The Rgvedic Brahmanas and Srautasutras, important sources for the study of ancient Indian religious ideas, have received the attention of scholars as early as the beginning of last century. Since H. T. Colebrooke's mention of the contents of the AB in 1805, and H. H. Wilson's comparison of the subject-matter of the Rgvedic Samhita and Brahmanas in 1850, followed by R. Roth's observation of the connexion between the AB and the AS in his introduction to Nirukta in 1852, even before the publication of the text-editions and translations, the texts have been studied in considerable detail in articles, monographs, introductory essays of the editions and translations, and chapters of histories of literature. The interpretation of the texts, however, and the views1 expressed on the relative date of the Rgvedic Brahmanas and Srautasutras appear so greatly at variance that the relationship of the four texts remains a matter of great uncertainty. A detailed and thorough investigation of the internal evidence on the basis of a rigorous textual analysis seems necessary, in order to justify, reject, or modify any of the past results. In view of this, the present dissertation aims at presenting a critical analysis of the Agnistomadiksa section of the Rgvedic Brahmanas and Srautasutras. In a short introduction in chapter one I have outlined the consecration ceremony following the Baudhs with some mention of the modem works describing the ceremony in general, which, I hope, will help us to understand the exposition of the Rgvedic sources that are often laconic and even incoherent at places as to the description of the actual procedure of the rite; also an account is given of the editions and translations of the Rgvedic Brahmanas and Srautasutras, and of the opinions of scholars concerning the four Rgvedic texts. In chapter two I have sought to examine the meaning and etymology of the concept diksa on the basis of the material offered by the Rgvedic and other relevant texts with a discussion of past controversy on the subject. In chapter three, which gives a translation of the AS chapter (of which no translation appears to have been published) and a scarcely less requisite re-translation of the AB, KB, and SS passages, an attempt has been made to understand the arguments contained in the component sections, and to trace the large measure of underlying structural unity which may be shown to exist in the complete corpus of the texts (in accordance with the opinion expressed in another context by K. Hoffmann. The notes on the translation in chapter four are intended to clarify points of interpretation and to examine the composition of the text-portions. The discussion in chapter five as to the structural connexion of the four texts in order to determine their mutual relationship is based on the sections of the translation and the notes.


For this short programme I have selected a series of works which reconfigure the relationship between text and image through the form of the voice. This is achieved by a disjointed marriage of the spoken and written word, a new narrative formed through a sequential collage of film titles woven together by voiceover, or a cinematic re-enactment of a voice recording. In each, there is a gap between the voice and what appears on screen, an unspoken awareness of a friction between these two formal elements.

In Secondary Currents, 1982-90, Peter Rose parodies the complexity of the discussion surrounding the relationship between text and film, creating 'a kind of comic opera'. Rose describes the work as 'a dark metaphor for the order and entropy of language' [1]; an absurd pairing of voice and text. The incoherent narrative descends into rhythmic visual and aural abstraction, demonstrating the futility of attempts to verbalise the very qualities of the image/text relationship which inherently remain a dark matter of sorts. The voice, in its attempt to articulate some elusive meaning, falls victim to its own twists of the tongue.

The appropriated film titles in Torsten Lauschmann's Skipping over damaged areas, 2010, are strung together to form a new narrative, unified by an archetypal male voiceover. As with Rose's Secondary Currents, the viewer is aware of an element of incongruence between what appears on screen and what the voice is narrating; in this case it is an awareness of the disparity between the source material—titles sourced from an array of Hollywood films and the artist's transformation of these texts as fragments within a cinematic collage. This reconfiguration of the original sources opens up the text to new readings and repurposes main titles into constituent parts within a new imagined, cinematic narrative. The viewer is caught between recognising the titles in the context of the source material and reading them in the context of the spoken narrative.

Allan Hughes similarly uses the voice as an overarching structure in his work, Point of Audition, 2009. Originally a two channel, synchronised video installation, it is included here as a single channel preview. The video shows a tape spool revolving in time with an actor lip-syncing to a recording of Fonda's Vietnam radio broadcasts in a room recalling the style of the therapy scenes in Alan J Pakula's 1971 film Klute. The actor playing Fonda in the restaged scene is wearing a military style jacket; a black and white picture of Fonda in Vietnam can be seen on the wall; a shelf of books in the background includes Michel Chion's Film: A Sound Art, 2009, and Philip Rosen's Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Reader, 1986. The work places the politically charged recordings within an aesthetic construct that offers intertextual reference points, renegotiating the role of the (disembodied) voice in both the audio recording and the film through re-enactment. As described in Temple Bar Gallery and Studios' press release for the group exhibition Lights, Camera, Action!, 'the work examines the function and effect of remediation on the voice and explores the consequences of establishing the voice as an object that is extra-linguistic to speech. The material aspect of the voice shifts between historical subjects, the work and the spectator.' [2]

In each of these works, the artists shift textual elements into new contexts, forcing the viewer to recognise a schism between text as a sensual, aesthetic object and text as a linguistic construct. Spoken and written texts are employed as fluid, changeable material, with any sense of fixed (narrative) meaning upheaved through a reconfiguration of the relationship between voice, text and screen. In some cases, the meaning of the text simply shifts and is reframed; in the most liberating cases, it just stops making any sense at all.

Suzanne van der Lingen


"Our Nation Has a Mission"though the united states no longer uses Western films to discuss national issues, the films' relationship to American history, or their place in national mythologies, occasionally a Western is released that reminds us of their power. Director James Mangold's 3:10 to Yuma (2007) is such a Western. It is, I want to argue, an Iraq War Western. And since it is a remake of the 1957 3:10 to Yuma, it is able to place the mission in Iraq in the context of two other American missions-the settling of the West and the Cold War.In 2003 the United States undertook the liberation of Iraq under the banner of the most deeply held belief of American patriotism, that "Americans are a people set apart, a people with a providential mission" (McKenna 6). America needs missions in order to affirm its sense of itself as exceptional, alone among the nations of the world favored by God. In film, which so often displaces the political with the personal, the idea of America's exceptional mission is often conveyed through stories of exceptional Americans. It is the heroic individuals of our art who often carry the meaning of our national destiny. In the willingness of these characters to act courageously, we see a model for national action. And we see in their virtue and triumphs the promise that a virtuous America will be successful.A number of anti-Iraq War films focused specifically on the nature of heroism in that conflict in order to deny that war the legitimacy that heroism can bestow. In the Valley of Elah (2007) and Redacted (2007) dealt with soldiers who lost their humanity fighting in Iraq, and Hurt Locker (2009), more ambiguously, reduced heroism to an adrenaline addiction. As a character says in In the Valley of Elah, "you shouldn't send heroes to places like Iraq, [where] everything is fucked up."No genre is more famous for creating heroes and incorporating grand, national themes in the personal stories of Americans than the Western. Mangold has said that "Westerns are about our great mythical landscape, our Mt. Olympus, in which all of the great American themes are played out in this kind of fever dream" ("James Mangold" A15). And although the Western returns again and again to the same myths, it does so, according to Mangold, to place the events of the day in that mythic landscape. "Westerns have a tradition," he noted in an interview, "of being able to gracefully and easily fold into their subtext ideas about the moment" (Esther 28).The continued influence of the cowboy narrative was integral to the way George W. Bush presented himself, the war on terror, and his war in Iraq. It was immediately after 9/11 that he likened Osama Bin Laden to a Western outlaw whom he "wanted dead or alive." More significant was his "mission accomplished" announcement. In a culture used to the updating of the Western hero to fighter pilots in Star Wars (1977), Top Gun (1986), and Space Cowboys (2000), for example, the link between Bush stepping out of the jet in full fighter uniform and the symbolism of the Western hero could not be missed. His speech on the aircraft carrier that first day of May in 2003 continued the Western theme his visual presence tried to establish. He called Iraq an "outlaw regime," invoked the cavalry goal of "bringing order to parts of the country that remain dangerous," used the language of Manifest Destiny to announce to the world that "our nation has a mission," and at the end tied America's mission to God (as well as to the Western captivity narrative)-"To the captives, come out," he said, quoting from Isaiah 49:9.But just as Western films have long provided mythic examples of courageous men who subdue vicious outlaws, as in the original 3:10 to Yuma, which could be used to support American policies such as the Cold War, they also have a history that dates at least to the Vietnam War of debunking the myth of the Western hero and the idea of American exceptionalism that the hero carries. …


Traditionally focused on extractive industries, China's co-operation with Africa is moving towards greater diversification, as African economies themselves diversify and new needs and opportunities arise across the continent. West Africa is a case in point, with China providing new forms of economic assistance to many countries in the sub-region. This is especially the case with agriculture; a key sector in West Africa that involves both food security and economic growth challenges. As emphasised at the 2006 summit of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), Beijing means to offer assistance to Africa that differs from the type of aid provided by Western countries. It seeks to implement a model of South–South co-operation advocating mutual gains and the exchange of best practices. In this regard, West Africa could learn a lot from China, which has built a strong domestic agricultural sector in the last two decades and developed it more rapidly than any other sector. This policy insights paper offers an overview of the main trends in and obstacles to China–West African engagement in the agricultural sector, and places them in the context of West Africa's emerging needs. AUTHORS


Purpose

Proximity – that is, the closeness of parties – has been increasingly emphasized in studies on innovation networks. The idea of closeness has been discussed in relation to geographic proximity, and has also been referred to as knowledge overlaps and shared understandings between parties. In most of the studies dealing with proximity in relation to innovation networks, a static analysis is pursued. Such an analysis marks how the closeness or distance, often with the conclusion that parties should not be too close or too distant, is measured against innovation outcome at a specific point in time. However, innovation processes would include how parties increasingly converge in their knowledge and understanding, and how they may co-locate their businesses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss proximity in relation to multiple-party innovation processes and their development over time.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical part of this paper consists of a single case study on an innovation community and its development process. The development of the innovation community over time, whether and how geographic, knowledge and cognitive proximity is affected, and the outcome in terms of number of innovations, their newness (incremental or radical innovation), and variety are discussed in the paper.

Findings

Findings indicate how geographic proximity leads to more knowledge overlaps, while it is not a prerequisite for it. Rather, it is in the commitment processes partly connected to cognitive proximity that knowledge increasingly converges, indifferent to the co-location of parties. The speed of such processes, however, is higher if parties co-locate. The commitment processes lead to an increased number of innovations, while these innovations become more and more similar. To avoid increased overlaps of knowledge and thereby maintain the production of a variety of innovations, interaction needs to occur through the introduction of new parties and the termination of previous interaction patterns. This, however, occurs at the cost of commitment, and the knowledge thereby becomes less developed and used in its capacities.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to previous research through discussing proximity in innovation networks in a processual manner. The link between various proximities and their effect on innovation outcome sheds light on how proximity, as discussed in various literature streams, often relates to similar issues that converge around the issue of commitment.


Abstract : Unfolding events in Iraq have prompted some observers to make analogies to the American experience in the Vietnam War. The United States has, they argue, stumbled into another overseas "quagmire" from which there is no easy or cheap exit. Reasoning by historical analogy is an inherently risky business because no two historical events are completely alike and because policymakers' knowledge and use of history are often distorted by ignorance and political bias. In the case of Iraq and Vietnam, extreme caution should be exercised in comparing two wars so far apart in time, locus, and historical circumstances. In fact, a careful examination of the evidence reveals that the differences between the two conflicts greatly outnumber the similarities. This is especially true in the strategic and military dimensions of the two wars. There is simply no comparison between the strategic environment, the scale of military operations, the scale of losses incurred, the quality of enemy resistance, the role of enemy allies, and the duration of combat. Such an emphatic judgment, however, may not apply to at least two aspects of the political dimensions of the Iraq and Vietnam wars: attempts at state-building in an alien culture, and sustaining domestic political support in a protracted war against an irregular enemy. It is, of course, far too early predict whether the United States will accomplish its policy objectives in Iraq and whether public support will "stay the course" on Iraq. But policymakers should be mindful of the reasons for U.S. failure to create a politically legitimate and militarily viable state in South Vietnam, as well as for the Johnson and Nixon administrations' failure to sustain sufficient domestic political support for the accomplishment of U.S. political objectives in Indochina. Repetition of those failures in Iraq could have disastrous consequences for U.S. foreign policy.


This essay examines how and why Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have pursued policies that have aligned closer to Israel since 2011. The disruptive impact of the Arab Spring and its turbulent aftermath altered threat perceptions in Riyadh and Abu Dhabi, which increasingly saw Islamism and Iran as the major sources of regional instability. For Saudi and Emirati leaders committed to adopting a more forceful approach to shaping the post-Arab Spring landscape, Israel no longer represented the primary fissure in Middle Eastern politics. Although the process of creating informal ties between the Gulf states and Israel has been decades in the making, the nature of the post-2011 connections between Saudi Arabia and the UAE with Israel have greater strategic depth and are taking place in a far more open setting than ever before.


This paper analyses doctors' supply of after-hours care, and how it is affected by personal and family circumstances as well as the earnings structure. We use detailed survey data from a large sample of Australian General Practitioners to estimate a structural, discrete-choice model of labour supply and after-hours care. This allows us to jointly model how many daytime-weekday hours a doctor works, and his or her probability of providing after-hours care. The underlying utility function varies across individual and family characteristics. We simulate labour supply responses to an increase in doctors' hourly earnings, both in a daytime-weekday setting and for after-hours care. Among doctors overall, men and women increase their daytime-weekday working hours if their hourly earnings in this setting increases, but only to a very small extent. Men's labour supply elasticities do not change if their family circumstances change, but for women the small behavioural response disappears completely if they have preschool-aged children. Doctors are somewhat more likely to provide after-hours care if their hourly earnings in that setting increases, but again the effect is very small and is only evident in some sub-groups. Moreover, higher earnings in weekday-daytime practice reduces the probability of providing after-hours care, particularly for men. Increasing doctors' earnings appears to be at best relatively ineffective in encouraging increased provision of after-hours care, and may even prove harmful if incentives are not well-targeted.


Many information structures generate correlated rather than mutually independent signals, the news media being a prime example. This paper shows experimentally that in such contexts many people neglect these correlations in the updating process and treat correlated information as independent. In consequence, people's beliefs are excessively sensitive to well-connected information sources, implying a pattern of "overshooting" beliefs. Additionally, in an experimental asset market, correlation neglect not only drives overoptimism and overpessimism at the individual level, but also affects aggregate outcomes in a systematic manner. In particular, the excessive confidence swings caused by correlated signals give rise to predictable price bubbles and crashes. These findings are reminiscent of popular narratives according to which aggregate booms and busts might be driven by the spread of "stories". Our results also lend direct support to recent models of boundedly rational social learning.


Recent innovations enable robots to be manufactured using low-cost planar active material and self-folded into 3D structures. The current practice for designing such structures often uses two decoupled steps: generating an unfolding (called net) from a 3D shape, and then finding collision-free folding motion that brings the net back to the 3D shape. This raises a foldability problem, namely that there is no guarantee that continuous motion can be found in the latter step, given a net generated in the former step. Direct evaluation on the foldability of a net is nontrivial and can be computationally expensive. This paper presents a novel learning strategy that generates foldable nets using an optimized genetic-based unfolder. The proposed strategy yields a fitness function that combines the geometric and topological properties of a net to approximate the foldability. The fitness function is then optimized in an evolution control framework to generate foldable nets. The experimental results show that our new unfolder generates valid unfoldings that are easy to fold. Consequently, our approach opens a door to automate the design of more complex self-folding machines.


Objectives: Poor sleep quality is considered a global health problem. Considering that caffeine intake contributes to sleep disturbances, we evaluated the relationship between sleep quality and the consumption of caffeinated beverages in college students in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with college students aged 18 to 25 years old from both governmental and private colleges in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sleep quality, caffeine intake, and stress exposure were assessed using three validated electronic questionnaires.
Results: A total of 476 college students completed the questionnaire. Sleep quality was found to be poor in 80.7% of students. The prevalence of caffeine intake was as follows: none = 8%, a tolerable amount = 40.5%, and excessive = 51.5%. Of the students who reported excessive caffeine intake, 83.3% had poor sleep quality. The relationship between excessive caffeine intake and poor sleep quality was significant (p = 0.003).
Conclusions: The majority of students had poor sleep quality, and this was correlated with excessive caffeine intake. Our results highlight the importance of raising awareness among students about the factors that may affect sleep quality.


1. Micronecta poweri (Insecta: Corixidae) is potentially sensitive to changes in river flow. A field experiment was designed to assess the impact of an inter-basin water transfer on the distribution and abundance of M. poweri in the receiving River Wear, north-east England. 2. The transfer increased river discharge threefold for a period of 1 h; the transfer discharge was then reduced to a rate equivalent to double the receiving flow. Velocity changes were variable: some parts of the river channel were subjected to order of magnitude increases in near-bed velocity, others suffered no perceptible change. Losses of fine particulate organic material were associated with the areas of greatest velocity increase. 3. Downstream of the transfer outlet, average total M. poweri abundance in replicate samples was reduced by approximately 50% during the transfer. Losses were variable within the 250 m reach monitored, with some areas gaining and some losing animals. Differences could not be explained simply as a function of proximity to the transfer outlet. 4. Results suggest that transfer impacts are location specific, varying greatly even over short (250 m) distances. For flow sensitive taxa, even relatively minor flow changes (increasing discharge to the 50 percentile flow value) may be considered as disturbance events when viewed at the patch or reach scales. 5. Despite the impacts identified for M. poweri, transfers are generally viewed as having a beneficial effect on the conservation of aquatic habitat in the River Wear. They ensure that water abstractions for potable and industrial supply can continue during the summer months without reducing the availability of suitable salmonid habitat. However, there remains a need to assess the possible transfer of biological material from the donor River Tyne to the receiving River Wear. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.


Liquid test meals were infused into the stomach and acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration at pH 5.0 Acid secretion after 500 or 750-ml sodium chloride meals was two to three times higher than basal secretion rates and was equivalent to 25-30% of the peak acid output in response to histamine. Since these meals did not cause a rise in serum gastrin concentration, it is assumed that they stimulate acid secretion by causing distention of the body and fundus of the stomach. Compared with this distention stimulus, glucose meals had no effect on acid secretion and fat-inhibited acid secretion; however, both glucose and fat caused an increase in serum gastrin concentration. Amino acids caused a much greater increase in serum gastrin concentration and enhanced acid secretion above that noted with distention alone. In contrast, albumin did not enhance the serum gastrin concentration or stimulate acid secretion to a statistically significant extent. There was a close correlation between the rise in serum gastrin concentration and rate of acid secretion after different test meals when average results for each test meal were plotted. However, there was a poor correlation between acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration when the responses of the individual subjects with a given test meal were compared. Our interpretations are: (a) Distention is an important stimulant of the acid-secretory response to a meal, and this is not mediated by gastrin release. (b) Gastrin is one but probably not the only mediator of the chemical phase of acid secretion, i.e., acid secretion noted with amino acids that cannot be explained by distention. (c) Glucose and fat also release gastrin; however, with glucose the rise in serum gastrin is too small and too transient to enhance acid secretion, and fat probably releases unmeasured inhibitors that overwhelm the effect of gastrin on acid secretion. (d) Albumin is not a stimulant of acid secretion.


Summary

The influence of the cross-linking agent concentration on the macroscopic properties of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks was studied by means of computer experiment. The computer experiment includes the consecutive stages molecular dynamics atomistic simulation of a polystyrene solution, the mapping of atomistic structure onto coarse-grained model, the crosslink formation, the reverse mapping, the determination of properties of samples (elastic modulus and specific surface). The measurements of elastic modulus and specific surface were performed in frameworks of coarse-grained and atomistic presentation. It was shown that for both models the elastic modulus increases while the specific surface decreases with increase of the number of crosslinks. Both models give very close values for specific surface whereas the elastic moduli determined from atomistic simulations could be an order of magnitude greater than the values calculated using the coarse-grained representation of the same sample. The calculated values of the elastic modulus and specific surface are in reasonable quantitative correspondence with experimental data.


Julius Evola's writing covered a vast range of subjects, from a distinctive and categorical ideological outlook and has been extremely influential on a significant number of extreme right thinkers, activists and organisations. This book is the first full length study in English to present his political thought to a wider audience, beyond that of his followers and sympathisers, and to bring into the open the study of a neglected strand of contemporary Western thought, that of traditionalism.

Evola deserves more attention because he is an influential writer. His following comes from an important if largely ignored political movement: activists and commentators whose political positions are, like his, avowedly traditionalist, authoritarian, anti-modern, anti-democratic and anti-liberal. With honourable exceptions, contemporary academic study tends to treat these groups as a minority within a minority, a sub-species of Fascism, from whom they are held to derive their ideas and their support. This work seeks to bring out more clearly the complexity of Evola's post-war strategy, so as to explain how he can be adopted both by the neo-fascist groups committed to violence, and by groups such as the European New Right whose approach is more aimed at influence from within liberal democracies. Furlong also recognises the relevance of Evola's ideas to anti-globalisation arguments, including a re-examination of his arguments for detachment and spontaneism (apolitia).


While developing an approach to why-QA, we extended a passage retrieval system that uses off-the-shelf retrieval technology with a re-ranking step incorporating structural information. We get significantly higher scores in terms of MRR150 (from 0.25 to 0.34) and success10. The 23 improvement that we reach in terms of MRR is comparable to the improvement reached on different QA tasks by other researchers in the field, although our re-ranking approach is based on relatively lightweight overlap measures incorporating syntactic constituents, cue words, and document structure.


Excitation function measurements for the decay of the 2s22p 2P and 2s2p2 2D triply excited negative ion resonances in helium to singly excited n = 2 states have been measured. These excitation functions have been determined across the complete angular range (0–180°) using a magnetic angle changer with a soft-iron core. The convergent close-coupling method has been used to calculate the cross sections, with the underlying complexity of the problem not yet being able to be fully resolved. Agreement between the present experimental data and previous experimental data is good, with these excitation functions confirming the presence of an unusual (2s22p)2P resonance behaviour in the 21S channel at 90°, where this would not usually be expected. Resonance energy and width values have been obtained, with a mean energy for the (2s22p)2P resonance of 57.20 ± 0.08 eV and a mean width of 73 ± 20 meV, and a mean energy of the (2s2p2)2D resonance of 58.30 ± 0.08 eV and a mean width of 59 ± 27 meV. Resonant cross section and ρ2 values have been calculated across the angular range for the first time, providing angular distribution data on decay propensities for both resonances.


The goal of this paper is to estimate sparse linear regression models, where for a given partition G of input variables, the selected variables are chosen from a diverse set of groups in G. We consider a novel class of nonconvex constraint functions, and develop RepLasso, a greedy homotopy method that exploits geometrical properties of the constraint functions to build a sequence of suitably adapted convex surrogate problems. We prove that in some situations RepLasso recovers the global minima path of the nonconvex problem. Moreover, even if it does not recover the global minima, we prove that it will often do no worse than the Lasso in terms of (signed) support recovery, while in practice outperforming it. We show empirically that the strategy can also be used to improve over various other Lasso-style algorithms. Finally, a GWAS of ankylosing spondylitis highlights our method's practical utility.


Surface engineering includes many facets of materials science that help regulate the function, quality and safety of products such as automotive, textile and electronic materials. New technologies are developing to help enhance the surface performance. Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications: Research Advancements provides recent developments in surface engineering techniques and applications. It details scientific and technological results while also giving insight to current research, economic impact and environmental concerns so that academics, practitioners and professionals in the field, as well as students studying these areas, can deepen their understanding of new surface processes.


In the future we expect automated vehicles to become a major part of everyday traffic. Along with this groundbreaking change in mobility pedestrians are forced to interact with such technology. In mixed traffic situations (i.e., manual, semi-automated and autonomous vehicles share a road) it might be crucial for non-motorized traffic participants to know which entity is in control. For example, when considering to cross a road, the degree of automation and the presence of human drivers could influence the decision. Moreover, it is not clear whether conventional communication channels such as turn signals and brake / reversing lights meet the challenges of autonomous traffic. I expect that interaction between automated vehicles and pedestrians includes safety critical challenges which are directly related to acceptance and success of the emerging technology. I want to contribute to the future of autonomous mobility by providing design guidelines on how to support pedestrians in their decision making process in mixed traffic. Furthermore, I want to explore new designs for human-vehicle communication.


The Holocaust is often invoked as a benchmark for talking about human rights abuses from slavery and apartheid to colonialism, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. Western educators and politicians draw seemingly obvious lessons of tolerance and anti-racism from the Nazi past, and their work rests on the implicit assumption that Holocaust education and commemoration will expose the dangers of prejudice and promote peaceful coexistence. Holocaust Memory and Racism in the Postwar World, edited by Shirli Gilbert and Avril Alba, challenges the notion that there is an unproblematic connection between Holocaust memory and the discourse of anti-racism. Through diverse case studies, this volume historicizes how the Holocaust has shaped engagement with racism from the 1940s until the present, demonstrating that contemporary assumptions are neither obvious nor inevitable. Holocaust Memory and Racism in the Postwar World is divided into four sections. The first section focuses on encounters between Nazism and racism during and immediately after World War II, demonstrating not only that racist discourses and politics persisted in the postwar period, but also, perhaps more importantly, that few people identified links with Nazi racism. The second section explores Jewish motivations for participating in anti-racist activism, and the varying memories of the Holocaust that informed their work. The third section historicizes the manifold ways in which the Holocaust has been conceptualized in literary settings, exploring efforts to connect the Holocaust and racism in geographically, culturally, and temporally diverse settings. The final section brings the volume into the present, focusing on contemporary political causes for which the Holocaust provides a benchmark for racial equality and justice. Together, the contributions delineate the complex history of Holocaust memory, recognize its contingency, and provide a foundation from which to evaluate its moral legitimacy and political and social effectiveness. Holocaust Memory and Racism in the Postwar World is intended for students and scholars of Holocaust and genocide studies, professionals working in museums and heritage organizations, and anyone interested in building on their knowledge of the Holocaust and the discourse of racism.


We present improved methods for using stars found in astronomical exposures to calibrate both star and galaxy colours as well as to adjust the instrument flat-field. By developing a spectroscopic model for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) stellar locus in colour–colour space, synthesizing an expected stellar locus, and simultaneously solving for all unknown zero-points when fitting to the instrumental locus, we increase the calibration accuracy of stellar locus matching. We also use a new combined technique to estimate improved flat-field models for the Subaru SuprimeCam camera, forming 'star flats' based on the magnitudes of stars observed in multiple positions or through comparison with available measurements in the SDSS catalogue. These techniques yield galaxy magnitudes with reliable colour calibration (≲0.01–0.02 mag accuracy) that enable us to estimate photometric redshift probability distributions without spectroscopic training samples. We test the accuracy of our photometric redshifts using spectroscopic redshifts z_s for ∼5000 galaxies in 27cluster fields with at least five bands of photometry, as well as galaxies in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field, finding σ((z_p − z_s)/(1 + z_s)) ≈ 0.03 for the most probable redshift z_p. We show that the full posterior probability distributions for the redshifts of galaxies with five-band photometry exhibit good agreement with redshifts estimated from thirty-band photometry in the COSMOS field. The growth of shear with increasing distance behind each galaxy cluster shows the expected redshift–distance relation for a flat Λ cold dark matter (Λ-CDM) cosmology. Photometric redshifts and calibrated colours are used in subsequent papers to measure the masses of 51 galaxy clusters from their weak gravitational shear and determine improved cosmological constraints. We make our python code for stellar locus matching publicly available at http://big-macs-calibrate.googlecode.com; the code requires only input catalogues and filter transmission functions.


In the last two experimental campaigns, the low aspect ratio NSTX has explored physics issues critical to both toroidal confinement physics and ITER. Experiments have made extensive use of lithium coatings for wall conditioning, correction of non-axisymmetric field errors and control of n = 1 resistive wall modes (RWMs) to produce high-performance neutral-beam heated discharges extending to 1.7 s in duration with non-inductive current fractions up to 0.7. The RWM control coils have been used to trigger repetitive ELMs with high reliability, and they have also contributed to an improved understanding of both neoclassical tearing mode and RWM stabilization physics, including the interplay between rotation and kinetic effects on stability. High harmonic fast wave (HHFW) heating has produced plasmas with central electron temperatures exceeding 6 keV. The HHFW heating was used to show that there was a 20–40% higher power threshold for the L–H transition for helium than for deuterium plasmas. A new diagnostic showed a depletion of the fast-ion density profile over a broad spatial region as a result of toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) and energetic-particle modes (EPMs) bursts. In addition, it was observed that other modes (e.g. global Alfvén eigenmodes) can trigger TAE and EPM bursts, suggesting that fast ions are redistributed by high-frequency AEs. The momentum pinch velocity determined by a perturbative technique decreased as the collisionality was reduced, although the pinch to diffusion ratio, Vpinch/χϕ, remained approximately constant. The mechanisms of deuterium retention by graphite and lithium-coated graphite plasma-facing components have been investigated. To reduce divertor heat flux, a novel divertor configuration, the 'snowflake' divertor, was tested in NSTX and many beneficial aspects were found. A reduction in the required central solenoid flux has been realized in NSTX when discharges initiated by coaxial helicity injection were ramped in current using induction. The resulting plasmas have characteristics needed to meet the objectives of the non-inductive start-up and ramp-up program of NSTX.


Dynamic stability of cells is a function of co-ordination and counterbalance between intracellular signalling events. Therefore, the knowledge of those molecules which form signalling cascades or signalling modules is of prime importance in understanding living processes. Signalling proteins, the component members of different cascades, are the focus of intense interest. Protein phosphorylation dephosphorylation is the prevalent mechanism by which signalling molecules transduce their signals. Therefore, it seems timely to review, in a NATO Advanced Study Institute, those signalling molecules that are involved in the formation of protein kinase modules or more generally in protein complexes like "signallosomes". It is indeed clear that our understanding of such complex structure/function relationships requires a knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the participating protein components. Thus, for example the process of ligand binding, the association of proteins via specific interacting domains, the catalytic mechanism of protein kinases and phosphatases must be described at the atomic level. Likewise an understanding of the temporal and spatial relationship between different signalling molecules within the cellular environment is essential to our comprehension of cellular regulation and, in particular, how normal cells can undergo transformation. Within the context of the Advanced Study Institute, therefore, techniques to study these molecular mechanisms are reviewed. This will comprise: an analysis of structures by X-ray crystallography - the complex situation of a signalling protein within a cell must be looked at, for example, by the manipulation of protein kinase and phosphatase activities within a cell; techniques that can reveal dynamic processes, that is, movement of proteins; and, finally, characterization of proteins at a single molecule level for example in optical traps. Protein kinases is described in much detail as well as the catalytic domains of growth factor receptors. These molecules are located at point of conversion or diversion in regulatory networks. One of the goals of this Advanced Study Institute is to examine the co-ordination of such activities within signalling modules connecting points of junction. Other major players are protein phosphatases which are directed by targeting subunits to specialized locations to keep balance in signalling modules. An exploding area is concerned with lipid metabolism in plasma membranes. Families of lipid kinases like those of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, and the phosphatidylinositolphosphate kinases have been described which provide a much more detailed picture of lipid signalling as previously thought. An important aspect is the involvement of these signalling lipids in vesicular transport. It opens the view that these signalling systems participate in a network causing intracellular calcium release, induction of movement, and vesicular transport. It seems, therefore, that an integrated discussion of these diverse phenomena in a NATO Advanced Study Institute may generate a far broader understanding of protein phosphorylation as a major determinant in cellular homeostasis and thus human health and disease.


Web traffic accounts for more than half of Internet traffic tod ay. Camouflaging covert timing channels in Web traffic would be advantageous for concealment. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of disguising network covert timing channels as HTTP traffic to av id detection. Extensive research has shown that Internet traffic, including HTTP traffic, exhibit s self-similarity and long range persistence. Existing covert timing channels that mimic i.i.d. legitima te traffic cannot imitate HTTP traffic because these covert traffic patterns are not long range dependent. T he goal of this work is to design a covert timing channel that can be camouflaged as HTTP traffic. To this end, we design a covert timing channel whose inter-arrival times are long range dependent and have the same marginal distribution as the interarrival times for new HTTP connection traffic. These inter-a rrival times are constructed by combining a Fractional Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (FA RIMA) time series and an i.i.d. cryptographically secure random sequence. Experiments are conducted o n PlanetLab, and the results are validated against recent real traffic trace data. Our experiments demo nstrate that the traffic from this timing channel traffic is statistically indistinguishable from legiti mate HTTP traffic and undetectable by all current detection schemes for timing channels.


240 samples from Appin and Argyll Group carbonate rock units of the Dalradian of northeast Scotland have been analysed for 10 major oxides and 14 to 19 trace elements in order to classify and correlate them using geochemistry. The carbonate rocks are chiefly limestones, with some dolostones. Rocks with 0.38 > MgO/CaO > 0.03 are classed as dolomitic limestones; those with MgO/CaO > 0.38 are classed as dolostones. The data have approximately lognormal distributions at a high level of significance except for CaO, MgO and Sr. CaO and Sr have negatively skewed distributions. Median values for groups of sample analyses plotted on normalized multi-element variation diagrams and a nonlinear mapping (NLM) algorithm have been used to classify groups of samples. In the Appin Group, multi-element diagram patterns are distinctive for each unit, allowing correlations to be made. Though distinctive compositions do occur locally in Argyll Group carbonate rocks, correlation on a regional scale is not possible. The plot of NLM coordinates for suites of samples is consistent with the results from the spider diagrams; suites of Appin Group samples cluster closely whereas there is wide spread in samples from the Argyll Group. In several areas, most notably at Sandend Bay, the data have allowed reinterpretation of the stratigraphy. The data are consistent with other geological data in suggesting that crustal conditions were relatively stable during the deposition of the Appin Group, but not during the deposition of the Argyll Group.


The purpose of this paper is to report preliminary findings of a comprehensive study of multifunctional farming operations in New England. The study shows that small farmers are involved in multifunctional activities that allow them to use existing resources to supplement their farming operations. The study clearly shows that small farmers are involved in broadening, deepening and re-grounding activities including direct sales, value added, agritourism and off farm income endeavors. The study provides much needed insight and specification into these actitives and provides important new implications for academics, practitioners and policy makers locally, regionally and nationally.


The problem of this study was to determine the pupil control ideology—conceptualized as a continuum from custodialism to humanism—of principals and teachers in public elementary schools in the province of Sukhothai, Thailand. The instrument, the Pupil Control Ideology Form (PCI Form), consists of twenty likert-type items. Responses to each statement are indicated on a five-point scale, ranging from "strongly agree" (five points) to "strongly disagree" (one point). Scores derived from the PCI Form were used as indicators of respondents' orientation toward the control of pupils in elementary schools of Sukhothai, Thailand. The reliability coefficient of the PCI Form yielded a Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of .91 and .95 when using the Spearman-Brown formula. The instrument (PCI Form) was translated into Thai, validated by six judges who were selected on the basis of their positions and knowledge of Thai education. The reliability of the revised questionnaire was determined by a pilot study (test-retest technique) which involved twentyteachers and ten principals of public schools in Sukhothai, Thailand. The results of the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient gave the correlation of .87 and .93 using the Spearman-Brown formula.


Printed Arabic texts usually contain no short vowels and therefore a single letter string can often be associated with two or more distinct pronunciations and meanings. The high level of homography is believed to present difficulties for the skilled reader. However, this is the first study to gather empirical evidence on what readers know about the different words that can be associated with each homograph. There are few studies of the effects of psycholinguistic variables on Arabic word naming and lexical decision. The present work therefore involved the creation of a database of 1,474 unvowelised letter strings, which was used to undertake four studies. The first study presented lists of unvowelised letter strings and asked participants to produce the one or more word forms (with short vowels) evoked by each target. Responses to 1,474 items were recorded from 445 adult speakers of Arabic. The number of different vowelised forms associated with each letter string and the percentage agreement were calculated. The second study collected subjective Age-of-Acquisition ratings from 89 different participants for the agreed vowelised form of each letter string. The third study asked 38 participants to produce pronunciation responses to 1,474 letter strings. Finally, 40 different participants were asked to produce lexical decisions to 1,352 letter strings and 1,352 matched non-word letter strings. Mixed-effects models showed that orthographic frequency, Age-of-Acquisition and name agreement influenced word naming, while lexical decision was not affected by name agreement. Findings indicate that lexical decision in Arabic requires recognition of a basic shared morphemic structure, whereas word naming requires identification of a unique phonological representation. It takes longer to name a word when there are more possible pronunciations. The Age-of-Acquisition effect is consistent with a developmental theory of reading.


Various programming tools, languages, and environments give programmers the impression of changing a program while it is running. This experience of liveness has been discussed for over two decades and a broad spectrum of research on this topic exists. Amongst others, this work has been carried out in the communities around three major ideas which incorporate liveness as an important aspect: live programming, exploratory programming, and live coding. While there have been publications on the focus of each particular community, the overall spectrum of liveness across these three communities has not been investigated yet. Thus, we want to delineate the variety of research on liveness. At the same time, we want to investigate overlaps and differences in the values and contributions between the three communities.
Therefore, we conducted a literature study with a sample of 212 publications on the terms retrieved from three major indexing services. On this sample, we conducted a thematic analysis regarding the following aspects: motivation for liveness, application domains, intended outcomes of running a system, and types of contributions. We also gathered bibliographic information such as related keywords and prominent publications.
Besides other characteristics the results show that the field of exploratory programming is mostly about technical designs and empirical studies on tools for general-purpose programming. In contrast, publications on live coding have the most variety in their motivations and methodologies with a majority being empirical studies with users. As expected, most publications on live coding are applied to performance art. Finally, research on live programming is mostly motivated by making programming more accessible and easier to understand, evaluating their tool designs through empirical studies with users.
In delineating the spectrum of work on liveness, we hope to make the individual communities more aware of the work of the others. Further, by giving an overview of the values and methods of the individual communities, we hope to provide researchers new to the field of liveness with an initial overview.


The proliferation and application of machine learning-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have allowed for more flexibility and efficiency in the automated detection of cyber attacks in Industrial Control Systems (ICS). However, the introduction of such IDSs has also created an additional attack vector; the learning models may also be subject to cyber attacks, otherwise referred to as Adversarial Machine Learning (AML). Such attacks may have severe consequences in ICS systems, as adversaries could potentially bypass the IDS. This could lead to delayed attack detection which may result in infrastructure damages, financial loss, and even loss of life. This paper explores how adversarial learning can be used to target supervised models by generating adversarial samples using the Jacobian-based Saliency Map attack and exploring classification behaviours. The analysis also includes the exploration of how such samples can support the robustness of supervised models using adversarial training. An authentic power system dataset was used to support the experiments presented herein. Overall, the classification performance of two widely used classifiers, Random Forest and J48, decreased by 6 and 11 percentage points when adversarial samples were present. Their performances improved following adversarial training, demonstrating their robustness towards such attacks.


This work is a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Palestinians' travail as they move from revolutionary movement to state. Barry Rubin outlines the difficulties in the transition now under way arising from Palestinian history, society, and diplomatic agreements. He writes about the search for a national identity, the choice of an economic system, and the structure of government. The author finds the political system interestingly distinctive - it appears to be a pluralist dictatorship. There are free elections, multiple parties, and some latitude in civil liberties. Yet there is a relatively unrestrained chief executive and arbitrariness in applying the law because of restraints on freedom. The new ruling elite is a complex mixture of veteran revolutionaries, heirs to large and wealthy families, professional soldiers, technocrats, and Islamic clerics. Beyond explaining how the executive and legislative branches work, Rubin factors in the role of public opinion in the peace process, the place of nongovernmental institutions, opposition movements, and the Palestinian authority's foreign relations - including Palestinian views and interactions with the Arab world, Israel, and the United States. This book is drawn from documents in Arabic, Hebrew and English, as well as interviews and direct observations. Rubin finds that, overall, the positive aspects of the Palestinian authority outweigh the negative, and he foresees the establishment of a Palestinian state. His charting of the triumphs and difficulties of this state-in-the-making helps predict and explain future dramatic developments in the Middle East.


Background: Abortion in Mexico is highly restricted, and the issue has been openly debated as policy-makers consider reforming abortion legislation. The newly free press in Mexico plays a key role in informing the public about the abortion debate. Methods: Using a sample of 100 articles from five Mexico City newspapers containing the word "abortion," this study examines the context in which abortion is discussed in the media and the social actors that are associated with pro-choice, anti-abortion and mixed arguments from 2001 to 2003. Results: Non-governmental organizations and Catholic Church representatives were the principal social actors, with coverage also given to policy-makers who support liberalization of abortion laws. Most articles present only one viewpoint when covering abortion, dominated by organizations and leaders who represent the extreme sides of the debate. Conclusion: Abortion has earned a prominent place on the public agenda and in the news media. Future research should continue to monitor and document newspaper coverage of abortion as the legal context evolves in Mexico.


HETEROSEXUAL ALLIES' CONFRONTATION OF SEXUAL PREJUDICE: THE EFFECT OF GENDER, ATTITUDES, AND PAST ALLIED BEHAVIOR Kelly L. LeMaire, M.S. Marquette University, 2017 Confrontation of prejudice is one method that has been demonstrated to reduce future discrimination on behalf of perpetrators and non-target witnesses in the future. The current study sought to 1) determine whether the gender of the perpetrator, target, or witness of heterosexist prejudice affects witness's reactions to prejudice, including confrontation, 2) understand if other factors including participants' attitudes about society, gender roles, and gay men and lesbian women, as well as their general level of assertiveness and previous allied behaviors were predictive of confrontation behavior and 3) examine participant's satisfaction with their responses and anticipated future responses in relation to their behavioral responses and attitudes. A 10-condition (2x2x2, 2 controls) live experimental design was utilized to examine the participants' responses to an overtly heterosexist comment. Specifically, participants were exposed to a person (man or woman) making heterosexist comments about either a gay man or lesbian woman and their verbal and nonverbal behavioral responses were recorded and coded. Participants also completed measures about their attitudes, personality, and previous allied behaviors. Results suggest about 25% of the sample verbally confronted the perpetrator and 25% verbally agreed. The gender of the target, non-target witness (participant), and especially the gender of the perpetrator appear to affect witnesses' responses to prejudice, including confrontation. Additionally, both attitudinal variables, including attitudes toward gay men and personal support, and previous allied behaviors, including the LGASJC action subscale and personal relationships with gay and lesbian individuals, predicted confrontation; however, gender of the perpetrator still significantly and uniquely predicted confrontation even when accounting for these variables. Overall, individuals who confronted reported being more satisfied with their responses than those who did not and anticipated engaging in confrontation again in the future.


Vol. 17 of the Collected Works can serve as an excellent introduction to Elias's thinking overall. In the last decade of his life, Elias gave many interviews in which he discussed aspects of his work, rebutting many common misunderstandings of his thinking and further developing ideas sketched out in his writings. Besides a selection of these 'academic' interviews (many of them not previously published in English, or not published at all), the book contains his essay in intellectual autobiography and a long interview in which he talks about his own life.


This thesis explores the history of the American Garden at Powderham in Devon, England. The seven-acre space was created, abandoned, and replanted over the course of over two-hundred years yet manages to convey remarkable integrity and sense of place. In the process of discovering who created the garden, this study aims to bring a deeper understanding of how and why American gardens, and Powderham's in particular, were constructed in the late Georgian period. Because the Powderham American Garden has changed significantly over the past 200 years, the garden is not as it appeared in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Developing a site analysis based on historic maps, household invoices and inventories, correspondence, diaries and accounts of family members and visitors, artwork, books at Powderham, and treatises of contemporary horticulturists generates context for understanding the garden's likely historic appearance and use. Other British eighteenth-century American gardens offer comparables for Powderham's garden. This evolving contextualized understanding elucidates the garden's meaning and leads to ideas about its interpretation and presentation to a visiting public today. The Georgian garden was designed for movement – meant to be experienced in motion and sequence. As the narration progresses through the garden, this paper will explore the structures, plants, views, spatial organization, and circulation in order to address the central question of this thesis: Who and what forces created the American Garden, and how does the garden convey a broader understanding of and relationship to culture and society in the late Georgian era?


During winter the ocean surface in polar regions freezes over to form sea ice. In the summer the upper layers of sea ice and snow melts producing meltwater that accumulates in Arctic melt ponds on the surface of sea ice. An accurate estimate of the fraction of the sea ice surface covered in melt ponds is essential for a realistic estimate of the albedo for global climate models. We present a melt-pond-sea-ice model that simulates the three-dimensional evolution of melt ponds on an Arctic sea ice surface. The advancements of this model compared to previous models are the inclusion of snow topography; meltwater transport rates are calculated from hydraulic gradients and ice permeability; and the incorporation of a detailed one-dimensional, thermodynamic radiative balance. Results of model runs simulating first-year and multiyear sea ice are presented. Model results show good agreement with observations, with duration of pond coverage, pond area, and ice ablation comparing well for both the first-year ice and multiyear ice cases. We investigate the sensitivity of the melt pond cover to changes in ice topography, snow topography, and vertical ice permeability. Snow was found to have an important impact mainly at the start of the melt season, whereas initial ice topography strongly controlled pond size and pond fraction throughout the melt season. A reduction in ice permeability allowed surface flooding of relatively flat, first-year ice but had little impact on the pond coverage of rougher, multiyear ice. We discuss our results, including model shortcomings and areas of experimental uncertainty.


Indicated by Geoffrey Moore's Technology Adoption Curve, agile is supposed to face different challenges in different phases facing different user groups. Despite the popularity of agile implementation, the trends of agile development and the limitations and challenges under each particular period are missing in the current published studies. The study aims at filling this gap through Agile Conference (2003-2009) review and interviews in software industry. The study finds out the agile implementation has shift from "starting agile" to"staying agile" in general. Another finding is new developer generations are unfamiliar with traditional project management, which might kill the contribution that traditional way could make to project success. This finding implicates the need to study how to motivate this group of practitioners to take advantage of traditional project management principles to combinewith agile methods, rather than abandon completely.


This paper addresses an accurate and effective implementation of the continuous-discrete extended Kalman filtering method. The technique under discussion is grounded in numerical solution of the moment differential equations to predict the state mean of the stochastic dynamical system and the corresponding error covariance matrix. Here, we apply an efficient embedded Runge-Kutta pair possessing superior stability and many other attractive features, including automatic global error control, in order to improve performance of the complex computational procedure consisting of the extended Kalman filter and the underlying adaptive ODE solver. Thus, we introduce a new continuous-discrete adaptive extended Kalman filter and show its advantage over the standard variant on two test examples. In practice, this technique allows for much longer sampling intervals without any loss of accuracy, and that improves the applied potential of the extended Kalman filtering method, significantly.


The purpose of this paper is to introduce a series of articles on the linksbetween innovation, the evolution of industry and employment. These relationsprovide the building blocks of a new industrial policy. The articles areincluded in Innovation, Industry Evolution and Employment published by CambridgeUniversity Press in 1999. The continued rising unemployment coupled withmoderate growth in Europe has triggered a plea by policy makers for rethinkingthe policy approach that brought about European prosperity during the post-warera. The resulting policy debate has been cast in terms of an inevitabletradeoff between greater employment but at the sacrifice of lower wages on theone hand, versus the maintenance of wages and living standards but at the costof less employment on the other. In terms of this debate, the Anglo-Americansolution has been the former, while the continental Europeans have chosen thelatter. The purpose the thirteen articles of Innovation, Industry Evolution andEmployment is to suggest that this policy debate has been miscast. There is analternative. This alternative involves structural change, and in particularshifting economic activity out of traditional moderate-technology industries andinto new emerging knowledge-based industries. In other words, it involvesinnovation, industry evolution and their consequences for employmentdevelopment. To shed light on the links between innovation, industry evolutionand employment generation, the Tinbergen Institute of Erasmus UniversityRotterdam, the School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University, and EIMSmall- and Medium Sized Business Research and Consultancy in Zoetermeer, theNetherlands hosted a two day conference on the subject in Rotterdam andZoetermeer, 29-30 August, 1997. The thirteen articles included in Innovation,Industry Evolution and Employment reflect a carefully edited and revisedselection of the papers_new of this conference. What the articles have in common isthat they link some measure of economic performance to technology andinnovation, and they do it using a dynamic framework based on a longitudinaldatabase that tracks micro-observations over time.


Political actors pay attention to newspapers because they stimulate them to address a topic, reflect public opinion, provide feedback to their decisions, and help them to generate effective messages. Previous surveys showed that this is true for scientific issues. It follows that the newspaper coverage of scientific issues should appear as politically oriented, as observed regarding climate change. Here, we tested this prediction regarding educational neuroscience. This scientific issue is interesting because it implies no major economic interest and because the relevance of neuroscience regarding teaching in the classroom is still highly controversial. As hypothesized, we observed that the French press appeared strongly polarized: the right-leaning press was mostly favorable to educational neuroscience, whereas critical opinions were mainly found in the social-democrat press. Although the relevance of neuroscience toward teaching was rarely discussed in scientific arguments, political actors often invoked educational neuroscience in the press to legitimate their decision.


To inform management actions to recover the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus, RGSM), we (1) calculated the terminal settling velocities of newly expelled and water‐hardened RGSM eggs for the observed range of suspended sediment concentrations and water temperatures in the Rio Grande, New Mexico, USA, and (2) reviewed RGSM reproductive ecology in the context of egg biology, the species' life history, and the historic and contemporary hydrology and geomorphology of the Rio Grande. Results show that in a naturally functioning riverine environment, the location and timing of spawning, the ontogenic stage of egg development, and habitat‐specific differences in sediment and temperature that influence egg‐settling rates interact to (1) prevent egg suffocation, (2) promote egg entrainment in clear, warm, productive floodplain habitats, and (3) limit downstream population displacement. Our research suggests that the RGSM is primarily a demersal, floodplain spawning species that evolved eggs that are secondarily buoyant in high‐sediment environments rather than a main channel, pelagic broadcast‐spawning species with an evolved long‐distance, downstream drift phase, as previously reported. The current high magnitude of egg drift is hypothesized to be an artefact of contemporary river management and channelization, leading to reduced lateral connectivity, floodplain abandonment, and habitat degradation. Conservation actions implemented to restore historic channel form and reconnect low‐velocity backwater and floodplain habitats are recommended. In the absence of a documented upstream migration of adult fish, removal of barriers to a presumed upstream movement is unlikely to provide immediate benefits to RGSM. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that has devastated the global swine industry since the mid 1980s. Although modified live vaccines (MLVs) are typically used for the prevention of clinical disease, they are not always fully effective. Additionally, acute PRRS outbreaks, characterized by more severe clinical signs, have appeared in herds that were previously vaccinated. In this dissertation, we further analyzed the pathogenesis of PRRSV through genetic characterization, assay development, and quasispecies evaluation using the PRRSV ORF5 gene while also attempting to develop an improved PRRS vaccine. To explore the possible mechanism for the emergence of acute PRRS, the open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene encoding the major envelope protein (GP5) of acute PRRSV isolates was characterized. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that seven of the acute PRRS virus (PRRSV) isolates were related to other N. American PRRSV isolates while one isolate, 98-37120-2, was very closely related to and may have been derived from the MLV, RespPRRS. We also developed a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) for quickly identifying PRRSV field isolates with significant nucleotide sequence identities (≥98%) with the MLVs based on the amplification, denaturation, and reannealing of the ORF5 gene of the field isolates with those of MLV reference strains. iii All of the field isolates that were highly related to RespPRRS (≤2% nucleotide sequence divergence) were identified by the HMA to form homoduplexes with the reference RespPRRS MLV. We also developed a unique strategy for infecting pigs with PRRSV, known as in vivo transfection, by bypassing the traditional in vitro cell culture step required for in vivo studies. We demonstrated that inoculation of RNA transcripts of a PRRSV infectious cDNA clone directly into the lymph nodes and tonsils of pigs produces active PRRSV infection. Using this method, we also examined the quasispecies populations of PRRSV. Finally, we evaluated the ability of Salmonella choleraesuis to express the PRRSV GP5, and tested its immunogenicity in mice. Based on our data, there was no indication of Salmonella replication in the mice or any evidence of antibody production against S. choleraesuis or PRRSV GP5.


Air leakage through the building enclosure can have a significant impact on heating and cooling loads. Unfortunately, the measurement of air leakage through enclosure systems and components can be very difficult in practice. Inaccurate quantification of air leakage can affect building performance and may lead to incorrectly-sized mechanical systems and unreliable results from whole building energy simulations used during design. The relative impact of air leakage on energy use can negate the benefits of other enclosure systems (e.g. thermal resistance and glazing solar heat gain) predicted by an energy model. Therefore, for high performance buildings, the accurate prediction and measurement of air leakage is more important than for traditional construction. This paper examines the difficulties of measuring air leakage through building enclosures on components, assemblies, systems, and whole-buildings. The authors discuss commonly specified air leakage criteria and testing requirements from a practical standpoint based on both theoretical and field testing experience. Energy simulation software is used to demonstrate the effect of air leakage on building energy use. The impact of inaccurate air leakage input values are compared to the predicted performance improvement attributed to common energy efficiency measures associated with the building enclosure (e.g. increased thermal insulation and glazing systems with reduced solar transmission). Readers will gain an understanding of both the need for, and difficulty of, air leakage testing in buildings. This understanding is fundamental to more accurately predicting building energy usage, evaluating material and component options, and designing more effective building enclosure systems for both new and remedial construction projects. 1 Michael B. Waite, P.E., LEED AP, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., New York, NY 2 Sean M. O'Brien, P.E., LEED AP, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., New York, NY


We consider the enumeration of unlabeled directed hypergraphs by using Polya's counting theory and Burnside's counting lemma. Instead of characterizing the cycle index of the permutation group acting on the hyperarc set $A$, we treat each cycle in the disjoint cycle decomposition of a permutation $\rho$ acting on $A$ as an equivalence class (or orbit) of $A$ under the operation of the group generated by $\rho$. Compared to the cycle index method, our approach is  more effective in  dealing with the enumeration of directed hypergraphs. We deduce the explicit counting formulae for the unlabeled $q$-uniform and unlabeled general directed hypergraphs. The former generalizes the well known result for 2-uniform directed hypergraphs, i.e., for the ordinary directed graphs introduced by Harary and Palmer.


The need for a newly designed miniature hydraulic power unit has received the attention of Parker-Hannifin Hydraulic Pump/Motor Division. The current power unit is no longer marketable due to the associated costs and its relative size. As a result, a miniature hydraulic power unit has been designed, the culmination to the engineering curriculum at Western Michigan University. In order to increase the overall marketability and to reduce production costs, a transparent plastic reservoir has been incorporated into the design. An appropriate polymer has beenchosen to meet the design requirements and finite element analysis has been used to verify the design's structural stability overits life. The miniature hydraulic power unit design should provide a significant costreduction over the current unit and an overall length reduction of 20% has been realized.


Literature showed that the interaction of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) with dentin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) promotes a biomineralization process that leads to the formation of an interfacial layer with mineralized structures at the cement-dentin interface. Thus, we investigated the in vivo biomineralization process promoted by MTA and Ca(OH)² with dentin. Human dentin tubes filled with ProRoot MTA, Ca(OH)² or kept empty were implanted in subcutaneous tissues in the back of mice. After 12h, 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the dentin tubes were processed for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations. SEM examination showed the presence of apatite-like clusters on collagen fibrils over the surface of tubes containing the biomaterials. This mineral deposition was more extensive and compact through time. At day 7, a compact layer of apatite was formed. The MTA/Ca(OH)² -dentin interface showed intratubular mineralization as early as 12h post-implantation. MTA and Ca(OH)² in an in vivo environment promoted a biomineralization process with dentin, simultaneously to the acute inflammatory response. MTA triggered an earlier and denser interfacial layer.


The paper investigates (a) the number and structure of available jobs by gender in East and West Germany, (b) the gap between the supply and demand of jobs by gender in both regions and (c) the reasons for the wider "job gap" in East Germany compared with West Germany. The paper uses data from the Regional National Accounts and the Federal Labor Office. The analysis shows no significant difference in the number of jobs per 1000 persons in working age between East and West Germany. For women, the East German economy offers more jobs. Nevertheless, the gap between labour demand and the supply of jobs is wider in East Germany. This is caused not only by problems concerning the production structure, but also by the significantly higher partizipation rate of women in the labor market. Reasons are the traditional behaviour of East German woman and - compared with West Germany - the considerably lower household income.


Multiple input multiple output system with antenna number modulation (MIMO-ANM) is proposed in this paper as a novel transmission method that can be used instead of conventional MIMO with spatial modulation (MIMO-SM) for providing more advantageous and reliable data transmission in future wireless systems. In this scheme, the additional data bits are conveyed by changing the number of active transmit antennas instead of their indices while the number of receive antennas is kept singular. As such, MIMO-ANM is different from MIMO-SM as it can make the selection of the antennas in MIMO to be both channel and data dependent at the same time, resulting in what is called MIMO-ANM with adaptive antenna selection (MIMO-ANM-AAS), while MIMO-SM is unable to make the selection of the antennas channel-dependent because the indices of the selected antenna are purely data-dependent. By using such a transmission scheme, the overall reliability of the transmitted data stream can significantly be improved, which characterizes MIMO-ANM-AAS with much lower bit errors compared to MIMO-SM. In this paper, the concepts of MIMO-ANM and MIMO-ANM-AAS are established on the basis of conventional MIMO using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbol modulation over a Rayleigh fading channel. The validity of the system is investigated, where analytical and simulation results showing the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system are given. The numerical computer simulations furthermore compare the performances of MIMO-ANM-AAS with MIMO-SM to show its superiority, and the advantages of the concept are discussed. The acquired results show that MIMO-ANM-AAS offers highly reliable and resilient system thanks to its simultaneous bit transmission by different number of active antennas that can be made adaptive to the channel gains.


The Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) vacuum-ultraviolet spectrograph was calibrated in the laboratory before the integration of the instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft in 1995. During the scientific operation of the SOHO it has been possible to track the radiometric calibration of the SUMER spectrograph since March 1996 by a strategy that employs various methods to update the calibration status and improve the coverage of the spectral calibration curve. The results for the A Detector were published previously [Appl. Opt. 36, 6416 (1997)]. During three years of operation in space, the B detector was used for two and one-half years. We describe the characteristics of the B detector and present results of the tracking and refinement of the spectral calibration curves with it. Observations of the spectra of the stars alpha and rho Leonis permit an extrapolation of the calibration curves in the range from 125 to 149.0 nm. Using a solar coronal spectrum observed above the solar disk, we can extrapolate the calibration curves by measuring emission line pairs with well-known intensity ratios. The sensitivity ratio of the two photocathode areas can be obtained by registration of many emission lines in the entire spectral range on both KBr-coated and bare parts of the detector's active surface. The results are found to be consistent with the published calibration performed in the laboratory in the wavelength range from 53 to 124 nm. We can extrapolate the calibration outside this range to 147 nm with a relative uncertainty of ?30% (1varsigma) for wavelengths longer than 125 nm and to 46.5 nm with 50% uncertainty for the short-wavelength range below 53 nm.


Emerging geochemical proxies have improved our understanding of the broad-scale history of Earth's oxygenation. However, paleoredox work does not always include extensive consideration of sample preservation and paleoenvironmental setting. This is particularly an issue with marine carbonates, which although being potentially ideal ocean redox archives, are commonly altered during diagenesis. Here we provide new insight into the robustness of uranium isotopes (238U/235U ratios: δ238U values) as paleoredox tracers by determining texture-specific δ238U values from a well-described Cryogenian (Balcanoona) reef complex in South Australia. We found high variability in δ238U values between different carbonate components, even within a single sample. Petrographically, the best-preserved components from the Balcanoona reef are marine cements, which have a mean δ238U value of −0.23‰, essentially unfractionated from riverine inputs. These values are interpreted as reflecting a marine system with widespread anoxic and iron-rich settings. Less-well-preserved phases have δ238U values spanning almost the entire extent of the documented isotopic range. This integrated petrographic-geochemical work demonstrates the need for petrographic analysis and careful sample selection on a case-by-case basis in future carbonate metal isotope geochemistry.


Impressions in a basaltic tuff located around Valsequillo Reservoir near Puebla, Mexico, have been interpreted as human and animal footprints along an ancient lakeshore, and are cited as evidence of the presence of humans in North America at 40 ka B.P. In this paper, we present new data that challenge this interpretation. Paleomagnetic analyses of the Xalnene Tuff, and lavas from the volcano from which it erupted, yield fully reversed magnetic polarities, indicating that the tuff was deposited prior to the last geomagnetic reversal (the BrunhesMatuyama ca. 790 ka). 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of Xalnene lapilli and lava from the source volcano yields indistinguishable ages of ~1.3 Ma, consistent with a period of reversed magnetic polarity (C1r.2r). Additional paleomagnetic measurements of individual millimeter-size lapilli indicate that the pyroclastic grains within the Xalnene Tuff have not been disturbed or rotated since their initial deposition, thereby ruling out the possibility that the tuff was reworked by wave action along the shores of an ancient lacustrine environment. This and other evidence indicate that the marks observed in the stone quarry site are not human ichnofossils.


Open Government Data (OGD) avails statistical, development, expenditure and demographic data, in digital format for the general public, ICT developers, researchers and policy makers. This evaluation is based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative metadata and data sets in Open Data portals. The OGD platform integration to Content Management Systems, targeted internal and external users of Open Data portals in Kenya. The implementation of the OGD platform is facing a number of challenges resulting from the government ministries and county governments reluctance in releasing secretive information. To realize the benefits of OGD which includes transparency, public service improvement, innovation and economic value, efficiency, self-empowerment, impact measurement of policies, participatory governance, and data mining new knowledge from combined data sources and patterns from large datasets; the government needs to integrate OGDs in CMS. This paper analyses theoretical and empirical open data sets and proposes an integration framework of OGD to CMS. Relevance to innovation. This paper analyses theoretical and empirical open data sets and proposes recommendations for future integration framework of Open Government Data strategies and Platforms as part of Content Management Systems. The paper outlines the benefits of OGD integration initiatives to CMS in Kenya. The innovation compliments government processes by introducing citizen-centered portals to enable government to design and distribute open data allowing interactions and seamless responses from the public. OGD is currently in use and can be scaled down to County Governments Open Data portals.


PURPOSE
Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage is used to quantify the proteoglycan loss in early osteoarthritis. It is assumed that T1 after Gd-DTPA administration in the near equilibrium state reflects selective proteoglycan loss from cartilage. To investigate the influence of the collagen network integrity on contrast accumulation, the relaxation rates ΔR(1) and ΔR(2) were compared after Gd-DTPA administration in a well established model of osteoarthritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collagen or proteoglycan depletion was induced by the proteolytic enzymes papain and collagenase in healthy bovine patellar cartilage. Using a dedicated MRI sequence, T(1) and T(2) maps were simultaneously acquired before and 11 h after Gd-DTPA administration. Depth-dependent profiles of ΔR(1) and ΔR(2) were calculated in healthy, proteoglycan and collagen-depleted articular cartilage and the mean values of different cartilage layers were compared using the Mann-Whitney-U test.

RESULTS
In superficial layers (1 mm) there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in either ΔR(1) or ΔR(2) between proteoglycan-depleted (16.6 ± 1.2 s(-1), 15.9 ± 1.0 s(-1)) and collagen-depleted articular cartilage (15.3 ± 0.9 s(-1), 15.5 ± 0.9 s(-1)). In deep layers (3 mm) both parameters were significantly higher (p = 0.005, 0.03) in proteoglycan-depleted articular cartilage (12.3 ± 1.1 s(-1), 9.8 ± 0.8 s(-1)) than in collagen-depleted articular cartilage (9.1 ± 1.1 s(-1), 8.7 ± 0.7 s(-1)).

CONCLUSION
Both proteoglycan loss and alterations in the collagen network influence the accumulation of Gd-DTPA in articular cartilage with significant differences between superficial and deep cartilage layers.


The goal of this Article is to examine the partnership model and advocate for a change in the Model Rules that would allow for public ownership of law firms, and to make disclosure of firm financials a mandatory requirement for all firms with over 100 lawyers. Part II explores the history and evolution of limited liability and law firm structures in the United States. Part III discusses incorporated law firms and MDPs and how they might benefit U.S. law firms. Part IV looks at the developments in the United Kingdom and Australia and the forces of globalization that have an effect on U.S. policy choices, concluding that global competition for legal services may force our hand. Part V advocates for similar changes in the U.S. public ownership because allowing public ownership in law firms will benefit both law firms and their clients and make firms more competitive globally. This Part concludes by advocating for mandatory disclosure requirements to benefit firms, prospective attorneys, and their clients.


The Mass Volume (MV) curve is a visual tool to evaluate the performance of a scoring function with regard to its capacity to rank data in the same order as the underlying density function. Anomaly ranking refers to the unsupervised learning task which consists in building a scoring function, based on unlabeled data, with a MV curve as low as possible at any point. In this paper, it is proved that, in the case where the data generating probability distribution has compact support, anomaly ranking is equivalent to (supervised) bipartite ranking, where the goal is to discriminate between the underlying probability distribution and the uniform distribution with same support. In this situation, the MV curve can be then seen as a simple transform of the corresponding ROC curve. Exploiting this view, we then show how to use bipartite ranking algorithms, possibly combined with random sampling, to solve the MV curve minimization problem. Numerical experiments based on a variety of bipartite ranking algorithms well-documented in the literature are displayed in order to illustrate the relevance of our approach.


This paper addresses two important strategic questions in the sport of curling, namely (i) when it is best to blank rather than take one point, and (ii) when entering the final end, is it preferable to be winning by one point without last rock advantage or be losing by one point with last rock advantage. A multinomial logistic regression for end score probabilities and a Markov model for game win probabilities are introduced to answer both of the questions of interest. An asymptotic sampling procedure is used for statistical inference. The paper also updates and expands the data used in the previously published empirical curling analyses to take account of an important rule change.


In late winter 2009, the airwaves came alive with stories about Nadya Suleman, the California mother who gave birth to octuplets conceived via assisted reproductive technology. Nadya Suleman and her octuplets are the vehicles through which Americans express their anxiety about race, class and gender. Expressions of concern for the health of children, the mother's well-being, the future of reproductive medicine or the financial drain on taxpayers barely conceal deep impulses towards racism, sexism and classism. It is true that the public has had a longstanding fascination with multiple births and with large families. This is evidenced by a long history of media attention and film depictions of such families, both fictitious and real. However, there is a point at which fascination turns to disdain, and that occurs all too often when the time that parents of the children are revealed to be Other - outside of racial and class norms. This essay describes eight socio-legal anxieties that coalesce in response to Suleman's story: (1) race and racial hierarchies; (2) the contingency of white privilege; (3) the nature of white motherhood; (4) the role of doctors as agents of the state; (5) reproductive technology and class; (6) bodily perfection and class markers; (7) the bounds of the traditional family; and (8) geographical differences. The bounds of tolerance strain and break when individual autonomy collides with majoritarian notions of civic and moral virtue. Derision of Suleman reveals the limitations of tolerance for women who deviate from prescribed norms, including norms of "choice." Suleman's story is not just about multiple births, then, but about society's multiple anxieties when a woman breaches the bounds of racial, class and gender expectations.


The temporal dynamics by which linguistic information becomes available is one of the key properties to understand how language is organised in the brain. An unresolved debate between different brain language models is whether words, the building blocks of language, are activated in a sequential or parallel manner. In this study we approached this issue from a novel perspective by directly comparing the time course of word component activation in speech production versus perception. In an overt object naming task and a passive listening task we analysed with mixed linear models at the single-trial level the event-related brain potentials elicited by the same lexico-semantic and phonological word knowledge in the two language modalities. Results revealed that both word components manifested simultaneously as early as 75 ms after stimulus onset in production and perception; differences between the language modalities only became apparent after 300 ms of processing. The data provide evidence for ultra-rapid parallel dynamics of language processing and are interpreted within a neural assembly framework where words recruit the same integrated cell assemblies across production and perception. These word assemblies ignite early on in parallel and only later on reverberate in a behaviour-specific manner.


The publication of a draft of the human genome and of large collections of transcribed sequences has made it possible to study the complex relationship between the transcriptome and the genome. In the work presented here, we have focused on mapping mRNA 3' ends onto the genome by use of the raw data generated by the expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing projects. We find that at least half of the human genes encode multiple transcripts whose polyadenylation is driven by multiple signals. The corresponding transcript 3' ends are spread over distances in the kilobase range. This finding has profound implications for our understanding of gene expression regulation and of the diversity of human transcripts, for the design of cDNA microarray probes, and for the interpretation of gene expression profiling experiments.


Individuals have limited time and energy and so they face a trade-off between the resources they allocate to parental, mating and self-maintenance activities and between care of current and future offspring. Within a biparental system, models predict that an individual will do better if it can reduce its own level of investment and rely on its partner to compensate, but that the partner should not compensate completely or it will be exploited. The costs and benefits of care can differ between males and females, leading to sex-specific differences in optimum resource allocation to a given breeding attempt. Sexual conflict can occur over evolutionary or ecological time, as predicted by 'sealed bid' and 'negotiation' models of parental investment, respectively.

While researchers have traditionally used handicapping or mate removal to induce variation in paternal effort and then measure the female response, I achieved this by carrying out two experiments in which I separately manipulated (a) paternal certainty and (b) male extra-pair copulation (EPC) opportunity during incubation in a biparentally incubating passerine, the Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata. Both experiments were based on a 'crossover design', which took place over two breeding attempts: in the first attempt half the pairs experienced a treatment (i.e. reduced paternal certainty or increased male EPC opportunities, depending on the experiment) while the remaining pairs were control; in the second breeding attempt the type of treatment was switched between groups. This allowed me to explore the effects of previous events on current effort. I also statistically controlled for male attractiveness, based on association times obtained from mate choice trials, as this varies between males, and females may respond differently to it.
In the first round of the experiments, when all subjects lacked breeding experience, treatment males reduced incubation effort relative to controls. However, when the treatments were switched, males continued to invest the same level of effort that they had shown previously, which suggests that individuals may use early life experiences to shape their later responses. Males and females responded to each other's contributions over ecological time, and control and treatment pairs negotiated different patterns of effort. Contrary to predictions of most game theoretic models, treatment females compensated fully for the reduction in partner effort.

Since there can be a trade-off in investment between reproductive stages and attempts, I tested whether compensating females showed reduced reproductive output in a subsequent breeding attempt. In the second attempt, clutch size was negatively related to the amount of time spent incubating the first clutch in females that had previously fledged a large brood. I also found that the number of offspring surviving to maturity increased with total incubation attentiveness. Together, these findings suggest that incubation attentiveness is an appropriate proxy for parental investment since it enhances offspring survival at a cost to the mother's future fitness.

Incubation effort can be measured in terms of temperature as well as time, and the sexes may differ in the quality of the incubation they provide for a given unit of time. In the Zebra Finch, the female alone possesses a brood patch, a bare area of thickened, loose ventral skin which facilitates heat transfer from parent to egg. I examined sex differences in incubation ability by comparing the ventral surface temperature of incubating males and females using infra-red thermography (IRT) under standard incubation conditions and also under more challenging conditions where the energetic costs of incubation had been experimentally increased by a clutch size manipulation. The ventral surface was warmer in females than males under standard conditions, and ventral temperature was higher than baseline body temperature in females but not males. Moreover, females increased ventral temperature after the clutch enlargement, whereas males showed no response. These results suggest that the sexes differ in their ability or willingness to incubate, presumably due to sex differences in parental certainty or mate availability.

Since the female has a warmer ventral surface and spends more time incubating than the male, I predicted that she would be able to re-warm cool eggs more quickly and incubate eggs to a higher temperature. I used IRT to measure egg surface temperature and a temperature probe inside a dummy egg to measure rates of re-warming. Following the clutch size enlargement, the variance in egg temperature increased with clutch size more rapidly in males than in females, but no sex differences were otherwise detected in clutch surface temperature or rate of re-warming. This suggests that there are differences in the quality of incubation provided by males and females for a given contribution of time, but that these are subtle.

In conclusion, variation in male and female incubation effort can be influenced by paternal certainty, male EPC opportunity, clutch size and the partner's behaviour and these effects can be observed over ecological time. The flexibility of an individual's response depended on the type of cue and the stage in an individual's reproductive life that the cue was presented. Variation in parental effort can influence offspring fitness, and females that invest more effort in one breeding attempt may be unable or unwilling to do so in a subsequent attempt. Male and female parents can differ in their abilities to care and this can lead to differences in the amount and quality of care provided.


Drawing on the author's experiences working with and for the Association of Theological Schools, this essay reminds us that assessment is meaningful work.  At its best, educational assessment should be grounded in and fundamental to teaching and learning.  After noting some ways in which current assessment practices tend to fall short, this essay proposes a reframing of why we are engaging in assessment (our motivation), of what we can do with assessment (our aspirations), and of the shape of assessment itself (our techniques or practices). The essay also includes a bibliography of additional readings and other resources.