BACKGROUND
Fish and seafood n-3 fatty acids may prevent or delay the progression of prostate cancer, but epidemiologic studies do not uniformly support this hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE
We examined the relation of fish and seafood n-3 fatty acid intakes with prostate cancer incidence and mortality.

DESIGN
We conducted a prospective cohort study among 20,167 men participating in the Physician's Health Study who were free of cancer in 1983.

RESULTS
During 382 144 person-years of follow-up, 2161 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 230 died of prostate cancer. Fish intake was unrelated to prostate cancer incidence. Survival analysis among the men diagnosed with prostate cancer revealed that those consuming fish >or=5 times/wk had a 48% lower risk of prostate cancer death than did men consuming fish less than once weekly [relative risk (RR) = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P for trend = 0.05]. A similar association was found between seafood n-3 fatty acid intake and prostate cancer mortality (RR(Q5 versus Q1) = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.99; P for trend = 0.02). These associations became stronger when the analyses were restricted to clinically detected cases.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that fish intake is unrelated to prostate cancer incidence but may improve prostate cancer survival.


IODP Expedition 339 drilled five sites in the Gulf of Cadiz and two off the west Iberian margin (November 2011 to January 2012), and recovered 5.5 km of sediment cores with an average recovery of 86.4%. The Gulf of Cadiz was targeted for drilling as a key location for the investigation of Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) through the Gibraltar Gateway and its influence on global circulation and climate. It is also a prime area for understanding the effects of tectonic activity on evolution of the Gibraltar Gateway and on margin sedimentation. We penetrated into the Miocene at two different sites and established a strong signal of MOW in the sedimentary record of the Gulf of Cadiz, following the opening of the Gibraltar Gateway. Preliminary results show the initiation of contourite deposition at 4.2–4.5 Ma, although subsequent research will establish whether this dates the onset of MOW. The Pliocene succession, penetrated at four sites, shows low bottom current activity linked with a weak MOW. Significant widespread unconformities, present in all sites but with hiatuses of variable duration, are interpreted as a signal of intensified MOW, coupled with flow confinement. The Quaternary succession shows a much more pronounced phase of contourite drift development, with two periods of MOW intensification separated by a widespread unconformity. Following this, the final phase of drift evolution established the contourite depositional system (CDS) architecture we see today. There is a significant climate control on this evolution of MOW and bottom-current activity. However, from the closure of the Atlantic–Mediterranean gateways in Spain and Morocco just over 6 Ma and the opening of the Gibraltar Gateway at 5.3 Ma, there has been an even stronger tectonic control on margin development, downslope sediment transport and contourite drift evolution. The Gulf of Cadiz is the world's premier contourite laboratory and thus presents an ideal testing ground for the contourite paradigm. Further study of these contourites will allow us to resolve outstanding issues related to depositional processes, drift budgets, and recognition of fossil contourites in the ancient record on shore. The expedition also verified an enormous quantity and extensive distribution of contourite sands that are clean and well sorted. These represent a relatively untapped and important exploration target for potential oil and gas reservoirs.


The world of IT is always evolving, but in every area there are stable, core concepts that anyone just setting out needed to know last year, needs to know this year, and will still need to know next year. The purpose of the Foundations series is to identify these concepts and present them in a way that gives you the strongest possible starting point, no matter what your endeavor. TCP/IP Foundations provides essential knowledge about the two protocols that form the basis for the Internet, as well as many other networks. What you learn here will benefit you in the short term, as you acquire and practice your skills, and in the long term, as you use them. Topics covered include: The origins of TCP/IP and the Internet The layers comprising the OSI and DoD models TCP/IP addressing Subnet masks Creating custom subnet masks Supernetting and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Name resolution The Domain Name System (DNS) and Dynamic DNS Windows Internet Naming Services (WINS) The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) What to expect with IPv6


In this paper, an extensive study is carried out 18 beams on the behavior of T-beams (8 with web openings, 10 without openings). Compressive strains distribution at the flanged are investigated with the presence of the openings in web to recheck the effective width of flange with real flange width. Parametric study are considered in this paper includes the compressive strength, longitudinal flexural reinforcement, flange reinforcement, shear reinforcement and the web openings (location, shape, size). Generally, standard codes of practice have overestimated effective flange width due to concentrated load effect, and codes do not take into account the web openings effect. Based on the results, the enhancement in effective width for each parameter were 9.1%-13.36%(compressive strength),10.1%-13.3%(longitudinal flexural reinforcement),7.6%-18.2%(flange reinforcement),3.35%-5.7%(shear reinforcement), the web openings reduced the effective flange width by 15% (openings at mid span ) and 5% ( openings at quarter span ) and the circular opening gave an optimum effective width better than rectangular opening were located both at quarter span.


The purpose of this study was to explore the association between negative youth experiences and bravado attitudes in African American urban males. In addition, an examination of positive factors, such as school social support, was examined to understand potential resilient pathways. Data were collected at two sites, a science and math center (n = 68) and an academy for academic achievement (n = 58). Using Spencer's PVEST (2006) model as a framework, the study hypothesized that negative youth experiences would have a positive relation with bravado attitudes, but perceptions of school support would lessen this relationship. The Perceived School Support construct consisted of students' perceptions of their teachers and administrators. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis. The results also highlight the importance of adolescent perceptions of support in the school context and how this perceived support may decrease bravado attitudes. Further explanation of study's results, future research opportunities, and policy implications are explored.


Experimental and modeling results were used to develop a conceptual understanding of the process of pervaporative irrigation in dry soils. When irrigating in this way, a pervaporative membrane is formed into a tube, buried in the soil, and filled with water. If the surrounding soil is dry, a chemical potential gradient across the membrane draws water into the soil. Water can only desorb from the membrane as a vapor, however, so it enters the soil in the vapor phase. This study corroborates previous evidence that vapor flow can significantly affect the flux from the irrigation membrane under arid conditions. A new model of water transport from a pervaporative irrigation membrane in unvegetated soils was developed, taking into account transport in both liquid and vapor phases, and successfully simulated experimental observations of the total water flux, relative humidity, and water content distribution in three soil types. Modeling results showed that the capacity for moisture sorption within different soil types affects both condensation in the soil and the subsequent flux from the pervaporative membrane. A mathematical relationship for the moisture sorption isotherm for a soil can therefore be used to predict the flux across the membrane in that soil. If condensation is significant, liquid flows through the soil also affect the flux from the membrane. Model simulations suggest that the flux from the pervaporative membrane is primarily limited by humid conditions within the soil rather than the transport of water across the membrane, thus plant interactions with the soil conditions should increase the irrigation flux.


We consider physical network coding on a two-way relay channel. Two source nodes send their packets simultaneously over time-varying MIMO channels to a relay node. Assuming that the relay employs the joint decode-and-forward strategy, the relay must be able to decode the individual source packets. This task requires a robust estimation of the source-to-relay channels. We design a message passing algorithm based on factor-graphs to solve this problem efficiently.


Youths participation in agriculture is at a lower level yet still decreasing worldwide (Proctor and Lucchesi 2012); this trend is the same for Nyanza region of Kenya. this study interogate youths in this region to understand how radio can be used to encourage their participation in agriculture. Radio is a vital tool in information disermination as it reach a large number of people including those in rural areas (Akugizibwe et al, 2011). This study was done in four Counties of Nyanza region namely Siaya, Kisumu, Homabay and Kisii. The specific objectives of this study are i) To investigate reasons why most youths do not participate in agricultural production in Nyanza region. ii) To assess why current agricultural radio-programmes do not influence youths' participation in agriculture and, iii) To suggest better ways which radio can disseminate agricultural information to influence youths' participation in agriculture. In summary, the study found out that; i) the major reasons why most youths do not participate in agricultural production in the region is that they consider it to be high labor intensive, low income generation activity and also agriculture to them is seen as belongs to failures in life among others. ii) In assessing why current agricultural radio-programmes do not influence youths' participation in agriculture, the study found out that there were challenges in the radio listenership of agricultural programs majorly caused by the inconvenient time of airing agricultural programmes on radio, other competing programmes in radio which were of more interesting to youths than agricultural programmes, high cost of buying batteries especially those in the rural areas among others which are explained in this paper. iii) In suggesting ways through which radio can disseminate agricultural information better to influence youths' participation in agriculture, the study found out that repeat of agriculture programmes at different times of the day would be the best way to solve the challenge followed by involvement of the youths in content making which would enable the programmes to be friendly to the youths, the third solution to the listenership challenge was the use of agritips between other radio programme which are interesting to the youths as this would draw their attention and make them be interested in the full programes on agriculture. There are also other ways proposed to improve listenership of the youths to agriculture radio programmes covered within this study.


During coronary artery angiography, a catheter is used to inject a contrast dye into the coronary arteries. Due to the anatomical variation of the aorta and the coronary arteries in different humans, one common catheter cannot be used for all patients. The cardiologists test different catheters for a patient and select the best catheter according to the patient's anatomy. To overcome these problems, we propose a computer-aided catheter selection procedure. In this thesis we present our approach for patient specific optimal catheter selection for the angiography of the coronary arteries with high take off. It involves segmentation of the aorta and coronary arteries, finding the centerline and computing some geometric parameters. These parameters include computing coronary arteries curve angle (CACA), distance of the ostium from the aortic valves (DOAV) and the aorta diameter (AD) near the ostium. We then consider catheters and compute the tip angle of the catheter (CTA), catheter curve two depth (CC2D) and catheter curve two width (CC2W). We then compare CACA with CTA, DOAV with CC2D, AD with CC2W and suggest a catheter that is the closest to the patient's arteries geometry. This solution avoids testing of many catheters during catheterization. The cardiologist already gets a recommendation about the optimal catheter for the patient prior to the intervention.


Abstract. Biomass burning produces black carbon (BC), effectively transferring a fraction of the biomass C from an actively cycling pool to a passive C pool, which may be stored in the soil. Yet the timescales and mechanisms for incorporation of BC into the soil profile are not well understood. The High Park fire (HPF), which occurred in northwestern Colorado in the summer of 2012, provided an opportunity to study the effects of both fire severity and geomorphology on properties of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and BC in the Cache La Poudre River drainage. We sampled montane ponderosa pine forest floor (litter plus O-horizon) and soils at 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth 4 months post-fire in order to examine the effects of slope and burn severity on %C, C stocks, %N and BC. We used the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for quantifying BC. With regard to slope, we found that steeper slopes had higher C : N than shallow slopes but that there was no difference in BPCA-C content or stocks. BC content was greatest in the forest floor at burned sites (19 g BPCA-C kg−1 C), while BC stocks were greatest in the 5–15 cm subsurface soils (23 g BPCA-C m−2). At the time of sampling, unburned and burned soils had equivalent BC content, indicating none of the BC deposited on the land surface post-fire had been incorporated into either the 0–5 or 5–15 cm soil layers. The ratio of B6CA : total BPCAs, an index of the degree of aromatic C condensation, suggested that BC in the 5–15 cm soil layer may have been formed at higher temperatures or experienced selective degradation relative to the forest floor and 0–5 cm soils. Total BC soil stocks were relatively low compared to other fire-prone grassland and boreal forest systems, indicating most of the BC produced in this system is likely lost, either through erosion events, degradation or translocation to deeper soils. Future work examining mechanisms for BC losses from forest soils will be required for understanding the role BC plays in the global carbon cycle.


In the last decades many studies have pointed out an increasing number of natural hazards associated with extremes in precipitation and drought conditions. Generally, dry and hot conditions across the Europe impact on the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean is located at the border between the tropical climate zone and the mid latitude climate belt. Due to its large extension and diverse topography, it shows large climatic differences that make its climate scientifically interesting.
The aim of this study is to analyze the moisture transport during the 2003 drought episode observed over the surroundings of the Mediterranean. The region was defined according to the 5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. The episode was identified using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), calculated using monthly CRU (TS3.24.01) precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET). One of the crucial advantages of the SPEI over the other widely used drought indexes is its multi-scalar characteristics, which enable identification of different drought types. Therefore, the monthly SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, SPEI-12 and SPEI-24 indexes were used to identify the episodes on different time scales. This episode was the most severe during the period 1980-2015 according to the SPEI-1 analysis. Analyses of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, omega at 500hPa, and vertically integrated moisture flux have been conducted to characterize the anomalous patterns over the region during the event. A Lagrangian approach was then applied in order to investigate possible changes in the moisture transport from and toward the Mediterranean region during the episode. This approach is based on the FLEXPART model integrated with the ERA-Interim data set.


We apply recently introduced constructive multi-level synthesis in the resynthesis loop, targeting convergence of industrial designs. The incremental ability of the resynthesis approach allows more predictable circuit implementations while allowing their aggressive optimization. The approach is based on a very general symbolic decomposition template for logic synthesis that uses information-theoretical properties of a function to infer its decomposition patterns (rather than more conventional measures such as literal counts). Using this template the decomposition is done in a Boolean domain unrestricted by the representation of a function, enabling superior implementation choices driven by additional technological constraints. The symbolic optimization is applied in resynthesis of industrial circuits which have tight timing constraints yielding their much improved timing properties.


The archetypical topology optimization problem concerns designing the layout of material within a given region of space so that some performance measure is extremized. To improve manufacturability and reduce manufacturing costs, restrictions on the possible layouts may be imposed. Among such restrictions, constraining the minimum length scales of different regions of the design has a significant place. Within the density filter based topology optimization framework the most commonly used definition is that a region has a minimum length scale not less than D if any point within that region lies within a sphere with diameter D > 0 that is completely contained in the region. In this paper, we propose a variant of this minimum length scale definition for subsets of a convex (possibly bounded) domain. We show that sets with positive minimum length scale are characterized as being morphologically open. As a corollary, we find that sets where both the interior and the exterior have positive minimum length scales are characterized as being simultaneously morphologically open and (essentially) morphologically closed. For binary designs in the discretized setting, the latter translates to that the opening of the design should equal the closing of the design. To demonstrate the capability of the developed theory, we devise a method that heuristically promotes designs that are binary and have positive minimum length scales (possibly measured in different norms) on both phases for minimum compliance problems. The obtained designs are almost binary and possess minimum length scales on both phases.


In two of his songs (421.1 and 421.2) the troubadour Rigaut de Berbezilh aspires to sing in response to a voice that is bestial yet somehow metaphysical. Scholars have attributed these animal images to the influence of the Physiologus , but Rigaut's likeliest source in that tradition has not yet been identified. This article proposes to fill that lacuna by contending that the bestiary redaction closest to Rigaut's imagery is the Physiologus Theobaldi , a verse text that unlike other bestiaries was used to teach Latin poetry and even song. In both the Physiologus Theobaldi and (though in a different way) Rigaut's songs, animals' breath and voice are identified with life and spirit, an identification that places these works within the wider medieval context of natural philosophical interest in pneuma . Whereas Theobaldus allegorizes his beasts in the third person, Rigaut's first-person lyrics assume their voice, breath, life or spirit as potentially his own. He thereby opens his songs to a being that is not human. No longer anthropocentric, they enact a hybridity that we find elsewhere associated with revelation and apocalypse. The horizon of human history that opens (in Heidegger's sense) the world of human language is thereby in turn opened up to that which it closes off, and the demarcations by which humanity defines itself are suspended.


Abstract Organic matter (OM) in streams that provide drinking water is a potential energy source for bacterial regrowth in distribution systems and a precursor for disinfection byproducts. Baseflow concentrations of OM were measured over a 3-y period in 60 streams divided evenly between water-supply regions east and west of the Hudson River (EOH or WOH) in New York State. A baseline of OM concentrations in the 2 regions was generated, and land use/cover variables were related to those baseline concentrations. Dissolved organic C (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and particulate OM (POM) reflected regional differences in land use and point-source discharges. Three-year mean concentrations for these variables and for total organic C (TOC) were significantly lower in the WOH than in the EOH by factors of 1.5 to 2.3. Size fractionation of POM showed similarities between regions with >70% of particles in the 0.5- to 10-μm size class. DOC made up most of the TOC in both regions, and DOC:POC ratios ranged from 1.7 to 54.4. Stepwise multiple linear regressions revealed that agriculture and forest land uses explained most of the variation in OM concentrations in the WOH, whereas wetlands and point-source discharges, primarily associated with wastewater treatment plants, explained most of the variation in OM concentrations in the EOH. Despite the potential problems from OM for drinking water quality, OM is a natural and important component of stream ecosystems, so its total elimination from watersheds is neither advisable nor possible. Our data from watersheds in the WOH region with high percentages (>97%) of forested land use and from small to mid-sized watersheds in the EOH with no point-source discharges provide lower limits for OM concentrations and targets for best management practices.


Citarum River is the longest river in West Java Province, it is utilized for various anthropogenic activities that will affect the water quality, ecological state, and parameters of nitrates and phosphates in the waters of Citarum River. Nitrate and phosphate content can affect Phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton is a bioindicator to determine water quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of nitrates and phosphates with the abundance of phytoplankton and determine the quality of water in the Citarum River. The study began in August 2020 until September 2020. The research uses a survey method with a purposive sampling technique. Sampling was carried out at 5 stations with 5 times repetitions every 7 days. The water parameter analyzed are transparency, temperature, current, pH, DO, BOD, PO4 2,NO3 , Phytoplankton abundance, diversity index, and dominance index. Results showed that phytoplankton in the citarum river there were 24 genera divided into 4 phylum. Diversity index during the study reached between 0,91 – 0,99 and dominance index was in the range 0,01 – 0,2. Phytoplankton abundance Original Research Article Marsela et al.; AJFAR, 11(5): 21-31, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.65512 22 ranges from 11 to 1292 ind/L. The highest genera phytoplankton composition at each station was found is Synedra as much as 1087 ind/ L. Nitrate content ranges from 0.13 0.33 mg/l and phosphate content range from 0.13 0.29 mg/l. The acquisition of R square value based on the simultaneous analysis of the relationship between nitrate and phosphate and the abundance of phytoplankton was 43,9% and 56,1% was influenced by other several factor namely temperature, water transparency, nutrient, and water flow.


Effective speech communication relies on a speaker's ability to convey a message. The most basic requirement for speech is a sound source, normally the larynx (voice box). The normal speaker depends on the fine-tuning capabilities of the larynx to vary F0, intensity and duration, which are essential to convey the prosodic structure of an utterance. Pitch changes, for example, accentuate the important words in a sentence. Words are also lengthened or pauses inserted after words to signal the end of a phrase or sentence. The research presented in this dissertation focused on speakers who have had a laryngectomy (surgical removal of the larynx). These alaryngeal speakers rely on an alternative sound source, namely mucosa and muscle situated at the entrance to the esophagus. Alaryngeal speakers' control over this alternative voice is limited. A series of perception experiments revealed that alaryngeal speakers who were able to vary the relevant prosodic cues consistently, conveyed prosodic intent more accurately than speakers who could not. However, speakers who had no, or no consistent control over the relevant prosodic cues, often managed to signal, for example, the intended accented word, or managed to conveye the correct phrasing. This was achieved by manipulating, albeit inconsistently, other – sometimes unexpected – prosodic cues that are not normally associated with the prosodic function in question. It is therefore important to investigate which prosodic cues are still present in an alaryngeal speaker's speech. Through subsequent training of those cues that are still available, it might be possible to improve the speaker's overall communicative effectiveness.


[1] We present the first microphysical calculations confirming that photolysis of sulfuric acid vapor by visible light is responsible for the formation of the springtime "CN layer" observed in the polar stratosphere. Our calculations show that the recently proposed photolysis mechanism is also sufficient to explain observations of vertically increasing SO2 mixing ratios in the upper stratosphere. Such photolysis, however, does not sufficiently explain the limited observations above 40 km of vertically decreasing H2SO4 and SO3 vapor, suggesting an additional loss mechanism there. We rule out previous speculation regarding reaction of H2SO4 with O(1D) or OH as inconsistent with observations of SO2. Rather, the loss is consistent with a permanent sink for sulfur, such as H2SO4 neutralization by metals on meteoritic dust. In light of such removal, H2SO4 photolysis to SO2 gains added importance in preserving gaseous sulfur in the upper stratosphere. We also present new cross sections derived from ab initio calculations for H2SO4 absorption at visible and Lyman-α wavelengths and evaluate their atmospheric implications. Our atmospheric model reveals that photolysis of H2SO4 by Lyman-α radiation is responsible for up to one third of the SO2 in the mesosphere and 10% of the particles in the polar stratospheric CN layer.


Abstract Correlation of lower Cambrian strata is often confounded by provincialism of key fauna. The widespread occurrence of the micromollusc Watsonella crosbyi Grabau, 1900 is therefore an important biostratigraphic signpost with potential for international correlation of lower Cambrian successions. Previous correlations of W. crosbyi from Australia (Normanville Group) suggested an Atdabanian- to Botoman-equivalent age. However, in the upper part of the Mount Terrible Formation, stratigraphic ranges of W. crosbyi and Aldanella sp. cf. golubevi overlap prior to the incoming of vertically burrowed 'piperock', which is indicative of an age no earlier than Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range of W. crosbyi in the Normanville Group, South Australia correlates with the ranges of the taxon in China, France, Mongolia and Siberia (though not Newfoundland). The new Australian data add further support for considering the first occurrence of W. crosbyi a good potential candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range of W. crosbyi through the lower Cambrian Normanville Group has been determined based on collections from measured sections. Although rare, W. crosbyi is part of an assemblage of micromolluscs including Bemella sp., Parailsanella sp. cf. murenica and a sinistral form of Aldanella (A. sp. cf. A. golubevi). Other fauna present include Australohalkieria sp., Eremactis mawsoni, chancelloriids and Cupitheca sp.


Perhaps few then could have foreseen the changes to both Roman and Greek civilisations that the next 250 years would usher in. Greeks rose in power in the Roman world even to the level of senators. Romans took on Greek culture and kept Greeks as slaves and tutors to their children. Powerless but civilised, the Greeks worked a quiet revolution in Rome. So I think it may be with cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and the rest of the therapeutic world. Like the Romans, CBT is efficient and effective and it is poised to conquer all the warring city states of therapeutic Greece. Yet, even as it conquers maybe it will begin to be civilised, taking on 'Greek' ideas (third-wave CBT) and responding to Greek critiques. Against and For CBT is a collection of essays, largely by 'therapeutic Greeks' revolted by or attempting to civilise the barbarisms of their 'CBT conquerors' but it kicks off with three powerful chapters by CBT therapists, all of whom show signs of Hellenisation. Mansell, Clarke and Hemmings all in their different ways paint a picture of CBT that is far removed from the utilitarian and ethically naive therapy that its detractors at once construct and attack. I learnt a lot from these chapters. The following section on paradigmatic perspectives consists of attacks centred on the ethical and political stances that the authors find to be implicit in CBT. It was interesting and helpful to have CBT set within the context of the history of ideas. For me, inclined as I am to see more value in positivist and empiricist philosophical views and ethics that are said to be implicit in CBT, the appeal to the postmodern turn and the failure to examine the ethically dubious areas of this world view was not perhaps the knockout blow it might be for others. Martin Heidegger appears in two of the more philosophical chapters but his profound pro-Nazi sympathies do not. I also enjoyed many of the chapters in the section on clinical perspectives. As an author trained in cognitive-analytic therapy, I found the section on dialogic cognitive therapy by Strong, Lysack and Sutherland particularly fruitful. However, in these chapters it is clear that proponents of alternative approaches always have to struggle with the evidence base and essentially three lines of attack can be found. The most clean-cut is Milton's view that once proper studies are done psychoanalytic therapies of sufficient duration will be shown to produce lasting change that cognitive therapies cannot. Others, such as Winter, attack the ecological validity of the evidence base. A final line of assault lies in attacks on the very notion of evidence-based practice itself, for example in the chapter by Lees. Quite large parts of this book are by no means an easy read and this is particularly true of the section on epistemological and research perspectives. There is little about research here but a great deal about epistemology. Two brutally tough chapters by Bohart and House hack away at the difficulties inherent in the methodology of the randomised controlled trial and despite some intimidating passages contain an important critique of scientific methodology as applied to human psychology. Even tougher is the chapter by Fred Newman, who covers philosophers such as Quine and Davidson, with whom he had discussions both real and imaginary. I had thought I was doing quite well to have read and admired these philosophers, but I was left bleeding and outdated by the end of the chapter. By the time I got to the final section on political and cultural perspectives I was hoping for a little gossip. Sadly, there is none, but three important chapters add a social dimension to the critique of CBT and particularly importantly discuss power dynamics in therapy relationships. Of these I thought Moloney and Kelly's chapter 'Beck never lived in Birmingham' telling and helpful. Overall, as a therapist with both Greek (Jungian) and Roman (CBT) sympathies I got value from this book but only after considerable struggle and I was left with a strong regret: Hellenised Rome succumbed first to the enticements of Christianity and then at the last to the barbarian hoards. The medical model and the National Health Service as institution of the state both vie for the role of barbarian in this volume. Hated by both sides of the debate, doctors, supposedly the drug-wielding dupes of the medical industrial complex, and managers, characterised as bureaucratically limited, cost-cutting servants of a malign authoritarian state, are an easy target against which to unite. It is a shame that a book set up to encourage respectful debate could support this only in the face of uncritical manufacture of a common enemy.


We present interactive quantum chemistry simulation at the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED‐MO) level of theory. Our method is based on the divide‐and‐conquer (D&C) approach, which we show is accurate and efficient for this non‐self‐consistent semiempirical theory. The method has a linear complexity in the number of atoms, scales well with the number of cores, and has a small prefactor. The time cost is completely controllable, as all steps are performed with direct algorithms, i.e., no iterative schemes are used. We discuss the errors induced by the D&C approach, first empirically on a few examples, and then via a theoretical study of two toy models that can be analytically solved for any number of atoms. Thanks to the precision and speed of the D&C approach, we are able to demonstrate interactive quantum chemistry simulations for systems up to a few hundred atoms on a current multicore desktop computer. When drawing and editing molecular systems, interactive simulations provide immediate, intuitive feedback on chemical structures. As the number of cores on personal computers increases, and larger and larger systems can be dealt with, we believe such interactive simulations—even at lower levels of theory—should thus prove most useful to effectively understand, design and prototype molecules, devices and materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


[1] Beat-wave generation of very low frequency (VLF) waves by two HF heaters in the ionosphere is formulated theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The heater-induced differential thermal pressure force and ponderomotive force, which dominate separately in the D and F regions of the ionosphere, drive an electron current for the VLF emission. A comparison, applying appropriate ionospheric parameters shows that the ponderomotive force dominates in beat-wave generation of VLF waves. Three experiments, one in the nighttime in the absence of D and E layers and two in the daytime in the presence of D and E layers, were performed. X mode HF heaters of slightly different frequencies were transmitted at CW full power. VLF waves at 10 frequencies ranging from 3.5 to 21.5 kHz were generated. The frequency dependencies of the daytime and nighttime radiation intensities are quite similar, but the nighttime radiation is much stronger than the daytime one at the same radiation frequency. The intensity ratio is as large as 9 dB at 11.5 kHz. An experiment directly comparing VLF waves generated by the beat-wave approach and by the amplitude modulation (AM) approach was also conducted. The results rule out the likely contribution of the AM mechanism acting on the electrojet and indicate that beat-wave in the VLF range prefers to be generated in the F region of the ionosphere through the ponderomotive nonlinearity, consistent with the theory. In the nighttime experiment, the ionosphere was underdense to the HF heaters, suggesting a likely setting for effective beat-wave generation of VLF waves by the HF heaters.


Sensitivity to scales is one of the key challenges in environmental governance. Climate change, food production, energy supply, and natural resource management are examples of environmental challenges that stretch across scales and require action at multiple levels. Governance systems are typically ill-equipped for this task due to organisational and jurisdictional specialisation and short-term planning horizons. Further to this, scientific knowledge is fragmented along disciplinary lines and research traditions in academia and research institutions. State-of-the-art, Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment addresses these challenges by establishing the foundation for a new, trans-disciplinary research field. It brings together and reframes a variety of disciplinary approaches, using the idea of scales to create a conceptual and methodological basis for scale-sensitive governance of the environment from both a natural and social science perspective. This volume presents new visions, methods and innovative applications of thinking and decision making across scales in space and time to develop a holistic view on the subject. It is unique in providing: analysis on how spatial, temporal, and governance scales are constructed, politically and scientifically defined, institutionalized in governance practices, and strategically used in policy discourses details on how current environmental governance practices can be enriched by the use of theory on scale, with specific research themes to show the benefits of recognizing scales in empirical research, insightful case studies drawn from countries in the Americas, Eastern and Southern Africa, Europe, and South and Southeastern Asia, covering a wide range of environmental topics including biodiversity, climate change, commodities (tea and palm oil), cultural landscapes, energy, forestry, natural resource management, pesticides, urban development, and water management. With its comprehensive coverage of scale and scaling issues and convergence of widely different scientific approaches, this book is essential for environmental scientists, policy makers and planners, also conservation biologists and ecologists who are involved in modeling climate change impacts and sustainability. This reference will also benefit students of environmental studies, and all those who seek a response to the urgent environmental governance challenges for the decades ahead.


We hereby present a simple method for reducing the effect of oxygen quenching in Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion (TTA-UC) systems. A number of commercially available thioethers and one thiol have been tested as singlet oxygen scavengers. Recording of the upconverted emission from a well-studied PdOEP (sensitizer)–DPA (annihilator/emitter) couple has been made over time with steady-state excitation capturing the steady-state kinetics of the TTA-UC process as the solubilized oxygen is depleted by reaction with the scavengers. The efficiency of the TTA-UC process is compared between chemical oxygen scavenging and mechanical removal by inert gas purging or the freeze–pump–thaw method. Selected methods are combined to explore the highest attainable TTA-UC quantum yield. A maximum TTA-UC quantum yield of 21% with the shortest UC onset time was obtained with dimethylthiomethane (DMTM) as the scavenger in an air-saturated solvent and slightly higher quantum yields were obtained in combination with other deoxygenation techniques. Samples containing DMTM displayed little decrease in the quantum yield over four hours of continuous high intensity irradiation, which illustrates the robustness of applying chemical oxygen removal in TTA-UC instead of more time-consuming mechanical processes that usually require specialized equipment.


I implement a large-scale field experiment in the US auto repair industry to study the existence and structure of gender-based price discrimination in service markets. Women receive price quotes that are 2 percent (over 9 dollars) higher than men. These differences disappear once women signal low search costs, suggesting statistical rather than tastebased discrimination. Price requests that appear to come from high-income households raise quotes for men but not women, also eliminating the gender gap. The price gap also falls with the number of nearby repair shops, suggesting that market competition alleviates gender-based price discrimination. JEL codes: C93, D4, J16, J18, J71


'Animal Ethics Dilemma' is a freely available computer-supported learning tool (www.animalethicsdilemma.net or www.aedilemma.net) which has been developed primarily for veterinary undergraduates but is applicable also to students in other fields of animal science. The objectives of the computer program are to promote students' understanding of the ethics related to animal use, to illustrate ethical dilemmas that arise in animal use, to broaden students' moral imagination, and to enable students to differentiate between types of ethical argument. The program comprises five case studies: (1) the blind hens; (2) ANDi the genetically modified monkey; (3) euthanasia of a healthy dog; (4) animal slaughter; and (5) rehabilitation of seals. Special consideration has been given to enhancing the pedagogic value of the program. Students can control their learning by selecting a variety of ways to explore the program; for example, they can navigate the program using the 'Assist Me' option, which explains the basis of the ethical arguments. Reality text provides details of real events on which the case is based, and a glossary of terminology is available for the students to explore. Selected access to a case template is also available, enabling students and teachers to create their own case studies. Evaluation of the program has been ongoing during its development.


The present paper illustrates the design process for the Growing Functional Modules (GFM) learning based controller. GFM controllers are elaborated interconnecting four kinds of components: Global Goals, Acting Modules, Sensations and Sensing Modules. Global Goals trigger intrinsic motivations, Acting and Sensing Modules develop specific functionalities and Sensations provide the controlled system's feedback. GFM controllers learn to satisfy some predefined goals while interacting with the environment and thus should be considered as artificial brains. An example of the design process of a simple controller is provided herein to explain the inherent methodology, to exhibit the components' interconnections and to demonstrate the control process.


Advanced cardiac diseases causes a person to face issues concerning the meaning of life, death and an uncertain future. It can be challenging to improve the quality of life of those who are living with a terminal illness. For patients with a compromised cardiovascular health state, implementing a palliative care framework could play a key role in alleviating suffering and grief. This article aims to apply a modified version of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs to provide effective palliative care to patients with cardiac conditions. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google scholar search engines to extract relevant literature and evidence-based practices. Maslow's hierarchy of needs can also be adapted to palliative care of patients with terminal cardiac illnesses. Priority should be given to low hierarchical stages, leading to the highest physical symptoms management, personal and social security, acceptance and love during illness, restoration of self-esteem, and self-actualisation and transcendence. Advanced cardiac diseases have long-term effects on a patient's life. The challenge is to provide holistic care to meet the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs of vulnerable patients through the use of appropriate palliative care plans. A modified version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs in palliative care for cardiovascular diseases could be effectively applied for the assessment of patients' requirements and the planning of interventions to achieve aims that initiate wellbeing and potentially cover the experience of transcendence.


Background: Inhibition of angiogenesis is a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of cediranib, a potent small molecule inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, in patients with refractory or recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Methods: Patients with SCLC with progression after prior platinum-based chemotherapy only; performance status (PS) of 0 to 2; and adequate bone marrow, renal, and hepatic function were included. The dose of cediranib was 45 mg PO once a day for the first 12 patients and was reduced to 30 mg PO once a day for the subsequent patients because of intolerance of the higher dose. Treatment was given on a daily continuous schedule. The primary end point was determination of the response rate. Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Patient characteristics were as follows: 13 men; median age 61 years; PS 0 (12 pts), PS 1 (12 pts). A median of two cycles were administered. Salient grade 3/4 toxicities were fatigue, diarrhea, hypertension, proteinuria, and elevated liver enzymes. Tolerability was better with the 30 mg dose once a day. Nine patients had stable disease, but none had a confirmed partial response. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 2 and 6 months, respectively. Response criteria to proceed to full accrual were not met. Increase in circulating endothelial cell count was noted at the time of progression in several patients. Conclusions: Cediranib failed to demonstrate objective responses in recurrent or refractory SCLC at the dose and schedule evaluated. The 45 mg dose was intolerable in a majority of SCLC patients.


Geomorphic analysis and results of field investigations in the Tijuana Estuary, California, are used in developing the rationale for an enhancement and restoration design that increases the tidal prism while protecting sensitive wetland vegetation. A primary cause of degradation of the estuary is the decrease in the diurnal tidal prism from about 1.9 × 10 -3 km 3 (1,550 ac-ft) in 1852 to 3.6 × 10 -4 km 3 (290 ac-ft) in 1989. Geomorphic processes and human modifications responsible for the reduction in tidal prism include migration of the barrier spit (at a rate of approximately 0.7 m/yr), sedimentation from the Tijuana River and tributaries, and road building and agriculture. The present tidal prism is not sufficient to maintain an open inlet following severe wave storms that fill slough channels with sand from wave overwash. Inlet closure may negatively impact salt marsh vegetation and habitat in the estuary by changing water quality. The restoration design proposed includes shallow excavation and re-creation of slough channels in the southern portion of the estuary in order to increase the tidal prism and improve tidal circulation.


Objective: To determine the safety and tolerability of mexiletine in a phase II double-blind randomized controlled trial of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). Methods: Sixty participants with SALS from 10 centers were randomized 1:1:1 to placebo, mexiletine 300 mg/d, or mexiletine 900 mg/d and followed for 12 weeks. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints were pharmacokinetic study from plasma and CSF, ALS Functional Rating Scale–Revised (ALSFRS-R) score, slow vital capacity (SVC), and muscle cramp frequency and severity. Results: The only serious adverse event among active arm participants was one episode of imbalance. Thirty-two percent of participants receiving 900 mg of mexiletine discontinued study drug vs 5% on placebo (p = 0.026). Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated a peak plasma concentration 2 hours postdose and strong correlation between plasma and CSF (p < 0.001). Rates of decline of ALSFRS-R and SVC did not differ from placebo. Analysis of all randomized patients demonstrated significant reductions of muscle cramp frequency (300 mg: rate = 31% of placebo, p = 0.047; 900 mg: 16% of placebo, p = 0.002) and cramp intensity (300 mg: mean = 45% of placebo, p = 0.08; 900 mg: 25% of placebo, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Mexiletine was safe at both doses and well-tolerated at 300 mg/d but adverse effects at 900 mg/d led to a high rate of discontinuation. Mexiletine treatment resulted in large dose-dependent reductions in muscle cramp frequency and severity. No effect on rate of progression was detected, but clinically important differences could not be excluded in this small and short-duration study. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that mexiletine is safe when given daily to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at 300 and 900 mg and well-tolerated at the lower dose.


The analysis of large amounts of multidimensional road traffic data for anomaly detection is a complex task. Visual analytics can bridge the gap between computational and human approaches to detecting anomalous behavior in road traffic, making the data analysis process more transparent. In this paper, we present a visual analytics framework that provides support for: 1) the exploration of multidimensional road traffic data; 2) the analysis of normal behavioral models built from data; 3) the detection of anomalous events; and 4) the explanation of anomalous events. We illustrate the use of this framework with examples from a large database of real road traffic data collected from several areas in Europe. Finally, we report on feedback provided by expert analysts from Volvo Group Trucks Technology, regarding its design and usability.


Since 2001, communities in Nagaland have been brought into direct partnerships as stakeholders with government in local service provision. Communitisation is backed by a legal framework and strong state-level support. This has taken place within a context of enduring conflict, social unrest, limited public service delivery and a high HIV/AIDS rate in the state, located in the troubled north-eastern region of India. It has directly involved the Nagaland form of local governance, through Village Councils and Village Development Boards, which are believed to follow local customs of wide consultation and consensus-building around collective concerns. These in turn constitute committees which govern four local services: education, health, water and electricity. While evidence is only beginning to emerge, it so far suggests considerable positive impacts in terms of public service delivery gains in Nagaland. This article outlines some of the questions and issues the Nagaland Communitisation account gives rise to. IDS Bulletin Volume 40 Number 6 November 2009 © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © Institute of Development Studies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA


This article outlines the rise and development of New University Presses and Academic-Led Presses in the UK or publishing for the UK market. Based on the Jisc research project, Changing publishing ecologies: a landscape study of new university presses and academic-led publishing, commonalities between these two types of presses are identified to better assess their future needs and requirements. Based on this analysis, the article argues for the development of a publishing toolkit, for further research into the creation of a typology of presses and publishing initiatives, and for support with community building to help these initiatives grow and develop further, whilst promoting a more diverse publishing ecology.


Biometric authentication can be cast as a signal processing and statistical pattern recognition problem. As such, it relies on models of signal representations that can be used to discriminate between classes. One of the assumptions typically made by the practioner is that the training set used to learn the parameters of the class-conditional likelihood functions is a representative sample of the unseen test set on which the system will be used. If the test set data is distorted, the assumption no longer holds and the Bayes decision rule or Maximum Likelihood rules are no longer optimal. In biometrics, the distortions of the data come from two main sources: intra-user variability, and changes in acquisition conditions. The aim of the thesis is to increase robustness of biometric verification systems to these sources of variability. Since the signals under consideration are not deterministic, but stochastic, steady-state signal analysis techniques are not adequate for modelling. By using probabilistic methods instead, we can obtain models describing, amongst other, the amount of spread in the random variables, meaning that we can take into account the uncertainty on the realisation of the random variables (features) due to intra-user variability. Furthermore, we posit that modelling information reflecting the acquisition conditions (signal quality measures) should be useful in improving the robustness of biometric verification systems to changes of data from the training conditions. In this thesis, we use probabilistic approaches at all stages of the biometric authentication processing chain, while taking into account the quality of the signal being modelled. We use the theoretical framework of Bayesian networks, a family of graphical models offering important flexibility. We use them both for single-classifier systems (base classifier and reliability model) and for multiple-classifier systems (classifier combination with and without quality measures). In the single-classifier part, we propose to use a Bayesian network topology equivalent to a Gaussian mixture model for signature verification, and show that experimental results are equivalent to state-of-the-art signature verification systems. Furthermore, the model can be used for speaker verification as well. Quality measures are auxiliary information that can be used in both single-classifier systems and multi-classifier systems. We define precisely the concept of quality measure, and show the different potential types of quality measures. We propose new quality measures for both speech and signature, as well as the concept of modality-independent quality measure, as an additional type of auxiliary information. We show that the effect of signal degradation could be different on impostor and client score distributions, an important effect to take into account when designing quality-based fusion models. We propose a principled evaluation methodology for quality measures. The use of reliability models is proposed. They are probabilistic models of single-classifier behaviour, taking into account quality measures. They result in an enhanced confidence measure, which is to some degree robust with respect to changing quality. Experiments show that reliability estimation generally outperforms confidence estimation. We formalise different classifier combination algorithms as probabilistic models in the framework of Bayesian networks for both decision-level and score-level fusion, and propose enhancements to existing models. We also propose a new structure learning algorithm, sparse regression fusion (SRF), specifically designed for classifier combination tasks. The SRF model obtains good results over three multimodal benchmark databases. Lastly, we propose a theoretical view on probabilistic classifier combination with quality measure, based on an analysis of independence and conditional independence relationships induced by different model topologies. We also show the importance of the notion of context-specific independence, and draw a parallel between decision tree building and enforcing a weak version of context-specific independence. Three quality-based fusion schemes are proposed: SRF-Q, an adaptation of the SRF algorithm to the use of quality measures, Context-specific fusion with quality measures (CSF-Q), a fusion model equivalent to a decision tree but motivated by probabilistic and independence arguments, and rigged majority voting, a flexible scheme that can be used with both reliability models and other meta-classifiers, with clear limits on accuracy gains that can be expected. The CSF-Q and the SRF-Q algorithms perform better than state-of-the-art combiners not using quality measures, and under certain conditions better than existing state-of-the-art combiners using quality measures.


There has been an increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and their impact has aroused the
interest of many stakeholders to incorporate different strategies on disaster management. Although,
disaster ceased many opportunities and lives, the lives of survivors do not cease in the disaster
affected areas. This bespeaks the need to develop communities to cope up with challenges during post
disaster situations and to improve their disaster resilience. Within the post disaster stage, the impact
of natural disasters and the consequent partial reconstruction efforts have presented many challenges
to women. Hence, there is a need to enhance women's position within post disaster context. Further,
many studies have acknowledged that although women are disproportionately affected by these
disasters, their role in preventing and mitigating the effects of natural disasters is not well explored.
Within this context, the main research investigates into empowerment of women during post disaster
reconstruction in Sri Lanka. There are many factors which influence women's empowerment such as
their contribution to household, access to resources, participation in household decision making,
perception on gender awareness, etc. Among factors that influence women's empowerment, existing
policies and frameworks is one of the important factors that can play a major role within post disaster
reconstruction. Further, although there are legislations and policies to provide assistance to women,
the lack of implementation of these remains a problem. Hence, in order to gain an understanding on
the existing framework on women's empowerment, this study firstly examines the way the concept of
empowerment has been viewed within development studies and later analyses the national and
international policies and frameworks that exist within post disaster context in Sri Lanka. This study
has been based on a theoretical as well as practical ideas obtained through a comprehensive literature
review and interviews carried out among experts within the practice in Sri Lanka


Abstract Electron microprobe analyses of platform (pectiniform Pa) elements of Permian conodonts reveal detailed and systematic chemical element distributions. The crown of the conodont element is more densely mineralized than the basal body and shows evidence of less dense mineralization in areas of rapid growth. Patterns in sodium and sulfur concentrations indicate oral to aboral differentiation within conodont elements. These chemical element patterns support oral exposure during life and functional use as a tooth, and they approximate the erupted and embedded positions of the conodont tooth when the animal was alive. Previously unrecognized spatial distributions of geochemically important chemical elements warrant consideration in future geochemical studies of conodonts.


The context of the research was senior leadership teams in schools in Australia. The study investigated relationships between task interdependence, psychological collectivism, self-efficacy for teamwork, and team member perceptions of leadership functions. A cross-sectional and correlational research design was employed. Fifty-seven senior leadership teams composed of principals and senior teachers within two Catholic education systems in New South Wales, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from an online survey completed by senior leadership team members and analyzed using multilevel data analysis strategies. The findings suggest the extent of functional leadership was positively related to perceived task interdependence.


Abstract : This paper presents our efforts in developing XMHF, an eXtensible and Modular Hypervisor Framework. XMHF takes a developer-centric approach to hypervisor design and implementation, and strives to be a comprehensible and flexible platform for performing hypervisor research and development. XMHF encapsulates common hypervisor core functionality in a framework that allows others to build custom hypervisor-based solutions (called hypapps) while freeing them from a considerable amount of wheel-reinventing that is often associated with such efforts. We are encouraged by the end result - a clean, barebones hypervisor framework with desirable performance characteristics and an architecture amenable to formal analysis.


Based on the fact that the x-band weather radar transmits data bandwidth is big in real time, and the distance between the weather station radar and the computer room is far away, a full duplex high-speed data transmission scheme based on optical fiber is designed and implemented on Xilinx FPGA. For the differences between XC7K410T GTX and XC7K325T GTX, it is necessary to adjust the parameters such as pre/deemphasis and receive equalization value, receiving terminal voltage and transmitting differential voltage swing that ensure normal data transmission and reception between the two. The suitable communication parameters for the hardware are measured by IBERT to set the transceiver GTX, and then the high-speed transceiver interface of the system is designed by the custom transmission data frame protocol, and the transmission rate of the single channel 10Gb/s is realized. It has been successfully applied in the x-band dual-polarized weather radar system of the company.


During the 1882_1914 period, U.S. national banks could issue circulating notes backed by specified government securities. Earlier attempts to explain yields on those securities by costs of note issue discovered a paradox: yields were too high. We point out two previously ignored sources of costs: idle notes and note redemptions that were highly variable, thereby exacerbating the problem of managing reserves. We present data on idle notes and estimate, from partial data on redemptions, the uncertainty due to redemptions. We also present a semiannual time series of an upper bound on the average additional return on equity a national bank would earn by fully using its note issue privilege. Since the median of this series is 0.5 percent and since this upper bound does not include the average costs stemming from the exacerbated reserve management problem, we conclude that the specified government securities did not have paradoxically high yields.


Optical circuits are low power consumption and fast speed alternatives for the current information processing based on transistor circuits. However, because of no transistor function available in optics, the architecture for optical computing should be chosen that optics prefers. One of which is Binary Decision Diagram (BDD), where signal is processed by sending an optical signal from the root through a serial of switching nodes to the leaf (terminal). Speed of optical computing is limited by either transmission time of optical signals from the root to the leaf or switching time of a node. We have designed and experimentally demonstrated 1-bit and 2-bit adders based on the BDD architecture. The switching nodes are silicon ring resonators with a modulation depth of 10 dB and the states are changed by the plasma dispersion effect. The quality, Q of the rings designed is 1500, which allows fast transmission of signal, e.g., 1.3 ps calculated by a photon escaping time. A total processing time is thus analyzed to be ~9 ps for a 2-bit adder and would scales linearly with the number of bit. It is two orders of magnitude faster than the conventional CMOS circuitry, ~ns scale of delay. The presented results show the potential of fast speed optical computing circuits.


Athletic training clinical education combines didactic education with practical experiences. Athletic training education programs facilitate the development of this instruction by preparing the clinical instructors affiliated with the program. Primarily through onetime workshops, this effort provides limited delivery of content to prepare these clinical instructors. In an attempt to identify which method of content delivery would most benefit clinical instructors, this research creates a unique methods to further investigate this issue. This study compared the acquisition of knowledge between the traditional single session clinical instructor workshop to a modified four-session workshop on athletic training clinical education instructional strategies. Method: A pre-post assessment was utilized to measure the acquisition of clinical instruction skills for a control and experimental group of clinical instructors within a single accredited athletic training education program. Eleven clinical instructors participated in the experimental group while fifteen clinical instructors participated in the control group (N=26). A standardized instrument for assessment compared control and experimental group participants' acquisition of information delivered through the clinical workshop models. Results: Statistical analysis of the results from the testing instrument identified a statistical difference (p=.003) between the control and experimental groups implying an acquisition of knowledge from the clinical instructor workshop interventions. Conclusions: This study supports the implementation of multiple session clinical workshops for athletic training clinical instructor workshop training as an alternative method to the traditional single session workshop delivery mode. Nurturing clinical instructors through instructional develops a positive learning environment to ensure their success.


The standard cellular automata (CA) model is based on three main features: locality, uniformity and synchronicity. Recently, some variants have been introduced, most of them consist in relaxing one of those three properties. In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior of m-ACA (using fair measures), a variant of cellular automata in which the synchronicity property has been relaxed. Inspired by literature about α-asynchronous CA (a special case of m-ACA), the paper focuses on doubly quiescent elementary rules i.e., rules with radius 1, boolean alphabet and such that homogeneuous configurations are fixed points. We show that for many of these rules, the limit behavior is fully characterized by a subshift of finite type.


This paper describes a case study, examining the problems of capturing, disseminating and benefiting from lessons learned from projects within the project management department of a large, information-intensive organisation. A set of recommendations to improve the organisation's involvement with 'lessons learned' is derived, and how these recommendations are relevant to a wider range of organisations is considered. The literature associated with lessons learned was used to direct research into the project management department of the selected organisation through the use of focus groups and questionnaires to determine why their lessons learned process is not as effective as required. The key barriers to lessons learned were found to be culture, motivation and a lack of process. Furthermore, a large percentage of the project management community was found to be unaware of any lessons learned system and found it hard to access and share lessons with other project managers. The paper therefore provides a set of recommendations to overcome these barriers concerning immediate actions and strategies for the future. The recommendations have received very positive feedback from the employees of the organisation. The paper concludes that the provided recommendations are adaptable to a wide range of organisations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In Original Self, spiritual pioneer Thomas Moore guides readers back to their God-given personalities through fifty heart-lifting meditations. This inspiring collection offers fresh interpretations of living with originality rather than conformity, presenting multidimensional portraits of the creative self and different angles from which to top one's primal emotions and possibilities. Learn what it means to live from the burning essence of the heart, with the creativity that comes from allowing the soul to blossom in its own colors and shapes.With his usual grace and insight, Moore counters the prevailing assumptions of the day and offers strikingly unorthodox views on what is virtuous and healthy, opening up possibilities for a renewal of the way we live socially and in our private lives.


Over the past twenty years, economic theory has begun to play a central role in antitrust matters. In earlier days, the application of antitrust rules was viewed almost entirely in formal terms; now it is widely accepted that the proper interpretation of these rules requires an understanding of how markets work and how firms can alter their efficient functioning. The Handbook of Antitrust Economics offers scholars, students, administrators, courts, companies, and lawyers the economist's view of the subject, describing the application of newly developed theoretical models and improved empirical methods to antitrust and competition law in both the United States and the European Union. (The book uses the U.S. term "antitrust law" and the European "competition law" interchangeably, emphasizing the commonalities between the two jurisdictions.) After a general discussion of the use of empirical methods in antitrust cases, the Handbook covers merger agreements, abuses of dominance (or unilateral effects), and market features that affect the ways firms compete. Chapters examine such topics as analyzing the competitive effects of both horizontal and vertical mergers, detecting and preventing cartels, theoretical and empirical analyses of vertical restraints, state aids, the relationship of competition law to the defense of intellectual property, and the application of antitrust law to "bidding markets," network industries, and two-sided markets.


Abstract Background: This study assessed the knowledge and use of emergency contraception (EC) against the background of current sexual practices among a multi-racial student population at the Durban University of Technology (DUT) in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In addition, the use of art as an advocacy tool in promoting awareness of EC and related sexual issues was also evaluated. Methods: A random sample of 162 students with equal representation of race and gender was interviewed. The questionnaire used addressed knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding contraception, with emphasis on EC and current sexual practices. It was administered by trained interviewers at three different sites at the DUT, where the Kara Walker image was also displayed on banners by Art for Humanity (AFH). Results: Over 77% of participants indicated that EC was some sort of birth control or contraceptive method. Only 51% of the respondents felt that EC was a good form of contraception and 27% of all students indicated that it should not be used at all. However, given a choice, 66% of African students would use it, compared to 46% Indian, 31% coloured and 52% white students. The various levels of undergraduate study (i.e. first to third year) did not impact on the level of knowledge of or attitude towards the use of EC among students. Students had health and social concerns, including that if more men were informed about EC, they may use it to pressure women into having unprotected sex. Over 90% of students knew that EC did not provide protection from HIV, AIDS and STDs. Of the 162 students questioned, only 21% had seen the Kara Walker poster and their responses to the banner were varied. While a few students thought that it was an inappropriate portrayal of women, most students who saw the banner thought it was effective in drawing attention to the consequences of unsafe sexual practices. Conclusion: It is imperative that concise information and pre- and post-counselling be provided by health care professionals to empower individuals at tertiary institutions to make informed choices with respect to reproductive health. Proper dissemination of information will create awareness and enhance wider acceptance and the use of the arts as an advocacy tool may further promote health education.


Electron capture dissociation (ECD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a powerful analytical tool for peptide and protein structure analysis. The product ion abundance (PIA) distribution in ECD MS/MS is known to vary as a function of electron irradiation period. This variation complicates the development of a method of peptide identification by correlation of ECD MS/MS data with experimental and theoretical mass spectra. Here, we first develop a kinetic model to describe primary electron capture by peptide dications leading to product ion formation and secondary electron capture resulting in product ion neutralization. We apply the developed kinetic model to calculate product ion formation rate constants and electron capture rate constants of product ions from ECD mass spectra acquired using various electron irradiation periods. Contrary to ECD PIA distributions, the product ion formation rate constants are shown to be independent of electron irradiation period and, thus, may be employed to characterize ECD product ion formation more universally. The electron capture rate constants of product ions in ECD Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS were found to correlate (with a correlation factor, R2, of ca 0.9) with ion mobility cross sections of product ions in electron transfer dissociation. Finally, we demonstrate that the electron irradiation period influences the ratio of radical and even-electron c and z product ions.


ABSTRACT We calculated the sedimentary budget of the Northwest Sub-basin (NWSB), South China Sea for different geological times based on interpretations of four multichannel seismic profiles across the basin with constraints from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 367 and 368 drilling results. Sedimentation was generally dominated by regional tectonic events and climate change, but complicated by local tectonic events and geographic position, which resulted in a specific sedimentary budget in the NWSB compared with other marginal basins and the Southwest Sub-basin. The sedimentation rate was relatively low following the opening of the NWSB but increased gradually during the Middle Miocene, corresponding to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Asian monsoon. It reached its peak in the Late Miocene, corresponding to uplift of the Dongsha Island region that caused intensive bypass of eroded sediments from the Baiyun Sag into the abyssal basin, and reduced again during the Pliocene because of sediment storage on the wide northern continental shelf area compared to the abyssal basin during a period of high-stand sea level. Increase in sedimentation during the Pleistocene suggests that continental erosion and sediment transport to the abyssal basin were enhanced by an intensified Asian summer monsoon and glacial-interglacial climate fluctuations. Since the opening of the NWSB, the primary sediment provenance has been from southern China, with minor contributions from the Red River, Hainan Island, as well as local uplifts on the continental shelf.


Both construction Waste Minimisation (WM) and construction procurement activities play
an effective role in attaining sustainability by giving due consideration to the
environment, community and social conditions in delivering built assets. The construction
industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of resource consumption
and increasing waste production. Recent figures published by the UK government reveal
that construction and demolition activities produce approximately 32% of total waste
generated: three times the waste produced by all households combined. However, the
current and on-going research in the field of construction WM and management focuses
mainly on onsite waste quantification and management; and stakeholders" source
identification. Little research has been undertaken to evaluate the relationship between
Construction Procurement Systems (CPS) and construction waste generation. However,
literature emphasises the need for research in this context.
This research aims to develop a Procurement Waste Minimisation Framework (PWMF)
to enhance WM practices by evaluating the relationship between CPS and construction
waste generation. Objectives of the research include: examine construction WM drivers,
WM approaches, waste origins and causes; critically review and evaluate current CPS
and sustainable procurement practices in the UK; assess the relationship between CPS
and construction waste generation; investigate and synthesis Procurement Waste
Origins (PWO); examine the most suitable CPS that could potentially embed and sustain
WM; develop and validate the PWMF.
This research has adopted a survey research design and mixed methods sequential
procedure. Data has been gathered through a cross sectional, self-administered postal
questionnaire survey (N=258 distributed, n=65 received) and semi-structured interviews
(N=17) with procurement managers and sustainability managers from the top 100 UK
contracting organisations and quantity surveyors from the top 100 UK quantity surveying
organisations. Data analysis techniques include: descriptive statistics; non-parametric
tests; and constant comparative method. The PWMF has developed based on the
findings of literature review, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews and
adopting key concepts of problem solving methodology. The PWMF validation method
includes: validation questionnaire (N=8) and follow-up semi-structured interviews (N=6)
with procurement managers, sustainability managers and quantity surveyors. Key findings which emerged from the study include: CPS do have an impact on waste
generation in construction; integrated CPS have major potential to integrate WM
strategies; four PWO identified (i.e. uncoordinated early involvement of project
stakeholders; ineffective communication and coordination; unclear allocation of WM
responsibilities; and inconsistent procurement documentation) and associated sub-waste
causes; and the developed PWMF enables to diagnose potential waste origins and
causes, and WM improvement measures for design and build projects. The study has
made recommendations which, if adopted, will lead to significant improvements in WM
practices and sustainable procurement practices in construction. The content should be
of interest to contractors, clients, and organisations dealing with procurement, waste and
sustainability.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of joint pain and disability in
middle-aged and elderly patients. It is characterized by progressive loss of
articular cartilage that eventually leads to denudation of the joint surface.
The cartilage loss observed in OA is the result of a complex process
involving degradation of various components of the cartilage matrix.
Particularly, degradation of cartilage-specific type II collagen by
mammalian collagenases (MMPs) is a key step in the loss of structural and
functional integrity of cartilage.1 Among all known MMPs, MMP-13 is
considered the principal target in OA. Indeed, today there are
overwhelming data on the role of MMP-13 in the pathogenesis of OA,2 and
inhibition of its activity has proven to be efficacious in a variety of models
of experimentally induced as well as spontaneously occurring OA.3
Unfortunately, none of the known MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been
successfully utilized as therapeutic agents so far. This was due to the lack
of selectivity for a specific isozyme, leading to heavy dose- and durationdependent
musculoskeletal side effects.4 Therefore, current drug
development strategies for treatment of OA are focused on selective
inhibition of MMP-13, although recent evidences suggest that other
MMPs, such as MMP-1, may also contribute to the collagen degradation
process.5 However, the design of a selective MMPI is not a trivial task, as
Pag. 7
MMPs share an high similarity in the overall three-dimensional fold and
many conserved amino acids exist in the inhibitor binding site, besides the
conserved catalytic zinc ion. The major structural difference observed
between the MMP enzymes resides in the relative size and shape of the S1'
subsite, which is located in proximity of the catalytic metal. From a
structural point of view, almost all MMPIs known so far are based on a
zinc-binding group (ZBG) and a hydrophobic portion protruding into the
hydrophobic S1' subsite. These compounds behave as competitive
inhibitors since the ZBG can mimic one of the transition states occurring
during the substrate hydrolysis. Currently, two successful strategies to
confer selectivity of action to an MMP inhibitor are known: the first resides
in the proper modification of the P1' substituent on MMPI to take
advantage of the differences between the diverse MMPs; the second is the
finding of an allosteric inhibitor,6 which binds tightly to the S1' and S1'*
subsite without chelating the metal that is thought to contribute to the
promiscuous inhibition of multiple MMPs.Errore. Il segnalibro non e definito.c
Recently, as a result of the first strategy, it has been designed a Nisopropoxy-
arylsulfonamide-based hydroxamate inhibitor, which showed
low nanomolar activity for MMP-13 and high selectivity over some other tested MMPs.7 In parallel to further studies aiming to assess the activity of
this promising compound using in vivo models of OA, it has been decided
to seek for novel scaffolds as allosteric inhibitors on one hand, and as zincchelating
non-hydroxamate inhibitors on the other. In fact, a debate is still open on the advisability of using hydroxamates as ZBG due to toxicity and
metabolic stability issues.8,9
In this respect, we have taken advantage of the availability of several
MMP-13 crystal structures and have used two different in silico methods to
screen the Life Chemicals and the Maybridge databases, respectively.
Experimental tests of a limited selection of candidate compounds (60)
verified nine novel leads, structurally unrelated to the known MMPIs.


A major issue in the fabrication of integrated Bragg grating (IBG) filters in highly confined waveguides is the average effective index fluctuations caused by sidewall roughness. In this work, we model the impact of this effect on IBG spectral responses and we identify key parameters that need to be controlled in order to minimize distortions. We show that only low spatial frequency components of the noise are relevant to the calculation of the IBG spectral response, which decreases considerably the computation time. Furthermore, we present an IBG emulator that allows estimation of expected fabrication yield of specific gratings given that the fabrication process is well characterized. The analysis of apodized gratings is used as an example to illustrate how this modeling can help to reduce development cost by first studying robustness of IBG designs to fabrication limitations. Finally, we study analytically the impact of sidewall roughness having short correlation lengths and small roughness variances on the spectral response of weak gratings.


The chemical composition and water uptake characteristics of sub-micrometre atmospheric particles over the region of the Aegean Sea were measured between 25 August and 11 September 2011 within the framework of the Aegean-Game campaign. High temporal-resolution measurements of the chemical composition of the particles were conducted using an airborne compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (cToF-AMS). These measurements were performed during two flights from the island of Crete to the island of Lemnos and back. A hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser (HTDMA) located on the island of Lemnos was used to measure the ability of the particles to take up water. The HTDMA measurements showed that the particles in the dominant mode were internally mixed, having hygroscopic growth factors that ranged from 1.00 to 1.59 when exposed to 85% relative humidity. When the aircraft flew near the ground station on Lemnos, the cToF-AMS measurements showed that the organic volume fraction of the particles ranged from 43 to 56%. These measurements corroborate the range of hygroscopic growth factors measured by the HTDMA during that time. Good closure between HTDMA and cToF-AMS measurements was achieved when assuming that the organic species were less hygroscopic and had an average density that corresponds to aged organic species. Using the results from the closure study, the cToF-AMS measurements were employed to determine vertical profiles of a representative aerosol hygroscopic parameter ?mix. Calculated ?mix values ranged from 0.19 to 0.84 during the first flight and from 0.22 to 0.80 during the second flight. Air masses of different origin as determined by back trajectory calculations can explain the spatial variation in chemical composition and ?mix values of the particles observed in the region.


The practice of transportation engineering and planning has employed trip and parking generation rates to determine the number of trips generated and attracted by developments, as well as the required number of parking spaces for facilities. Trip generation serves as an input to modeling transportation requirements and traffic flows influenced by the development. For example, a residential condominium may directly impact traffic within a 10 km radius. Meanwhile, a shopping mall can impact an area of over 50 km in radius. Thus, it is expected that most trips generated or attracted by the development would be captured within these influence areas. These trips generated and attracted are represented by standard rates for trip and parking generation. This paper reviews the trip and parking generation rates used in transportation practice and research in the Philippines. The review includes the ascertaining of various rates used in traffic analysis. An assessment of issues and concerns pertaining to local trip and parking rates are discussed, and recommendations for future research directions are made based on information derived for this review.


While Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) provide a sound and principled alternative to standard neural networks, an artificial sharpening of the posterior usually needs to be applied to reach comparable performance. This is in stark contrast to theory, dictating that given an adequate prior and a well-specified model, the untempered Bayesian posterior should achieve optimal performance. Despite the community's extensive efforts, the observed gains in performance still remain disputed with several plausible causes pointing at its origin. While data augmentation has been empirically recognized as one of the main drivers of this effect, a theoretical account of its role, on the other hand, is largely missing. In this work we identify two interlaced factors concurrently influencing the strength of the cold posterior effect, namely the correlated nature of augmentations and the degree of invariance of the employed model to such transformations. By theoretically analyzing simplified settings, we prove that tempering implicitly reduces the misspecification arising from modeling augmentations as i.i.d. data. The temperature mimics the role of the effective sample size, reflecting the gain in information provided by the augmentations. We corroborate our theoretical findings with extensive empirical evaluations, scaling to realistic BNNs. By relying on the framework of group convolutions, we experiment with models of varying inherent degree of invariance, confirming its hypothesized relationship with the optimal temperature.


Abstract: The Soultz-sous-Forets granitic basement represents the reservoir of an experimental Hot Fractured Rock (HFR) geothermal exchanger presently tested in the northern Rhine Graben (France), referring now to the concept of Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The injected fluids circulate in the natural fracture network of the granite and through its hydrothermally altered matrix. One of these fractured and altered zones, located about 800 m below the granite-sediment boundary, contains tosudite, which is a rather rare mixed-layer chlorite/smectite that crystallized here ahead of a fibrous illite/quartz/calcite paragenesis. Tosudite occurs mainly in the relics of plagioclase grains that were progressively altered by interacting with Li-bearing hydrothermal fluids percolating in the granite fractures. The age of the hydrothermal alteration activity is inferred from K-Ar dating of varied particle sizes of the associated illite: two distinct hydrothermal episodes of illite crystallization could be set at about 63 and 18-Ma or less, without further detectable precipitation, especially during the rifting of the Rhine Graben. Precipitation of fibrous illite in the pore space of the altered granite is expected to have reduced its permeability, as frequently observed in sandstone reservoirs. Clay crystallization may, therefore, represent a significant drawback for engineering the geothermal programme, as the chemical composition of the injected fluids shall be designed to reduce and even prevent illite precipitation and promote tosudite precipitation, when mixing with the natural fluids still present in the granite.


Jurassic magmatism in western Gondwana produced the most voluminous episode of continental volcanism in the Phanerozoic era. During the Early to Middle Jurassic, some 2.5–3 million km3 of dominantly basalt, and to a lesser extent rhyolite, were erupted onto a supercontinent in the early stages of break-up. The major silicic portion of the Gondwana magmatic province is exposed in Patagonian South America. The volcanic rocks of Patagonia have been collectively termed the Chon-Aike Province and constitute one of the world's most voluminous silicic provinces. The volcanic rocks are predominantly pyroclastic, dominated by ignimbrite units of rhyolite composition. Volcanic rocks crop out sporadically across much of the once contiguous Antarctic Peninsula, and are considered to form an extension of the Chon-Aike Province. A continuation of the province to include the Antarctic Peninsula would extend its strike length along the active Pacific margin by c. 2000 km. Volcanic rocks exposed along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, defined here as the Mapple Formation, are also dominated by rhyolitic ignimbrite flows, with individual units up to 80 m in thickness, and a total thickness of c. 1 km. The ignimbrites vary in degree of welding, from high-grade rheomorphic ignimbrites with parataxitic textures, to unwelded, lithic-rich ignimbrites. Rhyolite lava flows, air-fall horizons, debris flow deposits and epiclastic deposits are volumetrically minor, occurring as interbedded units within the ignimbrite succession. The lithology and stratigraphy of the Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Mapple Formation are presented, and comparisons are made to the Chon-Aike Province. A consistent stratigraphy of Permo-Triassic metasedimentary rocks, unconformably overlain by terrestrial mudstone–siltstone sequences, which are in turn conformably overlain by largely silicic, subaerial volcanic rocks, is present at several localities along the Antarctic Peninsula, and at localities in the Chon-Aike Province. Precise (zircon U–Pb) Middle Jurassic ages exist for two volcanic formations from the Antarctic Peninsula, and a Middle–Lower Jurassic age has been suggested for the underlying sedimentary formations based on fossil flora analysis. The Antarctic Peninsula chronostratigraphy, coupled with lithological similarities, indicate a close relationship to those sequences of the Chon-Aike province.


Reaction of LLi with metal halides or metal halide complexes affords chelate complexes LnM (L = R2P(NR')2-; M = Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+). With the bulky ligand t-Bu2P(NSiMe3)2- and Ni(PPh3)2Cl2 or Ni(dme)Br2 (dme = dimethoxyethane) only halide bridged chelates [LNiX]2 (X = Cl, Br) contg. tetrahedral chromophores NiN2X2 were obtained. Main objects of investigation were the bischelates L2Ni (I). I with R = i-Pr, R' = Me and R = Ph, R' = Et are planar, with R = i-Pr, R' = Et and R, R' = i-Pr, i-Pr; Ph, i-Pr; Et, SiMe3, Ph, SiMe3 tetrahedral. In solns. of I (R = i-Pr, R' = Et) and I (R = Ph, R' = Et) a conformational equil. planar (diamagnetic) .dblharw. tetrahedral (paramagnetic) exists that is shifted to the right with increasing temp. and is dominated by the tetrahedral I (R = i-Pr, R' = Et) or planar conformer I (R = Ph, R' = Et) at room temp. As is the case with the isovalence electronic compds. [R2P(S)NR']2Ni small substituents R' apparently favor the planar state and in contrast to some complexes [R2P(O)NR']2Ni no paramagnetic planar species I have yet been obsd. These findings that are derived from the results of magnetic measurements and of UV/VIS as well as NMR spectroscopy are confirmed by crystal structure detns.: I (R = i-Pr, R' = Me) was found to be planar (orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 3382.8(11), b = 1124.0(4), c = 8874(3), V = 3374.2(17) .ANG.3, Z = 6, rc = 1.611 g/cm3, m(MoKa) = 1.35 mm-1, 2594 obsd. reflections with Fo >= 4s(Fo), 320 refined parameters, R = 0.0467, Rw = 0.0516), and I (R = Ph, R' = SiMe3) to be tetrahedral (monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 1268.4(2), b = 1806.8(2), c = 1971.6(2), V = 4331.0(11) .ANG.3, Z = 4, rc = 1.288 g/cm3, m(MoKa) = 0.74 mm-1, 4900 obsd. reflections with Fo >= 4s(Fo), 378 refined parameters, R = 0.0556, Rw = 0.0570). The bite angle NNiN of the chelate ligand in I (R = i-Pr, R' = Me) (~77 Deg) is similar to those in paramagnetic planar complexes [R2P(O)NR']2Ni (NNiO 74-77 Deg) and shows that a small chelate bite does not necessarily imply paramagnetism of planar Ni(II) complexes.


Reason for withdrawal from publication
This protocol has been published since 2011. It has been withdrawn from publication because the authors have been unable to complete the full review and the protocol is now out of date.


An Intelligent Pedestrian Device (IPD) is a new concept in pedestrian safety. It is defined as a microprocessor based information device which detects the approach of oncoming vehicles and informs the pedestrian whether or not it is safe to cross. IPDs could be portable or fixed to a roadside station. They could help reduce pedestrian accidents, which cost £2681 million in the UK in 1994. This study aims to assess whether the concept is socially acceptable and what the design criteria might be. A study of social acceptance involved group interviews of 5-10 participants with 84 pedestrians in five categories: adults aged 18-60, elderly aged 65+, visually restricted, parents of children aged 5-9 and children aged 10-14. The results suggest that vulnerable pedestrians are more positive about the device than the more able-bodied. Theories that may help explain this are discussed and it is concluded that, with education and marketing, the IPD could gain a degree of social acceptance. Observation of more than 900 pedestrian crossing movements at four different sites showed a range of behaviours, and that people often take risks in order to reduce delay. IPDs will require pedestrians to change some of their behaviours, especially those that are risky. Legal acceptance will demand high levels of costly product research and development, and a portable device will not be technologically feasible until well into the next century. However, the wider social benefits of IPDs may be worth the costs. An outline of design criteria for basic and sophisticated portable IPDs is given, and alternative functions are suggested. It is recommended that further work concentrate on developing software and hardware for fixed modes of IPD. It is concluded that, ultimately, acceptance will probably depend on whether Government decides that the IPD has a place in the road environment of the future.


This thesis is an investigation of the way in which the painter May Stevens (b. 1924) synthesizes her personal experiences and political philosophy to form complex and enduring works of art. Primary data was accumulated through an extended interview with May Stevens and by examining her works on exhibit in New York and Boston. An analysis of selected works from her "Big Daddy" and "Ordinary/Extraordinary" series revealed how her personal feelings about her own family became entwined with larger political issues. As an important member of the feminist art movement that evolved during the 1970s, she celebrated this new kinship among women in paintings that also explored the contradictions in their lives. In more recent work she has explored complex social issues such as teenage prostitution, sexism, and child abuse in a variety of artistic styles and media. This study investigates how May Stevens continues to portray issues of international significance in works that consistently engage the viewer on a personal, almost visceral level.