Line-of-sight stabilization against various disturbances is an essential property of gimbaled imaging systems mounted on mobile platforms. In recent years, the importance of target detection from higher distances has increased. This has raised the need for better stabilization performance. For that reason, stabilization loops are designed such that they have higher gains and larger bandwidths. As these are required for good disturbance attenuation, sufficient loop stability is also needed. However, model uncertainties around structural resonances impose strict restrictions on sufficient loop stability. Therefore, to satisfy high stabilization performance in the presence of model uncertainties, robust control methods are required. In this paper, a robust controller design in LQG/LTR, H$_{\infty }$, and $\mu $-synthesis framework is described for a two-axis gimbal. First, the performance criteria and weights are determined to minimize the stabilization error with moderate control effort under known platform disturbance profile. Second, model uncertainties are determined by considering locally linearized models at different operating points. Next, robust LQG/LTR, H$_{\infty }$, and $\mu $ controllers are designed. Robust stability and performance of the three designs are investigated and compared. The paper finishes with the experimental performances to validate the designed robust controllers.


In this paper, adaptive modulation is implemented for a selection combining Demodulate and Forward Relay system. In this method, the source and relay select the modulation type based on the channel quality measurement, which is the output SNR, to improve the total throughput of the system. The adaptation thresholds are computed by solving an optimization problem. The model is generalized for the N-relay system and the optimization problem is modified for this case. Adaptive modulation is then employed for the N-relay DMF system. Adaptive relaying method is also proposed for adaptive modulated DMF system to achieve BER constraint, attain maximum possible throughput and reduce the complexity of hardware. Another optimization problem and several novel algorithms are generated in this paper, to perform adaptive relaying adaptive modulated DMF system. The results demonstrate that employing the proposed methods improves the total throughput of the system by keeping the BER performance at the target level.


Background Although poor prognosis has been considered a defining characteristic of schizophrenia, long-term studies show marked heterogeneity of outcome. Method Assessments of positive and negative symptoms, premorbid and current IQ, and months of in-patient care made in an outcome study of 342 schizophrenic patients were categorised by severity. Determinants of these categorisations were sought from the historical variables available, using analysis of variance. Vignettes of patients with the best and worst symptomatic outcomes were then compared. Results Negative symptoms were associated with early onset, male sex and poor academic record. Positive symptoms were associated with occupational decline. Cognitive decline was associated with occupational variables, and in-patient care with academic and occupational variables. The vignettes showed that good outcome was associated with family psychiatric history and poor outcome with unavailability of family history. Conclusions The findings support the view that the most malignant form of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental, but poor outcome was clearly associated with family fragmentation.


Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown effective in the treatment of depression with psychosis. This efficacy appears to correlate with the SSRIs' level of affinity at the sigma-1 receptors in the brain. What role does the sigma-1 receptor play in psychotic depression? Based on this role, are there implications for other treatments?


dressing these topics in school curricula. This study lays groundwork for responding to those needs in Finland. The purpose was to analyse the appropriateness of NST for secondary school curriculum contents. First, a week-long in-service teacher training course was arranged on content knowledge of NST. After attending the course, 23 experienced science teachers were surveyed regarding their views on the educational significance of these issues, and on prospects for including them into the curriculum. A questionnaire with open-ended questions was used. Qualitative content analysis of the responses revealed that the respondents considered NST as desirable contents for secondary school, but arranging instruction is problematic. The teachers emphasised the educational significance of many applications, scientific principles and ethical issues related to NST. The outcomes are discussed with reference to recent studies on teachers' barriers and educational concerns regarding NST.


Serpins fold into a native metastable state and utilize a complex conformational change to inhibit target proteases. An undesirable result of this conformational flexibility is that most inhibitory serpins are heat sensitive, forming inactive polymers at elevated temperatures. However, the prokaryote serpin, thermopin, from Thermobifida fusca is able to function in a heated environment. We have determined the 1.8 A x-ray crystal structure of thermopin in the native, inhibitory conformation. A structural comparison with the previously determined 1.5 A structure of cleaved thermopin provides detailed insight into the complex mechanism of conformational change in serpins. Flexibility in the shutter region and electrostatic interactions at the top of the A beta-sheet (the breach) involving the C-terminal tail, a unique structural feature of thermopin, are postulated to be important for controlling inhibitory activity and triggering conformational change, respectively, in the native state. Here we have discussed the structural basis of how this serpin reconciles the thermodynamic instability necessary for function with the stability required to withstand elevated temperatures.


Background Some scholars suggest that price differences between combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes could be effective in moving current combustible smokers to e-cigarettes, which could reduce tobacco-related death and disease. Currently, in most jurisdictions, e-cigarettes are not subject to the same excise taxes as combustible cigarettes, potentially providing the category with a price advantage over combustible cigarettes. This paper tests whether e-cigarettes tax advantage has translated into a price advantage. Methods In a sample of 45 countries, the price of combustible cigarettes, disposable e-cigarettes and rechargeable cigarettes were compared. Results Comparable units of combustible cigarettes cost less than disposable e-cigarettes in almost every country in the sample. While the e-liquids consumed in rechargeable e-cigarettes might cost less per comparable unit than combustible cigarettes, the initial cost to purchase a rechargeable e-cigarette presents a significant cost barrier to switching from smoking to vaping. Discussion Existing prices of e-cigarettes are generally much higher than of combustible cigarettes. If policymakers wish to tax e-cigarettes less than combustibles, forceful policy action—almost certainly through excise taxation—must raise the price of combustible cigarettes beyond the price of using e-cigarettes.


Cadmium, as a hazardous pollutant commonly present in the living environment, represents an important risk to human health due to its undesirable effects (oxidative stress, changes in activities of many enzymes, interactions with biomolecules including DNA and RNA) and consequent potential risk, making its detection very important. New and unique technological and biotechnological approaches for solving this problems are intensely sought. In this study, we used the commonly occurring potential pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus for the determination of markers which could be used for sensing of cadmium(II) ions. We were focused on monitoring the effects of different cadmium(II) ion concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 μg mL−1) on the growth and energetic metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus. Highly significant changes have been detected in the metabolism of thiol compounds—specifically the protein metallothionein (0.79–26.82 mmol/mg of protein), the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (190–5,827 μmol/min/mg of protein), and sulfhydryl groups (9.6–274.3 μmol cysteine/mg of protein). The ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione indicated marked oxidative stress. In addition, dramatic changes in urease activity, which is connected with resistance of bacteria, were determined. Further, the effects of cadmium(II) ions on the metabolic pathways of arginine, β-glucosidase, phosphatase, N-acetyl β-d-glucosamine, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, maltose, lactose, fructose and total proteins were demonstrated. A metabolomic profile of Staphylococcus aureus under cadmium(II) ion treatment conditions was completed seeking data about the possibility of cadmium(II) ion accumulation in cells. The results demonstrate potential in the application of microorganisms as modern biosensor systems based on biological components.


In response to increasing public concern regarding mercury (Hg) cycling in Great Salt Lake (GSL) ecosystem, a series of studies were initiated to differentiate between the mass of Hg from riverine versus atmospheric sources to GSL. Cumulative riverine Hg load to GSL during a 1 year time period (April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008) was 6 kg, with almost 50% of the cumulative Hg load contributed by outflow from Farmington Bay. Comparison of cumulative annual atmospheric Hg deposition (32 kg) to annual riverine deposition (6 kg) indicates that atmospheric deposition is the dominant input source to GSL. A sediment core collected from the southern arm of GSL was used to reconstruct annual Hg deposition rates over the past ~ 100 years. Unlike most freshwater lakes, small changes in water level in GSL significantly changes the lake surface area available for direct deposition of atmospheric Hg. There is good agreement between lake elevation (and corresponding lake surface area) and Hg deposition rates estimated from the sediment core. Higher lake levels, combined with sediment focusing processes, result in an increase in Hg accumulation rates observed in the sediment core. These same combination of processes are responsible for the lower Hg accumulation rates observed in the sediment core during historic low stands of GSL.


Systems biology and synthetic biology are emerging disciplines which are becoming increasingly utilised in several areas of bioscience. Toxicology is beginning to benefit from systems biology and we suggest in the future that is will also benefit from synthetic biology. Thus, a new era is on the horizon. This review illustrates how a suite of innovative techniques and tools can be applied to understanding complex health and toxicology issues. We review limitations confronted by the traditional computational approaches to toxicology and epidemiology research, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their effects on adverse birth outcomes as an illustrative example. We introduce how systems toxicology (and their subdisciplines, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic toxicology) will help to overcome such limitations. In particular, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mathematical frameworks that computationally represent biological systems. Finally, we discuss the nascent discipline of synthetic biology and highlight relevant toxicological centred applications of this technique, including improvements in personalised medicine. We conclude this review by presenting a number of opportunities and challenges that could shape the future of these rapidly evolving disciplines.


The general purpose of this dissertation is to study the causes and the consequences of the formal structure of intake of potential social assistance clients at Swedish social welfare offices. The focus lies on the social welfare offices, their organizational framework and routines concerning intake. A focus on the formal structure of the intake may provide information about the importance of organization for people seeking help but also for the municipalities themselves. The data used in the analyses comes from two surveys of welfare offices augmented with register data.Study 1 examines the very first contact between social assistance inquirers and the social welfare offices. Telephone intake and first personal visits are documented and a considerable variation in the share of inquirers who received an appointment for further assessment was found. Considerable variation was also found in the share who were granted social assistance after the assessment during the personal visit. An examination of the offices' intake routines and organization provided some indications that the unequal priority given to intake is an important explanation behind the variation.Study 2 analyzes the link between intake organization and the degree of selection taken place at telephone intakes by focusing on those inquirers not becoming clients. The relationship between intake organization and the social workers' reasons for selection is examined and several selection strategies could be found. The results confirm the fact that Swedish municipalities have great autonomy in designing the social services and in addition show that offices within the same municipality may choose different organizational solutions.The aim of study 3 is to investigate how intake of social assistance inquirers is organized in Swedish municipalities and what factors determine intake organization. The results show that there are three different intake types. One of them, called special intake units, is distinct from the other two in that the intake staff has relatively high qualifications. Examining factors likely to affect the creation of special intake units, the results show that mainly professional and organizational factors related to the organization of work within the whole social assistance unit are important.The purpose of study 4 is to examine the connection between organizational factors and local social assistance expenditures in Swedish municipalities. The organization of the social assistance unit, in particular to the intake of social assistance inquirers, and its potential implication for local social assistance costs are emphasized. The results show a cost reducing effect of special intake units first when analyzed together with additional specialization and taking account for staff resources. Thus, specialized intake organization by itself does not play a cost reducing role, but in combination with certain other factors describing internal organization.In an introductory part the studies are located in a broader framework starting with a historical description of different strategies and classification systems traditionally used when distributing poor aid. The expansion of the welfare state changed the importance of a last safety net. Specific characteristics of public organizations administering social assistance are described and the legal framework is outlined focusing on the right to apply for social assistance is outlined. Different aspects of intake are then discussed: stages of the intake process, the organization of intake in Sweden and elsewhere, intake organization as a fashion, and possible functions of the intake. Finally, implications of the four studies with regard to access to benefit and the issue of specialization as well as further research are discussed.


Recent years have seen the emergence of Web 2.0 in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning, in which students are exposed to an online space where they are not only passive recipients of the featured content but actively engaged in a dynamic interaction and construction of their knowledge and understanding. This study illuminates the nature of Web 2.0 technology integration in EFL writing and examines how the interactive and collaborative features of blogs and wikis were incorporated into an undergraduate writing course in Taiwan. This study adopted mixed research methods to explore the pre-determined dimensions and underlying factors related to and influencing learner satisfaction.

A total of 37 Taiwanese EFL students were recruited. At the end of the writing course, they filled out the demographic and learner satisfaction survey online. Sixteen students and the instructor took part in the interviews. The quantitative data were collected from the survey and writing test scores, while the qualitative data were collected from retrospective interviews, online archived assignments, course-related materials, and observations. Correlation analysis was applied to identify the association between the different dimensions and factors with learner satisfaction. Descriptive statistics, interview data and writing test scores were analyzed to determine the impact of the different factors on learner satisfaction.

Dimensions and factors correlated with learner satisfaction include: (1) course dimension—course effectiveness; (2) technology dimension—perceived usefulness (of wikis), perceived usefulness (of blogs), perceive ease of use (for blogs); (3) environmental dimension—learner community support, peer assessment system (for wikis); and, (4) instructor dimension—instructor feedback timeliness. No factors in the learner dimension were found to be associated with learner satisfaction. According to the instructor and students' reflections, the technology background of Taiwanese university students, and their learning needs and culture can explain the findings related to their satisfaction with the blog- and wiki-supported writing course. In light of the findings, several implications are drawn for instructional design, classroom practice and research methods in EFL writing.


This thesis examines the utility of the Rényi entropy (RE), a measure of the complexity of probability density functions, as a tool for finding physically meaningful patterns in geophysical data. Initially, the RE is applied to observational data of long-lived atmospheric tracers in order to analyse the dynamics of stratospheric transitions regions associated with barriers to horizontal mixing. Its wider applicability is investigated by testing the RE as a method for highlighting internal boundaries in snow and ice from ground penetrating radar (GPR) recordings. High-resolution 500 MHz GPR soundings of dry snow were acquired at several sites near Scott Base, Antarctica, in 2008 and 2009, with the aim of using the RE to facilitate the identification and tracking of subsurface layers to extrapolate point measurements of accumulation from snow pits and firn cores to larger areas. The atmospheric analysis focuses on applying the RE to observational tracer data from the EOS-MLS satellite instrument. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is shown to exhibit subtropical RE maxima in both hemispheres. These peaks are a measure of the tracer gradients that mark the transition between the tropics and the mid-latitudes in the stratosphere, also referred to as the edges of the tropical pipe. The RE maxima are shown to be located closer to the equator in winter than in summer. This agrees well with the expected behaviour of the tropical pipe edges and is similar to results reported by other studies. Compared to other stratospheric mixing metrics, the RE has the advantage that it is easy to calculate as it does not, for example, require conversion to equivalent latitude and does not rely on dynamical information such as wind fields. The RE analysis also reveals occasional sudden poleward shifts of the southern hemisphere tropical pipe edge during austral winter which are accompanied by increased midlatitude N2O levels. These events are investigated in more detail by creating daily highresolution N2O maps using a two-dimensional trajectory model and MERRA reanalysis winds to advect N2O observations forwards and backwards in time on isentropic surfaces. With the aid of this 'domain filling' technique it is illustrated that the increase in southern hemisphere mid-latitude N2O during austral winter is probably the result of the cumulative effect of several large-scale, episodic leaks of N2O-rich air from the tropical pipe. A comparison with the global distribution of potential vorticity strongly suggests that irreversible mixing related to planetary wave breaking is the cause of the leak events. Between 2004 and 2011 the large-scale leaks are shown to occur approximately every second year and a connection to the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation is found to be likely, though this cannot be established conclusively due to the relatively short data set. Identification and tracking of subsurface boundaries, such as ice layers in snow or the bedrock of a glacier, is the focus of the cryospheric part of this project. The utility of the RE for detecting amplitude gradients associated with reflections in GPR recordings is initially tested on a 25 MHz sounding of an Antarctic glacier. The results show distinct regions of increased RE values that allow identification of the glacial bedrock along large parts of the profile. Due to the low computational requirements, the RE is found to be an effective pseudo gain function for initial analysis of GPR data in the field. While other gain functions often have to be tuned to give a good contrast between reflections and background noise over the whole vertical range of a profile, the RE tends to assign all detectable amplitude gradients a similar (high) value, resulting in a clear contrast between reflections and background scattering. Additionally, theoretical considerations allow the definition of a 'standard' data window size with which the RE can be applied to recordings made by most pulsed GPR systems and centre frequencies. This is confirmed by tests with higher frequency recordings (50 and 500 MHz) acquired on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. However, these also reveal that the RE processing is less reliable for identifying more closely spaced reflections from internal layers in dry snow. In order to complete the intended high-resolution analysis of accumulation patterns by tracking internal snow layers in the 500 MHz data from two test sites, a different processing approach is developed. Using an estimate of the emitted waveform from direct measurement, deterministic deconvolution via the Fourier domain is applied to the high-resolution GPR data. This reveals unambiguous reflection horizons which can be observed in repeat measurements made one year apart. Point measurements of average accumulation from snow pits and firn cores are extrapolated to larger areas by identifying and tracking a dateable dust layer horizon in the radargrams. Furthermore, it is shown that annual compaction rates of snow can be estimated by tracking several internal reflection horizons along the deconvolved radar profiles and calculating the average change in separation of horizon pairs from one year to the next. The technique is complementary to point measurements from other studies and the derived compaction rates agree well with published values and theoretical estimates.


The number of eggs laid by the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma varies with host volume. The duration of the wasp's initial transit across the host surface during host examination is used to determine the number of eggs laid. A 2.5-second reduction in initial transit resulted in a 30% reduction in eggs oviposited, demonstrating that these wasps measure short time intervals. This measure is used for progeny allocation independent of host body size.


Experiments with Alento River water (a drinking water source in the province of Salerno, Italy) showed that considerable amounts of disinfection by-products, primarily chloroform and haloacetic acids, form in that water upon chlorination. The total yield of haloacetic acids was almost twice as high as that of chloroform. Chlorination also caused significant changes in the intensity of NOM fluorescence and the position of the emission band. To quantify the latter, the wavelength that corresponds to the position of the emission band at its half-intensity (λ0.5) was employed. Chlorination caused the λ0.5 values to decrease, while the THMs and HAAs concentrations were linearly correlated with the corresponding λ0.5 values. The strength of correlations between DBP concentrations and λ0.5 values indicates that the latter parameter can be employed in studies of DBP formation in drinking water.


Usually literary borrowings are so integrated into the new work as to be disguised; however, according to David Cowart, recent decades have seen an increasing number of texts that attach themselves to their sources in seemingly parasitic - but, more accurately, symbiotic - dependence. It is this kind of mutuality that Cowart examines in this book. He considers, for instance, what happens when Tom Stoppard, in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", rewrites "Hamlet" from the point of view of its two most insignificant characters, or when Jean Rhys, in "Wide Sargasso Sea", imagines the early life of Bertha Rochester, the mad woman in the attic in "Jane Eyre". In such works of literary symbiosis, Cowart notes, intertextuality surrenders its usual veil or near invisibility to become concrete and explicit - a phenomenon that Cowart sees as part of the postmodern tendency toward self-consciousness and self-reflexivity. He recognises that literary symbiosis has some close cousins and so limits his compass to works that are genuine reinterpretations, wuinings that cast a new light on earlier works through "some tangible measure of formal or thematic evolution, whether on the part of the guest alone or the host and guest together". Proceeding from this intriguing premise, he offers detailed readings of texts that range from Auden's "The Sea and the Mirror," based on "The Tempest", to Valerie Martin's reworking of "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" as "Mary Reilly", to various fictions based on "Robinson Crusoe". He also considers, in Nabokov's "Pale Fire", an example of text and parasite-text within a single work. Drawing on and responding to the ideas of disparate thinkers and critics - among them Freud, Harold Bloom, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Hillis Miller, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr - Cowart discusses literary symbiosis as Oedipal drama, as reading and misreading, as deconstruction, as Signifying, and as epistemic dialogue. Although his main examples come from the contemporary period, he refers to works dating as far as back as the classical era, works representing a range of genres (drama, fiction, poetry, opera, and film). The study of literary symbiosis, Cowart contends, can reveal much about the dynamics of literary renewal in every age. If all literature redeems the familiar, he suggests, literary symbiosis redeems the familiar in literature itself.


Intelligent multi agent systems have great potentials to
use in different purposes and research areas. One of the
important issues to apply intelligent multi agent systems in real world and virtual environment is to develop a framework that support machine learning model to reflect the whole complexity of the real world. In this paper, we proposed a framework of intelligent agent based neural network classification model to solve the problem of gap between two applicable flows of intelligent multi agent technology and learning model from real environment. We consider the new Supervised Multi-layers Feed Forward Neural Network (SMFFNN) model as an intelligent
classification for learning model in the framework. The
framework earns the information from the respective
environment and its behavior can be recognized by the weights. Therefore, the SMFFNN model that lies in the framework will give more benefits in finding the suitable information and the real weights from the environment which result for better recognition. The framework is applicable to different domains successfully and for the potential case study, the clinical organization and its domain is considered for the proposed framework.


Chapter 19 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) replaced court review of U.S. antidumping and countervailing duties with binding review by special binational panels of trade experts. It requires these panels to apply the same standard of review that U.S. courts use in trade remedy cases. Despite the centrality of this requirement to the Chapter 19 panel system, these panels have not adhered to this mandate. Chapter 19 panels overturn U.S. agency rulings much more often than the courts. In fact, they apply two different standards of review: exacting scrutiny where foreign producers and governments appeal, and near-absolute deference to agencies when U.S. industries appeal. In contrast, panels have shown great deference to Canadian agency determinations (which almost invariably find dumping exists) and favor Canadian industries seeking duties as often as foreign producers seeking their reduction or elimination. Previously suggested explanations - that Chapter 19 appeals involve different facts, that U.S. courts are inept, or that U.S. industries have captured U.S. agencies - fail to explain these phenomena. Rather, these discrepancies result from conflicting views about trade laws within the U.S. government, the relatively greater incentive of the Canadian government to control the Chapter 19 process through panel appointments and political action, and a procedural structure that makes it easy for panelists to override the U.S. legislative process. Proponents of free trade have, with some reason, warmly received Chapter 19. These discrepancies, however, may reduce the credibility of international dispute settlement and impede negotiations of other agreements.


Federal research funding to universities is often based on a desire to stimulate innovation – so that they spend taxpayer money for "something". There is growing understanding of the need to change the structure of research funding in order to do so; less is known about the effectiveness of different organizational structures. Yet, as Jones has pointed out, increasing the efficiency with which we transfer knowledge from one generation to the next could have important implications for innovation and productivity growth. In this paper we use new data to examine how the main organizational structure used to train the next generation of scientists and inventors – teams funded by research grants – leads to innovative activity as measured by patents.


This paper explores the role and potential for design as process, artefact and experience to help frame and address societal problems. We consider this through examining a future folklore dialogical object, designed to stimulate conversation and question assumptions. Beekeeping is a particularly rich context with which to adopt this methodological approach, given the significance of global threats to insect pollination aligned with beekeeping's extensive cultural heritage. By drawing on past narratives and contemporary knowledge and practices, the Beespoon, a small copper spoon representing the amount of honey a single bee can make, was codesigned as an experience that actively engaged people with concepts of work, value and pollination. Our design process oscillated across past, present and future stories – the Beespoon as future folklore artefact and experience reflects this complexity, operating across time and value systems to provide new ways to think about how we perceive and understand bees.


The degree of incoherence, when previsions are not made in accordance with a probability measure, is measured by the rate at which an incoherent bookie can be made a sure loser. Each bet is rescaled by one of several normalizations to account for the overall sizes of bets. For each normalization, the sure loss for incoherent previsions is divided by the normalization to determine the rate of incoherence. We study several properties of normalizations and degrees of incoherence and present some examples. Potential applications include the degree of incoherence of classical statistical procedures.


This RFC is meant to first chronicle a foray into the IETF DNS Working
Group, discuss other possible alternatives to provide/simulate load
balancing support for DNS, and to provide an ultimate, flexible
solution for providing DNS support for balancing loads of many types.
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.


Threading Time, the title of the SIGGRAPH 2005 Art Gallery, invokes a vision in which the essence of lived reality, time, is measured and used through instrumentalization technology. The very subject of much of the technologically-based new media arts is time itself, its uncovering, its displacement, its loss, and its reiteration. The urgency for visual artists to explore the experience of time is pervasive. Indeed, what could be more contemporary than an exploration of the lived moment as a network of relations and responses that too often go unnoticed? The construction and imaging of visual languages through which time is not only expressed but enunciated and parsed by visual poets, have always and will always fascinate audiences. This instrumentalization is evoked and invoked through our language and the way we move, and through the very social relations between people. SIGGRAPH is both an actor in this play and an instigator; it serves as a barometer (giving us a sense of the pressures we face) and a thermometer, indicating the temperature of the body social and political.


The paper derives an algorithm for computing leave-k-out diagnostics for the detection of patches of outliers for stationary and nonstationary state space models with regression effects. The algorithm is based on a reverse run of the Kalman filter on the smoothing errors and is both efficient and easy to implement. An illustration concerning the US index of industrial production for Textiles proves the effectiveness of multiple deletion diagnostics in unmasking clusters of outlying observations.


In response to Weingart and Guenther [2016], this essay explores the issue of trust in science communication by situating it in a wider communications culture and a longer historical period. It argues that the popular scientific culture is a necessary context not only for professional science, but also for the innovation economy. Given that the neutrality of science is a myth, and that science communication is much like any other form of communication, we should not be surprised if, in an innovation economy, science communication has come to resemble public relations, both for science and for science-based innovations. The public can be sceptical of PR, and may mistrust science communication for this reason. Abstract


This drill (see Figure 1) is the primary sample acquisition element of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) that collects powdered samples from various types of rock (from clays to massive basalts) at depths up to 50 mm below the surface. A rotary-percussive sample acquisition device was developed with an emphasis on toughness and robustness to handle the harsh environment on Mars. It is the first rover-based sample acquisition device to be flight-qualified (see Figure 2). This drill features an autonomous tool change-out on a mobile robot, and novel voice-coil-based percussion. The drill comprises seven subelements. Starting at the end of the drill, there is a bit assembly that cuts the rock and collects the sample. Supporting the bit is a subassembly comprising a chuck mechanism to engage and release the new and worn bits, respectively, and a spindle mechanism to rotate the bit. Just aft of that is a percussion mechanism, which generates hammer blows to break the rock and create the dynamic environment used to flow the powdered sample. These components are mounted to a translation mechanism, which provides linear motion and senses weight-on-bit with a force sensor. There is a passive-contact sensor/stabilizer mechanism that secures the drill fs position on the rock surface, and flex harness management hardware to provide the power and signals to the translating components. The drill housing serves as the primary structure of the turret, to which the additional tools and instruments are attached. The drill bit assembly (DBA) is a passive device that is rotated and hammered in order to cut rock (i.e. science targets) and collect the cuttings (powder) in a sample chamber until ready for transfer to the CHIMRA (Collection and Handling for Interior Martian Rock Analysis). The DBA consists of a 5/8-in. (.1.6- cm) commercial hammer drill bit whose shank has been turned down and machined with deep flutes designed for aggressive cutting removal. Surrounding the shank of the bit is a thick-walled maraging steel collection tube allowing the powdered sample to be augured up the hole into the sample chamber. For robustness, the wall thickness of the DBA was maximized while still ensuring effective sample collection. There are four recesses in the bit tube that are used to retain the fresh bits in their bit box. The rotating bit is supported by a back-to-back duplex bearing pair within a housing that is connected to the outer DBA housing by two titanium diaphragms. The only bearings on the drill in the sample flow are protected by a spring-energized seal, and an integrated shield that diverts the ingested powdered sample from the moving interface. The DBA diaphragms provide radial constraint of the rotating bit and form the sample chambers. Between the diaphragms there is a sample exit tube from which the sample is transferred to the CHIMRA. To ensure that the entire collected sample is retained, no matter the orientation of the drill with respect to gravity during sampling, the pass-through from the forward to the aft chamber resides opposite to the exit tube.


Objective: This study compared the quality of root canal obturation in round and irregular-shaped canals at two cross-sectional levels by evaluating the canal area filled by two core materials using two obturation techniques. Methods: Single canals in 60 mandibular premolars were instrumented, irrigated and divided into four equal groups. They were root filled as follows: lateral compaction/RealSealTM (LC/R), lateral compaction/gutta-percha (LC/GP), warm vertical compaction/RealSealTM (WC/R) and warm vertical compaction/gutta-percha (WC/GP). The teeth were sectioned horizontally at 3 mm (L3) and 6 mm (L6) intervals from the obturated canal terminus. Shapes of canals in all cross-sections were examined using a Leica Qwin Colour (RGB) image analyzer. To determine whether the shape of each canal was round or irregular, the buccolingual and mesiodistal canal diameters were measured. The cross-sectional area of RealSealTM and gutta-percha core materials were measured utilizing the same image analyzer. Data were analyzed using general linear model and independent sample t test. Results: Descriptively, at L3 and L6, the areas of both filling core materials were higher in round than in irregular canals. WC/R and WC/GP also showed higher areas than LC/R and LC/GP in irregular canals. Statistically, at L3, there were no significant differences in obturation quality between round and irregular-shaped canals (p>0.05). At L6, for techniques, there were no significant differences between the two shapes (p>0.05). For materials, at L6, WC/R showed a significantly higher area than WC/GP in irregular canals (p 0.05). For LC/R and LC/GP, there were also no significant differences between both shapes at L6 (p>0.05). Conclusions: Generally, obturation quality was better in round than in irregular canals. WC/R and WC/GP produced better adaptation than LC/R and LC/GP in irregular canals especially for WC/R at L6. (Supported by P0191/2006B, University of Malaya).


The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the methods and issues related to modeling and monitoring the inflow reduction programs currently being implemented by the City of Portland as part of its Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Facilities Plan. The inflow reduction programs consistofthedisconnection of roof downspouts from the combined system and the installation of infiltration sumps for residential stormwater runoff. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to track the performance of the sump and downspout disconnection programs. This chapter describes the modeling of these sumps and downspout disconnections in SWMM, current monitoring and modeling practices for the City, concerns and limitations of modeling and monitoring, and recommendations for further monitoring. There are several concerns and limitations in modeling and monitoring these conditions accurately. The primary concern of this effort is to be cettain that the inflow reduction technologies are performing as expected.


Over the past century, the world economy has passed through a succession of phases characterized by very different levels of international capital flows. This paper asks what accounts for these dramatic shifts in the extent of capital movements across national borders, three categories of explanation are considered. The first emphasizes the policy regime - attributing the unusual extent of capital flows prior to 1914 to the operation of the international gold standard, The second focuses on the stages-of-indebtedness sometimes thought to characterize the process of economic development. The third ascribes changes in the extent of capital flows to the boom-and-bust cycles through which international capital markets are thought to pass. Though each approach contributes something to our understanding of the phenomenon, none is totally satisfactory. I therefore suggest an alternative explanation, which lays stress on the increase in the magnitude of real interest rate and reel exchange race variability that has occurred over the last 100 years.


In recent years, very large association studies have begun to reveal the contributions of specific common genetic variants in conferring risk for mental illnesses such as autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, the size of effect of each individual risk variant has turned out to be surprisingly small (other than for some large structural genetic abnormalities that exist in only very few patients). In the context of very high heritability estimates, which suggest that genetic variation explains a substantial proportion of the variance in risk for psychiatric disease, the lack of many single genetic variants of at least small-to-moderate effect sizes is surprising. This problem has been termed "missing heritability", and there is some controversy as to its explanation. An alternative strategy for assessing the influence of genetic variation on risk for psychiatric disease is to consider as the phenotype not a categorical diagnosis, but instead a continuous trait that may be closer to some genetically-influenced process than the diagnosis itself. This strategy of examining "endophenotypes" has yielded some successes in non-psychiatric illness. For example, some of the genes implicated in cardiac arrhythmias were initially identified through an electrocardiogram endophenotype known as the "prolonged QT interval". Some patients with cardiac arrhythmias were found to have a prolonged QT interval, as were their unaffected first-degree relatives. Ultimately, genetic linkage studies using the prolonged QT interval as an endophenotype successfully identified several risk variants. The endophenotype approach has not yet been adopted widely in psychiatry. Nonetheless, several candidate endophenotypes have been proposed, including brain imaging measurements. Importantly, several brain imaging measurements conform to a number of the criteria for endophenotypes: they can be heritable; they can differentiate reliably psychiatric patients and non-patients; these differences can occur independent of medication or illness phase; and reliable effects can be identifiable in unaffected first-degree relatives. However, the expense and technical challenge inherent in gathering sufficiently large samples has generally precluded the use of brain imaging methods in large-scale genome-wide association studies to date. Instead, neuroimaging genetics studies have more commonly used the reverse approach, aiming to understand how risk variants for psychiatric disorders might alter brain function in non-psychiatric subjects. While this strategy has yielded some important insights into the mechanisms by which genetic variants affect neural function in healthy individuals, the greatest promise for neuroimaging genetics lies in the identification of new variants that would not have been identified using traditional psychiatric diagnoses as phenotypes.


The choice of pinhole geometry is a critical factor in the performance of pinhole-collimator-based source tracking systems for brachytherapy QA. In this work, an analytical model describing the penetrative sensitivity of a single-cone pinhole collimator to photons emitted from a point source is derived. Using existing models for single-cone resolution and double-cone sensitivity and resolution, the theoretical sensitivity and resolution of the single-cone collimator are quantitatively compared with those of a double-cone collimator with an equivalent field of view. Monte Carlo simulations of the single and double-cone pinhole collimators using an accurate 3D model of a commercial high dose rate brachytherapy source are performed to evaluate the relative performance of each geometry for a novel real-time HDR brachytherapy QA system, HDR BrachyView. The theoretical penetrative sensitivity of the single-cone pinhole is shown to be higher than the double-cone pinhole, which is in agreement with the results from the Monte Carlo simulations. The wider pinhole response function of the single-cone collimator results in a larger total error between the projected center of the source and the estimated center of mass of the source projection for the singlecone collimator, with the greatest error (at the maximum FoV angle) being 0.54 mm for the double-cone pinhole and 1.37 mm for the single-cone at θ = 60°. The double-cone pinhole geometry is determined to be the most appropriate choice for the pinhole collimator in the HDR BrachyView probe.


Title of Dissertation: FROM RED TO GREEN IN THE ISLAND CITY: THE ALTERNATIVE LISTE WEST BERLIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEST GERMAN LEFT, 19451990 Keith Duane Alexander, Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf Department of History In October 1978, diverse members of the West Berlin Left founded the Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz (Alternative Ballot for Democracy and Environmental ProtectionAL). This new political organization initially stood in fundamental opposition to the parliamentary system. Nevertheless, within three years, the AL had won a significant presence in the West Berlin Parliament, and in 1989, the party joined the Social Democrats in governing West Berlin. This dissertation examines the origins and evolution of this organization. It shows that, from the late 1970s through the end of the 1980s, a significant segment of the radical West German Left grew to accept parliamentary democracy. This occurred through the interplay of several different factors. First, the AL's parliamentary participation had a moderating, integrative effect on the party and its members. When the radical West Berlin Left decided to try to harness the parliaments in service of their movement, the 5 percent barrier to parliamentary representation forced disparate groups to abandon past dogmatism and find common ground. Once the AL entered parliament, its presence there meant that the issue of violence and its perception of democracy were constantly under debate. Second, the rise of ecological concerns played an important role in the AL's evolution. Environmental issues proved key in keeping the new organization's diverse components together. In addition, the AL's involvement with West Germany's Green Party meant that the AL was under constant pressure to revise its stance on violence. Finally, historical events, often focused in West Berlin, led the AL's members increasingly to renounce their radical beliefs. Over the course of the eighties, these events led AL members to distance themselves from violence and question their support for the GDR. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 initially unleashed a flood of utopian hopes by the Left that the end of the GDR regime would mean radical changes in both East and West Germany. When these changes failed to materialize, the AL turned back to parliamentary democracy in a newly unified Germany. Its experiences over the last decade made this not only palatable, but desirable. FROM RED TO GREEN IN THE ISLAND CITY: THE ALTERNATIVE LISTE WEST BERLIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEST GERMAN LEFT, 1945-1990


Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 interventions in prompting patients to obtain osteoporosis follow-up after a fracture. Our hypothesis was that a phone call plus letter would yield greater response toward osteoporosis evaluation versus a letter alone to patients after sustaining a fragility fracture. Materials and Methods: Prospective study randomized 141 patients age 50 years and older with a fragility fracture into 3 groups for comparison. Group 1 (letter only) patients received a letter 3 months after their diagnosis of fracture indicating their risk for osteoporosis and urging them to follow-up for evaluation. Group 2 (phone call plus letter) patients were contacted via phone 3 months after their diagnosis of fracture. A letter followed the phone call. Group 3 (control) patients were neither contacted via phone nor sent a letter. All groups were contacted via phone 6 months after their initial visit to determine if they followed up for evaluation. Results: In group 1, 23 (52.27%) of 44 had follow-up, and 21 (47.73%) of 44 did not follow-up. In group 2, 30 (62.5%) of 48 had follow-up, and 18 (37.50%) of 48 did not follow-up. In group 3, 6 (12.24%) of 49 had some sort of follow-up, and 43 (87.76%) of 49 did not have any follow-up. A statistical significance was achieved between group 3 (control) and both groups 1 and 2 with regard to follow-up (P < .0001). The results did not show a statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, however, there was a trend toward improved response with a phone call plus letter (P = .321). Conclusion: A more personalized approach with a phone call plus follow-up letter to patients increased osteoporosis follow-up care by an additional 10%, however, this was not a statistically significant difference from just sending out a letter alone.


Securities, as collateral, are one of the many types of collateral that require a financial institution to perfect its interest. In addition, securities are also one of the easiest types of collateral to take, due to the following: 1) easy to value, 2) ease of liquidation, 3) generally perfection accomplished by possession. However, there are factors of which a financial institution has to be aware in order to maintain its security position. One of the key risks with securities as collateral is ownership status. A financial institution needs to verify with the Securities and Exchange Commission the status of ownership for each security taken as collateral. The perfection and foreclosures procedures a financial institution should take to secure its interest in pledged securities is another issue that has to be resolved. There are many types of securities, and the steps in perfection and foreclosure vary as to the type, as well as to the procedures of inquiry. With securities as collateral, a financial institution should verify or inquire first, the ownership or previous history on pledges; second, the type of securities and the requirements associated with that type; and third, the steps that need to be taken in order to perfect and the procedures involved in foreclosure. COMPONENTS OF SECURED LENDING The following chart, in "Two Sides of Collateral: Security and Danger" from The Journal of Commercial Lending, June 1994, refers to the components of secured lending: (chart omitted) To make a secured transaction truly secure, the loan officers should focus on four areas: 1) The borrower, 2) Seniority position, 3) Protection, 4) Control. Collateral leads bankers to a fake sense of security. Collateral used as a basis for credit should be time tested and verified as to appropriateness to current conditions. Seniority refers to "the financial institution having top priority on the 'assets' of the borrower over other creditors due to legally enforceable claims."(1) Methods associated with the seniority vary according to the type of collateral taken. Protection refers to the realizable value of the collateral upon liquidation."(2) The focus points are value, margin vulnerability, marketability, and insurance of the collateral. Value is the determinable market price associated with the type of collateral used to secure the loan. Margin generally represents the "working capital cushion built into a financing agreement."(3) Vulnerability represents the risk associated with the volatility of the loan and unplanned events (i.e., government uproars, etc.). Marketability helps in the liquidation process by determining where, for how much and when the collateral can be liquidated. Insurance is required to protect the financial institution's estimate of value. Control "is the time value of collateral, the value and the care of the asset, and the associated documentation for the purpose of ensuring the proper coverage of the exposure and the claim of the...."(4) financial institution. BACKGROUND In 1977, the SEC established the Securities Information Center (SIC) to help monitor missing, lost, counterfeit, or stolen securities. The SIC is the clearinghouse for all reports and inquiries concerning the ownership of securities. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Article 8 and Article 9, covers the issues associated with securities as collateral and the foreclosure on those securities. Article 8 covers the transfer and perfection of security interest in non-government securities, and Article 9 refers to the foreclosure on stock. Foreclosure of stock can create unusual problems for the creditor. The problems come primarily from the conflicting policies of the UCC and the federal securities law, Securities Act of 1933. In the initial phase of default proceedings, they are similar to personal property foreclosure. …


This article is an in-depth exploration of the impacts of an Indian tribe deciding to pursue environmentally destructive forms of economic development. The article makes two principal contributions. First, it establishes the Navajo Nation's decision-making role. Prior mineral resource forms of development may have been formally approved by the tribe but the agreements did not truly belong to the Navajo Nation. Extensive research into earlier agreements shows the heavy influence of the federal government and mining interests historically. Existing scholarship on reservation environmental harm tends to deflect tribal responsibility, attributing such decisions to outside forces. Without denying the challenges the Navajo Nation is facing, the article calls for recognition, despite the romanticism that surrounds Indians and the environment, of tribal agency and responsibility for the proposed environmental destruction. Second, I argue that environmental organizations that make use of federal environmental review processes are complicit in the systematic denial of Indian sovereignty that federal primacy entails. Although there is a strong theoretical argument that the only limits appropriate for Indian nations are those of nation-states under international law, the Article concludes that the relationship between environmental organizations and Indian nations ought to be guided by international human rights law.


With increasing changes in the demographic characteristics of the U.S. population, providing culturally competent health care to patients has become an important component of nursing. Study abroad experiences can enhance students' international perspective, facilitate personal and professional growth, develop cultural competence skills, and help students better understand other cultures and global issues. This article describes University of North Carolina at Greensboro nursing students' clinical and cultural experiences with Wuhan University, Hope School of Nursing, in China. The international community health nursing experience in China provided students with opportunities to become immersed in Chinese culture, examine the health care system in China, and see the Chinese people and the world from a different perspective. Clinical experiences for the University of North Carolina at Greensboro nursing students included community assessments, home visits, Western and traditional Chinese medicine hospital visits, a health fair, and a health education program presented to community residents in Wuhan. Through their experiences, students learned how to appreciate and respect a culture that is different from their own and enhanced their skills in providing culturally competent care to diverse populations in the United States.


This paper addresses the techno-economic-environmental analysis of large-scale olefin production from shale gas in the major shale regions of the U.S. (including Appalachian, Gulf Coast, Mid-Continent, and Rocky Mountain regions) and investigates its environmental footprints. To decipher the true production costs and environmental impacts, we first develop shale gas supply and olefin production network models to estimate pipeline distances, numbers of wells, well-sites, and gathering systems needed in the near- and mid-term. Next, detailed process design, modeling, and integration methods for alternative technologies are developed. We conduct life cycle analysis (LCA) to systematically evaluate the energy–water–carbon nexus. Based on the economic and LCA results, we compare the influences of gas composition, project operating time, well lifetime, and the allocation method. The results indicate that the four shale regions considered would in total supply feedstocks for U.S. ethylene production for at least 130 years. However, only olefins produced from Gulf Coast and Mid-Continent regions demonstrate economic advantage ($668 per t and $255 per t) over ethylene in the current market. Based on the mass-based allocation approach, for the four shale regions evaluated, the energy consumption is 13.8–17.2, 14.3–16.7, 13.3–16.7, and 12.2–14.5 GJ per t olefins, and the freshwater footprint is 3.31–4.28, 5.34–5.65, 3.05–3.56, and 4.68–5.03 kg kg−1 olefins, respectively. In addition, normalized GHG emissions indicate that shale gas can be categorized as a low-carbon feedstock (0.75–1.05 kg CO2-eq per kg) based on a mass-based allocation approach, or a high-carbon feedstock (1.24–2.13 kg CO2-eq per kg) based on an economic value-based allocation approach.


Prophetic mission praxis is increasingly becoming difficult in the democratic South Africa. This article unearths and analyses the prophetic role played by faith communities in South Africa during the apartheid regime. It focuses on different approaches adopted by each of the major faith communities in response to apartheid. The author categorises the role of faith communities into three viz; those that supported apartheid, those that rejected it and those that adopted what he refers to as 'quiet diplomacy' with regards to apartheid. Apart from Christian faith communities, the author also analyses the role played by other faith communities such as Islam and African Traditional Religions. Having this in mind, the author looks at the current situation with regards to the prophetic role of faith communities in the democratic South Africa and thereafter proposes a way forward for a relevant prophetic mission praxis.


Although a number of active source seismic experiments have been conducted over the last few decades to investigate the crustal structure in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, long-term observation to monitor underwater tectonic activities and changes in the cryospheric environment still remains challenging due to existence of sea ice in the study region. Korea Polar Research Institute has accomplished successful deployment of ocean bottom seismome-ters (OBS) in the Ross Sea collaborating with Alfred Wegener Institute during the period of 2011-2012 and 2014 by Korean icebreaker RV Araon. The OBS system manufactured by K.U.M. contains a hydrophone sensor that allow us to monitor underwater acoustics generated by tectonic and ice-related events. We present spectrograms of the continuous hydroacoustic data and various types of signals, e.g. seismic T-waves, iceequakes, and tremors. There are periodic and harmonic tremors that might be related with tidal modulation, and the seasonal variation of the background noise seems to be related with sea ice concentration.


Detailed observational studies of undisturbed gambler behaviour in venues are rare, especially if the focus is on continuous gambling such as electronic gaming machines (EGMs). EGMs are the main source of harmful gambling in New Zealand and all EGMs in New Zealand now include a mandatory pop-up message feature. The present study reports on 48 hours of in-situ observations of EGM gamblers in casino and non-casino (pub) venues in New Zealand and sought to establish whether relatively detailed observations of EGM features and gambler behaviour in venues were possible. Pop-up messages were the EGM feature focused on given their harm-minimisation potential, and the relative ease with which they can be observed. However, other EGM features were also documented along with descriptive accounts of associated gambler behaviour. The results establish that relatively detailed (quantitative or qualitative) observational data can be collected in venues using smart phones. The data showed pop-up messages were generally attended to but had little observable effect on gambler behaviour in venues. Direct in-situ observation of gamblers can provide ecologically valid information to compliment more common experimental and survey-based approaches. Some suggestions for developing the procedure are discussed.


Quebec's laws prohibiting commerce in private health insurance should not be narrowly interpreted. By logical (and perhaps legal) extension, provincial laws that effectively prohibit physicians from practising in the private sector (through opt-out legislation, for example) are likely to be ruled invalid also. There is no use permitting private medical insurance but forbidding physicians to provide private care. Lawrie McFarlane, a former deputy minister of health for British Columbia, comments that the decision poses an "imminent threat of a two-tier system" (page 269). The Supreme Court ruling on what it judged a waiting time that was unreasonable and potentially harmful to a single patient is in fact a broad condemnation of medicare, a system that is failing to deliver despite recent federal injections of Can$41 billion. Canada also ranks among the highest-spending nations on health care per capita. Is the problem simply insufficient resources, or is it, as Romanow, Kirby and others have reported, also, and perhaps mainly, inefficiency, mismanagement and professional self-interest? Physicians are at the vortex of the system and this crisis: Are we responsible? In responding to the Supreme Court's decision, federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh will have to make some tough decisions. But the provincial medical associations and the CMA also face complex and difficult challenges: the profession is deeply divided about two-tier health care. The case that triggered the Supreme Court decision was brought by a physician who was prohibited from opening a private health care facility. He is not alone among physicians. Others, however, are just as strongly committed to a single-tier system. In the face of such profound ambivalence, debate within the profession must be frank, not fogged with politeness and generalities. Steven Lewis, a health policy expert, lays out starkly the case that organized medicine is largely responsible for the crisis in medicare that resulted in the Supreme Court decision (page 275). Albert Schumacher, President of the CMA, defends the profession's record and outlines the perspective of the association and its members (pages 277). Responsibility and future roles aside, it is very likely, in our view, that a public–private mix of medical care will be the end result. What might it look like? With a two-tier system Canada would join Australia and countries in Europe and elsewhere where public and private health care coexist. We asked Richard Smith, former editor of BMJ and now chief executive of UnitedHealth Europe, a company that markets private services in Europe to over 50 million people, to comment from both his long editorial experience and his current corporate viewpoint (page 273). Lastly, why did patient George Zeliotis have to wait so long for his elective orthopedic surgery before seeking recourse through the courts? What is wrong with waiting lists, particularly those for elective surgery? David Hadorn, former research director of the Western Canada Waiting List Project, considers questions of priority on waiting lists, reviews the widely divergent opinions of physicians, patients and the public on what constitutes a reasonable amount of time to wait and then outlines how the private sector can and likely will increase efficiency by, among other things, using nonphysician clinical assistants for some of the routine tasks common in elective surgery (page 271). Private health care for elective surgical and some diagnostic procedures is certain to follow the Supreme Court decision. The high court allows no appeal. Let the grand experiment begin. — CMAJ


Isolated systems that evade thermalization exhibit behavior more commonly associated with quantum ground states: for instance, fully many-body localized (MBL) systems show area law entanglement in every eigenstate and robust ordering phenomena. First, I will apply real-space renormalization group ideas to study a class of "quantum critical glasses" in which (nearly) every eigenstate exhibits logarithmic entanglement scaling conventionally associated with one dimensional critical ground states. Such "infinite randomness" phases are believed to describe critical points between distinct MBL phases, or stable critical phases of anyonic spin chains [1]. I will also point out an example where an infinite randomness fixed point of a non-interacting theory is disrupted by interactions that break either ergodicity or symmetry, preventing the stabilization of certain types of symmetry-protected topological order by localization [2]. Finally, I will discuss a simple microscopic model and its associated scaling theory for the transition out of the MBL phase, where ergodicity is restored sharply at an unusual critical point [3]. References: [1] Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 217201 (2015). [2] arXiv:1510.04282 (2015). [3] Phys. Rev. X. 5, 031033 (2015). Based on joint work with R. Vasseur, A.C. Potter and A.J. Friedman. Host: Will Cole Web: http://www.physics.umd.edu/cmtc/seminars.html Siddharth Parameswaran UC-Irvine Condensed Matter Theory Center Seminar


In 1999, we discovered that juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in the Florida Keys were infected with PaV1 (Panulirus argus virus 1), the first naturally occurring pathogenic virus reported from lobsters. The virus profoundly affects their biology and ecology. PaV1 is probably wide-spread in the Caribbean with confirmed infections from the United States (Florida), St. Croix, Mexico, and Belize; and anecdotal reports from the Bahamas and Cuba. Mean prevalence in the Florida Keys has been stable since 1999 (5 - 8%), but has risen from 2.7% to 10.9% in Mexico (Puerto Morelos), the only other country where it has been studied extensively. The disease is most prevalent (> 15%) in the smallest juveniles lobsters (< 20 mm carapace length) and declines in prevalence among larger juveniles and adults. Although adults do not present the characteristic signs of this disease, they can harbor the virus with PCR-confirmed infections of adult, fishery-caught lobsters of 11 and 50% in Florida and Belize, respectively. The virus is lethal; infected lobsters die over one to several months with more rapid mortality for small juveniles. Infected lobsters become increasingly sedentary and cease feeding, often dying of metabolic exhaustion. Routes of viral transmission include ingestion, contact, and for early benthic juveniles, transmission through seawater over a few meters. Recent studies show that PaV1 is not viable in seawater for more than a few days, but larvae and postlarvae can be carriers over potentially long distances. Lobster ecology is dramatically altered during the course of infection. Prior to infectiousness, healthy lobsters avoid diseased lobsters, presumably reducing their risk of infection and resulting in infected juvenile lobsters dwelling alone rather than in groups. Avoidance results in increased shelter competition between healthy and diseased lobsters, with greater predation on the increasingly lethargic and solitary infected lobsters. Little is known about the prevalence or impact of PaV1 outside of Mexico and the United States, but the disease threatens fisheries throughout the pan-Caribbean range of P. argus. Marine diseases are emerging at an accelerated rate and the tools and knowledge that we develop through the study of diseases such as PaV1 will be invaluable in addressing future epizootics.


In 1984, during the preliminary design for the proposed second powerhouse at the Corps of Engineers' McNary Dam on the Columbia River, the more recent improvements and techniques were investigated. To that end, many of the available options were compared, basing final selection on lowest life cycle costs, including initial cost, energy cost, and where relevant, maintenance. Salvage values were generally neglected. The investigation was restricted to electrical aspects of the auxiliary systems only. Main power equipment efficiency had always been an active goal, and little additional familiarity was needed in that field. The second powerhouse design has been set aside until power demand increases, so the recommendations of this investigation were not completely followed through at McNary. But the information and methods studied have been applied to designs elsewhere, so the work has been of value. This paper shares some of the discoveries made in the process, often confirming well-known methods, occasionally finding something new.


In this article, we propose a machine-learning framework for parameter estimation of single-mode Gaussian quantum states. Under a Bayesian framework, our approach estimates parameters of suitable prior distributions from measured data. For phase-space displacement and squeezing parameter estimation, this is achieved by introducing expectation–maximization (EM)-based algorithms, while for phase parameter estimation, an empirical Bayes method is applied. The estimated prior distribution parameters along with the observed data are used for finding the optimal Bayesian estimate of the unknown displacement, squeezing, and phase parameters. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have estimation performance that is very close to that of "Genie Aided" Bayesian estimators, which assume perfect knowledge of the prior parameters. In practical scenarios, when numerical values of the prior distribution parameters are not known beforehand, our proposed methods can be used to find optimal Bayesian estimates from the observed measurement data.


We develop an extensible description logic for stating the content of optimality-theoretic constraints in phonology, and specify a class of structures for interpreting it. The aim is a transparent formalisation of OT. We show how to state a wide range of constraints, including markedness, input–output faithfulness and base–reduplicant faithfulness. However, output–output correspondence and 'intercandidate' sympathy are revealed to be problematic: it is unclear that any reasonable class of structures can reconstruct their proponents' intentions. But our contribution is positive. Proponents of both output–output correspondence and sympathy have offered alternatives that fit into the general OT picture. We show how to state these in a reasonable extension of our formalism. The problematic constraint types were developed to deal with opaque phenomena. We hope to shed new light on the debate about how to handle opacity, by subjecting some common responses to it within OT to critical investigation.


This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on wo quasi-natural experiments" in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples."


Policy interventions aimed at affecting a specific behavior may also indirectly affect individual choices in other domains. In this paper we study the direct effect of tobacco excise taxes and smoking bans on smoking behavior, and the indirect effect on eating behavior and body weight. Using very detailed clinical data on individual health, smoking, and dietary habits, we show that antismoking policies are effective in reducing smoking, but their consequences on eating behavior dramatically depend on the specific implemented policy. Increasing excise taxes on tobacco decreases body weight and caloric intake, and it improves the quality of eaten food. Smoking bans, instead, do not significantly affect body weight, although they impact on the diet composition. Smoking bans in restaurants induce a significant rise in the quality of food and in daily caloric intake. Conversely, smoking bans in bars negatively affect the quality of the daily diet, as individuals eat more fats and less fibers, and drink more alcohol and caffeine.


This paper studies the role of structural remedies in merger control in a Cournot setting where (endogenous) mergers are motivated by prospective efficiency gains and must be submitted to an Antitrust Authority (AA) which might require partial divestiture for approval. Both positive and negative effects of merger remedies are identified. First, structural remedies create new merger opportunities to firms. Second, when divestitures are required, the AA over-fixes, i.e., goes beyond the recreation of the level of competition that existed prior to the transaction. Finally, by insisting in over-fixing, the AA may discourage firms to look for more efficient mergers, inducing a final outcome where consumers' surplus is lower than if divestitures couldn't be required. Overall, however, structural remedies are shown to be good: consumers' surplus ex-ante is higher with than without remedies.


For flexible manufacturing systems, there are normally some durations in which a number of machines are idle and do not process any parts. Devising a control policy to turn off the idle machines and reduce their level of energy consumption is a significant contribution towards the green manufacturing paradigm. This paper addresses the design of such a control strategy for a closed-loop flow shop plant based on a one-loop pallet system. The main goal is to coordinate running of the machines and motion of pallets to gain the minimal energy consumption in idle machines, as well as to obtain the desired throughput for the plant. To fulfill this goal, first mathematical conditions, which economically characterize the on-off control for machines, are presented. Constrained to these conditions and the mathematical models describing the pallet system, a mixed integer nonlinear minimization problem with the energy monitor as the objective function is then developed. Provided that the problem computation time can be managed, the optimal control for the operation of the plant and the minimal energy consumption in the idle machines are computed. To deal with the time complexity, a linearized form of the model and a heuristic approach are introduced. These methods are applied to some examples of industrial size, and their impacts in practice are discussed and verified by using a discrete event simulation tool.


Aims To assess if older symptomatic children with club foot deformity differ in perceived disability and foot function during gait, depending on initial treatment with Ponseti or surgery, compared to a control group. Second aim was to investigate correlations between foot function during gait and perceived disability in this population. Methods In all, 73 children with idiopathic club foot were included: 31 children treated with the Ponseti method (mean age 8.3 years; 24 male; 20 bilaterally affected, 13 left and 18 right sides analyzed), and 42 treated with primary surgical correction (mean age 11.6 years; 28 male; 23 bilaterally affected, 18 left and 24 right sides analyzed). Foot function data was collected during walking gait and included Oxford Foot Model kinematics (Foot Profile Score and the range of movement and average position of each part of the foot) and plantar pressure (peak pressure in five areas of the foot). Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire, Disease Specific Index for club foot, Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 were also collected. The gait data were compared between the two club foot groups and compared to control data. The gait data were also correlated with the data extracted from the questionnaires. Results Our findings suggest that symptomatic children with club foot deformity present with similar degrees of gait deviations and perceived disability regardless of whether they had previously been treated with the Ponseti Method or surgery. The presence of sagittal and coronal plane hindfoot deformity and coronal plane forefoot deformity were associated with higher levels of perceived disability, regardless of their initial treatment. Conclusion This is the first paper to compare outcomes between Ponseti and surgery in a symptomatic older club foot population seeking further treatment. It is also the first paper to correlate foot function during gait and perceived disability to establish a link between deformity and subjective outcomes Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-7:384–391.


A framework is outlined for estimating pedestrian demand within a railway station which takes advantage of the train timetable and train frequentation data, as well as various direct or indirect indicators of demand. These may include e.g. link flow counts, measurements of density and travel times, or historical information. The problem is considered in discrete time and at the aggregate level, i.e., for groups of pedestrians associated with the same origin-destination pair and with the same departure time interval. The formulation of the framework allows for a wide applicability to various types of railway stations and input data. A preliminary case study analysis of Lausanne railway station provides an example of such an application.


Conducted analytical studies, resulted in the construction of a new mathematical model of plane-parallel motion combined simultaneous sowing unit and bandpass mineral fertilizers. If you use the original equation in the form of Lagrange II-the kind, the system was composed of six differential equations of motion, that describes the behavior of the combined unit with its plane-parallel motion. Defined analytical expressions for the forces, that act on the machine unit, can be solved on the PC.


The IT business value concept is central to information systems. Understanding the range of meanings of IT business value in specific situations would contribute, in part, to a better knowledge of the boundaries of this concept. Current definitions for IT business value are ambig-uous and considerations of IT business value tend to disregard stakeholder perceptions and other fundamental aspects of value realisation such as the value context and timeframe, and the nature of the IT artefact generating the value. This paper presents a 4-dimensional model of the sources of IT business value and elaborates the stakeholder perception dimension by analysing IT busi-ness value as perceived by stakeholders in a single case study of an IT digitalisation project in a public sector organisation in the UK. We performed stakeholder and stakeholder salience analysis and found the following IT business values emerged: enabling organisational transformation, customer experience, cost saving, digitalisation, social service improvement, and data protection. These six values are composed of 33 sub-values. The contributions of this paper are an initial model of IT business value sources, a nuanced understanding of stakeholder perceptions of IT business value, and a case for the utility of stakeholder salience in evaluating IT business value.


OBJECTIVE
Family carers of people with mental disorders have specific needs to safeguard their own mental health. The needs of carers of individuals with eating disorders have received little attention. A focus group with carers of people with anorexia nervosa identified a number of specific needs (Haigh & Treasure [2003]. European Eating Disorders Review, 11(2), 125-141). However, there has been no published research into the needs of carers of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).

METHOD
Twenty carers of individuals with BN were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and the texts were analyzed using a content analysis approach to identify themes.

RESULTS
Carers expressed the need for more information, practical advice, guidance, and the need to talk to others about their experiences.

DISCUSSION
Further research is recommended to explore how the needs expressed by carers may best be translated into services that effectively meet the requirements of both patients and carers and reduce the risk to carers' mental health.


A sensitive resource for planning and conducting Christian funerals and providing pastoral care to the bereaved. Written from the perspective of the resurrection of the body rather than that of the immortality of the soul, this book seeks to make the funeral service a celebration of hope. Includes a selection of funeral rites, selecting music, and developing church policy statements.


Homelessness imposes severe mental, physical, and social deprivation on a significant number of children in the United States. The extreme poverty of homeless families puts them at high risk for negative consequences effecting the physical and mental health of the children. The results of two studies discussed in this chapter indicate a high incidence of depression in homeless school-age children. One study also suggests a positive correlation between high levels of depression and anxiety. The needs of depressed homeless children can be met most effectively through the services of an interdisciplinary service team, coordinated by a case manager. Such a team consists of professionals with multiple skills and tools; together, they can provide interventions in nursing, social work, counseling, and child psychiatry.


Nowadays, health, wellness and medical tourism are recognized as one of the most developed and growing sector of today's thriving tourism industry that has increased its activity worldwide, due to a lot of social and economic circumstancies that leads people to achieve and pursue a better quality of life. However, these kind of tourism face a multitude of challenges and one of that challenges is the discrepance on its different conceptual approaches and definitions. A literature review on this topic with a descriptive, comparative and exploratory nature was conducted, building a theoretical framework on this field of study. Units of meaning for the definition of the concept categories were elected, which allowed to reflect and sintetize the different approaches to the topic. This analysis brought other perspectives of identification and description of distinct themes, including a few issues about health, wellness, medical tourism, wellbeing and quality of life. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to summarize and clarify this complex and sweeping concept that assumes in a prominent role in the global context of tourism and results in a concise overview of the literature produced on the subject towards a small contribution to a better understanding of the concept.


"Travels with Herodotus" records how Kapuscinski set out on his first forays - to India, China and Africa - with the great Greek historian constantly in his pocket. He sees Louis Armstrong in Khartoum, visits Dar-es-Salaam, arrives in Algiers in time for a coup when nothing seems to happen (but he sees the Mediterranean for the first time). At every encounter with a new culture, Kapuscinski plunges in, curious and observant, thirsting to understand its history, its thought, its people. And he reads "Herodotus" so much that he often feels he is embarking on two journeys - the first his assignment as a reporter, the second following Herodotus' expeditions.


For my PhD I have produced a film and a ficto-critical thesis that explores the issue of audience interaction as a primary determinant in the making of an artwork. The focus of the research is "Project Neurocam", an earlier on-line interactive project made by myself.

The main objective of the research is to examine the theoretical questions generated by this project—is it art? Where does authorship reside? Is it a hoax? What kinds of relationships does it construct? These questions are addressed in the research outcomes of the PhD project, which are in the form of a 75-minute narrative film and a ficto-critical thesis, written as an investigative narrative inquiry into how these considerations relate to the audience's perception of the work.

Whilst the original Project Neurocam was designed by myself, these two new projects constitute new creative outputs exploring the meaning of an interactive project from the viewpoint of the participant, and exploring this perspective through narrative-structured forms so that the works engage new audiences via story telling. The new work represents a clear shift of focus for myself into theoretical examinations of the role of the audience and a move into different narrative media.

Added to these two, new original works, is an extended exegesis that casts the fictional works and their theoretical implications in conventional academic terms. The three components represent the outcomes of this PhD research.

To locate my research within the field of creative practice and theory, my thesis focuses primarily on the following related areas:

1. Interactive performance artworks where direct interaction with an audience is integral to the creation of the work.
2. The role of the hoax: comparisons between Crop Circles and Neurocam.
3. Nicolas Bourriaud's Relational Aesthetics: is Neurocam an example of Relational Art?
4. Flash Mobs and Smart Mobs: the use of new communication technologies to create self-perpetuating social structures.
5. The social implications of Alternate Reality Games (ARGs) and their similarities and differences to Project Neurocam.

My thesis is written using an experimental writing style called Fictocriticism, which merges the traditional divisions between fiction, theory and criticism into a single text. This text tells a story while making an argument.

In this case the story will be the story of Project Neurocam, from the point of view of an anonymous main protagonist. The narrative will explore the many complexities of the project from the point of view of the audience, and will be based on interviews, conversations, blogs, message boards, forums, chat rooms and writing from actual participants. The narrative will also incorporate all of the theoretical references and discourse, which will contextualise the project within the broader framework of contemporary fine art practice.

The practical component of my studio-based PhD is a feature length film I have written, produced and directed that allows the viewer to experience what it would be like to participate directly in Project Neurocam. The film follows an investigative journalist's journey as he attempts to infiltrate and expose what Project Neurocam is, who is behind it and what their agenda is.
The film is different to the thesis in that it focuses on the experiential aspects of the project rather than the theoretical connections. As well as giving the viewer a visual representation of the project's unique aesthetic, it also gives insight into the main protagonist's emotional connection with the content as he becomes increasingly more implicated in a series of strange scenarios dictated by what he sees as Project Neurocam's 'puppet masters'.


BACKGROUND
In men, excess weight may be linked with altered testosterone, estradiol levels, poor semen quality and infertility. We investigated whether higher BMI among men is associated with infertility and if so, to what extent that effect might be mediated by altered sexual function.

METHODS
A retrospective cohort study of pregnancies from 1999 through 2005 based within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Questionnaires assessed mother's and father's height and weight and time to pregnancy. Our sample comprises 26 303 planned pregnancies. Couples were considered infertile if they took >or=12 months to achieve pregnancy or received infertility treatment.

RESULTS
After adjusting for the woman's BMI, coital frequency and the ages and smoking habits of both partners, the odds ratio for infertility was 1.20 for overweight men [BMI 25-29.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.38] and 1.36 for obese men (BMI 30-34.9; 95% CI = 1.13-1.63) relative to men with low-normal BMI (20.0-22.4). When BMI was divided into eight categories, there was a trend of increased infertility with increased male BMI. The effect of men's BMI was nearly identical when coital frequency was not included indicating that the effect is not mediated by sexual dysfunction in heavier men.

CONCLUSIONS
This study adds further support that men with excess body weight are at increased risk of infertility. Values may be underestimated because the most severe cases, couples who do not conceive, are not included in this birth cohort. Research is needed to see if weight loss improves fertility for these men.


ABSTRACT Neither breakpoints (BPs) nor epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) have been established for Candida spp. with anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin when using the Sensititre YeastOne (SYO) broth dilution colorimetric method. In addition, reference caspofungin MICs have so far proven to be unreliable. Candida species wild-type (WT) MIC distributions (for microorganisms in a species/drug combination with no detectable phenotypic resistance) were established for 6,007 Candida albicans, 186 C. dubliniensis, 3,188 C. glabrata complex, 119 C. guilliermondii, 493 C. krusei, 205 C. lusitaniae, 3,136 C. parapsilosis complex, and 1,016 C. tropicalis isolates. SYO MIC data gathered from 38 laboratories in Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States were pooled to statistically define SYO ECVs. ECVs for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin encompassing ≥97.5% of the statistically modeled population were, respectively, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.06 μg/ml for C. albicans, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.03 μg/ml for C. glabrata complex, 4, 2, and 4 μg/ml for C. parapsilosis complex, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.06 μg/ml for C. tropicalis, 0.25, 1, and 0.25 μg/ml for C. krusei, 0.25, 1, and 0.12 μg/ml for C. lusitaniae, 4, 2, and 2 μg/ml for C. guilliermondii, and 0.25, 0.25, and 0.12 μg/ml for C. dubliniensis. Species-specific SYO ECVs for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin correctly classified 72 (88.9%), 74 (91.4%), 76 (93.8%), respectively, of 81 Candida isolates with identified fks mutations. SYO ECVs may aid in detecting non-WT isolates with reduced susceptibility to anidulafungin, micafungin, and especially caspofungin, since testing the susceptibilities of Candida spp. to caspofungin by reference methodologies is not recommended.


Myelin, made by oligodendrocytes, is essential for rapid information transfer in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) receive glutamatergic synaptic input from axons but how this affects their development is unclear. Murine OPs in white matter express AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits GluA2, GluA3 and GluA4. We generated mice in which OPs lack both GluA2 and GluA3, or all three subunits GluA2/3/4, which respectively reduced or abolished AMPAR-mediated input to OPs. In both double- and triple-knockouts OP proliferation and number were unchanged but ~25% fewer oligodendrocytes survived in the subcortical white matter during development. In triple knockouts, this shortfall persisted into adulthood. The oligodendrocyte deficit resulted in ~20% fewer myelin sheaths but the average length, number and thickness of myelin internodes made by individual oligodendrocytes appeared normal. Thus, AMPAR-mediated signalling from active axons stimulates myelin production in developing white matter by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival, without influencing myelin synthesis per se. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28080.001


Published for the first time together in one volume is Ludwig von Misess Notes and Recollections with The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics. Written between 1940 and 1941, shortly after he arrived in the United States, Notes and Recollections is in effect Misess pre-1940 intellectual autobiography. This work reveals how Mises developed his theories, wrote his books, lectured, and taught; it describes his life in Vienna and the people with whom he worked. He also discusses his activities as an adviser to Austrian government officials and his frustrations in attempting to keep inflation and communist and Nazi ideas from destroying the Austrian economy. The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics is an essay originally published in English in 1969 that reveals Misess intellectual development in the context of the origins of the Austrian School. It serves as a good introduction to the theory and history of the Austrian School. As Mises explains in these two works, his viewpoint that modern economics is based on subjective value and marginal-utility theory separated him from classical economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill.


African financial history is often neglected in research on the history of global financial systems, and in its turn research on African financial systems in the past often fails to explore links with the rest of the world. However, African economies and financial systems have been linked to the rest of the world since ancient times. Sub-Saharan Africa was a key supplier of gold used to underpin the monetary systems of Europe and the North from the medieval period through the 19th century. It was West African gold rather than slaves that first brought Europeans to the Atlantic coast of Africa during the early modern period. Within sub-Saharan Africa, currency and credit systems reflected both internal economic and political structures as well as international links. Before the colonial period, indigenous currencies were often tied to particular trades or trade routes. These systems did not immediately cease to exist with the introduction of territorial currencies by colonial governments. Rather, both systems coexisted, often leading to shocks and localized crises during periods of global financial uncertainty. At independence, African governments had to contend with a legacy of financial underdevelopment left from the colonial period. Their efforts to address this have, however, been shaped by global economic trends. Despite recent expansion and innovation, limited financial development remains a hindrance to economic growth.


This installment of Trends & Controversies provides an array of perspectives on the latest research in modeling user behavior. Peng Cui, Huan Liu, Charu Aggarwal, and Fei Wang introduce the field in "Uncovering and Predicting Human Behaviors." The essays included are "Computational Modeling of Complex User Behaviors: Challenges and Opportunities," by Peng Cui, Huan Liu, Charu Aggarwal, and Fei Wang; "Non-IID Recommendation Theories and Systems," by Longbing Cao and Philip S. Yu; "User Behavior Modeling and Fraud Detection," by Alex Beutel and Christos Faloutsos; and "Transfer Learning for Behavior Prediction," by Weike Pan and Qiang Yang.