselling and obtaining CD4 count results.