Digital Image Elasto Tomography (DIET) is a non-invasive breast cancer screening technology that images the surface motion of a breast under harmonic mechanical actuation. A new approach capturing the dynamics and characteristics of tumor behavior is presented. A simple mechanical model of the breast is used to identify a transfer function relating the input harmonic actuation to the output surface displacements using imaging data of a silicone phantom. Areas of higher stiffness cause significant changes of damping and resonant frequencies as seen in the resulting Bode plots. A case study on a healthy and tumor silicone breast phantom shows the potential for this model-based method to clearly distinguish cancerous and healthy tissue as well as correctly predicting the tumor position.


For ten years Greek warriors laid siege on the city of Troy unable to penetrate its towering block walls. They needed a war machine. They needed something new, so the Greeks devised a plan. They built a giant hollow wooden horse. A group of warriors then climbed into the hollow belly through a hole and enclosed themselves inside. Meanwhile, the rest of the Greek army piled into their ships and sailed away. A Greek spy stayed behind and told the Trojans that the horse was an offering of peace. Elated, the Trojans ran out of their city to receive it and rejoice over the fleeing Greek army. A citywide celebration followed, and by nightfall Troy was in a drunken uproar. Then, in the early hours of the morning, while everyone was drunk or asleep, the Greeks emerged from the belly of the horse, climbed down its legs, and silently killed the Trojan sentries at all the city gates. (1) I. INTRODUCTION As of 2000, 94 million people in the United States had access to the Internet from home. (2) It was estimated in 2003 that those with home-access spend an average of twenty-five and a half hours on the Internet each month. (3) Like the radio and television, it did not take long for businesses to realize that the Internet was yet another medium that could expose their goods and services to potential customer around the world. Not surprisingly, businesses have come up with numerous advertising schemes suited to Internet technology. First, there was simple banner advertising. Then came spam, (4) keyword advertising and metatag schemes. (5) Now Websurfers face another advertising technology: "pop-up" ads. Pop-ups are advertisements that spontaneously appear in a window on the PC user's screen. The window containing the advertisement covers other windows that are open on the PC desktop, giving pop-up advertisers instant face-time with the user. If the consumer clicks on the pop-up ad, he or she is instantly taken to another Web site. This technology has inundated the Internet, (6) producing both beneficial and troublesome results. Like all advertising, truthful pop-up advertisements keep consumers well-informed. A well-informed consumer base leads to greater competition among firms. Furthermore, in the case of the Internet, Web site owners sell advertising "space", which lowers the cost of operating a Web site. This allows e-businesses to provide consumers with "free" software and information. But nothing is free, and pop-up ads come with a cost. First, pop-up ads are often annoying. (7) Users have to constantly close the ad windows to view desired Web content. Second, e-businesses, whose Web pages are covered by the pop-up windows, are concerned that they are losing valuable customers under the theory that the pop-up advertisements are railroading consumers to other Web sites to conduct their business. With these concerns in mind, this Comment analyzes whether pop-up advertisements offend current unfair competition laws. (8) More specifically, does pop-up ad software present courts with novel (9) issues in unfair competition law, and if so, how should those issues be resolved? These questions will be answered by analyzing the arguments made in one of the first popup ad cases to reach the courts--Washington Post v. Gator, Inc. This Comment will demonstrate that ad server hosts and pop-up advertisers should be liable to trademark holders for infringement and dilution. Part II of this Comment offers a more detailed background of Adware technology, its specific purpose on the Internet, and sets up the factual context of this Comment by presenting the facts and parties of Washington Post v. Gator, Inc. Part III analyzes whether pop-up ads should survive a trademark holder's claims based on the federal trademark statute. In particular, Part III discusses whether pop-up ad servers "use" trademarks that simultaneously appear underneath and beside the pop-up advertisement. …


A quasi-optical technique for characterizing micromachined waveguides is demonstrated with wideband time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. A transfer-function representation is adopted for the description of the relation between the signals in the input and output port of the waveguides. The time-domain responses were discretized, and the waveguide transfer function was obtained through a parametric approach in the z domain after describing the system with an autoregressive with exogenous input model. The a priori assumption of the number of modes propagating in the structure was inferred from comparisons of the theoretical with the measured characteristic impedance as well as with parsimony arguments. Measurements for a precision WR-8 waveguide-adjustable short as well as for G-band reduced-height micromachined waveguides are presented.


Denmark's (1979) functional definition of profound deafness is adopted. Deaf individuals are aware of sound and may detect vibration but they have a limited facility of speech. Conrad (1979) and Rodda (1970) have shown the low level of scholarly achievement of such individuals. Denmark suggests that as young adults, they face the hearing world largely isolated from their parents, their friends and the professionals who advise them. This study is an attempt to explore the social problems brought about by such isolation.The thesis investigates the individual profoundly deaf young adult's self concept in relation to others. A unique form of Repertory Grid interview (Kelly, 1955)using sign language was developed, and was successfully employed with the majority of individuals. However, it became apparent that a substantial minority were lacking, sometimes wholly, in a structured form of language. A pre-interview routine was used to determine the form of investigation appropriate to the individual - an interview using sign language, or one placing heavy dependence on non verbal communication (such as mime and body language). Both forms of investigation enabled an 'existential phenomenological' description of the self-awareness of the individual to be produced. In the larger group, the procedure followed was near to the orthodox analysis of Rep Grids; in the smaller group, analysis involved a greater degree of interpretive intuition. Justification for the judgements made in each case is provided.The findings are reported in the form of case studies: 40based on Rep Grids, 10 on non-verbal interviews. Thematerial provides an advance in the understanding of the experience of the profoundly deaf young adult. Exuberance and vitality feature in the majority group interviewed by Repertory Grid method. Examples of isolation and of intense personal relationships are found in the minority group. The deaf have a special concern with: those whoaccept them and those rejected by them; dependence upondeaf peers rather than hearing adults; the apprehension of success and personal failure.The main finding of this research is that the young adult deaf do possess a self-awareness and this self-awareness is that of the normal individual. Theidiosyncracies of deaf behaviour are especially wellrepresented in the smaller group. This research confirms the suggestion of Denmark that the majority of deaf individuals referred for psychiatric help are not suffering from mental illness. The study also provides research evidence for necessary changes in the early education and upbringing of the deaf.


Imagine for an instant that you are the president or rector of a research university in North America or Western Europe. You are well aware that the world of today is increasingly global and competitive, as well as driven by knowledge. In particular, you are observing that the countries that are now emerging so repidly, in Asia and in other regions of the world, have realized a crucial point: in order to prosper, it is not enough to build on huge masses of cheap--but relatively unqualified--labor; they need to develop the knowledge economy by way of large investments in education, higher education, and research. You begin to understand that these countries are becoming competitors for talent, as they attract back or keep their best citizens. You are also aware that they will be "producing" many more well trained specialists than the "old world," which has been dominating the knowledge production and transfer scene for centuries. You foresee, therefore, that the emergence of these new economic and political powers will increasingly threaten the relative standard of living of the developed world. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] As university president or rector, you are particularly sensitive to the fact that research universities, as well as specific research institutions, are not spared the profound transformations that are taking place in the world. In fact, you are even contributing significantly to these changes according to the mission of your institution. Your institution is also challenged by the changes affecting the higher education and research system itself, in particular the increasing competition for talented teachers and students at national and international levels, the increasing cost of research and of training graduate and doctoral students, and the over-regulation and under-funding of higher education and research by governments that makes it difficult for institutions to make strategic changes. In addition, if you are the rector of a European university, you are confronted with the Bologna Process, the vast pan-European undertaking aiming at creating a European Higher Education Area of 47 countries. To comply with the decisions of the European education ministers and your national authorities, by 2010 you have to restructure all the study programs according to a harmonized model in order to facilitate the mobility of students and staff and to increase your attractiveness to non-European students. You believe that the most challenging question for a university president or rector is to envisage the best strategy to promote the development of your institution or even to secure its existence. But should your institution deal with the competition alone or should it collaborate? Obviously, competition and cooperation are permanent characteristics of humankind. Nevertheless, the increasing competitive climate might lead you to believe that competition is reducing the degree of cooperation because cooperation would be less desirable or more difficult. Even if there is no standardized measure of the degree of competition and cooperation, we can observe that on the contrary, these two phenomena are positively linked through some invisible system of action and reaction. This observation is far from new: the creation of a world military alliance against Nazi Germany in World War II or of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as counterpower to USSR after the same war are among the most striking examples of responses to military competition and threats by cooperation. Another salient example is the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 (now the European Union) to prevent the risk of a new war between European countries and to promote various collaboration between member countries. Cooperation is also an important strategy in the business world to reduce the pressure of competition. It can take various forms, for example, research collaborating at the precompetitive level, collaborating at the level of product distribution, absorbing a competitor to gain market shares and reduce the pressure of competition, or contracting secret agreements to avoid costly price wars. …


Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that affects millions of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is not clear, it is known that products from stressed cells and enteric microbes promote intestinal inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), originally identified as a nuclear DNA binding protein, is a cytokine-like protein mediator implicated in infection, sterile injury, autoimmune disease, and IBD. Elevated levels of HMGB1 have been detected in inflamed human intestinal tissues and in feces of IBD patients and mouse models of colitis. Neutralizing HMGB1 activity by administration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies or HMGB1-specific antagonist improves clinical outcomes in animal models of colitis. Since HMGB1 binds to DNA with high affinity, here we developed a novel strategy to sequester HMGB1 using DNA immobilized on sepharose beads. Screening of DNA-bead constructs revealed that B2 beads, one linear form of DNA conjugated beads, bind HMGB1 with high affinity, capture HMGB1 ex vivo from endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell supernatant and from feces of mice with colitis. Oral administration of B2 DNA beads significantly improved body weight, reduced colon injury, and suppressed colonic and circulating cytokine levels in mice with spontaneous colitis (IL-10 knockout) and with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Thus, DNA beads reduce inflammation by sequestering HMGB1 and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD.


The novel hemicycle dipyridoacridine (DPA) was studied using UV/Vis
spectrophotometric and 3D-fluorometric methods. The UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods
resulted in a pKa2 for DPA of 4.52 + 0.06, and a pKa1 of 2.22 + 0.03. Formation constants were
also found for a series of ten metals, the highest of which were Hg2+ and Sr2+, with log K values
of 8.16 + 0.06 and 8.02 + 0.01, respectively. The lanthanides analyzed included La3+, Gd3+, and
Lu3+, which had log K values with DPA of 6.43 + 0.04, 6.49 + 0.06, and 6.33 + 0.02,
respectively. Other metals analyzed include In3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+, which had log K values with
DPA of 7.55 + 0.03, 7.57 + 0.02, 7.69 + 0.12, respectively. Formation constants were also found
for Na+ and Ca 2+, which were 1.95 + 0.04 and 5.48 + 0.07, respectively. DPA was found to
show enhanced fluorescence with Ca 2+, Na+, and Cd2+, and was found to have quenched
fluorescence in the presence of mercury, lead, and zinc. MM+ studies yielded an ideal ionic
radius for a metal to complex to DPA of 1.12 A, and an ideal M-N bond length for DPA
complexes of 2.38 A. This ideal M-N bond length supports the chelate ring size theory
prediction of DPA preferring larger metal ions and having a geometrically preferred metalnitrogen
bond length of 2.5. This ideal ionic radius of 1.12 A partly explains the largest log K
values with DPA belonging to strontium and mercury, which have respective ionic radii of 1.12
and 1.10. MM+ studies also revealed a linear relationship between ionic radius of a complexed
metal and the steric energy for the transfer of a metal ion from a 5-membered ring to a 6-
membered ring. Further computational studies using DFT revealed a correlation between higher
log K values for F- with more negative calculated Gibb's free energies for a theoretical reaction
involving the transfer of an F- to a metal ion.


ABSTRACT The likelihood that anyone outside a war zone will be killed by an Islamist extremist terrorist is extremely small. In the United States, for example, some six people have perished each year since 9/11 at the hands of such terrorists—vastly smaller than the number of people who die in bathtub drownings. Some argue, however, that the incidence of terrorist destruction is low because counterterrorism measures are so effective. They also contend that terrorism may well become more frequent and destructive in the future as terrorists plot and plan and learn from experience, and that terrorism, unlike bathtubs, provides no benefit and exacts costs far beyond those in the event itself by damagingly sowing fear and anxiety and by requiring policy makers to adopt countermeasures that are costly and excessive. This article finds these arguments to be wanting. In the process, it concludes that terrorism is rare outside war zones because, to a substantial degree, terrorists don't exist there. In general, as with rare diseases that kill few, it makes more policy sense to expend limited funds on hazards that inflict far more damage. It also discusses the issue of risk communication for this hazard.


Under the background of global climate change, we analyze the change tendency of average temperature and amount of precipitation influencing the corn's growth period. The results show that from March to August, the monthly temperatures show an upward trend, but the rise is different in different months, and the maximum temperature rise is in May. Precipitation in different months has different trends. Climate change brings about favorable conditions at high altitudes in Fengjie, reduces production due to the temperature drop after the beginning of autumn, and increases the pressure on the corn supply.


In this paper, we describe a multimodal brain-computer interface (BCI) experiment, situated in a highly immersive CAVE. A subject sitting in the virtual environment controls the main character of a virtual reality game: a penguin that slides down a snowy mountain slope. While the subject can trigger a jump action via the BCI, additional steering with a game controller as a secondary task was tested. Our experiment profits from the game as an attractive task where the subject is motivated to get a higher score with a better BCI performance. A BCI based on the so-called brain switch was applied, which allows discrete asynchronous actions. Fourteen subjects participated, of which 50% achieved the required performance to test the penguin game. Comparing the BCI performance during the training and the game showed that a transfer of skills is possible, in spite of the changes in visual complexity and task demand. Finally and most importantly, our results showed that the use of a secondary motor task, in our case the joystick control, did not deteriorate the BCI performance during the game. Through these findings, we conclude that our chosen approach is a suitable multimodal or hybrid BCI implementation, in which the user can even perform other tasks in parallel.


Abstract. The study aims to analyze the ability of the most popular and widely used vegetation indices (VI's), including NDVI, SAVI, EVI and TDVI, to discriminate and map soil salt contents compared to the potential of evaporite mineral indices such as SSSI and NDGI. The proposed methodology leverages on two complementary parts exploiting simulated and imagery data acquired over two study areas, i.e. Kuwait-State and Omongwa salt-pan in Namibia. In the first part, a field survey was conducted on the Kuwait site and 100 soil samples with various salinity levels and contents were collected; as well as, herbaceous vegetation cover canopy (alfalfa and forage plants) with various LAI coverage rates. In a Goniometric-Laboratory, the spectral signatures of all samples were measured and transformed using the continuum removed reflectance spectrum (CRRS) approach. Subsequently, they were resampled and convolved in the solar-reflective spectral bands of Landsat-OLI, and converted to the considered indices. Meanwhile, soil laboratory analyses were accomplished to measure pHs, electrical conductivity (EC-Lab), the major soluble cations and anions; thereby the sodium adsorption ratio was calculated. These elements support the investigation of the relationship between the spectral signature of each soil sample and its salt content. Furthermore, on the Omongwa salt-pan site, a Landsat-OLI image was acquired, pre-processed and converted to the investigated indices. Mineralogical ground-truth information collected during previous field work and an accurate Lidar DEM were used for the characterization and validation procedures on this second site. The obtained results demonstrated that regardless of the data source (simulation or image), the study site and the applied analysis methods, it is impossible for VI's to discriminate or to predict soil salinity. In fact, the spectral analysis revealed strong confusion between signals resulting from salt-crust and soil optical properties in the VNIR wavebands. The CRRS transformation highlighted the complete absence of salt absorption features in the blue, red and NIR wavelengths. As well as the analysis in 2D spectral-space pointed-out how VI's compress and completely remove the signal fraction emitted by the soil background. Moreover, statistical regressions (p ˂ 0.05) between VI's and EC-Lab showed insignificant fits for SAVI, EVI and TDVI (R2 ≤ 0.06), and for NDVI (R2 of 0.35). Although the Omongwa is a natural flat salt playa, the four derived VI's from OLI image are completely unable to detect the slightest grain of salt in the soil. Contrariwise, analyses of spectral signatures and CRRS highlighted the potential of the SWIR spectral domain to distinguish salt content in soil regardless of its optical properties. Likewise, according to Kuwait spectral data and EC-Lab analysis, NDGI and SSSI incorporating SWIR wavebands have performed very well and similarly (R2 of 0.72) for the differentiation of salt-affected soil classes. These statistical results were also corroborated visually by the maps derived from these evaporite indices over the salt-pan site, as well as by their consistency with the validation points representing the ground truth. However, although both the indices have mapped the salinity patterns almost similarly, NDGI further highlights the gypsum content. While the SSSI show greater sensitivity to salt crusts present in the pan area that are formed from different mineral sources (i.e., halite, gypsum, etc.).


Biological invasions represent both an urgent conservation problem and an opportunity to advance ecological theory. Development of pertinent research questions and proactive management strategies require knowledge of which introduced species are present and of spatiotemporal trends in the distribution of natives and invaders. In Chapter 2 we developed a quantitative framework to identify spreaders and decliners and estimate invasion chronologies based on a historical fish presence data set for upper and middle New River (UMNR) tributaries. Our framework accounts for spatiotemporal variability in sampling effort by aggregating presences by watershed and expressing range size as a function of the number of watersheds sampled per time period. The majority (55%) of fish species present in the study area were introduced, 51% of which were spreaders. Most spreaders (84%) appeared to be spreading exponentially. The rate of new introductions detected in the study area has slowed since the mid20 th century. Two natives, the mound-spawning bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus and its strong nest associate (reproductive mutualist), mountain redbelly dace Chrosomus oreas, were among the most rapid spreaders. Four natives showed evidence of decline. Our framework leverages historical presence data to reconstruct temporal trends in species distributions. It sets the stage for further study of factors driving stream fish invasions and declines in the Appalachian region, and is transferable to diverse taxonomic groups and geographic regions. Species traits and human activities mediating stream-fish invasions remain poorly understood. In Chapter 3 we modeled the contribution of species traits to invasion success of UMNR tributary fishes during the colonization and spread stages. Biological traits accurately explained colonization and spread success, whereas ecological traits resulted in less accurate models. Colonization success was positively related to time since introduction, benthic feeding, an equilibrium life history, and nest spawning. Successful spread was positively related to winter air temperature in the native range and an equilibrium life history. Variables estimating human use and propagule pressure were non-informative. Traits that influenced invasion success were consistent with the hypothesis that human land-use practices have increased the invasibility of highland watersheds by creating novel conditions suited to lowland and equilibrium invaders.


This paper explores Mao Zedong's conceptualization of "national form" during the 1930s-1940s as a reinvention of imagining China. Mao takes premodern and indigenous China as the Other in translating the theory of "class-nation" of the twentieth century international communist movement into a discursive practice for creating a new nation. Sinicization (中国化) or "making Chinese," therefore, is not merely the representation of national language and culture of China, but the performative discourse that reinvents the "Chinese nation" via affective (aesthetic) politics. Such aesthetic, emotive, and affective "form" reconstructs time and space, and symbolically produces the subject of revolution. This reconstructed China thorough Mao's "national form" is an integral part of the world in a rhizome-like relationship with the West.


Ethics of Internet Research is the 59th volume in the Digital Formations series published by Peter Lang and the first volume in that series dedicated to research ethics, a subject not substantively addressed by Digital Formations since 2003's Online Social Research . It is a good companion piece to Digital Media Ethics by Charles Ess, also released in 2009 but published by Polity Press, which concentrates on more 'structural' issues, such as copyright. View PDF for the full review


Background Osteoporosis after a lung transplant is common, with reported vertebral fracture rates of up to 30% [1]. Bisphosphonates, and calcium and vitamin D supplements may be less effective in patients who remain on steroid treatment [2]. Corticosteroids are more detrimental to spinal bone mineral density than to the hip [2]; however risk prediction systems use hip T-scores to predict risk and make treatment recommendations [3, 4]. We reviewed the prophylaxis of osteoporosis in a cohort of patients at the time of listing and up to 6 years post-transplant. Purpose We wished to identify: any potential for improvement in prescribing risk factors for clinically significant lumbar fractures the utility of currently available osteoporosis risk algorithms in this cohort. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review (n = 27). Patients' risk of fracture at the time of listing for transplant was calculated using three different methods including WHO charts and American College of Rheumatology algorithm for steroid-treated patients. We attempted to create a model to predict fracture in transplant recipients using known risk factors. Results At time of listing, all patients were taking at least 5 mg of prednisolone daily plus a bisphosphonate and appropriate calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Many already had osteoporotic T scores at this point. Fracture rates in our cohort are in line with published data, but substantially higher than those predicted from algorithms. Improvised algorithms using lumbar T scores were better at predicting risk than published methods. The only risk factor in our cohort that predicted subsequent fracture was lumbar spine T-score (Mean −1.2 versus −2.65 in the fracture group (P = 0.009)). Conclusions Current algorithms underestimate risk, new charts should be created using lumbar T-scores. Our results emphasise that current prophylaxis strategies are not successful in preventing fractures in those who have osteoporosis and remain on prednisolone. Early osteoporosis prophylaxis and alternative treatments are essential to prevent fractures. References Cohen A, Shane E, (2003). Osteoporosis after solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. Osteoporos Int 14, 617–30. Weinstein RS, (2011). Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Disease. N Engl J Med 365, 62–70. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK. Online risk prediction tool. http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.jsp?country=1 (accessed 3 Nov 2011). Grossman JM, et al, (2010). American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res 62, 1515–26. No conflict of interest.


Ecosystems in northwestern Wyoming have remained relatively unpertrubed by fire for the last 70-80 years. Recently a fire management plan was implemented in the Teton wilderness allowing natural fires to burn, and similar plans are being developed for other wilderness areas in Wyoming and central Idaho. Large portions of these areas consist of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities where natural fires frequently occur. Prescribed burning in sagebrush is also an expanding program in this region. Burning is often used to reduce sagebrush densities, increase forage production for livestock and improve certain wildlife habitat. Plans to use prescribed fire to simulate the ecological effects of a natural fire regime in Jackson Hole are also being developed. These plans are based on the contention that fires are necessary to maintain diversity within many ecosystems of the Jackson Hole region, and the exclusion of fire has resulted in increased areas occupied by sagebrush communities. Studies of the effects of fire in sagebrush on consumers, including both invertebrates and vertebrates, are virtually non-existent. Even for some of the more conspicuous groups like birds, the best available information on response to shrub habitat alteration comes from studies on the effects of herbicides. This study was designed to explore the response of bird and small mammal density and diversity to fire. Field operations were based from the JHBRS at Moran, Wyoming.


The first two months of the third Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing run (2019 April–May) showed that distant gravitational-wave (GW) events can now be readily detected. Three candidate mergers containing neutron stars (NS) were reported in a span of 15 days, all likely located more than 100 Mpc away. However, distant events such as the three new NS mergers are likely to be coarsely localized, which highlights the importance of facilities and scheduling systems that enable deep observations over hundreds to thousands of square degrees to detect the electromagnetic counterparts. On 2019 May 10 02:59:39.292 UT the GW candidate S190510g was discovered and initially classified as a binary neutron star (BNS) merger with 98% probability. The GW event was localized within an area of 3462 deg2, later refined to 1166 deg2 (90%) at a distance of 227 ± 92 Mpc. We triggered Target-of-Opportunity observations with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), a wide-field optical imager mounted at the prime focus of the 4 m Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. This Letter describes our DECam observations and our real-time analysis results, focusing in particular on the design and implementation of the observing strategy. Within 24 hr of the merger time, we observed 65% of the total enclosed probability of the final skymap with an observing efficiency of 94%. We identified and publicly announced 13 candidate counterparts. S190510g was reclassified 1.7 days after the merger, after our observations were completed, with a "BNS merger" probability reduced from 98% to 42% in favor of a "terrestrial classification.


Personal weblogs (blogs), provide individuals with the opportunity to write freely and express themselves online in the presence of others. In such situations, what do bloggers write about, and what are their motivations for blogging? Using a large blog corpus annotated with the LIWC text analysis program, we examine the content of blogs to provide insight into the role of personality in motivation for blogging. As predicted, we find that highly Neurotic authors use blogs to serve a cathartic or auto-therapeutic function, and reflect mainly upon themselves and negative emotions. Highly Extraverted blog authors, as expected, use blogs to document their lives at a high level, and uniquely interact directly with the reader. Additionally Extraverts use blogs to vent both positive and negative emotions. Bloggers who are high scorers on the Openness trait are more concerned with leisure activities, although they are more evaluative than intellectual, whereas high Conscientiousness bloggers tend to report daily life – and work – around them. As in other contexts, expressing positive rather than negative emotions is associated with high Agreeableness, but that trait is associated with self reference to a greater degree in blogs than elsewhere. In general, findings are consistent with other contexts indicating that bloggers tend to adapt to the possibilities of the medium, rather than try to present themselves differently.


Hypergeometric statistics have recently been used to establish a quantitative measure of performance for geochemical exploration techniques over known mineral occurrences. Using this method, the effectiveness of new exploration techniques can be compared objectively with conventional approaches. Sample site classification is the basis on which survey results are compared. This performance measure requires prior knowledge of the location of mineralization and a model for element dispersion from the primary into the secondary environment. This information allows assignment of sample sites that should give 'anomalous' (e.g. those overlying mineralized zones) or 'background' results to be identified prior to the orientation survey. Previous application of hypergeometric statistics requires that a high contrast exists between 'anomalous' and 'background' subpopulations in the geochemical orientation data so that there is no uncertainty in the classification of samples. In this paper, a refinement is developed that allows consideration of geochemical variables that do not exhibit this required high level of geochemical contrast, that is, where 'anomalous' and 'background' subpopulations exhibit significant overlap. This refinement involves determining the hypergeometric probabilities of obtaining the same result at random (P(x)) for a range of geochemical thresholds, instead of only one threshold (i.e. the one used to classify anomalous and background samples in cases with high geochemical contrast). At each threshold, different numbers of samples will be classified as 'anomalous' and different numbers of 'anomalous' samples will occur at 'anomalous' sites. As a consequence, the resulting random hypergeometric probabilities will change with threshold level. Using a range of thresholds to classify the geochemical orientation survey results allows identification of the minimum hypergeometric probability (MHP) for the dataset. Using this threshold, the classification of anomalies will bear the least resemblance to what would be expected if the survey results were generated at random. Employing this refined MHP approach, one can simultaneously evaluate the effectiveness of an exploration method, and select the threshold that optimally classifies anomalous and background samples.


Abstract Niche conservatism is increasingly recognized in diverse modern ecological settings, and it influences many aspects of modern ecosystems, including speciation mechanisms, community structure, and response to climate change. Here, we investigate the stability of niches with benthic marine invertebrates along a Late Ordovician onshore-offshore gradient on the Cincinnati Arch in the eastern United States. Using a Gaussian niche model characterized by peak abundance, preferred environment, and environmental tolerance, with these parameters estimated through weighted averaging and logistic regression, we find evidence of strong niche conservatism in peak abundance and preferred environment, particularly for abundant taxa. This conservatism is maintained in successive depositional sequences and through the nearly 9–10 Myr study interval. Environmental tolerance shows no evidence of conservatism, although numerical simulations suggest that the error rates in estimates of this parameter are so high that they could overwhelm evidence of conservatism. These numerical simulations also indicate that both weighted averaging and logistic regression produce useful estimates of peak abundance and preferred environment, with slightly better results for weighted averaging. This evidence for niche conservatism suggests that long-term shifts of higher taxa of marine invertebrates into deeper water are primarily the result of differential rates of origination and extinction. These results also add to the evidence of long periods of relatively stable ecosystems despite regional environmental perturbations, and they constrain the causes of peaked patterns in occupancy.


The City of Cape Town's Water Demand Management (WDM) department has been involved in school projects for several years,
although these have generally been restricted to educational activities during Water Week and school competitions, due mainly
to limited resources. Cape Town is a water scarce area, and although the per capita water consumption appears to have dropped slightly over the past three years, this could be attributed to the aggressive media campaign in 2000/2001 and tariff increases. Schools are one area where there can be substantial water use (and/or abuse) and the City's Water Demand Management team therefore initiated its Schools Water Efficiency Project in February 2003, which supports several of the City's Water Demand Management Strategy
objectives and is aligned with the IDP. All schools within the Cape Metropolitan Area (approximately 850) are to be incorporated in 3-5 years, including follow-up visits and assessments. Water SA Vol. 30 (5) 2005: pp.93-94


The system of providing for retirement income in Australia has undergone marked changes over the past two decades, particularly in the 1980s when changes in pension entitlements and superannuation legislation encouraged a sharp rise in superannuation saving. However, there has been no obvious pickup in aggregate household saving, raising the possibility that households may have offset the increase by reducing other forms of saving. Our results suggest that, in the past, there has been a significant degree of substitution between superannuation and other forms of saving, although the offsets have not been complete. Our estimates are not very precise, but they suggest that, over the past 35 years, about three-quarters of superannuation saving has been offset by changes in other saving. The results are consistent with the results of recent overseas studies which find large offsets between saving through retirement income plans and other forms of saving. It is too early to tell whether the new superannuation arrangements will generate significant increases in aggregate household saving, although a number of features of the new arrangements suggest that offsets between superannuation and other forms of saving are likely to be smaller than in the past. In particular the new arrangements rely heavily on compulsory rather than voluntary saving, as well as expanding the coverage of superannuation among those wage and salary earners who are most likely to be liquidity constrained. For these reasons the new arrangements are likely to generate increased superannuation saving with smaller offsets against other saving than earlier schemes.


Non-compressible haemorrhage from within the torso and junctional regions constitutes the leading cause of potentially preventable death on the battlefield. It can be defined as haemorrhagic shock arising from injury to named torso vessels, pulmonary parenchyma, high grade solid organ injury and/or disruption of the bony pelvis.

Data from the US Department of Defence Trauma Registry demonstrate a torso injury rate of 12.7% with 17.1% of casualties exhibiting torso injury and shock. The overall mortality is 18.7%, with major arterial injury and pulmonary injury identified as independent predictors of mortality on multivariate analysis. The UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry reports similar findings with the greatest burden of mortality occurring prior to hospital admission (75.0%), a rate that has remained unchanged over a decade of war. Injury from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in particular are associated with non-compressible haemorrhage, frequently causing traumatic lower extremity amputation in combination with torso injury.

Contemporary surgical strategy relates to early operative haemorrhage control in patients presenting with shock. In patients sustaining a circulatory arrest, resuscitative thoracotomy and aortic cross clamping can be used to control inflow and increase cardiac afterload. The UK experience over 5 years at Camp Bastion demonstrated a mortality of 78.5%, with greatest survival observed in patients with the shortest time to thoracotomy. In patients sustaining lower extremity amputation following IED injury, 1 in 5 require a laparotomy for proximal vascular control, with less than half requiring further intra-abdominal intervention. There is a pressing need for a haemorrhage control and resuscitation adjunct in non-compressible haemorrhage that can be deployed prior to or as an adjunct to operative haemorrhage control.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a technique that can occlude the aorta without the need for an operating theatre. It is an experimental technique, so its effect on survival and physiology is unknown. In a porcine model of uncontrolled pelvic haemorrhage, infra-renal REBOA was shown to be as effective as chitosan gauze in the setting of normal coagulation. However, REBOA was associated with a significantly greater survival in a coagulopathic setting. Similar results were obtained when using a porcine model of abdominal haemorrhage in conjunction with thoracic REBOA. In both studies, balloon occlusion demonstrated a significant improvement in systolic blood pressure and other haemodynamic measures compared to the no-occlusion control groups.

Having demonstrated a survival and haemodynamic benefit in uncontrolled haemorrhage models, the metabolic and inflammatory consequences of thoracic REBOA were characterised in further detail using a porcine model of controlled hypovolaemic shock. Occlusion for 30 and 90 minutes was associated with a significant lactate burden when compared to animals undergoing shock alone. However, following resuscitation with blood and intravenous fluid, normal physiology was restored within 6 hours. The inflammatory sequelae were studied following 30, 60 and 90 minutes of shock and occlusion. Increasing occlusion time resulted in an escalating release of interleukin-6 which manifest clinically as an increase in ARDS and need for vassopressor support.

In order to develop a fluoroscopy free REBOA system, a series of human studies were undertaken to examine the relationship between an external measure of torso height and aortic length in order to guide insertion length. A retrospective examination of computed tomography in male trauma patients demonstrated a correlation between torso height and aortic length. This was confirmed by a prospective study which was also used linear regression to develop equations predictive of insertion length.

Finally, the UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry was used to determine the need for REBOA in a population of UK military personnel injured over 10 years of conflict. Of 1317 severely injured patients 70.2% had no indication, 11.2% had a contra-indication and 18.5% had an injury pattern indication for REBOA. Of those with an indication for REBOA, 66 (27.0%) patients died en-route to hospital and 29 (11.9%) died in-hospital.

In conclusion, non-compressible haemorrhage constitutes a significant burden of potentially preventable battlefield mortality. REBOA is a technique that can be used in the thoracic or infra-renal aorta as a haemorrhage control and resuscitation adjunct, prior to operative haemorrhage control. While associated with a significant survival advantage in models of uncontrolled haemorrhage, it is associated with a significant metabolic penalty, although with resuscitation this can be ameliorated successfully.


Historical Introduction. Some Basic Concepts of the Theory of Sets. A Set of Axioms for the Real Number System. Mathematical Induction, Summation Notation, and Related Topics. The Concepts of the Integral Calculus. Some Applications of Differentiation. Continuous Functions. Differential Calculus. The Relation between Integration and Differentiation. The Logarithm, the Exponential, and the Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Polynomial Approximations to Functions. Introduction to Differential Equations. Complex Numbers. Sequences, Infinite Series, Improper Integrals. Sequences and Series of Functions. Vector Algebra. Applications of Vector Algebra to Analytic Geometry. Calculus of Vector--Valued Functions. Linear Spaces. Linear Transformations and Matrices. Exercises. Answers to Exercises. Index.


This paper presents a radio frequency (RF)-based location tracking system that improves its performance by eliminating the shadowing caused by the human body of the user being tracked. The presence of such a user will influence the RF signal paths between a body-worn node and the receiving nodes. This influence will vary with the user's location and orientation and, as a result, will deteriorate the performance regarding location tracking. By using multiple mobile nodes, placed on different parts of a human body, we exploit the fact that the combination of multiple measured signal strengths will show less variation caused by the user's body. Another method is to compensate explicitly for the influence of the body by using the user's orientation toward the fixed infrastructure nodes. Both approaches can be independently combined and reduce the influence caused by body shadowing, hereby improving the tracking accuracy. The overall system performance is extensively verified on a building-wide testbed for sensor experiments. The results show a significant improvement in tracking accuracy. The total improvement in mean accuracy is 38.1% when using three mobile nodes instead of one and simultaneously compensating for the user's orientation.


The search for ways to improve present crime scene reconstruction practices is a continuing endeavor. Might the adaptation of tools used in the accident and incident investigation field be useful in that endeavor? That question was first addressed during the 2010 Association for Crime Scene Recon - struction Conference, at which some such tools were explored during an experimental demonstration. This article describes task similarities, and accident investigation concepts, principles and tools that might be adaptable to similar crime scene investigation and reconstruction tasks. Key candidates include viewing occurrences as processes, an iterative framework for investigations, and standardized input data structure.


"Eloquent Science" evolved from a workshop aimed at offering atmospheric science students formal guidance in communications, tailored for their eventual scientific careers. Drawing on advice from over twenty books and hundreds of other sources, this volume presents informative and often humorous tips for writing scientific journal articles, while also providing a peek behind the curtain into the operations of editorial boards and publishers of major journals. The volume focuses on writing, reviewing, and speaking and is aimed at the domain of the student or scientist at the start of her career. The volume offers tips on poster presentations, media communication, and advice for non-native speakers of English, as well as appendices on proper punctuation usage and commonly misunderstood meteorological concepts. A further reading section at the end of each chapter suggests additional sources for the interested reader, and sidebars written by experts in the field offer diverse viewpoints on reference topics.


Objective : To examine the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in treating exercise-induced muscle injuries.
Data sources : Electronic databases MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles published between 1966 and 2004 using the keywords "NSAID AND exercise AND skeletal muscle" in combination. The bibliographies of the retrieved articles were examined to identify other relevant papers, which also were included in the review.
Study selection : The 26 articles reviewed in this paper described studies that used the injury models most relevant to exercise-induced muscle injuries, incorporated NSAIDs as the main therapy, included multiple modes of outcome measurement, and contained appropriate controls and follow-up.
Data extraction : Data were analysed with a focus on the method of muscle injury, NSAID dosing regimen, outcome measurement, control, and conclusion of study. The strengths and weaknesses of the studies were also examined.
Data synthesis : The data on the role of NSAIDs in muscle injuries are conflicting. Some studies suggested that NSAIDs may improve muscle function acutely after injury, but delay muscle regeneration later. Other studies did not show any negative effect of NSAIDs on muscle healing. Most agreed that NSAIDs are most efficacious if given shortly after muscle injury, and that prolonged NSAID administration provides little benefit to muscle recovery.
Conclusions : NSAIDs should be given shortly after exercise-induced muscle injury to provide analgesia and reduce early inflammatory damages. There is no benefit to prolonged NSAID therapy. Future studies should focus on combining NSAIDs with other modalities, including growth factors and ex vivo gene therapy, to enhance muscle regeneration and prevent tissue fibrosis.


ABSTRACT In many industrial applications, autocorrelated data are becoming increasingly common due to, for example, on-line data collection systems with high-frequency sampling. Therefore, the basic assumption of independent observations for process capability analysis is not valid. The purpose of this article is to compare decision methods using the process capability index C pk when data are autocorrelated. This is done through a case study followed by a simulation study. In the simulation study the actual significance level and power of the decision methods are investigated. The outcome of the article is that two methods appeared to be better than the others.


Management of working capital aimed at maintaining an optimal balance between the working capital and units such as cash receivables, inventory and payables which is fundamental section of overall corporate strategy that creates value thus important source of competitive advantage in business. For a company to operate optimally, it must have a positive working capital to ensure that it is able to continue its operations and to have sufficient funds to satisfy both maturity short-term and upcoming operational expenses. In conclusion, research on effect of working capital management on profitability and company's performance on three star hotels in Nairobi County has not been comprehensive thus creating a research gap that needs attention. Due to this knowledge gap, the study sought to answer the research question of whether there exists an effect of working capital on company's financial performance of three star hotels in Nairobi County. Further the study sought to answer the research question of whether there exists an effect of working capital on company's financial performance of three star hotels in Nairobi County. The study establishes that possessing a lower average collection period is seen by the three star hotels as optimal, since this means that it does not take them very long to turn its receivables into cash. This owes to the fact that these hotels need cash to pay off their own expenses (such as operating and administrative expenses) including suppliers who deliver food products to them on credit. They also tend to have a longer accounts payable period so as to maintain a high current ratio and avoid operating in negative. Monitoring the working capital is important for the three star hotels' cash flow and its ability to meet its obligations when they are due. However, they optimize this to ensure that their credit worthiness is not tainted, and take advantage of discounts including avoiding accruing interest rates unnecessarily. The three star hotels also monitor their inventory conversion period to ensure that it is as short as possible since conversion period is negatively correlated with profitability. If conversion period is longer, the three star hotels will take longer to pay off their suppliers and meet their financial obligations.


This paper compares Germany's official income-based poverty measure with a multidimensional poverty index based on the Alkire-Foster method. For their comparative assessment, I employ the capability approach as a conceptual framework. I find both measures agree on certain aspects, such as socio-demographic risk factors. However, I also document a substantial mismatch in who is deemed poor, which seems to originate from inherent, conceptual features of the measures. More generally, the results also suggest additional individual income reduces multidimensional poverty, if only at a decreasing rate. Examining regional variations, I find that the measures do not agree about trends in poverty and that there is no clear-cut link between aggregate income and multidimensional poverty. I conclude that, despite some basic agreement, the choice of poverty measure makes a difference, with properly designed multidimensional poverty indices having the advantage of better reflecting human well-being.


Teachers' representations are of paramount importance to understand their situated professional action. Following a discussion of the concept of "representation" and its importance in foreign language education, a revision of the use of visual narratives in this disciplinary field will be presented, focusing on: i) (prospective) foreign language teachers' representations concerning the target language; ii) their representations regarding teaching and learning methods; iii) teachers' professional development. Afterwards, an empirical study using visual methods in initial teacher education, before and after a school professional internship, will be presented and discussed, illustrating the professional development of prospective teachers of French.


The authors introduce two reorganization primitives, composition and decomposition, which change the population of agents and the distribution of knowledge in an organization. To create these primitives, they formalize organizational knowledge, which represents knowledge of potential and necessary interactions among agents in an organization. The authors develop computational organizational self-design (OSD) techniques for agents with architectures based on production systems to take advantage of the well-understood body of theory and practice. They first extend parallel production systems, where global control exists, into distributed production systems, where problems are solved by a society of agents using distributed control. Then they introduce OSD into distributed production systems to provide adaptive work allocation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in adapting to changing environmental demands. The approach affects production system design and improves the ability of build production systems that can adapt to changing real-time constraints. >


Splanchnic nerve stimulation (SNS) in cats leads to a jejunal vasoconstriction and to an enhancement of jejunal net fluid absorption. We tested the possibility that the sympathetic fibers to the transporting epithelium might use a ganglionic transmission mechanism different from the one utilized by the jejunal vasoconstrictor nerves. The splanchnic nerves were stimulated before and after a dose of hexamethonium sufficient to entirely block the intestinal vasoconstrictor fibers. However, SNS still increased net fluid absorption in these hexamethonium-treated animals. The hexamethonium-resistant increase in fluid absorption during SNS was a neurogenic effect on the jejunal segment, as it was eliminated by mesenteric denervation and could be reproduced by stimulation of the nerves surrounding the superior mesenteric artery. These data indicate that the rate of jejunal fluid absorption may be regulated by sympathetic fibers functionally distinct from the intestinal vasoconstrictor nerves.


ABSTRACT Web logs (blogs) and other Web 2.0 tools are becoming more popular as a means for academic libraries to communicate with their students. This article explores the medium and its use in marketing academic library services. The article also reports on a study of academic librarians currently using blogs. Librarians respond to questions about intended audience, statistics and other issues concerning marketing of blogs.


What is or was the tree of life? Was it a way of remembering the origins of a tribe of people. Was it a better way to live one's life? Was it an actual tree who's bark, roots, leaves, or fruit had amazing wound healing properties? I believe the religious perspective of the tree of life in the bible was not a tree, but the symbolic representation for the (Christ atonement), and the resurrection of the dead, to immortal bodies. Why rock the ark? When a believer anyway. Have the vagaries of religious symbolism been superseded by the steady principles of science? Qualitative analysis. A fairly accurate description of an event, of what's going on. Quantitative analysis, Being able to find a way to successfully measure what just happened, and repeatability being as predictable and repeatable as the sun rising in the east and setting in the west. So how can proven scientific principles be applied more correctly to the understanding of electricity in its current or future forms? Conventional manufacture of electricity uses the flow of the negative charged electrons that orbit an atoms nucleus; that are available in the metallic crystal structure. As the atoms have a nucleus of positive charged protons and neutral charged neutrons, with matching number of negative charged orbiting electrons to nucleus protons. The electrons pushing out the previous electrons maintain an overall charge balance in the metal. A force in joules like water flowing down a pipe over a vertical cliff (gravity+pressure) is captured by a turbine blade, then is converted by an electrical dynamo into electrical pressure (voltage). The electrical pressure pushes those tiny sub atomic electrons all the way down the wire. More voltage pressure more pushy pushy on the electrons. Each replacing the next in line. Like factory workers. Until the electrons arrive at the end of the wire. To possibly an electric motor which can do as much work as the original joules of work created when the water flowed down the vertical pipe. So electrical pressure can push electrons along in a sea of electrons in a metallic crystal, a metal. Electrostatics is where opposite polarity, charged particles attract each other (Coulombs Law). Radioactive decay material can be opposite polarity, charged particles. Negative charged beta particles at the speed of light; where the charge and size is equivalent to a negative charged electron. Alpha particles consisting of the helium atom nucleus of two protons and two neutrons. The Scientific Procedure_(1) Qualitative: To take a radioactive decay element producing negative charged material (beta/electron) as a one half of a battery cell. While also taking a radioactive decay element producing positive charged material (alpha/twin protons) as the second cell of other half of the battery. Sufficient quantity of radioactive decay material per second, as opposite charged particles, create the electrostatic attractive force, to draw the negative charged Beta particles as electrons, to the positive charged alpha particles. (1) Quantitative: 2β⁻+ ⁴/₂α²âo→⁴/₂He (g)+Q/t {Q/t=𝐼} from the process of creating the helium atom in the laboratory in an attempt to create useful current from the attractive electrostatic force of opposite charge decay particles. The Scientific Procedure_(2) Qualitative: Using radioactive decay material that produces the dual positive charged alpha particle in the confined environment of the previous battery positive cell. A controlled quantity of electrons through a restricted current supply is introduced. To test the fundamental principle of a full outer electron shell as a duet and octet, versus ionic/electrostatic; balance charged force. Using the alpha particle as the basis of an atom or molecule, can a diatomic Helium molecule be forced into creation? (2) Quantitative: (е- âo²âo е- е- âo²âo е-)=He₂ diatomic Helium Molecule. Or (е- âo²âoâo²âo е-) ²âo=(He₂)²âo Helium diatomic complex ion molecule. Keywords: Radioactive elements; Electrode; Noble gas; Radioactive decaying


To date, several studies describe post-hatching ontogenetic variation in birds; however, none of these studies document and compare ontogenetic variation of the entire skull in multiple avian species. Therefore, we studied ontogenetic skull variation of two bird species with very different ecologies, Pica pica, and Struthio camelus, using μCT based 3D reconstructions. For each specimen, we performed bone-by-bone segmentation in order to visualize and describe the morphological variation of each bone during ontogeny and estimated the average sutural closure of the skulls to identify different ontogenetic stages. Although bone fusion of P. pica occurs more rapidly than that of S. camelus the general sequence of bone fusion follows a similar trend from posterior to anterior, but a more detailed analysis reveals some interspecific variation in the fusion patterns. Although growth persists over a longer period in S. camelus than in P. pica and adults of the former species are significantly larger, the skull of the most mature S. camelus is still less fused than that of P. pica. Different growth and fusion patterns of the two species indicate that the interspecific ontogenetic variation could be related to heterochronic developments. Nevertheless, this hypothesis needs to be tested in a broader phylogenetic framework in order to detect the evolutionary direction of the potential heterochronic transformations.


Increased psychophysiological arousal in response to trauma cues is a symptom
of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Emotional and cognitive reactions to
traumatic events are also symptoms of PTSD. Most commonly, research into
increased arousal in particular has focused on the differences between reactions
to trauma reminders of individuals with and without PTSD. However, relatively
few studies have explicitly examined whether increased arousal as a consequence
of a traumatic event can generalise to other situations post trauma. Further, the
possibility of emotional and cognitive reactions to traumatic events generalising
to other stressful life events has not been specifically examined. This
investigation was concerned with identifying whether the increased arousal,
emotional reactions and cognitive responses associated with posttraumatic stress
reactions remain trauma specific or whether it is possible for these symptoms to
generalise to other non-trauma related stressful events.
Three groups were involved in this study including individuals who had
developed PTSD as a result of a motor vehicle accident (MVA), a group who no
longer met the diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and did not
progress to PTSD as a result of a MVA, and a group of individuals who had been
in a MVA but who had not developed psychological symptoms. An intensive
design was employed with all individuals being involved in all studies. Four
studies were conducted using this design strategy.
Initially, participants' diagnoses were determined through the Clinician
Administered PTSD Scale [CAPS] (Blake, Weathers, Nagy, Kaloupek, Charney,
& Keane, 1998) and the Acute Stress Disorder Scale [ASDS] (Bryant, Moulds, &
Guthrie, 2000). In Study One, self-report questionnaires were administered to
determine demographic characteristics, MVA details and the possible influence of individual factors related to diagnoses. The PTSD group was older than the
ASD or Control groups but no other demographic differences between the groups
were apparent. The CAPS successfully discriminated the three diagnostic groups:
PTSD, ASD and Control. As expected the PTSD and ASD groups reported more
posttraumatic stress symptoms than did the Control group. The ASD group also
had a greater tendency to dissociate in general and was associated with elevated
levels of general symptomatology compared to the PTSD and Control groups. In
respect to cognitive factors, ASD was again linked to increased endorsements of
beliefs concerning approval, guilt and predetermination. However, both PTSD
and ASD were associated with stronger beliefs related to fear than was the
Control group.
Study Two examined the psychophysiological response to the MVA and
two stressful events, one from before the MVA and one post MVA, and a nonstressful
event. The stressful events were either similar to the traumatic MVA or
general life stressors unrelated to the traumatic MVA. A four stage guided
imagery methodology was used to examine psychophysiological responses to
these events. The responses of all diagnostic groups were similar with the MVA
and stressful events eliciting greater arousal than did the non-stressful event.
In Study Three, visual analogue scales (VASs) were administered to
determine the emotional reactions of individuals to the traumatic, stressful and
non-stressful events. Differences were also apparent between reactions to the
trauma specific and generalised non-trauma related stressful events. Despite the
lesser objective severity, reactions to the trauma specific stressful event
occurring after the traumatic MVA were found to be identical to reactions to the
traumatic MVA itself. However, in response to stressful events unrelated to the
traumatic event, the emotional reactions reflected the nature of the events


Logo Design Ruth Cronje, and Jan Swanson; based on the original design by Dr. Robert Dunlop The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, or sexual orientation. We thank the following sponsors:


Software readability and comprehension are important factors in software maintenance. There is a large body of research on software measurement, but the actual factors that make software easier to read or easier to comprehend are not well understood. In the present study, we investigate the role of method chains and code comments in software readability and comprehension. Our analysis comprises data from 104 students with varying programming experience. Readability and comprehension were measured by perceived readability, reading time and performance on a simple cloze test. Regarding perceived readability, our results show statistically significant differences between comment variants, but not between method chain variants. Regarding comprehension, there are no significant differences between method chain or comment variants. Student groups with low and high experience, respectively, show significant differences in perceived readability and performance on the cloze tests. Our results do not show any significant relationships between perceived readability and the other measures taken in the present study. Perceived readability might therefore be insufficient as the sole measure of software readability or comprehension. We also did not find any statistically significant relationships between size and perceived readability, reading time and comprehension.


The polymer and the nano compound of meta aminophenol was prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization in acidic medium using potassium dichromate as an oxidant at 00C and they were characterized by FT- IR, UV-VIS, SEM, TEM, TGA and DSC. The conductance was measured and found to be semiconducting in nature. From the thermal analysis it is evident that the poly nano compound is thermally more stable than the corresponding polymer. The resulting polymer and its nano compound were analyzed for its antioxidant activities using DPPH assay and the antibacterial activities were measured by agar well cut diffusion method against two bacterial stains Staphylococcus aureus (gram +ve) and Escherichia coli (gram -ve). From the result it is evident that the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of poly meta aminophenol nano compound were greater than the corresponding polymer and they were concentration and the time dependant. The increased activities of poly nano compound may be due to its smaller size which increases the surface area and these properties can be considered in the field of biomaterials in biomedical areas.


ABSTRACT This article analyses how health-care utilization is affected by copayments in a tax-financed health-care system. The article utilizes a natural experiment in which a health-care region in Sweden changed the price of healthcare in such a way that primary care general physician prices increased by 33%. We use daily visit data in the treatment region and a neighbouring control region where no price change took place and analyse the effect using differences-in-differences as well as differences-in-differences-in-differences models. The results from the preferred models indicate no effect on health-care utilization due to the price change, a result that also holds across different socio-economic subregions in the treatment region.


This paper looks for, but cannot find, evidence that links belief inconsistency to belief inaccuracy or economic loss. Economists with consistent (i.e., Bayesian) conditional beliefs about the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test have unconditional beliefs about the risk of prostate cancer that are, if anything, less accurate than the beliefs of inconsistent non-Bayesians. PSA decisions depend more on the advice of doctors and family members than on beliefs about cancer risks. Men's beliefs about the pros and cons of PSA testing do not explain self-reported PSA decisions. This absence of evidence that non-Bayesian beliefs lead to economic loss suggests that belief consistency may be relatively unimportant as a normative criterion in high-stakes decision tasks that reward accuracy instead of consistency. A technique is introduced for eliciting measures of both consistency and accuracy of an individual's probabilistic beliefs.


The thesis examines four central propositions of theories of job redesign: 1) job redesign has abandoned major tenets of scientific management, ii) job redesign affects job attitudes and behaviour via intrinsic motivation, iii) job attitudes and behaviour are both influenced by job content and co-vary, and iv) job redesign caters for the mutual interests of workers and employers. These propositions are critically examined firstly through a comparison of the three classical job redesign theories - Herzberg's job enrichment, task design theory, and sociotechnical systems theory - with scientific management, following which a new theory of job redesign is proposed. This postulates affinities between job redesign and scientific and management; attributes performance improvements after job redesign to extrinsic mechanisms (pay, control, labour elimination, methods improvements) for all but a minority of employees; postulates attitude - behaviour discrepancies; and claims significant-economic costs for workers because of job redesign such as intensification of labour and loss of jobs. The classical and the new theories are tested against cases in the literature, and against original case material, and the new; theory found to have greater explanatory power (of the origin mechanisms, and consequences of job redesign) despite a number of methodological and conceptual shortcomings. These shortcomings slightly weaken the value of the theory, but it remains worthy of farther testing and refinements. Finally, a number of implications of the new theory are drawn out, for the history of management practices, for the future of job redesign, and for general models of worker behaviour, and further research projects are suggested.


Anchorage dependent cell culture is a useful model for investigating the interface that becomes established when a synthetic polymer is placed in contact with a biological system. The primary aim of this interdisciplinary study was to systematically investigate a number of properties that were already considered to have an influence on cell behaviour and thereby establish the extent of their importance. It is envisaged that investigations such as these will not only further the understanding of the mechanisms that affect cell adhesion but may ultimately lead to the development of improved biomaterials. In this study, surface analysis of materials was carried out in parallel with culture studies using fibroblast cells. Polarity, in it's ability to undergo hydrogen bonding (eg with water and proteins), had an important affect on cell behaviour, although structural arrangement and crystallinity were not found to exert any marked influence. In addition, the extent of oxidation that had occurred during the process of manufacture of substrates was also important. The treatment of polystyrene with a selected series of acids and gas plasmas confirmed the importance of polarity, structural groups and surface charge and it was shown that this polymer was not unique among `hydrophobic' materials in it's inability to support cell adhesion. The individual water structuring groups within hydrogel polymers were also observed to have controlling effects on cell behaviour. An overall view of the biological response to both hydrogel and non-hydrogel materials highlighted the importance of surface oxidation, polarity, water structuring groups and surface charge. Initial steps were also taken to analyse foetal calf serum, which is widely used to supplement cell culture media. Using an array of analytical techniques, further experiments were carried out to observe any possible differences in the amounts of lipids and calcium that become deposited to tissue culture and bacteriological grade plastic under cell culture conditions.


Shallow-marine rocks exposed on the 2-km-high, 45-km-thick Colorado Plateau in the western United States indicate that it was near sea level during much of the Phanerozoic. Isostatic calculations, however, illuminate the difficulty in maintaining a 45-km-thick crust at or near sea level. We propose that an isostatically balanced, 30-km-thick, proto‐Colorado Plateau crust was thickened during the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary by intracrustal flow out of an overthickened Sevier orogenic hinterland. This plateau would have been supported by a thick (>70 km) crustal root, which is proposed to have been the source region for hot and weak mid-crustal material that flowed eastward from the plateau toward the low-elevation proto‐Colorado Plateau.


Abstract. Single-footprint Atmospheric Infrared Sounder spectra are used in an optimal estimation-based algorithm (AIRS-OE) for simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, surface temperature, cloud-top temperature, effective cloud optical depth and effective cloud particle radius. In a departure from currently operational AIRS retrievals (AIRS V6), cloud scattering and absorption are in the radiative transfer forward model and AIRS single-footprint thermal infrared data are used directly rather than cloud-cleared spectra (which are calculated using nine adjacent AIRS infrared footprints). Coincident MODIS cloud data are used for cloud a priori data. Using single-footprint spectra improves the horizontal resolution of the AIRS retrieval from  ∼  45 to  ∼  13.5 km at nadir, but as microwave data are not used, the retrieval is not made at altitudes below thick clouds. An outline of the AIRS-OE retrieval procedure and information content analysis is presented. Initial comparisons of AIRS-OE to AIRS V6 results show increased horizontal detail in the water vapor and relative humidity fields in the free troposphere above the clouds. Initial comparisons of temperature, water vapor and relative humidity profiles with coincident radiosondes show good agreement. Future improvements to the retrieval algorithm, and to the forward model in particular, are discussed.


In this work we address the problem of coordinated consumption shifting for electricity prosumers. We show that individual optimization with respect to electricity prices does not always lead to minimized costs, thus necessitating a cooperative approach. A prosumer cooperative employs an internal cryptocurrency mechanism for coordinating members decisions and distributing the collectively generated profits. The mechanism generates cryptocoins in a distributed fashion, and awards them to participants according to various criteria, such as contribution impact and accuracy between stated and final shifting actions. In particular, when a scoring rulesbased distribution method is employed, participants are incentivized to be accurate. When tested on a large dataset with real-world production and consumption data, our approach is shown to provide incentives for accurate statements and increased economic profits for the cooperative.


Abstract. The atmospheric composition analysis and forecast for the European Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) relies on biomass-burning fire emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). The GFAS is a global system and converts fire radiative power (FRP) observations from MODIS satellites into smoke constituents. Missing observations are filled in using persistence, whereby observed FRP values from the previous day are progressed in time until a new observation is recorded. One of the consequences of this assumption is an increase of fire duration, which in turn translates into an increase of emissions estimated from fires compared to what is available from observations. In this study persistence is replaced by modelled predictions using the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), which describes how atmospheric conditions affect the vegetation moisture content and ultimately fire duration. The skill in predicting emissions from biomass burning is improved with the new technique, which indicates that using an FWI-based model to infer emissions from FRP is better than persistence when observations are not available.


uClassical archaeology has its origins in the antiquaria, such as art history, which it has long been identified with. From this origins, archaeology has acquired a site-centric attitude toward the territory which still survives despite the discipline recognises the stratigraphic, topographic and typological analysis among its methodological cornerstones making use of advanced and 'hyper-specialized' technologies for the reconstruction of the site context, namely the territory. The main challenge for the contemporary archaeology is, therefore, in looking at 'people beyond things', as summarised in the famous words of Sir Mortimer Wheeler: "the archaeological excavator is not digging up things, he is digging up people". To which we should add the way the traces of past people are interpreted by today's people, who attribute those 'things' different meanings and values. The paper addresses this issue with a focus on the protection system for cultural heritage and landscape in Italy, where a new holistic political vision of heritage has led to the reform of the peripheral ministerial offices and to the creation of "Unified superintendences". Offices where the archaeologists will be asked to work closely with other specialists going beyond any restricted or discipline-based attitude toward cultural heritage and landscape management.


In this paper we introduce a new R package, PrevMap, for the analysis of spatially referenced prevalence data, including both classical maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to parameter estimation and plug-in or Bayesian prediction. More specifically, the new package implements fitting of geostatistical models for binomial data, based on two distinct approaches. The first approach uses a generalized linear mixed model with logistic link function, binomial error distribution and a Gaussian spatial process as a stochastic component in the linear predictor. A simpler, but approximate, alternative approach consists of fitting a linear Gaussian model to empirical-logit-transformed data. The package also includes implementations of convolution-based low-rank approximations to the Gaussian spatial process to enable computationally efficient analysis of large spatial datasets. We illustrate the use of the package through the analysis of Loa loa prevalence data from Cameroon and Nigeria. We illustrate the use of the low rank approximation using a simulated geostatistical dataset.


Computer communications have been playing a vital role in the world economy. Government organizations, large companies and banks are using those networks in trading their data. This imposed a challenge due to the increasing need for protecting the sensitive data traded over those networks. This research presents a mechanism to protect computers communication over open un-trusted networks, primarily, that mechanism relies on securing communication authentication. In order to do that, the communication protection mechanism modifies the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP ) which is responsible for the authentication of communication of layer two High-level Data Link Control (HDLC ) protocol.


Ralph Ellison has long been admired as the author of one of the most important American novels of the twentieth century, Invisible Man . Yet he has also been dismissed by some critics as a writer who only published one major work of fiction and a black intellectual out of touch with his times. In this book, Timothy Parrish offers a fundamentally different assessment of Ellison's legacy, describing him as the most important American writer since William Faulkner and someone whose political and cultural achievements have not been fully recognised. Embracing jazz artist Wynton Marsalis's characterisation of Ellison as the unacknowledged "political theorist" of the civil rights movement, Parrish argues that the defining event of Ellison's career was not Invisible Man but the 1954 Supreme Court decision that set his country on the road to racial integration. In Parrish's view, no other American intellectual, black or white, better grasped the cultural implications of the new era than Ellison did; no other major American writer has been so misunderstood. Drawing on Ellison's recently published "unfinished" novel, newly released archival materials, and unpublished correspondence, Parrish provides a sustained reconsideration of the writer's crucial friendships with Richard Wright, Robert Penn Warren, and C. Vann Woodward to show how his life was dedicated to creating an American society in which all could participate equally. By resituating Ellison's career in the historical context of its making, Parrish challenges the premises that distorted the writer's reception in his own lifetime to make the case for Ellison as the essential visionary of post-Civil War America.


PURPOSE
To determine the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the presence of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque as assessed with coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was approved by the local ethics committees; informed consent was obtained. Patients randomized to the coronary CT angiography arm of the Rule Out Myocardial Infarction using Computer Assisted Tomography, or ROMICAT, II trial who underwent both nonenhanced CT to assess calcium score and contrast material-enhanced coronary CT angiography were included. Readers assessed coronary CT angiography images for the presence of coronary plaque, significant stenosis (≥50%), and high-risk plaque features (positive remodeling, CT attenuation < 30 HU, napkin-ring sign, spotty calcium). NAFLD was defined as hepatic steatosis at nonenhanced CT (liver minus spleen CT attenuation < 1 HU) without evidence of clinical liver disease, liver cirrhosis, or alcohol abuse. To determine the association between high-risk plaque and NAFLD, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, with high-risk plaque as a dependent variable and NAFLD, traditional risk factors, and extent of coronary atherosclerosis as independent variables.

RESULTS
Overall, 182 (40.9%) of 445 patients had CT evidence of NAFLD. High-risk plaque was more frequent in patients with NAFLD than in patients without NAFLD (59.3% vs 19.0%, respectively; P < .001). The association between NAFLD and high-risk plaque (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 3.85) persisted after adjusting for the extent and severity of coronary atherosclerosis and traditional risk factors.

CONCLUSION
NAFLD is associated with advanced high-risk coronary plaque, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the extent and severity of coronary artery disease.


Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) are a promising variational learning paradigm with applications to near-term quantum processors, however they still face some significant challenges. One such challenge is finding good parameter initialization heuristics that ensure rapid and consistent convergence to local minima of the parameterized quantum circuit landscape. In this work, we train classical neural networks to assist in the quantum learning process, also know as meta-learning, to rapidly find approximate optima in the parameter landscape for several classes of quantum variational algorithms. Specifically, we train classical recurrent neural networks to find approximately optimal parameters within a small number of queries of the cost function for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for MaxCut, QAOA for Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Ising model, and for a Variational Quantum Eigensolver for the Hubbard model. By initializing other optimizers at parameter values suggested by the classical neural network, we demonstrate a significant improvement in the total number of optimization iterations required to reach a given accuracy. We further demonstrate that the optimization strategies learned by the neural network generalize well across a range of problem instance sizes. This opens up the possibility of training on small, classically simulatable problem instances, in order to initialize larger, classically intractably simulatable problem instances on quantum devices, thereby significantly reducing the number of required quantum-classical optimization iterations.


In this report we present a brief introduction to the Signage Project, a multidisciplinary research collaboration exploring the physical-digital space, and detail our first experimental system which was deployed during a University 'Preview Day' for Sixth Form students. This system allowed the students to 'tag' posters and demonstrations on display that they found interesting during the day, enabling an adaptive, digital after-experience that provides access at the user's convenience to further information on those topics which were of interest. We describe the motivation for our work, explain the Preview Day system, and discuss the future work stemming from this initial effort.


Integrating photovoltaic systems into the urban landscape is fundamental to the wide scale acceptance of the technology. It is also one of the major factors currently limiting its popularity, coupled with high costs, and the lack of adequate storage methods. Contributing to the lack of architectural integration are shortcomings in design tools and an overall lack of forward thinking proposals suggesting how society can begin implementing solar power on a large scale. Research conducted by the International Energy Agency 'Task 41: Solar Energy and Architecture' has identified the need for more developed toolsets to help designers quantify solar exposure and shading coefficients during the conceptual design phase. Although software to calculate incident surface radiation is available, it is largely detached from the traditional design process and workflow. What is required to improve the architectural integration of photovoltaic systems is a new design methodology. A method that must be both inherently flexible and quantifiable, so that designers can validate and modify designs quickly and efficiently. In a process where innovative digital tools combined with the intuition of the designer expand the creative possibilities of intelligent solar architecture. The aim of the project is to develop a new design methodology by combining parametric and environmental analysis tools, providing quantitative performance indicators in order to assist architects at the early design stage. Using case studies, the project will demonstrate how this methodology is applicable to a wide array of project typologies within an urban context. In addition to demonstrating the applicability of the system, the case studies would also illustrate the potential for photovoltaic installations to alter the landscape of the city and facilitate a fresh dialogue between public space and renewable energy generation. iii PARAMETRIC SOLAR ARCHITECTURE Master of Architecture in the Program of Architecture Ryerson University Viktor Kuslikis 2010


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To (a) investigate fatigue and sleep patterns of children and adolescents at home and (b) examine factors associated with fatigue and sleep..

DESIGN
Descriptive with repeated measures
.

SETTING
Homes of study participants in Los Angeles and Orange, California
.

SAMPLE
35 children and adolescents with cancer.

METHODS
Data were collected using the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, which was completed once at home by each participant, and sleep actigraphs, which were worn for five days at home following discharge from hospitalization
.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
General fatigue, cognitive fatigue, sleep-rest fatigue, sleep duration, sleep quantity, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset
.

FINDINGS
More than half of the participants had problems with fatigue at home. Significant correlations were found between sleep/rest fatigue and sleep duration. Factors that affected fatigue were age, gender, and cancer diagnosis. Adolescents had more problems with fatigue than children, and female patients had more problems with fatigue than male patients. Patients with sarcoma had more problems with fatigue than those with leukemia, lymphoma, and other cancer diagnoses. Adolescents slept less than children.

CONCLUSIONS
Children and adolescents with cancer have fatigue and sleep problems at home that vary by age, gender, and cancer diagnosis
.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Data from the current study support the need for nurses to provide teaching about fatigue and sleep at home in children and adolescents with cancer. Future studies are needed to examine interventions that may alleviate fatigue and improve sleep at home
.


Statement of the problem: Internal branding can be considered as an important human activity for gaining competitive advantages. Repeatable experiences in hotels depend heavily on the consistent behaviors of human resources. Developing a native model and repeatability of customer experience in hotels is a practical and yet fundamental need for internal branding. Since no attempt has been made to introduce the native brand management model in Tehran hotels, the research question of the current paper includes: what is the model for the internal brand management of hotels in Tehran? The purpose of the research: The present study seeks to introduce the model of internal brand management which hs been obtained by using related data of Tehran Hotels from the view of experts with managerial and supervisional experiences. Methodology: This qualitative research has been done by using the grounded theory method and an encoded interview for 18 experts. The experts of this research have an experience of over 12 years management in Tehran hotels and they have higher education degree in management or marketing that has made the theoretical saturation possible through using snowball sampling. Therefore, after the coding of the texts, 535 open code, 18 sub-categories and 6 main categories have been identified. Conclusion: Results indicated that recruitment and training are the most important causal factors, manager behaviors and brand-oriented incentives are the most important strategic factors, and the consequences of employees and guests are the most important consequence factors. The manager as a fundamental element, and at the role of the brand translator, model and teacher makes possible the achievement of the internal brand. The obtained model can be tested and revised in other service sectors, but it is recommended that these types of studies with emphasis on this field also be carried out in the other parts of Iran's tourism industry.


Widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals residues has been reported in aquatic ecosystems. However, their toxic effects on aquatic biota remain unclear. Generally, the acute toxicity has been assessed in laboratory experiments, while chronic toxicity studies have rarely been performed. Of importance appears also the assessment of mixture effects, since pharmaceuticals never occur in waters alone.
The aim of the present work is to evaluate acute and chronic toxic response in the crustacean Daphnia magna exposed to single pharmaceuticals and mixtures.
We tested fluoxetine, a SSRI widely prescribed as antidepressant, and propranolol, a non selective β-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent used to treat hypertension.
Acute immobilization and chronic reproduction tests were performed according to OECD guidelines 202 and 211, respectively. Single chemicals were first tested separately. Toxicity of binary mixtures was then assessed using a fixed ratio experimental design with concentrations based on Toxic Units. The conceptual model of Concentration Addition was adopted in this study, as we assumed that the mixture effect mirrors the sum of the single substances for compounds having similar mode of action. The MixTox statistical method was applied to analyze the experimental results. Results showed a significant deviation from CA model that indicated antagonism between chemicals in both the acute and the chronic mixture tests.
The study was integrated assessing the effects of fluoxetine on a battery of biomarkers. We wanted to evaluate the organism biological vulnerability caused by low concentrations of pharmaceutical occurring in the aquatic environment. We assessed the acetylcholinesterase and glutathione s-transferase enzymatic activities and the malondialdehyde production. No treatment induced significant alteration of biomarkers with respect to the control.
Biological assays and the MixTox model application proved to be useful tools for pharmaceutical risk assessment. Although promising, the application of biomarkers in Daphnia magna needs further elucidation.


Abstract
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is one of the most significant viral diseases of
oilseed rape and may be one of main reasons why commercial oilseed rape crops do not
reach their genetic potential. TuYV is transmitted by aphids, sap-sucking hemipteroid
insects, and the green peach aphid (GPA) is the predominant vector. TuYV can reduce
oilseed rape yield by up to 26% in the UK and may also affect oil quality. Current
control measures rely on insecticides; however, changing legislation and reduced
effectiveness necessitate novel approaches to virus control. In this thesis, the impact of
TuYV on the UK commercial oilseed rape crop was established and sources of partial
resistance to TuYV and aphids were investigated. TuYV reduces yield and has a subtle
impact on seed physiology including small changes to fatty acid profiles and
glucosinolate content. Furthermore, these changes appear to be genotype-dependent and
not as a result of virus accumulation in the plant. To learn more about TuYV
transmission by aphids, a novel, functional-genomics tool was developed to silence
aphid genes by plant-mediated RNA interference (PMRi). Highly specific protein
interactions between virus particles and aphid proteins are critical determinants of
circulative transmission, a process whereby virus particles can move between aphid cell
layers. However, the aphid components underlying these processes are poorly
understood. As the GPA Rack1 protein has been implicated in transcytosis of TuYV
particles across the aphid gut barrier, PMRi was used to dissect its role in the circulative
transmission process. This revealed that Rack1 may have a direct role in TuYV
acquisition by GPA. This work further demonstrates the potential of PMRi as a postgenomics
tool in aphids and similar insects, but also as a direct means of aphid and/or
virus control. These contrasting research strategies have provided a two-pronged
approach towards improving TuYV control.