This thesis is an analysis about the existance of William James' Pragmatism on Jack Burden in Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men. The thesis writer is curious to know the existance of William James' Pragmatism on Jack Burden because he is the only person who can survive and understand about his world It includes the experience of Jack Burden to the past which made him change from a person who does not know anything happen surround him to a person who achieves an integration between himself and the world he lives in The thesis writer finds out that there is the philosophy of pragmatism in the novel because Jack Burden, as a researcher of truth, did the experience to the past which made him change into a person who can understand his world better and can live in his world Philosophy of pragmatism based on the conception of truth and as mediating system, stress the importance of experience which can change the view of a person so that the person can live in his world better and he can achieve the integration with the world he lives in. Jack, at first, does not want to know about everything happen surround him because he feels that it is useless to know anything happen in the world since he cannot understand the world he lives in. But, as a researcher of truth, Jack should find out the truth in the life of Judge Irwin, which made him change into the person who is aware of the important of the knowledge after he made an experience to the past life of the Judge. From the experience he knew that what he has done was wrong and it made him change into a person who is more responsible, more understand about his world, and know how should live for the future. The experience made him become the person who can understand his world better and can live in his world with his loving mother and wife. Besides, as a mediator person, Jack gains the knowledge from Willie and Adam that man cannot live only base on his idea or action, but on both of them Idea and action must be in a balance. By becoming a researcher of truth and a mediator person, Jack can live harmoniously with his mother and his lover, Anne. So, the change in Jack which leads him to the harmonious life with his mother and his lover, make the thesis writer concludes that there is William James'pragmatism in Jack Burden


Nitrogen concentration time trends from Lithuanian rivers were analyzed to provide information on the amount, sources, and causes of nitrate runoff to the Baltic Sea from Lithuania. This investigation focused on the impact of large-scale agricultural production on nitrate concentration in the rivers. Long-term water quality changes were determined using the national monitoring data from the Lithuanian Ministry of Environmental Protection.


Background: Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Despite the coexisting global epidemics of T. vaginalis and HIV, little attention has focused on the emerging evidence that T. vaginalis increases susceptibility to, and potentially transmission of, HIV. Methods: We evaluated T. vaginalis infection in the context of a multisite, randomized controlled trial amongst women in South Africa and Zimbabwe, to determine first, if risk of HIV acquisition was increased among women recently infected with T. vaginalis, and second, if risk of T. vaginalis acquisition was increased among women infected with HIV. Results: After controlling for potential confounders, participants infected with T. vaginalis were more likely to test positive for HIV at their following visit, compared to participants uninfected with T. vaginalis (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.05–4.02). Similarly, HIV-positive participants were twice as likely to have acquired T. vaginalis infection at the following visit, compared to HIV-negative participants (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.35–3.32). Conclusions: We found an increased risk of both HIV acquisition associated with T. vaginalis infection and risk of T. vaginalis acquisition associated with HIV infection. This bidirectional relationship represents a potentially important factor in sustaining the HIV epidemic in populations where T. vaginalis is endemic.


The relict moraines in Argentine Patagonia archive major expansions of the Patagonian Ice Sheet throughout the Quaternary, and are one of the few terrestrial climate proxies in the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere that extends beyond the last glacial cycle. Determining their individual ages has proved challenging but has important implications for our understanding of terrestrial climate change in southern South America over the duration of the Quaternary. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that sediment on outwash terraces can be directly dated to determine the timing of early–middle Quaternary glacial advances in southern South America. Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al surface exposure ages were obtained from outwash gravels associated with two of the oldest glacial sequences in the Lago Pueyrredon valley (47.5°S), Argentina. The outermost Gorra de Poivre glacial sequence marks the greatest extent of the Patagonian Ice Sheet. A cobble from this surface gives 10 Be and 26 Al surface exposure ages of ca. 1.2 Ma, consistent with bracketing 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age constraints obtained elsewhere in Patagonia. This is the first time early Pleistocene glacial surfaces have been directly dated in Patagonia. Cobbles on a younger Canadon de Caracoles outwash terrace give exposure ages of ca. 600 ka, while 4 of 5 boulders on an associated moraine give exposure ages that are significantly younger. If the demonstrated stability of outwash terraces in the valley is common throughout the region, it will be possible to extend Patagonian glacial chronologies as far back as the early Pleistocene.


The aim of the present study was to make an idiographic investigation about the difficulties that are encountered by people who self-identify as having difficulties with self-compassion. Although a growing number of studies have been carried out concerning the concept of self-compassion, most research designs were quantitative. Based on this gap, the current study expanded the scope to include a qualitative dimension of the recent literature on self-compassion and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was adopted as methodological preference, which particularly monitors the lived experience of participants. In consequence of four in-depth semi-structured interviews, four super-ordinate themes emerged; the double-edged-sword: perfectionism, the flaws of compassion, the effects of a third person, and the advantages of self-criticism. In line with pre-existing research, these findings explored the reasons behind self-undermining behaviours and misconstructions about self-compassion, which are a barrier to gentle self-talk. Furthermore, unfavourable effects of the social environment prime participants to maladaptive perfectionism and excessive self-criticism, which are considered a success formula by the participants. This study's purpose is to present a detailed roadmap about the self-destructive journey of the people with low self-compassion. It will help researchers and clinicians to develop future interventions in order to cultivate kind and encouraging attitudes in self-critical people.


Cervical cancer (CxCa) is the second most common cancer among women world-wide. DNA of 14
high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types is found in almost all cervical cancers (>96.3%),
with HPV16 being the most prevalent type. Cervical cells can be screened for abnormalities using
the cytological Papanicolaou (Pap) test and for the presence of HPV DNA and HPV E6/E7 fulllength
mRNA. However, all of the available tests show considerable drawbacks exhibiting either
poor clinical sensitivity or specificity. Reduced clinical specificity leads to over-treatment,
additional costs and enormous anxiety for women concerned. A highly specific identification of
high-grade lesions is desirable since those require surgical therapy contrary to early lesions that are
likely to regress spontaneously. Recently described HPV16 RNA patterns comprising the
upregulated transcripts E6*II and/or E1C, and the downregulated transcripts E1^E4 and/or L1 in
HPV16-transformed cervical cells showed potential to substantially improve HPV-based cervical
precancer screening: in a small cytology-based pilot study these patterns identified severe HPV16-
induced cervical lesions with a clinical sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 84%. However,
singleplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assays used in the previous work
was labour, time and cost intensive.
In this PhD thesis, novel quantitative multiplex high-throughput reverse transcription PCR were
developed for the detection of the HPV16 RNA patterns with detection limits below 100 transcript
copies per PCR. Cross-reactivity with unspliced HPV16 sequences and cellular background
DNA/RNA was excluded. The comparison of the newly developed assay and the established
singleplex NASBA assays using RNA from 32 HPV16-positive fresh-frozen oropharyngeal
squamous cell carcinomas indicated a good quantitative correlation. The concordance of HPV16
RNA patterns between both methods was 100%. In order to validate HPV16 RNA patterns as
diagnostic marker for cervical cancer and its severe precursor lesions 165 single HPV16 DNApositive
cervical cell samples were analysed. The sensitivity for CIN3 and CxCa was 88% and the
specificity 84%, even in archived specimens with low RNA quality. Several HPV16 RNA patterns
"false-positive" CIN1 lesions in follow-up had progressed to CIN2 or CIN3 lesions, raising the
possibility that HPV RNA patterns could be an earlier marker for developing severe lesions than
histology. Poor quality of RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues strongly
limits HPV16 RNA patterns analysis. To extend the HPV RNA patterns to the further seven most
frequent hrHPV types 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58, unknown splice junctions were identified. For
HPV18 singleplex assays were developed. The detection limit ranged between 101 E6*I and E1C
and 100 E1^E4 copies per PCR and will be improved in future experiments.


This Article contends that the Privacy Act of 1974, a law intended to engender trust in government records, can be implemented in a way that inverts its intent. Specifically, pursuant to the Privacy Act's reporting requirements, in September 2017, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) notified the public that record systems would be modified to encompass the collection of social media data. The notification justified the collection of social media data as a part of national security screening and immigration vetting procedures. However, the collection will encompass social media data on both citizens and noncitizens, and was not explicitly authorized by Congress. Social media surveillance programs by federal agencies are largely unregulated and the announcement of social media data collection pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Privacy Act deserves careful legal attention. Trust in the Privacy Act is at risk when the Act's notice requirements announce social media data collection and analysis systems under the guise of modifying record collection and retention protocols. This Article concludes that the social media data collection program proposed by DHS in September 2017 requires express legislative authorization.


Electrodeposited polyvinyl alcohol borate (PVAB) aqueous gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have been found to possess excellent high-voltage stability and high ionic conductivity which are promising in building aqueous supercapacitors with high operating voltage and good electrochemical performance. In this study, PVAB GPEs were formed directly on activated carbon electrodes by in situ electrodeposition to serve as both electrolytes and separators for high-voltage aqueous carbon/carbon supercapacitors. The morphology and structure of the prepared PVAB GPE layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors using PVAB GPEs was tested and compared with those of supercapacitors using neutral salt aqueous electrolytes and organic electrolytes. The results show that the PVA molecules in PVAB GPEs are in the amorphous state and crosslinked by O → B− coordination bonds. The supercapacitors using PVAB GPEs can operate stably at 2 V, and no drastic electrolysis is observed in these supercapacitors even at 4 V. Among all the PVABs, PVA potassium borate (PVAPB) GPEs possess the best ionic conductivity. The high energy densities of 12.47 and 7.14 W h kg−1 can be achieved for the supercapacitor using the PVAPB GPE at the current densities of 0.2 and 2 A g−1, respectively, which are better than those of supercapacitors using 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and 1 M LiPF6 organic electrolyte especially at high current densities. The reversible ionization of water molecules cooperating with the reversible formation of O → B− coordination bonds is considered to play a critical role in the ionic transportation of PVAB GPEs.


Intended to introduce readers to the breadth of information sources in the fields of science and technology as well as to their applications, this book offers in-depth coverage and a clear presentation of the structure of the literature. It covers all types of reference materials-from abstracts, dictionaries, and indexes to biographical directories, dissertations, and government documents. Descriptive and evaluative annotations define the scope of each work, its intended audience, and its special features. Critical comments allow users to compare sources and make choices between similar titles. Two major changes have been made in this edition. First, the range of publications has been updated to cover newer material. Second, myriad electronic-especially WWW-sites have been added. In general, works published before 1991 are not included, making this a current and selective guide. Valuable as a textbook and a guide to the literature, this book is also useful for collection development.


In this paper, the shear wave quality factor and source parameters in the near field are estimated by analyzing the acceleration data in Zagros region. Accelerograms recorded by Building and Houses Research Center strong ground motion network have been used. The data have been considered with the magnitude of 4.7 to 6.3 collected from 1999 to 2014. In this approach, the theoretical S-wave displacement spectra conditioned by frequency independent Q was fitted with the observed displacement spectra. The source spectrum of an earthquake can be approximated by the omega-square ω model, which has ω decay for frequencies higher than the corner frequency. By following the mentioned approach, corner frequency, scalar moment, moment magnitude and frequency independent Q for each accelerogram were computed simultaneously, and the estimated error was given in the root-mean-square sense over the frequency range of interest. In this study, the generalized inversion method is used to estimate various source parameters as listed below. Thereby, it is estimated that the seismic moment range from 2.89E+23 to 1.21E+26 dynecm, average fault slip from 22 to 152 cm and average stress drop from 6 to 136 bars. The path average value Q are of the order Q=151-537.


Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPWS) is the most common form of ventricular pre-excitation. It is characterized by the presence of an accessory pathway between the atrium and ventricles which allows an alternative route for ventricular depolarization. Although most WPWS remain asymptomatic, others are prone to tachyarrhythmias that can be life-threatening. WPWS can present with variable tachyarrhythmias that require specific treatment considerations. We report a case of WPWS that was diagnosed following successful termination of narrow complex tachycardia. This is followed by a review of literature covering the diagnostic and initial therapeutic issues. Adenosine, a commonly used atrioventricular (AV) nodal blocking agent, is considered as the first-line therapeutic agent, which terminates regular narrow complex tachycardia. Clinicians need to be aware of the potential for adenosine to induce lethal tachyarrhythmias via AV nodal blockade and preferential conduction down the accessory pathway in patients with pre-excitation syndrome. J Med Cases. 2018;9(2):54-57 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2693w


NEDELKOV, K., N. TODOROV, D. GIRGINOV and М. SIMEONOV, 2015. Comparison on the response of ewes to the "ram effect" in seven Bulgarian breeds. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 189-192 In Bulgaria no experiments have been conducted to study the response rate of local breeds to the "ram effect". The aim of the present study was to compare the degree of synchronization of oestrus by using the "ram effect" in some of the widely distributed sheep breeds in Bulgaria. For this purpose there were conducted 8 experiments with seven typical Bulgarian breeds: Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population Sheep (BDSP), West Stara Planina Sheep (WSPS), Central Stara Planina Sheep (CSPS), Tsigai, Karakachan Sheep (KS), Pleven Blackhead Sheep (PBS), Karnobat Fine-wool Sheep (KFWS) and a total number of 4506 ewes. Rams, equipped with aprons to prevent breeding of oestrus ewes, were used as teasers and also as stimulators of sexual functions of ewes. The synchronising "ram effect" was established by the characteristic peaks in the dynamics of ewes in oestrus and inseminated ewes which were observed between the 16th and 26th after placing teaser rams in the flocks. It was found that all seven Bulgarian breeds responded to the "ram effect" with typical two peaks within there were inseminated between 34.7 and 76% of ewes. From the comparison between different breeds it appeared that the differences were mainly connected with the technique of conducting synchronization, body condition score (BCS) of ewes, level of nutrition and other factors (climatic, grazing conditions, management and etc.) rather than with the breed characteristics. Significantly higher rate of response was established in the experiment conducted with Pleven Blackhead Sheep. The reasons were the lack of fertilization of ewes in oestrus during the first 15 days of the contact with rams, providing an optimal BCS and activation of ram libido before introduction into the flock.


Knowledge of the characteristics and size of the agricultural input sector of a country is critical for policymakers to design appropriate interventions that not only foster growth in the sector, but also support the agricultural development goals of the country. In 2009, the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Fertilizer Development Center jointly conducted a census of agricultural input dealers in Ghana to fill a critical data gap on the nature of the country's agricultural input sector. This paper presents a detailed description of the sector's structure, market practices, and supply chain. It also assesses the sector's response to recently implemented fertilizer subsidies, and findings show that, despite the government's goal of making the subsidy program supportive of the private market, the majority of fertilizer retailers were excluded from participating.


We investigate the allocation and the effects of personal taxes and state and social security benefits in modern economies. The most prominent contributions are as follows: (1) We propose a unified framework in which to discuss the progressivity, redistribution and equity of taxes and benefits. Through this, we offer a general class of indices of horizontal inequity that complements existing classes of progressivity and vertical equity indices. We highlight throughout the analytical and empirical contribution of individual taxes and benefits to the effect of the whole system, using the features of the 1985 British tax and benefit system. (2) We analyse state benefit take-up and welfare programme participation in the presence of divergences between the assessment of entitlement made by the take-up analyst and that carried out by the government's agency. This explicit modelling helps remove important biases in the computation of take-up and participation rates. It also detects the presence of allocative errors made by the government in alleviating poverty. Our methodology -- which may be usefully extended to other microeconometric applications -- simultaneously identifies the distribution of costs to participating in welfare programmes. (3) We provide econometric evidence on the level of claiming inconveniences inherent to the British Supplementary Benefit (now Income Support) programme and on how they dampen the welfare impact of state support. Besides, we can illustrate the degree of misallocation of state support among the poor and the non-poor. These allocative errors are also respectively aggravated and mitigated by the deterrence effect of claiming costs. We also examine the impact of allocative imperfections upon the level of progressivity, equity and redistribution exerted by redistributive tools. (4) We model the optimal design of state support in the presence of heterogeneity in original incomes and in the costs incurred in granting state support. We see that some simple rules which hold when income redistribution and poverty alleviation are costless do not hold anymore in more general cases. This also has important consequences for the consideration of principles of vertical and horizontal equity.


Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the modern countries. Mainstay treatment for stroke prevention is carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Patients scheduled for surgery often have many associate systemic illnesses that pose a risk of perioperative cardiac and neurological complications. Detailed preoperative evaluation of neurological and cardiac function with optimization of the systemic illnesses therapy is obligatory. Ideal anesthesiology technique should provide adequate analgesia, minimal stress response, optimal brain perfusion and oxygenation, optimal hemodynamic and myocardial oxygen balance while assuring calm and relaxed patients with good surgical comfort. Both regional anesthesia and general anesthesia have some advantages and drawbacks. Regarding to cerebral and myocardial ischemia and adverse outcome after CEA, especially in high risk patients, today still it is not clear which anesthesia technique is preferred for CEA. Greatest risk in the early postoperative period is new neurological deficit caused by cerebral ischemia end myocardial infarction caused with hemodynamic instability and therefore CEA patients are placed in the Intensive Care Unit for at least six or more hours where they are monitored for neurological and hemodynamic complications. DINKO TONKOVI ( ) University of Zagreb Department of Anesthesiology Reanimatology and Intensive Care University Hospital "Sv. Duh" Sv. Duh 64, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia


The intention of this Masters thesis is to analyze the worst-case scenario approach and in doing so gather, summarize and analyze all available relevant information. The current project is limited to purely theoretical research. Due to a lack of order in information regarding this approach it has become very important to systematize information concerning worst-case scenarios. A couple of interesting alternative approaches and opinions concerning content and usefulness of worst-case scenarios were found during the data collection phase. The 'Likelier but less catastrophic' scenario approach is one such example which has raised a number of new questions. Some unexpected difficulties have also arisen; for example, we have failed to find a single specific definition for what is considered to be a worst-case scenario. Discussion within the scientific world centers on two competing approaches, qualitative and quantitative. Both can and should be applied for worst-case scenarios, however most contemporary researchers tend to overestimate the value of qualitative approaches. It is unclear which one suits our purposes, but it seems that both are needed for a thorough description of any scenario. This explains our introduction of a semi-quantitative approach. One chapter of this thesis is dedicated to the study of safety legislation in countries all over the world, indicating that authorities in the United States appear to make the greatest effort to implement worst-case scenario approach in practice, while the legislation of European countries lacks clear definition of worst-case scenarios. People need different types of information about the potential harm to their locales in case of serious accidents. The information should differ in quantity and content depending on the recipient. For example, technical details of scenarios are of little or no interest to the majority of the population. Moreover they can become a source of danger in case of misuse by terrorists. This is where the public's "right to know" becomes secondary to safety and privacy requirements. During work on this Masters thesis a large-scale accident in Buncefield took place. Reports of the investigation committee have become a valuable source of data, and a valuable addition to the Analysis of Safety (Seveso) Reports of three Swedish companies. These reports, as well as information from other sources, have served as a basis for a list of recommendations to companies preparing to analyze potential hazards


Compendium of Peanut Diseases, Second Edition is a guide to the identification, diagnosis, and control of peanut diseases and disorders. Bringing together color photographs and authoritative information in a single volume, this convenient compendium is a valuable resource for peanut growers and crop consultants around the world.
This compendium has become a standard guidebook for the peanut industry. The contributors are an international group that includes 50 peanut experts from the United States, India, The Peoples Republic of China, Malawi, Australia, Israel, and South Africa. They offer advice on diseases and disorders found in each of the world's major peanut-growing regions.
Detailed descriptions of 55 peanut diseases are the core of the book. Covering diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses, these descriptions present detailed information on symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycle, control, host range, transmission, detection, and epidemiology. In addition to diseases, the compendium also describes peanut disorders caused by environmental stress, insects and arthropods, and parasitic flowering plants. Other sections of the compendium cover beneficial organisms, organisms with an undetermined relationship to peanuts, disease management strategies, genetic modification, and a listing of disease and insect resistant cultivars currently available for use by growers and breeders


We present a semianalytical formulation for calculating the supermodes and corresponding Bloch factors of light in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal waveguide arrays. We then use this formulation to easily calculate dispersion curves and predict propagation in systems too large to calculate using standard numerical methods.


Origanum dubium Boiss. is an economically important wild oregano species that is intensely collected from the natural flora of Antalya, Turkey. This herb is used mainly to produce an essential oil due to its high yield and high carvacrol content. The aim of this study was to improve the biomass yield and essential oil and carvacrol content of O. dubium for industrial use. In preliminary studies, a basic population was established using seeds collected from wild plants and then trials of A and B clones were run. Dry biomass yield per A clone plant and essential oil content varied at 5.05-40.86 g and 5%-14%, respectively. Carvacrol was the main constituent in all samples and varied from 72.26% to 88.21%. Dry biomass yield per B clone plant was 21.64-95.52 g, dry leaf yield per plant was 14.80-48.77 g, essential oil content was 6%-9%, and carvacrol rate was 80.99%-88.46%. After evaluating the B clones, 10 clones were selected and they were planted in a plot with a randomized block design and three replications in Antalya in 2014. In this trial, clone 7 produced the highest biomass yields per plot (2874.33 g fresh and 1185.00 g dry) and the highest fresh (2379.67 g) and dry (795.33 g) leaf yields per plot. Essential oil content varied from 7.97% to 11.16%. Clone 137 had the best essential oil content (11.16%), followed by clone 7 (10.76%) and clone 119 (10.59%). Clone 7 appeared to be superior to the others in terms of agronomic features, followed by clone 119. Essential oil and carvacrol rates were 10.76% and 85.02% in clone 7 and 10.59% and 91.04% in clone 119, respectively. Consequently, clones 7 and 119 appeared to be superior to the others.


This work addresses torture with the ambition to strengthen a properly sociological approach to it by bringing to the fore the social history of the tortured, also through the fundamental contribution of the political economy. This category is not utilised in an abstract way, it is brought into the picture through the social history of the bodies of those tortured. These bodies are not considered mere biological bodies subjugated by 'power', but rather bodies with a voice, bodies capable of revealing their social standing. Placing the bodies' class at the centre of the analysis allows us to fully grasp the sociological substance of torture, to understand the underlying reasons for its historical persistence and constant diffusion.

The book explores torture in a threefold way: firstly by analysing the image of torture as an effective hermeneutic tool of late modernity; secondly by adopting a historical perspective to identify structural elements and metamorphoses; thirdly by examining the concrete practices of torture to enable the establishment of a mutual relationship between history and biography.


Beliefs play a m~or role in the way teachers respond to an educational innovation such as the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools (KBSM) in Malaysia. This paper gives an account of the effective teachers' perceptions of the notion of teacher effectiveness based on the teachers' theoretical understanding and their classroom practices. Twelve Bahasa Melayu teachers who were identified as effective in their teaching by the education authorities were studied through a semi-structured questionnaire which was later clarified through interviews. The results indicated that some of their beliefs are not parallel with those recommended and expected by the KBSM. This paper suggests that there is a need to consider teachers' beliefs in the planning and implementation of meaningful teacher education programmes.


Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common among residents of assisted living facilities. Inadequately managed symptoms of BPSD can lead to problematic behaviors with significant consequences for patients and caregivers. Non-pharmacologic approaches to the management of problematic behaviors in individuals with dementia are the preferred management option. Caregiver training and education to enhance knowledge and skills in managing behavioral and psychological symptoms for assisted living caregivers is indicated to provide optimum care for patients with dementia. The purpose of this doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project was to develop and implement a caregiver-training workshop utilizing a competency-based behavioral training curriculum to improve the care of dementia residents and ultimately enhance the physical and mental well-being of both the residents and caregivers. Fifteen assisted living caregivers attended a two-hour training workshop, individualized onsite monitoring, and follow-up. Overall implementation of this quality improvement project resulted in a high level of satisfaction among participating staff. Upon completion of the training workshop, a considerable increase was evident in self-perceived knowledge of dementia and related behaviors (87%), behavior management skills (94%), inter-professional communication skills (73%), and comfort level in managing behavior problems (74%), relative to self-reported pre-training levels. In contrast, an overall reduction appeared in perceived competencies regarding the same four components six weeks after training. These results suggest that this may be an effective model for a training intervention for assisted living caregivers of dementia residents with behavioral symptoms. Additional follow-up concept review and staff support may be required to sustain the changed practice behavior and maintain the benefits of the training.


The electrochemical reduction processes on stainless-steel substrates from an aqueous electrolyte composed of nitric acid, Bi3+, HTeO2+, SbO+ and H2SeO3 systems were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The thin films with a stoichiometry of Bi2Te3, Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 have been prepared by electrochemical deposition at selected potentials. The structure, composition, and morphology of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The results showed that the films were single phase with the rhombohedral Bi2Te3 structure. The morphology and growth orientation of the films were dependent on the deposition potentials.


Background: Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome associated with exercise intolerance, and its symptoms are more common in patients with low skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Estimation of muscle mass can be cumbersome and unreliable, particularly in patients with varying body weight. The psoas muscle area (PMA) can be used as a surrogate of sarcopenia and has been associated with poor outcomes in other populations. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess if sarcopenia is associated with the survival of patients with HF after an acute hospitalization. Method: We retrospectively studied a cohort of 160 patients with HF who had abdominopelvic computed tomography during an acute hospitalization. We obtained standardized measurements of their PMA and defined sarcopenia as the lowest gender-based tertile of the said area. The patients were followed until death or discontinuation of care. We used Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression analysis to assess the relationship between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality. Results: We found that the 52 patients with sarcopenia had 4.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality at 1 year compared to the rest of the cohort (CI 1.784–11.765; p = 0.0016) after adjusting for significant covariates. Stratification by age and sex revealed that this association could be limited to males and patients < 75 years old. Conclusion: The PMA, used as a surrogate of low SMM, is independently associated with an increased risk of late mortality after an acute hospitalization in patients with HF.


Solve real-life programming problems with a fraction of the code that pure object-oriented programming requires. Use Scala and Clojure to solve in-depth problems with two sets of patterns: object-oriented patterns that become more concise with functional programming, and natively functional patterns. Your code will be more declarative, with fewer bugs and lower maintenance costs. Functional languages have their own patterns that enable you to solve problems with less code than object-oriented programming alone. This book introduces you, the experienced Java programmer, to Scala and Clojure: practical, production-quality languages that run on the JVM and interoperate with existing Java. By using both the statically typed, type-inferred Scala and the dynamically typed, modern Lisp Clojure, you'll gain a broad understanding of functional programming. For each pattern, you'll first see the traditional object-oriented solution, and then dig into the functional replacements in both Scala and Clojure. These patterns are common in the functional world and deserve to become part of your problem-solving toolkit. On the object-oriented side, you'll see many common patterns, such as Command, Strategy, and Null Object. On the functional side, you'll learn core functional patterns such as Memoization, Lazy Sequence, and Tail Recursion. Each pattern helps you solve a common programming problem. Working through them gives you a set of patterns you can use to solve problems you come across while writing programs. Finally, you'll learn how to work your existing Java code into new Scala or Clojure projects. You can start off small, adding functional code little by little, so you can complement your existing knowledge with Scala and Clojure as these languages gain popularity on the JVM.


The head loss at breakwater opening is an important factor for evaluating the effect of breakwaters against tsunami. This paper examines the coefficient of the head loss term in the equation of motion by comparing the results of numerical calculations with the actual record observed in the Port of Ofunato at the time of 1968 tsunami. Numerical calculations are repeated changing the head loss coefficient from zero to 3.0 with the interval of 0,5. The calculated water level variation is quite different from the record if no head loss is taken into consideration. Although the most suitable value of the coefficient is not definitely determined, the value of 1.5> which has been adopted in our previous calculations, seems to be reasonable for practical purpose.


ABSTRACT Using survey data of voters in Tanzania, this article shows that while education does not affect self-reported voting in general elections, it increases actual voting. The less educated are more likely to claim to have voted without having done so, which may explain why previous studies of voting in developing countries fail to find an effect of education. We demonstrate the importance of this finding by using our survey data to generate predicted voting probabilities for the respondents to the 2012 Afrobarometer survey in Tanzania and show that while mean self-reported voting does not differ much at different levels of education, the differences become significant when taking into account voting misrepresentation.


With the rise of internet marketing and e-commerce around the world, international and cross-border conflicts in trademark and unfair competition law have become increasingly important. In this groundbreaking work, Tim Dornis - who, in addition to his scholarly pursuits, has worked as an attorney, a public prosecutor, and a judge, giving him experience in both civil and common-law jurisdictions - presents the historical-comparative, doctrinal, and economic aspects of trademark and unfair competition conflicts law. The book should be read by any scholar or practitioner interested in the international aspects of intellectual property generally, and trademark and unfair competition law specifically. This title is available as Open Access.


We propose a method to predict users' interests by exploiting their various actions in social media. Actions performed by users in social media such as Twitter and Facebook have a fundamental property: user action involves multiple entities e.g. sharing URLs with friends, bookmarking and tagging web pages, clicking a favorite button on a friend's post etc. Consequently, it is appropriate to represent each user's action at some point in time as a higher-order relation. We propose ActionGraph, a novel graph representation to model users' higher-order actions. Each action performed by a user at some time point is represented by an action node. ActionGraph is a bipartite graph whose edges connect an action node to its involving entities, referred to as object nodes. Using real-world social media data, we empirically justify the proposed graph structure. We show that the prediction accuracy can be improved by adequately aggregating various actions. Moreover, our experimental results show that the proposed ActionGraph outperforms several baselines, including standard tensor analysis PARAFAC, a previously proposed state-of-the-art LDA-based method and other graph-based variants, in a user interest prediction task. Although a lot of research have been conducted to capture similarity between users or between users and resources by using graph, our paper indicates that an important factor for the prediction performance of the graph mining algorithm is the choice of the graph itself. In particular, our result indicates that in order to predict users activities, adding more specific information about users activities such as types of activities makes the graph mining algorithm more effective.


Paresthesia as a result of mechanical trauma is one of the most frequent sensory disturbances of the inferior alveolar nerve. This case report describes surgical treatment for paresthesia caused by a compressive phenomenon within the mandibular canal. The cause of the compression, a broken instrument left in the patient's mouth during previous endodontic therapy, was identified during routine radiography and computed tomography. Once the foreign object was removed by surgery, the paresthesia resolved quickly. This case highlights the potential for an iatrogenic mechanical cause of paresthesia. Comment : The article by Marques and Gomes (J Can Dent Assoc 2011;77:b34) caught my attention. For your information, there is almost an almost similar case reported recently, but with dysesthesia.1 It is fortunate that the patient in the current case has less severe symptoms (occasional numbness of her left lip and a small part of her chin, and a tingling sensation in the vestibular gingival). What I can deduce from the radiographs shown is that the file was actually lodged onto the wall of the periapical defect and the mandibular canal, and because of this the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was spared direct injury. Ikeda et al.2 had shown that there is room between the IAN and the canal. However, as reported by the Marques and Gomes, her symptoms were more aggravated in the morning and during stressful situations. This may be a result of fluid accumulation in the morning, or during any sympathetic (stressful) event, that may result in vasodilatation, and hence compression within the narrow mandibular canal that usually average 3.4 + 0.5 mm in diameter. 2,3 I hope this opinion is of help. Thank you.


There is an urgent need to improve life after stroke across the world—especially in low-income countries—through methods that are effective, equitable and sustainable. This paper highlights physical activity (PA) as a prime candidate for implementation. PA reduces modifiable risk factors for first and recurrent stroke and improves function and activity during rehabilitation and following discharge. Preliminary evidence also indicates PA is cost-effective. This compelling evidence urgently needs to be translated into seamless pathways to enable stroke survivors across the world to engage in a more active lifestyle. Although more quality research is needed—particularly on how to optimize uptake and maintenance of PA—this should not delay implementation of high-quality evidence already available. This paper shares examples of best practice service models from low-, middle-, and high-income countries around the world. The authors call for a concerted effort to implement high-quality PA services to improve life after stroke for all.


This paper describes an action research process undertaken with four African agricultural carbon projects—CARE's Sustainable Agriculture in Changing Climate Initiative in Western Kenya; World Vision's Assisted Natural Regeneration Project in Humbo, Ethiopia; Vi Agroforestry's Western Kenya Agricultural Carbon Project; and ECOTRUST's Trees for Global Benefits in Uganda—to explore their institutional changes as project managers and communities work to build local capacity for project management. It describes the research protocol as well as the process by which it was collaboratively developed by researchers and carbon project managers. The paper also reports the results of the field work in each of the projects, which will be used to identify actions that they will implement in the next step of the action research process. The tools were generally successful in gathering the desired data, although modifications could allow future efforts to target questions to interviewees more effectively, include additional stakeholder groups such as government agents and project service providers, develop capacity for local-level data collection and analysis, and focus additional attention on locallevel innovations and landscape-level coordination. The research yielded diverse topics for action across projects, as the projects are structured differently and are at different stages of development. Common themes included the need for partnership development, enhanced training of trainer programs, improvements in the sense of community ownership of projects, and stronger foundations for collective action throughout project and community institutions.


The synthesis of block copolymers in an environmentally friendly medium was carried out in emulsion polymerizations through the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer process, using a transfer active xanthate (MADIX) agent, under batch and starved-feed conditions. First, ab initio experiments were carried out to prepare a seed of PBA dormant chains (i.e., poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) polymer attached with a transfer active xanthate). The M n and polydispersity were predicted accurately with numerical simulations and equations derived by Muller from the method of moments. Those seeds were then used in a second-stage polymerization under starved-feed and batch conditions to prepare composite polymer colloids of block PBA-co-poly(styrene), Under starved feed conditions, approximately 90% of total polymer consisted of blocks, whereas under batch conditions only 70% consisted of blocks, which is proposed to be due a higher entry efficiency and thus greater termination rate. The films of these latexes were examined by atomic force microscopy. Surfactant migration to the surface increased with an increase in the amount of MADIX, resulting from a combination of a smaller particle size and a lower average molecular weight.


The Argentine Pampas agricultural production has experienced a remarkable process of technological change during the last 25 years. This undoubtedly contribute to explain the grain production growth verified in the same period. In this paper it is studied a specific aspect of that process, which has as its correlate certain effect on the dynamics of the socioeconomic structure on which the production is based. It is the relative change in the agricultural production functions components: the weight of the intermediate consumption goods increases thus decreasing the expense incurred in the payment of labor. This alteration has a differential impact among different agrarian enterprises, since the investment component on which large farms obtain their principal economies of scale is enlarged while the one which does not constitute an accounting cost for the "farmer" units is reduced. This paper builds and estimates (for the 1992-2010 period) an indicator that measures the evolution of this aspect of the technological change process.


Benthic bacterial production was measured with a modified ['4C]leucine incorporation method in the northern Baltic Sea in 1996 and 1997. Samples were incubated and TCA extractions were done in microcentrifuge tubes. Unincorporated label was removed by repeated centrifugation. Pellets were suspended in scintillation cocktail and counted as a gel using internal standardisation, a method that gave highly comparable counts with combustion of the sample. Bacterial production varied between 0.15 and 0.8 mg C 1-' h-' (90 to 350 mg C m-2 d-'). The highest production was found at Stn GF2 in the Gulf of Finland and the lowest in the northern Baltic Proper Bacterial growth rates were 0.07 to 0.84 d-'. Comparison of these results with published data from sedimentation trap measurements suggests that only a part of the benthic bacterial C demand can be explained by sedimentation.


The risk factors for installation of sports injuries have been researched to facilitate the understanding about the issue. However, for high performance levels, in the track and field events of athletics, the documents that approach the theme are scarce. Thus, with the possibility to collect information about the described condition, this study aimed the exploration of risk factors for sport injuries in athletics, by inquiring world elite athletes of the modality. The population was composed by 60 men and 60 women allocated in groups according to the specific modality (speed, resistance, throws and jumps). The interviews were made using a morbidity referred inquiry, approaching subjects on anthropometrics and training variables, as well as injuries. The technique of the analysis of parametric variance was used for the anthropometrics variables (age, weight, stature) and of the technique of the no parametric variance analysis in relation to the training variables (years of training and weekly hours). The Goodman's test was used in level of 5% of significance for the association between injury moment and specialties. The results showed an elevated frequency of injuries in the modality for both genders. The injury taxes for interviewed athlete were 0,92 (speed), 1,08 (resistance), 1,22 (jumps) and 1,20 (throws). There was not significant statistical difference for the anthropometrics variables and of training in relation to the proofs, except to the jumpers, that presented differences for stature and time of training; in that case, injured are the taller or those that practice athletics for less time (P < 0.05). In conclusion, for studied population, the risk of injury is accentuated, but without relationship between variables and presence of injuries, except for specialists in jumps, that presented stature and time of training as risk factors to the injury.


Since the GDPR was implemented in 2018, organizations that collect data from the EU residents are required to receive the user's consent. Organizational measures to ensure that the organizations are compliant to the recently enacted GDPR are still abstract and ambiguous. Moreover, data subjects and controllers have demanded the practice of obtaining consent from organizations. By observing the case law and guidelines related to the GDPR provisions, we deduced four consent conditions. Then, we examined how online service provider's websites are making efforts to implement the GDPR framework. For this, we identified key characteristics of these websites, such as the existence of consent buttons. In order to help the data subjects obtain consent, we proposed an automatic tool that can check the consent conditions by checking the websites. Our study examined 10,000 websites for 26 days using the Python libraries with the tool automatically crawling the website information and analyzes the HTML structure according to the specified conditions. In addition, this tool crawls the privacy policy of each website. Moreover, it automatically determines whether it meets the four consent conditions by calculating it according to the formula defined in the consent condition. To evaluate the tool's accuracy, the researchers manually analyzed 500 websites and compared the manual analysis with the results of the tool's automatic analysis. We found that this tool differentiates itself through qualitative comparisons with other GDPR meters.


In dilute astrophysical plasmas, thermal conduction is primarily along magnetic field lines, and therefore highly anisotropic. As a result, the usual convective stability criterion is modified from a condition on entropy to a condition on temperature. For small magnetic fields or small wavenumbers, instability occurs in any atmosphere where the temperature and pressure gradients point in the same direction. We refer to the resulting convective instability as the magnetothermal instability (MTI). We present fully three-dimensional simulations of the MTI and show that saturation results in an atmosphere with different vertical structure, dependent on the boundary conditions. When the temperature at the boundary of the unstable layer is allowed to vary, the temperature gradient relaxes until the unstable region is almost isothermal. When the temperature at the boundary of the unstable region is fixed, the magnetic field is reoriented to an almost vertical geometry as a result of buoyant motions. This case exhibits more vigorous turbulence. In both cases the resulting saturated heat flux is almost one-half of the value expected if the conduction were purely isotropic, Q̃ ~ χΔT/L, where χ is the thermal conductivity, ΔT is the fixed temperature drop across the simulation domain, and L is the temperature gradient scale length. The action of the MTI results in dynamical processes that lead to significant transport perpendicular to the initial direction of the magnetic field. The resulting magnetoconvection in both cases amplifies the magnetic field until it is almost in equipartition with sustained subsonic turbulence. These results are relevant to understanding measurements of the temperature profiles of the intracluster medium of clusters of galaxies as well as the structure of radiatively inefficient accretion flows.


This thesis applies the concept of causal structure to the discussion of economic explanation. It uses this discussion and examples from international trade theory to provide an account of economic theorizing. Three subthemes are pursued: (1) The concept of economic laws manifested in economists' practice of theoretical model-building is not compatible with the regularist view that economic laws are unifying regularities from which all other regularities are derived. Rather, it sees these laws as derivatives of the causal structures specified in theoretical models. In these models, economists hypothesize a complete causal structure that is thought to identify the main causal features of the real economic system within which the economic regularities occur. Based on this idea, I propose a new explanatory account-the causal structuralist account-of economic theorizing. (2) What is the nature of an explanatory relation between the explanans and explanandum. For some philosophers, an explanatory relation is a causal relation that is fundamentally about the invariance of a relation between variables under some interventions. This account, however, raises another question: Can causality be identified with invariance. For the causal structuralists, in contrast, a causal relation (and so an explanatory relation) cannot be reduced to any other relation; it can be explained only under a hypothesized complete causal structure that is supposed to represent the real causal structure underlying the concrete phenomena of interest. (3) A causal structure specified in an economic theoretical model is meant to single out the main causal features of an economic phenomenon and omit the less relevant features; inevitably, the causal law derived from this structure possesses some abstractness. Some methodologists regard this abstractness as the main source of the inaccuracy of predictions made from abstract causal laws. What, then, is the value of abstract laws in explaining or predicting real economic phenomena. A complete causal structuralist explanatory framework should provide a plausible account that bridges the gap between what is abstract and what is real in economic theorizing.


The recent emergence of several low-cost, high resolution, multimodal sensors has greatly facilitated the ability for researchers to capture a wealth of data across a variety of contexts. Over the past few years, this multimodal technology has begun to receive greater attention within the learning community. Specifically, the Multimodal Learning Analytics community has been capitalizing on new sensor technology, as well as the expansion of tools for supporting computational analysis, in order to better understand and improve student learning in complex learning environments. However, even as the data collection and analysis tools have greatly eased the process, there remain a number of considerations and challenges in framing research in such a way that it lends to the development of learning theory. Moreover, there are a multitude of approaches that can be used for integrating multimodal data, and each approach has different assumptions and implications. In this paper, I describe three different types of multimodal analyses, and discuss how decisions about data integration and fusion have a significant impact on how the research relates to learning theories.


Quantitative descriptions of foodweb structure based on isotope niche space require knowledge of producers' isotopic signatures. In freshwater ecosystems charophytes are one of the main components of submerged vegetation and the feeding base for many herbivorous consumers, but knowledge about their organic carbon isotopic signatures is sparse. In this study, the δ 13 C organic values (and organic %C and %N) of the four species of submerged macrophytes (three charophytes - Chara hispida , Nitella hyalina and Tolypella glomerata - and one angiosperm, Myriophyllum spicatum ) growing in a newly created shallow pond were measured monthly over a period of one year, to discern if i) all charophyte species susceptible to being food for consumers and growing in the same waterbody have the same C isotopic composition; ii) the δ 13 C values of a charophyte species change on a seasonal and spatial scale; iii) the different parts (apical nodes, internodes, rhizoids, reproductive organs, oospores) of a charophyte species have the same isotopic composition. The δ 13 C, %C and %N values of organic matter in the sediments where the plants were rooted were also measured as well as several limnological variables. The δ 13 C values for the angiosperm (-13.7±0.7‰) indicated 13 C-enrichment, whereas the N. hyalina δ 13 C values were the most negative (-22.4±0.7‰). The mean δ 13 C value for C. hispida was -19.0±1.0‰ and -20.7±0.8‰ for T. glomerata. C. hispida δ 13 C values had a significant seasonal variation with 13 C-poor values in the cold season, and slight spatial differences. Statistically significant differences were found between charophyte rhizoids ( 13 C-enriched) and the other parts of the thalli. The δ 13 C values in the sediments varied throughout time (-13‰ to -26‰). The C content was lower in the charophytes than in the angiosperm and there were no large differences among the charophytes. Charophyte fructifications were enriched in organic C compared to the thalli parts. The study provides an isotopic baseline for further studies for the elucidation of higher trophic-level relationships which are particularly complex in shallow water bodies where interactions between the pelagic and the benthic zones are intricate.


There were extensive areas of bare, eroded and scalded soils and clay pans, all D-condition land, on the properties of Ord, Turner, Fox Rivers and parts of Flora Valley, Elvire, and Ruby Stations in the Ord River catchment covering some 46,700 km2. Some of these properties were eventually resumed and amalgamated by the Government as the Ord River Regeneration Reserve (ORRR). The aim was to reduce sedimentation of Lake Argyle on the Ord River, which was built for irrigation of down-stream flood plain areas from Kununurra. Government ownership allowed full control for new fencing, artificial water points and cattle management, so all grazing was prevented, with the removal of cattle, donkeys, and camels. On-ground mechanical disturbance and seeding with predominantly Cenchrus spp. and Aerva javanica, began in the early 1960s to revegetate these eroded plains. Artificial water sources were closed to reduce potential grazing influences, although there are water holes present in major rivers, most of the area has no grazing to the present. Marsupials are confined to a limited distance from natural water holes in creeks and rivers. The ORRR is now rehabilitated by Cenchrus species pastures, with C. setiger being a dominant grass, and it is managed by the WA Department of Parks and Wildlife. The original native pasture species have not become dominant at this time. Any feral animal grazing and cattle incursions from neighbours are managed and animals may be shot. The undulating to flat, D-condition country was successfully rehabilitated over some four decades by aggressive mechanical disturbance, sowing well adapted tropical exotic pasture grass and forb species, total grazing control, and a run of consecutive above average rainfall seasons. There are similar issues and many lessons from this rehabilitation program that are relevant for rehabilitating degraded landscapes in the grazing lands of reef catchments in Queensland.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine the dosing, efficacy, and side effects of the nonselective beta-blocker carvedilol for the management of heart failure in children.

STUDY DESIGN
Carvedilol use in addition to standard medical therapy for pediatric heart failure was reviewed at 6 centers.

RESULTS
Children with dilated cardiomyopathy (80%) and congenital heart disease (20%), age 3 months to 19 years (n = 46), were treated with carvedilol. The average initial dose was 0.08 mg/kg, uptitrated over a mean of 11.3 weeks to an average maintenance dose of 0.46 mg/kg. After 3 months on carvedilol, there were improvements in modified New York Heart Association class in 67% of patients (P =.0005, chi2 analysis) and improvement in mean shortening fraction from 16.2% to 19.0% (P =.005, paired t test). Side effects, mainly dizziness, hypotension, and headache, occurred in 54% of patients but were well tolerated. Adverse outcomes (death, cardiac transplantation, and ventricular-assist device placement) occurred in 30% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Carvedilol as an adjunct to standard therapy for pediatric heart failure improves symptoms and left ventricular function. Side effects are common but well tolerated. Further prospective study is required to determine the effect of carvedilol on survival and to clearly define its role in pediatric heart failure therapy.


As a result of economic development and globalization, cities, especially their commercial blocks, are becoming highly similar because their local culture is crashed by foreign ones. As an essential component of a city, commercial blocks represent the image of the city and have a positive value of local culture. Thus, it is necessary to find out how to create both attractive and unique commercial blocks. This thesis is aiming to explore the feasibility of keeping the spirit of commercial blocks. Genius Loci, a powerful phenomenological theory, is going to be studied, while some deficiency of it will also be pointed out. The importance of culture and society is introduced to supply Genius Loci. It starts with the problem that nowadays historic commercial blocks are losing unique features and indicates the importance of historic commercial blocks. Afterwards, the concepts of local culture and Genius Loci are illustrated, followed by some related theories about the design of commercial blocks. Moreover, it discusses the application of Genius Loci as a useful guideline in commercial block design. After analyzing two cases of commercial blocks (Old Street commercial block in Gaochun and Tianzifang commercial block in Shanghai, both in China), the results and conclusions will be presented and discussed. In the final part, this thesis evaluates Genius Loci and summarizes the critical points of historic commercial blocks.


Online controlled experiments, also called A/B testing, have been established as the mantra for data-driven decision making in many web-facing companies. A/B Testing support decision making by directly comparing two variants at a time. It can be used for comparison between (1) two candidate treatments and (2) a candidate treatment and an established control. In practice, one typically runs an experiment with multiple treatments together with a control to make decision for both purposes simultaneously. This is known to have two issues. First, having multiple treatments increases false positives due to multiple comparison. Second, the selection process causes an upward bias in estimated effect size of the best observed treatment. To overcome these two issues, a two stage process is recommended, in which we select the best treatment from the first screening stage and then run the same experiment with only the selected best treatment and the control in the validation stage. Traditional application of this two-stage design often focus only on results from the second stage. In this paper, we propose a general methodology for combining the first screening stage data together with validation stage data for more sensitive hypothesis testing and more accurate point estimation of the treatment effect. Our method is widely applicable to existing online controlled experimentation systems.


Naked mole–rat colonies exhibit a high reproductive skew, breeding being typically restricted to one female (the 'queen') and one to three males. Other colony members are reproductively suppressed, although this suppression can be reversed following the removal or death of the queen. We examined dominance and queen succession within captive colonies to investigate the relationship between urinary testosterone and cortisol, dominance rank and reproductive status; and to determine if behavioural and/or physiological parameters can be used as predictors of queen succession. Social structure was characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy before and after queen removal. Prior to queen removal, dominance rank was negatively correlated with body weight and urinary testosterone and cortisol titres in males and females.Queen removal results in social instability and aggression between high ranking individuals. Dominance rank appears to be a good predictor of reproductive status:queens are the highest ranking colony females and are succeeded by the next highest ranking females. The intense dominance–related aggression that accompanies reproductive succession in naked mole–rats provides empirical support for optimal skew theory.


In many diploid species, sex determination is linked to a pair of sex chromosomes that evolved from a pair of autosomes. In these organisms, the degeneration of the sex-limited Y or W chromosome causes a reduction in gene dose in the heterogametic sex for X- or Z-linked genes. Variations in gene dose are detrimental for large chromosomal regions when they span dosage-sensitive genes, and many organisms were thought to evolve complete mechanisms of dosage compensation to mitigate this. However, the recent realization that a wide variety of organisms lack complete mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation has presented a perplexing question: How do organisms with incomplete dosage compensation avoid deleterious effects of gene dose differences between the sexes? Here we use expression data from the chicken (Gallus gallus) to show that ohnologs, duplicated genes known to be dosage-sensitive, are preferentially dosage-compensated on the chicken Z chromosome. Our results indicate that even in the absence of a complete and chromosome wide dosage compensation mechanism, dosage-sensitive genes are effectively dosage compensated on the Z chromosome.


— The status of development of the open sea test site for wave energy converters in Korea was described in this paper. In order to promote the dissemination of wave energy and to accelerate the technology development of wave energy converters (WECs), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in Korea is supporting the project for the development of the open sea test site from 2016. Site selection, design and consent for test site have been completed by the mid of 2018. Constructions of submarine cable & connectors, substations, SCADA system, onshore buildings, performance assessment system, and test site operation system are being under development. They will be finished by the next year (2019). In this paper, the backgrounds, the achievements, and ongoing process for development of the open sea test site for WECs in Korea were reported


This article presents a simple and facile method to fabricate thermoresponsive polymer-grafted silica particles by direct surface-initiated photopolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). This method is based on silica particles bearing thiol functionalities, which are transformed into thiyl radicals by irradiation with UV light to initiate the polymerization of NIPAM in aqueous media at room temperature. The photopolymerization of NIPAM could be applied to smaller thiol-functionalized particles (approximate to 48 nm) as well as to larger particles (approximate to 692 nm). Hollow poly(NIPAM) capsules could be formed after etching away the silica cores from the composite particles. It is possible to produce tailor-made composite particles or capsules for particular applications by extending this approach to other vinyl monomers. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2015, 53, 1260-1267


Point-of-use water treatment (PoUWT), such as boiling or chlorine disinfection, has long been recommended in emergencies. While there is increasing evidence that these and other PoUWT options improve household water microbiological quality and reduce diarrhoeal disease in the development context, it is unknown whether these results are generalizable to emergencies. The authors conducted a literature review and survey of implementers, and found that PoUWT was effective in small-scale, non-acute, high diarrhoeal disease-risk emergencies when training and materials were provided to recipients, adequate stocks were maintained, and chlorine dosage was appropriate. There was little documented effectiveness in acute emergencies, with untested products, or during large-scale distributions without training. Results were incorporated into the Sphere Revision, which recommends selecting culturally acceptable PoUWT options, providing adequate products and training to recipients, pre-placing PoUWT products in emergenc...


We study a model in which lifetime individual utility is derived from both present and past consumption streams. Each of these streams is discounted, the former forward in the usual way, the latter backward. We presume that an individual at date t evaluates consumption programs according to some weighted average of her own felicity (as perceived at date t) and that of "future selves" at dates greater than t. This simple formulation allows agents to partially anticipate future regret in current decisions, and generates a set of novel testable implications in line with empirical evidence. The model is used to capture the notion of parental influence and investigate its impact on equilibrium savings. The paper also examines other applications of "backward discounting."


ABSTRACT New sizing technologies commonly make particle-size analyses more routine, simpler, and less time consuming. The proliferation of new technologies led Syvitski et al. (1991) to recommend that "new particle size instruments should no longer have their results compared with those of the classical methods of sieving and pipetting." However, care is required to ensure that results are broadly comparable to those obtained using established methodologies, especially where sediment classification and environmental processes are being interpreted using traditional schemes. The progressive development of new classification schemes based on modern particle-size analysis techniques will eventually mitigate this problem. Laser particle-size analyses of Upper Neogene micaceous terrigenous deposits from New Zealand have yielded some significantly different grain-size distributions compared to traditional sieving methods. These differences typically escalated with increasing sand content. A series of test samples spiked with increasing amounts of mica demonstrate that very small amounts of mica (< 2 wt%) have the potential to significantly alter the grain-size characteristics obtained using a laser particle sizer compared to sieve analyses. This is probably due to the mica particles having (a) a higher light-scattering property, and (b) large numbers of particles per unit volume, resulting in mica being overestimated.


Abstract Ringwoodite (γ-Mg2SiO4) is the stable polymorph of olivine in the transition zone between 525-660 km depth, and can incorporate weight percent amounts of H2O as hydroxyl, with charge compensated mainly by Mg vacancies (Mg2+ = 2H+), but also possibly as (Si4+ = 4H+ and Mg2+ + 2H+ = Si4+). We synthesized pure Mg ringwoodite containing 2.5(3) wt% H2O, measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and determined its compressibility at 300 K by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as its thermal expansion behavior between 140 and 740 K at room pressure. A third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (BM3 EOS) fits values of the isothermal bulk modulus KT0 = 159(7) GPa and (dKT/dP)P=0 = K′ = 6.7(7) for single-crystal XRD; KT0 = 161(4) GPa and K′ = 5.4(6) for powder XRD, with KT0 = 160(2) GPa and K′ = 6.2(3) for the combined data sets. At room pressure, hydrous ringwoodite breaks down by an irreversible unit-cell expansion above 586 K, which may be related to dehydration and changes in the disorder mechanisms. Single-crystal intensity data were collected at various temperatures up to 736 K, and show that the cell volume V(cell) has a mean thermal expansion coefficient αV0 of 40(4) ×10−6/K (143-736 K), and 29(2) ×10−6/K (143-586 K before irreversible expansion). V(Mg) have α0 values of 41(3) ×10−6/K (143-736 K), and V(Si) has α0 values of 20(3) ×10−6/K (143-586 K) and 132(4) ×10−6K (586-736 K). Based on the experimental data and previous work from 29Si NMR, we propose that during the irreversible expansion, a small amount of H+ cations in Mg sites transfer to Si sites without changing the cubic spinel structure of ringwoodite, and the substituted Si4+ cations move to the normally vacant octahedral site at (½, ½, 0). Including new SIMS data on this and several Mg-ringwoodite samples from previous studies, we summarize volume-hydration data and show that the Mg2+ = 2H+ dominates up to about 2 wt% H2O, where a discontinuity in the volume vs. H2O content trend suggests that other hydration mechanisms become important at very high H2O contents.


Anxiety and depression are common psychological experiences in patients who have advanced disease and are often unrecognized and undertreated. This study examined how primary care providers assess, identify and treat anxiety and depression in patients who have advanced disease, as well as to illustrate to what extent social work and mental health services are currently being utilized to address these psychological issues. Primary care providers at two rural clinics in Northern Wisconsin were invited to participate in this study, including Family Practice and Internal Medicine Physicians, Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants who provide primary care to patients, including patients who have advanced stages of disease. Of these two clinics, one clinic is piloting a Patient Centered Home Model of patient care and the other is a traditional primary care clinic. Nine Internal Medicine and Family Practice Physicians, Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants from one rural medical clinic participated in this study using a one time, qualitative interview by means of a semi-structured interview format. Inductive grounded theory methods were used to analyze the data. Several themes were identified in this study which supports previous research such as the need for additional physician education; lack of standard screening tools; and the issue of time constraints that affect the physician's ability to identify and treat anxiety and depression in palliative care patients. There were two surprise findings: one theme was that there was not a clear definition of palliative care, therefore affecting the identification of palliative care patients and the other was the high utilization and support for social workers in the primary care setting. The findings of this research support the need to implement social work services in the clinic setting to assist the primary care providers with many psychosocial issues including the emotional needs of patients who have advanced disease.


The purpose of this study was to design an appealing and easy to use e-commerce website for a startup company called Summit Outdoor Supply (S.O.S.) in order for them to expand their customer base and continue to grow. This new website will provide customers with a convenient online store to order S.O.S.'s unique survival gear products at the click of a button. This study investigated the requirements to design a successful e-commerce website along with increasing visibility of the company through search engine optimization techniques. A usability testing questionnaire was sent out to students, faculty, and personal friends through e-mail and social media. The respondents were largely positive on the website's design and usability, with a few suggestions to improve the website and overall branding of the company. Overall, the redesigned website was successful in providing S.O.S. and its customers with a clean, easy to use e-commerce storefront. Feedback from the twenty-six respondents will be used to further improve the website. It will also help position S.O.S. for future success in the competitive outdoors equipment industry by bringing in more customers and expanding the brand awareness.


C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency is the genetic defect underlying hereditary angioedema (HAE). Subjects with HAE suffer from recurrent angioedema that may result in death when it affects the larynx, severe abdominal pain when it affects the gastrointestinal mucosa and disfiguration when it affects the skin. The use of plasma-derived C1-INH concentrates to revert angioedema in HAE patients started in the 1970s. Since that time, three different preparations arrived onto the market, two of them are still present. Controlled studies and a large clinical experience indicate that C1-INH concentrate should be considered the treatment of choice for disabling angioedema attacks at any site. Efficacy has also been shown in preventing angioedema induced by invasive medical manoeuvres. Limited experience with repeated weekly infusions indicates that C1-INH can be used for long-term prophylaxis in selected patients. The safety profile is excellent and there are no reports of transmission of viral infections with the preparations available at present. C1-INH is licensed only in a limited number of countries. Clinical trials are ongoing at present to expand registration.


beta-catenin is a central component of the cadherin cell adhesion complex and plays an essential role in the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway. In the current model of this pathway, the amount of beta-catenin (or its invertebrate homolog Armadillo) is tightly regulated and its steady-state level outside the cadherin-catenin complex is low in the absence of Wingless/Wnt signal. Here we show that the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis system is involved in the regulation of beta-catenin turnover. beta-catenin, but not E-cadherin, p120(cas) or alpha-catenin, becomes stabilized when proteasome-mediated proteolysis is inhibited and this leads to the accumulation of multi-ubiquitinated forms of beta-catenin. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that substitution of the serine residues in the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylation consensus motif of beta-catenin inhibits ubiquitination and results in stabilization of the protein. This motif in beta-catenin resembles a motif in IkappaB (inhibitor of NFkappaB) which is required for the phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IkappaB via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We show that ubiquitination of beta-catenin is greatly reduced in Wnt-expressing cells, providing the first evidence that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway may act downstream of GSK3beta in the regulation of beta-catenin.


In February 2006, the Metropolitan Museum of Art ("Met") and the Italian Ministry of Culture signed the Italy-Met Euphronios Accord ("Accord"), forever changing the dynamics of the international cultural property trade.1 Although the Met purchased the Euphronios Krater ("Krater") in 1972 for $1.2 million, Met Director Phillippe de Montebello agreed to relinquish ownership of the piece to Italy, where the object was originally found, in exchange for long-term loans of works of equal value and an absolution of liability for the illegal excavation and export of the Krater.2 This unprecedented resolution to a decades-old international property dispute has the potential to foster a new spirit of cooperation between museums and source nations, spawn stricter museum acquisition and loan policies, reduce the demand for illicit cultural property, and permanently alter the balance of power in the international cultural property debate. Since the Accord was signed in February of 2006, change has already begun with the issuance of new museum guidelines3 and increased awareness of the problem in countries with large collections of cultural property, specifically Egypt, Peru, and Italy.4 However, is the Accord a replicable model whereby other nations and museums can amicably resolve disputes without litigation? If not, is it still capable of generating change in the art world? This Comment will demonstrate that given the circumstances of the Accord, the model is unlikely to be perfectly replicated by other nations and museums. Nevertheless, it still has the potential to significantly alter the way in which cultural property disputes are resolved. This Comment will proceed in four parts. The first section will provide a contextual overview of the international art market, the cultural property debate, and the culture of acquisition to show what is at stake and why these issues are important. The second section will examine the legal framework, including the current international conventions, and the US cultural property regime. This section will also expound upon the legal issues surrounding claims by source nations for restitution from American institutions. The third section will detail the Italian cultural property regime, the circumstances surrounding the Krater, and the Accord, which form a basis for the Italian Model ("Model"). The fourth section will assess whether the Model is replicable, and separately, its potential impact on the international art market. The final section will conclude by suggesting that the Model may initiate and form the basis of a dialogue between museums and source nations. I. THE CONTEXT Cultural property, as defined by the UNESCO5 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ("UNESCO Convention"), is "property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science" and fits within certain categories.6 While the term "cultural property" includes a wide purview of objects, the focus of this Comment will be on the international trade in antiquities, or objects of significant cultural importance more than one hundred years old. A. THE ANTIQUITIES TRADE The global trade in antiquities represents a small portion of the entire art market with sales between one-hundred million and two-hundred million dollars annually.7 It is important to distinguish between the licit and illicit trades. In the licit trade, generally, the objects are discovered in archaeologically rich nations such as Italy, Greece, and Turkey through official excavations of ancient sites. Then either prior to the enactment of a national ownership law or afterwards, with the state's consent (usually via an export certificate), they are sold through public auction houses like Sotheby's and Christie's or private dealers. …


Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Molecular hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of cardiac arrest. However, its effect on human post-cardiac arrest syndrome is unclear. We consecutively enrolled five comatose post-cardiac arrest patients (three males; mean age, 65 ± 15 years; four cardiogenic, one septic cardiac arrest) and evaluated temporal changes in oxidative stress markers and cytokines with inhaled hydrogen. All patients were treated with target temperature management. Hydrogen gas inhalation (2% hydrogen with titrated oxygen) was initiated upon admission for 18 h. Blood hydrogen concentrations, plasma and urine oxidative stress markers (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, Nɛ-hexanoyl-lysine, lipid hydroperoxide), and cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured before and 3, 9, 18, and 24 h after hydrogen gas inhalation. Arterial hydrogen concentration was measurable and it was equilibrated with inhaled hydrogen. Oxidative stress was reduced and cytokine levels were unchanged in cardiogenic patients, whereas oxidative stress was unchanged and cytokine levels were diminished in the septic patient. The effect of inhaled hydrogen on oxidative stress and cytokines in comatose post-cardiac arrest patients remains indefinite because of methodological weaknesses.


The assessment of academic libraries is an important management issue of the services and of Library Advocacy. Determining the monetary value of the services may be an interesting element at a time when there are constraints on the budgets of the institutions. The main aim of this paper is to calculate the tangible value in monetary terms of certain services of two libraries of the University of Lisbon. In this task we use six statistical indicators: document loans, accesses to Internet; accesses to computers, accesses to journals, training and interlibrary loans. The method to calculate the monetary value for a specialized quality service is to verify the current market value of the service, ie., the current price of the service that can be bought or sold in the free market (ISO16439:2014). According to this investigation we calculate the monetary values for these indicators. The cost-benefit value is also calculated, that is, the return on investment, the relationship between the total economic benefit of these indicators and the total resources invested in the library according to these indicators.


This study examines the career of Sir John Eardley Eardley-Wilmot MP and Chairman of the
Quarter Sessions, and his 1843 appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land
by Secretary of State Lord Stanley, despite Stanley's claim three months earlier, that Eardley-
Wilmot was a 'muddle brained blockhead'. This comprehensive study first re-evaluates
Eardley-Wilmot's extensive public career in Britain (which has been much neglected by
Australian historians), especially his contribution to the reform of juvenile crime and the
slavery controversy. Secondly, it explains his role and importance in the development of the
probation system of convict management in the colony.
Significantly, in 1846 Sir James Stephen admitted it was the British Government's 'illadvised'
and 'non-considered pledge' to abandon transportation to New South Wales in 1840,
and to throw the 'whole current' of convicts into Van Diemen's Land, which caused the
colony's constitutional crises in which private members of the Legislative Council expressed
their hostility and obstructed financial measures. Coinciding with the cessation of
transportation to New South Wales, Britain replaced the assignment of convicts with the
probation system and Eardley-Wilmot was required to place the annual arrival of between
4,000 and 5,000 convicts into probation gangs and stations. The expenses and demands of
probation also impacted on the female houses of correction, hiring depots, orphan schools and
Point Puer.
This thesis provides a study of the British Empire's organisation as the system of convict
administration and transportation changed, and supports Eardley-Wilmot's claim that he did
not receive adequate Colonial Office support and was treated unfairly. It also reveals he was
appointed, not only because of patronage and experience, but because he antagonised Stanley
and Sir Robert Peel over his determination to end British slavery. Also challenged is William
Ewart Gladstone's claim that Eardley-Wilmot failed to report problems with the convict
system and incidences of 'unnatural' crime, and discusses information supplied to Gladstone
which was influential in his decision to send both a public despatch and a 'Secret' letter
advising Eardley-Wilmot of his dismissal.
Eardley-Wilmot died in February 1847, eight days after the arrival of his successor, Sir
William Denison, and on 3 June when news of his death reached England, his dismissal
received further prominence. The matter was raised in the House of Commons and a vigorous
and powerful debate exonerated him from the 'cowardly and malicious charges', and was
'ample proof' of the 'moral assassination of a good and worthy gentleman'.


Electronic structure of the SiC epitaxial nanolayer synthesized by a new method of the atom substitution in silicon crystal lattice has been first studied in situ in an ultrahigh vacuum using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy with photon energies in the range of 60–400 eV. Features of photoemission from the valence band and from both the Si 2p, C 1s core levels were revealed and shown to be provided by the high-quality clean SiC(111) sample with Si-rich surface. The photoemission from a surface state extending from the valence band maximum into gap was found. Three surface-related components of Si 2p core level were found. Only one surface component of the C 1s core level was found that indicates on one position of C atoms near the surface. The results support the full Si adlayer structure model of the SiC (111) surface that is characterized by Sidouble layers, Si-dimers and Si adatoms.


This thesis presents a continuation study about the diffusion of innovation in the manufacturing companies. The focus of this study is the diffusion of innovation in technology and CAD is the selected technology that is widely used in the manufacturing companies. The foundation of this study is the previous work that has been conducted by Jan Lowstedt and Christer Norr in 1991 that explained about the diffusion of technology during that time. Thereafter, technology has experienced a rapid change. There is not a continuation study afterwards. The purpose of this study is to see how the technology has changed and how people use it over time, and what driving forces are behind it, so an extension information for the PLC perspective can be formed.Theoretical framework was built by analyzing the previous studies as the foundation to see what has changed over time. The concept of the diffusion of innovation, PLC, and the development of CAD in terms of technical and organizational perspective wise from several researchers are also disclosed to support the empirical findings.The approach of this study is based on a qualitative study where empirical data are collected through interviewing Swedish manufacturing companies that use CAD in their companies.The result of this study reveals that the usage of CAD technically is not dramatically changed: it is still mainly in providing a visceral visualization. But, the paradigm shifting in utilizing CAD in the organization is worth exploring. Where it is triggered by the need to get more advanced technology-wise. The diffusion of technology could contribute the paradigm shifting in the way of working. This study shows that the companies tend to maximize the result of the technology by integrating the result not exclusively only for the design department, but also for other parties such as: the engineering calculation department and customers. However, this study could present a sharper pattern if there were more companies that were in the early stage of CAD as the source of information.


The WW domain–containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is located at FRA16D, a common fragile site involved in human cancer. Targeted deletion of Wwox in mice causes increased spontaneous tumor incidence, confirming that WWOX is a bona fide tumor suppressor gene. We show that stable transfection of WWOX into human PEO1 ovarian cancer cells, containing homozygous WWOX deletion, abolishes in vivo tumorigenicity, but this does not correlate with alteration of in vitro growth. Rather, WWOX restoration in PEO1, or WWOX overexpression in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, results in reduced attachment and migration on fibronectin, an extracellular matrix component linked to peritoneal metastasis. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous WWOX in A2780 ovarian cancer cells increases adhesion to fibronectin. In addition, whereas there is no WWOX-dependent difference in cell death in adherent cells, WWOXtransfected cells in suspension culture display a proapoptotic phenotype. We further show that WWOX expression reduces membranous integrin A3 protein but not integrin A3 mRNA levels, and that adhesion of PEO1 cells to fibronectin is predominantly mediated through integrin A3. We therefore propose that WWOX acts as an ovarian tumor suppressor by modulating the interaction between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix and by inducing apoptosis in detached cells. Consistent with this, the suppression of PEO1 tumorigenicity by WWOX can be partially overcome by implanting these tumor cells in Matrigel. These data suggest a possible role for the loss of WWOX in the peritoneal dissemination of human ovarian cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4835–42]


Since 1992, claimant unemployment has fallen by almost 1½ million and on the ILO definition by nearly 1 million. Despite this fall, changes to the headline rate of unemployment masks a far more complex pattern of the UK?s unemployment experience. For many individuals unemployment is a short-lived affair. For others, the risk of repeated or prolonged periods of unemployment is high. Repeated or prolonged unemployment spells may reflect occupational choice or poor employability brought about by poor skills and/or repeated labour market exclusion. They may also reflect a lack of employment opportunities concentrated in specific geographical areas. Both facets amount to a significant detachment from work. They also contribute to recent growth in the level of non-working households and low pay. The differential risk of unemployment across UK regions and population sub-groups is well recognised. However, the extent to which residential location and individual heterogeneity contribute to the duration of unemployment is more difficult to discern. This paper investigates the impact of individual heterogeneity and regional influences on unemployment duration utilising cross-section microeconomic data drawn from a representative random survey of individual job seekers for the English County of Kent. These individual-level data are unique in that they provide information concerning the personal characteristics of job seekers, alongside direct observations of both their reservation wages and job search behaviour. The availability of such data is rare. To our knowledge, there is no existing study utilising such data at the regional level. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by analysing the extent to which individual heterogeneity and intra-regional variation in labour market opportunities impact upon the observed distribution of unemployment duration(s). In particular, the paper analyses the extent to which the duration of unemployment is determined by individual choice. This is an important issue for the formation and evaluation of policy. If individual choice is found to significantly influence the duration of unemployment then the efficacy of current microeconomic supply?side initiatives such as ?The New Deal? and other welfare to work policies is supported. The existence of regional influences, by contrast, advocates a more active role for macroeconomic demand-led management. It also supports a more integrated strategy for the implementation of urban and regional policy such as the recent creation of Frameworks for Regional Employment and Skills Action (FRESAs). Utilising an econometric model tied closely to job search theory, our results reveal that individual characteristics and related ?choice? variables? such as educational attainment, labour market mobility and job search behaviour exercise important impacts on the duration of unemployment. However, after controlling for such factors, there remain significant geographical variations. These results are robust for both males and females. Thus, the results provide new insights into the benefits of current policies aimed at increasing the employability of the unemployed.


ABSTRACT This article introduces the Special Issue on Migrant Mothers' Creative Interventions into Racialized Citizenship. It reflects on the theoretical and policy areas to which research on migrant mothers' citizenship can contribute. The introduction argues that studies on citizenship, racialization, migration are important to theoretical as well as policy debates on contemporary nationhood, multiculturalism, generational and social cohesion as well as austerity and racism and migration. Drawing on our own work, as well as contributions to the Special Issue, the introduction illuminates this with respect to examples from the US, Canada, Portugal and the UK. These issues are relevant to migrants of different statuses including skilled migrants, family migrants, undocumented migrants and asylum seekers. The migrant mothers' care and cultural work in bringing up their children can be theorized as a creative intervention challenging racialized citizenship.