In order to clarify the effects of a high-calcium (Ca) diet on bone formation in magnesium (Mg)-deficient rats, this study focused on the effects of a high-Ca diet on serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Male rats were randomized by weight into four groups, and fed one of four experimental diets containing two different Mg concentrations (0.05% (normal-Mg) or Mg-free (Mg-deficient)), and two different Ca concentrations (0.5% (normal-Ca) or 1.0% (high-Ca)) for 14 days. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin and IGF-1 were significantly lower in rats fed the Mg-deficient diet than in rats fed the normal-Mg diet. On the other hand, dietary Ca concentration had no significant influence on serum concentrations of osteocalcin and IGF-1. This study suggested that: 1) a high-Ca diet has no preventive effects on the decreased bone formation seen in Mg-deficient rats; and 2) a high-Ca diet does not enhance serum IGF-1 levels in Mg-deficient rats. Moreover, unchanged serum IGF-1 concentrations may contribute to the decreased bone formation seen in Mg-deficient rats receiving a high-Ca diet.


Seventy-five principals and vice-.wincipals from public elementary and secondary schools in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada participated in this study. Participants provided ,information concerning their thinking styles, motivations, and the physical effects of stress. This information was examined to find out how satisfaction-oriented, and how security-oriented the thinking styles of the participants were. Second, the data were analysed to see how the thinking style orientations related to life style habits and the effects of stress. The satisfaction-oriented thinking styles scored higher than all of the security-oriented thinking styles by a wide margin with a small preference for the satisfaction-people-oriented styles labelled humanistic-helpful, and affiliative as opposed to the satisfaction-task-oriented styles labeled achievement, and self-actualizing. Although all eight of the security-oriented thinking styles scored well below all of the satisfaction-oriented thinking styles on the Life Styles Inventory, the perfectionistic style scored higher than all of the security-oriented styles by an impressive margin. The next highest scores were recorded by a cluster of three passive-defensive people-oriented thinking styles labeled approval, conventional, and dependent. The competitive style scored lower, and the styles labeled avoidance, oppositional, and power scored the lowest of all the defensive-security-oriented styles. These findings suggest that principals and vice-principals see themselves as relaxed, flexible, and satisfied with their ability to adapt to the stress levels they experience in their lives; however, there was some support for medical research findings that suggest that specific security-oriented thinking styles are associated with emotional stresses that contribute to the development of specific lifestyle habits, physical symptoms, and illnesses. Although the number of females in this study provides very limited generalizability, the findings of this study suggest that high achieving females tend to develop satisfaction-growth styles to a higher level than males, and they tend to use security-oriented styles to a lesser degree than males.


Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has to-date not commonly been used in anal. labs. of the iron and steel industry. In order to correlate the properties of the various type of steels contg. different elemental compns., it becomes necessary to det. trace elements, which is a strength of ICP-MS. This paper describes a methodol. for the detn. of Si, an important element for steel making. Si typically is problematic using ICP-MS because of the strong interferences caused by polyat. ions produced by N, O, H, and C. The results obtained in our study show that Si can be detd. with good reproducibility and accuracy in the concn. range typically present in certified steel ref. materials. The detection limits achieved are in the single digit mg/L range.


Abstract This article critically analyses how gender bias impacts upon women's efforts to legitimate nascent ventures. Given the importance of founder identity as a proxy for entrepreneurial legitimacy at nascency, we explore the identity work women undertake when seeking to claim legitimacy for their emerging ventures in a prevailing context of masculinity. In so doing, we challenge taken for granted norms pertaining to legitimacy and question the basis upon which that knowledge is claimed. In effect, debates regarding entrepreneurial legitimacy are presented as gender neutral yet, entrepreneurship is a gender biased activity. Thus, we argue it is essential to recognize how gendered assumptions impinge upon the quest for legitimacy. To illustrate our analysis, we use retrospective and real time empirical evidence evaluating legitimating strategies as they unfold, our findings reveal tensions between feminine identities such as 'wife' and 'mother' and those of the prototypical entrepreneur. This dissonance prompted women to undertake specific forms of identity work to bridge the gap between femininity, legitimacy and entrepreneurship. We conclude by arguing that the pursuit of entrepreneurial legitimacy during nascency is a gendered process which disadvantages women and has the potential to negatively impact upon the future prospects of their fledgling ventures.


To quantify the effect of basin morphometry on internal wave dynamics, we installed thermistor arrays around the perimeter of Mono Lake, California. The lake's complex bathymetry includes alongshore bottom slopes ranging from < 1% up to 9% and a steep‐sided peninsula‐like island. Under the influence of the dominating winds from the south, isopycnals downwelled along the long axis of the lake as well as along an axis parallel to the peninsula, generating vertical mode 2 horizontal mode 2 internal waves. On relaxation of the wind, a horizontal mode 2 Kelvin wave evolved with a period of ∼ 22 h in each of the two sub‐basins. The response of the internal wave field to high winds was spatially variable, with higher vertical excursions of isopycnals and higher rates of strain, indicative of non‐linearity and turbulence, at both sides of the peninsula and near steep sloping boundaries to the south. Rate of strain squared was enhanced up to three orders of magnitude relative to background rates depending on bottom slope. Model comparisons in which the island was moved to the center of the lake or removed showed a dominant horizontal mode 1 wave and stronger influence of rotation. Increased complexity of basin morphometry modified the horizontal and vertical phase structure of dominant basin‐scale waves, redistributed the potential energy in the internal wave field over space, and shifted the positions of the basins in which the waves rotated. Whether turbulence increased with these shifts depended on the incidence of steep topography.


This article provides a skeptical look at the role of "efficiency" in antitrust analysis. It begins by discussing how various types of efficiency may be in conflict, such that the concept is actually less scientific or useful than often thought. The article asks, What economic considerations are excluded from today's antitrust analysis? This leads to a discussion of political, social, and non-efficiency economic values; externalities; and three types of inefficiencies that may be caused by the single-minded hunt for efficiencies: X-inefficiency; diseconomies of scale, scope, and coordination; and the "too-big-to-fail" problem. Finally, the article describes some challenges facing reform proposals, including problems of prediction and quantification. The conclusion argues that the efficiency goal is fraught with problems and that a broader concept needs to take into account inefficiencies as well as efficiencies.


deltaF508 is the most common (70%) among over 1000 mutations of the gene encoding ATP-regulated chloride channel, namely CFTR--cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. The time which passed from the calculated mutation event was anticipated on the basis of the frequency of contemporary haplotypes, but not on its direct identification. The presence of three base pairs deletion in the ancient DNA (aDNA) isolated from skeletal remains of the Middle Ages origin was investigated. Teeth excavated in the area of three sites located in Central Poland were processed for a DNA. 6 out of 82 samples did not produce amplificable fragments of DNA. Although the number of specimens analyzed was sufficient to confirm the presence of the rare mutation, the deltaF508 CFTR sequence was not found in the remains of individuals living back 35 - 45 generations. The absence of the mutated allele in the particular geographic region cannot state for the status of mutated allele throughout the country, especially at times when migrations were limited and movements of people were more area restricted than at present days.


Recently, speaker verification based on i-vectors and PLDA has become state-of-the art. This approach relays on models whose parameters need to be estimated from a development database with a large number of speech segments and speakers. That is one of the reasons why it has been very successful on NIST evaluations where we have sufficient data available. However, when we need to do speaker verification in a domain where the development data is scarce, training accurate models is complicated. In this paper, we propose a method to do Bayesian adaptation of the PLDA parameters from a domain with sufficient development data to a domain with scarce development data. The method is based on the variational Bayes recipe. We perform experiments adapting models trained with the NIST databases to the EVALITA09 database. Results show interesting improvements.


A function $U:\left[ \omega_{1}\right] ^{2}\longrightarrow\omega$ is called $\left( 1,\omega_{1}\right) $\emph{-weakly universal }if for every function $F:\left[ \omega_{1}\right] ^{2}\longrightarrow\omega$ there is an injective function $h:\omega_{1}\longrightarrow\omega_{1}$ and a function $e:\omega \longrightarrow\omega$ such that $F\left( \alpha,\beta\right) =e\left( U\left( h\left( \alpha\right) ,h\left( \beta\right) \right) \right) $ for every $\alpha,\beta\in\omega_{1}$. We will prove that it is consistent that there are no $\left( 1,\omega_{1}\right) $\emph{-}weakly universal functions, this answers a question of Shelah and Stepr\={a}ns. In fact, we will prove that there are no $\left( 1,\omega_{1}\right) $\emph{-}weakly universal functions in the Cohen model and after adding $\omega_{2}$ Sacks reals side-by-side. However, we show that there are $\left( 1,\omega _{1}\right) $\emph{-}weakly universal functions in the Sacks model. In particular, the existence of such graphs is consistent with $\clubsuit$ and the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis.


In this paper, we explore the costs and benefits of hosting the Olympic Games. On the cost side, there are three major categories: general infrastructure such as transportation and housing to accommodate athletes and fans; specific sports infrastructure required for competition venues; and operational costs, including general administration as well as the opening and closing ceremony and security. Three major categories of benefits also exist: the short-run benefits of tourist spending during the Games; the long-run benefits or the "Olympic legacy" which might include improvements in infrastructure and increased trade, foreign investment, or tourism after the Games; and intangible benefits such as the "feel-good effect" or civic pride. Each of these costs and benefits will be addressed in turn, but the overwhelming conclusion is that in most cases the Olympics are a money-losing proposition for host cities; they result in positive net benefits only under very specific and unusual circumstances. Furthermore, the cost–benefit proposition is worse for cities in developing countries than for those in the industrialized world. In closing, we discuss why what looks like an increasingly poor investment decision on the part of cities still receives significant bidding interest and whether changes in the bidding process of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will improve outcomes for potential hosts.


The proven Glannon Guide is a user-friendly study aid to use throughout the semester as a great supplement to (or substitute for) classroom lecture. Topics are broken down into manageable pieces and are explained in a conversational tone. Chapters are interspersed with hypotheticals like those posed in the classroom that include analysis of answers to ensure thorough understanding. Additionally, "The Closer" questions pose sophisticated hypotheticals at the end of each chapter to present cumulative review of earlier topics. More like classroom experiences, the Glannon Guide provides you with straightforward explanations of complex legal concepts, often in a humorous style that makes the material stick. The user-friendly Glannon Guide is your proven partner throughout the semester when you need a supplement to (or substitute for) classroom lecture. The material is broken into small, manageable pieces to help you master concepts. Multiple-choice questions are interspersed throughout each chapter (not lumped at the end) to mirror the flow of a classroom lecture. Correct and incorrect answers are carefully explained; you learn why they do or do not work. You can rely on authority; the series was created by Joseph W. Glannon?Harvard-educated, best-selling author of, among other legal texts, Examples & Explanations; Civil Procedure, now in its sixth edition. "The Closer" poses a sophisticated problem question at the end of each chapter to test your comprehension. A final "Closing Closer" provides you practice opportunity as well as a cumulative review of all the concepts from earlier chapters. You can check your understanding each step of the way. More like classroom experiences, these Guides provide straightforward explanations of complex legal concepts, often in a humorous style that makes the material stick.


This article examines the making of modern Kuwait City between 1950 and 1980 by complicating the popular "rags to riches" paradigm that permeates both official state discourse and much of the literature on Kuwait's urban development. It argues that the "modern" city that replaced the demolished pre-oil town during the first three decades of oil urbanization was more of a spectacle than a lived reality. Although the state exerted much effort and expense between 1951 and 1971 in planning for the development of a capital city to celebrate Kuwait's newfound prosperity and progress, certain unexpected consequences of rapid oil wealth significantly hindered the production of the rational and usable city the state was hoping for. As such, state development projects from the early 1960s onward focused more on how the city looked than on how it actually worked, creating an urban spectacle that gave a distinct impression that Kuwait was a rapidly modernizing city despite the fact that, behind the scenes, it was stagnating. Al-Nakib's article examines particular development projects produced between 1950 and the Iraqi invasion of 1990 that contributed to this spectacle of modernity and have led to the misguided though common assumption that oil modernization in Kuwait was a linear, smooth, successful, and virtually overnight leap from ancient to modern, chaos to order.


The habitual consumption of large-animal resources (e.g., similar sized or larger than the consumer) separates human and nonhuman primate behavior. Flaked stone tool use, another important hominin behavior, is often portrayed as being functionally related to this by the necessity of a sharp edge for cutting animal tissue. However, most research on both issues emphasizes sites that postdate ca. 2.0 million years ago. This paper critically examines the theoretical significance of the earlier origins of these two behaviors, their proposed interrelationship, and the nature of the empirical record. We argue that concepts of meat-eating and tool use are too loosely defined: outside-bone nutrients (e.g., meat) and inside-bone nutrients (e.g., marrow and brains) have different macronutrient characteristics (protein vs. fat), mechanical requirements for access (cutting vs. percussion), search, handling and competitive costs, encounter rates, and net returns. Thus, they would have demanded distinct technological and behavioral solutions. We propose that the regular exploitation of large-animal resources—the "human predatory pattern"—began with an emphasis on percussion-based scavenging of inside-bone nutrients, independent of the emergence of flaked stone tool use. This leads to a series of empirical test implications that differ from previous "meat-eating" origins scenarios.


Objective: Hyperlipidemia has been noted with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and may be particularly associated with protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens. We described the use of lipid-lowering therapy among individuals using HAART.

Methods: We analyzed participants enrolled in the HIV Ontario Observational Database (HOOD), a longitudinal voluntary cohort study. Trained chart abstracters recorded medication use from patient records. We defined HAART as a regimen consisting of 3 or more antiretrovirals and differentiated between those including (PI-HAART) or excluding (nonPI-HAART) protease inhibitors.

Results: Of 1541 individuals in the database, 227 (15%) had ever used lipid-lowering therapy. The most commonly used lipid-lowering drugs were fenofibrate (46% of prescriptions), atorvastatin (28%), and pravastatin (17%); 16% of patients using lipid-lowering drug used more than one simultaneously and 23% used more than one drug sequentially. We evaluated 10,042 individual drug regimens of which 51% were HAART and 86% of HAART regimens contained protease inhibitors. When lipid-lowering drugs were prescribed, 84% of antiretroviral regimens were HAART. Use of lipid-lowering therapy was more common with PI-HAART than with nonPI-HAART regimens (8.2 vs. 6.0%, p=0.037). Individuals using more than one protease inhibitor had a particularly high rate of use of lipid-lowering therapy (14%, p<0.001 compared to those using 1 PI). The median time from initiation of the first HAART regimen to initiation of a lipid-lowering drug was shorter for PI-HAART than for nonPI-HAART regimens (median 2.7 vs. 3.4 years, p=0.03). Only 15% of patients discontinued lipid-lowering therapy; of these, 12% changed from a PI-HAART to a nonPI-HAART regimen.

Conclusions: Lipid-lowering therapy use is common and is associated with protease inhibitor use. Regimens that do not include protease inhibitors may decrease pill burden, avoid potential drug interactions, and be less costly compared to PI-based HAART regimens.


Urbanisation in Malaysia's Klang Valley has been increasing rapidly. In order to accommodate the growing population, massive land use development is taking place. Much of this is occurring on the flood plain of the Klang River, seriously exacerbating the problem of flooding
and inflicting suffering on local residents and damage to their property. These problems have occurred within a context of blurred and divided administrative responsibilities. The Klang River and its tributaries flow through both the State of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The governments of these two entities have divergent development visions that
place differing weights on the importance of environmentally sustainable planning. The consequence of these disagreements has been continued construction on the flood plain and ever more serious flooding.

This research illustrates these themes -- and the problems that result from lack of coordination in planning and development -- through an examination of the effect of flooding on two settlements. One is the settlement of TTDI Jaya in Shah Alam, Selangor, built and managed by
a property developer, and the other is the squatter settlement of Kampung Haji Abdullah Hukom in Kuala Lumpur. The impact of flooding in these two study areas is examined through a questionnaire survey and interviews. Household strategies in these two contrasting communities
are compared in terms of preparation against flooding and adjustments to property and lifestyle. The psychological effects are considered, alongside economic, social and physical impacts.

The research also examines the effectiveness of flood control measures in the light of the continuing occurrence of flooding. It analyses the role of local community committees, effective leadership and political involvement in protecting the rights of the effected communities to live
in these settlement areas and make their voices heard. These questions are considered within the context of a broader examination of the relationship between land use development planning in the Klang Valley and the problem of flooding. The research concludes by arguing that a
coordinated approach is needed to planning within river basins and that this planning should be informed by an understanding of river basin systems. It draws attention to the importance of adopting `soft' approaches to flood management and mitigation. Finally, it questions
conventional assumptions of greater security against flooding enjoyed in middle class settlements by suggesting that strong community cohesion can lead to a relatively more
favourable outcome for the residents of otherwise less advantaged settlements. A materially poorer but more vibrant society can be considered better equipped, it is concluded here, and more resilient in the face of disaster.


The orthopedic industry is seeking new methods to drive innovation as greater attention is given to improving patient outcomes and controlling healthcare costs. One method that has been embraced by many companies over the past few years is the use of population analysis based on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine new implant shapes and sizes.1 This technology promises to reduce design iterations, the number of cadaver labs and the risks associated with design errors. Population analysis also can be a powerful argument in convincing regulatory bodies, hospital management and surgeons of the thorough sizing rationale and good performance of a new implant system. This column examines how the DJO Surgical division of orthopedic device company DJO Global Inc. and medical


There have being an alarming recurrent kidnapping and hostage-taking in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Significant numbers of the members of the society are becoming victims of abductions; armed robbers, fraudsters and small-time crooks have engaged in the seeming lucrative venture of kidnapping. Evidently, the targets were foreign oil companies' expatriates' who were taken by oil rebels' usually on attacks in the energy-rich Niger Delta region. The criminal elements are becoming more interested in kidnapping wealthy locals. The paper examines the origin of kidnapping and hostage taking as it poses serious implication Social Work intervention in Niger Delta. This study adopted descriptive research design with systematic review of literatures. The study made use of secondary data such as newspapers, journal articles and periodicals. The study adopted social learning theory and task centered therapy (model) as the theoretical framework for the study. Finding of the study shows that there is significant psychological traumatic impact of kidnap and hostage taking on victims. The paper recommended multi agency social work practice and collaboration in effort to ameliorate the plight of kidnap victims. The paper also recommended the need for social work proactive counseling and reintegration of kidnap victims with post traumatic disorder into the mainstream of their family and the society in general.


The purpose of this paper is to examine strengths and limitations that search engines (SEs) exhibit when responding to web search queries associated with the grade school curriculum,The authors employed a simulation-based experimental approach to conduct an in-depth empirical examination of SEs and used web search queries that capture information needs in different search scenarios.,Outcomes from this study highlight that child-oriented SEs are more effective than traditional ones when filtering inappropriate resources, but often fail to retrieve educational materials. All SEs examined offered resources at reading levels higher than that of the target audience and often prioritized resources with popular top-level domain (e.g. ".com").,Findings have implications for human intervention, search literacy in schools, and the enhancement of existing SEs. Results shed light on the impact on children's education that result from introducing misconception about SEs when these tools either retrieve no results or offer irrelevant resources, in response to web search queries pertinent to the grade school curriculum.,The authors examined child-oriented and popular SEs retrieval of resources aligning with task objectives and user capabilities–resources that match user reading skills, do not contain hate-speech and sexually-explicit content, are non-opinionated, and are curriculum-relevant. Findings identified limitations of existing SEs (both directly or indirectly supporting young users) and demonstrate the need to improve SE filtering and ranking algorithms.


There is an alarming increase in the amount of malware that is generated today. However, several studies have shown that most of these new malware are just variants of existing ones. Fast detection of these variants plays an effective role in thwarting new attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to detect malware variants using a sparse representation framework. Exploiting the fact that most malware variants have small differences in their structure, we model a new/unknown malware sample as a sparse linear combination of other malware in the training set. The class with the least residual error is assigned to the unknown malware. Experiments on two standard malware datasets, Malheur dataset and Malimg dataset, show that our method outperforms current state of the art approaches and achieves a classification accuracy of 98.55\% and 92.83\% respectively. Further, by using a confidence measure to reject outliers, we obtain 100\% accuracy on both datasets, at the expense of throwing away a small percentage of outliers. Finally, we evaluate our technique on two large scale malware datasets: Offensive Computing dataset (2,124 classes, 42,480 malware) and Anubis dataset (209 classes, 36,784 samples). On both datasets our method obtained an average classification accuracy of 77\%, thus making it applicable to real world malware classification.


Clostridium beijerinckii is a predominant solventogenic bacterium that is used for the ABE fermentation. Various C. beijerinckii mutants are constructed for desirable phenotypes. The C. beijerinckii mutant BA105 harboring a glucose derepression phenotype was previously isolated and demonstrated the enhanced amylolytic activity in the presence of glucose. Despite its potential use, BA105 is not further characterized and utilized. Therefore, the authors investigate fermentation phenotypes of BA105 in this study. Under the typical batch fermentation conditions, BA105 consistently exhibits acid crash phenotype resulting in limited glucose uptake and cell growth. However, when the culture pH is maintained above 5.5, BA105 exhibits the increased glucose uptake and butanol production than did the wild-type. To further analyze BA105, the authors perform genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Genome analysis identifies two SNPs unique to BA105, in the upstream region of AbrB regulator (Cbei_4885) and the ROK family glucokinase (Cbei_4895) which are involved in catabolite repression and regulation of sugar metabolism. Transcriptional analysis of BA105 reveals significant differential expression of the genes associated with the PTS sugar transport system and acid production. This study improves understanding of the acid crash phenomenon and provides the genetic basis underlying the catabolite derepression phenotype of C. beijericnkii.


BACKGROUND
The field of transplantation is shifting outcome priorities from 1-year survival to more comprehensive metrics including transplant rate and waitlist mortality. Identifying disenfranchised candidates (high waitlist death risk, low transplantation chance) can be a focus to improve outcomes.

METHODS
Given waitlist outcomes, (continued waiting, death, and transplantation), we aimed to identify factors predicting the likelihood candidates would undergo transplant or death by performing multivariate competing risk analyses of 121 198 candidates in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. We incorporated these probabilities (likelihood of transplantation and waitlist death) into the transplant index (TI) to identify disenfranchised candidates (high likelihood of death, low likelihood of transplantation).

RESULTS
Half of the patients had low incidences of death and transplantation within 90 days (TI-inactive). The remaining were stratified into 10 groups within a predictive index, the TI. Low-TI groups (TI-10, 20, 30) had 90-day transplant rates of 50.8%, 41.6%, and 39.8% respectively, and their respective 90-day death rates were 22.8%, 15.1%, and 10.9%. High-TI groups (TI 80, 90, >90) had 90-day transplantation rates of 53.7%, 64.3%, and 73.9% respectively, and 90-day death rates of 5.9%, 6.5%, and 6.7% respectively. As TI increased, the likelihood of transplantation increased and that of death decreased. Low-TI groups represent the disenfranchised candidates.

CONCLUSIONS
The TI identifies disenfranchised candidates on the adult liver transplant waitlist. This is the subgroup that would benefit the most from efforts to increase access to transplantation.


This comprehensive guide to the Ninth Symphony offers insight into more than just the composition and structure of Beethoven's monumental work. It explores the controversial realm of period instruments and performance techniques, and challenges old assumptions about the sound and meaning of the music. Levy surveys and distils the latest research on the Ninth Symphony - material inaccessible to most general readers - and sets forth the elements that give this composition its pre-eminence as a symphony and the artistic choices that make it a monument of Western music. Levy begins in the present with the recent performances and interpretations on the Ninth. He then moves back in time to Beethoven's day to chart the progress that led the composer to produce, over a ten year period, the finished manuscript in 1824. The heart of the book is a clear, concise examination of the music itself. Through musical examples and analytical charts, Levy illuminates the inner workings of the Ninth for scholars and devotees alike. He shows how the Ninth cast its long shadow on the 19th century, and explains why this work continues to move and inspire audiences today.


Many countries intend to use compacted bentonite as abarrier in their deep geological repositories for nuclearwaste. In order to describe and predict hydraulicconductivity or radionuclide transport through thebentonite barrier, fundamental understanding of themicrostructure of compacted bentonite is needed. Thisstudy examined the interlayer swelling and overallmicrostructure of Wyoming Bentonite MX-80 and thecorresponding homo-ionic Na+ and Ca2+ forms, usingXRD with samples saturated under confined swellingconditions and free swelling conditions. For thesamples saturated under confined conditions, theinterparticle, or so-called free porosity was estimatedby comparing the experimental interlayer distancesobtained from one-dimensional XRD profile fittingagainst the maximum interlayer distances possible forthe corresponding water content. The results showedthat interlayer porosity dominated total porosity,irrespective of water content, and that free porositywas lower than previously reported in the literature. Atcompactions relevant for the saturated bentonitebarrier (1.4-1.8 g/cm3), the free porosity was estimatedto ≤ 3%.


Abstract : This paper discusses a plan that addresses how the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) may assist the Department of Defense (DoD) in reengineering its large software-intensive systems. This plan is based on a view of reengineering as an engineering problem to improve the cost-effective evolution of large software-intensive systems. This view of reengineering, which takes the whole software engineering process into account, fosters a growth path by leveraging promising emerging software engineering technologies. Reengineering also builds on the industry's improvement in its ability to manage the software engineering process, an accomplishment of SEI work in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and its key process areas.... Software engineering, Software-intensive systems, Reengineering, Reengineering tools


The International Crops Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics Genebank at Patancheru, India holds the world's largest collection of 22,211 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 4488 landraces from 16 East and Southern African (ESA) countries. Gap analysis using FloraMap software and 3750 georeferenced pearl millet germplasm accessions from ESA countries revealed 34 districts located in 18 provinces of four East African countries and 76 districts located in 34 provinces of seven Southern African countries as geographical gaps. Analysis of characterization data using DIVA-GIS software showed 11 districts of seven provinces in Sudan and Uganda and 58 districts of 20 provinces of seven countries in Southern Africa as gaps in diversity for important morphoagronomic traits. The following districts were identified as gaps common to geographic area and diversity for some or the other traits: Amuria district in Soroti province of Uganda; Mpwapwa in Dodoma province of Tanzania; Mahalapye in Centre province and Kgatleng in Kgatleng province of Botswana; Lalomo in Southern province of Zambia; and Motoko, Mudzi and Wedza in the province of Mashonaland East; Makoni in Manikaland; Gutu and Chivi in Masvingo; Gwanda and Bulalimamangwe in Metabeland south; Hwange and Nkayi in Metabeland north; and Kwe Kwe in Midlands of Zimbabwe. For a successful germplasm collection mission to fill the gaps identified, planning should be made in advance of collaboration and consultation with National Agricultural Systems, local government officials and extension officers. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.


Objective: This study aims to discover the reasons for using CAM practices among individuals in different age groups, to examine the differences between generations in terms of CAM use, and to explore the attitudes and behaviors of different generations regarding CAM use. Methods: This study was conducted between November 2016 and April 2017 with 320 people who agreed to participate in the study. Questionnaires were used to determine their sociodemographic characteristics as well as attitudes and behaviors towards the use of CAM practices. Results: Of the participants, 67.2% were female; 14.4%, 10.9%, 20.6%, and 54.1% were in the experienced-silent, baby boomer, X, and Y generations, respectively; and 65% experienced at least one CAM practice. The study determined that 50% of the participants in the experienced-silent generation, 65.7% of the participants in the baby boomer generation, 59.1% of the participants in the X generation, and 71.1% of the participants in the Y generation had used CAM practices. A statistically significant difference was found between these generations in terms of CAM use (p<0.05). Conclusions: The present study determined that the number of CAM users has been increasing, and found that the majority of participants had knowledge about CAM practices, but did not consider CAM as a better treatment option. They did not agree that alternative therapies were as effective as conventional therapies, so they were hesitant to use CAM practices.


The synthetic multivulva (synMuv) genes negatively regulate Ras-mediated vulval induction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The synMuv genes define three classes, A, B, and C, such that double mutants carrying mutations in genes of any two classes are multivulva. The class B synMuv genes include lin-35, a homolog of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor gene, as well as homologs of genes that function with Rb in transcriptional regulation. We screened for additional synMuv mutations using a strategy different from that of previous synMuv genetic screens. Some of the mutations we recovered affect new synMuv genes. We present criteria for assigning synMuv mutations into different genetic classes. We also describe the molecular characterization of the class B synMuv gene lin-65.


When faced with shrinking budgets and swelling Medicaid rolls, states frequently try to reduce Medicaid spending by slashing provider reimbursement rates. Reimbursement rates, however, significantly impact provider participation and consumer access to healthcare services. Therefore, such cutbacks to Medicaid's already low rates often undermine the program's promise of "mainstream" medical access for the poor and disabled. Medicaid beneficiaries and providers long used the court system to combat these rate cuts by suing under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and arguing that inadequate reimbursement rates violate the "equal access provision" of the federal Medicaid Act. But in 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court foreclosed this avenue of relief and seemed to leave doctors and patients without standing to challenge even the most draconian rate cuts. A recent series of decisions by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, however, suggests that the Supremacy Clause presents an alternative means of enforcing the equal access provision. This Note explores both the promise and pitfalls of an equal access preemption claim and argues that Medicaid providers and beneficiaries should be able to enjoin significant rate cutbacks and protect healthcare access by challenging state changes to reimbursement rates as preempted by the Medicaid Act.


In recent years, arbitration proceeding has become a common dispute resolution method, particularly in the field of international commercial disputes. One of the reasons is that the parties want to resolve their dispute in privacy and obtain an enforceable award as soon as possible. The parties' tendency to apply arbitration proceeding has forced the states to review their arbitration law and procedural law. In this way the countries want to make their states an attractive place for the arbitral proceeding. As it will be seen in the following parts, the place of arbitration has a vital role over the arbitral proceeding. It has some effects over the legal issues, such as the determination of the arbitrators, enforcement of the awards, and it also has an impact over the practical issues such as accommodation, visa issues. Because of those crucial effects of the place of arbitration, the parties have to be sure that they have chosen the best suitable place as the place of arbitration. In order to set light to the parties and practitioners, in this article, the role of the place of arbitration.


Background Archosaurs (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives including dinosaurs) dominated Mesozoic continental ecosystems from the Late Triassic onwards, and still form a major component of modern ecosystems (>10,000 species). The earliest diverse archosaur faunal assemblages are known from the Middle Triassic (c. 244 Ma), implying that the archosaur radiation began in the Early Triassic (252.3–247.2 Ma). Understanding of this radiation is currently limited by the poor early fossil record of the group in terms of skeletal remains. Methodology/Principal Findings We redescribe the anatomy and stratigraphic position of the type specimen of Ctenosauriscus koeneni (Huene), a sail-backed reptile from the Early Triassic (late Olenekian) Solling Formation of northern Germany that potentially represents the oldest known archosaur. We critically discuss previous biomechanical work on the 'sail' of Ctenosauriscus, which is formed by a series of elongated neural spines. In addition, we describe Ctenosauriscus-like postcranial material from the earliest Middle Triassic (early Anisian) Röt Formation of Waldhaus, southwestern Germany. Finally, we review the spatial and temporal distribution of the earliest archosaur fossils and their implications for understanding the dynamics of the archosaur radiation. Conclusions/Significance Comprehensive numerical phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that both Ctenosauriscus and the Waldhaus taxon are members of a monophyletic grouping of poposauroid archosaurs, Ctenosauriscidae, characterised by greatly elongated neural spines in the posterior cervical to anterior caudal vertebrae. The earliest archosaurs, including Ctenosauriscus, appear in the body fossil record just prior to the Olenekian/Anisian boundary (c. 248 Ma), less than 5 million years after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. These earliest archosaur assemblages are dominated by ctenosauriscids, which were broadly distributed across northern Pangea and which appear to have been the first global radiation of archosaurs.


Dan Rees engages with a tradition of conceptual art making, in which familiar tropes and genres – monochromes, abstracts, ready-mades – are quietly unhinged and recuperated as strategies for production. The exhibition's central series of Artex Paintings revive a decorative ceiling pattern, popular in British working class homes during the 1970s. Creating this type of plasterwork, once a skilled manual job, has now been rendered all but redundant as the material fell out of fashion during the late 1980s. Rees' methodology is driven through both a recognition of the steady disappearance of the working class over recent decades and the overwriting of much of its history, as much of the disappearance of artex as a decorative mean itself. Within Rees' paintings, distinctive shell-like patterns are combed through energetically coloured fields. Incidental manifestations within the fluid oil register against the formal exercise of combing, which both obliterates and transforms the painted surface beneath.

Devoid of saturated images or commercial slogans, the impersonal forms of Rees' Trivision Billboards punctuate the exhibition. With their industrial and austere presence, they simulate or disguise themselves as minimalist sculptures. Placed variously on the walls and floors of the gallery spaces, their repetition suggests how they might be ordered in manifold sizes and formations. However, while minimalist objects traditionally asked to be considered as materials without reference to an outside reality, Rees undermines this logic by presenting a mechanism intended to broadcast information.

Similarly, the Artex Paintings could be understood as a deliberate subversion of abstract expressionism's themes, in which gestural spontaneity has been rendered via the methodical repetitions of a builder's tool. In Rees' continued examination of reproduction and repetition, the work enters the format of a series, removing it from wry conceptual exercise.

While the abstract works of the Artex Paintings and the minimalism of the billboards do not project the artist's ideology directly, this is more clearly revealed in Rees' video work Road Back To Relevance. Produced in collaboration with an advertising strategist and designer, the slide-show questions of how various modes of social engagement can remain relevant today by charting the course of a specific solidarity campaign, started in the 1980s between Wales and Nicaragua. While the visual tone of this work might suggest a need for such solidarity campaigns to modernise in order to reach a wider audience, the conclusion appears to be the opposite. Rather, the work points to the relevance of maintaining an inclusive and personal approach towards creating new connections between people, one that goes beyond issues of technology and dispersion.

Dan Rees (born 1982, UK) lives and works in Berlin. Solo exhibitions include Stimulate Surprise at Tanya Leighton Gallery, Berlin (2015); Kelp at MOSTYN, Wales and at The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff (2013); Gravel Master at The Goss-Michael Foundation, Dallas (2013); Philanthropy at Jonathan Viner, London (2011); French Cricket at Tanya Leighton, Berlin (2010); They Don't Make Them Like This Anymore at T293, Naples (2009) and Alan Brooks and Dan Rees at MOT International, London (2008).


Title : Work Wellness of Pentecostal Pastors in the North West Province. Key terms : Burnout, engagement, job stress, validity, reliability, standardisation of measuring instruments, pastors, ministers, ministry, wellness Literature generally acknowledges that ministers have a demanding job with unique requirements and unclear boundaries between their personal and professional lives. Since 1980, studies have been describing an alarming spread of burnout in the ministry, with three out of four ministers reporting severe stress, causing anguish, worry, bewilderment, anger, depression, fear and alienation. South African literature indicates ministry as a high-risk occupation with regard to burnout. As providers of help, ministers are exposed to demanding work situations, with unique job and client-related stressors that show high correlation with burnout. Burnout, according to Levert (et al, 2000) is a syndrome consisting of three dimensions: these are Exhaustion, Cynicism and lack of Professional Efficacy. Exhaustion refers to the depletion and draining of emotional resources and feelings of being overextended. Cynicism reflects a negative, cynical and callous attitude towards recipients of service, andlor extreme detached responses to aspects pertaining to the job. A lack of professional efficacy refers to the tendency to evaluate aspects negatively with regard to personal accomplishments and competence at work. Burnout in the human service industry is a growing phenomenon. The objectives of this study were to determine the reliability and validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in the context of ministry, The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced questionnaire (COPE), and to develop a measuring instrument to describe occupational stress of Pentecostal pastors in the North West Region of South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Availability samples (n = 100) were taken of qualified and ordained Pentecostal Pastors in the ministry. The Ministry Demands Survey was developed as measuring instrument, indicating internal demands/emotional input and relationship demandsldemands with regard to calling, as reliable factors. Coping was described as being either Problem or Emotion-focused. Health of Pentecostal pastors was predicted by Internal Demands/Emotional Input, Exhaustion and Problem and Emotion-focused Coping. Recommendations for future research were made.


ABSTRACT Sinella colorata n. sp. and Coecobrya mulun n. sp., both pigmented and 3+3-eyed, are described from Guangxi Province in southern China. Coecobrya mulun n. sp., is the first 3+3-eyed species in the large genus Coecobrya Yosii, 1956. The two species live in syntopy and are similar in many respects, but easily separated by their mucro, bidentate in Sinella Brook, 1882 and falcate in Coecobrya, the ratio between the length of the non-annulated distal part of the dens and the mucro (3 vs 1.5), and the position of the tooth on inner side of the claw (at 45 vs 65% from base).


Non -utilization of alienated paddy lands in Negeri Sembilan had
posed serious problems to the State a s well as the Federal Government.
The State h as approximately 36,456 acres of gazetted paddy land but
only 43 per cent of the area a re cultivated and utilized for paddy
while the remaining 57 per cent are left idle. The broad
objectives of this study are (1) to determine the factors, both
economic and non-economic, that influenced farmers' decisions to
leave their paddy lands idle, and (2) to formulate an alternative
land use strategy with in existing re source constraints.
By means of log it analysis, it was reveal ed that shortage of
labour, low productivity of paddy land, high off-paddy farm income,
shortage of water supply and multiple land ownership were the
significant variables that influenced farmers' decision to abandon
their paddy lands.
A linear programming analysis, which was used to formulate the
alternative land use strategy, indicates that the idle paddy lands can
be economically utilized with the available resources and Government
assistance. The plan as a whole advocates the adoption of an
activity mix comprising of chilliest, greanpeas, maize or sugarcane cultivation and the raising of cows or freshwater fish. The actual
activity mix depends mainly on the acreage to be ope rated. The stability of the linear planning model was tested through a sensitivity analysis and it was established that the linear planning model was practical, stable, financially and economically feasible to
the paddy farmers.
The study recognizes the potential problems that may arise from
increased production of the selected commodities if the plan were to be
implemented. Hence, it is recommended that further research be
undertaken in the area of marketing and processing to complement the
above study.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Some neuronal subpopulations are especially vulnerable to ischemic injury. In the spinal cord, large motor neurons are vulnerable to ischemia and are selectively lost after transient ischemia. However, the mechanisms of the neuronal loss have been uncertain. We hypothesized that spinal motor neurons might be lost by apoptosis and investigated a possible mechanism of neuronal death by detection of double-strand breaks in genomic DNA and immunohistochemical analysis for caspases, ie, interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE), Nedd-2, and CPP32.

METHODS
We used a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model created with a balloon catheter. The spinal cord was removed at 8 hours, 1, 2, or 7 days after 15 minutes of transient ischemia, and histological changes were studied with hematoxylin-eosin staining. To detect double-strand breaks in DNA, a staining with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) was performed. Furthermore, expression of ICE, Nedd-2, and CPP32 was investigated by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS
Motor neurons were selectively lost at 7 days after transient ischemia. TUNEL study demonstrated that no cells were positively labeled until 1 day after ischemia, but nuclei of some motor neurons were positively labeled at 2 days. Western blot analysis revealed no immunoreactivity for ICE and slight immunoreactivities for Nedd-2 and CPP32 in the sham-operated spinal cords. However, immunoreactivity became apparent at 8 hours after transient ischemia, decreased at 1 day, and returned to baseline level at 2 days. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that motor neurons were responsible for induction of those caspases.

CONCLUSIONS
Double-strand breaks in genomic DNA and induction of three caspases were demonstrated. These results indicate that motor neuron death in the spinal cord after transient ischemia is profoundly associated with activation of apoptotic processes.


This paper discusses a numerical modulation model to describe anomalous cosmic ray acceleration and transport in the heliosheath, the portion of the heliosphere between the termination shock and the heliopause. The model is based on the well known Parker transport equation and includes, in addition to diffusive shock acceleration at the solar wind termination shock, momentum diffusion (Fermi II, stochastic acceleration) and adiabatic heating occurring in the heliosheath together with both a latitude dependent compression ratio and injection efficiency as inferred from hydrodynamic heliospheric models. The model is applied to the study of anomalous cosmic ray oxygen, with the resulting intensities compared to recent Voyager 1 spacecraft observations in the heliosheath. Comparison shows that the model is able to very satisfactorily reproduce these observations, which includes a modulated spectral form at the termination shock and subsequent unfolding into the heliosheath. It is concluded that a combination of momentum diffusion and adiabatic heating, under certain realistic assumption of the solar wind speed in the heliosheath, form a viable re-acceleration mechanism, or continuous acceleration process, to explain the very contentious anomalous cosmic ray observations in the heliosheath.


OBJECT
Intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) are frequently monitored in severely head injured patients. To establish which one (ICP or CPP) is more predictive of outcome and to examine whether there are significant threshold levels in the determination of outcome, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze data in a large series of head-injured patients.

METHODS
Data were obtained from a total of 291 severely head injured patients (207 adults and 84 children). Outcome was categorized as either independent (good recovery or moderate disability) or poor (severely disabled, vegetative, or dead) by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale; patients were also grouped according to the Marshall computerized tomography scan classification.

CONCLUSIONS
The maximum value of a 2-minute rolling average of ICP readings (defined as ICPmax) and the minimum value of the CPP readings (CPPmin) were then used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the ROC curves over a range of values. Using ROC curves, a threshold value for CPPmin of 55 mm Hg and for ICPmax of 35 mm Hg appear to be the best predictors in adults. For children the levels appear to be 43 to 45 mm Hg for CPPmin and 35 mm Hg for ICPmax. Higher levels of CPPmin seem important in adults with mass lesions. These CPP thresholds (45 mm Hg for children and 55 mm Hg for adults) are lower than previously predicted and may be clinically important, especially in children, in whom a lower blood pressure level is normal. Also, CPP management at higher levels may be more important in adults with mass lesions. A larger observational series would improve the accuracy of these predictions.


The nonlinearity tolerance of several higher order modulation schemes, which make efficient use of transmission bandwidth, such as 8-PSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM, has been assessed for millimeter-wave fiber-radio systems using a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator for the modulation of an optical carrier. Some other deteriorating factors, such as a bias-point shift in the MZ modulator and optical carrier leakage at the MZ filter, which is used for the separation of the two optical carriers, have also been considered. The assessment was accomplished through computer simulations. It is found that the effect of the nonlinearity of the MZ modulator is less serious for a system using 8-PSK than for a system using 16-QAM or 64-QAM, and that in the latter case, an optimal drive level exists for the modulator to achieve the best system performance. A bias-point shift, required in some deployment scenarios, degrades system performance significantly. A leakage of optical carrier to the wrong port at the MZ filter further degrades the system performance, especially for systems using the 16-QAM or 64-QAM modulation scheme.


Fougeron and Keating [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3384(A) (1995)] showed that there is an effect of position in prosodic domain on the articulation of English /n/ in reiterant speech, using electropalatographic (EPG) contact as the articulatory measure. Fougeron and Keating [Proceedings of the Autrans Workshop and Seminar, pp. 93–96 (1996)] showed a similar effect on the articulation of French /t/ and /n/ in real‐word sentences. The present study adds to this research effort by examining real‐word English sentences. In each of these sentences a sequence of segments spans one of four prosodic boundaries: syllable, phonological word, small phrase, or intonational phrase. The corpus includes several sentences for each boundary level. Several American speakers will read this corpus while EPG and acoustic data are collected. The amount and duration of EPG contact for /t/ and /n/ will be compared across the four conditions. Based on previous work, these measures are expected to distinguish three or four levels. The larger size of this sample will allow better study of intra‐ and interspeaker variation. [Work supported by NSF.]


The resistivity image of the Muráň fault zone (Central Western Carpathians) obtained by electrical resistivity tomography The paper describes the application of geophysical prospecting techniques for estimation of the fault's inclination. The field survey was carried out across the Muráň fault structure in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts (central Slovakia). Three different geophysical methods were used to map the fault zone: Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP) and radon emanometry. All these methods have been used to locate the fault zone area, but the principal aims of this research are to test the efficiency of the 2D ERT technique to recognize the geometrical characterization of the fault and to improve our tectonic knowledge of the investigated area. For the synthetic cases, three geometric contexts were modelled at 60, 90 and 120 degrees and computed with the l2 norm inversion method, the l1 norm with standard horizontal and vertical roughness filter and the l1 norm with diagonal roughness filter. In the second phase this geophysical methodology was applied to fieldwork data. Our results confirm that the ERT technique is a valuable tool to image the fault zone and to characterize the general geometry, but also the importance of setting up the right inversion parameters. The main contribution of the geophysical investigations in this case was the determination of the location and confirmation of the inclination of the Muráň fault. The result of this study is the ability to make a visual estimation of the direction and dip of the fault. Pursuant to this work the dipole-dipole electrode configuration produces the best resolution, particularly for the location of vertical and dipping structures. The advantage of this array is that it shows the ability to assess the trend of the dip and therefore it can be strongly recommended. The result is also a case study of a small scale tectonic survey involving geophysical methods.


Diarrhoeal diseases remain a main cause of preventable death, particularly among
children under five years of age in developing countries. In addition, many studies
related to infant diarrhoea causation have demonstrated that the level of
contamination is higher in weaning foods than in drinking water. Furthermore, many
studies addressed food microbiological contamination and its role in diarrhoea
causation. But few of them resulted in an intervention.

Although the Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach has been
developed and widely applied to food promotion in industrialised countries, and
adapted to small and/or less Developed Businesses, few studies have examined its
relevance to domestic preparation of food. However, these latter predicted that the
implementation of the approach could lead to an improvement of household
bacteriological food safety, but none of them completed the approach to find out how
effective it is.

Therefore, this study aimed to take that work one step further, and carried out a
small-scale intervention developed on the basis of the HACCP approach. This latter
has been extended to health district level in order to find out its impact on microbial
reduction in weaning food.

Experiment: The HACCP approach has been applied step by step, to two selected
weaning foods prepared by 15 volunteer mothers in peri urban Mali. After setting
Critical Control Point (CCP), actions were taken to control, reduce or eliminate
microbial growth at these points. 432 food samples were collected and analysed in
local Laboratory for FC count to assess the effectiveness of the approach. Lessons
learnt were translated into messages delivered in a pilot study.

Pilot study: Sample of 60 volunteer mothers selected randomly was split into two
groups of 30, the first undergoing messages directed to actions implementation, and
the second standing as a control. Bacteriological samples were taken and analysed
and physical parameters were measured,· as in the experiment, in 60 households
before the intervention and data collected set as baseline.

After three weeks training, alongside with observations, foods samples were taken in
both intervention and control households for Fe count in local Laboratory.
Flow diag~ams of foods, Moni and Fish Soup indicated that they were exposed to
contamination at all steps of their preparation and handling. The hazard analysis
confirmed FC contamtnation of all suspected steps except cooking. Four CCPs were
identified for each food (cooking, reheating, child service with cooled food after
cooking, and child service with cooled food after reheating).

The experiment showed that traditional cooking was very effective in FC elimination;
reheating was as effective as cooking when adopted, because no difference existed
between two operations' temperatures (P<0.0001). Behavioural corrective actions
were effective in controlling FC contamination at remaining CCPs (child service after
cooking and child service after reheating).

In conclusion, the HACCP experiment improved significantly the bacterial safety of
the two type of weaning foods studied. Thus its behavioural corrective actions were
translated into educational messages for the following phase aiming to confirm the
effectiveness of the HACCP approach in improving foods safety at household level.

The pilot study data showed the effectiveness of cooking in FC elimination at CCPs
considered. A comparison of seasonal variation of FC contamination levels at CCPs
showed that these levels were higher at Moni cooking CCP in December (cold
season) (P<0.0004) and in August (rainy season) (P<0.0002), compared to June (dry
season). They were also higher at Fish Soup storage CCP in December compared to
August (P< 0.0098). There was significant difference in FC contamination levels
between cooking and storage CCPs, the latter was higher than the former, for both
Moni and Fish Soup (P< 0.0001).

A comparison of FC contamination levels before and after intervention showed that
the intervention was very effective in FC contamination reduction at the two
remaining CCPs (service after cooking and service after reheating), (P<0.0001).
Indeed, at the end of the intervention, contamination levels were less than 10FC/g in
more than 83% of cooled food samples (prior to child service) after cooking and
about 96% of cooled food samples (prior to child service) after reheating. An
assessment of the intervention mothers' ability to perform actions three months later
resulted in a better effect, 83 % to 100% of food samples' FC contam.ination levels
met the standard. The present research findings showed that not only was the
HACCP approach effective in improving home food safety but also, it was relevant for
food hygiene and safety promotion in low income community.

Two research questions were highlighted: firstly, could food safety improvement
achieved through the HACCP approach result in diarrhoea morbidity and mortality
reduction among young children? And secondly, is the approach scalable and cost
effective?


: The bycatch of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena is an issue of major concern for fisheries management and for porpoise conservation. We used high-resolution spatial and temporal data on porpoise abundance and fishing effort from the Danish Skagerrak Sea to identify areas with potentially higher and lower risk of porpoise bycatch. From May 2010 to April 2011, 4 commercial gillnet vessels were equipped with remote electronic monitoring (REM) systems. The REM system recorded time, GPS position and closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage of all gillnet hauls. REM data were used to identify fishing grounds, quantify fishing effort and document harbour porpoise bycatch. Movement data from 66 harbour porpoises equipped with satellite transmitters from 1997 to 2012 were used to model population density. A simple model was constructed to investigate the relationship between the response (number of individuals caught) and porpoise density and fishing effort described by net soak time, net string length and target species. Results showed that a model including both porpoise density and fishing effort data predicted bycatch better than models containing only one factor. We therefore conclude that porpoise telemetry or REM data allow for identification of areas of potential high and low bycatch risk, and better predictions are obtained when combining the 2 sources of data. The final model can thus be used as a tool to identify areas of bycatch risk.


Observations of three bands of westward flow and two countercurrents, spanning roughly 50 km from the ice-shelf edge in front of the Fimbul Ice Shelf (prime meridian) in Antarctica, are presented. A comparison with a numerical model and the proximity of two of these current cores to the ice shelf suggest that they split from the Antarctic Coastal Current because of the influence of sea ice on the surface drag. A comparison with previous studies suggests that the other core is the current associated with the Antarctic Slope Front. Because the Fimbul ice shelf overhangs the continental shelf, the Antarctic Coastal Current displaces offshore, getting close to the Antarctic Slope Front. The obtained structure is derived from conductivity–temperature–depth geostrophic velocities from February 2005, referenced with detided acoustic Doppler current profiler velocities.


INTRODUCTIONRecently, a popular cultural, societal, medical, and religious tradition has come under attack. First, scholars and, more recently, citizens of San Francisco have called for a ban on male circumcisions.1 For just over a decade now, scholars calling for an end to the practice of male circumcision have gained little traction outside academia. This was true until a recent ballot proposal in San Francisco, which essentially would have forbidden the practice by criminalizing it, with few exceptions.2 Most noticeably, the proposed ban, which was the first of its kind in the country, would not have allowed for religious exemptions.3 Unsurprisingly, amid the outcry from religious groups, the California state legislature and Governor Jerry Brown quashed the ballot proposal.4 San Francisco's attempted ballot proposal, however, may just be the first political rumblings of a larger battle yet to ensue over male circumcision.5Arguably, the most controversial aspect of the San Francisco proposal is the absence of a religious exemption.6 This controversy stems from the fact that male circumcision is deeply embedded in religion, specifically Jewish and Islamic practices.7 Consequently, Jewish organizations have been among the loudest and most active opponents of the proposed ban - asserting both parental choice rights and religious freedoms.8 Historically, arguments advocating for parental control and religious freedom, when coupled together, have received strong protection from the U.S. Supreme Court.9Proponents of banning male circumcision describe the procedure as torturous and argue that it should not be afforded First Amendment protection or be subject to parental rights claims.10 As an alternative ground for banning circumcision, some have argued that the practice violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.11In response to this debate, this Note analyzes infant male circumcision from two distinct perspectives: a parental rights theory and a child-centered best-interests approach.Before addressing these approaches, Part I provides background material on the historical and religious origins of male circumcision. Part II then examines the constitutional claims likely to be brought under a parental rights theory - parental and free exercise claims. Part II also considers whether these rights can be conjoined to form a hybrid-rights claim requiring the application of strict scrutiny. In finding that they do form a hybrid-rights claim, Part II lays out what strict scrutiny means in the context of circumcision. Part III examines the issues implicated by a child-centered approach. First, it addresses threshold issues and finds that the applicable approach is a best-interests inquiry. Then, Part ?? lays out how best-interests analysis operates and what are the key considerations in its application. Next, Part IV applies each approach. Part IV concludes that under a parental rights analysis, bans on circumcision do not satisfy strict scrutiny, because the health risks associated with circumcision are minimal. Finally, Part V argues that due to the medical and emotional benefits associated with circumcision for Jewish and Muslim infants, the procedure is in their best interests.I. BACKGROUND: HISTORICAL AND RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF CIRCUMCISIONMany associate the beginning of male circumcision with either Judaism or, for non- Jewish men in the United States, with the anti-masturbation movement in the late 1800s.12 The origins of male circumcision, however, can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt.13 For the Egyptians, the practice of circumcision was a combining of the medical and the mystic in a process of refinement.14 As a result, circumcision became identified with prominence and was the aspiration of many.15With its origins in Egypt, circumcision soon became one of the defining acts of the monotheistic Jewish culture.16 The oldest reference to the actual practice of circumcision in the Jewish Torah is from a story about Moses and his wife, Zipporah17:At a lodging place on the way the Lord met him [Moses] and sought to put him to death. …


This article shows how the automatic disambiguation of discourse connectives can improve Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) from English to French. Connectives are firstly disambiguated in terms of the discourse relation they signal between segments. Several classifiers trained using syntactic and semantic features reach state-of-the-art performance, with F1 scores of 0.6 to 0.8 over thirteen ambiguous English connectives. Labeled connectives are then used into SMT systems either by modifying their phrase table, or by training them on labeled corpora. The best modified SMT systems improve the translation of connectives without degrading BLEU scores. A threshold-based SMT system using only high-confidence labels improves BLEU scores by 0.2--0.4 points.


Building upon the Three-Level Model of the Public Sphere, we (a) analyse how women's associations in Germany, both during the Wilhelmine era and in the days of the early Federal Republic of Germany, interlinked women's care work with demands for equality, and (b) examine the public responses to women's associations' use of care as the basis for their argumentation. To accomplish these goals, we discuss the results of a standardised content analysis of three feminist magazines from these two eras (Centralblatt, Welt der Frau, and Informationen für die Frau) and supplement the results with a historical-hermeneutic analysis of selected articles, an approach that provides contextualised and detailed insights. Furthermore, we analyse the corresponding discourse in mass media and politics by focusing on major legislative changes and presenting the results of our hermeneutic analysis of selected articles from two periodicals with a strong focus on socio-political issues (Die Hilfe and Der Spiegel).


The airburst over the Russian city of Chelyabinsk earlier this year provides a calibration point to assess the possible damage due to asteroid strikes. [Also see Research Article by Popova et al.] An asteroid impact on Earth about 65 million years ago caused a mass extinction, opening an opportunity for mammals and, eventually, human beings to evolve. We could suffer the dinosaurs' fate this century, but chances are extremely tiny. More realistic, though less catastrophic, threats come from much more numerous but much smaller near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). NEA impacts with the potential to kill millions of people, like the very largest floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, occur far less than 1% as often as such natural terrestrial calamities. Indeed, truly dangerous NEA impacts, discounting mere meteorites that puncture roofs, occur so rarely that none have been reliably observed until this year. On page 1069, Popova et al. (1) describe the impact and atmospheric explosion of a 20-m-wide NEA over the Russian city of Chelyabinsk (population 1.2 million) on 15 February 2013, the first NEA impact disaster in modern history.


Key messagesThis review reveals multiple allegations of abuses of the rights of Indigenous Peoples in the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) readiness and implementation.Findings from the review should be transformed into opportunities for REDD+ to promote and strengthen the rights of Indigenous Peoples. A rights-based approach to REDD+ requires engagement with indigenous men and women as rights-holders, rather than as project beneficiaries.Parties should be pressed to investigate abuse allegations, enable access to justice, and develop grievance mechanisms within REDD+ processes.REDD+ risks exacerbating issues of unsecured rights and pre-existing conflicts over land in the contexts in which it is being readied and implemented, unless it is re-oriented to enhance the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Evidence suggests Indigenous Peoples' undefined tenure rights will negatively impact REDD+ targets. Ensuring the consistent participation of indigenous men and women throughout REDD+ processes is imperative, following clear guidelines for Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), and with capacity-building efforts for their effective participation.Rather than being seen as a tool to discourage negative impacts, REDD+ safeguards must be reframed to recognise, inter alia, the key role of Indigenous Peoples in climate change initiatives and protecting forests..


This thesis studies the implications of cosmic condensates, specifically the dynamics of superfluid vortices and superconducting fluxtubes, on astrophysical observables. Firstly, several mutual friction forces, arising from the interactions of vortices and their surroundings, are examined. We separately address mesoscopic mechanisms acting in the neutron star core and crust and analyse the strength of the resulting macroscopic mutual friction for realistic equations of state. It is obtained that the coupling strengths vary significantly within both layers and the dissipation changes drastically across the crust-core boundary. In analogy with helium experiments, the interface should therefore have important implications for the stars' rotational properties. This is followed by an analysis of mechanisms affecting the superconducting flux-tubes. Their motion governs the dynamics of the interior magnetic field and characteristic evolution timescales are presented for a realistic equation of state. While these results are only preliminary and a more detailed analysis of additional processes is needed, they point towards deficiencies in earlier work on this subject. Subsequently, one of the flux-tube mechanisms is investigated in more detail and the analogy with normal magneto-hydrodynamics is employed to derive a superconducting induction equation. While this equation differs significantly from the normal resistive equivalent, several key notions of standard magnetohydrodynamics are retained. From the field evolution equation we further deduce that the canonical fluxtube dissipation is not strong enough to explain field evolution timescales invoked from observations. To reconcile these, entirely different fluxtube coupling mechanisms are required. Finally, the possibility of using laboratory condensates to study aspects of neutron star physics, only poorly understood, is examined. Specifically helium, ultra-cold gases and superconductors are prime candidates to mimic the behaviour of neutron stars on smaller scales. By looking at typical characteristics such as the two-fluid nature, super-fluid turbulence and pinning, we find that terrestrial quantum states could provide a promising new angle to fill the missing pieces of neutron star astrophysics.


Chronostratigraphic data available for the preliminary age model for the upper 700 m for the AND-1B drill core include diatom biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages on volcanic material, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ages on calcareous fossil material, and surfaces of erosion identifi ed from physical appearance and facies relationships recognised in the AND-1B drill core. The available age data allow a relatively well-constrained age model to be constructed for the upper 700 m of the drill core. Available diatom biostratigraphic constraints and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages allow a unique correlation of ~70% of the AND- 1B magnetic polarity stratigraphy with the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). Unique correlation is not possible in several coarse diamictite intervals with closely spaced glacial surfaces of erosion and sparse microfl ora. However, the age model indicates relatively rapid (up to 1 m/k.y.) and continuous accumulation of intervening fi ner grained diatomaceous intervals punctuated by several half- to million- year hiatuses representing more than half of the last 7 m.y. in the AND-1B record. The mid- to late Pleistocene is represented by superimposed diamictite units separated from upper Pliocene alternating diamictites/diatomites by a ~1 m.y. hiatus co-incident with a regionally correlated seismic refl ection surface. A c. 100 m-thick diatomite represents a signifi cant portion of the early Pliocene record in the AND-1B drill core. Strata below ~620 m are late Miocene in age; however, biostratigraphic constraints are absent below 586 m and correlation with the GPTS is relatively unconstrained. At the time of writing, the only chronostratigraphic data available below 700 mbsf include three 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages on volcanic clasts from near 1280 mbsf affording a maximum depositional age of 13.57 Ma for the base of the AND-1B drill core.


Wireless ad-hoc networks technologies share a common requirement: each node in the network has to know its current position at any time and to share this knowledge with other nodes in the network. An attacker can deliberately attack the network by claiming to be at a different location or by injecting erroneous location information to the used positioning system. As a result, there is a great need to provide a secure position verification system for the wireless ad-hoc networks. This paper proposes a new secure and efficient approach to detect any node that announce fake location information and warn the other nodes in the networks. The proposed approach is immune against the internal and the external attacks and uses the minimum communication overhead. Another advantage is that no extra hardware is required because it uses the received signal strength to estimate the distance by the verifiers.


Previous asymptotic expansions of the diffraction integral are valid for only certain regions in the observation plane. This paper gives a method for calculating semiuniform expansions that are valid in the intermediate regions. They are especially useful and simple for the near-axis field of a circularly symmetric aperture. The case for circularly symmetric ρ2ν aberrations is presented.


Despite numerous studies on avian eggs, the function of eggshell patterning remains largely unknown. Using a museum collection of Red-backed Shrike clutches, we estimated the repeatability of characteristics describing the intensity and contrast of egg pigmentation, as well as egg size and shape. Digitalized photographs of eggs were used for all measurements. Repeatability was highest for overall pigmentation intensity and overall pigmentation contrast (R = 0.81 and R = 0.82 respectively). Lower values were recorded for egg breadth (R = 0.66) and shape (R = 0.57). These findings suggest that eggshell patterning, as well as the variables describing egg size and shape, may respond to natural selection. Among the possible functions of this trait, condition signalling within species and mimicry are the most probable. To obtain more evidence of this, however, further studies in wild populations are required.


To assess the importance of unequal access to medical expertise and services, we estimate the causal effects of having a child who is a doctor on parents' mortality and health care use. We use data from parents of almost 22,000 participants in admission lotteries to medical school in the Netherlands. Our findings indicate that informal access to medical expertise and services is not an important cause of differences in health care use and mortality. (JEL H51, I11, I12, I14, I18)


Magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser-induced thermal therapy (MRgLITT) is a minimally invasive surgical approach increasingly employed for precise targeted ablation of epileptogenic brain foci. Recent reports have described corpus callosotomy using MRgLITT, though its application in more extensive functional disconnections has not been documented. Here, the authors detail its use in achieving a palliative hemispherotomy in a 5-year-old with medically refractory hemiclonic seizures following a hemispheric infarction, highlighting a novel use of this surgical technique. In this particular case, open craniotomy was deemed high risk given the multiple medical comorbidities including congenital cardiac disease and end-stage renal failure. MRgLITT was considered an alternative approach with a lower risk for periprocedural hemodynamic perturbations. The patient tolerated the procedure well, attaining an Engel class IB outcome at 16 months' follow-up. This suggests that MRgLITT may be an alternative approach to an open hemispherectomy, particularly in cases in which multiple comorbidities pose significant risks and preclude an open procedure.


The agricultural trade of the Sudan is expected to develop under the recent dramatic increase of world food prices. Sudan as one of the developing countries and as price taker on the world agricultural market has been affected greatly by the world price increase. This paper aims at studying the impact of the increasing world food prices on developments of the agricultural crops trade sector of Sudan. In this paper a multimarket model is used as the main tool to estimate the increase of the world food prices on the crop trade sector. Multi-market analysis is a tool for simulating the effects of agricultural price policies on outcomes considered of interest to policy makers. The model under consideration takes the normal specification of a standard partial equilibrium model; it is static and consists of a set of demand and supply equations for each commodity with the level of production and demand determined by factors including prices, income, and demand and supply-shift variables, in addition to various other assumptions about policies. Price transmission equations in the model establish links between the domestic price, the producer price (for producers of exportable products and of import-substitute products), the consumer price and the world market price. The model has been developed to calculate the impact of high food prices on the main economy variables including supply and demand of the major agricultural commodities. The scenario of high world food prices showed on one hand, an increase in farmers' incentives resulting in higher levels of production of agricultural commodities, on the other hand, consumers demand has decreased significantly, and trade indicators reflect a positive effect on the agricultural crop trade sector.


IZA DP No. 14791 OCTOBER 2021 The Geography of Job Creation and Job Destruction* Spatial differences in labor market performance are large and highly persistent. Using data from the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we document striking similarities in spatial differences in unemployment, vacancies, job finding, and job filling within each country. This robust set of facts guides and disciplines the development of a theory of local labor market performance. We find that a spatial version of a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model with endogenous separations and on-the-job search quantitatively accounts for all the documented empirical regularities. The model also quantitatively rationalizes why differences in job-separation rates have primary importance in inducing differences in unemployment across space while changes in the job-finding rate are the main driver in unemployment fluctuations over the business cycle. JEL Classification: J63, J64, E24, E32, R13


The American Recover and Reinvestment Act directives supply the healthcare community with the improvement of technology across the nation through the Health Information Technology Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act passed in 2009 by promoting healthcare technology. In order to reach the goal of an interoperability that supports reliable communication systems, certain individual technological objectives need to be addressed in particular, Meaningful Use (MU). Meaningful Use objectives contribute to interoperability, with potential outcomes that may increase accuracy and reduce time for reporting. This study will describe how cancer data reporting methods impacts data accuracy and turnaround time evolving around transitions supported by Meaningful Use . Data for this study will be collected and analyzed from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Central Cancer Registry (SCCCR) 2013 reporting year for conventional methods (fax, mail, facility visits, facility's VPN access, and data imported to SCCCR server), electronic laboratory reporting (ELR) 2013 cases, and cases from March 2015 – October 2016 period via automatic electronic reporting method . The outcome of this research will display the differences and similarities of SCCCR cancer data reporting.


This paper extends existing scholarship that questions the existing materiality standard used under Rule 10b-5 (and elsewhere in U.S. securities regulation) and its touchstone notion of the reasonable investor. Specifically, the paper asks and answers a seemingly straightforward, yet provocative, question: Is the reasonable investor a woman? The paper then preliminarily explores the potential significance of its key findings - that women and men exhibit different investment behaviors and achieve different investment outcomes, and that the resulting female investor profile is closer to existing conceptions of the reasonable investor than the resulting male investor profile.As women become larger players in the securities markets, it may be comforting to know that they are relatively well protected by existing conceptions of the reasonable investor. However, the knowledge that women are not completely protected by these existing conceptions and that men are less well protected than women under the current reasonable investor paradigm gives us pause and forces us to reconsider inaction. To that end, this paper continues an ongoing academic and practical conversation about when changes in investor protection should be undertaken and how those changes can best be made if they are to be undertaken - not just for the benefit of women or men, but for the benefit of all underprotected investors.


Wendy Chan and Kiran Mirchandani, eds.Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001; 221 pp.Reviewed by Shoshana PollackFaculty of Social WorkWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo, Ontario Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada is a welcome addition to the literature on criminalization in Canada. As the editors, Wendy Chan and Kiran Mirchandani, articulate in Chapter 1, this volume of essays joins the tradition of critical race scholars who focus upon the process of racialization and criminalization that occurs throughout the criminal justice system. Traditionally, literature on race and crime has failed to problematize both these notions, seeing "race" as an individual trait and crime as an objective fact. In contrast, this volume attempts to explicate how processes of racialization and criminalization occur in various arms of the criminal justice system and through its discourse. The purpose of this volume is to illustrate how the process of criminalization is racialized in a way that reinforces and perpetuates the oppression of minority peoples.This book is divided into three sections: Part I: History; Part II: Racialization of the Legal System; and Part III: Processes of Racialization and Criminalization. Part I contains two essays that help to situate contemporary discussions of racialization and criminalization within a historical context. Andrea McCalla and Vic Satzewich, in their discussion of white settler capitalism, illustrate how colonial practices implicitly criminalized "race" by, in the case of North American Indians, making it a crime to engage in one's own spiritual, cultural, and linguistic practices. Colonization operated in part through the criminalization of North American Indian culture. Both this essay and the second one by Joan Sangster, who analyses the Ontario Female Refuges Act from 1930-1960, contextualize the discussions in this volume by illustrating how racialization and criminalization are mechanisms of social control which perpetuate the oppression of disenfranchised groups.Part II, Racialization and the Legal System, is the strongest of the three sections, with theoretically- and empirically-grounded discussions of racialization and criminalization processes. The article by Jasmin Jiwani explains how "othering" occurs through discourse and practice based upon white, male, middle-class assumptions and operates to criminalize aboriginal, black and immigrant communities in Canada. Similarly, Audrey Macklin's insightful article, critiquing "culture" and "law" as inhabiting separate spheres, elegantly illustrates the inherent cultural biases within legal discourse and processes. …


Breaking the Organic Mold: Introducing Copper into the Influenza A M2 Arena with Neutral and Divalent Complexes Jonathan D. Lynch Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BYU Master of Science Influenza A (IVA) continues to pose a growing global threat even as current medications are becoming less effective. One of the main avenues of research into new anti-IVA drugs is its homotetrameric Matrix 2 proton channel (M2A), without which the virus would be unable to release its viral RNA into the host cell. The drug amantadine used to bind and block M2A until near-ubiquitous resistance formed as an M2A-S31N mutation, starting around 1995 and proceeding to 2005 when amantadine was disallowed for use as an anti-IVA drug. The standard organic structure currently being used for M2A inhibitor research comprises an adamantyl foot group, a heterocyclic aryl body group, and a cyclic head group. A sample set of compounds with this standard structure was compared and reviewed, focusing on positive and negative moieties and modifications. Modifications on the foot group were all more or less detrimental, body groups with two heteroatoms were advantageous, and larger head groups appeared better. Four other scaffolds known to literature were proposed for further study due to beneficial aspects of each. Where most anti-M2A research deals exclusively with organic compounds, metals and their potential in drugs have been almost entirely ignored due to the increased toxicity they bring. Free copper was found in past research to be the only first-row transition metal to show significant M2A-inhibitory activity, proposed to do so by binding the H37 cluster that acts as a pHdependent control switch for the channel. Six overall-neutral copper complexes were synthesized as a combination of amantadine, cyclooctylamine, and null scaffolds with two of either acetate or acetamide arms as chelators. The complexes were found to block both M2A-WT and M2AS31N. Along with CuCl2, though, they had little to no effect on M2A-H37A, providing confirming evidence that the copper binds at the H37 tetrad. Only one complex, Cu(cyclooctylamineiminodiacetate), outperformed CuCl2 in channel block studies and efficacy against two IVA strains, but all of the complexes were found to have lower cytotoxicity. Because M2-H37 is highly conserved, these complexes show promise for further testing against all strains of influenza A. Five net-divalent copper complexes were then synthesized with multiple aza or amine groups as chelators. The complexes failed to show any significant activity against M2A, however, which was thought to be due to size or polarity rejection or electromagnetic repulsion. One of the ligands, though, an adamantyl derivative of a tetraaza macrocycle, was a novel compound, and its copper complex, along with two others, were unknown to the CCDC database. The three complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and discussed.


A significant fraction of Internet traffic is now encrypted and HTTPS will likely be the default in HTTP/2. However, Transport Layer Security (TLS), the standard protocol for encryption in the Internet, assumes that all functionality resides at the endpoints, making it impossible to use in-network services that optimize network resource usage, improve user experience, and protect clients and servers from security threats. Re-introducing in-network functionality into TLS sessions today is done through hacks, often weakening overall security. In this paper we introduce multi-context TLS (mcTLS), which extends TLS to support middleboxes. mcTLS breaks the current "all-or-nothing" security model by allowing endpoints and content providers to explicitly introduce middleboxes in secure end-to-end sessions while controlling which parts of the data they can read or write. We evaluate a prototype mcTLS implementation in both controlled and "live" experiments, showing that its benefits come at the cost of minimal overhead. More importantly, we show that mcTLS can be incrementally deployed and requires only small changes to client, server, and middlebox software.


The rapid development of Alpine winter tourism and related infrastructures during the last century raises the question of development prospects against the background of climate change and sustainability. Today, amongst other macroscale forcings, snow is considered a precondition for winter tourism. The aim of this study is to investigate past climate change for four communities in Tyrol in relation to the number of overnight stays, and to compare the variability of the current climate with the bandwidth of future scenarios. This is done by analysing i) trends of air temperature, humidity and snow and ii) the statistical correlation of these parameters with the number of overnight stays. The height and duration of natural snow cover show high interannual variability. As a technical response, snow production has developed rapidly. Applying a Mann-Kendall test to the wet-bulb temperatures recorded at three Tyrolean climate stations reveals that the time frames when snow production is possible have changed most at medium elevations, but have so far not exceeded a few days at the beginning and the end of the winter season. In contrast to summer mean temperatures, winter mean temperatures have not changed significantly during the last 3 decades, and the range of interannual variability was about three times that of the most extreme temperature change calculated for future climate scenarios. Therefore it is very likely that the average future winter climate means will be within the range of the past century's records, and snow cover and temperature changes are minor macroscale forcings, so they are not factors that would delimit the future developments of Alpine winter tourism.


Among the existing studies that examine issues related to female-owned businesses (FOBs) and male-owned businesses (MOBs), much of the attention has been devoted to finding performance differences between FOBs and MOBs (Ahl 2006). Very little attention has been directed at the broad business, institutional, and societal environments in which the entrepreneurs operate and strategize. In this study, employing World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data from 23 Latin American Countries and over 14,000 unique firms, we investigate if female and male entrepreneurs face different levels of obstacles to firm growth. We document evidence that female entrepreneurs face significantly higher levels of crime and theft, corruption by local officials, financing obstacles, infrastructure obstacles, and a higher level of anticompetitive practices. We further explore the relation between gender of the business owner and firm growth measured as sales growth and employment growth. We find that after controlling for firm characteristics, industry effects, and country level macro variables, the difference of firm growth between FOBs and MOBs is statistically insignificant. Our findings should be of interest to scholars and policymakers, especially those who are in the position to influence the broad business and institutional environment.


This work describes a piece of action research undertaken in a junior school in a market town in Lancashire. The research was conducted over a two year period from 1993-95 and examines the need for change in teacher assessment in
relation to the mathematics National Curriculum. The study was undertaken as a response to the Dearing Committee review of the National Curriculum and its assessment and was completed as the recommendations of this body were due
to be implemented in all schools.
This report examines teacher attitudes to assessment and current methods of assessment for mathematics in the light of both the statutory requirements and the school's own response to the needs of their pupils. The process by which
this was done and the recognition of the need for change are discussed as are the problems encountered in impementating the findings.
The task has not been completed, in fact the exercise begun has now reached the stage of practical implementation which has yet to be measured in terms of both effectiveness as an assessment model and suitability for the needs of staff
and pupils.