The aim of this thesis is to construct a disaggregated econometric model of the pattern of bilateral seaborne trade flows. Commodities are classified into 5 categories according to the type of ship used in their transportation. Exports and imports are classified into 30 regions, according to the major sea-lanes used by ships. An understanding of the determinants of trade f lows at this level of disaggregation is important for shipowners. The use of disaggregated data also helps in the estimation of the price elasticities of traded goods, an issue of more general interest to exporters and policy makers. Our theoretical model borrows the ideas of multistage budgeting from consumer demand theory. The total imports of each importing region are allocated amongst their trade partners, depending on relative prices and trends in tastes. Our econometric implementation of the model uses the very general Constant Ratio of Elasticities of Substitution Homogeneous (CRESH) functional form. This encompasses the CES, LES, Cobb-Douglas and Leontief forms, more commonly used in trade models. Empirical implementation of the model has resulted in elasticity estimates which are much higher than those estimated in earlier trade models. This indicates a high degree of competition in international markets. The pattern of these elasticities suggest that importing regions establish a few trade partners internationally for the main bulk of their imports, while the proportion of their imports allocated to the remaining trade partners, is highly sensitive to relative prices.


Whole-genome sequencing allows rapid detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. However, the availability of high-quality data linking quantitative phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) and genomic data have thus far been limited. ABSTRACT Whole-genome sequencing allows rapid detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. However, the availability of high-quality data linking quantitative phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) and genomic data have thus far been limited. We determined drug resistance profiles of 176 genetically diverse clinical M. tuberculosis isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Peru, Thailand, and Switzerland by quantitative phenotypic DST for 11 antituberculous drugs using the BD Bactec MGIT 960 system and 7H10 agar dilution to generate a cross-validated phenotypic DST readout. We compared DST results with predicted drug resistance profiles inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Classification of strains by the two phenotypic DST methods into resistotype/wild-type populations was concordant in 73 to 99% of cases, depending on the drug. Our data suggest that the established critical concentration (5 mg/liter) for ethambutol resistance (MGIT 960 system) is too high and misclassifies strains as susceptible, unlike 7H10 agar dilution. Increased minimal inhibitory concentrations were explained by mutations identified by whole-genome sequencing. Using whole-genome sequences, we were able to predict quantitative drug resistance levels for the majority of drug resistance mutations. Predicting quantitative levels of drug resistance by whole-genome sequencing was partially limited due to incompletely understood drug resistance mechanisms. The overall sensitivity and specificity of whole-genome-based DST were 86.8% and 94.5%, respectively. Despite some limitations, whole-genome sequencing has the potential to infer resistance profiles without the need for time-consuming phenotypic methods.


This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway.
For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.


The purpose of this study was to employ a kinematic analysis to determine the extent to which the Wheelchair Fencing Classification (WFC) can reliably predict and classify wheelchair fencers' trunk functional ability, during WFC functional classification assessment condition (without supporting bar) and competition condition (with supporting bar). Participants were 14 world-class wheelchair fencers from Hong Kong, with 9 WFC category A and 5 WFC category B fencers. Participants performed wheelchair fencing actions (i.e., lunge and fast-return) in two conditions (i.e., standard WFC testing condition and wheelchair fencing in competition condition). The maximum trunk velocity and maximum trunk angle (i.e., range of movement) were motion-captured and analyzed by kinematic analysis. The results showed that WFC classification significantly correlated with the trunk functional ability in the WFC testing condition, but not in the competition condition. The functional ability indices were significantly higher in the competition condition than that in the WFC testing condition for fencers of both category A and B. The trunk functional ability of category A fencers was significantly higher than that of category B fencers in a WFC testing condition, but such patterns were not observed in the competition condition. We concluded that the WFC test might not be fair and reliable enough to classify fencers according to the impact of their impairments on wheelchair fencing competitive performance.


The article is concerned with state projects as the basic tool of increasing the efficiency of budget costs at programme based budget costs planning. Providing the transparency and responsibility of state authorities, state projects' efficiency monitoring determine the need to create the open framework of budget measures and public authorities' transparent activity. The paper is devoted to the development of state projects and increasing the efficiency of their implementing and control process through balancing between the complicated state policy objectives and brand new reduced budget capacity rates. A set of goals such as considering the state projects' technique, providing the transparency and efficiency of state projects' costs, examining the methodology of state projects' development, increasing their transparency and implementation efficiency, suggesting the all-stages state projects' efficiency evaluation technique were highlighted in the paper. Authors concluded that increasing the openness, transparency, control and providing the state projects' development monitoring is essential for proper budget functioning.


The research journal especially in marketing, is now not only the primary communication
method, but is also used to evaluate an academic's research contribution. Measuring the quality
of research journals has also become more complex as a result of the rapid increase in the
number of journals published. In marketing research, scientists have professed the use of
sophisticated or more sensitive techniques yet little has been done to improve the measurement
of research journals. This thesis investigates the use of alternative measurement techniques to
explore this important aspect of the academic environment.
Historically two dominant methodologies have been used to measure the quality ofjournals: Peer
review and Citation Analysis. However these methods have been criticised and academics have
been sceptical of the results, taking the opinion that these methods create, bias in the results.
Previous methods have also taken a one-dimensional view of journal quality with little time
devoted to uncovering the criteria that governs that quality. The research applied marketing
methodologies that combined qualitative and quantitative research techniques to explore the
problem. Four critical research questions were examined in this study.
What are the important elements of journal research standing?
38 items were found to be important elements ofjoumal research standing.
Is journal research standing a multi-dimensional construct?
Three underlying dimensions represented the construct journal research standing, these were
Reputation, Reviewing Standards and Content Quality.
Do academics acknowledge the multiple dimensions of journal research standing?
Academics acknowledged the -differences -between dimensions for ten selected marketing
journals.
What moderating factors affect academic opinions of journal research standing?
Academic attitudes towards a joutnal's research stdtiding are moderated by their country of
origin, familiarity and research fit. Attitudes towards a journal may also be moderated when
academics have a paper rejected from that particular journal.


The aim of this article is to explain the different levels of private indebtedness in a number of selected countries. Previous sociological literature has tried to explain indebtedness by the quantity of welfare spending, searching for a relation between the lack of welfare and the increase of household-debt. In this theoretically oriented paper, I argue that to understand the influence of welfare on debt, the quality of welfare spending matters more than the quantity. The institutional qualities of different welfare regimes may influence people, making them more or less risk adverse towards borrowing money. In northern countries, higher debt ratios are more common because social protection is more extensive, while in continental countries, where welfare benefits are more narrow and and tend to target the already employed and the elderly, people are more risk adverse toward debt. The proposed theory is supported by an illustrative empirical analysis using data from the LIS and Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset.


This paper consists of three parts. The first part presents a mostly thermodynamic comparison of the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle to helium Brayton, superheated steam, and supercritical steam cycles. Issues that contribute to plant cost are discussed. The second part presents an economic comparison of a gas-cooled reactor coupled to S-CO2 direct, helium Brayton direct, and superheated steam indirect cycles. The results indicate savings of up to 30% if the steam indirect cycle is replaced with the direct S-CO2 cycle. Compared to the helium direct cycle, the savings can reach 15%. The third part describes the optimization and potential of the indirect S-CO2 cycle and the effect of reheating. The indirect cycles of helium to S-CO2 and lead bismuth to S-CO2 are studied to assess the performance of gas-to-gas and liquid metal or liquid salt indirect cycles, respectively. It is shown that although the indirect cycle of helium to S-CO2 is feasible, it poses challenges in the intermediate heat exchanger design and suffers efficiency losses due to the large power consumption of the main circulators. Gas indirect cycles are well suited for liquid metal or liquid salt reactors. Further, the study indicates that employing reheat is economically unattractive for the indirect cycle of helium to S-CO2 because of efficiency reduction from pressure losses in reheaters and interconnecting ducting and additional capital cost. A similar conclusion was also reached for the indirect cycles of liquid metal or liquid salt to S-CO2 even though pumping power is very small. This is because of the additional cost of an intermediate liquid metal (or liquid salt) loop, which needs to be added since it is not possible to place all heat exchangers for reheat inside the reactor vessel.


Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)


Semiconductor chips and their production are foundational for future innovation, future developments of digitalization, and economic prosperity. However, the role of production when discussing who is creating and capturing value across different industrial supply chains has often been underestimated. In this report, we analyze the distribution of the value added in the semiconductor supply chain. Value added analysis is insufficient on its own to understand the importance of production; therefore, we also examine the share of operating profits that has been reinvested in the growth of tangible and intangible assets. Based on value added and reinvesting cycle analysis, we discuss production intensity, and we draw conclusion regarding how important production is for different supply chains and industries.


The study explored the use of low cost soil amendments in reducing lead and cadmium uptake in tobacco. High levels of these metals in tobacco are of concern because of their toxicity and cumulative nature in tobacco consumers. Tobacco was planted in soils amended with cow manure and hydroxyapatite (HA), and non-amended sandy-loamy soil containing 60.57±3.74 μg/g lead and 33.95±0.49 μg/g cadmium in field and pot experiments. Tobacco leaves harvested after 75 days were dried, acid digested and their metal contents determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Cow manure reduced cadmium uptake by 67.20% and 71.75% in field and pot experiments while 1.5% HA reduced lead uptake by 39.69% in field experiments. Pot experiments had higher metals uptake than field experiments while fertilizer treatments recorded highest uptake. However, the levels were within WHO/FAO limits, indicating that amending medially polluted soils with cow manure and HA results in safe harvests of tobacco.


Intellectual property has become a highly coveted asset that can potentially reap a financial windfall for the owner who exploits its utility. Higher education has focused on the discovery of new knowledge, which can translate into intellectual property, but legislation, higher education policy, and/or contractual engagement may dictate ownership or opportunities for ownership of intellectual property by those involved in the discovery process. The dissemination of new knowledge acquired in the discovery of intellectual property may be limited for purposes of protection of commercial development. At the same time, higher education is becoming more involved in the oversight of technology transfer, oversight that includes seeking funding for academic research by private investors, licensing of intellectual property, and serving as a liaison for economic development for local communities. Because of the investment of time and resources in the development of intellectual property, a discovery may result in conflict over ownership, which may, in turn, lead to litigation. The complexity of the overall process of academic discovery moving into commercialization is fraught with challenges and potential conflict.


The United States has been running deficits on current accounts since the early 1990s. The current account deficits and surplus have caused dislocations in both developing and advanced economies. A recent study by Bullard et al. (2017) noted that the US economy is still the world's largest economy and, according to the authors, between 2008-15 there was an average annual shortfall of 20% in fixed capital investment due to the 2008 crisis which also adversely impacted GDP growth and output (Bullard et al., 2017). This study will discuss the recent development in the US economy and also global imbalances in a historical perspective in order to try to understand the current situation. The discussion also includes the recent rise in China's economy and the international trade. The study concludes that the trade deficits on the current scale cannot continue forever. Closing the trade deficit will require a more equal distribution of world spending, meaning a fall in US spending and a rise in spending from the rest of the world. Policy measures should be taken to increase state spending rather than rely on debt-fuelled private consumption to resolve inadequate aggregate demands. The reform should be made so as to seek profits in the real economy rather than 'finance financing finance'. Finance should be made less globalised.


Electrochem. treatment of soils to 2 clays, kaolinite and montmorillonite, polluted with Cu was studied. Montmorillonite has higher exchange properties than kaolinite, conducting to stronger interaction between this clay and Cu. Electromigration of Cu takes place from the anode towards the cathodic compartment where the Cu is collected. Soil nature and its exchange capacity is detg. the extn. rate of Cu. Extn. is quicker on kaolinite than on montmorillonite. For both soils, final extn. rate were >85% of the initial Cu amt. present in the soil. The control of operating pH conditions allows optimization of this process. The gradient pH through the soil influences its comportment and the chem. of the pollutant. Acidification of the soil, by migration of protons from anode to cathode, favors the exchange reaction between protons and Cu and by consequence the release of sorbed Cu in the liq. phase and its extn. The coeff. of useful charge describes the initial extn. slope of the pollutant. This parameter is specific to the clay and the pollutant but independent of the scale of the cell. [on SciFinder (R)]


Due to advances in technology, displays could replace literally any surface in the future, including walls, windows, and ceilings. At the same time, midair remains a relatively unexplored domain for the use of displays as of today, particularly in public space. Nevertheless, we see large potential in the ability to make displays appear at any possible point in space, both indoors and outdoors. Such displays, that we call midair displays, could control large crowds in emergency situations, they could be used during sports for navigation and feedback on performance, or as group displays. We see midair displays as a complementary technology to wearable displays. In contrast to statically deployed displays they allow information to be brought to the user anytime and anywhere. We explore the concept of midair displays and show that with current technology, e.g., copter drones, such displays can be easily built. A study on the readability of such displays showcases the potential and feasibility of the concept and provides early insights.


Gravitational wave astronomy has been firmly established with the detection of gravitational waves from the merger of ten stellar mass binary black holes and a neutron star binary. This paper reports on the all-sky search for gravitational waves from intermediate mass black hole binaries in the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo network. The search uses three independent algorithms: two based on matched filtering of the data with waveform templates of gravitational wave signals from compact binaries, and a third, model-independent algorithm that employs no signal model for the incoming signal. No intermediate mass black hole binary event was detected in this search. Consequently, we place upper limits on the merger rate density for a family of intermediate mass black hole binaries. In particular, we choose sources with total masses $M=m_1+m_2\in[120,800]$M$_\odot$ and mass ratios $q = m_2/m_1 \in[0.1,1.0]$. For the first time, this calculation is done using numerical relativity waveforms (which include higher modes) as models of the real emitted signal. We place a most stringent upper limit of $0.20$~Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$ (in co-moving units at the 90% confidence level) for equal-mass binaries with individual masses $m_{1,2}=100$M$_\odot$ and dimensionless spins $\chi_{1,2}= 0.8$ aligned with the orbital angular momentum of the binary. This improves by a factor of $\sim 5$ that reported after Advanced LIGO's first observing run.


The extraction of volatile components from "atung" seed was carried out by Likens Nickerson extraction apparatus with diethyl eter for 90 minutes, then continued with separation, while volatile isolates identification was done by GC-MS (Shimadzu Qp 5000). The data obtained indicated that volatile components of "atung" seed tentatively are as follow: aldehydes is the largest (34%), alkanes (17%), alkenes (11%), alcohols (7%), and ketones (6%). However, most aldehyde groups were predicted as derivative compounds resulted from the decomposition of fats and/or fatty acids due to a high temperature extraction process.


In this article, a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm is introduced. This algorithm is based on the ability of shark, as a superior hunter in the nature, for finding prey, which is taken from the smell sense of shark and its movement to the odor source. Various behaviors of shark within the search environment, that is, sea water, are mathematically modeled within the proposed optimization approach. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is compared with many other heuristic optimization methods based on standard benchmark functions. Also, to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization method for solving real-world engineering problems, it is applied for the solution of load frequency control problem in electrical power systems. The obtained results confirm the validity of the proposed metaheuristic optimization algorithm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2014


The objective of this book is to help an individual (or a family) design a personal investment strategy. It explains how stock markets can be used to make a large fortune from a small investment. It also recommends an approach to increase a reasonable return on investment and explains the importance of investment alternatives. The book is based on the premise that the US stock market is not too high compared to the long-term value of its securities. It further assumes that readers are interested both in return likely to be earned on investment and the risk of not earning the return target. The focus on this book is on "personal" investing. It begins with three basic rules of investing and concludes with ten subordinate rules and other suggestions for investing.


The effect of joint size on the loading capacity of wood single lap joints was studied with an orthogonal experimental design. The maximum load, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture were the three mechanical indexes used to evaluate wood joint quality. A simulation model of bending tests was established using the finite element method. The stress distributions of the joints were analyzed; the peak stripping stress was reduced with an increase in gluing length and thickness. The increase in the corresponding experimental values of maximum load was in agreement with this conclusion. The joint force for various loading positions was simulated, and the peak stress was lowest at the location with the maximum offset. Therefore, the bending capacity of the wood joints can be improved by changing the loading position. Nondestructive fast Fourier transform (FFT) testing of the bending vibration was used to obtain the dynamic elastic modulus. A significant correlation existed between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Finite element simulation analysis and nondestructive testing are all effective methods for quality evaluation of wood joints, and they can be applied to the design and testing of wood joints.


Self-reported home values are widely used as a measure of housing wealth by researchers employing a variety of data sets and studying a number of different individual and household level decisions. The accuracy of this measure is an open empirical question, and requires some type of market assessment of the values reported. In this research, we study the predictive power of self-reported housing wealth when estimating sales prices utilizing the Health and Retirement Study. We find that homeowners, on average, overestimate the value of their properties by between 5% and 10%. More importantly, we are the first to document a strong correlation between accuracy and the economic conditions at the time of the purchase of the property (measured by the prevalent interest rate, the growth of household income, and the growth of median housing prices). While most individuals overestimate the value of their properties, those who bought during more difficult economic times tend to be more accurate, and in some cases even underestimate the value of their house. These results establish a surprisingly strong, likely permanent, and in many cases long-lived, effect of the initial conditions surrounding the purchases of properties, on how individuals value them. This cyclicality of the overestimation of house prices can provide some explanations for the difficulties currently faced by many homeowners, who were expecting large appreciations in home value to rescue them in case of increases in interest rates which could jeopardize their ability to live up to their financial commitments.


(Bayesian correlation estimation, shadow prior, portfolio selection with higher moments) Abstract This Ph.D. dissertation is concerned with using model based and computation intensive statistical approaches to gain insight into substantive issues in finance related topics. It addresses the use of posterior (predictive) simulation for Bayesian inference in high dimensional and analytically intractable models. It consists of three studies. One study focuses on the issue of covariance estimation. I propose prior probability models for variance-covariance matrices. The proposed models address two important issues. First, the models allow a researcher to represent substantive prior information about the strength of correlations among a set of variables. Second, even in the absence of such substantive prior information, it provides increased flexibility. This is achieved by including a clustering mechanism in the prior probability model. Clustering is with respect to variables or with respect to pairs of variables. This leads to shrinkage towards a mixture structure implied by the clustering, instead of towards a diagonal structure as is commonly done. With departure from the standard MLE or inverse-Wishart prior there are many computational difficulties that arise in modeling covariances. A second study follows from the computational challenges that arise in the co-variance estimation study. Because of the requirement that the correlation matrix be positive (semi-) definite, the high dimensional space of the correlation matrix is analytically intractable. Calculating the normalizing constant is then left to numerical techniques. I examine a method for estimating the constant, and also an argument for ignoring it in certain cases. An additional strategy called the " shadow prior " is explored by introducing an additional level of hierarchy into the model. A third study follows the foundational work of Markowitz's portfolio selection in iv 1952. Issues that he pointed out but didn't address include parameter uncertainty, utility optimization, and inclusion of higher moments. I build upon his foundation by incorporating a skew-normal model. Using Bayesian methods, higher moments and parameter uncertainty can be accommodated in a natural way in the portfolio selection process. Preference over portfolios is framed in terms of utility function maximization, which are optimized using Bayesian methods. Findings suggest that skewness is important for distinguishing between 'good' and 'bad' variance.


Conventionally, the design of urban water supply and distribution systems is based on the assumption that all the involved parameters are known a priori and remain unaltered throughout the life cycle of the system. However, significant uncertainties do appear during the analysis and design of these systems, such as the equivalent pipe roughness and the actual internal diameters of the pipes. To study these uncertainties, the water supply and the looped water distribution systems are studied separately. For the water supply system, these uncertainties are incorporated in the analysis of the system, using the extension principle of the fuzzy sets and a new operation of the fuzzy subtraction. Based on the calculation of head losses for each branch of the system, the nodal heads are obtained as fuzzy numbers. In regard to the looped water distribution system, a methodology is developed and proposed, based on the extension principle and leading to several optimisation problems with respect to the branches of the system. The aim of the proposed methodology is to determine the α -cuts and finally produce the shape of the membership function of flows in the branches of the system. Both methodologies are illustrated by numerical examples.


Precise use of categorical terms and definitions is mandatory in discussing the use of anticoagulants in treating occlusive cerebrovascular disease. The components of the temporal profile of the disease are described. Six reports have appeared which describe the results of anticagulant therapy in transient cerebral ischemic attacks. From these six studies it is concluded that anticoagulant therapy significantly decreased the risk of cerebral infarction in patients who had attacks of transient focal cerebral ischemia. In the few carefully performed investigations of the use of anticoagulant for acute progressing stroke the evidence points to the lack of progression in patients receiving treatment when compared to individuals not getting such drugs. There continues to be a definite difference of opinion about the results of anticoagulant therapy in completed stroke. If anticoagulant is to be administered on a long-term basis, it must be considered dangerous and every effort made to control the level of anticoagulant action precisely. Hypertension must be effectively controlled.


This case study booklet was produced as part of the evaluation of the Action Research for Physics (ARP) teacher professional development programme which was organised and managed by the nine Regional Science Learning Centres between September 2009 and February 2011. The research was commissioned by the National Network of Science Learning Centres and Department for Children, Schools and Families. ARP is a model of professional development incorporating action research, with an aim to trying out new approaches to teaching physics which lead to an increase in young people's engagement with the subject, and pursuit of physics beyond GCSE level. These 18 physics teaching case studies were delivered by teachers on the ARP programme, had a high impact among their students, and were often adopted across their departments, across their schools and sometimes even in neighbouring schools. The booklet should provide a useful guide and reference point for teachers of secondary school physics. Telephone interviews with the 18 teachers about their action research interventions were conducted between May and November 2011, for the compilation of the booklet. The case studies were written jointly by the teachers and the researchers, based on their project reports and the interviews. The final editions were approved for publication by the teachers and their schools


Cracks were observed forming at the surface of Makaopuhi lava lake during the March 1965 Kilauea eruption, and were studied by repeated mapping and observations of this lake; the 1963 Alae lava lake was similarly studied. Cracks open within a minute after molten lava is exposed at the surface, and form either random or oriented orthogonal networks which outline large plates of unjointed crust. Within a few hours, additional cracks subdivide the plates into polygons averaging 15 ft in width. The accumulation of gases trapped beneath the crust near centers of polygons, and the escape of gases from marginal parts, cause upbowing of polygon centers and downsagging of margins. As the crust cools and increases in thickness following stagnation of the lake, existing cracks extend downward and new cracks open. Some new cracks subdivide pre-existing polygons, and short cracks of shallow depth form near polygon centers. Still other cracks apparently open at depths of tens of feet within the crust, propagate upward, and finally feather out near the surface into short cracks which are concentrated in long swarms that cross several polygons. Cracks initiate at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 900°C, and propagate downward into parts of the crust near 1000°C. Cracking results from stresses induced largely by thermal contraction, but also by differential subsidence of the crust. Seismic recordings of shock vibrations due to cracking of Kilauea Iki lava lake indicate a diurnal variation in frequency, with a maximum around midnight and a minimum around noon.


The past is capricious enough to support every stance - no matter how questionable. In 2002, the Bush administration decided that dealing with Saddam Hussein was like appeasing Hitler or Mussolini, and promptly invaded Iraq. Were they wrong to look to history for guidance? No; their mistake was to exaggerate one of its lessons while suppressing others of equal importance. History is often hijacked through suppression, manipulation, and, sometimes, even outright deception. MacMillan's book is packed full of examples of the abuses of history. In response, she urges us to treat the past with care and respect.


We present a new type of actuatable display, called Tilt Displays, that provide visual feedback combined with multi-axis tilting and vertical actuation. Their ability to physically mutate provides users with an additional information channel that facilitates a range of new applications including collaboration and tangible entertainment while enhancing familiar applications such as terrain modelling by allowing 3D scenes to be rendered in a physical-3D manner. Through a mobile 3x3 custom built prototype, we examine the design space around Tilt Displays, categorise output modalities and conduct two user studies. The first, an exploratory study examines users' initial impressions of Tilt Displays and probes potential interactions and uses. The second takes a quantitative approach to understand interaction possibilities with such displays, resulting in the production of two user-defined gesture sets: one for manipulating the surface of the Tilt Display, the second for conducting everyday interactions.


Although guidelines exist for approaches to, and vehicle use (over-snow vehicles,
aircraft and watercraft) in the vicinity of, Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii),
there has been no scientific assessment of the effectiveness of these guidelines in
minimising disturbance to the seals. This study examined tqe response of Weddell
seals to various forms of human activity that the seals are currently exposed to. A
series of controlled experiments were conducted to measure, (i) the immediate
behavioural and physiological responses of lactating W ~ddell seals (and their pups)
to approaches on foot, and the factors affecting the seals' respons~, (ii) the temporal
( -
nature of the seals' response to repeated pedestrian activity fil?.d (iii) the immediate
behavioural response oflactating cows to over-snow vehicle operations, and the
factors that affect their response. In addition, sound/distance profiles were developed
for commonly used Antarctic vehicles ~d the assumed detection threshold of
Weddell seals was determined to investigate whether the noise generated by a range
of vehicles had the potential to affect Weddell seals.
Most lactating Weddell seals and lone pups responded to visits on foot {from 20-
5 m from the seals) by becoming alert. The separation distance at which the cows
became alert was dependent upon the approach type (a single person or group of
people), the distance a cow was from the water, the distance she was from a
conspeci:fic, and whether her pup was exposed (i.e. whether the pup was between the
approachers and the cow). The relative importance of these factors indicated that the
-
seals perceived pedestrians to be a threat, but that the level of threat was low.
Regular and frequent approaches by a single person to lactating Weddell seals over
a short time period(< 2 hours) produced evidence of rapid habituation. However,
irregular approaches over a longer time period (~3 weeks), did not result in seals
showing any sign of having habituated. The results suggested that the cows may
have already become sensitised to human activity prior to the experiment and that
pups became sensitised to pedestrian activity.
Onshore heart rate of the seals in the absence of people revealed a daily periodicity
in rate as well as three distinct heart rate patterns during resting behaviour and when
the seal was looking in the water, i.e. the seal has its head immersed in water. Intra
seal variation in heart rate highlighted the importance of obtaining baseline data at a
fine scale (e.g. hourly) before heart rate can be used as a proxy for stress in human-wildlife interactions studies. Pedestrian approaches to a lactating seal did not elicit a
heart rate response, suggesting that the approaches were not considered to be
negative stimuli.
Most lactating Weddell seals responded to the operation of over-snow vehicles by
becoming alert. Response was dependent upon the distance at which the vehicles
were driven, the position of the pups in relation to the cow and the distance the cow
was from the water. The relative importance of these factors indicated that the seals
perceived the vehicles to be a threat, but that the level of threat was low.
Quantifying the effect of noise on the vocal behaviour of Weddell seals required
the development of an assumed detection threshold of the species and sound/distance
profiles of the commonly used vehicles in Antarctica. Much of the noise generated
by these vehicles at the tested distances and speeds was barely audible to seals.
However, there were some instances where the noise would have been cl~arly audible
to seals both hauled out on ice and underwater. These higher noise levels were,
however, still below the noise levels generated by the animals themselves and were
therefore not expected to cause physical damage to the seals.- Manipulative
experiments did indicate th~t the underwater vocal behaviour of Weddell seals could
be affected by continuous Hagglund noise, manifest as a decrease in the calling rate
of seals.
This study has shown that the existing guidelines used in the Australian Antarctic
Territory could be improved ifthe goal of management is to minimise disturbance to
Weddell seals. Furthermore, the study has shown that the responses of the seals were
influenced by a number of factors and that these co_uld be incorporated into visitor
and operational guidelines in order to increase their effectiveness and sensitivity.


Introduction: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most prevalent genetic causes of developmental disability, representing the most frequent form of inherited severe cognitive deficit. The present study was undertaken to investigate FXS and its prevalence in moderate mentally retarded people in patients. Materials and methods: Nineteen people with moderate mental retardation (MR) who were clinically suspicious to have FXS were screened for FXS by using cytogenetic and molecular methods. Blood samples were collected and cultured in specific culture media. G-Banding method was used for karyotyping. To ensure correct results of cytogenetic testing, four suspected case of FXS were tested by PCR. Results were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Four patients (4%) were found to express fragile X site at q27.3. The results showed that the relationship of FXS with familial, economic status was not significant, but the relationship of FXS with MR and family history was significant. Conclusion: The frequency of FXS positive cases found in this study is similar to other reports of FXS in preselected patients.


Fault diagnosis in power grids is known to be challenging, due to the massive scale and spatial coupling therein. In this study, we explore multiscale network inference for fault detection and localization. Specifically, we model the phasor angles across the buses as a Markov random field (MRF), where the conditional correlation coefficients of the MRF are quantified in terms of the physical parameters of power systems. Based on the MRF model, we then study decentralized network inference for fault diagnosis, through change detection and localization in the conditional correlation matrix of the MRF. Particularly, based on the hierarchical topology of practical power systems, we devise a multiscale network inference algorithm that carries out fault detection and localization in a decentralized manner. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


In December 1812, American missionary Samuel Newell sent word of the death of his wife Harriet Newell, to Joseph Hardcastle, a man he had never met. Hardcastle was a director of the London Missionary Society, and for a missionary of the American Board exiled from India in the midst of the War of 1812, he was the only hope of getting news back to the United States. This article examines the beginnings of American foreign missionary work during the early republic, focusing on the relationship between American and British evangelicals. When British missionaries first began working in India in the 1790s, American evangelicals watched their progress eagerly. Americans interested in missions soon came to argue that they, too, had a duty to evangelize the whole world. With the formation of the ABCFM in 1810, Americans sponsored their own missionaries to the region only to find that working within the British Empire presented new and unexpected challenges. When the first missionaries left American shores for South Asia, the War of 1812 began before they reached their destination and the politics of empire affected the mission and its supporters. By examining the ways that missionaries and their supporters negotiated the tensions between their national identity as Americans and their religious identity as evangelical Christians, this article argues that for these Americans, national identity was created in a global context.


Links to databases, search engines, and websites to some of the more commonly searched grey/gray literature in the health sciences.


The aim was to investigate secular trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Welsh adolescents between 2002 and 2007. CVD risk factor data were examined from two school-based cross-sectional studies. The initial study (September to October, 2002) included 73 participants, aged 12.9±0.3 years. The final study of 90 participants, aged 12.9±0.4 years, was completed during September to October, 2007. Measurements included adiposity, physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), diet, total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, fibrinogen (Fg) and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP). On both occasions, testing was carried out in the same school, and by the same experienced researcher using identical procedure. PA and PF levels improved for boys and girls in 2007; however, 80% of girls still did not meet the recommended 1 h/day of moderate PA. For both sexes, dietary fat intake did not differ between 2002 and 2007 cohorts; Welsh adolescents continued to consume a diet that was too high in saturated fat. Although mean adiposity tended to decrease between 2002 and 2007 in boys, this was not significant (p≥0.05). Overall, there were improvements in mean lipid profile and inflammatory status (p<0.05). More adolescents in the earlier cohort exceeded the recommended levels for lipids, Fg and hs-CRP. Despite our finding that overweight continues to be widespread in Welsh adolescents, levels had not risen in our later cohort. This concurs with recent international evidence which suggests a "levelling off" in childhood obesity. The authors identified an upward trend in PA and PF, but no changes in dietary habits. This suggests that increased PA/PF, without dietary modification, has little effect on adiposity. Generally, our findings present a positive trend in lipid profile, as well as inflammatory factors. These improvements may be linked to the enhanced PA and PF profiles of the 2007 cohort.


Weighted constraint satisfaction problems are difficult optimization problems that could model applications from various domains. Evolutionary algorithms are not the first option for solving such type of problems. In this work, the evolutionary algorithm uses the information extracted from the previous best solutions to guide the search in the next iterations. After the archive of previous best solutions has been sufficiently (re)filled, a data mining module is called to find association rules between variables and values. The generated rules are used to improve further the search process. Different methods of applying the association rules are investigated. Computational experiments are done on academic and real-world problem instances. The obtained results validate the approach and show that it is competitive with existing approaches in literature.


This paper explores the role of private sector enterprises in building the resilience of rural Scotland. In addition, the paper seeks to identify changes in rural enterprise activities and their impact on rural life. The paper is based on quantitative secondary data analysis and two qualitative case studies. These demonstrate how rural enterprises contribute to economic and social development in rural communities and the wider resilience of rural locations. Analysis of the secondary data highlights an increasing contribution by private sector enterprises to overall employment in rural Scotland. The data verifies the importance of SMEs and, in particular, micro-businesses in rural job creation. It also shows the role of rural businesses in increasing the diversification of the local economy and therefore in building wider rural community resilience. The results identify changing employment patterns in rural areas (such as an increasing level of self-employment, part-time and home-working and multiple job holding) which might be associated with the capacity to adapt to dynamic changes in the socioeconomic environment. Finally, qualitative findings help to further understand how private sector enterprises contribute to the social and environmental resilience of rural Scotland by identifying the role they play in enhancing the quality of life of those living in rural locations. Consequently, the paper makes a substantial and original contribution to existing knowledge and debate on resilience. It uses current data on the characteristics of rural private sector enterprises to identify their economic, social and environmental importance in building the resilience of rural places and their communities.


The opportunities provided by open access to journal literature have generated much interest and discussion. LIBER's approach to this important topic at the St Petersburg Conference was through the theme of collaboration. Each group of stakeholders in scholarly communication, from author through to reader, has an interest in open access. If open access is to be achieved it has to be through collaboration between authors, funding agencies, publishers and librarians working together in the best interests of readers of academic literature. The benefits to individuals and to human society to be gained from open access are described in this quotation from the Budapest Open Access Initiative: "An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet. The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge." Since calling the meeting which developed the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the Open Society Institute has continued to support discussion and action to implement the two strategies leading to open access identified in Budapest, and the open access session at the LIBER Conference was supported by a grant from OSI.


This engrossing book presents the photographs of four historically engaged artists and explains what they reveal about the highly dramatic revolutionary and post-revolutionary period in Mexico from 1910 to 1935. The works of these photographers--American Walter H. Horne, Italian Tina Modotti, and Mexicans Agustin Victor Casasola and Manuel Alvarez Bravo--are discussed not just as windows onto events but as artworks that offer both objective reporting and stylized expression. The twenty-five years covered in the book encompass some of the most convulsive developments in Mexico, from the violence and cataclysmic changes wrought by the Mexican Revolution to the immense struggles to forge a new nation and a new government. During this period, the work of the four photographers--two primarily documentary, one propagandistic, and one artistic and personal--enabled Mexicans to understand the forces that had brought their nation to armed conflict and social transformation.


Examining global effects of toxic metals on gene expression can be useful for elucidating patterns of biological response, discovering underlying mechanisms of toxicity, and identifying candidate metal-specific genetic markers of exposure and response. Using a 1,200 gene nylon array, we examined changes in gene expression following low-dose, acute exposures of cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel, or mitomycin C (MMC) in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Total RNA was isolated from cells exposed to 3 M Cd(II) (as cadmium chloride), 10 M Cr(VI) (as sodium dichromate), 3 g/cm2 Ni(II) (as nickel subsulfide), 5 M or 50 M As(III) (as sodium arsenite), or 1 M MMC for 4 hr. Expression changes were verified at the protein level for several genes. Only a small subset of genes was differentially expressed in response to each agent: Cd, Cr, Ni, As (5 M), As (50 M), and MMC each differentially altered the expression of 25, 44, 31, 110, 65, and 16 individual genes, respectively. Few genes were commonly expressed among the various treatments. Only one gene was altered in response to all four metals (hsp90), and no gene overlapped among all five treatments. We also compared low-dose (5 M, noncytotoxic) and high-dose (50 M, cytotoxic) arsenic treatments, which surprisingly, affected expression of almost completely nonoverlapping subsets of genes, suggesting a threshold switch from a survival-based biological response at low doses to a death response at high doses.


Abstract This introductory Article sets out the premise of the Special Issue, the entrenched and pervasive nature of human rights violations in the context of migration control and the apparent lack of accountability for such violations. It sets out features of contemporary migration control practices and their legal governance that contribute to this phenomenon, namely the exceptional treatment of migration in international law; the limited scope of international refugee law; and the pervasive use of externalized, delegated migration controls, in particular by the EU and its Member States. The roots of the current condition are traced back to the containment practices that emerged at the end of the Cold War, with the 2015 "crisis" framed both as an illustration of the failures of containment, and a source of further stasis. Following an overview of the contributions that make up the Special Issue, this Article identifies five emergent themes, and suggests further lines of inquiry. These are: the promise and limits of strategic human rights limitations; the role of both international criminal law, and domestic (and regional) tort law in securing accountability; the turn to positive obligations to challenge entrenched features of containment; and the role of direct action in support of and solidarity with those challenging migration controls most directly, refugees and migrants themselves. Rather than offering panaceas, the Article concludes with the identification of further new challenges, notably the role of new technologies in further dissipating lines of accountability for decisions to exclude.


Product and process innovations are prime manifestations of innovativeness by an organization. Yet surprisingly little is known regarding how to initiate and maintain the innovative momentum in organizations with the ultimate target to produce an increasing number of product innovations and improve competitiveness. Of major concern has been however, the sheer volume of contributions on the subject and the complexity of issues involved. An extensive literature review has been carried out covering 400 scientific Journals during a 10-year long period (1991-2001). Over 2500 journal articles have been identified as relevant and read. Their contribution to the subject of product innovations (i.e., process innovations are not covered) has been identified using a multitude of literature mapping techniques. The present article summarizes the contributions of individual articles depicting the current state-of-the-art in the area.


This paper aims to identify the driving force that shaped agricultural land structures, land market and land leasing in the Republic of Macedonia. Institutional developments and land reforms have so far been modest, and have not contributed to significant changes in agricultural ownership, operational structures, or land market and land leasing arrangements. Land ownership and land use are bimodal, consisting of several small-scale family farms and a few large-scale agricultural enterprises. The small family farms own and operate land on several small parcels, which is one of the major obstacles to the modernisation of family farm production. They produce food for household subsistence with mixed crop, fruit, vegetable, grapevine and livestock production. A considerable portion of the land is uncultivated, which affects land market and land leasing values. Due to underdeveloped institutional frameworks and market institutions in support of small-scale farms, a large proportion of state-owned land is rented by agricultural enterprises.


Peter Watcyn-Jones's fully revised and updated edition of Vocabulary 1 Games and Activities gives your students motivating vocabulary practice. This resource book contains 60 activities, organized according to level from Beginners to Advanced for ease of reference and includes detailed teachers' notes and timing guides to maximise class time. The activities are all selected and revised following teacher feedback and most can be completed in 10 30 minutes so are ideal for extra consolidation or as gap fillers. Students will love the different types of activities such as ice-breakers, quizzes, pair work, bingo, board games, crosswords and much more. As a busy teacher, you'll find the full set of teachers' notes with step-by-step instructions, follow-up suggestions and full answer keys invaluable. And the quick reference content pages will show you at a glance all you need to know about the activity focus and type, time and preparation you'll need to do.


Metal powder delivery systems have been used widely in Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) processes. Most current commercial DLD systems use a gas to carry the metallic powders to the point of delivery through a feed tube and then a nozzle. The major drawback of this method is that wastage of the expensive powder is very high.. To overcome or mitigate this process deficiency, a gas-free Powder Delivery System (PDS) has been developed. The system uses sonic/ultrasonic vibration to exert a distributed driving force on the powder and assist its deliver to the laser generated melt pool. Three different PDS configurations (off-axial, coaxial and multiple-stream) were designed and evaluated. Experimental tests showed that the powder flow rate from these nozzles is both highly stable and has fast dynamic response to the vibration. Trials were carried out with a 1.5 kW diode laser and a 1 kW single mode fibre laser to deposit copper, steel and Inconel 718. They showed that 100% deposition efficiency can be achieved by using the developed gas-free PDS. The deposition qualities in term of surface roughness, microstructure and porosity are studied and compare favourably with the results produced by a conventional gas feed system operating at the same parameters.


While FPGA-based hardware accelerators have repeatedly been demonstrated as a viable option, their programmability remains a major barrier to their wider acceptance by application code developers. These platforms are typically programmed in a low level hardware description language, a skill not common among application developers and a process that is often tedious and error-prone. Programming FPGAs from high level languages would provide easier integration with software systems as well as open up hardware accelerators to a wider spectrum of application developers. In this paper, we present a major revision to the Riverside Optimizing Compiler for Configurable Circuits (ROCCC) designed to create hardware accelerators from C programs. Novel additions to ROCCC include (1) intuitive modular bottom-up design of circuits from C, and (2) separation of code generation from specific FPGA platforms. The additions we make do not introduce any new syntax to the C code and maintain the high level optimizations from the ROCCC system that generate efficient code. The modular code we support functions identically as software or hardware. Additionally, we enable user control of hardware optimizations such as systolic array generation and temporal common subexpression elimination. We evaluate the quality of the ROCCC 2.0 tool by comparing it to hand-written VHDL code. We show comparable clock frequencies and a 18% higher throughput. The productivity advantages of ROCCC 2.0 is evaluated using the metrics of lines of code and programming time showing an average of 15x improvement over hand-written VHDL.


Little research has been done on projecting long-term conflict risks. Such projections are currently neither included in the development of socioeconomic scenarios or climate change impact assessments nor part of global agenda-setting policy processes. In contrast, in other fields of inquiry, long-term projections and scenario studies are established and relevant for both strategical agenda-setting and applied policies. Although making projections of armed conflict risk in response to climate change is surrounded by uncertainty, there are good reasons to further develop such scenario-based projections. In this perspective article we discuss why quantifying implications of climate change for future armed conflict risk is inherently uncertain, but necessary for shaping sustainable future policy agendas. We argue that both quantitative and qualitative projections can have a purpose in future climate change impact assessments and put out the challenges this poses for future research.


Latent variables allow probabilistic graphical models to capture nuance and structure in important domains such as network science, natural language processing, and computer vision. Naive approaches to learning such complex models can be prohibitively expensive--because they require repeated inferences to update beliefs about latent variables--so lifting this restriction for useful classes of models is an important problem. Hinge-loss Markov random fields (HL-MRFs) are graphical models that allow highly scalable inference and learning in structured domains, in part by representing structured problems with continuous variables. However, this representation leads to challenges when learning with latent variables. We introduce paired-dual learning, a framework that greatly speeds up training by using tractable entropy surrogates and avoiding repeated inferences. Paired-dual learning optimizes an objective with a pair of dual inference problems. This allows fast, joint optimization of parameters and dual variables. We evaluate on social-group detection, trust prediction in social networks, and image reconstruction, finding that paired-dual learning trains models as accurate as those trained by traditional methods in much less time, often before traditional methods make even a single parameter update.


Price indices for heterogenous goods such as real estate or fine art constitute crucial information for institutional or private investors considering alternative investments in times of financial markets turmoil. Classical mean-variance analysis of alternative investments has been hampered by the lack of a systematic treatment of volatility in these markets. This may seem surprising as derivatives on subsets of the traded goods require a precise modelling and estimation of the underlying volatility. For example, in art markets, auction houses often give price guarantees to the seller that resemble put options. In this paper we propose a hedonic regression framework which explicitly defines an underlying stochastic process for the price index, allowing to treat the volatility parameter as the object of interest. The model can be estimated using maximum likelihood in combination with the Kalman filter. We derive theoretical properties of the volatility estimator and show that it outperforms the standard estimator. We show that extensions to allow for time-varying volatility are straightforward using a local-likelihood approach. In an application to a large data set of international blue chip artists, we show that volatility of the art market, although generally lower than that of financial markets, has risen over the last years and, in particular, during the recent European debt crisis.


In this paper, we study the efficiency of the Chinese wheat and soybeans futures markets and assess the conditions in agricultural commodity futures and cash markets in China. Formal statistical tests are conducted through Johansen's cointegration approach to identify the long-term equilibrium relationship between futures and cash markets. Three different cash prices from Zhengzhou Grain Wholesale Market, Tianjin Grain Wholesale Market, and the national average wholesale price are used. The wheat futures price from China Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange and soybeans futures price from Dalian Commodity Exchange with different forecasting horizons ranging from one week to six months are also used. Results suggest that a long-term equilibrium relationship between the futures price and cash price for soybeans has been established. A weak short-term efficiency of the soybean futures market is revealed. The futures market for wheat is inefficient. The relative inefficient wheat market may be caused by over-speculation and government intervention, because wheat is the staple food in China and the government has more control over it than soybeans. Another reason is geographic proximities between the cash market in Tianjin and both the soybean production area and the futures market in Dalian.


The background oriented schlieren (BOS) technique is a method of observing the refraction of light rays passing through a density varying medium. When used with a conventional imaging system, this technique captures a single line-of-sight integrated quantity that is a result of the refractive index gradients associated with the density varying medium. With the inherent three-dimensionality of most flow fields, an alternative imaging system called the plenoptic camera has been introduced to the scientific community as a viable option in 3D BOS systems. This camera has the ability to capture 3D information in a single snapshot, which allows for images of different perspectives and different focal planes to be generated from a single raw plenoptic image. The integration of a plenoptic camera into the BOS technique, termed plenoptic BOS, is discussed in this work. The use of a plenoptic camera in a BOS setup provides the ability to acquire multiple line-of-sight integrated quantities, which can be used to create a BOS light field similar to that of the original light field captured by the plenoptic camera. This type of structured BOS light field allows for the ability to computationally generate focused schlieren images through the volume. The experiments used to explore this new technique include an arrangement with two flames placed at different depths and a setup of a single heated jet placed at ten different locations within the field of view. The former arrangement provided the ability to qualitatively highlight gradients being produced at different depths in 3D space. The latter arrangement explored the sensitivity of the BOS setup with respect to the jet's position relative to the background as well as the ability to quantify the jet's position in 3D space based on the collected measurements. Such results provide motivation to further explore the plenoptic BOS technique, improve the algorithms associated with depth estimation, and ultimately progress towards a truly 3D reconstruction of a density field.


We present an unsupervised machine learning technique that automatically segments and labels galaxies in astronomical imaging surveys using only pixel data. Distinct from previous unsupervised machine learning approaches used in astronomy we use no pre-selection or pre-filtering of target galaxy type to identify galaxies that are similar. We demonstrate the technique on the HST Frontier Fields. By training the algorithm using galaxies from one field (Abell 2744) and applying the result to another (MACS0416.1-2403), we show how the algorithm can cleanly separate early and late type galaxies without any form of pre-directed training for what an 'early' or 'late' type galaxy is. We then apply the technique to the HST CANDELS fields, creating a catalogue of approximately 60,000 classifications. We show how the automatic classification groups galaxies of similar morphological (and photometric) type, and make the classifications public via a catalogue, a visual catalogue and galaxy similarity search. We compare the CANDELS machine-based classifications to human-based classifications from the Galaxy Zoo: CANDELS project. Although there is not a direct mapping between Galaxy Zoo and our hierarchical labelling, we demonstrate a good level of concordance between human and machine classifications. Finally, we show how the technique can be used to identify rarer objects and present new lensed galaxy candidates from the CANDELS imaging.


This paper presents a context-aware, personalised, persuasive (CPP) system design framework applicable to the sustainable transport field and other behaviour change support system domains. It operates on a situational, a user, and a target behaviour layer. Emphasis is placed on interlinking each layer's behaviour change factors for greater effectiveness. A prototype CPP system for more sustainable travel behaviour is introduced to demonstrate how the framework can be applied in practice.


In this paper, we use the framework of neural machine translation to learn joint sentence representations across six very different languages. Our aim is that a representation which is independent of the language, is likely to capture the underlying semantics. We define a new cross-lingual similarity measure, compare up to 1.4M sentence representations and study the characteristics of close sentences. We provide experimental evidence that sentences that are close in embedding space are indeed semantically highly related, but often have quite different structure and syntax. These relations also hold when comparing sentences in different languages.


Observations from the Heliospheric Imagers (HI-1) on both the STEREO spacecrafts have been analysed to search for very long period large amplitude stellar variability, finding six new candidates. A total of 85 objects, mostly previously known Mira variables, were found to show convincing variability on time-scales of over a 100 days. These objects range in peak brightness from about fourth magnitude to 10th magnitude in R and have periods between about 170 and 490 d. There is a period gap between 200 and 300 d where no objects were found and this is discussed. 15 of the Miras in the sample are previously recorded as having variable periods and the possibility for these and two other stars to have undergone a period change or to be irregular is discussed. In addition to the six stars in the sample not previously recorded as variable, another seven are recorded as variable but with no classification. Our period determination is the first to be made for 19 of these 85 stars. The sample represents a set of very long period variables that would be challenging to monitor from the Earth, or even from Earth orbit, owing to their position on the ecliptic plane and that their periods are often close to a year or an integer fraction thereof. The possibility for the new candidates to possess circumstellar shells is discussed.


Botulinum toxins, i.e. BoNT/A to/G, include the most toxic substances known. Since botulism is a potentially fatal neuroparalytic disease with possible use as a biowarfare weapon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category A bioterrorism agent), intensive efforts are being made to develop vaccines or neutralizing antibodies. The use of active fragments from non-human immunoglobulins (F(ab')2, Fab', scFv), chemically modified or not, may avoid side effects, but also largely modify the in vivo half-life and effectiveness of these reagents. We evaluated the neutralizing activity of several monoclonal anti-BoNT/A antibodies (mAbs). F(ab')2 fragments, native or treated with polyethyleneglycol (PEG), were prepared from selected mAbs to determine their half-life and neutralizing activity as compared with the initial mAbs. We compared the protective efficiency of the different biochemical forms of anti-toxin mAbs providing the same neutralizing activity. Among fourteen tested mAbs, twelve exhibited neutralizing activity. Fragments from two of the best mAbs (TA12 and TA17), recognizing different epitopes, were produced. These two mAbs neutralized the A1 subtype of the toxin more efficiently than the A2 or A3 subtypes. Since mAb TA12 and its fragments both exhibited the greatest neutralizing activity, they were further evaluated in the therapeutic experiments. These showed that, in a mouse model, a 2- to 4-h interval between toxin and antitoxin injection allows the treatment to remain effective, but also suggested an absence of correlation between the half-life of the antitoxins and the length of time before treatment after botulinum toxin A contamination. These experiments demonstrate that PEG treatment has a strong impact on the half-life of the fragments, without affecting the effectiveness of neutralization, which was maintained after preparation of the fragments. These reagents may be useful for rapid treatment after botulinum toxin A contamination.


This thesis examines ritual and social structure in the Southern Levantine Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, through a detailed study of the cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Jordan). The cemetery phases examined date broadly from the late thirteenth to tenth centuries BCE, and consist of approximately 300 burials. Two socio-historical settings are of relevance here. The first (13th-12th Centuries BCE) relates to a final phase of Egyptian economic and military domination in the region. The second (IIth-I(/h/9fh Centuries BCE) relates to a widespread re-emergence of local semi-independent polities in the Central Valleys after the collapse of the Late Bronze Age city-states and the Egyptian withdrawal. It is argued that responses to widespread socio-political cultural and economic changes in the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age transition had a significant impact on social structure and kinship relations - affecting the ways in which the dead were perceived and treated by the living. Through a combined quantitative and contextual study of the burial data, aspects of variability in the expression of social rank, age and gender, and cultural identity in the Sa'idiyeh cemetery are examined, and in turn compared and contrasted with 'living' societal models. Elements of continuity and change are explored, including attitudes to the body, variability in the deposition of grave-objects, and aspects of commemoration, re-use and cemetery organization. The relationship between ritual and social structure is examined through a 'rites of passage' framework that breaks down the burial context both temporally and spatially. It is argued that aspects of status and identity (as expressed by the living survivors) were partly formulated and transformed through the deposition of special objects and the elaboration of ritual space. These actions helped to create and reproduce social distinctions through ritual performance and memory. The results of this analysis provide new insights into the societies of the Jordan Valley in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. In the 13th-lh Centuries, 'death-styles' at Sa'idiyeh are seen as reflecting social inequalities and unstable relationships between dominant foreign powers and local elites, with evidence for ritual innovation, elite emulation, and individualized status expression in death. In the U,h-Wh Centuries, changing socio-economic and political conditions contributed to the formation of a more 'egalitarian' social structure, with emerging gender inequalities and expressions of associative status that emphasized kinship relations within commemorative death rituals.


Moringa oleifera is a plant which contains essential nutrition. Seedling of M. oleifera is an important step for cultivation. Seedling process was enhanced by adding compost on media cultivation. The quality of compost is influenced by substrate sources for composting process. Thus, seedling process can be improved by varying substrate sources in composting process. This research aimed at ascertaining the best substrate for composting then applied for seedling process.This research was used 3 different substrates such as straw, leaves stalks, and animal dung. The parameters for analysis compost quality consist of C/N ratio, phospor, potassium, color compost, biomass, pH, and temperature. Then, seedling was measured by 4 measurement consist of plant height, branch diameter, total leaves, and biomass. Data analysis was used ANOVA test and TUKEY test with 95% significant degree.The ANOVA test result for variation compost substrate showed the compost in all variation had distinct different result for the average of seedling plant. Leaves stalk's susbtrate had the best average for plant growth 7,95 cm in length. The branch diameter was 0,16 cm, then the average of total leaves was 5 leaves, and the biomass of plant was 0,18 grams per plant.


Rapid data growth nowadays makes it more critical to reduce search time to improve the performance of search-intensive applications. However, huge data size makes it more difficult to efficiently perform search operations. Representative conventional approaches to reduce search time, such as CAM and in-memory databases, are no longer efficient because of the data explosion: CMOS-based CAM has low capacity which cannot be increased through CMOS scaling, and in-memory databases have performance degradation as data size increases. As a result, we have to exploit emerging nanotechnologies to accelerate search.
Among emerging nanotechnologies, memristors have become promising candidates to build storage structures because of high capacity, short switching time and low power consumption. However, the benefit we can obtain from these storage structures is limited by low endurance of memristors. In order to utilize the computation ability of memristors and deal with the endurance problem, we explore the design space of memristor-based storage structures.
We first propose MemCAM/MemTCAM, a configurable memristor-based CAM/TCAM design, in which we use memristors as both memory latches and logic gates. Computation ability of memristors makes it possible to perform range search and high density of memristors provides an opportunity to build MemCAM/MemTCAM with large capacity and small area. We use SPICE to model the memristor and analyze power and performance at different temperatures. The results show that it is feasible to build MemCAM and MemTCAM which have high capacity and can reduce total search time and energy consumption for search-intensive applications with huge data size.
We then propose four hybrid memristor-based storage structures, Hash-CAM, T-tree-CAM, TB+-tree, and TB+-tree-CAM, to solve the endurance problem. We use an analytical model to evaluate and compare the performance and lifetime of two software-implemented memory-based T-trees and these four hybrid storage structures. The results show that hybrid storage structures can utilize range search abilities, achieve better performance than memory-based T-trees, and improve lifetime from minutes to longer than 60 years. Furthermore, TB+-tree-CAM, a hybrid memristor-based storage structure combining T-tree, B+-tree and CAM, manages to balance between performance and lifetime and can outperform other storage structures when taking both performance and lifetime into consideration.


California's water supply system depends heavily on groundwater use, but its overuse threatens the reliability of the state's future water availability. In our inaugural Pritzker Brief, Rhead Enion describes the importance of groundwater and the advantages of realigning California's water rights system to better manage groundwater. According to Under Water, the state should establish enforceable standards and goals for monitoring, data reporting and management of groundwater basins, to be implemented by regional and local entities. Under Water recommends, among other things: comprehensive groundwater monitoring, including groundwater use metering and groundwater quality screenings; the availability at a statewide level of monitoring data from regional and local agencies; and the implementation of statewide rules for regional regulation of groundwater, with mandatory management goals.


The reader's experience in As I Lay Dying, or in any novel, can be explained as a process of negotiation between the reader and the text. The reader tries to apply his or her normative expectations of plot and narrative to As I Lay Dying, producing the model us-them, where the reader categorizes the characters as either good or bad, with or against him/her. The result of this model, is that the characters Darl and Cora become us, while the rest of the Bundren's are antagonized as them. Another part of the negotiation between the reader and the novel is the opinion of the journey itself, which the reader regards as antagonistic because of Darl's attempts to keep the journey from completion. Both the us-them model and the reader's opinion of the journey are binary opposition which the novel itself deconstructs during it's last third. This deconstruction is moralizing in nature, in that it points to the reader's faulty construction of morality, that characters can only be with or against the reader, and questions it. This moralizing deconstruction can thus be said to be the result of the negotiation between the reader and the novel.


This Article is the first in-depth comparison of two classic defenses of free speech that have profoundly influenced First Amendment law: John Stuart Mill's On Liberty and Justice Holmes's dissenting opinion in Abrams v. United States. Both defenses argue that dissenting speech plays a critical role in a collective truth-seeking endeavor, and they are often grouped together as advocating for a marketplace of ideas, a metaphor that has become a fixture in American constitutional law.However, this Article finds that, on closer examination, the two theories are grounded in fundamentally different views of the quest for truth and the role of speech in this undertaking. Mill envisions a process in which clashes between contrary opinions lead to progress in uncovering universal, unchangeable truths. Individuals who express unpopular views are indispensable, as their challenges to prevailing opinions keep the search for truth, and the meaning of already discovered truths, alive. The mentions of truth in the Abrams dissent, consistent with elaborations on the subject in Holmes's scholarly writings and correspondence, are best read as referring to choices made by majorities or dominant forces in response to internal and external challenges to the status quo. Holmes's commitment to free speech appears to be based primarily on its role in safeguarding a process by which decision-making factions can be formed This Article argues that a key to understanding the differences between the two defenses lies in the ideas about freedom that are at the heart of Mill and Holmes's world views. Mill believes that individuals are free in the sense that they have the ability to choose their beliefs, even if they frequently opt for the easier alternative of uncritically following the mainstream. At the same time, he believes that a society can create conditions that are conducive to individual flourishing. Mill's free speech defense is based not only on the argument that individuals are more likely to pick true beliefs if presented with several alternatives, but also on the notion that a society that prizes dissent promotes the development of character traits in its citizens that will in turn allow that society to prosper. Holmes, on the other hand, views individuals as constrained by firmly rooted preferences shaped by accidental circumstances, but regards society as constantly evolving and adjusting and, to a large extent, free to determine its future course. His defense is staked on a constitutional commitment to safeguarding the conditions for collective self-determination in an uncertain and perpetually changing world.


A warm summer night. The moon shines down on the quiet houses and gardens. Everyone is asleep. Everyone except the man in pyjamas and slippers, standing on the wet grass at the end of his garden, watching and waiting ...In these three short stories, H. E. Bates presents ordinary people like you and me. But as we get to know them better, we see that their feelings are not at all ordinary. In fact, what happens to them - and in them - is passionate, and even extraordinary. Could this happen to you and me?


Abstract. This paper investigates the performance of SIFT-based image matching regarding large differences in image scaling and rotation, as this is usually the case when trying to match images captured from UAVs and airplanes. This task represents an essential step for image registration and 3d-reconstruction applications. Various real world examples presented in this paper show that SIFT, as well as A-SIFT perform poorly or even fail in this matching scenario. Even if the scale difference in the images is known and eliminated beforehand, the matching performance suffers from too few feature point detections, ambiguous feature point orientations and rejection of many correct matches when applying the ratio-test afterwards. Therefore, a new feature matching method is provided that overcomes these problems and offers thousands of matches by a novel feature point detection strategy, applying a one-to-many matching scheme and substitute the ratio-test by adding geometric constraints to achieve geometric correct matches at repetitive image regions. This method is designed for matching almost nadir-directed images with low scene depth, as this is typical in UAV and aerial image matching scenarios. We tested the proposed method on different real world image pairs. While standard SIFT failed for most of the datasets, plenty of geometrical correct matches could be found using our approach. Comparing the estimated fundamental matrices and homographies with ground-truth solutions, mean errors of few pixels can be achieved.


Cyprian the Bishop-J. Patout Burns 2002 This is the first up-to-date, accessible study on the rule of Cyprian as the Bishop of Carthage in the 250s AD. It controversially shows that Cyprian radically enforced the primary emphasis on the unity of the church, interpreting loyalty in the community as fidelity to Christ. It uses cultural anthropology to examine the impact of Cyprian's policy during the Decian persecution. Cyprian attempted to steer the middle ground between compromise and traditionalism and succeeded by defining the boundary between the empire and the church. J. Patout Burns Jr. concentrates on social structures to reveal the logic of Cyprian's plan, the basis for its success in his time, and why it later failed. This book will be of great interest to classicists, ancient historians and sociologists as well as theologians.


This paper discusses the importance of statistics and statisticians in national development with emphasize that government at all levels should embark on building a very viable information system in order to have adequate statistical information for designing a formidable evidence based policy. This study identifies that no meaningful national development can take place without empowering the national statistical system. In national development, the aspirations of a policy is to attain national goals and to achieve a fair measure of success in the goals, there is need to map out strategic plans, set up machinery for execution of the plans and monitor the implementation process; this is exactly the point at which the role of statistics is vital and relevant


Accurate, timely, and useful budget information is critical for government and citizens to make the right budget choices to democratically govern budget operations, and address long-term fiscal challenges. While governments have increasingly adopted the concept of open government data (OGD) for greater government transparency and citizen engagement, the application of the OGD concept to enhancing government budget transparency is understudied. This paper examines online budget transparency innovation in government. First, we develop a normative public value framework for budget transparency. Second, this framework is applied to guide our empirical cross-case analysis of the reported best and worst U.S. state governments regarding the provision of online budget transparency websites. The results of our analysis challenge existing conceptual frameworks for budget transparency, which fail to recognize the important role of citizens in creating greater public value. More research is needed on online budget transparency innovation, with a focus on public value creation.


The effects of processing variables on the microstructures, textures and press-formability of commercial 17 Cr, 0.05C (430) steel and low-interstitial Ti-stabilised 12 Cr (409) and 17 Cr (430 Ti) steels have been studied. The annealing textures have beencorrelated with tensile strain ratio measurements and from this correlation it has been possible to select combinations of cold rolling reduction and annealing treatments for texture control to improve deep drawability. Electron microscope examination has been used to identify possible nucleation mechanisms for the observed recrystallisation textures. Cold rolling texture development and tensile strain ratios have been discussed from theoretical considerations of slip in bcc metals.Pronounced differences in microstructural features between high interstitial 4-30 and low-interstitial Ti-stabilised steels are reflected in differences in texture development at all stages. Hot band condition is an important variable, affecting texture development during subsequent cold rolling and annealing. All three steels develop similar cold rolling textures, consisting mainly of ~{100} , ~{111} and ~{112} components. The ~{112} orientation is more prominent in 430 Ti steel than in 430 steel, and it is suggested that this difference may be due to irregular flow in high interstitial 430 steel. Other differences in cold rolling textures are attributed to texture inheritance from the hot band. Recrystallisation textures in 430 steel are mainly ~{114} , with ~{223} present after high reductions, and r-values are generally low. Recrystallisation textures in 409 and 430 Ti steels are mainly ~{110} after low cold rolling reductions, ~{554} after moderate or high reductions and -{223} after very high reductions. In most cases, ~{100} is only a minor component. Batch annealing of the hot rolled strip followed by cold rolling to 90% RA and rapid final annealing promotes maximum ~{554} intensity with low ~{100} intensity, and a correspondingly high r-value. The ~{223} and ~{114} orientations, attributed to grain boundary nucleation, have not been reported previously in 17 Cr ferritic stainless steels, although they have been reported occasionally in other low-carbon ferritic steels.


This Comment argues that prior international treaties protecting cultural property should be used as a guide to settle the dispute between Russia and Germany as to which is the rightful owner of cultural property looted during World War II. Part I of this Comment examines the more recent developments in the international protection of cultural property up to the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law's Final Act of the Diplomatic Convention on the International Return of Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects of 1995 ("UNIDROIT Convention"). Part II discusses the evolution of the present conflict between the Russian and German Governments regarding ownership of cultural property taken during World War II. Part III of this Comment argues that the UNIDROIT Convention should be applied to the cultural property stolen during WWII and used as a guide to arriving at an equitable solution. This Comment concludes that the cultural property originally stolen by the Nazis during World War II that is presently in Russian museums should be returned to the German Government or its other original owners.


Most studies of biofilms have focused on single species and on genes that control or are regulated by life on a surface. As more information is uncovered by studies of pure cultures, these data can be applied towards understanding the roles of specific genes in multispecies interactions. This chapter focuses mostly on multi-species interactions among oral bacteria in biofilms: a few single-species biofilms are featured to discuss responses to environmental signals, including signals generated by the occupants within the biofilm. Signals involved in cell-to-cell communication among biofilm cells include acyl homoserine lactones, oligopeptides, and autoinducer-2 (AI-2). Importantly, an optimal concentration of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) was critical for maximal biofilm development. One site where natural multispecies biofilms are unusually accessible is the tooth surface in the human oral cavity. We use a retrievable enamel chip model system that permits us to place three pieces of enamel side by side in a groove cut into an acrylic stent that is placed bilaterally on the buccal surface of the lower dentition. The majority of cells in both sequentially and coaggregateinoculated biofilms were S. gordonii, regardless of the inoculation order. Usually biofilms are formed only on solid or semi-solid substrata, such as steel pipes or agar, respectively. Many environmental cues and signals likely govern multispecies biofilms that form and disperse. One of the most important determinants is the distance between signal generator and signal receiver.


Due to their potentially long runout, debris flows are a major hazard and an important geomorphic process in mountainous environments. Understanding runout is therefore essential to minimize risk in the near‐term and interpret the pace and pattern of debris flow erosion and deposition over geomorphic timescales. Many debris flows occur in forested landscapes where they mobilize large volumes of large woody debris (LWD) in addition to sediment, but few studies have quantitatively documented the effects of LWD on runout. Here, we analyze recent and historic debris flows in southeast Alaska, a mountainous, forested system with minimal human alteration. Sixteen debris flows near Sitka triggered on August 18, 2015 or more recently had volumes of 80 to 25 000 m3 and limited mobility compared to a global compilation of similarly‐sized debris flows. Their deposits inundated 31% of the planimetric area, and their runout lengths were 48% of that predicted by the global dataset. Depositional slopes were 6°–26°, and mobility index, defined as the ratio of horizontal runout to vertical elevation change, ranged from 1.2 to 3, further indicating low mobility. In the broader southeast Alaskan region consisting of Chichagof and Baranof Islands, remote sensing‐based analysis of 1061 historic debris flows showed that mobility index decreased from 2.3–2.5 to 1.4–1.8 as average forest age increased from 0 to 416 years. We therefore interpret that the presence of LWD within a debris flow and standing trees, stumps, and logs in the deposition zone inhibit runout, primarily through granular phenomena such as jamming due to force chains. Calibration of debris flow runout models should therefore incorporate the ecologic as well as geologic setting, and feedbacks between debris flows and vegetation likely control the transport of sediment and organic material through steep, forested catchments over geomorphic time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Aims. We aim to explore the dynamics of the entropy mode perturbation excited by an energy release in the vicinity of a magnetic null point that is embedded in a gravitationally stratified solar corona. Methods. We solve two-dimensional, time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations numerically to find spatial and temporal signatures of the entropy mode that is triggered impulsively by a spatially localized pulse of the gas pressure. Results. We find that the properties of the entropy mode are determined by the sign of the initial pressure pulse. The initial increase in the gas pressure creates, together with the magnetoacoustic-gravity waves, a stationary void of the rarefied plasma at the launching place, associated with the entropy mode. In contrast, an initial decrease in the gas pressure, which corresponds to a rapid (or catastrophic) cooling, forms a blob of the dense plasma at the launching place. Conclusions. The cool, dense blobs at magnetic null points may be observed in transition region and chromospheric spectral lines at coronal heights off the solar limb and may be associated with the places of nanoflare occurrence. Therefore, extensions of entropy mode studies may produce a diagnostic tool for indirect observations of nanoflares. The dense cool blobs may be affected by the gravity or carried by downflows, hence may initiate a coronal rain.


We have followed the development of the O-2A progenitor cell from the neonatal rat forebrain, both in dissociated cell culture and in cryostat sections, using immunocytochemical techniques employing a panel of antibodies that recognise the cells at different stages of their development. This included the monoclonal antibody LB1, which binds to the surface ganglioside GD3 expressed on O-2A progenitor cells. In secondary cultures enriched for O-2A progenitors maintained in a serum-free chemically defined medium, a large proportion of the cells are primed to differentiate into oligodendroglia and go on to express the oligodendroglial specific surface glycolipid galactocerebroside (GC) and then the myelin proteins CNP and MBP. However, a significant proportion of immature bipolar GD3+ cells remained after 6 days in secondary culture. It appears that not all the O-2A progenitors in our cultures differentiate immediately and some cells remain in an undifferentiated state and divide to replenish progenitor numbers. We have also identified in our cultures a small apolar GD3- cell, which when isolated differentiated into a GD3+ bipolar O-2A progenitor cell. We have termed this cell type a preprogenitor. The differentiation of this cell type into O-2A progenitors may be the source of the immature GD3+ cells present at the later stages of our secondary cultures. The proliferative profile of the cultures was studied using 5'bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as an index of mitosis. Only the immature, bipolar O-2A progenitors were seen to divide at any time in serum-free culture. Neither the more mature multipolar O-2A cells nor the oligodendroglia were seen to divide. The developmental profile of the O-2A cells in the rat forebrain in vivo showed a largely similar progression to that in culture, with a time lag of at least 6 days between GD3 expression and the onset of myelination. BrdU incorporation studies in vivo also showed that the GD3+ progenitor cell is mitotic whereas the GC(+)-expressing oligodendroglia is not. We have shown that there are several significant alterations in the timing of antigen expression in both O-2A progenitors and oligodendroglia in vitro compared to that seen in vivo.