Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. New diagnostics are needed to detect early stage lung cancer because it may be cured with surgery. However, most cases are diagnosed too late for curative surgery. Here we present a comprehensive clinical biomarker study of lung cancer and the first large-scale clinical application of a new aptamer-based proteomic technology to discover blood protein biomarkers in disease. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a multi-center case-control study in archived serum samples from 1,326 subjects from four independent studies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in long-term tobacco-exposed populations. Sera were collected and processed under uniform protocols. Case sera were collected from 291 patients within 8 weeks of the first biopsy-proven lung cancer and prior to tumor removal by surgery. Control sera were collected from 1,035 asymptomatic study participants with ≥10 pack-years of cigarette smoking. We measured 813 proteins in each sample with a new aptamer-based proteomic technology, identified 44 candidate biomarkers, and developed a 12-protein panel (cadherin-1, CD30 ligand, endostatin, HSP90α, LRIG3, MIP-4, pleiotrophin, PRKCI, RGM-C, SCF-sR, sL-selectin, and YES) that discriminates NSCLC from controls with 91% sensitivity and 84% specificity in cross-validated training and 89% sensitivity and 83% specificity in a separate verification set, with similar performance for early and late stage NSCLC. Conclusions/Significance This study is a significant advance in clinical proteomics in an area of high unmet clinical need. Our analysis exceeds the breadth and dynamic range of proteome interrogated of previously published clinical studies of broad serum proteome profiling platforms including mass spectrometry, antibody arrays, and autoantibody arrays. The sensitivity and specificity of our 12-biomarker panel improves upon published protein and gene expression panels. Separate verification of classifier performance provides evidence against over-fitting and is encouraging for the next development phase, independent validation. This careful study provides a solid foundation to develop tests sorely needed to identify early stage lung cancer.


A growing body of research suggests that differences between smartphones and desktop computers influence information processing outcomes. A within-subjects (N = 64) smartphone eye-tracking experiment replicates a 2018 desktop-based study of users' visual attention to and engagement with social media news posts. The results show that users spend less time viewing social media news posts on smartphones than desktop, and report lower levels of pleasure and arousal in response to the posts. However, the study found no significant difference between devices in intent to click to read the story and intent to share the post. The findings are discussed with regard to implications for the role of device and attention in communication theory, as well as practical implications for news organizations and other social media content producers.


Abstract We report here the results of a series of inclusive chemical characterizations, including all elements except oxygen, for a suite of 54 tourmaline samples. A combination of analytical techniques was used to analyze for major and light elements (electron microprobe), Fe3+ and Fe2+ (Mossbauer spectroscopy), H (U extraction), and B, Li, and F (ion microprobe, or SIMS). The B content of the tourmalines studied ranges from 2.86 to 3.26 B per formula unit (pfu) with 31 anions; excess boron is believed to reside in the Si site. Li ranges from 0.0 to 1.44 Li pfu and F contents are 0.0-0.91 pfu. H contents range from nearly anhydrous up to 3.76 H pfu and do not correlate simply with Fe3+ content. Mössbauer results show that tourmaline exhibits the entire range of Fe3+∑Fe from 0.0-1.0. Fe2+ is represented in the spectra by three doublets, with occupancy in at least three distinct types of Y sites (with different types of nearest and next nearest neighbors). Fe3+ was found in 26 of the 54 samples studied. Although Mössbauer data do not allow the distinction between [Y]Fe3+ and [Z]Fe3+ site occupancies to be made, XRD data on these samples suggest that the majority of Fe3+ is also in Y. Of the samples studied, [4]Fe3+ occurs in nine; five of those were either olenite or uvite with extensive Na substitution. A mixed valence doublet corresponding to delocalized electrons shared between adjacent octahedra was observed in 14 of the samples studied. Projection pursuit regression analysis shows that distribution of Fe among doublets is a function (albeit a complex one) of bulk composition of the tourmaline and supports the interpretation of doublets representing different populations of neighbors. Variations in Fe3+/ Fe2+ ratio cannot be directly related to variations in charge in any single site of the structure. Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio is probably controlled by the prevailing oxidation state in the bulk rock assemblage, rather than by any particular crystal chemical substitution.


While the emergence of the digital economy is undoubtedly creating exciting opportunities for Asian countries and it is a popular prediction that smart cards would be the next technological transition, the upheaval associated with them is producing profound changes and challenges. Attracted either by business reasons or mass dataveillance eeciency, some Asian countries, including South Korea and Taiwan, have initiated governmental projects to implement full scale smart card based national ID schemes for the past several years. For the present these governmental projects have either been delayed or canceled. Based upon an account as to how the smart card based national ID system projects in Taiwan and South Korea failed to succeed under strong protests, this paper elaborates why the scheme seems to become a particularly favored strategy for some Asian governments, especially those who already have national ID card systems in place for several decades, to adopt in vitalizing or escalating their electronic commerce. It is followed by an analysis on how this kind of projects could be examined through the lens of achieving long-term success of digital economy and preserving online privacy. We conclude that before we have a sensible argument about the future technological and legal architecture of electronic commerce, public values such as privacy protection should be preserved, as they contribute to electronic commerce signiicantly in the long run.


Vitrinite reflectivities from Lower Old Red Sandstone (ORS) sediments of the Strathmore region in the Midland Valley of Scotland give values of 1.2% for the Stonehaven Group (Kincardineshire), 0.9% for the Arbuthnott Group (Angus) and 1.3% for the Strathmore Group (Perthshire). These values are corroborated by clay mineral diagenesis studies. The Stonehaven Group reflectivity values are considerably lower than expected under the 9 km thickness of sediments aggregated for the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Kincardineshire and demonstrate a maximum burial of some 3 to 5 km. These results together with detailed vitrinite reflectivity measurements in the Dundee Formation, consideration of post-Devonian burial history and kinetic burial modelling, show that the present level of Lower ORS thermal maturation results from Late Carboniferous maximum burial. This is confirmed by comparison with a vitrinite reflectivity gradient from the Strathclyde Group of Fife. To reconcile the vitrinite reflectivity data with the stratigraphy and structure of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, burial models invoking structural repetition, depocentre migration and structurally assembled stratigraphy are considered. It is concluded that the Lower Old Red Sandstone is a structurally assembled series of basins with the Cowie Formation of the Stonehaven Group being part of a separate depositional succession and structurally juxtaposed into its present position as part of an apparently contiguous sequence.


ABSTRACT The welfare state was constructed to ensure the well-being of a sedentary population, consisting of citizens living within the territorial boundaries of the nation. However, mobility patterns change, and more people lead lives that criss-cross national borders while drawing on different sources of transnational social protection – the welfare state included. Now, the daily work of bureaucrats involves delivering national social security benefits to transnationally mobile recipients. Through encounters and casework processes, these welfare state bureaucrats observe how 'transnationals' deal with complex regulations and make use of the social security system. This article explores bureaucrats' perceptions of individuals' agency and behaviour as they reconcile their transnational mobility with national social security. It builds on data collected during ethnographic fieldwork in the Norwegian welfare administration, including 36 interviews, participant observation and informal conversations. The analysis identifies an institutional perspective of transnationals' agency as shaped by their level of regulatory awareness and compliance. The bureaucrats observe some types of transnational behaviour to be more prevalent than others. As the article concludes, these bureaucratic perspectives have major implications for transnational social security delivery and how the welfare state accommodates transnational mobility.


The study of minority languages highlights the need for variationist approaches to grammars. This article addresses some conflicts that arise when we combine the enterprises of writing a descriptive grammar and constructing a sociolinguistic description of a language. Conflicts between conciseness and completeness on the one hand, and sociolinguistic accuracy and representation of competing variants, on the other, are addressed. As a case in point, I discuss documentation (in book and web formats) of the endangered language Faetar, spoken in a small village in southern Italy, focusing on (1) advantages and disadvantages of various data collection methods; (2) organization of examples that illustrate inter- and intra-speaker variation; (3) codification of an oral language; (4) value judgments necessitated by codification; and (5) coordination with other grammars.


Automatic parallelization of real FORTRAN programs does not live up to users expectations yet, and dependence analysis algorithms which either produce too many false dependences or are too slow to contribute significantly to this. In this paper we introduce dataflow dependence analysis algorithm which exactly computes value-based dependence relations for program fragments in which all subscripts, loop bound and IF conditions are affine. Our algorithm also computes good affine approximations of dependence relations for non-affine program fragments. Actually, we do not know about any other algorithm which can compute better approximations.
And our algorithm is efficient too, because it is lazy. When searching for write statements that supply values used by a given read statement, it starts with statements which are lexicographically close to the read statement in iteration space. Then if some of the read statement instances are not "satisfied" with these close writes, the algorithm broadens its search scope by looking into more distant writes. The search scope keeps broadening until all read instances are satisfied or no write candidates are left.
We timed our algorithm on several benchmark programs and the timing results suggest that our algorithm is fast enough to be used in commercial compilers—it usually takes 5 to 15 percent of f77 -02 compilation time to analyze a program. Most programs in the 100-line range take less than 1 second to analyze on a SUN SparcStation IPX.


Caffeine is commonly consumed in an effort to enhance speed in performance and wakefulness. However, little is known about the deleterious effects it can produce on the brain, this study aimed at determining the extents of effects and damage that can be caused by excessive consumption of caffeine on the cerebral cortex of mice models with a view to examining caffeine effects on cerebral cortex histoarchitecture and cell morphologies. Twenty adult mice were used for this study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Control rats were administered normal saline, experimental groups received caffeine through oral cannula at 10, 50 and 120 mg/kg body weight for 28 days to determine effects of graded doses of caffeine administration. The dosage of the caffeine selection was based on  previously published work. The result indicates that at low and medium doses of caffeine administration, features of prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm with or without shrunken nuclei was observed in plates 1B, 1C, and 3B, 3C. And at high dose, features of degenerating neurons such as pyknotic nuclei and sparse neuronal population were observed in plates 2D and 3D when compared to the normal appearance of the neurons and the glial cells. In conclusion, low and medium doses of caffeine induced mild changes in cortical neuron morphology and at higher dose of caffeine administration,  neurodegenerative changes were observed in cerebral histoarchitecture. This shows that at high dose, caffeine consumption can produce detrimental effects on brain structure as well asfunction in adult mice models. Key Words : Caffeine, histoarchitecture, neuropil, cortical neurons


The richly illustrated story of four combat photographers who died in a fiery helicopter over Laos in 1971-and the search, twenty-seven years later, for the crash site.. In 1971, as American forces hastened their withdrawal from Vietnam, a helicopter was hit by enemy fire over Laos and exploded in a fireball, killing four top combat photographers, Larry Burrows of Life magazine, Henri Huet of Associated Press, Kent Potter of United Press International, and Keisaburo Shimamoto of Newsweek. The Saigon press corps and the American public were stunned, but the remoteness of the location made a recovery attempt impossible. When the war ended four years later in a communist victory, the war zone was sealed off to outsiders, and the helicopter incident faded from most memories. Yet two journalists from the Vietnam press corps- Richard Pyle, former Saigon Bureau Chief, and Horst Faas, Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer in Vietnam-pledged to return some day to Laos, resolve mysteries about the crash, and pay homage to their lost friends. True to their vow, twenty-seven years after the incident the authors joined a U.S. team excavating the hillside where the helicopter crashed. Few human remains were found, but camera parts and bits of film provided eerie proof of what happened there.The narrative of Lost Over Laos is framed in a period that was among the war's bloodiest, for both the military and the media, yet has received relatively little attention from historians. It is rich with behind-the-scenes anecdotes about the Saigon press corps and illustrated with stunning work by the four combat photographers who died and their colleagues.


In this study, we intend to examine the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) firms, from a financial perspective. The causal relationship between capital structure and cost of capital is investigated in a simultaneous equation framework. On the one hand, we relate international diversification to the firm's capital structure, and on the other, we test their individual and collective inferences on the combined debt and equity cost of capital. Even though ICT companies are subject to the same market forces as other firms, the rapid development of the industry, complexity of their technologies and presence of the network effect may have valuable implications in determining their financing patterns. Using information pertaining to ICT and non-ICT firms listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange, we expect a negative correlation between international diversification and higher total and long-term debt ratios, and a reduction in the overall cost of capital. Results suggest significant heterogeneity among ICT and non-ICT firms and within each group by a number of firm characteristics.


This article highlights a problem with social justice criticism in the humanities that treats age inequalities as if they were analogous to inequalities between different races or genders. It claims that what is missing from such criticism is an awareness of the peculiar temporality of age and its implications with regard to the distribution of goods. After outlining the problem with reference to the most sophisticated liberal account of social justice—namely John Rawls's theory of justice as fairness—the article discusses three ways of addressing the problem and concludes with a preliminary evaluation of these.


This dissertation examines how the major television networks, in conjunction with the Reagan administration, launched a lingering cloud of nuclear anxiety that helped to revive the Cold War during the 1980s. Placed within a larger political and cultural post-war context, this national preoccupation with a global show-down with the Soviet Union at times both hindered and bolstered Reagan's image as the archetypal conservative, cowboy President that could free America from its liberal adolescent past now caustically referred to as ―the sixties.‖ This stalwart image of Reagan, created and carefully managed by a number of highly-paid marketing executives, as one of the embodiment of peaceful deterrence, came under attack in the early 1980s when the ―liberal‖ Nuclear Freeze movement showed signs of becoming politically threatening to the staunch conservative pledging to win the Cold War at any cost. And even if the nuclear freeze movement itself was not powerful enough to undergo the Herculean task of removing the President in 1984, the movement was compassionate enough to appeal to a mass audience, especially when framed in narrative form on network television. In the early 1980s, debates over the possibility of nuclear war and other pertinent Cold War related issues became much more democratized in their visibility on the network airwaves. However, the message disseminated from the networks was not placed in an educational framework, nor did these television productions clarify complicated nuclear issues such as nuclear winter theory and proliferation. I argue this renewed network attention on nuclear issues was not placed in an historical framework and likely confused American viewers because it routinely exposed audiences to both fact and fiction, undifferentiated at the level of the mass media. INDEX WORDS: Ronald Reagan, Cold War, Network television, Made-for-television movies, World War III, Special Bulletin, The Day After, Threads, Amerika, Nuclear freeze movement, Nuclear winter theory, Nuclear weapons, Strategic Defensive Initiative, ―Star Wars,‖, Great Nuclear Arms Debate, Infotainment, ―Morning in America campaign‖ 1984 US Presidential Campaign, Walter Mondale. THE APOCALYPSE WILL BE TELEVISED: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE COLD WAR ON NETWORK TELEVISION, 1976-1987


Requires the President to designate not less than three closed military installations or portions thereof that are appropriate for siting a refinery for gasoline or other fuel. Designates the Department of Energy as the lead agency for coordinating applicable federal refinery authorizations and related environmental reviews with respect to a designated refinery. Gives the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia exclusive jurisdiction over civil actions relating to federal refinery authorizations.


Four new species of Rainbowfishes are described from the Arguni region. These species are allied to the species already known from the Bomberai Peninsula and the Bird's Neck, namely Melanotaenia ammeri, M. irianjaya, M. kokasensis, M. parva and M. angfa. the new species M. urisa is characterised by a thin and elongated body, a long predorsal length, a short preanal length, a long and thin caudal peduncle, short fins and by relatively large eyes. In contrast, M. arguni sp. nov. is distinguished from all of its congeners by small eyes, a thin body, a moderately long predorsal length, a long preanal length, and a short and thin caudal peduncle. Melanotaenia veoliae sp. nov. displays an original pattern of colouration, few cheek scales, a large interorbital width and a long spine length on the anal fin. Melanotaenia wanoma sp. nov. is recognised by an elongated body with a short and thin caudal peduncle, a short predorsal length with a long total dorsal fin, a long preanal length and a prominent margin stripe present on anal and second dorsal fin.


Band III is a disorder and conformation-sensitive near-infrared (approximately 760 nm) charge transfer absorption band characteristic of equilibrium and nonequilibrium five coordinate ferrous high-spin hemes. The time evolution of this absorption band subsequent to photodissociation of six coordinate ferrous hemoglobin or myoglobin can provide detailed information regarding conformational relaxation, including the thermally driven fluctuations that result in the transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous ligand rebinding kinetic. Such time-resolved measurements over a range of temperatures are difficult due to long sample recovery times at cryogenic temperatures. A new restoring technique that allows for the rapid movement of a large optically accessible cryostat is used in combination with nanosecond time-resolved near-infrared absorption spectroscopy to generate band III as a function of time for the photoproducts of the carbon monoxide derivative of adult human hemoglobin (COHbA) and, to a more limited extent, horse myoglobin (COMb). The measurements are made over a wide range of temperatures extending from well below the solvent (75% glycerol:water) glass transition at approximately 180 K to ambient temperatures. Three temperature- and/or viscosity-dependent phenomena are observed. At the highest temperatures, only conformational relaxation is observed for the 75% glycerol sample. At very high viscosity (> or = 400 cp), conformational relaxation slows dramatically, and both kinetic hole burning followed by the filling in of the "hole" (dynamic hole filling) are observed. As the temperature is lowered, conformational relaxation slows and finally ceases. Kinetic hole burning and dynamic hole filling as well as additional broadening of band III are observed down to 140 K. The observation of kinetic hole burning (KHB) is indicative of the sample being inhomogeneous on the time scale of the ligand rebinding giving rise to KHB. The onset of hole filling is a direct manifestation of the thermal homogenization of the initial inhomogeneous distribution of conformational substates responsible for KHB. The observed dynamics are used to explain the inverse temperature effect associated with the non-Arrhenius slow down of geminate rebinding above approximately 180 K. The inverse temperature effect appears to arise not only from the onset of conformational relaxation but also from the increase in the rate on thermal averaging of the initial inhomogeneous distribution of conformational substates.


The need for low power dissipation in portable computing and wireless communication is making design communities accept ultra low voltage CMOS processes. With the lowering of' supply voltage, the transistor thresholds (Vth) have to be scaled down to meet the performance requirements. However, such scaling can increase the leakage current through a transistor, thereby increasing the leakage power. It can also be noted that in static CMOS circuits, the paths converging t o any internal gate may have different propagation delays. The delay mismatch of' different paths causes spurious transitions. Such transitions increase the power dissipation due to the switching component of current. In this paper we present a novel algorithm to balance different paths of a design converging t o logic gates using multiple threshold transistors such that both p,ower dissipation due to spurious transitions and leakage current are minimized. Leakage power is reduced due t o the use of high threshold transistors in the non-critical paths. Results for ISCAS benchmark circuits show tha t the glitching power can be minimized by more than 30% using three different threshold voltages. The practicality of multiple threshold designs using dual-gated SO1 (Silicon-On-Insulator) technology is also discussed.


Dust can be a health concern because of its potential to contain respirable particles. The US EPA and state environmental agencies developed and implemented a reporting system for the amount of particulate (PM10) derived from various sources including gravel roads. Although numerous techniques are used in attempts to control the dust generated from gravel roads, all have limitations and the search for more effective means of reducing dust levels from gravel roads continues. Geotextile separators offer the potential to reduce dust while providing enhanced driving characteristics and reduced maintenance of the roads. A field demonstration program was initiated to quantitatively document the dust suppression effect of geotextile separators on unpaved, gravel-surfaced roads. Six sampling events were taken to evaluate the effectiveness of using geotextiles as a dust suppressant. Results indicated that the dust collected on the downwind side were always significantly higher than the dust collected on the upwind side. Initially, dust collected on the control section was 70 to 80% less than the pre-geotextile dust levels, for the downwind side.


Spherical, rod and fibrous hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles synthesize through a common
co-precipitation technique and fabricate macroporous HA-gelatin nanobiocomposite scaffolds
for protein adsorption/release study. Three fundamental processing parameters such as
solution pH, temperature and Ca/P ratio synchronize the morphology and crystallinity of nano
HA from identical precursors Ca(CH3COO)2 and KH2PO4. Dispersion study illustrates the
HA nanoparticle suspension stability phenomenon in aqueous media. Rod shaped HA exhibits
relatively better bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein adsorption efficacy with compare to
other two morphologies. In aqueous media, one gram nanorod HA particle adsorb 28 mg BSA
within a time frame of 48 h and subsequently 75 wt.% release after 96 h in phosphate buffer
solution. Low temperature freeze casting of homogenous aqueous slurry of HA nanoparticles,
gelatin and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol binder develops nano HA – gelatin
nanobiocomposite macroporous scaffolds. Freeze casted nanorod HA-gelatin macroporous
(70 vol.%) scaffold demonstrate highest yield compressive strength of ~2 MPa compare to
other scaffolds prepared from spherical and fibrous HA because of high surface area and the
effective anchoring. An optimum cryogenic treatment time at 77K promotes the mechanical
response of this low strength scaffold and designates as cryo-treated hydroxyapatite–gelatin
macroporous scaffold (CHAMPS). CHAMPS has a high degree of interconnected pores of
50-200 μm in size, compressive strength up to 5.6 MPa and larger strain failure up to 25%.
L929 mouse fibroblast cell interaction supports the cytotoxicity and cell adherence behaviour
with CHAMPS. Porous scaffold exhibits bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution
through preferable deposition of carbonated apatite layer around the pores. Biodegradation of
scaffold in tris-HCl solution reveals a slow but systematic decrease in weight over incubation
up to 7 days. Importantly, the excellent adsorption (upto 50 wt.%) and release (upto 60 wt.%
of adsorbed protein) of BSA within 48 h has been uniquely attributed to the inherent porous
microstructure of the CHAMPS. Protein adsorption behaviour for both of the particles and
scaffolds follow the classical Langmuir isotherm. The extensive micro-computed tomography
(micro-CT) analysis establishes cancellous bone-like highly interconnected and complex
porous architecture of the protein loaded and original CHAMPS. Overall, the present study
provides an assessment of the interaction of protein with HA nanoparticles and their
cryotreated HA-gelatin scaffold in vitro to support as drug delivery media and tissue
engineering, respectively.


This is work presented in a gallery setting, not in the technical lab as is so often the case for holography. It offered both technical rigour (in as much that each piece performed flawlessly and to its optimum) and as an aesthetic experience.

The extreme reality of holograms challenges our understanding of what we mean by "real" yet their essential ambiguity is as unsettling as their verisimilitude is reassuring in a post-McLuhan age of "virtual reality", "reality TV" spectacles and "celebrities".

Educational workshops which were run daily and members of the public were given the chance to see a hologram being made, some even producing their own. This was sponsored by the Peterborough Council Educational Department.

A touring exhibition of Digital Prints, 3-D Artworks, Holograms, Lenticular and Film, with accompanying 24p catalogue which includes CD-ROM and 3D anaglyphic glasses.

Holographic Installation with projected interactive films. 20 large format Digital Prints size 300cm x 200cm mounted onto clear Perspex for wall hanging. Four Apple Mac computers for interactive audience participation to DVD and three-dimensional graphics
Exhibition Sponsored by Peterborough City Council / Arts Council of England (lottery Funded)


Every organization has a plan for updating products, technologies, and business processes. But that's not enough anymore. With disruptive startups outperforming industry stalwarts, executives everywhere are pushing greater growth and innovation. Staying competitive demands a complete digital transformation.

 For professionals charged with leading technology-driven change, the pressure is intense—and the path forward unclear. Author Isaac Sacolick has successfully spearheaded multiple transformations and helped shape digital-business best practices. Now in Driving Digital, he shares the lessons he's learned, detailing how to:

 Formulate a digital strategy

 Transform business and IT practices

 Align Development and Operations

 Promote agile practices

 Drive culture change

 Bolster digital talent

 Manage a portfolio of initiatives

 Capture and track ROI

 Strengthen data-driven decision making and expand data science practices

 Cultivate strategic technology capabilities

 Develop innovative digital products

 Enable product management

 Pilot emerging technologies

 Become smarter faster.

 Every company is on the cusp of digital disruption. But with so many pieces to the puzzle, efforts often get derailed. Driving Digital is the action plan you need to take your company and career into the future.


This paper presents a novel three degree of freedom parallel manipulator that employs only revolute joints and constrains the manipulator output to translational motion. Closed-form solutions are developed for both the inverse and forward kinematics. It is shown that the inverse kinematics problem has up to four real solutions, and the forward kinematics problem has up to 16 real solutions.


This thesis considers three cases in which trade in natural resources and other raw materials can inform us about wider questions of economic development.
The first chapter, "Capturing the Value Chain: The Persistence of Trade Policy in China After WTO Accession", considers whether in the GATT/WTO era, developing countries are still able to actively conduct trade policy. In this study, I show that after China's entry into WTO, required import tariff reductions on downstream sectors have been partly offset by an alternative policy with similar effects: export restrictions on raw materials. I also find that larger rises in Chinese raw materials export taxes after WTO accession have been associated with greater downstream export growth.
The second chapter, "Winners and Losers from a Commodities-for-Manufactures Trade Boom", examines two contrasting outcomes of the 'de-industrialization' associated with rising trade between China and other developing countries. In particular, this chapter compares changes in labour market outcomes in Brazilian regions stimulated by rising demand from China for raw materials, with Brazilian regions whose manufacturing sectors have been harmed by Chinese import competition. While there was slower growth in manufacturing wages and greater rises in local wage inequality in 'loser' regions between 2000 and 2010, 'winner' regions experienced higher wage growth, lower takeup of cash transfers and positive effects on job quality.
The third chapter,"Access to Raw Materials and Local Comparative Advantage: The Effects of India's Freight Equalization Policy", considers the importance of access to raw materials for industrial development. It does so by looking at the effects of a Indian policy that aimed to remove regional comparative advantages
associated with proximity to raw materials, by equalizing prices of steel across India. The results suggest that in practice, this policy may have had only a limited effect on access to raw materials across Indian states.


ABSTRACT Frederick Philip Grove's Settlers of the Marsh (1925) is a settler-colonial farm novel. Grove's novel is an exemplary Canadian instance of a mode of fiction which attended the 'settler revolution' – the agricultural colonisation of temperate range lands in North and South America, Eurasia, Australasia and Southern Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth. The defining feature of this iconic form of settler colonialism was the presence of what the Canadian historian Peter A. Russell terms a 'large scale open land frontier'. The settler farm – whether it was in the South African High Veld, the Western Australian wheatbelt, the prairies of Manitoba or the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand – was the main instrument in a mode of colonisation in which seized indigenous land was made available to mainly European immigrants for agricultural enterprise. In the literary sphere, the particular aura and ideological valency of the pioneer farm find expression in the appearance of novels that dramatise the taking up of land by settlers in these frontier communities. This essay uses Grove's Settlers of the Marsh to trace how the particular forms of desire mobilised by settler colonialism are modulated in the settler-colonial farm novel.


Abstract. Modelling leaf phenology in water-controlled ecosystems remains a difficult task because of high spatial and temporal variability in the interaction of plant growth and soil moisture. Here, we move beyond widely used linear models to examine the performance of low-dimensional, nonlinear ecohydrological models that couple the dynamics of plant cover and soil moisture. The study area encompasses 400 000 km2 of semi-arid perennial tropical grasslands, dominated by C4 grasses, in the Northern Territory and Queensland (Australia). We prepared 8-year time series (2001–2008) of climatic variables and estimates of fractional vegetation cover derived from MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 400 randomly chosen sites, of which 25% were used for model calibration and 75% for model validation. We found that the mean absolute error of linear and nonlinear models did not markedly differ. However, nonlinear models presented key advantages: (1) they exhibited far less systematic error than their linear counterparts; (2) their error magnitude was consistent throughout a precipitation gradient while the performance of linear models deteriorated at the driest sites, and (3) they better captured the sharp transitions in leaf cover that are observed under high seasonality of precipitation. Our results showed that low-dimensional models including feedbacks between soil water balance and plant growth adequately predict leaf dynamics in semi-arid perennial grasslands. Because these models attempt to capture fundamental ecohydrological processes, they should be the favoured approach for prognostic models of phenology.


World War II disrupted the domestic roles of women living in Wilmington, North
Carolina, but these roles did not change. Women were still expected to marry and
establish a home, entertain guests, manage a budget, prepare meals, and raise children. In
addition to these responsibilities, wartime domesticity included rationing, relocation, and
separation from husbands. Despite such changes, women continued to establish homes
and manage their homes. Interviews with Wilmington's female population sixty years
after the war showed evidence of such disruptions, but these women interpreted their
lives as relatively unchanged.
Propaganda and women's articles created or influenced by the federal government
placed as new sense of urgency on domestic duties. By embracing both their peacetime
and wartime domestic responsibilities, women could help win the war. Victory overseas
began with a victory on the home front. Advertisements and rhetoric aimed at women
sent the message to women that their actions in their homes determined the outcome of
the national conflict. Women were enlisted to fight from every room of their homes. An
Allied victory depended on women on the home front maintaining positive morale,
purchasing war bonds, feeding their families, and raising their children.


Aims To ascertain current practice, experience and opinion among UK clinicians of the use of Clonidine for the treatment of conditions such as tics and behavioural disturbances, with particular focus on sleep problems. Methods Electronic survey sent to all Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists (CAPs) and Paediatricians in selected specialties. 389 respondents (116 Paediatricians, 273 CAPs). Results 172 (44%) respondents prescribed Clonidine in the last year, most commonly for (in decreasing order of frequency) tic disorders, sleep problems, hyperactivity and aggression. CAPs were more likely to prescribe for hyperactivity; Paediatricians for sleep problems. Patient numbers ranged from 0-100 with Paediatricians having the largest caseloads. Over 90% practised in line with NICE attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) guidelines regarding initial physical/cardiovascular examination, but not in the use of electrocardiograms. After initiation, 78% monitored blood pressure. The majority reported a good level of short-term effectiveness in tics, sleep and hyperactivity, but some reduction in effect in long-term use, especially for sleep. 59% experienced drug tolerance which had an impact on ultimate efficacy. Adverse effects, reported by 54%, were generally considered mild. 53 respondents (31%) prescribed for a range of sleep problems including movement disorders, for children aged 2-18 years, predominately with neurodevelopmental disorders. 94% reported using drugs as second line treatment. Initiation dose, titration regime and maximum doses showed considerable variation but within the broad parameters described in the literature. In general, there were no significant differences in practice evident between Paediatricians and CAPs. 272 respondents had not prescribed Clonidine, not managing relevant conditions, not knowing how to use it or because of concerns about safety or effectiveness. Despite this, 92% of all respondents said they would find clinical guidelines helpful for their practice. Conclusion There is a lack of rigorous evidence for tics and behaviour and only anecdotal evidence for sleep. This survey suggests: The use of Clonidine by both professions is mostly appropriate, albeit on the basis of limited evidence. A lack of knowledge about a potentially useful drug for which clinical guidelines would be helpful. A need for properly constructed, large scale, randomised controlled trials for Clonidine, particularly in sleep disorders.


With the advent of decentralised energy resources (DERs), there has been increased pressure on classic grid infrastructure to manage non-dispatchable resources. In face of these challenges, microgrids provide a new way of managing and distributing DERs and are characterised as core building blocks of smart grids. In this context blockchain technology enables transaction-based systems for keeping track of energy flows in between producing and consuming parties. However, such systems are not intuitive and introduce challenges for the user»s understanding. In our current work, we introduce a user-centric approach to utilise a transactional data structure, providing transparency and understanding for when and from where electric energy is consumed. We present our approach for an engaging user interface and a preliminary study with feedback from solar installation owners and close with remarks on our future research plans.


The image of the "criminal" black male is one that shapes the social experiences of black males in U.S. society. The racialized and gendered representation of black males as criminal, primarily through the depiction of the "thug," functions to justify various forms of social marginalization including disproportionate school suspension, mass incarceration, and even death. Research and policy often describe the source of these problems as a product of black males' culturally deviant behaviors, and thus, minimize the role of race and racism in producing these outcomes. Thus, social and educational discourse frequently depict black males as the source of their own problems, rather than that they face social problems that stem from racism, capitalism, and other structural factors. The racialized depiction of black males is often thought of as something that exclusively shapes the social lives of black male adolescents and adults. However, my dissertation undertakes the importance task of understanding if and how this image might be evident even as early as early childhood. I do so through an examination of teacher perceptions and practices related to school discipline. My data come from two sources: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Class of 2010, and two years of ethnographic observations following a group of students from kindergarten through first-grade within a diverse elementary school. The study finds that (1) teachers perceive that black boys exhibit more problem behaviors than their non-black peers, after controlling for student, teacher, and school characteristics, including past behavior; (2) teachers take racialized approaches to discipline with similar behaving black boys and white boys; and (3) in comparison to non-black boys who exhibit similar levels of problem behaviors, teachers are more likely to contact the parents of black boys about behavior problems. Although the prevailing literature portrays that black boys are free from the constraints of racism in early childhood, this dissertation suggests that anti-black racism does indeed shape the earliest school experiences of black boys. The findings of this dissertation speak to theories that suggest that schools play a socializing role in society. It appears that black boys' earliest school experiences are socializing them into a society that depicts them as problems and treats them as such. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Sociology First Advisor Tukufu Zuberi


This paper presents a program logic for reasoning about multithreaded Java-like programs with concurrency primitives such as dynamic thread creation, thread joining and reentrant object monitors. The logic is based on concurrent separation logic. It is the first detailed adaptation of concurrent separation logic to a multithreaded Java-like language. The program logic associates a unique static access permission with each heap location, ensuring exclusive write accesses and ruling out data races. Concurrent reads are supported through fractional permissions. Permissions can be transferred between threads upon thread starting, thread joining, initial monitor entrancies and final monitor exits. In order to distinguish between initial monitor entrancies and monitor reentrancies, auxiliary variables keep track of multisets of currently held monitors. Data abstraction and behavioral subtyping are facilitated through abstract predicates, which are also used to represent monitor invariants, preconditions for thread starting and postconditions for thread joining. Value-parametrized types allow to conveniently capture common strong global invariants, like static object ownership relations. The program logic is presented for a model language with Java-like classes and interfaces, the soundness of the program logic is proven, and a number of illustrative examples are presented.


The feasibility of derivational analogy as a mechanism for improving problem-solving behavior has been shown for a variety of problem domains by several researchers. However, most of the implemented systems have been empirically evaluated in the restricted context of an already supplied base analog, or on a few isolated examples. In this paper, we address the utility of a derivational analogy based approach when the cost of retriE(ving analogs from a sizable case library, and the cost of retrieving inappropriate analogs is factored in.


One of the world's most illustrious and influential theologians here confronts one of the crucial philosophical and religious questions of our time: the nature and role of man. In these three lectures, originally delivered in somewhat different form as The Raymond Fred West Memorial Lectures at Stanford University in May 1963, Dr. Heschel inquires into the logic of being human: What is meant by being human? What are the grounds on which to justify a human being's claim to being human? In the author's words, "We have never been as openmouthed and inquisitive, never as astonished and embarrassed at our ignorance about man. We know what he makes, but we do not konw wha he is or what to expect of him. Is it not conceivable that our entire civilization is built upon a minsinterpretation of man? Or that the tragedy of man is due to the fact that he is a being who has forgotten the question: Who is Man? The failure to identify himself, to know what is authentic human existence, leads him to assume a false identity, to pretending to be what he is unable to be or to not accepting what is at the very root of his being. Ignorance about man is not lack of knowledge, but false knowledge."


Global illumination algorithms are used to render photorealistic images of 3D scenes taking into account both direct lighting from the light source and light reflected from other surfaces in the scene. Algorithms based on computing radiosity were among the first to be used to calculate indirect lighting, although they make assumptions that work only for diffusely reflecting surfaces. The classic radiosity approach divides a scene into multiple patches and generates a linear system of equations which, when solved, gives the values for the radiosity leaving each patch. This process can require extensive calculations and is therefore very slow. An alternative to solving a large system of equations is to use a Monte Carlo method of random sampling. In this approach, a large number of rays are shot from each patch into its surroundings and the irradiance values obtained from these rays are averaged to obtain a close approximation to the real value. This thesis proposes the use of a Monte Carlo method to generate radiosity texture maps on graphics hardware. By storing the radiosity values in textures, they are immediately available for rendering, making this algorithm useful for interactive implementations. We have built a framework to run this algorithm and using current graphics cards (NV6800 or higher) it is possible to execute it almost interactively for simple scenes and within relatively low times for more complex scenes.


Learning to perform tasks like pulling a door handle or pushing a button, inherently easy for a human, can be surprisingly difficult for a robot. A crucial problem in these kinds of in-contact tasks is the context specificity of pose and force requirements. In this paper, a robot learns in-contact tasks from human kinesthetic demonstrations. To address the need to balance between the position and force constraints, we propose a model based on the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) and Cartesian impedance control. The model captures uncertainty over time and space and allows the robot to smoothly satisfy a task's position and force constraints by online modulation of impedance controller stiffness according to the HSMM state belief. In experiments, a KUKA LWR 4+ robotic arm equipped with a force/torque sensor at the wrist successfully learns from human demonstrations how to pull a door handle and push a button.


By adopting an identification strategy of difference-in-difference estimation combined with propensity score matching between liberalized and closed countries, this paper provides robust evidence that opening the capital account is associated with an increase in income inequality in developing countries. Specifically, capital account liberalization, in the long run, is associated with a reduction in the income share of the poorest half by 2.66-3.79 percentage points and an increase in that of the richest 10% by 5.19-8.76 percentage points. Moreover, directions and categories of capital account liberalization matter. The relationship is more pronounced when liberalizing inward and equity capital flows.


Recent stringent end-user security and privacy requirements caused the dramatic rise of encrypted video streams in which YouTube encrypted traffic is one of the most prevalent. Regardless of their encrypted nature, metadata derived from such traffic flows can be utilized to identify the title of a video, thus enabling the classification of video streams into a single video title using a given video title set. Nonetheless, scenarios where no video title set is present and a supervised approach is not feasible, are both frequent and challenging. In this paper we go beyond previous studies and demonstrate the feasibility of clustering unknown video streams into subgroups although no information is available about the title name. We address this problem by exploring Natural Language Processing (NLP) formulations and Word2vec techniques to compose a novel statistical feature in order to further cluster unknown video streams. Through our experimental results over real datasets we demonstrate that our methodology is capable to cluster 72 video titles out of 100 video titles from a dataset of 10,000 video streams. Thus, we argue that the proposed methodology could sufficiently contribute to the newly rising and demanding domain of encrypted Internet traffic classification.


Background It has been widely demonstrated that a quantitative and/or qualitative impairment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the initiation and persistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in animal models and in patients. In the present work it is demonstrated that partial myeloablation induces a relative expansion of Tregs that is sufficient to mediate immunological tolerance. Objectives (1) To test the ability of low-intensity myeloablation mediated Treg activation to prevent and/or to treat experimental arthritis using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model and (2) to clarify the role of Treg in mediating the beneficial effect. Methods Low-dose irradiation was used before the induction of arthritis or at the onset of disease. The role of Tregs (CD4CD25forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ cells) and their suppressive activity was assessed by testing their functional activities ex vivo after the treatment and by their in vivo depletion before the treatment. Results It was observed that irradiation ameliorated CIA before or after disease induction. Tregs appear to play a fundamental role in the therapeutic efficacy of irradiation, because the depletion of CD25 or folate receptor (FR)4+ cells with specific antibodies before the treatment abolished the beneficial effects. The therapeutic efficacy was associated with an increment in the proportion of Tregs despite the overall reduction in lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, a decline in the percentage of CD4CD25FoxP3+ Tregs was associated with disease flare. Conclusion In vivo Treg expansion is a feasible and effective approach in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.


Objective To investigate the influence of employment patterns on weight gain and weight loss in young adult women. Methods Study sample is 5164 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health who completed surveys in 2003 and 2006. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of weight change. Results The adjusted odds of gaining weight, compared with women in stable full-time work (49.7%), were lower for women in stable part-time work (47.3%, OR = 0.74, CI: 0.58–0.94), or who transitioned from not in the labour force (NILF) to part-time (42.8%, OR = 0.68, CI: 0.47–0.99) or full-time (37.5%, OR = 0.54, CI: 0.34–0.85) work. Heavy weight gain (> 10 kg) was less likely among women in stable part-time work (6.4%, OR = 0.59, CI: 0.37–0.93) compared with those in stable full-time work (8.1%). The likelihood of weight loss compared with women in stable full-time employment (22.4%) was higher among stable part-time workers (28.4% OR = 1.34, CI: 1.02–1.75) and those who transitioned from full-time to part-time work (24.8%, OR = 1.30, CI: 1.01–1.67). Discussion The lower likelihood of heavy weight gain associated with fewer work hours suggests more time spent at work may contribute to weight gain. Young women in full-time employment may benefit from workplace interventions supporting healthier lifestyles.


Spectroscopists by necessity utilize group theory and normal coordinate treatment (NCT) to describe the normal modes of vibration of molecules. As discussed previously, the normal coordinates can be transformed to a Cartesian reference frame yielding a table of Cartesian displacement coordinates. Using known bond distances and bond angles, the equilibrium Cartesian coordinates can be calculated. However, equilibrium and displacement coordinates are very difficult to comprehend unless the graphical equivalent (or plot) is drawn.


Connector theory is a generalization of topology and uniformity. Each reflexive binary relation U of a space S induces a mapping from S to 2 s wherein JC E S — > x U = {y : (x, y ) E U} E 2 s . This mapping is called a connector. A uniformity on 5 is a set of connectors which meets certain conditions. The results in this paper include a necessary-suffic-ient condition for a connector-set to induce a unique topology, generalizations of continuous mappings and uniformly continuous mappings and characterizations of the connector-sets which correspond to a specific type of topology, for instance, a compact topology, a pseudo-compact topology.


Using information on listed firms in each of the industry groups at the two-digit level within Manufacturing this study investigates whether the radical shift in trade policy in India in 1991 resulted in a reduction in market power and/or an improvement in scale efficiency. They estimate a group-wise production function allowing for firm-specific effects. A plausible estimate of market power is obtained and the assumption of constant returns to scale is mostly rejected. As regards the effects of the trade-policy shock of 1991, evidence of a move to a more competitive market structure or of an improvement in scale efficiency is not widespread across Indian manufacturing. [Working Paper No. 336]


A new procedure for identification of the hard exudates is described in this Paper. Images are sorted into as many as 15 types using the maximum value of the hue in an image. Hue (h) at a point is defined as the ratio of green (g) to red (r) intensities. Given an image, the type-number is assigned to it. The exudates are also identified by using the hue, h. The varying intensities have been taken care of by the linear fit obeyed by the plot: h = m*g+c. A modified hue variable 'Bh' is used to eliminate the soft exudates which have a blue component, by fitting lines like Bh=w1*h+w2. Very low intensity yellow coloured patches which do not qualify as hard exudates are removed by a discriminating threshold 'de'. The parameters like (m, c), (w1,w2), de are listed for the 15 types, in a Look up Table derived from experiments. The table entries vary in a structured manner. The tables can further be simplified as expressions if desired.


Deep learning has the potential to revolutionize quantum chemistry as it is ideally suited to learn representations for structured data and speed up the exploration of chemical space. While convolutional neural networks have proven to be the first choice for images, audio and video data, the atoms in molecules are not restricted to a grid. Instead, their precise locations contain essential physical information, that would get lost if discretized. Thus, we propose to use continuous-filter convolutional layers to be able to model local correlations without requiring the data to lie on a grid. We apply those layers in SchNet: a novel deep learning architecture modeling quantum interactions in molecules. We obtain a joint model for the total energy and interatomic forces that follows fundamental quantum-chemical principles. This includes rotationally invariant energy predictions and a smooth, differentiable potential energy surface. Our architecture achieves state-of-the-art performance for benchmarks of equilibrium molecules and molecular dynamics trajectories. Finally, we introduce a more challenging benchmark with chemical and structural variations that suggests the path for further work.


Expressions for the second derivative of Gibbs energy of mixing with respect to composition and/or the corresponding Flory-Huggins interaction parameter are derived using the Barker-Guggenheim quasichemical theory. The calculation is performed first for a system of compounds with a homogeneous molecular surface, then for a binary mixture of molecules the surface of which consists of various kinds of contact sites. The result is expressed in terms of "indexes of nonrandomness", the factors which characterize deviations of individual types of contact pairs from random mixing at a given composition. Main attention is paid to a mixture of substances, each of which contains a different type of polar groups and a nonpolar residue which is similar for both components. Translucent relations are obtained in two limit cases, namely for small deviations from random mixing and for small attraction between polar and nonpolar groups. The effect of the relative size of the polar groups and of the affinity to formation of various heterocontacts is illustrated using the limit relations derived, as well as by means of model calculations.


Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer based technology that describes, stores manipulates and analyze information spatially and produces outputs in map and tabular form for decision making in the planning aspects of agricultural development. Land, soil, and land used pattern are the most vital factors for growing more crop yield from a part of land. In case of Bangladesh soil quality and land type varies widely within a small area of land. This study will focus mainly on to categorize the soil texture and land type that exist in Jibannagar thana of Chuadanga district using GIS. Moreover, the suitable cropping pattern for that area were also identified using GIS technology. In order to accumulate all the qualitative and the quantitative data, the "Thana Nirdeshika" booklet for the Jibannagar thana prepared by the Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Bangladesh, was used. The digital data source that has been created by the GIS project of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) has also been used for the study. From this study it is found that four map units remain predominantly High Land (PHL), one HL and two predominantly Medium High Land (PMHL) which indicate to use winter crop, HYV rice, Broadcast Aus and Aman rice based cropping pattern. Key words: Land type, soil texture, cropping pattern, GIS.


This paper provides the first evidence on the effect of online education on labor-market outcomes. The analysis herein uses administrative data on individuals who enroll in a statewide community-college system paired with unemployment-insurance records from the state. Together, these data track the educational attainment and earnings of over 100,000 first-time college students. I use an individual-fixed-effects estimation strategy and show that students who complete courses in the online format experience larger earnings gains than their peers who complete courses in the traditional, face-to-face format. Estimates show large benefits to completing online coursework in the years immediately following initial enrollment, when a student may still be enrolled or may have just exited college. Estimates also show that earnings fall less during enrolled periods for students who enroll in online courses. These findings suggest that online education allows students to acquire college credit at a lower opportunity cost. In the long run, estimates show that there is a large, positive benefit associated with completing any amount of online credits but no significant dosage effect of completing greater amounts of online coursework.


Understanding the causes and effects of internal migration is critical to the effective design and implementation of policies that promote human development. However, a major impediment to deepening this understanding is the lack of reliable data on the movement of individuals within a country. Government censuses and household surveys, from which most migration statistics are derived, are difficult to coordinate and costly to implement, and typically do not capture the patterns of temporary and circular migration that are prevalent in developing economies. In this paper, we describe how new information and communications technologies (ICTs), and mobile phones in particular, can provide a new source of data on internal migration. As these technologies quickly proliferate throughout the developing world, billions of individuals are now carrying devices from which it is possible to reconstruct detailed trajectories through time and space. Using Rwanda as a case study, we demonstrate how such data can be used in practice. We develop and formalize the concept of inferred mobility, and compute this and other metrics on a large data set containing the phone records of 1.5 million Rwandans over four years. Our empirical results corroborate the findings of a recent government survey that notes relatively low levels of permanent migration in Rwanda. However, our analysis reveals more subtle patterns that were not detected in the government survey. Namely, we observe high levels of temporary and circular migration, and note significant heterogeneity in mobility within the Rwandan population. Our goals in this research are thus twofold. First, we intend to provide a new quantitative perspective on certain patterns of internal migration in Rwanda that are unobservable using standard survey techniques. Second, we seek to contribute to the broader literature by illustrating how new forms of ICT can be used to better understand the behavior of individuals in developing countries.


Abstract:A new study by the Southern Poverty Law Center has argued that American education is failing in its ability to teach "hard history," and especially the history of American slavery, to today's students. In similar ways, Erik Robinson has recently highlighted the difficulty that high school Latin teachers often face teaching certain "horrors" of the ancient world like slavery in their classrooms. Both Robinson and the SPLC call particular attention to the role of textbooks in such failings. In this article I want to share some results of a survey I conducted on the representation of slavery in American Latin schoolbooks from the 19th century. I use these textbooks, and in particular a close reading of student exercises contained within them, to shed light on the problematic ways slavery is presented in today's books. While I certainly do not seek to "praise" or rationalize the often brutal depictions of slavery in 19th-century schoolbooks, I believe they show a portrayal of slavery that is revealing in its frankness, one that, even through a lens of fear and paranoia, acknowledges the agency and experience of the slave. Such a contrast allows us to "de-naturalize" the ways that slavery is shown in many current Latin textbooks, to understand that the tendency of today's textbooks to conceal the brutality of slavery behind a bland inoffensiveness (to whom?) is every bit as ideological in its operations and outcomes as grappling with its darkness.


In the United States, arbitrators' decisions are legally binding. Courts generally confirm and enforce, rather than vacate, arbitration awards. Suppose, however, that the arbitration award is very different from the judgment a court would have rendered had the dispute been litigated, rather than arbitrated. And suppose this is because the arbitrator did not correctly apply the law. If the party that lost in arbitration (the party that would have done better with a correct application of law) asks a court to vacate the award because it is legally erroneous, will the court vacate or confirm the award? And does the answer depend on:• Whether the parties formed their agreement to arbitrate before or after the dispute arose?• Whether the agreement's terms ask courts to vacate or confirm legally-erroneous arbitration awards?• Whether the arbitrator did not try to apply the law or tried to apply it but did so incorrectly?• Whether the law the arbitrator did not correctly apply is well-established or in doubt? Simple or complex?• Whether the law the arbitrator did not correctly apply is mandatory law (binding on the parties despite a contract term to the contrary) or default law the parties may contract around?These questions are the subject of this article. I suggest that arbitration law in the United States has answered these questions differently over time and that these changes in legal doctrine roughly divide into four eras. Unfortunately, recent Supreme Court cases have left much uncertainty on the fundamental question whether arbitration awards must apply the law correctly to avoid vacatur.


Small ubiquitous devices connected by wireless networks will become future Internet appliances. To support them, communication networks must evolve to seamlessly assist appliances and provide advanced functionalities. We present a personal communication environment called Omnisphere that provides a communication and information universe surrounding wireless appliances. It is based on a high level concept called ambient services that allows to construct complex services out of primitive ones by connecting them with typed data flows. A typed data flow is an abstract view of communication between ambient services. It encapsulates three elements: channels, control, and metadata. Omnisphere provides a predefined service for discovery of component services and binding them together with data flows. Our strategy for service discovery is to delegate most of the operations to the network infrastructure and to automate them as much as possible. Based on the user ID and appliance ID, Omnisphere retrieves the information that restricts the set of possible services: User preferences, device capabilities, and context. It then makes use of existing discovery protocols such as SLP, Jini, or UPnP to discover relevant services and matches them with the required characteristics. Such a discovery process relieves appliances, which may have limited resources, from the operation that may consume scarce resources and may require the availability of different discovery protocols on the appliance.


Instructional choice is a low-intensity strategy that can improve academic engagement. In this study, we investigated the effects of within-activity choices offered during math by third-grade teachers to participating students with behavioral and academic needs. We utilized a professional development model to train teachers to implement instructional choice in the classroom while collecting direct observation data on student's academic engagement. Teachers were able to implement practices with high levels of integrity and collect momentary time sampling data on one student with high levels of reliability. Using a withdrawal design, we found no clear functional relation between instructional choice and increases in student's academic engagement. However, some students demonstrated an increase in level upon the introduction of the intervention. Both teachers and students rated the intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes as acceptable. Possible reasons for a lack of treatment effect on student academic engagement are discussed.


Oxidative stress results in structural and functional abnormalities in the liver and is thought to be a crucial factor in liver diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of caffeic acid (CA) derivatives on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Nine CA derivatives were synthesized, including N-phenylethyl caffeamide (PECA), N-(3-florophen)methyl caffeamide (FMCA), N-(4-methoxy-phen)methyl caffeamide (MPMCA), N-heptyl caffeamide (HCA), N-octyl caffeamide (OCA), octyl caffeate (CAOE), phenpropyl caffeate (CAPPE), phenethyl caffeate (CAPE), and phenmethyl caffeate (CAPME). The results showed that CA and its derivatives significantly inhibited t-BHP-induced cell death of HepG2 cells. The rank order of potency of the CA derivatives for cytoprotection was CAOE > HCA > OCA > FMCA > CAPPE > CAPME > CAPE > PECA > MPMCA > CA. Their cytoprotective activity was associated with lipophilicity. The antioxidant effect of these compounds was supported by the reduction in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, in HepG2 cells. Pre-treatment of CA derivatives significantly prevented the depletion of glutathione, the most important water-soluble antioxidant in hepatocytes. Pre-treatment of CA derivatives before t-BHP exposure maintained mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and ATP content in the injured HepG2 cells. CA derivatives except OCA and HCA significantly suppressed t-BHP-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein level. In addition, all of these CA derivatives markedly increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation in the nucleus, indicating that their cytoprotection may be mediated by the activation of Nrf2. Our results suggest that CA derivatives might be a hepatoprotective agent against oxidative stress.


This report brings together three separate, short papers on problems of Brazilian trade and payments. The following topics are addressed: the determinants of export behavior in the manufactures sector, measures of the real exchange rate and the monetary approach applied to the external balance. In the paper on export behavior of manufactures, we report estimates of an export supply equation. We show that for the period 1959-1977 exports of manufactures were determined by productive capacity, the relative price (inclusive of subsidies) facing exporters and the domestic output gap. The equation describes well the behavior of exports and documents on export price elasticity of unity and a significant responsiveness of exports to the level of domestic demand relative to capacity. The study of real exchange rates examines a number of different empirical measures of external competitiveness. Specifically, we look at the manufactures terms of trade, the relative wholesale prices in Brazil and abroad, export prices relative to home prices and export prices relative to prices in world trade. The comparison of these real exchange rate measures points out the important role that composition effects played in Brazilian export growth. A large fraction of Brazilian exports is in the area of processed foods that experienced a particularly sharp increase in their relative price in world trade in 1968-1974. The paper dealing with the monetary approach explains reserve and exchange rate behavior in terms of domestic credit and the determinants of nominal money demand. It corrects earlier estimates in the literature and, while sustaining the success of a monetary approach, it also qualifies that approach by drawing attention to the role of monetary liabilities of the consolidated banking, system.


Based on the proposal by the American paleontologist John M. Clarke in 1915, the name of Hugh Miller was applied to the Miguasha cliff for quite some time. Although the name was never officially adopted by the Commission de toponymie of Quebec it is true that Miguasha possesses a number of features that link it to the Cromarty Cliffs in Scotland, where Hugh Miller uncovered the fish fauna of the Old Red Sandstone during the first half of the 1800's.


Low price competitiveness of Tanzania produced rice driven by high production costs calls attention to developing ways of improving efficiency in production. This study was conducted to analyse production costs and factors influencing choice of inputs provider in smallholder irrigated rice production. Specifically, it focused on comparing costs of production, determining factors influencing smallholder irrigated rice farmers' choice of inputs provider and analysing production cost efficiency. Data were collected from four cooperative irrigation schemes in Pwani and Morogoro regions involving 200 farmers. Production costs were quantified using enterprise budgeting technique and differences analysed using T-test. Factors influencing choice of inputs provider were determined using Logit model. Translog stochastic cost frontier was used for cost efficiency analysis. Study findings indicate that, costs of production stands at 315.47USD/MT. Farmers purchasing inputs through irrigation scheme cooperative had lower production costs than farmers purchasing from other input providers. Factors influencing choice of production inputs provider were distance from the cooperative to nearest town, membership in other organizations, extension services, input quality satisfaction and availability of cash and credit payment mode (p<0.05). Rice output and prices of labour, fertilizer and irrigation water significantly affected costs of production with unit cost of production being decreasing by increasing rice output (p<0.05). Inefficiency in production was significantly influenced by farming experience, planting methods, frequency of weeding, degree of specialization and source of purchased inputs and accounted 82.08% of variability in costs of production (p<0.05). The study concludes that, there is loss of efficiency in production due to high production costs attributed by rice output produced, input prices, source of purchased inputs and other agricultural practices. It is recommended to use labour saving technologies, purchasing inputs through irrigation scheme cooperative and gaining more economies of scale by increasing specialization.


This paper investigates the class of Tree-Tuple MCTAG with Shared Nodes, TT-MCTAG for short, an extension of Tree Adjoining Grammars that has been proposed for natural language processing, in particular for dealing with discontinuities and word order variation in languages such as German. It has been shown that the universal recognition problem for this formalism is NP-hard, but so far it was not known whether the class of languages generated by TT-MCTAG is included in PTIME. We provide a positive answer to this question, using a new characterization of TT-MCTAG.


Two years after the February 1986 Uprising which toppled the Marcos regime, the Philippine economy under the Aquino government continues to suffer from the same development crisis which afflicted the previous regime. This stems from the fact that the Aquino government has chosen to adopt the same economic model for development followed by the Marcos regime. Such an economic model subsists on the belief that heavy reliance on foreign investments and exports markets would spur economic growth, and thus engender development in the periphery. This calls for no less than the maintenance of the peripheral economy's integration within the global capitalist economy. The pursuit of a dependent form of capitalist development under the authoritarian regime of Marcos led not to the development of the economy, but to the development of a crisis. It is doubtful therefore to assume now that the liberal democratic regime of Aquino would be capable of taking the economy on the road to recovery by using the same development path used by the Marcos regime in plunging the country into crisis.


Civic service is a long-term, intensive form of volunteering. This article reports on a global assessment of civic service, which identified 210 programs in 57 countries. Program goals and administrative partnerships suggest that civic service is a social development intervention. For civic service to achieve its potential, research is recommended regarding server inclusivity, goal accomplishment, and the nature and effect of partnerships.


Building simulation models are typically not used to generate the documentation required for bidding and project delivery of commercial building systems, or for their semantic modeling and commissioning. This paper presents a software tool that aids in digitizing the control delivery process, spanning simulation during design to implementation and formal verification during commissioning. The tool can generate from Modelica models digital documentation of control sequences. This digital documentation, along with other project drawings and specifications can be used for project bidding. It can also be used for implementation of control sequences through machineto-machine translation to commercial legacy control products, for which we are currently developing the proposed ASHRAE Standard 231P based on the presented work. Moreover, as-installed control sequences can be formally verified against the design specification, and a semantic model in Brick can be exported to aid in configuration of building analytics and fault detection. The paper presents what we believe is the first translation of a Modelica-implemented control sequence to a native implementation on a commercial control platform, using the webCTRL product line from Automated Logic. The paper also shows how a webCTRL implementation can be formally verified against its Modelica specification. These use cases have all been demonstrated with a prototype implementation that is now being further developed.


The Christian congregation in Corinth found Paul's weak presentation of the gospel and his approach to ministry to be scandalous. Recently arrived apostles reinforced and accentuated attitudes the congregation had already imbibed from contemporary Corinthian culture. As a result many in the congregation were less than satisfied with Paul's manner of speech, his apparent lack of charismatic qualities, his refusal to accept money from them, his lack of commendatory letters, and his lifestyle that was characterised by suffering, affliction, opposition and weakness.

However, Paul's criteria for evaluating ministry, and by implication God's criteria, were significantly different from those of the Corinthian congregation. Key verses such as 2 Cor 1:9; 3:5; 4:7; 6:7; 12:9 and 13:4 indicate that Paul maintained that Christian life and ministry generally, and apostolic ministry in particular, must be carried out through divine power, not human power. His apostolic ministry was valid because it was exercised as God's representative, in God's presence (2:17), with God as judge (5:10) and as a result of God's mercy (4:1), not as a result of his own power, authority, eloquence or charismatic presence.

The theological underpinning for Paul's approach to ministry is found in 13:4 where Christ who was crucified as a result of weakness, but lives as a result of God's power is the model for Paul who shares in his weakness, but in ministry to the Corinthians, also lives as a result of God's power. Paul's model for ministry was one of dependence on God. This is most clearly demonstrated in the affliction he experienced in Asia where he despaired of life itself, but in the process learned to rely on God who raises the dead. Thus his suffering, weakness and affliction, far from being disqualifiers for ministry, were in fact, demonstrations of his authenticity as a minister whose competency came from God and not from himself (3:6).


Edward Finegan, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Law at the University of Southern California, provides this
 afterword to synthesize and provide commentary on the six articles in this issue. He has been involved with research on register
 for more than 30 years, publishing a large number of empirical studies on register and the book Sociolinguistic
 Perspectives on Register (Biber & Finegan 1994, Oxford University
 Press). He is also co-author on the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan 1999, Longman), the first comprehensive reference grammar
 to systematically account for register. He is currently involved in research on the relationship between register variation and
 social dialect variation. In addition to his research on register, Finegan has made tremendous contributions in the areas of
 general linguistics, language variation in the U.S., and language attitudes toward correctness, publishing widely-used textbooks
 in all three areas. He has also been an influential figure in the application of linguistics in legal proceedings, acting as
 expert witness in many legal cases, particularly those related to defamation and trademark. He currently serves as the Editor of
 the journal Dictionaries: The Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America.


Alternative education programs are often viewed as individualized opportunities designed to meet the educational needs for youth identified as at-risk for school failure. Increasingly, these programs have been identified as programs for disruptive youth who have been referred from traditional schools. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the administrative structures and physical facilities of alternative education programs and to describe the student population and educational services being offered to youth attending such programs. The findings suggest programs appear to be largely site-based programs, often operating in physical facilities with limited access to academic supports. The student population appears to be mostly high school students with a large portion of students identified as disabled. The general education curriculum is reported as a predominant course of study among alternative schools, supplemented with vocational education. Students appear to be provided with a number of school and community support activities. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


This work presents a study of welded T and KT gap joints, formed by a seamless hollow section with rectangular hollow chord sections and circular hollow sections for the members. The developed study considers theoretical and numerical analyses for the joints, experimental tests in full scale prototypes, and tests for residual stress in the rectangular hollow section. The experimental results were used in order to obtain the overall joint behavior, ultimate load, and collapse mode. The numerical analysis using finite elements methods involved the generation, testing and calibration of the experimental results. The model represents the behavior and load capacity of the tested joints. The numerical models considered or not the welding and geometric imperfections and the results were compared with the experimental data. The accomplished analyses present good correlation with the experimental results.


With a population of over 143 million people and a population density of more than 1,200 persons per km2 Bangladesh is a very densely populated country. The
country's geographic location in the waters of Bay of Bengal, often the source of tropical cyclones and storm surges, makes Bangladesh one of the most natural
disasters prone nations in the world. A severe tropical cyclone hits the country, every 3 years on average. As 16 major cyclones have hit the country since 1960 with the
loss of nearly 500,000 lives, multi-purpose cyclone shelters – that can provide refuge to susceptible population in the events of natural hazards and to a certain extent with the utility of community functionalities during normal times – have become a vital component of disaster management strategies. Country has already constructed more than 2,500 such shelters across 16 of the most disaster prone coastal districts. This paper uses content analysis of disaster management policies, and programs in order to comprehend and assess the distributions of shelters with a lens of integrated strategic asset management framework. Analysis of secondary data indicates that existing cyclone shelters are not equitably distributed to cater the needs of the highly vulnerable population. In the backdrop of the recommendation of The World Bank [TWB] that the country needs 5,500 new shelters (TWB, 2010), this paper contends that future construction of cyclone shelters must be need as well as evidence-based in order to ensure that highly vulnerable population benefits from cyclone shelters the most.


BACKGROUND
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections have become increasingly complicated and costly to treat with the spread of antibiotic resistance. We evaluated the relationship between antibiotic prescribing and nonsusceptibility among invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates.

METHODS
Outpatient antibiotic prescription data for penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were abstracted from the IMS Health Xponent database to calculate the annual number of prescriptions per capita. We analyzed IPD data from 7 of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites (population, 18.6 million) for which data were available for the entire time period under study (1996-2003). Logistic regression models were used to assess whether sites with high antibiotic prescribing rates had a high proportion of nonsusceptible and serotype 19A IPD.

RESULTS
Yearly prescribing rates during the period 1996-2003 for children <5 years of age decreased by 37%, from 4.23 to 2.68 prescriptions per capita per year (P < .001), and those for persons ≥5 years of age decreased by 42%, from 0.98 to 0.57 prescriptions per capita per year (P < .001); increases in azithromycin prescribing were noted for both groups. Sites with high rates of antibiotic prescribing had a higher proportion of IPD nonsusceptibility than did low-prescribing sites (P = .003 for penicillin, P < .001 for every other antibiotic class). Cephalosporin and macrolide prescribing were associated with penicillin and multidrug nonsusceptibility and serotype 19A IPD (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
In sites where antibiotic prescribing is high, the proportion of nonsusceptible IPD is also high, suggesting that local prescribing practices contribute to local resistance patterns. Cephalosporins and macrolides seem to be selecting for penicillin- and multidrug-resistant pneumococci, as well as serotype 19A IPD. Antibiotic use is a major factor contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance; strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance should continue to include judicious use of antibiotics.


The 'soft metrics' project was a defence industry sponsored research activity undertaken to
develop project performance analysis and control capabilities for systems engineering operations
within BAE SYSTEMS. The 'soft' focus of this work addresses the less 'tangible' human and
organisational factors that influence project effectiveness as measured by key contractuallydetermined
cost, quality and time parameters related to delivery of the product. The key research
objectives were: 1) to investigate the nature and influence of soft performance issues in projects,
2) to explore the extent of existing research and development knowledge for control of soft factors, 3) to develop an appropriate practical approach to the analysis and measurement of soft issues
with tools to support project performance management efforts, and 4) to make a feasibility case for the research product through application and validation in operational case projects.
The research approach involved in-depth, qualitative study of four relevant case projects
undertaken to define the industrial context for application, support an iterative development
process and validate the results of development efforts towards the specification of an integrated
soft metrics tool and approach. An industry scoping study and detailed review of relevant research
and operations management literature revealed a gap in current project management metrication
practices regarding soft factors analysis and measurement capability. Building upon existing
sociotechnical performance factors models an applied Human and Organisational Performance
(HOP) modelling framework was developed for the representation of dependencies between
upstream process indicators and 'outcome' effectiveness criteria in a systems engineering project context. Review of human sciences research literature and subsequent refinement through casebased
investigation led to the identification of over 100 potential human and organisational
performance variables with which to populate the HOP model, representing a variety of 'soft
issues' known to influence performance in industry project based operations. Implicated factors
were associated with issues relating to: team composition, human knowledge and experience,
work group climate and cohesion, functional autonomy, task and goal characteristics, human
workload, motivation, stakeholder communication and project management decision-making
processes, amongst others. A variety of soft metrics and techniques for quantification of these
factors were developed through a multi-facet approach to measurement that involved
decomposition of broad, higher-level variables into specific sub-factors. Appropriate subjective
judgement-based items and objective criteria were defined to numerically quantify variance in
specific sub-factors.
To provide a practical, integrated solution an application process with detailed sub-activities was
developed to allow project management teams to identify and analyse 'soft' performance problem
issues and select appropriate soft metrics for proactive monitoring and control within the project's
lifecycle. This process was subsequently successfully implemented in three systems engineering
case projects. Through implementation of a structured approach in focus groups, project
managers reported they were able to identify and reason about complex human and organisational
factors that had previously been managed intuitively, and relate them to specific effects upon
project performance outcomes to support risk assessment. A variety of performance-critical
'system preconditions' were identified and linked to key outcome objectives within the HOP
modelling framework, through their impact upon specific human activities or 'behavioural' variables that represented human performance in the project work environment. In terms of feasibility,
project work groups reported that the soft metrics approach was of potentially high utility in supporting performance control through project planning, work process improvement efforts and
project performance review activities, providing that practical issues associated with the level of
effort currently involved in the implementation of the prototype tool were resolved. This work
highlights metrication of human and organisational factors in projects as an important and viable
area for future research work to support enhancement in operations performance management
capabilities.


In Australia, girls continue to be outperformed by boys on large scale mathematics tests. One explanation provided in the literature for this gender gap is the interaction between teacher and student in the classroom. This study was inspired by the persistent patterns of gender differences in mathematics achievement favouring boys at the participating school, a large independent school in Victoria, Australia. In this study, the aim was to determine whether the sex of the mathematics teacher has any effect on girls' mathematics learning outcomes. The focus of the study was to examine Year 8 girls' mathematics achievement, and their attitudes and beliefs about mathematics, and examine if there were differences between those girls taught mathematics by a female teacher and those taught mathematics by a male teacher. The study comprised an analysis of the annual ACER PAT-Maths test results collected from the school's database, and the administration of an anonymous student survey. The girls in the sample were from two groups: one group had a male mathematics teacher, the other a female mathematics teacher. The results of this study provide little support for the claim that girls' mathematics achievement outcomes can benefit from having a female mathematics teacher. However, trends were found in the data to suggest that girls taught mathematics by a female teacher hold more positive views about females than about males teaching them mathematics.


Occupational radiation exposure from the space environment may result in non-cancer or non-CNS degenerative tissue diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and respiratory or digestive diseases. However, the magnitude of influence and mechanisms of action of radiation leading to these diseases are not well characterized. Radiation and synergistic effects of radiation cause DNA damage, persistent oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and accelerated tissue aging and degeneration, which may lead to acute or chronic disease of susceptible organ tissues. In particular, cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis are of major concern following gamma-ray exposure. This provides evidence for possible degenerative tissue effects following exposures to ionizing radiation in the form of the GCR or SPEs expected during long-duration spaceflight. However, the existence of low dose thresholds and dose-rate and radiation quality effects, as well as mechanisms and major risk pathways, are not well-characterized. Degenerative disease risks are difficult to assess because multiple factors, including radiation, are believed to play a role in the etiology of the diseases. As additional evidence is pointing to lower, space-relevant thresholds for these degenerative effects, particularly for cardiovascular disease, additional research with cell and animal studies is required to quantify the magnitude of this risk, understand mechanisms, and determine if additional protection strategies are required.The NASA PEL (Permissive Exposure Limit)s for cataract and cardiovascular risks are based on existing human epidemiology data. Although animal and clinical astronaut data show a significant increase in cataracts following exposure and a reassessment of atomic bomb (A-bomb) data suggests an increase in cardiovascular disease from radiation exposure, additional research is required to fully understand and quantify these adverse outcomes at lower doses (less than 0.5 gray (SI unit for ionizing radiation dosage, i.e. one joule of radiation energy per one kilogram of matter)) to facilitate risk prediction. This risk has considerable uncertainty associated with it, and no acceptable model for projecting degenerative tissue risk is currently available. In particular, risk factors such as obesity, alcohol, and tobacco use can act as confounding factors that contribute to the large uncertainties. The PELs could be violated under certain scenarios, including following a large SPE (solar proton event) or long-term GCR (galactic cosmic ray) exposure. Specifically, for a Mars mission, the accumulated dose is sufficiently high that epidemiology data and preliminary risk estimates suggest a significant risk for cardiovascular disease. Ongoing research in this area is intended to provide the evidence base for accurate risk quantification to determine criticality for extended duration missions. Data specific to the space radiation environment must be compiled to quantify the magnitude of this risk to decrease the uncertainty in current PELs and to determine if additional protection strategies are required. New research results could lead to estimates of cumulative radiation risk from CNS and degenerative tissue diseases that, when combined with the cancer risk, may have major negative impacts on mission design, costs, schedule, and crew selection. The current report amends an earlier report (Human Research Program Requirements Document, HRP-47052, Rev. C, dated Jan 2009) in order to provide an update of evidence since 2009.