This book is unique in the literature of world Christianity, not least for its novel structure. Sanneh's engaging narrative takes the form of a self-interview in which he asks questions about the cross-cultural expansion of Christianity and provides insightful answers and meaningful predictions about the future. This technique also allows Sanneh to track developments in world Christianity even while giving attention to the responses and involvement of indigenous peoples around the world. Sanneh's own background and lifelong involvement with non-Western cultures bring a richness of perspective not found in any other book on world Christianity. For example, Sanneh highlights what is distinctive about Christianity as a world religion, and he offers a timely comparison of Christianity with Islam's own missionary tradition. The book also gives pride of place to the recipients of the Christian message rather than to the missionaries themselves. Indeed, Sanneh argues here that the gospel is not owned by the West and that the future of the tradition lies in its "world" character. Literate, relevant, and highly original, Whose Religion Is Christianity? presents a stimulating new outlook on faith and culture that will interest a wide range of readers.


The creation of the European Higher Education Area within the Bologna Process is explained with its concomitant need for national qualification frameworks to emerge along with "learning outcomes", all to be linked together by the European meta-framework. The Report explains the background to the work of QUAACAS and ELFA in the Tuning Legal Studies process. It outlines the selection of national representatives and how the questionnaires were developed and the methodology of the project. The Tuning Legal Studies Project is then briefly explained: – an organised consultation of graduates, employers and academics about what they consider to be their most important generic and specific competences gained during legal studies at university. The idea of competences and outcomes on the law context then follows.In Tuning Legal Studies there were four questionnaires. Employers and graduates were asked about generic competences learned during legal studies, with academics then ranking these results. Within the broader Tuning project these generic competences are very similar for all disciplines. Academics were additionally asked to rank a set of "specific" legal competences, devised by QUAACAS in consultation with national representatives, in order of importance. The results show gaps between competences and achievement which raise a lot of questions about curriculum design in legal education, focus on teaching or learning activities, alignment between described learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessment. As competences are recognised as significant or important there is clear scope for further work on curriculum reform to enhance and develop those particular competences. It is conceivable that some work could be undertaken in co-operation with the European legal professions for certain competences in develop both curricula and extra-curricula activities. Co-ordination could be sought with the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) for example. ELFA could develop its own policies on which competences should be recognised or enhanced (by further collaborative work). There is also a clear chance for ELFA to help and advise law schools across Europe in the ongoing development of national qualification frameworks in relation to legal studies. There is a likelihood that a sectoral qualification framework could emerge for law in Europe as a result of the processes described in the Report.


Critical wastewater events such as sewer main blockages or overflows are often not detected until after the fact. These events can be costly, from both an environmental impact and monetary standpoint. A standalone, portable radar device allowing non-invasive benchmarking of sewer pumping station (SPS) pumps is presented. Further, by configuring and deploying a complete Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), Shoalhaven Water (SW) now has the opportunity to create "Internet of Things" (IoT)-capable devices that offer freedom from the reliance on mobile network providers, whilst avoiding congestion on the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) telemetry backbone. This network infrastructure allows for devices capable of real-time monitoring to alert of any system failures, providing an effective tool to proactively capture the current state of the sewer network between the much larger SPSs. This paper presents novel solutions to improve the current wastewater network management procedures employed by SW. This paper also offers a complete review of wastewater monitoring networks and is one of the first to offer robust testing of Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network capabilities in Australia. The paper also provides a comprehensive summary of the LoRa protocol and all its functions. It was found that a LPWAN, utilising the LoRaWAN protocol and deployed appropriately within a geographic area, can attain maximum transmission distances of 20 km within an urban environment and up to 35 km line of sight.


The purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge of participation in collaborative innovation of cities with digital channels, as well as propose a model of digital participation system in an open innovation platform of a city. There is very little knowledge of this area is available in the existing research literature. This paper empirically addresses this knowledge gap and contributes to the literature on digital participation in collaborative innovation, innovation intermediaries and platforms, as well as urban development and Smart City literature. The results of this study have also clear practical implications particularly to urban policy makers and developers, companies and third sector organization collaborating with cities, as well as educators in the field of innovation and urban development. The empirical research method is qualitative and draws on data from in-depth interviews and co-creative multi-actor workshops. As the result, it proposes a model which shows the main methods of digital participation in an open innovation platform, namely information dissemination, actor recruitment, and idea generation, explains their nature.


This Article describes a way of thinking about law and politics that is ancient in origins but largely absent from modern legal scholarship. It poses a two-part question: how do our law and politics influence our character, and how does that in turn influence how well and fully we live? Much legal scholarship asks how law can be more efficient and effective in making us richer, healthier, safer, and such. This is good: wealth, health, and safety are—or can be—good things. But material conditions are not the only things that make for a rich and full life. What also matters—and beyond a certain threshold may matter much more—is what sort of people we are. If, for example, we are wise and brave, we will likely live better and more fully than if we are foolish and fearful. This much should be uncontroversial. What goes unaddressed, however, is that law and politics, whether we like it or not, have an impact on what sort of people we become. Granted, the impact is incremental and marginal, but it may also be cumulative and substantial—just as an incremental cumulative exposure to asbestos can lead to cancer. We can ignore it; but that does not make it go away. We can claim that it is not the business of law to think about character; but that is an irresponsible dodge. This Article argues that we should acknowledge and take responsibility for the impact our law and politics have on our character and thus on our capacity to live well. To that end I describe several ways in which law and politics may influence the sort of people we become. I then offer a way of thinking about what traits and capacities may conduce to our thriving—as democratic citizens and human beings. Just as a dose or two of poison every day can cause illness, nutrition and exercise can build strength. If our law and politics inevitably have some impact on the sort of people we become, as I argue they do, we should ask whether and how we can nurture the strengths we need—for our city and our


The dynamic phenomenon of a melt pool during the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process is complex and sensitive to process parameters. As the energy density input exceeds a certain threshold, a huge vapor depression may form, known as the keyhole. This study focuses on understanding the keyhole behavior and related pore formation during the LPBF process through numerical analysis. For this purpose, a thermo-fluid model with discrete powder particles is developed. The powder distribution, obtained from a discrete element method (DEM), is incorporated into the computational domain to develop a 3D process physics model using flow-3d. The melt pool formation during the conduction mode and the keyhole mode of melting has been discerned and explained. The high energy density leads to the formation of a vapor column and consequently pores under the laser scan track. Further, the keyhole shape resulted from different laser powers and scan speeds is investigated. The numerical results indicated that the keyhole size increases with the increase in the laser power even with the same energy density. The keyhole becomes stable at a higher power, which may reduce the occurrence of pores during laser scanning.


Abstract. The present work presents a new observational gridded dataset (referred to as Iberia01) for daily precipitation and temperatures produced using a dense network (thousands) of stations over the Iberian Peninsula for the period 1971–2015 at 0.1∘ regular (and 0.11∘ CORDEX-compliant rotated) resolutions. We analyze mean and extreme indices and compare the results with the E-OBS v17 dataset (using both the standard and ensemble versions, at 0.25 and 0.1∘ resolutions, respectively), in order to assess observational uncertainty in this region. We show that Iberia01 produces more realistic precipitation patterns than E-OBS for the mean and extreme indices considered, although both are comparable for temperatures. To assess the differences between these datasets, a new probabilistic intercomparison analysis was performed, using the E-OBS ensemble (v17e) to characterize observational uncertainty and testing whether Iberia01 falls within the observational uncertainty range provided by E-OBS. In general, uncertainty values are large in the whole territory, with the exception of a number of kernels where the uncertainty is small, corresponding to the stations used to build the E-OBS grid. For precipitation, significant differences – at the 10 % level – between both datasets were found for fewer than 25 % of days over the Iberian Peninsula. For temperature, a very inhomogeneous spatial pattern was obtained, with either a small (in most of the regions) or large fraction of significantly different days, thus indicating sensible regions for observational uncertainty. Iberia01 is publicly available (Herrera et al., 2019a, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8641).


Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in efficient data gathering schemes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we address this issue by adopting mobility and space-division multiple access (SDMA) technique. Specifically, mobile collectors, called SenCars in this paper, work like mobile base stations and collect data from associated sensors via single-hop transmissions so as to achieve uniform energy consumption. We also apply SDMA technique to data gathering by equipping each SenCar with multiple antennas such that distinct compatible sensors may successfully make concurrent data uploading to a SenCar. To investigate the utility of the joint design of controlled mobility and SDMA technique, we consider two cases, where a single SenCar and multiple SenCars are deployed in a WSN, respectively. For the single SenCar case, we aim to minimize the total data gathering time, which consists of the moving time of the SenCar and the data uploading time of sensors, by exploring the trade-off between the shortest moving tour and the full utilization of SDMA. We refer to this problem as mobile data gathering with SDMA, or MDG-SDMA for short. We formalize it into an integer linear program (ILP) and propose three heuristic algorithms for it. In the multi-SenCar case, the sensing field is divided into several regions, each having a SenCar. We focus on minimizing the maximum data gathering time among different regions and refer to it as mobile data gathering with multiple SenCars and SDMA (MDG-MS) problem. Accordingly, we propose a region-division and tour-planning (RDTP) algorithm in which data gathering time is balanced among different regions. We carry out extensive simulations and the results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms significantly outperform single SenCar and non-SDMA schemes.


In order to achieve a sustainable degree of water resources usage, new paradigms in urbanized basins planning must be adopted. Worldwide urbanized areas total population has overcome in 2010, its rural counterpart. While urbanization can be a powerful driver of sustainable development, as the higher population density enables governments to more easily deliver essential infrastructure and services in urban areas at relatively low cost per capita, these benefits do not materialize automatically and inevitably. Water bodies are usually severely hit and impaired by poorly planned urbanization. Old water resources planning paradigms must be abandoned and new ones, which include the connection of 'green cities' and their infrastructure with new modes of drainage and landscape planning and improved consideration of receiving waters, ought to be adopted. These must not only be environmentally and ecologically sound, but also functionally and aesthetically attractive to the public. New eco-cities shall no longer rely on excessive water volumes withdrawn from often distant surface and groundwater sources, with a once-only use of the resource, and large water losses due to leaks and evapotranspiration. Long-distance transfer of wastewater and high energy usage and emissions for its treatment should be avoided by distributed and decentralized integrated water/wastewater management. Effluent-domination shall no longer be a characteristic of urbanized river basins. The paper examines some of the paradigms that have been proposed for improving integrated water resources management in urban basins and illustrates some recent examples whether already implemented or still at the proposal stage.


This thesis presents a study on SWATH type vessels which is directed towards the collection and use for structural design of experimental data related to motions and primary dynamic loads of such vessels. This data will be of use in the validation of a mathematical model for motion and wave load predictions recently developed at the Department. Further, experimental data on slamming will also be acquired to lay a foundation for the future development of a reliable analytical model. Design loads pertinent to SWATHs comprising the extreme primary loads, lifetime cyclic loads and local panel pressures are then built upon the former findings to be of use in structural designs, especially in the determination of initial scantlings and fatigue characterisation. Examples are given throughout on the evaluation of hypothetical SWATHs operating in the North Atlantic. The underlying theoretical formulation of SWATH ship motions is presented together with a description of a newly developed motion prediction theory. This is followed by a clarification of the procedures for conducting seakeeping tests on SWATH models. Validation of the analytical motion model by the measured data of single and tandem strut SWATH models is then presented. Subsequently, practical applications of implementing motion predictions to the assessment of SWATH operatiblity in real seaways are described. Theoretical background of SWATH primary wave loads is briefly outlined. The enhancement of the motion program MARCHS to tackle the primary load on SWATHs is described. The development of experimental data on SWATH loadings by way of seakeeping techniques is presented. Correlation of this experimental data and the theoretical assessment is made to demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model so developed. Lifetime cyclic and extreme loads required in the fatigue and ultimate strength designs, respectively, are developed by applying long- and short-term wave statistics.


This paper reports on the development of a Markov model that uses real-world deterioration, inspection and maintenance data to assess railway track asset management. The model allows both asset management personnel and track maintenance engineers to evaluate the effects of ballast maintenance on the rail network and to predict the track condition as it changes over time given particular maintenance and inspection routines. An example analysis of a railway track section is presented, focussing on the investigation of the effects of varying the inspection interval on the track performance throughout its lifetime. It is demonstrated how the model results can be interpreted to give some indication of the effect of certain asset management decisions on the potential for fines resulting from delays and cancellations or safety risk relating to operating trains on a degraded track.


Intraspecific variation in nitrate absorption by turfgrasses has been studied but differences in turfgrass root morphology which may contribute to this variation have not been ascertained. Such information may benefit breeding programs aimed at improving the ability of turfgrasses to absorb nitrate from low fertility soils. The present study quantifies belowground morphological traits of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and establishes their relationships with nitrate uptake rate (NUR). Tiller-generated plants were grown in silica sand, mowed weekly, and watered daily with nutrient solution containing 1 mM nitrate for 5 mo. Following transfer to solution culture, nitrate depletion of the nutrient solution was monitored for eight consecutive days, after which the belowground portion of each plant was separated into adventitious roots, fibrous roots, and rhizomes. Estimates of total length, total area, average diameter, and length distribution among root thickness classes, were made by scanning and image analysis systems. NUR expressed as micromoles nitrate absorbed per plant per hour was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) and positively correlated with the total biomass, length and area of the belowground organs. Fibrous roots contributed to > 80% of the total belowground length. Approximately 80% of the total fibrous root length had diameters < 0.2 mm. The fibrous root length, surface, and volume of every diameter class were significantly and positively correlated with NUR. Larger numbers of thick roots (diameter greater than or equal to 0.5 mm) appeared to have no effects on NUR, while increased rhizome number appeared to have a negative effect on NUR.


A novel and alternative electroanalytical method for the determination of ramipril (RAM) using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with nanostructured carbon black (CB) is reported. The electrochemical sensor was obtained by a simple drop coating strategy, and the designed architecture consisted of a GCE modified with CB within a dihexadecylphosphate film. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity of CB towards RAM electrooxidation was verified, and from different electrochemical assays, the number of electrons involved in the RAM oxidation was determined and, therefore, an electrooxidation reaction for RAM molecules was proposed. Under optimised experimental conditions, RAM was determined by square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry. The analytical curve of RAM was linear from 1.98 × 10−6 to 2.42 × 10−5 mol L−1, with a limit of detection of 4.27 × 10−7 mol L−1. The proposed voltammetric procedure was successfully applied for the determination of RAM in pharmaceutical products and biological samples.


Data-parallel languages allow programmers to use the familiar machine-independent programming style to develop programs for multiprocessor systems. These languages relieve users of the tedious task of inserting interprocessor communication and delegate this crucial and error-prone task to the compilers for the languages. Since remote access in hierarchical multiprocessor systems is orders of magnitude slower than access to a processor's local memory, interprocessor communication introduces significant overheads to the total execution time. The success of data-parallel languages depends heavily on the compiler's ability to reduce the communication overhead.
This dissertation describes novel techniques for communication generation. It covers issues related to communication analysis, placement, and optimization. The techniques have been implemented in the Rice Fortran D95 research compiler--a High Performance Fortran (HPF) compiler--being developed at the Rice University.
A major contribution of the dissertation is the development of a data-flow analysis framework for supporting communication placement and optimization in the presence of machine-dependent resource constraints. Examples of resource constraints include in-core memory size, cache size, and the number of physical registers. Communication placement and optimizations that do not take resource constraints into account can lead to incorrect communication placement and/or performance loss. This work also describes how the data-dependence information can be combined with data-flow analysis to improve the scope of some of the well-known communication optimizations.
Finally, the dissertation presents communication generation techniques for the cyclic(k) distributions supported by HPF. It presents efficient algorithms for computing the local addresses as well as for generating the communication sets. The innovative techniques described in the dissertation exploit the repetitive pattern exhibited by the cyclic(k) accesses.


Earth's moon, hereafter referred to as "the Moon," has been an object of intense study since before the time of the Apollo and Luna missions to the lunar surface and associated sample returns. As a differentiated rocky body and as Earth's companion in the solar system, much study has been given to aspects such as the Moon's surface characteristics, composition, interior, geologic history, origin, and what it records about the early history of the Earth-Moon system and the evolution of differentiated rocky bodies in the solar system. Much of the Apollo and post-Apollo knowledge came from surface geologic exploration, remote sensing, and extensive studies of the lunar samples. After a hiatus of nearly two decades following the end of Apollo and Luna missions, a new era of lunar exploration began with a series of orbital missions, including missions designed to prepare the way for longer duration human use and further exploration of the Moon. Participation in these missions has become international.
 The more recent missions have provided global context and have investigated composition, mineralogy, topography, gravity, tectonics, thermal evolution of the interior, thermal and radiation environments at the surface, exosphere composition and phenomena, and characteristics of the poles with their permanently shaded cold-trap environments. New samples were recognized as a class of achondrite meteorites, shown through geochemical and mineralogical similarities to have originated on the Moon. New sample-based studies with ever-improving analytical techniques and approaches have also led to significant discoveries such as the determination of volatile contents, including intrinsic H contents of lunar minerals and glasses.
 The Moon preserves a record of the impact history of the solar system, and new developments in timing of events, sample based and model based, are leading to a new reckoning of planetary chronology and the events that occurred in the early solar system. The new data provide the grist to test models of formation of the Moon and its early differentiation, and its thermal and volcanic evolution. Thought to have been born of a giant impact into early Earth, new data are providing key constraints on timing and process. The new data are also being used to test hypotheses and work out details such as for the magma ocean concept, the possible existence of an early magnetic field generated by a core dynamo, the effects of intense asteroidal and cometary bombardment during the first 500 million–600 million years, sequestration of volatile compounds at the poles, volcanism through time, including new information about the youngest volcanism on the Moon, and the formation and degradation processes of impact craters, so well preserved on the Moon.
 The Moon is a natural laboratory and cornerstone for understanding many processes operating in the space environment of the Earth and Moon, now and in the past, and of the geologic processes that have affected the planets through time. The Moon is a destination for further human exploration and activity, including use of valuable resources in space. It behooves humanity to learn as much about Earth's nearest neighbor in space as possible.


Uranyl phosphates of the autunite/meta-autunite group are important sinks for uranium in contaminated soils. Basic understanding of uranium migration and planning for remediation depend on recognition and understanding of these materials. The Cu meta-autunite mineral, metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 • 8H2O] comprises nearly half the solid-phase uranium budget in the contaminated vadose zone in the 300 Area of the Hanford site in Washington State, USA. In situ, X-ray diffraction investigation shows that temperature and activity of water (aH2O) are controlling parameters in the occurrence of metatorbernite. Data were collected in reflection mode with a Bruker D-8 Focus laboratory X-ray Diffractometer at the Johns Hopkins University and in transmission mode at beam line 13 BMC of the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron, Argonne National Laboratory. Temperature and aH2O control and monitoring were utilized in the synchrotron experiments. Room temperature studies (~24°C) revealed intensity peaks with dspacings 8.66 Å, 6.4 Å, and 5.4 Å. During dehydration experiments, metatorbernite heated to greater than or equal to 64°C dehydrated to a phase with d-spacings 8.3 Å, 6.9 Å, and 5.3Å. When heated above 84°C, the 6.9 Å peak increased in intensity, while the lesser hydrates of metatorbernite and its associated 8.3 Å and 5.3 Å intensity peaks lost intensity. Dehydration experiments were followed by rehydration-cooling experiments. The results indicate that lesser hydrates of metatorbernite undergo a phase change to rehydrate, as evidenced by the reappearance of intensity peaks 8.66 Å, 6.4 Å, and 5.4 Å. This phase change occurred when the temperature was lowered and the relative humidity was progressively increased.


Prostitution is a part of sexual act outside of marriage marked by sexual satisfaction from many kinds of people which is involving some man, which is done for money and is as source of gaining money. Practice of such prostitution done by the whore or prostitute often takes the place
in along arterial road that is passed by trucks and public transportation, as its operational. Such phenomena can be seen in the area along pantura line in Batang District of Middle East, especially in Panundan village. Many of parking vehicles even trucks or other public transportation are indicated that it has a positive relationship to the increasing need of sexual act in that area. People life in that Panundan village is interested to be observed. Village society who is living with full of religious activity can be living together with the community of those prostitutes. Those people who comes from religious society refused the existing of those prostitutions. Ironically, in the vice versa of religious society's rejection toward prostitution,
some of another people are requiring to the existing of that prostitution.
The research which is about the role of society toward control of prostitution in Penundan village is done at 15 September 2007 to 11 October 2007. This research is using qualitative research.
Research subject of this research is people of Penundan village which are lived in Penundan village and becomes the main man in Penundan village. Research subject in this research is determined by the researcher herself. Subject determination in this research is based on the research aims, they are to gain descriptions of existing caused of prostitution in Penundan village and to gain descriptions of the role of society toward control of prostitution in Penundan village.Data collection techniques in this research are interview, observation, and documentation. Data analyze technique employed in this research in descriptive analysis. Data validity examination technique uses triangulation by the source. Based on the explanation above, the research problems in this research are why does such prostitution exist in Penundan village and how is the
role of main society toward the control of that prostitution in Penundan village.
The results of this research are 1) causing factors of the existing of prostitution are: a) social factor that is begun by the establishment of truck pool in Penundan village in 1980s which is in its expansion there are some small shop whose owner before opening their shop has opened it at the roadside and then moving their shop the north side of that truck pool. Then, such dimly lit food stall is being arranged to the north side of that truck pool in Penundan village. According to the subsequent development of its place, in the north side of that pool was opened such market, such small shop building by using permission to establish coffee shop. Then, from the next part of that market, it is used as a place for having prostitution which has now recognized as called by prostitution complex. People who placed in that complex is most of them are new comers and the shop owners. b) psychological factor is that the existing of such prostitution in Penundan village
is also influenced by people reaction toward prostitution in their village. Control of this prostitution done by main people of Penundan village differs from one each others. According to the phenomenological approach from Carl Rogers, that phenomena shows that the people reaction of each individual can differ in react same phenomena or same case. Those differences can be happened caused by each individual has a different background which is in viewing or considering something is based on their own self. Viewing the reality is subjectively. The individual can be act or behave based on what they want to. It is because human is unimpeded, rational, complete, flexible, subjective, proactive, heterostatic, and elusive. The deepest essence of human self is their nature to be intentional, can be trust, and desire to the self perfection. 2) The role of main people toward control of prostitution in Penundan village are following: control
of prostitution done by main people of Penundan village is aimed to protect the society from the influence of prostitution. The biggest role in controlling prostitution in Penundan village is done by religious man. The role of religious man is by giving such learning concerning to religious value to the village society so people can be out of prostitution influences. The succeed of controlling prostitution can be seen based on the fact whether there is not much of Penundan people who are involved in prostitution act. It means that there is some people who see this phenomena as their chance to gain money that is by opening small shop or hiring house as the prostitution place and many others. The people involvement as the shop owner or as the whore itself. Based on the result of this research, there is still less of 15% people who use this
prostitution as a case to gain money.


In an era of increasing emphasis on quality in the delivery of tourism services, service quality and the human support for such service demands can be looked upon as a competitive opportunities as well as a strategic issue. Consideration of the role of human resources in creating quality and its efficient management has widely been recognised as one of the most important methods to improve quality and competitiveness. At the same time, the tourism industry, worldwide, is characterised by ambiguous attitudes to investment in human capital, inflexible employment practices and an unsustainable approach to its development (Jithendran & Baum, 2000). Often perceived purely in operational terms (Baum, 1993), the management and development of human resources in tourism is readily described as an example of adhocism in that formal planning of a long-term and strategic nature rarely takes place within the sector. It is also an area of activity that has repercussions far beyond the operational domain in organisations and clearly impacts on the marketing and financial effectiveness of tourism businesses. This generic analysis with respect to the role of human resources in tourism is of direct relevance in the context of tourism services and experiences which are located in what co-authors to this volume describe as extreme tourism destinations, whether extremity is this context relates to remote location, insularity or climate or, indeed, a combination of all three. Indeed, this chapter will endeavour to demonstrate that the challenges faced by organisations operating within extreme tourism destinations with respect to: (1) labour market features; (2) sourcing and recruitment of staff to work in the sector; (3) employee retention; (4) training and development; and (5) career progression, are different in both kind and extent from the issues faced by destinations located in more 'normal' tourism environments.


Background: A major problem at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is the difficulty of weaning from mechanical ventilation. The mechanical ventilation causes inactivity of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to atrophy after more than 18 hours. These patients are at increased risk for longer stay at the ICU, prolonged mechanical ventilation and mortality. Researchers are studying if neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the expiratory
abdominal muscles can prevent atrophy, in order to make weaning more easily. In this research, it will be investigated which electrode is most suitable in this application for multiday use.
Methods: The electrodes used for this study were UltraStim Wire, PALS Blue and ValuTrode X. Fifteen healthy subjects, divided in groups of five for each electrode, were included. The subjects wore the electrodes on their front and back, for a maximum of five consecutive days. Their abdominal expiratory muscles were stimulated with NMES for sessions
of 30 minutes, twice a day. During each session several outcomes were measured.
The primary outcome was the condition of the skin. Secondary outcomes were change in electrode impedance, quality of electrode adhesion, thickening fraction of the muscles, the
sensitivity of the patients and threshold intensity. Additional research was done to determine the influence of transpiration on the electrodes and to give more information about skin rash.
Results: ValuTrode X electrodes caused no skin rash, the impedance only increased significantly for one subject and the mean thickening fraction increased the most. When
stimulating at a fixed intensity this electrode was most comfortable and it stayed on the skin longer than the other electrodes. The PALS Blue scored best on adhesion quality and comfort at 90% of maximum intensity. The UltraStim Wire was the only electrode not influenced by transpiration in the additional research.
Conclusion: ValuTrode X electrodes scored best on the most outcomes, among which the primary outcome. Therefore, it is best to use this type of electrode at the ICU. The adhesion
of the electrodes can be different at the ICU, so the time when the electrodes have to be replaced should be determined there.


Background. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) routinely use assistive equipment to improve their independence. Specialist equipment is expensive and therefore not always available to the child when needed. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine whether the assistive equipment needs of children with CP and the associated costs could be predicted. Method. A cross-sectional study using a chart audit was completed. Two hundred forty-two children met eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Data abstracted from files pertained to the child's CP, associated impairments and assistive equipment prescribed. The findings were generated using linear regression modelling. Results. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level [B = 3.01 (95% CI, 2.36–3.57), p = 0.000] and the presence of epilepsy [B = 2.35 (95% CI, 0.64–4.06), p = 0.008] predicted the prescription of assistive equipment. The more severely affected the gross motor function impairment, the more equipment that was required and the more the equipment cost. Interpretation. The equipment needs of children with CP can be predicted for the duration of childhood. This information may be useful for families and for budget and service planning.


A concise and engaging investigation of six interpretations of quantum physics.Rules of the quantum world seem to say that a cat can be both alive and dead at the same time and a particle can be in two places at once. And that particle is also a wave; everything in the quantum world can described in terms of waves?or entirely in terms of particles. These interpretations were all established by the end of the 1920s, by Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac, and others. But no one has yet come up with a common sense explanation of what is going on. In this concise and engaging book, astrophysicist John Gribbin offers an overview of six of the leading interpretations of quantum mechanics. Gribbin calls his account ?agnostic,? explaining that none of these interpretations is any better?or any worse?than any of the others. Gribbin presents the Copenhagen Interpretation, promoted by Niels Bohr and named by Heisenberg; the Pilot-Wave Interpretation, developed by Louis de Broglie; the Many Worlds Interpretation (termed ?excess baggage? by Gribbin); the Decoherence Interpretation (?incoherent?); the Ensemble ?Non-Interpretation?; and the Timeless Transactional Interpretation (which theorized waves going both forward and backward in time). All of these interpretations are crazy, Gribbin warns, and some are more crazy than others?but in the quantum world, being more crazy does not necessarily mean more wrong.


Intersubband linear and third-order nonlinear optical properties of conical quantum dots with infinite barrier potential are studied. The electronic structure of conical quantum dots through effective mass approximation is determined analytically. Linear, nonlinear, and total absorption coefficients, as well as the refractive indices of GaAs conical dots, are calculated. The effects of the size of the dots and of the incident electromagnetic field are investigated. Results show that the total absorption coefficient and the refractive index of the dots largely depend on the size of the dots and on the intensity and polarization of the incident electromagnetic field.


Congratulations! The iPhone you just bought is one heck of a wireless telephone, complete with a capable 2-megapixel digital camera. But its way more than that: it's also a gorgeous widescreen video iPod and the smallest, most powerful Internet communications device yet. So now that you've got it, what do you do with it? That's where iPhone For Dummies comes in. Apples iPhone, puts the world virtually in your pocket. But because it does so much, theres a lot to know about using it! This full-color guide shows you how to find and play music and videos; use the full-featured keyboard; get driving directions and stock quotes; send e-mail; take, browse, and organize photos; work with contacts and appointments and even talk on the phone. You'll find out how to: Activate your own service Master the multitouch interface Turn on the speaker phone Use Visual Voicemail Get video, podcasts, and RSS feeds Surf the Web with your iPhone Browse your iTunes library and create playlists Send and receive text messages and notes Choose wallpaper and ringtones Troubleshoot problems Lock your iPhone and secure your stuff iPhone For Dummies comes complete with tantalizing lists of awesome accessories, wonderful widgets, and fantastic things to wish foronce you finally stop gushing and drooling and playing with your sparkly, new iPhone long enough to wish for anything else!


The emerging need for high data rate and coding gain has raised considerable interest in coded modulation schemes. Trellis coded modulation (TCM) is a bandwidth efficient transmission scheme that can achieves high coding gain by integrating coding and modulation. Space-time trellis coding combines channel coding with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas to achieve bandwidth and power efficient high data rate transmission over fading channels. This paper presents the design of hyper phase shift keying space-time trellis coded modulation (HPSK ST-TCM) for improving the bandwidth efficiency of wireless networks. HPSK offers an improvement in error performance comparable with other modulation schemes for the same energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio.


Due to the rise of the Internet the meaning of the term performance of distributed systems has gradually changed and has been increasingly interpreted in a wider context. No longer performance is focused only on throughput or response time. Nowadays, performance may be interpreted as a synonym for gaining or loosing money or managing mission critical tasks like production systems being thousands of kilometers away. This article explains performance in its new context by describing prototypical scenarios needing innovative solutions in addition to the traditional ones.


PURPOSE
To investigate the relationship between the appearance of multiple sclerosis lesions identified on unenhanced T1-weighted images and their corresponding magnetization transfer ratios.

METHODS
A total of 119 white matter lesions seen on T2-weighted images in 17 patients with multiple sclerosis were evaluated. Axial T1-weighted images were used to classify the lesions as isointense to white matter (10 lesions), hypointense to white matter but hyperintense to gray matter (44 lesions), hypointense to gray matter (59 lesions), and relatively isointense to cerebrospinal fluid (6 lesions). The magnetization transfer ratio of each lesion was calculated, and an average magnetization transfer ratio for each subcategory was determined.

RESULTS
The magnetization transfer ratio values became progressively lower with increasing hypointensity of lesions on T1-weighted images. The average magnetization transfer ratio for lesions isointense to white matter, hypointense to white matter but hyperintense to gray matter, hypointense to gray matter, and relatively isointense to cerebrospinal fluid was 34.90 +/- 2.67 mean +/- SD), 30.93 +/- 3.57, 27.27 +/- 3.56, and 23.62 +/- 2.83, respectively. All groups were significantly different from each other.

CONCLUSION
Lesions isointense to white matter exhibited higher magnetization transfer ratio values than lesions that were hypointense. These findings are consistent with relative preservation of the myelin structure in the former, perhaps indicating that these lesions are predominantly inflammatory (edematous) in nature. The proportionately lower magnetization transfer ratio values of lesions that appear progressively more hypointense on T1-weighted images may reflect varying degrees of demyelination, with increasing lesion hypointensity corresponding to more breakdown in the macromolecular structure. These results suggest that T1-weighted images may be useful in characterizing the underlying pathologic substrate in multiple sclerosis plaques.


A space-based tempo-spatially modulated polarization atmosphere Michelson interferometer (TSMPAMI) is described. It uses the relative movement between the TSMPAMI and the measured target to change optical path difference. The acquisition method of interferogram is presented. The atmospheric temperatures and horizontal winds can be derived from the optical observations. The measurement errors of the winds and temperatures are discussed through simulations. In the presence of small-scale structures of the atmospheric fields, the errors are found to be significantly influenced by the mismatch of the scenes observed by the adjacent CCD sub-areas aligned along the orbiter's track during successive measurements due to the orbital velocity and the exposure time. For most realistic conditions of the orbit and atmosphere, however, the instrument is proven suitable for measuring the atmospheric parameters.


Develop, Compile, and Debug High-Performance Java Applications Take your Java skills to the next level using the expert programming techniques contained in this Oracle Press guide. Featuring real-world code samples and detailed instructions, Java Programming demonstrates how to fully utilize the powerful features of Java SE 7. Find out how to design multithreaded and network applications, integrate structured exception handling, use Java libraries, and develop Swing-based GUIs and applets. Inheritance, generics, and utility classes are are covered in this practical resource. Create custom classes, methods, arrays, and operators Control program flow using conditional statements Handle multithreaded, network, and I/O programming Learn new constructs in multithreading Incorporate enums, annotations, and autoboxing Recover from errors, input failures, and exceptions Use Java Swing to build lightweight GUIs and applets Cut development time using the collections framework Work with the latest Java libraries and utility classes


A series of simplifications and approximations is introduced into a recently described model for spontaneous pulsations in standing-wave laser oscillators. To the extent that these simplifications are valid they can lead to significant reductions in computation time and sometimes also to a better understanding of the relative importance of various physical effects. Of special interest is the number of spatial harmonics required to represent adequately the effects of longitudinal spatial hole burning. Other approximations investigated include neglect of spectral cross relaxation, neglect of multiple-energy-level equations, neglect of electric-field derivatives, and neglect of polarization derivatives. In addition, a detailed discussion is included that concerns the most efficient numerical implementation of the model.


In this contribution we examine the federal characteristics of the Spanish case. Having initiated a process of political decentralisation as an integral pillar of the democratic transition, it is often posited that Spain is a federation, or quasifederal country. Employing a comparative perspective this article argues that while Spain shares some federal features, many core elements are absent in the Spanish case. Is Spain a Federal Country? | 2 Broadly speaking, current studies of states that display a clear territorial division of federal or regional powers can be situated along five basic analytical axes, depending on the research questions that one is attempting to answer: a) the uninational-plurinational axis b) the unitarianism-federalism axis c) the centralisation-decentralisation axis d) the symmetry-asymmetry axis e) the competitiveness-cooperation axis These analytical axes require a diverse battery of variables and indicators in order to carry out comparative approaches. In order to answer the question of the title of this brief article I will focus only on the second and third axes (degrees of federalism and decentralisation), giving special attention to the position of the Spanish "Estado de las autonomías" from a comparative perspective. On the one hand, the unitarianism-federalism axis focuses on "how federal" a federation or a regional state actually is. It is established using a degree of federalism in each polity. We will include as indicators the existence, or not, of: federated polities as constituent units (1); constitutional guarantee of their self-government (1); agreement for constitutional reform (1); an institutional dualism in relation to the three classic powers: the executive and legislative (2) and the judicial (1); a model of fiscal federalism (2); an upper chamber with representatives appointed by the institutions of the federated entities (1), and with seats distributed along territorial lines (not proportional to the population) (1); powers of the upper chamber within the institutional system (2); the allocation of unallocated powers to the federated units (2); a court to arbitrate in disputes (2), with the sub-state entities having a say regarding who is appointed to it (2); and, finally, the regulation, or not, of a right of secession of (some) the federated units (2). The numbers in brackets refer to the score given to each indicator. Altogether, the global scale of each case is situated between 0 (absence of a federal logic) and 20 (maximum degree of constitutional federalism). We do not consider in this axis "para-institutional" indicators, those which have an effect on federalism as a process (e.g. party-political systems; inter-governmental relations). (See Requejo 2015, 2010). On the other hand, the centralisation-decentralisation axis refers to the degree of self-government of the units endowed with political autonomy. The degree of decentralisation (or lack of centralisation) is here also measured on a global scale which goes from a score of 0 (maximum centralisation) to a score of 20 (maximum decentralisation). It is also measured using different indicators: a) the kind of legislative powers enjoyed by these sub-units (8) -subdivided in specific areas of government as follows: economy/infrastructures/communication (2), education and culture (2), welfare (2), internal affairs/penal/civil codes and others (2); b) the executive/administrative powers (2); c) whether or not the federated entities have the right to conduct their own foreign policy, taking into account both the scope of the matters and agreements with federal support (2); and d) their economic decentralisation (8), calculated according to a single average index obtained taking into account the distribution of the public revenues and the public expenditures (GFS/IMF indexes) in each country. The cases of Ethiopia and Malaysia are not included in the degree of decentralisation due to the lack of reliable economic data (See also, Rodden 2004). The universe of the following analysis comprises democratic federations –excluding cases based on archipelagic federations such as Micronesia, the Comoros and St Kitts and Nevis, as well as federations which are a long way from the liberaldemocratic logic (the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Nigeria, Pakistan, etc). Associated states/federacies and Supra-state entities such as the European Union have been also excluded. On the other hand, we include three European Western democratic states which display a clear territorial division of powers: the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy. Altogether, there are 19 federations or regional states in the following analysis. The next figure relates the degree of constitutional federalism and the degree of decentralisation which exists in the cases studied (plurinational cases are marked in green, while asymmetrical cases are underlined). Is Spain a Federal Country? | 3 Although the Spanish "Estado de las autonomías" shows an intermediate level in the axis of decentralisation it also shows a rather low level in the axis of constitutional federalism. However, it is a decentralised state when compared with other regional states and it has one important thing in common with federations: decentralisation is designed for all the territorial subunits and not only for some of them. The total of territories which enjoy constitutionally guaranteed political autonomy currently 17 autonomous communities plus two cities in North Africa: Ceuta and Melilla – practically make up the whole of the territory of Spain. Among the elements that distance the current Spanish model from standard federations (Gagnon-Keil-Mueller 2015, Requejo 2005, Filippov–Ordeshook-Shvetsova 2004, Griffiths-Neremberg 2002, 2005, Watts 1999, Stepan 1999, Elazar 1991) are the following: 1. Constituent units: The "autonomous communities" (AC) are not constituent entities. The current Spanish Constitution (1978) establishes "the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation" (art 2) and the "Spanish people" as subject of the "National sovereignty" (art 1). Some of the AC did not even exist as administrative regions before 1978. 2. Division of powers: The decentralisation of legislative powers is unclear. The central power maintains its hegemony through the so-called "leyes de bases" and "leyes orgánicas" (basic and constitutional laws), which are the same throughout the state and which can be developed in a centralising way in many areas (education, welfare policies, local power, civil servants, universities and research, etc). There are no clear procedural rules of "shared government" in the Spanish constitutional framework. 3. Judicial power: Unlike the legislative and executive powers, the "Estado de las autonomias" has had practically no effect Is Spain a Federal Country? | 4 on the structure of the judiciary, which continues to be that of a centralised state. 4. Senate: The upper chamber is not linked to the federated units. The majority of the senators are elected by the "provinces", a set of administrative divisions which date back to the 19th century. The AC play no practical role in the legislative power of the "federation". 5. Taxation: The "Estado de las autonomías" is a long way from any model of fiscal federalism. The most important taxes are collected by the central power, which later returns an amount equivalent to that which the AC "need" (permanent controversial quantification) in order to finance the powers that they have. The Basque Country and Navarre are the exceptions to this rule as they enjoy an asymmetrical fiscal agreement with the central power, which is based on a number of "historical rights" which predate the 1978 constitution and which are regulated under terms which are even more confederal than federal. On the other hand, this is the most asymmetrical legal characteristic of the Spanish political system. 6. European Union: The AC's are not considered to be political actors in relation to the principal institutions of the European Union, in contrast to the federations of the EU (particularly, Belgium and Germany). The central government has resisted giving any important role for the AC in relation to European issues. 7. Constitutional reform: The AC's do not participate in the process of constitutional reform. This is in the hands of the central parliament and of the citizens of the state through referenda. The general conclusion is that the current Spanish "estado de las autonomías" does not have important elements (institutional and procedural) that usually define "federations". In fact, the Spanish Constitution included more potential asymmetrical elements than genuinely federal elements. However, most of these asymmetrical elements have not been developed in post-constitutional political and legislative practice. Despite the fact that the AC possess a medium degree of autonomy in some areas, the practical characteristics of the model have been predominantly developed on a regionalising perspective. In this way, a transitory asymmetry of powers was established to achieve the highest level of self-government. Notwithstanding, some works of comparative politics in which the Spanish state sometimes appears classified, in a not so very accurate methodological way, within the "federal" states, there are many arguments that would suggest that perhaps it would be more appropriately situated in the group of "regional" states. Suggested citation: Requejo, F. 2017. 'Is Spain a Federal Country?'. 50 Shades of Federalism. Available at: http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/spain-federal-country/


SSAB's two integrated iron and steel production plants in Lulea and Oxelosund are among the largest point sources of greenhouse gases in Sweden. Their reported emissions included in Sweden's annual submission to the UNFCCC have been reviewed and revised in several previous studies. In a 2010 SMED pilot study it was concluded that there was a need to further review the energy allocation model for the Lulea and Oxelosund plants as well as the reported energy consumption and CO2 emissions from excess energy gases utilized outside the SSAB premises for power and heat production. In the light of the pilot study, this study aimed at de-veloping a robust and sustainable model for present reported time-series for future estimations.In cooperation with SSAB representatives, information on annual material input, calorific values and energy flows were assessed and used as basis for estimation of total energy consumption and model for energy allocation. In addition, energy statistics from Statistics Sweden and EU ETS data were evaluated. The results show that the present estimations of energy consumption in the IPCC energy sector based on data from the plant-specific annual environmental reports and energy statistics from Statistics Sweden are sufficient also for future reporting to the UNFCCC. Furthermore, this report includes recommendations on revisions and future reporting of CO2 emissions from combustion of SSAB excess energy gases (reported in CRF 1A1a) as well as of energy allocated to non-energy use of fuels in industrial processes (CRF 2C1) and feedstocks (CRF 1Ad).


This paper presents improvement of a novel levitation system in which soft magnetic material can be levitated by high-temperature superconductor (HTS). The levitation system consists of two permanent magnets, HTS samples of Dy/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/Oy (DBCO), and movable yoke with cylindrical parts to which trapped flux in the HTS is gathered and produces an attractive force. The attractive force generally increases with decreasing air gap, but it decreases in a certain air gap called "positive stiffness air gap," which causes positive stiffness to achieve stable levitation of the movable yoke. In this work, we propose closed magnetic circuit using ferromagnetic yoke to enhance the magnetic force and investigate the relationship between attractive force and air gap with different thicknesses of the HTS and different diameters of cylindrical parts. By our proposing closed magnetic circuit, we obtain maximum levitation force of 85 N and stiffness of 4.5 N/mm. The tradeoff between the levitation force and positive stiffness air gap with the thickness of the HTS indicates that there is optimal thickness of HTS for the practical levitation system.


The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs. By Jan Assmann, translated by Andrew Jenkins. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 513; illustrations. $18.95 paper. The Mind of Egypt is both brilliant and provocative, and will no doubt provide considerable fodder for debate within Egyptological circles. I will focus on what I think are key strengths and weaknesses in Assmann's approach, followed by the ideas that I feel will have the most impact both within and outside of Egyptology. Assmann is best when dealing with topics that are purely textual, like the symbolism of pyramids or the emergence of personal piety as a major religious trend comparable to modern religious movements. His strongest arguments deal with the nature of society and memory in the Late Period and Greco Roman period (c. 664 BCE to 395 CE), and the transmission of Egyptian beliefs into Western tradition through foreign writers like Hecateaus or natives operating in a new medium of history, like Manetho. Archaeologists, however, will find elements of The Mind of Egypt frustrating, particularly the farther back in time one goes. Assmann privileges the textual and monumental record over more prosaic sources. For example, he argues that during the early Old Kingdom (fourth and fifth dynasties c. 2600-2345 BCE), the king and court wielded power over an undifferentiated populace. He bases this argument exclusively on an analysis of titles and texts from the stone tombs that surround the pyramids of the era, and the appearance of rock cut tombs in the sixth dynasty (c. 2345-2150 BCE) containing inscriptions that he argues reflect the establishment of a locally based provincial elite. But as Barry Kemp points out, this reflects an imbalance in the data more than any real-ity in provincial organization.1 Archaeologically, large mud-brick tombs outside the capital suggest the presence of a powerful provincial elite during the early Old Kingdom, but since they are more vulnerable to decay, inscriptions that would reflect this only rarely survive. Assmann develops his most important themes when dealing with his larger vision of the fundamental shifts in the nature and conception of the state. In a refreshing contrast to the awkward traditional divisions in Egyptian history, he sees three key shifts in the nature of Egyptian society and memory, first at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom (c. 1994 BCE), second with Akhenaton and the Amarna Period (c. 1352-1338 BC), and finally with the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069 BCE). He persuasively argues that the Middle Kingdom kings co-opted the ideology of patronage developed by local leaders, or nomarchs, during the crisis and civil conflict of the First Intermediate Period (c. 2150-2040 BCE). The state ideology shifted from emphasizing the king as a god to highlighting the benefits of pharaonic rule (i.e., the king as champion, provider, etc.). Drawing on anthropological literature, Assmann makes a compelling case that this was designed to provide a strong sense of vertical solidarity that would compensate for the crisis brought about by the failure of divine kingship in the face of famine and civil war at the end of the Old Kingdom (c. 2150 BCE). He also reasons convincingly that a new ideology of justice (ma 'at) also provided horizontal solidarity through a new sense connectivity that promoted an organic cohesiveness between people living in "constellations" with connections between individuals, but also between people and gods. Assmann persuasively contends that the next fundamental break came not with Hyksos conquest in the second Intermediate Period (c. 1650 BCE), but rather in the aftermath of Akhenaton's failed monotheistic religious "revolution," or as Assmann characterizes it, Cosmo-theism, a focus on a single divine principle more than the worship of a particular deity. In contrast and reaction to this attempt at enforcing a religious orthodoxy of vertical solidarity, individuals now place god in their own heart without a royal intermediary. …


Abstract. There is a clear need for the development of modelling frameworks for both climate change and air quality to help inform policies for addressing these issues simultaneously. This paper presents an initial attempt to develop a single modelling framework, by introducing a greater degree of consistency in the meteorological modelling framework by using a two-step, one-way nested configuration of models, from a global composition-climate model (GCCM) (140 km resolution) to a regional composition-climate model covering Europe (RCCM) (50 km resolution) and finally to a high (12 km) resolution model over the UK (AQUM). The latter model is used to produce routine air quality forecasts for the UK. All three models are based on the Met Office's Unified Model (MetUM). In order to better understand the impact of resolution on the downscaling of projections of future climate and air quality, we have used this nest of models to simulate a 5-year period using present-day emissions and under present-day climate conditions. We also consider the impact of running the higher-resolution model with higher spatial resolution emissions, rather than simply regridding emissions from the RCCM. We present an evaluation of the models compared to in situ air quality observations over the UK, plus a comparison against an independent 1 km resolution gridded dataset, derived from a combination of modelling and observations, effectively producing an analysis of annual mean surface pollutant concentrations. We show that using a high-resolution model over the UK has some benefits in improving air quality modelling, but that the use of higher spatial resolution emissions is important to capture local variations in concentrations, particularly for primary pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. For secondary pollutants such as ozone and the secondary component of PM10, the benefits of a higher-resolution nested model are more limited and reasons for this are discussed. This study highlights the point that the resolution of models is not the only factor in determining model performance – consistency between nested models is also important.


In this paper, an attempt is made to determine the electric potential that would be generated in the piezoelectric vibration absorber using finite element piezoelectric analysis to determine optimal locations for damping of the first mode. Optimal placement of piezoelectric vibration absorber for passive vibration control application of a cantilever composite plate is investigated. Finite element piezoelectric modal analysis is performed. Models based on placing piezoelectric vibration absorbers at five different locations on the surface of the plate and incorporating piezoelectric properties are built. Modal analysis is used to find the electric potential developed in the piezoelectric vibration absorber. The location that yields the highest amount of electric potential would naturally be the best location for the vibration absorber. First bending mode of the cantilever composite plate is aimed for damping. Results of the analysis are verified with an experimental testing of the composite plate with piezoelectric vibration absorber firmly attached to the plate on the most effective location. A good agreement is found between the analytical and experimental results. Further, a resistive shunt circuit is designed for the passive damping of the first mode and attached to the vibration absorber in which the electric potential developed would be dissipated as heat to obtain passive vibration compensation. The experiment also demonstrates that a damping of 6 percent is obtained in the first mode of vibration and a great amount of damping is achieved in the second and third modes as well.


Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Early diagnosis of diabetes with appropriate treatment, regular assessment of cardiovascular risk and aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors are the main methods of reducing morbidity and mortality. This article presents the role of the family physician in the management of cardiovascular risk in the diabetic patient without a history of cardiovascular disease.


1. As part of a whole-system study, the response of the heterotrophic microfaunal community colonizing artificial substrata (polyfoam units) to fertilization of an arctic tundra stream was followed for 6 weeks during the summer.
2. Dominant heterotrophic microfauna observed included amoebae (approximately 40% of colonizing biomass), rotifers (36% of biomass) and ciliates (25% of biomass).
3. Biomass of heterotrophic microfauna on artificial substrata was not significantly different in a control reach and an experimental reach fertilized with phosphorus (loading rate ten times ambient), but in a reach fertilized with both phosphorus and nitrogen (loading rates ten times ambient) biomass was double that of the control and phosphorus-fertilized reaches. The lack of response in the phosphorus reach was probably due to greater insect grazing as a result of previous phosphorus fertilization of this reach.
4. Abundance of microfauna on epilithic surfaces in the river was higher on rocks from pools than on rocks from riffle areas, but abundance on the artificial substrata was higher than on the natural rocks.
5. The results suggest that microfauna of arctic tundra streams are regulated by grazers and that their importance in transfers among trophic levels is greater in pools than in riffles.


Kurt Angle's life has been an epic journey. Growing up in a large family in Pennsylvania, Angle followed in the footsteps of his four older brothers when he decided to pursue wrestling. His discipline and hard work were soon rewarded: He won the Junior National Freestyle Championship and went on to become the Wrestler of the Year at Clarion College. In 1996, with many prestigious wrestling honors to his credit, Angle set his sights on a new goal: an Olympic gold medal. Months of grueling training paid off in the most spectacular way when Angle returned from Atlanta with a gold medal around his neck and renewed determination in his heart.He was just getting started. Angle soon joined the ranks of the World Wrestling Federation and quickly became a main event performer, taunting the crowds with his trademark "three I's": Integrity, Intelligence, and Intensity. These are all qualities that he really possesses, but his character does not always display them in the ring. Through his high-profile matches with some of the biggest names in the business, Angle is now one of the most infamous "heels" in the World Wrestling Federation -- and he loves every minute of it. He has won -- and lost -- the Intercontinental belt and the World title, and he continues to rile crowds and accelerate heart rates every time he steps into the ring. Kurt Angle is living proof that with hard work and determination anyone can fulfill their dreams.


Build, administer, and customize an online store using Drupal with Ubercart Create a powerful e-shop using the award-winning CMS Drupal and the robust e-commerce module Ubercart Create and manage the product catalog and insert products in manual or batch mode Apply SEO (search engine optimization) to your e-shop and adopt turn-key internet marketing techniques Implement advanced techniques like cross-selling, product comparison, coupon codes, and segmented pricing A step-by-step tutorial with an example-oriented approach with many screenshots to guide you through the book seamlessly In Detail Ubercart is an exciting open source e-commerce package that fully integrates your online store with Drupal. Ubercart leverages the advantages of Drupal's major core and contributed systems, providing your users with shopping cart functionality that integrates with other parts of your company or community web site. It can be used to sell shippable goods, downloadable products, recurring memberships, and event tickets, and to enable complex interactions with Drupal through various add-on contributions. This book guides you through the process of creating, administrating and marketing an online store, providing information and tips for raising your sales and your customer support. It will also show you how to maintain and add advanced capabilities to your company's eShop. If you are a merchant wanting to invest your precious time to update the online presence of your company, or a web site designer wanting to expand your business and offer innovative solutions to your clients, this book has been written for you. You don't need any programming experience to install and customize your electronic store. The procedure is well structured and easy and all we ask you to do is to follow some simple steps in order to complete some specific tasks in each chapter. The book will guide you through the installation and configuration of Drupal and Ubercart. From there it will cover specific areas like managing orders, customizing the frontend and user interface. At the end it covers the advanced topics of internet marketing techniques and Search Engine Optimization. When you reach the end of the book, you'll have a working store and you'll have obtained all the required knowledge to customize it to your specific needs. What you will learn from this book Organize your store catalog with categories and subcategories, or with user generated free tagging to use the power of folksonomy. Create products and product kits with a plethora of available information and multiple attributes. Skip the time-consuming process of manually importing products by directly transferring from information from external files. Create shipping quotes and connect your store with the biggest transport companies, like UPS or the United States Postal Service. Create and manage simple or more complex tax rates. Learn how to accept payments in as many ways as possible, and connect your store with payment gateways like Paypal or Google Checkout. Manage your orders and your customers. Integrate with CiviCRM and put the customer at the heart of your business. Track your store activities and sales and generate useful reports. Use newsletters, forums, twitter, and corporate blogging to create a community around your products. Transform any template or design in an Ubercart Theme and create a unique frontend. Make your store more competitive and suggest new products to your clients with product recommendation systems, or cross-selling. Enhance the user interface, improve the shopping cart, and manage prices and discounts. Use Search Engine Optimization and Internet Marketing techniques to boost your traffic, but learn at the same time how to improve the performance and security of your store. Approach This book will take you through the basics, like Drupal and Ubercart installation and common settings, and as we proceed through the chapters, we'll implement more advanced techniques. Whether you know Drupal or not, this book will be your guide to creating a powerful e-commerce web site. Who this book is written for If you are a business owner wanting to create an eCommerce website for your company or to upgrade a company eShop to be easier to maintain and have advanced e-shopping capabilities, then this book is meant for you. You don't need any programming experience to use this book.


Background: Mosquito species are the most important among the insects; for the reason that they transmit major diseases viz. malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika, filariasis and various forms of encephalitis; imposing enormous menace to human as well as animals. These diseases cause huge amount of mortality and morbidity across the world. The principal strategy for fighting these diseases is the vector control including the use of repellent against adult mosquitoes. Use of essential oils as mosquito repellent has been suggested by different studies. Keeping in view of the above, we have evaluated synergistic activity of five essential oils in different combinations against Aedes albopictus mosquito. Methods: Five essential oils i.e., 1) Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood), 2) Cymbopogon citrates (lemongrass), 3) Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon scented), 4) Litsea cubeba (litsea), 5) Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), were used for study. The Klun and Debboun test module (K & D module) was used for this repellent testing. Results: Among all combinations, the combination of Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood) and Litsea cubeba (litsea) oils showed 82% repellency against Aedes albopictus mosquito up to 4 h. Conclusions: In conclusion, we extended the application of essential oils for medically important mosquito control management. The results of this study are useful for developing eco-friendly, efficient and secure mosquito repellent.


For its proponents, proportionality analysis is integral to a new "global model of constitutional rights." If economic and social rights are part of that global model, a suggestion supported by recent empirical analysis, there are numerous sites on which to establish the proportionality analysis. And yet, the comparative economic and social rights jurisprudence reveals little resembling proportionality analysis, otherwise so "ubiquitous" in constitutional rights adjudication. Instead, the adjudication of economic and social rights integrates notions of proportionality in a seemingly indirect faction, through giving substance to standards of "reasonableness," "appropriate measures," and "progressive realization…according to maximum available resources." These standards share with proportionality analysis the rejection of more content-driven, results-oriented, or rule-like conceptions of economic and social rights, such as the minimum core. But that rejection alone does not answer the question how proportionality, whether as principle or structured approach, relates to these new standards, particularly to that of reasonableness, a standard that now sets the framework for previously-absent international scrutiny on economic and social rights. In this chapter, which is part of a forthcoming edited collection, by Mark Tushnet and Vicki Jackson, on Proportionality: New Frontiers, New Challenges, I examine the relationship between reasonableness review and proportionality within the context of economic and social rights. Both standards hew closely to the ideal of a "culture of justification." Both too set out a measured assessment of the principle of proportionality, which we might summarize as the view that "the graver the impact of the decision upon the individual affected by it, the more substantial the justification that will be required." Yet they do so under methodologies that are critically different. Part I of the paper sets out the developing approach to reasonableness review in South African constitutional law. The choice of this jurisdiction is pertinent as an early, sophisticated and influential example of the reasonableness standard, which was forged by the court in the presence of both clearly enumerated and justiciable constitutional economic and social rights, and a structured limitations clause. In Part II, I contrast this approach with proportionality analysis, which has been deployed in civil and political constitutional rights cases in South Africa, but far fewer economic and social rights cases. In Part III, I discuss a more direct integration of proportionality into reasonableness review, and suggest what is gained, and what is lost, by this approach. A final question is whether reasonableness review, developed out of largely common law traditions, will travel as well as proportionality analysis purports to do.


Mike Hagen opens up a whole new world to those photographers who are already well versed in photography, but may not have a clue about flash photography.With the new and rapidly evolving technology, flash photography (especially advanced light modeling with modern iTTL flash systems) has become an art in itself and should be mastered by all aspiring photographers-amateurs as well as professionals-who are often helpless when it comes to using the full potential of these systems.Using a simple, step-by-step method for setting up and using the newest Nikon iTTL flash units, Mike teaches all the steps required to achieve consistent and amazing flash photos. He solves the common frustrations associated with flash and teaches readers how to use the SB-500, SB-600, SB-700, SB-800, SB-900, SB-910, and R1C1 strobes. Also included is a chapter showing system configuration so readers can duplicate the desired results on their own. Beginning at a basic level and progressing to more advanced techniques, Mike teaches you everything you need to know about mastering Nikon's iTTL flash system.


The role of industrial policy is one of the contentious issues in applied economics. It is acknowledged in the literature that there exist a wide range of factors giving rise to deviations from the competitive market paradigm - sunk costs, economies of scale and scope, oligopoly, externalities and complementarities, information and
coordination failures, and incomplete markets. The existence of these factors may justify government intervention to generate a more socially beneficial outcome. Yet, disagreements are evident on two main matters. Firstly, there is no uniform view regarding the empirical importance of these theoretical effects, and on the extent and relevance of deviations from the market paradigm in various types of economies.
Secondly, arguments have been raised about the limitations on the potential role for the goverrmient to act effectively to produce a preferred outcome in the face of
deviations from the market paradigm. Some argue that such deviations are limited and are more than offset by the likelihood of government failure, so that it will be rare
for any improvement in economic activities to be achieved through industrial policies. Others argue that deviations from the market are pervasive and that in appropriate circumstances a strong and committed government can be very effective, so that there is a major role for industrial policies.
Against this background, assessments of the validity of industrial policy ultimately turn on empirical judgements rather than on theoretical differences. Economic theories, which are in many ways helpful in comprehending the
complicated world critically and systematically, are inevitably built on highly simplified assumptions. But empirical judgements must come to grips with the
diversity of real economies and industries, and of the many different types of market failure, A wide range of different policy measures and instruments have been applied
to address these market failures. Quite different levels of competence exist in different governments and agencies implementing industrial policies, and a host of exogenous factors other than the policy itself affect the overall economic outcome. Thus, forming well-founded empirical judgements and making justified assessments of the impact of policy are complex tasks.
This empirical challenge, and in particular that of carrying out empirical studies while incorporating this diversity, is central to assessing the effectiveness of
industrial policies. A central theme of this thesis is that this diversity - in deviations from the market paradigm, in instruments, in national and industry conditions, in the
competency of agencies and officials and in the factors affecting economic outcomes - must be fully taken into account in any assessment of the effectiveness of industrial
policies.


Information projections are the key building block of variational inference algorithms and are used to approximate a target probabilistic model by projecting it onto a family of tractable distributions. In general, there is no guarantee on the quality of the approximation obtained. To overcome this issue, we introduce a new class of random projections to reduce the dimensionality and hence the complexity of the original model. In the spirit of random projections, the projection preserves (with high probability) key properties of the target distribution. We show that information projections can be combined with random projections to obtain provable guarantees on the quality of the approximation obtained, regardless of the complexity of the original model. We demonstrate empirically that augmenting mean field with a random projection step dramatically improves partition function and marginal probability estimates, both on synthetic and real world data.


The main aim of this paper is to analyse company sustainability disclosure in case of a legitimacy crisis. This work sets out to investigate how the negative externalities of an event reported widely in the media, such as the sinking of the Costa Concordia class cruise ship, have affected sustainability communication, for not only Carnival Corporation & PLC (the parent company of Costa) but also its most direct competitor Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. The paper relies on text analysis focusing on the sustainability reports of the two major companies (in terms of market share) in the cruise sector. Authors compared the reports of Carnival Corporation & PLC and its most direct competitor for a five-year period using text mining techniques. Results indicate that an event with social and environmental negative externalities, dominating international media and capable to bring discredit in the eyes of stakeholders, generates a change in the sustainability communication of both companies. Thus, repercussions are larger than one might suppose. Companies reduced the amount of information disclosed as a strategy to influence the perception of their audience, demonstrating that the provision of justifications, explanations and announcements of new sustainable policies (which increase the quantity of information) is not a predictable reaction. This paper undertakes empirical research on the sustainability reports of cruise line companies - which have been largely overlooked - and contributes to better understand company sustainability reporting praxis after an industrial disaster.


This study provides a deeper understanding of the relevance of the entrepreneurship phenomenon to the franchisee context. A number of studies have echoed that the franchisee plays an important role in the generation of new ideas and innovations for the franchise system but we still do not know how franchisees maximize their entrepreneurial behaviors without jeopardizing the desires for standardization and uniformity, which are building blocks of franchising. We address this research question, using evidence from multiple case studies of UK-based franchisees. The study reveals patterns that were used to develop a theoretical model, which demonstrates the utilization of different forms of formal franchisee networks for maximization of entrepreneurial behaviors through acquisition of relational and informational capital, intra-system competition, and franchisee learning. This study extends the literature on franchising and entrepreneurship, and offers important managerial implications for practitioners. Future research directions are discussed.


Bedrock grinding patches were recorded in the Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (FMG) Rail Corridor within the Wooodstock/Abydos Aboriginal Heritage Area 130 km south of Port Hedland, Western Australia. WA State Ministerial conditions required the salvage of representative samples, residue analysis and other detailed microscopic study to investigate the technology and function of these grinding patches. Following a pilot study and experimental work, we undertook microscopic study of 159 samples - including PVS (PolyVinyl Siloxane) peels and water extractions - from 81 grinding patches, collected at six sites. The worn stone surfaces are microscopically similar to traces found on experimental and Aboriginal stone artefacts used for grinding seeds, although the development of wear patterns is variable. The most common residues were phytoliths, which indicate that grinding patches were utilised for grinding grasses of the Panicoid and Chloridoid sub-families, although the open nature of the sites means issues of taphonomy need to be considered. Spinifex phytoliths suggest seeds from this plant may also have been exploited. No traces of pigment or ochre were found. We suggest that the grinding patches are linked with food processing associated ceremonial gatherings and rock art.


What do we know about literature circles now that we didn't understand eight or ten years ago? What new resources and procedures can help teachers organize their classroom book clubs better? What are the most common pitfalls in implementing student-led discussion groups? And getting beyond the basics, what do mature or "advanced" literature circles look like. In this thoroughly revised and expanded guide, you will find new strategies, structures, tools, and stories that show you how to launch and manage literature circles effectively. Advanced variations are explored and include alternatives to role sheets and flexible new guidelines for their use The second edition includes four different models for preparing students for literature circles using response logs, sticky notes, and newly designed role sheets dozens of variations on the basic version of student-led bookclubs new models and procedures for primary, intermediate, and high school grades new materials for assessing and grading literature circles an inventory of common management problems and solutions new scheduling patterns for group meetings and reading time ideas for using literature circles with nonfiction texts across the curriculum research on literature circles, including correlation with increased achievement on standardized tests explanation of how literature circles match with the national standards for literacy education With detailed examples provided by twenty practicing teachers, Harvey Daniels offers practical and concrete suggestions for each aspect of book club management and proven solutions for problems that arise.


Previous studies showed that some anti-inflammatory celery seed extracts (CSEs) were not gastrotoxic, in contrast to many OTC NSAIDs, when dosed to arthritic rats. The present investigation was designed to quantify the potential activity of CSEs against NSAID injury in rats with severe acute or chronic inflammation and to define the possible relationship of this to effects on mucosal prostaglandin production. Oral doses of alcoholic (A-CSE) (150-300 mg/kg) and supercritical fluid (S-CSE)(20-50 mg/kg) extracts of seeds of wild celery Apium graveolens from north India (Beagle Int. Nerang, Qld.) profoundly suppressed gastric injury elicited in disease-stressed female rats (Wistar, DA) with (a) chronic arthritic inflammation or (b) severe acute inflammation (from oleyl alcohol, 0.1 ml in tail base), fasted overnight and then dosed either (i) orally with ibuprofen (50 mg/kg), sodium naproxen (27.5 mg/kg), ketoprofen (5 mg/kg) or acidic ethanol (150 mg/kg); or (ii) parenterally with piroxicam (5 mg/kg) or nabumetone (100 mg/kg). By contrast several conventional gastroprotectants, e.g. sucralfate, cimetidine, bismuth salts, all given orally were ineffective in preventing gastric injury from parenteral piroxicam. Gastroprotection by CSEs was not over-ridden by co-dosing with isotonic HCl. Most other celery seed 'oils' were ineffective in these assays. A-CSE was found to have marked inhibitory effects on PGE2 production by porcine gastric (fundic) mucosal explants in organ culture. Quercetin and mycrecetin which are reported components of some CSEs also inhibited PGE2 production in concentrations of 10 μM, whereas limonene, another reported component of CSEs had little effect at the same concentration. These results suggest that gastroprotective effects of CSEs are probably mediated through non-prostaglandin mechanisms.


Geoffrey Scarre has recently argued that the version of qualitative hedonism which I attribute to Mill is unsatisfactory for various reasons. In his view, even if it is formally compatible with value monism, 'the Mill/Riley line' involves non-hedonistic elements and offers an implausible account of the relationship between 'higher' and 'lower' pleasures. In this paper, I show that his objections, which are similar in spirit to those pressed earlier by Bradley, Moore and others against Mill, are unfounded where not confused. The Mill/Riley line does not rely on non-hedonistic standards and has sufficient flexibility to account for many different kinds of pleasures and pleasing activities. It remains a coherent version of qualitative hedonism, worthy of further consideration and study.


First global linear study of electrostatic drift waves in two realistic quasisymmetric configurations, namely the Quasi-Axially symmetric Stellarator with three fields periods (QAS3) [P. Garabian and L. P. Ku, Phys. Plasma 6, 645 (1999)] and the Helically Symmetric eXperiment (HSX) [F. S. B. Anderson , Trans. Fusion Technol. 27, 273 (1995)], are presented. Effects of the shape of the plasma on the growth rate and frequency of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven mode are investigated by varying the quasi-symmetric configurations to an equivalent symmetric system. The calculations have been performed using a three-dimensional (3D) global gyrokinetic code in the magnetic configurations provided by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium code VMEC [S. P. Hirshman and D. K. Lee, Comput. Phys. Commun. 39, 161 (1986)]. The plasma is modeled by gyrokinetic ions and adiabatic electrons. In QAS3, results are very close to those obtained for a tokamak. The drift waves are only slightly affected by the shape of the plasma or the local magnetic shear. On the other hand, results for the HSX configuration show a clear 3D effect, namely a strong toroidal variation of the drift wave mode structure. This variation is a clear structure of the 3D plasma shape. However, first results show that the growth rate of the ITG driven mode is largely unaffected by this effect. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.


Was Shakespeare's Macbeth set in the Falkland Islands? Or New Zealand? Or perhaps Australia? Did Shakespeare go to a University in Hong Kong? Did he shop at a Tesco's market? The editors at Columbia University Press may think so. At least, they have put their press's name on a CD-ROM (William Shakespeare's Macbeth, produced by James H. Bride, II; text edited by Gary Taylor) that makes all those connections, and more. This CD-ROM's slick interface includes a coat of arms for every scene in the play. The user clicks on the coat of arms to see the text of the scene, along with glosses, video commentaries, summaries, etc. Users who recognize the arms will also see surprising connections made between each part of Macbeth and some person, country, or corporation. The witches on the heath are evidently out shopping to begin with, since they first appear with the arms of Richs Department Store of Atlanta, Georgia, but by the time they cry, "All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter," they have joined the Swiss Guard: that scene is marked with the arms Pope Pius XII (1939-58). Later in the play, there is a strong flavor of the South Seas: Lady Macbeth first appears with the arms of Australia, while the murder of Banquo is perpetrated under the arms of a New Zealander named Culham (there is a Kiwi in his crest), and Malcolm's army drops the boughs from Birnam Wood behind the banner the present Queen uses when she visits Aukland. The arms linked to other scenes provide interesting interpretive keys to the action. Is Banquo's ghost musical? He appears with the arms of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Are Lady McDuff and her son murdered while trying to escape to the Orient, or just on the way to college? I suppose the arms of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, which mark that scene, might justify either interpretation. Is the guilt-ridden Lady Macbeth smoking when she says, "Out, damned spot!"?: her mad scene is linked to the arms of Japan Tobacco, Ltd. Other scenes are marked with the arms of the College of Ophthalmologists (the march toward Birnam Wood), of Tesco Stores ("Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased?"), and of the Falkland Islands (Macbeth kills young Siward). The Scottish play, it turns out, is even more universal in its significance than critics had thought. Several other scenes are marked with the Royal Arms--as used by George I, or by Queen Anne, or by Queen Victoria and her successors. The ad for the companion CD-ROM on Romeo and Juliet shows the arms of Pope John XXIII and Pope Pius XII, though they were a Roncalli and a Pacelli, not a Montague and a Capulet. The movies accompanying the text also present some heraldic oddities: when the victorious Malcolm declares, "My Thanes and kinsmen, / Henceforth be Earls," there are shots of several coats of arms, including those of the King of France and the King of Spain--big promotions for a thane. Few of the users of this CD-ROM may recognize all the arms. That very fact makes it all the more important for the editors to see to it that the connections are not absurd, to gloss the arms used as thoroughly as the Jacobean English. (Though one might also quarrel with some of the glosses that appear when the cursor moves over the text.) Shakespeare, of course, cared deeply about heraldry. He sought arms himself, and they were granted to him. The one appropriate use of heraldry in Columbia's disc is Shakespeare's own arms, though they are drawn so badly that one can hardly recognize the characteristically punning Shakespearean device--a spear. References to heraldry appear in many of the plays and have been the subject of many articles and at least one book (C.W. Scott-Giles's Shakespeare's Heraldry [London: Dent, 1950]). The sizeable team that put this CD-ROM together clearly did not care about the fact that arms mean something. The work as a whole shows much more concern for glitzy presentation than for getting the facts right. …


Wavelength discrimination curves have been measured for two normal trichromats for three field sizes and various intensities. In order to obtain high-intensity levels in the blue region, a high-pressure xenon arc was used as a source. Results for the 1° field agree essentially with those of previous workers. The higher blue intensities have led to the establishment of a definite minimum at 420 mμ. Results for the smaller field sizes differ considerably from previous data. The chief reason for this seems to he in the viewing technique used. While previous authors employed strict fixation, this paper reports data obtained with a scanning technique. The effect of different methods of plotting is briefly discussed.