Background/Context Throughout history, a country's economic and military strength has influenced its times of cultural splendor and the rise of famous intellectuals and artists. Spain has been an exception to this. At the turn of the 20th century, a surprising series of events that no one could have predicted occurred. At the time, Spain had recently lost the last of its overseas colonies. A few years later, the Moroccan War was also a failure. All these events sent Spain into a state of confusion and provoked strong political tensions within the country: popular uprisings, street fights, and a general state of economic, political, and military weakness. Simultaneously, the cultural and intellectual scene developed a fascinating degree of momentum. Spain became the cradle of some of the world's foremost painters, poets, writers, and intellectuals, such as Picasso, Machado, Lorca, and Buñuel. Among them, the Catalan pedagogue Ferrer i Guàrdia (1859–1909), who was important in the libertarian tradition of popular culture, became a world figure with his educational project, the Modern School. This project was specifically aimed at the lowest social classes so that they would have access to a scientific, democratic, quality education, thereby developing their skills in a society where education was limited to the upper classes and contributing educational development to improve social conditions. Both his project and Ferrer i Guàrdia himself were persecuted and attacked until he was finally sentenced to death in October 1909. Purpose This goal of this study was to analyze Ferrer i Guàrdia's indefatigable fight for an egalitarian, high-quality pedagogical project. Specifically, the figure of Ferrer i Guàrdia was analyzed in the context of a socially and militarily decadent country, which led to his defamation, persecution, and death—in contrast with the international impact and prestige he achieved. Research Design This research was based on historical methods, specifically drawing on analyses of literature review, historical documents, books, and articles (both scientific articles and newspaper articles from the time) regarding the life and work of Ferrer i Guàrdia and the historical context in which he lived. Findings/Conclusions The article concludes with a summary of the great current value of Ferrer i Guàrdia's libertarian approach to education, which consisted of transforming education to provide high-quality learning for all regardless of socioeconomic class.


This article presents the application of a Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm to solve the Minimum Interference Frequency Assignment Problem (MI-FAP). This is a capital problem in the mobile telecommunication field, which proposes to find an assignation of a set of frequencies to minimize the communication interference. MI-FAP is a NP-Complete optimization problem; so traditional exact algorithms are useless for solving real-life problem instances in reasonable execution times. This work proposes to use a metaheuristic approach to find good quality solutions for real-life MIFAP instances never faced before using Evolutionary Algorithms. Evaluation experiments performed on those real-life instances report promising numerical results for both serial and parallel models of the algorithm proposed. In addition, the parallel version shows high levels of computational efficiency, demonstrating a superlinear speedup behavior for the instances studied.


A construction project traditionally involves intensive communication flows
between the site operations (workers, gangers, engineers, foremen, etc.),
the site office, the company and the Supply Chain. Typically on the jobsite, a
temporary site office is set up in order to conduct the operations of the
construction project phases.
The site office is equipped with traditional telecommunication means such as
phone, fax and Internet connection. The site personnel are provided with a
multitude of mobile, satellite and wireless telecommunication devices where
appropriate, such as PDA, GSM and satellite phones/fax, and walkie-talkies.
Technically, these legacy systems, once put together, could be able to
provide adequate communication resources to the construction project
teams. But one of the main issues emerging from the use of the
abovementioned traditional telecommunication systems is that their cost can
be found in some cases to be very high.
On the other hand, in the absence of providing the necessary communication
means available through the traditional telecommunication systems to the
personnel on the move for whatsoever reason could be very harmful and,
may negatively affect the execution of the construction works and the
project lifecycle as a whole. This situation could be overcome if alternative
solutions are put in place to reduce cost and improve communications.
Therefore, this study has investigated a new communication paradigm
known as IP (Internet Protocol) Telephony, which could possibly provide the
site office, as well as the entire project team members with adequate,
cheaper and more effective communications means at the jobsite. IP Telephony refers to communication services such as voice, video,
facsimile, and/or voice-messaging applications that are transported via the
Internet, rather than the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). The basic
steps involved in originating an IP Telephony call are the conversion of the
analogue voice signal into digital format and the compression/translation of
the signal into IP packets for transmission over the Internet. This
communication paradigm eliminates the need for separate infrastructures for
voice and data networks as these services can be implemented over a single
data infrastructure.
Furthermore, while, from the technical point of view IP Telephony
Technology could be ready to satisfy the business case in general, its
development within the construction sector has not been observed due to
several barriers that have been investigated in this work as being part of the
development of an integrated framework that aimed at enabling the use of
Internet Protocol Telephony in construction.
This research aimed at developing a generic integrated framework for
enabling the use of Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony in construction. The
process involved in the development of this framework included the conduct
of intensive literature around the traditional telecommunication systems used
by construction firms in the United Kingdom as well as the investigation of
the current situation of IP Telephony technology in terms of availability of
commercial services and applications used by the construction industry. The
field investigations were obtained through appropriate surveys and
interviews conducted with construction firms, telecommunication operators
and Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony equipment vendors respectively.
The research further looked at the issues related to the transfer of such a
technology into the construction industry and investigated the main barriers preventing its implementation in construction sites' environments. These
investigations represented an important part in the development of the
"Internet Protocol Telephony on Construction Sites (IPTCS) Framework"
which represents the focus of this research.
The various modes of communications are described under this common
framework which is expected to benefit in premier-lieu the construction
industry by driving construction firms to look at IP Telephony technology as
an adequate and cost effective alternative to their communication means for
empowering their mobile personnel on construction sites and in the office
alike. It could also motivate telecommunication operators, IP Telephony
application developers and equipment vendors to establish specific solutions
suitable for construction sites environments according to the industry's needs
and requirements.


Discrete-continuous hybrid action space is a natural setting in many practical problems, such as robot control and game AI. However, most previous Reinforcement Learning (RL) works only demonstrate the success in controlling with either discrete or continuous action space, while seldom take into account the hybrid action space. One naive way to address hybrid action RL is to convert the hybrid action space into a unified homogeneous action space by discretization or continualization, so that conventional RL algorithms can be applied. However, this ignores the underlying structure of hybrid action space and also induces the scalability issue and additional approximation difficulties, thus leading to degenerated results. In this paper, we propose Hybrid Action Representation (HyAR) to learn a compact and decodable latent representation space for the original hybrid action space. HyAR constructs the latent space and embeds the dependence between discrete action and continuous parameter via an embedding table and conditional Variantional Auto-Encoder (VAE). To further improve the effectiveness, the action representation is trained to be semantically smooth through unsupervised environmental dynamics prediction. Finally, the agent then learns its policy with conventional DRL algorithms in the learned representation space and interacts with the environment by decoding the hybrid action embeddings to the original action space. We evaluate HyAR in a variety of environments with discrete-continuous action space. The results demonstrate the superiority of HyAR when compared with previous baselines, especially for high-dimensional action spaces.


This document consists of Task 6.1 (Dissemination and communication strategy) in the framework of WP6 (Dissemination and outreach) and Deliverable 6.5 (Report on dissemination and communication strategy). The main aim will be to boost the impact of the project, through communicating the knowledge and results of the project. The project will target a wide range of audiences in order to link research, evidence-based policy and public awareness. Communication activities, such as workshops, social media accounts and websites have been discussed in this plan as well as identified actors and stakeholders in order to effectively promote innovation in delivery of agri-environmental climate public goods (AECPG) by EU agriculture and forestry.
This is a living document and will be continuously updated according to CONSOLE's progress.


The reaction of alpine glaciers to shifts in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is calculated by using a two-dimensional numerical model to solve the full equations for the velocity and stress fields (full-system model) in the absence of basal motion. Rates of advance and retreat of the snout of typically sized alpine glaciers are found to be insensitive to the details of the flow at the snout, even when the glaciers are far from steady state. A comparison of results obtained with a full-system model and a shallow ice approximation (SIA) model yields no significant differences in advance or retreat rates. This assumption has been implicitly made in numerous previous climatic studies and is here shown to be well justified. Using a realistic mass balance altitude feedback, only slight model-dependent changes in steady state lengths are found. The relative importance of mass balance and glacier dynamics for the transient response of alpine glaciers to changes in the ELA is given a precise meaning by determining the model-dependent additional shifts in ELA needed for the SIA and the full-system models to produce identical changes in length. For alpine glaciers, these additional shifts in ELA are on the order of 10 m, which is within the error range of ELA estimates. It follows that at least in the absence of significant basal motion, there is no need to include the effects of horizontal stresses when calculating the reaction of alpine glaciers to climatic changes. Attention should focus on accurate determination of the mass balance distribution and model tuning to give realistic ice thickness distributions.


In this work, the performance of a high temperature torch Integrated Sample Introduction System (hTISIS) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the multi-element analysis of whole blood is evaluated. Two different quadrupole-based spectrometers were tested and the optimization studies were performed with a reference whole blood material. Sample dilution factor and hTISIS temperature were taken as the variables. The sample was introduced following two different procedures: continuous aspiration and air-segmentation. The optimum performance of the system in terms of both analytical figures of merit and accuracy was obtained for a hTISIS temperature of 200 °C and for either 1 : 10 or 1 : 25 dilution factors depending on the ICP-MS device used. An improvement in terms of sensitivity and detection limits was obtained with the hTISIS as compared to the conventional cyclonic spray chamber. Thus, for 1 : 25 diluted blood samples, the hTISIS improved the sensitivity by a factor ranging 2.0–4.5. Moreover, at 200 °C, the limits of detection for hTISIS at 200 °C were 1.1 to 8.4 times lower than those for the cyclonic spray chamber. This analytical parameter was in the ng L−1 range for the detected elements. Matrix effects in turn became less severe as the hTISIS temperature increased (from room temperature to 80 °C). All these results were obtained without a severe degradation of the fundamental plasma parameters. In fact, under optimum conditions BaO+/Ba+ and Ba2+/Ba+ signal ratios were 1.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The developed method was applied for the analysis of low volumes (ca. 2.5 μL) of real blood samples after a minimally invasive collection by volumetric absorptive microsampling. The hTISIS is an easy-to-implement sample introduction system that can be employed for the routine analysis using ICP-MS.


The relationship between porosity and burial depth of sandstone reservoirs is complex. It depends on primary porosity, which is related to grain-size and depositional process and also on the porosity gradient (the change in porosity with depth) which, in most cases, is linear. This relationship may be expressed as: φd =φp − G.D, where φd is the porosity at depth D below surface, φp is the primary depositional porosity, and G is the porosity gradient in % porosity per 1000 ft (305 m). Porosity gradients decrease with increasing quartz content, abnormal pressures, and in the presence of hydrocarbons. They increase with increasing geothermal gradient. There are at present insufficient data to quantify these relationships. Empirically derived porosity gradients for North Sea Rotliegendes, Jurassic and Palaeocene reservoir sandstones are 2.2, 2.6 and 2.9 per cent per 1000 ft (305 m) respectively. When calibrated with the porosity spectra of the various facies, graphs can be drawn showing the depth: porosity windows within which economic reservoirs may be found.


Speakers use gestures to communicate within a dialogue, not as isolated individuals. We therefore analyzed gestural communication within dyadic dialogues. Specifically, we microanalyzed grounding (the sequence of steps by which speaker and addressee ensure their mutual understanding) in a task that elicited abstract deictic gestures. Twenty-two dyads designing a hypothetical floor plan together without writing implements often used gestures to describe these non-existent spaces. We examined the 552 gestures (97% of the database) that conveyed information that was not presented in the accompanying words. A highly reliable series of analyses tracked the immediate responses to these non-redundant speech-gesture combinations. In the vast majority of cases, the addressee's response indicated understanding, and the speaker/gesturer's actions confirmed that this understanding was correct.


A total of 33 participants (10 women) participated in the Regional Rice Initiative – Workshop cum Study Tour on knowledge exchange on Farmer Field School curriculum development for promotion of efficient rice farming practices and value chains. Field visits were made to Sleman (Rice-Fish farming and "jajar legowo") and Boyalali (organic rice value chains) organized by FAO Indonesia in collaboration with the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the international civil society organization Vredeseilanden (VECO) and its local partner CSO Aliansi Petani Padi Organik Boyolali (APOLLI). Following the study tour, the regional workshop was held to: (1) facilitate the regional exchange of knowledge and experiences on sustainable intensification of rice production, including Rice-Fish farming systems and rice value chains; and (2) take stock of Farmer Field School curricula currently available, introduce the FFS Guidance Document and identify opportunities for strengthening of the FFS curricula. The participants included representatives from government and civil society organization implementing partners and principal investigators engaged in results assessment in pilot RRI-Phase 2 countries (Indonesia, Lao PDR and Philippines). Results of the assessment studies will be communicated to national and local government for informing policy and for mobilization of funding support for up-scaling of the RRI Farmers Field Schools on Save and Grow-Sustainable Intensification of Rice Production.


Over the past 20 years, collaboration has become an essential aspect of archaeological practice in North America. In paying increased attention to the voices of descendant and local communities, archaeologists have become aware of the persistent injustices these often marginalized groups face. Building on growing calls for a responsive and engaged cultural heritage praxis, this forum article brings together a group of Native and non-Native scholars working at the nexus of history, ethnography, archaeology, and law in order to grapple with the role of archaeology in advancing social justice. Contributors to this article touch on a diverse range of critical issues facing Indigenous communities in the United States, including heritage law, decolonization, foodways, community-based participatory research, and pedagogy. Uniting these commentaries is a shared emphasis on research practices that promote Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. In drawing these case studies together, we articulate a sovereignty-based model of social justice that facilitates Indigenous control over cultural heritage in ways that address their contemporary needs and goals.


Zirconium alloys, used in manufacturing nuclear core components, particularly fuel cladding (in most reactor types) and pressure tubes in CANDU® ( Can ada D euterium U ranium) reactors, are usually subject to aqueous corrosion and hydrogen uptake during service. The build up of hydrogen concentration during operation can be a life-limiting factor for these components. In order to slow down the rate of hydrogen uptake and to prolong the operating life of these critical reactor components, a remedial action was targeted. A comprehensive experimental program has been carried out to identify potential inhibiting agents to be introduced into the environment of the corrosion process. The inhibiting agents were expected to intervene in the corrosion reactions to reduce the hydrogen uptake rate. Screening experiments were conducted in short-term exposures (up to 30 days) of coupons from several zirconium alloys, such as Zircaloy-2,Zircaloy-4 and Zr-2.5 weight % Nb, in high temperature (340°C) aqueous out-reactor environments simulating the CANDU heat transport coolant with various chemical compound additives. Several additives of nitrogen-containing compounds appeared to reduce hydrogen ingress significantly; up to 90% reduction was observed. The beneficial effect of the presence of nitrogen on hydrogen uptake in these exposures might be related to its role in the production of ammonia from hydrogen liberated by the zirconium corrosion reactions. The ammonia generation mechanism has been proposed in the Ceramics literature as a means of increasing the yield of cubic zirconia during the hydrothermal oxidation of Zr in the presence of calcium nitrate. The formation of ammonia is associated with a significant reduction in the hydrogen available for pickup by the alloy. This hypothesis was confirmed in our experiments by the detection of ammonia in the post-exposure solutions. For all tested solutions with nitrogen-containing additives, ammonia was detected in the post-exposure solutions, while no ammonia was found in the post-exposure control solution or other solutions with non-nitrogen additives such as boric acid. Results from post-exposure analyses, oxide characterization, and a preliminary investigation into radiolysis implications are presented.


The modern automotive industry shows evident rise in use of electronic components leading to increase in chances of electromagnetic disturbance due to electromagnetic radiations. AIS 004 standards give the way of measurement as well as acceptable field strength limits. The test setup for this far-field measurement is complex and it requires resources like semi-anechoic chamber and controlled environment. Also, it is difficult to predict source of emission through this experiment. Ultimately the manufacturer left with no other option than to adopt trial and error method to find the source of electromagnetic disturbance and meet the requirements as per standard. However, simulation based technique can be used to simulate far field emission and detect the source, and pattern of radiation. A case study demonstrating the methodology to predict far field emission is carried out with a printed circuit board (PCB) consisting of a DC-DC convertor along with a crystal oscillator. A physical prototype of PCB was developed and tested in semi-anechoic chamber for far field emissions as per AIS-004. The same PCB is then modelled in E-CAD format. The ECAD data is further imported in Altair FEKO and used for simulating far field emission. The experimental test setup was accurately captured in simulation. Further, simulation results in terms of electric field emission in far field region were obtained. The methodology developed will reduce the product development time and provide cost effective solution. Also, the source of emission can be detected at the early design stage itself. Improvements can be made with design iterations and it can be ensured that the developed prototype meets the requirement.


In recognition of fundamental changes in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. This annual publication was first published in 1997 and has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties.
The seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP 17), in conjunction with the seventh meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 7), will be meeting in Durban, South Africa from 28 November to 9 December 2011.
The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2009 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories.


This collection of previously unpublished essays on Spinoza provides a representative sample of new and interesting research on the philosopher. Spinoza's philosophy still has an underserved reputation for being obscure and incomprehensible. In these chapters, Spinoza is seen mostly as a metaphysician who tried to pave the way for the new science. The essays investigate several themes, notably Spinoza's monism, the nature of the individual, the relation between mind and body, and his place in 17th century philosophy including his relation to Descartes and Leibniz. The top scholars working on Spinoza today are all represented, including John Carriero, Michael Della Rocca, and Don Garrett.


The main aim of the paper is to reflect on the various forms of the disclosure and the use of the grotesque in the Polish camp literature. Prisoners, authors of books devoted to life in the camps, experienced life in conditions that we did not normally recognize as impossible. In this sketch I try to show the ways of using (or not-using) of this experience in literature. Many Polish writers emphasized the importance of ridicule in the description of the world of the camp, because "it sees sharper, it clearly draws", but that perspective often lacked in their books. However, there were writers (Grubinski and Wittlin) who put the world of Soviet slavery in satirical way, often in the form of "laughter through tears" (close to Bachtin's conception). There were also writers (Lipski and Mayewski) who dispassionately exposed the horror of the atrocity of the camp, they took the game with the absurd (close to Kayser's conception). Finally, there was a writer (Olszewski) who attempted to capture the entire Stalinist world as a grotesque.


Questions of the political influence of business and other organized interests are at the heart of democratic theory and political science. But while in recent years there have been noteworthy theoretical advances on special interest politics, our empirical understanding of the role of lobbying in the production of public policy is lagging behind. This paper provides an empirical test of a model predicting when lobbyists provide useful information to policymakers and when policymakers follow lobbyists' advice. The predictions are assessed against data on the policy positions and lobbying activities of firms and other organized groups in the context of 35 policy proposals advanced by UK governments between 2001 and 2007. The results suggest that the behaviour of policymakers and lobbyists is driven mainly by the expected policy costs for policymakers. This provides lobbyists with strong incentives to either provide accurate advice to policymakers or abstain from costly lobbying. There is little support for the expectation that lobbyists can successfully persuade policymakers to take a course of action that is beneficial to the lobbyist at the expense of wider constituencies.


We demonstrate an all-optical generation of Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) in a single-mode dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF). The feature of multiple-peak Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) owing to the existence of the multiple acoustic modes in the single-mode DSF is utilized. Two inharmonic lock-in detections are newly introduced to characterize the BGS and the frequency-maintained or frequency-shifted BDG reflection. The frequency-shifted property of the BDG in the DSF with hundreds of MHz can find great potential applications in optical fiber sensing or all-optical signal processing.


Background:  Delay in cognition by management is likely to see a firm's distress worsening and the turnaround potential of a firm eroded. This inertia and resistance to change are further likely to result in antecedents absent in the required cognition of distress to trigger turnaround actions. Aim:  To explore firstly the Zone of Insolvency (ZOI), and the boundary of financial distress, secondly, agency theory, boards, directors and the ZOI and finally, how these constructs may influence cognition of distress and the firm turnaround boundary value. Setting:  The sample studied was drawn from the population of all privately owned firms that had filed for Business Rescue in South Africa between 01 May 2011 and 30 June 2016. Methods:  A quantitative research approach consistent with an objective position was utilised. The approach included descriptive statistical analysis and the measurement of strength of relationship between variables. Results:  We identified two boundaries that exist as triggers in respect of the required turnaround action: firstly, the boundary of the zone of insolvency (ZOI), and secondly, the turnaround boundary that occurs at some time after the onset of distress and once management has recognised and accepted the distressed position. The period between the two boundaries is a period that may see the turnaround potential of the distressed firm further eroded even beyond the point of no return, making a turnaround impossible. Conclusion:  Quantification of the difference in value of the firm between the onset of financial distress and evidence of direct action to turn around the distressed firm may be termed 'the cost of cognition delay'. Understanding the cost of cognition delay contributes to practice and academic interests and for firms that rely on the legal protection of formal turnaround processes, it may be argued that the act of formal filing is a signal that cognition has occurred.


This paper presents the results of an analysis of volumes and chemical composition of produced water (PW) accompanying oil production from five of the largest oilfields in the world situated in Basrah, Iraq. PW is potentially a valuable water resource particularly there where the ramp up of oil production puts further strains on water and the environment in an area already having severe water shortages. PW should therefore be seen as part of the country's strategic water reserves rather than as effluent. This study gives first estimates of anticipated PW volumes correlated to peak oil production and water consumption needs with time up to 2035. At least a fivefold increase of PW within the next two decades relative to the current 1 Mbbl/d can be anticipated. The estimated PW quantity before 2030 represents nearly a third of water injection or salt-tolerant plant irrigation needs. These quantities and the chemical composition of PW from these fields indicate that quality standards for these purposes can be technically attained and sustained for use in Basrah.


BACKGROUND
Older women with early-stage breast cancer experience higher rates of non-breast cancer-related death. We examined factors associated with cause-specific death in a large cohort of breast cancer patients treated with extended adjuvant endocrine therapy.

METHODS
In the MA.17 trial, conducted by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, 5170 breast cancer patients (median age = 62 years; range = 32-94 years) who were disease free after approximately 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment were randomly assigned to treatment with letrozole (2583 women) or placebo (2587 women). The median follow-up was 3.9 years (range 0-7 years). We investigated the association of 11 baseline factors with the competing risks of death from breast cancer, other malignancies, and other causes. All statistical tests were two-sided likelihood ratio criterion tests.

RESULTS
During follow-up, 256 deaths were reported (102 from breast cancer, 50 from other malignancies, 100 from other causes, and four from an unknown cause). Non-breast cancer deaths accounted for 60% of the 252 known deaths (72% for those > or = 70 years and 48% for those < 70 years). Two baseline factors were differentially associated with type of death: cardiovascular disease was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of death from other causes (P.002), and osteoporosis was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of death from other malignancies (P.05). An increased risk of breast cancer-specific death was associated with lymph node involvement (P < .001). Increased risk of death from all three causes was associated with older age (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
Non-breast cancer-related deaths were more common than breast cancer-specific deaths in this cohort of 5-year breast cancer survivors, especially among older women.


We present a detailed comparison of several integration schemes applied to the dynamic system consisting of a charged particle on the Kerr background endowed with the axisymmetric electromagnetic test field. In particular, we compare the performance of the symplectic integrator with several non-symplectic routines and discuss under which circumstances we should choose the symplectic one and when we should switch to some other scheme. We are basically concerned with two crucial, yet opposing aspects - accuracy of the integration and CPU time consumption. The latter is generally less critical in our application while the highest possible accuracy is strongly demanded.


General outline The thesis, supervised by Professor John M. Sinclair, proposes a system of analysis for the structure of spoken discourse in the E.F.L. classroom, and offers a description of the discourse structure of an informal E.F.L. lesson. Certain changes needed to be made to the model put forward by Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) whose pioneering research on classroom discourse was not concerned with the language classroom, and therefore did not allow for the two 'layers' of discourse involved there. These layers consist basically of the 'Outer' layer, where language is used interactively for genuine communication, e.g. organisation, and the 'Inner' layer, made up of the target language forms which constitute the subject matter of the lesson and which are often quoted and repeated as citation forms in a non-interactive way, and which are dependent upon the 'Outer' layer for structural cohesion. Complications, however, arise from 'quasi' interactive use of target forms, as in pair-work, but where the turn-taking, content and form of the student discourse is prescribed by the teacher. Author's Note: the proposed system would need adapting and possibly expanding to handle the interaction of a non-teacher-led 'task' phase of a task-based lesson. Chapter One gives a general socio-linguistic survey of the ELT classroom and shows how the norms of the classroom can affect the structure of discourse. Chapter Two briefly reviews the literature available (NB up to 1980) on studies of classroom interaction and on methods used to analyse classroom behaviour, comparing content classrooms with FL classrooms. Methods used for discourse analysis are then outlined, and various applications of certain models to the F.L. classroom are examined, including the relevance of the work of the ethnomethodologists. Chapter Three outlines the procedures used for the data collection and gives a general background to the lesson used for the main analysis. Chapter Four explains the proposed system of analysis, discussing and justifying the adaptations made to the Sinclair & Coulthard system in the light of the current, less formal data and of the views of other analysts in the same field. Chapter Five presents some of the more interesting findings, and examines in particular the relationship between the two layers of discourse (Inner and Outer) from both the Teacher's and students' points of view. Chapter Six summarises briefly the main body of the thesis, suggesting implications for E.F.L. teaching and teacher-training, and identifying areas where further research is needed.


Nursing students are required to develop clinical knowledge, skills and attitudes for professional practice. However, objectivity and parity of students' clinical assessments has been questioned. In the last decade, more objective techniques have been developed, with increased use of Objective Structured Clinical Examinations. We reviewed objective clinical assessment measures used in preregistration nursing courses to determine utilization and the validity and reliability of assessment techniques. A systematic search was made of quantitative research publications between 2000 and May 2011, identifying 16 studies that were subsequently reviewed. The validity and reliability of studies varied, with six studies judged as high quality, using various methodologies. This paper describes methods of instrument development and reports on their application in preregistration nursing programs.


In modern times, whether "healthy" or "sick" from an economic and political standpoint, Russia has managed to preoccupy outside observers with the changing condition of its psyche. What was known in Europe a century ago as the mysterious Russian soul is now antiseptically referred to as the problem of Russian identity. Paradoxically, while Russia itself is increasingly written off as an international power, and the signs of its potential descent into a repressive autocracy evoke relatively little concern from most Western elites and publics, the unsettled question of its civilizational identity is fraught with new surprises for international politics. This question is likely to be influenced over the long term by the ongoing expansion of Russia's Muslim community, and the increasingly assertive claims of its representatives to ideological influence and even a policymaking role at the federal level.


Major media discussion of the Thai Rak Thai party's electoral victory in 2001 characterized the party as a populist-nationalist party that was threatening to implement "closed-door" economic policies and "turn back the clock" on economic liberalization. While Thai Rak Thai has, since coming to power, implemented a small number of mercantilist and populist policies, its actions in no way resemble those of a nationalist regime intent on promoting closed-door economic policies. The reasons for this are evident from an examination of the party's social base. This paper analyzes this diverse social base of support for various Thai Rak Thai policies and argues that Thai Rak Thai "nationalism" is more a function of the temporary and partial convergence of the scale politics of these diverse social groups than of any commitment to serious economic nationalism. Moreover, it argues that the groups involved in supporting Thai Rak Thai "nationalism" are already internationalized in many of their activities. What therefore characterizes Thai Rak Thai's project is not a unified, strong nationalism, but rather a shared reaction of opposition to global neoliberalism by different Thai social groups.


On request from the European Commission following an application by Dairy Goat Co-operative (NZ) Ltd, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the suitability of goat milk protein as a source of protein in infant and follow-on formulae. The Panel considered compositional data of an infant and a follow-on formula made from whole goat milk that retained the natural whey-to-casein ratio of goat milk, data from a double-blind, randomised, controlled, three-centre trial, and a re-analysis of the data of the trial which formed the basis of a previous evaluation of the Panel. A study in 200 Australian infants, randomised to receive an infant formula with unmodified goat milk protein or a cow milk formula exclusively for at least four months and thereafter in addition to complementary food until 12 months did not show statistically significant or clinically relevant differences in weight, length or head circumference development. The growth pattern of formula-fed infants differed, as expected, from that of the WHO growth standard in particular with respect to weight-for-length. The results of this study were supported by the results of the trial considered in the Panel's earlier assessment, in which, however, the sample size was insufficient to draw conclusions. The Panel concludes that protein from goat milk can be suitable as a protein source for infant and follow-on formulae, provided the final product complies with the compositional criteria laid down in Directive 2006/141/EC.


Little research has been conducted on methods to restore the P removal capacity of older constructed wetlands, as P treatment capacity can decrease with time. We investigated the capacity of alum and three Al-containing alternatives (alum residual, polyaluminum chloride [PAC], and partially neutralized aluminum sulfate [PNAS]), at three rates (9, 18, and 36 g Al m -2 ) to reduce P concentrations. Water column pH of the alum treatment was significantly less than all other treatments, averaging 3.65 ± 1.12, while PAC (4.85 ± 0.96) and PNAS (4.21 ± 0.93) treatments had pH values significantly less than the alum residual and controls. Soluble reactive P decreased in the water column of all the treatments (-60.41 to -2.11 mg m -2 d -1 ). At all dosage rates, alum and PNAS were most effective at binding P, followed by PAC, while the alum residual was least effective. Significantly less P removal occurred in the 9 g Al m -2 alum, PNAS, and PAC treatments than the higher Al dosages. Dosage was inversely related to microbial biomass and activity in the surface soil, suggesting short-term negative effects of chemical additions. Results suggest that a low-dosage Al amendment application to wetland soil can, in the short term, prevent release of P from organic soil into the water column as well as remove P from the water column. Long-term studies are needed, however, to verify P removal efficacy with time and the effects of continued applications on nutrient availability.


I INTRODUCTION Simon Schama begins his magisterial book on the FRENCH REVOLUTION, Citizens, by relating the reply of Chinese Premier Zhou En-lai to a question about the significance of those 1789 events: "It's too soon to tell." (1) One suspects that Zhou's emphasis on the importance of a long-term perspective is especially jolting to Americans, who inhabit a culture that generally waits until no later than Monday to engage in their analysis of weekend events. I am confident, for example, that many (perhaps most) readers remember watching television newscasts on the evening of December 12, 2000, which featured, toward the close of day, images of couriers for the various networks racing down the Supreme Court steps, followed within minutes by immediate analysis of the meaning of the Court's opinion in Bush v. Gore. (2) More recently, the truly awful events of September 11, 2001, which have cast a broad shadow over all of our lives, generated hours upon hours of experts not only opining that our lives will be fundamentally tr ansformed, which I am sure is the case, but also, and more problematically, specifying the transformations that will shape our future. It is good, therefore, to be reminded of the importance of adopting a longer perspective and to realize that it is difficult to know, with any confidence, what the importance and durable consequences of any given event actually may be. One need not be a full-fledged historicist to recognize that any full description or assessment of event X ultimately depends on knowing future events, which will inevitably throw a different light on the past; because of this change in lighting, we see details of earlier events that had earlier seemed relatively unimportant, just as previously high-lit actors fade into insignificance to be replaced by what we mistakenly thought were bit players or even simply extras. And, as Chekhov taught us, an apparently unimportant gun over the mantle that we perceive only as part of the background scenery when the curtain rises may eventually turn out to generate catastrophic consequences by the conclusion of the play. Consider in this context, for example, what one might want to say, in a symposium commemorating the fortieth anniversary of Baker v. Carr, (3) the case in which the Supreme Court overruled a fifteen-year-old precedent (4) and held, contrary to the earlier case, that legislative districting did in fact present an issue capable of judicial resolution under the Fourteenth Amendment. (5) Had that symposium been scheduled for October 2000, I dare say that it would never have occurred to me or to any other participant to address the possibility that the ultimate consequence of Baker and of the "one person-one vote" doctrine adopted two years later in Reynolds v. Sims (6) and its progeny would be the empowerment of the Supreme Court to take charge of a national presidential election and, in effect, to bring the election to a halt by declaring the winner. No one today, however, can be unaware of the "presidential-election strand" of doctrine. This means that any overall assessment of the significance of the Court's d ecision to enter what Justice Frankfurter in Colegrove v. Green so memorably called the "political thicket" (7) of legislative apportionment must surely include the role it played in (ostensibly) legitimizing the decision almost four decades later in Bush v. Gore. It is not surprising, then, that Schama seems to endorse Zhou's caution by writing that "[t]wo hundred years may still be too soon" to offer any confident analysis of an historical event. (8) More surprising, perhaps is Schama's interposition of the words "[or] possibly, too late" to tell. (9) We are left, then, with the rueful knowledge not only that we can never in fact tell what is the truly right time to offer an analysis of a complex event, but also that any given moment in time is likely to be "wrong" from at least one plausible perspective. …


An on-chip novel design of a single clock charge pump for high voltage applications is being presented in this paper. The proposed charge pump is designed using AMS 0.35µm technology. Three stages of the proposed charge pump are being used for the results verification and comparing them with the six stages of Dickson charge pump designed with diode connected PMOS. The proposed charge pump gives an output voltage of 5.34V at no-load. The proposed charge pump gives maximum efficiencies of 89% on 1MHz frequency and 87.4% on 5MHz frequency using 1Mohm load resistance. The efficiency and the output voltage including voltage gain per stage of the proposed charge pump are higher than the Dickson charge pump measured under similar conditions mediating that the performance of proposed charge pump is better than the Dickson charge pump.


Sheathed in the glamour of filmmaking and technical innovation, participatory video (PV) is often evangelised as a communication for development methodology that intrinsically fosters transformative social and political change. Such celebratory notions, however, can obscure the complexity facing participatory video practice in achieving significant response to the inequities PV participants face. In reply, I offer the principles of representation, recognition and response as a potential pathway for more meaningful citizen engagement and action. Doing so challenges the idea that using PV primarily to help people on the margins represent their concerns through film is enough to shift deep-rooted inequities of power. Rather, my argument suggests that participatory video approaches aimed at raising citizen voice require a broader framing of practice: one that positions key decision-makers watching the films to both value marginalised voice, and responsively listen.


Between 1999 and 2005, drought in the western United States led to a >44 m fall in the level of Lake Powell (Arizona-Utah), the nation's second-largest reservoir. River discharges to the reservoir were halved, yet the rivers still incised the tops of deltas left exposed along the rim of the reservoir by the lake-level fall. Erosion of the deltas enriched the rivers in sediment such that upon entering the reservoir they discharged plunging subaqueous gravity fl ows, one of which was imaged acoustically. Repeat bathymetric surveys of the reservoir show that the gravity fl ows overtopped rockfalls and formed small subaqueous fans, locally raising sedi- ment accumulation rates 10-100-fold. The timing of deep-basin deposition differed regionally across the reservoir with respect to lake-level change. Total mass of sediment transferred from the lake perimeter to its bottom equates to ~22 yr of river input.


The effect of antimony on the emissivity of silicon has been investigated. The normal spectral emissivities were measured on silicon samples containing about 900 ppm Sb and no antimony at the melting point over a wavelength range between 500 and 1050 nm, and the experimental results were also examined theoretically. Experimental values of the emissivity at 633 nm for silicon containing no antimony were 0.49 for the solid and 0.27 for the liquid, for example. Emissivity values measured on silicon containing about 900 ppm Sb were in agreement with those measured on silicon containing no antimony within experimental error for both the solid and the liquid state. To calculate the emissivity of silicon on the basis of thermal radiation mechanisms, the free-electron model with damping and the restrained-electron model were applied to liquid and solid silicon, respectively. These models were found to describe well the emissivities of solid and liquid silicon. Emissivity values calculated for silicon containing about 900 ppm Sb were also in good agreement with those calculated for silicon containing no antimony, for both the solid and the liquid state. Theoretically, as well as experimentally, it has been confirmed that the presence of about 900 ppm Sb does not affect the emissitivities of solid and liquid silicon.


This paper details some complications and situations faced in the first few weeks of attempting to build a culturally inclusive primary art classroom as a graduate ethnic artist teacher. The researcher uses both auto-ethnographic and a/r/tographic methodologies to guide her as she explores through reflective, narrative and creative practices what it means for her to currently fight racism and build a space that is free for all cultures and individuals to share stories. Due to the highly personalised nature of these methods of research, the researcher acknowledges that all results cannot be generalised, however the paper aims to draw out an emotional experience to develop empathy, and to highlight the needs for educating about racism alongside building Intercultural capabilities in students.


The snow leopard is a keystone species in mountain ecosystems of Central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. However, little is known about the interactions between snow leopards and sympatric carnivores. Using infrared cameras, we found a rocky junction of two valleys in Sanjiangyuan area on the Tibetan Plateau where many mammals in this area passed and frequently marked and sniffed the site at the junction. We suggest that this site serves as a sign post to many species in this area, especially snow leopards and other carnivores. The marked signs may also alert the animals passing by to temporally segregate their activities to avoid potential conflicts. We used the Schoener index to measure the degree of temporal segregation among the species captured by infrared camera traps at this site. Our research reveals the probable ways of both intra- and interspecies communication and demonstrates that the degree of temporal segregation may correlate with the degree of potential interspecies competition. This is an important message to help understand the structure of animal communities. Discovery of the sign post clarifies the importance of identifying key habitats and sites of both snow leopards and other species for more effective conservation.


Ideally, parent/teacher conferences should be models of good communication that benefit children's learning. The reality is that these meetings are often dreaded by parents and teachers alike. Ms. Stevens and Mr. Tollafield provide a list of suggestions to help teachers plan for and participate in an experience that will be much closer to the ideal. AFTER A LONG day at work, she rushed across town, wove her way through corridors, located the room, signed in, and waited nervously for 30 minutes. On entering the room alone and approaching the waiting group at the conference table, she felt apprehensive, overwhelmed, and outnumbered. A newcomer in an unfamiliar situation, feeling small and on trial, she sat down at the table for the conference and held her breath. This was her first parent conference at her son's middle school. A single parent new to the community, she had come to learn about the program and how her son was doing. From across the table an unfamiliar voice called out, "What are you doing here? Your son is doing fine. I wish I had more students like him." Slowly, she exhaled and the conference began. That conference experience actually happened to the first author. What have your conference experiences as a parent been like? Some parents recall bad experiences they had when they were in school. Some parents are immigrants and cannot read or speak English, much less understand educational jargon. Some have a child who is viewed as a troublemaker rather than as a valued student. Many parents have jobs that conflict with the hours teachers are available for conferences, or they lack a convenient means of transportation to the school. In such circumstances many parents never venture through the schoolroom door. Research tells us that more than 40% of parents never attend school programs.1 And even those who do attend, do so less frequently by the time their child reaches high school. But there are two parties to a conference. What about the perspective of teachers? Many teachers dread parent conferences as much as parents do. For them, conferences are also stressful experiences. They may be overwhelmed by a long line of waiting parents, even as they hope to see a particular parent who does not show up. When the teacher and parent do meet, often the negative information conveyed puts both on the defensive so that no real communication occurs. Clearly, there is something wrong with the kinds of conference experiences we've just described and the kinds of parent/teacher relationships they reflect.2 Schools should be warm and welcoming places for parents and their children. They should be open and inviting, providing the opportunity to share information and to engage in planning for the future of children. Parent conferences should be models of good communication, integrally involving parents in their child's education. Below, we provide a 10-point parent conference checklist with questions, a number of practical ideas, and commonsense tips that can be used to create a positive climate that enhances the conference process for parents and teachers. This checklist may be a helpful gauge to determine whether your school setting has the key ingredients needed for optimal communication. 1. Invitation techniques. How does your school plan for parent/teacher conferences? How are invitations issued so that parents not only receive the message but also are encouraged to attend? Six percent of all U.S. households do not have a phone.3 Some 21% of parents are unable to read.4 How can teachers get the attention of these parents? Teachers can invite parents to school in a number of ways. For routine conferences, public service announcements on radio or local television can be used. Neighborhood information trees and word of mouth involving influential parents, community leaders, and local organizations, agencies, and religious institutions can also help get the word out. …


Human activated T lymphocytes expressing class II molecules are able to present only complex antigens that bind to their own surface receptors, and thus can be captured, internalized, and processed through the class II major histocompatibility complex processing pathway. We have used the antigen-presenting T cell system to identify the viral receptor used by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to enter cells, as well as the sequence of HB envelope antigen (HBenvAg) involved in this interaction. Results show that both CD4+ and CD8+ T clones can process and present HBenvAg to class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and that the CD71 transferrin receptor (TfR) is involved in efficient HBenvAg uptake by T cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that the HBenvAg sequence interacting with the T cell surface is contained within the pre-S2 region. Since TfR is also expressed on hepatocytes, it might represent a portal of cellular entry for HBV infection. This system of antigen presentation by T cells may serve as a model to study both lymphocyte receptors used by lymphocytotropic viruses and viral proteins critical to bind them.


Introduction: Identification of potential groups of differences and similarities between clinical and subclinical depression in adolescence, compared to the risk factors of cognitive vulnerability and psychosocial risk factors, contributes to shedding light on the etiological picture of clinical and subclinical depression.
Objectives: The present study investigated whether we can build multiple predictive model for clinical and subclinical depression in adolescence, based on risk factors of cognitive vulnerability and psychosocial risk factors.
Material and Methods: Multiple predictive model for group membership in three groups: clinical, subclinical and control group, has been built by using canonical discriminant analysis. The final survey sample consists of 412 adolescents (61.7% female and 38.3% male) aged 13-17 years. The data were collected from Psychiatric words and Centers for Mental Health for children and adolescents from three Clinics in Macedonia (for clinical sample) and schools (for subclinical and control sample) during last four years, including one year of pilot study for psychological instruments.
Cognitive vulnerability factors for depression (dysfunctional attitudes, negative inferential style, ruminative response style) and psychosocial risk factors (negative life events and perceived social support) were measured by a set of psychological instruments.
 Results: The discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to statistically significantly distinguish groups on the basis of the mentioned predictors and it allocated two discriminant functions. The overall test of the first discriminant function was significant (p < .001) indicating that scores discriminated between the three groups accounting for 99.3% of the total variance of depression. The first discriminant function consists of all listed predictors, ruminative response style, dysfunctional attitudes, negative inferential style, and negative life events in a positive direction and perceived social support in a negative direction, and in this function the highest scores are for the clinical and the lowest for the control subjects. Subclinical respondents were in-between. The overall test of the second discriminant function was significant (p < .001) indicating that scores discriminated between the three groups accounting for 0.7% of the total variance of depression. Only ruminative response style makes the second discriminant function and the subclinical sample has the highest scores, while the clinical sample has the lowest. The control group is in-between.
Conclusion: We have confirmed our expectations that we can build multi predictive model of clinical and subclinical depression in adolescence. The clinical, subclinical group and control group differ significantly with respect to the factors of cognitive vulnerability and psychosocial risk factors. We believe that this research has scientific and applicative value and that it has not only theoretical and empirical contributions, but has contributions to clinical practice as well.

Key words: adolescence, clinical depression, predictive model, risk factors, subclinical depression.


This chapter surveys runtime verification research related to distributed systems. We report solutions that study how to monitor system with some distributed characteristic, solutions that use a distributed platform for performing a monitoring task, and foundational works that present semantics for decomposing monitors or expressing specifications amenable for distributed systems. We will identify some characteristics that distinguish distributed monitoring from centralized monitoring, and characteristics that allow to classify distributed runtime verification works based on features of the executing platforms, the specification language and the system description. Then, we will use these characteristics to describe and compare the distributed runtime verification solutions proposed in the research


In dynamics of milles driven with electric engines issues of the drive transmission systems nonlinearity will matter greatly, especially in case of the need to conduct the identification of faults. The paper presents an example of applying wavelet analysis for investigating chosen faults in the non-linear arrangement of the drive transmission so as: appearing of backlash in mechanical connections and damaging a roller bearing. Also a case of non-linear damping in the arrangement of the mill was taken into account.


BACKGROUND
Although there is evidence of suboptimal outcomes in older people with chronic pain, little emphasis has been placed on those in remote and rural settings.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the perspectives of older people in the Scottish Highlands on their chronic pain management.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING
NHS Highland, the most remote and rural geographical health board in Scotland.

SUBJECTS
Home-dwelling members of the public aged ≥70 years.

METHODS
Anonymised questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 1800 older people. Questionnaire items were demographics, nature of any chronic pain, management regimens and perceived effectiveness. Validated scales were the Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.

RESULTS
Adjusted response rate was 39.3% (709/1755). One-quarter (25.0%, n = 177) were experiencing chronic pain, being more likely to live in deprived areas (P < 0.05). Median pain intensity was 6 (IQR 4-7, 10 high), causing distress (median 5, IQR 3-7). Respondents largely consulted GPs (66.1%, n = 117) with a minority (16.4%, n = 29) referred to a specialist pain clinic and few consulting other health professionals. Over three quarters (78.0%, n = 138) were receiving prescribed medicines, most commonly paracetamol, alone (35.6%, n = 63) or in combination with opioids (16.4%, n = 29). One-third (31.6%, n = 56) expressed a desire for more effective medicines; few reported using any non-pharmacological therapies. The median scores for the Pain Disability Questionnaire and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia were 74 (IQR 34-104.5, 150 high) and 40 (IQR 35-45, 68 high).

CONCLUSIONS
Evidence of provision of appropriate integrated and person-centred chronic pain care is lacking.


Since publication in 1958, George Rosen's classic book has been regarded as the essential international history of public health. Describing the development of public health in classical Greece, imperial Rome, England, Europe, the United States, and elsewhere, Rosen illuminates the lives and contributions of the field's great figures. He considers such community health problems as infectious disease, water supply and sewage disposal, maternal and child health, nutrition, and occupational disease and injury. And he assesses the public health landscape of health education, public health administration, epidemiological theory, communicable disease control, medical care, statistics, public policy, and medical geography. Rosen, writing in the 1950s, may have had good reason to believe that infectious diseases would soon be conquered. But as Dr. Pascal James Imperato writes in the new foreword to this edition, infectious disease remains a grave threat. Globalization, antibiotic resistance, and the emergence of new pathogens and the reemergence of old ones, have returned public health efforts to the basics: preventing and controlling chronic and communicable diseases and shoring up public health infrastructures that provide potable water, sewage disposal, sanitary environments, and safe food and drug supplies to populations around the globe. A revised introduction by Elizabeth Fee frames the book within the context of the historiography of public health past, present, and future, and an updated bibliography by Edward T. Morman includes significant books on public health history published between 1958 and 2014. For seasoned professionals as well as students, A History of Public Health is visionary and essential reading.


The growing awareness that plants might use a variety of nitrogen (N) forms, both organic and inorganic, has raised questions about the role of resource partitioning in plant communities. It has been proposed that coexisting plant species might be able to partition a limited N pool, thereby avoiding competition for resources, through the uptake of different chemical forms of N. In this study, we used in situ stable isotope labeling techniques to assess whether coexisting plant species of a temperate grassland (England, UK) display preferences for different chemical forms of N, including inorganic N and a range of amino acids of varying complexity. We also tested whether plants and soil microbes differ in their preference for different N forms, thereby relaxing competition for this limiting resource. We examined preferential uptake of a range of 13C15N-labeled amino acids (glycine, serine, and phenylalanine) and 15N-labeled inorganic N by coexisting grass species and soil microbes in the field. Our data show that while coexisting plant species simultaneously take up a variety of N forms, including inorganic N and amino acids, they all showed a preference for inorganic N over organic N and for simple over the more complex amino acids. Soil microbes outcompeted plants for added N after 50 hours, but in the long term (33 days) the proportion of added 15N contained in the plant pool increased for all N forms except for phenylalanine, while the proportion in the microbial biomass declined relative to the first harvest. These findings suggest that in the longer term plants become more effective competitors for added 15N. This might be due to microbial turnover releasing 15N back into the plant–soil system or to the mineralization and subsequent plant uptake of 15N transferred initially to the organic matter pool. We found no evidence that soil microbes preferentially utilize any of the N forms added, despite previous studies showing that microbial preferences for N forms vary over time. Our data suggest that coexisting plants can outcompete microbes for a variety of N forms, but that such plant species show similar preferences for inorganic over organic N.


The paper describes and figures the ammonite and brachiopod faunas of the Pliensbachian exposed on the northern part of the Jebel Zaghouan (Poste Op- tique Mountain). These stratigraphically well located faunas have been collected in the thick Pliensbachian deposits of these area which represents an exception among, the sedimentary context generally condensed of the Jurassic Tunisian Range ("Dorsale Tunisienne"). Ammonite communities comprise 18 species referred to Phylloceratoidea, Lytoceratoidea, Hildoceratoidea and Harpocera- tinae. These faunas evidence 12 biostratigraphical horizons dated from middle Carixian up to late Domerian (Demonense Zone up to Emaciatum Zone).These horizons are easily correlated to the usual ammonite zonation of the Tethyan realm. A range chart showing the extension of the upper Pliensbachian ammonites summarizes the new data. Moreover, we must notice that the endemism tendency, observable up to middle Carixian, disappears from upper Carixian upwards. The latest Domerian (Emaciatum Zone) has also supplied brachiopods with alpine and sicilian facies (also called "brachiopod fauna of deeper and/or calmer sea floors" by Ager 1965: 162). These brachiopod species are described and figured for the first time on the Northern African Margin of the Tethys. These faunas with peculiar morphologies (axiform or not ribbed rhynchonellids, sulcate terebratulids and terebratellids) show a large but discontinuous distribution; they characterize distal environments located at the bottom of external platforms, on the border of basins splited up by a tilted-blocks tectonic.


'More than just a list of practical points...The book is well worth buying and should appeal both to support workers and their managers' - Secondary School SENCo, London 'This book will be of value to all those who support pupils with an autistic spectrum disorder. However, as it tackles the day-to-day practice of teaching and working with such pupils it should be read by teachers too' - Tess Coll, autism outreach teacher 'There can be no doubt that the action suggested by the authors to improve outcomes for pupils with ASD, would benefit the inclusion of all pupils' - Special Needs Information Press 'This book will be a really useful resource for those supporting children with ASDs in a range of schools, both special and mainstream. It uses case study material collected from experience and discussions with staff, to illustrate dilemmas and strategies. It encourages reflection on practice by posing questions at different points. The book also provides many useful references to published materials and websites for readers to follow up and suggests how support assistants can work to become part of the whole staff team' - Dr Glenys Jones, University of Birmingham Specifically designed to provide information and professional guidance for people working in educational support roles, this book focuses on the work carried out by Teaching Assistants in mainstream primary and secondary schools. The book will give them the tools and awareness to work confidently with pupils from across the autistic spectrum, whilst validating their position within a staff team. Using real-life case studies to illustrate common issues faced by support staff within any educational setting, it recogniszes the often tough situations they find themselves in with pupils, and with other members of staff, and will equip them with many basic strategies that will lead to effective working within their setting. 'The chapters are short and well structured. This book will be of value to all those who support pupils with an autistic spectrum disorder. However, as it tackles the day-to-day practice of teaching and working with such pupils it should be read by teachers too' - Special


Standard weekly cetuximab and irinotecan is an effective regimen in heavily pre-treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of combination chemotherapy with biweekly cetuximab and irinotecan in patients with pre-treated metastatic colorectal cancer harboring wild-type KRAS. A total of 30 patients will be enrolled at four medical institutions. The primary endpoint is response rate. The secondary endpoints include adverse events, progression-free survival and overall survival. The pharmacokinetics of cetuximab will also be evaluated in five patients.


Many libraries have embraced email and IM reference service, but have yet to offer reference via text message. But like e-mail and IM, text messaging represents just another method among a suite of online options to meet the reference needs of library patrons. In fact, if a library is already able to receive IMs via American Online's Instant Messenger (AIM) then it already is able to offer text messaging as a free service. This article explains how a recent AIM modification, or "hack", has given libraries and patrons access to a feature that was previously unavailable. AIM is by far the most popular IM client, with more than 55 million active users. A recent study at UNC – Chapel Hill's House Undergraduate Library found that students prefer using AIM because its familiarity allows multitasking and lacks formality


This study analyses the new connection policy that seeks to lift restrictions on grid connection. The new policy is expected to result in an increase of investments in generation capacity and increasing levels of congestion on the national transmission system. A scenario-based, quantitative analysis of the net benefits of the new connection policy is presented. Here net benefits are defined as the potential increase of consumer surplus and producer gross margins minus the cost of congestion. Further, several alternative designs for a congestion management system are evaluated. In this assessment a series of advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems is identified and presented.


In this article, I argue that definiteness is not found in all languages, based on the different behaviour of determiners in English and Sḵwxwu7mesh (Salish). However, I also argue that, despite overt differences between the determiner systems of English and Sḵwxwu7mesh, determiners in both languages share one property in common: domain restriction. Further, I argue that the behaviour of English the can be explained in terms of its uniqueness requirement and domain restriction. Definiteness is thus a result of the interaction of domain restriction and uniqueness and is not itself a feature of any grammar. I also argue that the determiners in Sḵwxwu7mesh lack a uniqueness requirement, and this is the sole reason that they behave differently from English the .


The discovery of transiting planets around bright stars holds the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of planetary atmospheres. In this work we present the search for transits of HD 168443b, a massive planet orbiting the bright star HD 168443 (V = 6.92) with a period of 58.11 days. The high eccentricity of the planetary orbit (e = 0.53) significantly enhances the a priori transit probability beyond that expected for a circular orbit, making HD 168443 a candidate for our ongoing Transit Ephemeris Refinement and Monitoring Survey. Using additional radial velocities from Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer, we refined the orbital parameters of this multi-planet system and derived a new transit ephemeris for HD 168443b. The reduced uncertainties in the transit window make a photometric transit search practicable. Photometric observations acquired during predicted transit windows were obtained on three nights. Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 1.0 m photometry acquired on 2010 September 7 had the required precision to detect a transit but fell just outside of our final transit window. Nightly photometry from the T8 0.8 m automated photometric telescope at Fairborn Observatory, acquired over a span of 109 nights, demonstrates that HD 168443 is constant on a timescale of weeks. Higher-cadence photometry on 2011 April 28 and June 25 shows no evidence of a transit. We are able to rule out a non-grazing transit of HD 168443b.


Vertical height estimates of earth surface features using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) are important in natural resource management quantitative assessments. An important research question concerns both the accuracy and precision of vertical height estimates acquired with a UAS and to determine if it is necessary to land a UAS between individual height measurements or if GPS derived height versus barometric pressure derived height while using a DJI Phantom 3 would affect height accuracy and precision. To examine this question, height along a telescopic height pole on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU) were estimated at 2, 5, 10 and 15 meters above ground using a DJI Phantom 3 UAS. The DJI Phantom 3 UAS (i.e., drone) was flown up and down the telescopic height pole to estimate height at the 2, 5, 10 and 15 meter locations using four different user controlled flight modes with a total of 30 observations per flight mode. Flight mode configurations consisted of having GPS estimate height while landing the drone between flights, non-GPS mode to estimate height via barometric pressure while landing the drone between flights, flying continuously up and down the height pole while estimating height with GPS on, and flying continuously up and down the height pole in non-GPS mode to estimate height via barometric pressure. A total of 480 height measurements were recorded (30 measurements per height interval per all four flight mode combinations). Standard deviation results indicated that height measurements taken with the drone were less precise when landing was not reset between measurements. Root mean square error (RMSE) analysis indicated that having the landing reset without GPS on achieved the highest accuracy of all measurements taken. An ANOVA conducted on the absolute errors reconfirmed that having the landing reset before each height measurement using the drone achieved higher accuracy compared to flying the drone continuously. This indicates the practical application of height measurement of the DJI Phantom 3 UAS and the importance of resetting the UAS before each height measurement.


Environmental problems such as air and water pollution, urban garbage and climate changes in urban areas are the results of human behavior. Only change in human behavior can reduce these environmental problems. Thus studying attitude and behavior of people is a precondition to change this situation. So the main objective of this study was to find out individual and social factors affecting environmental behavior of urban citizens. To achieve this objective a conceptual framework derived out from review of literature to examine relationships among personal factors, attitude towards environment and environmental behavior. To examine this conceptual model, 1200 individuals of Tehran residents were randomly chosen and interviewed about their environmental behaviors, opinions, knowledge and sources of information on environment. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and path analysis by SPSS software. It is emerged from the present study that education and improving problem-based knowledge of Tehran residents can change their environmental attitude and increase their feeling of stress towards environment. These changes in turn improve their preparedness to act friendly with the environment, particularly with the help of environmental legislation. Results of the study showed that environmental behavior of people in urban areas directly and indirectly are under the influence of variables like age, gender, income, education, problem-based knowledge, environmental legislation, environmental attitude, feeling of stress and preparedness to act of the residents. All these together can influence and change people's behavior to preserve urban environment.


Cytoplasmic alpha-synuclein (a-syn) aggregates, including Lewy bodies (LBs), are pathological hallmarks of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Parkinson's disease (PD). Activation of intracellular protein degradation pathways (Pdps) to eliminate these aggregates has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for PD and other synucleinopathies, but the interplay between LB-like a-syn aggregates and Pdps is not completely understood. Here, we investigate this interplay by utilizing a recently developed cellular model in which intracellular LB-like a-syn inclusions accumulate after delivery of pre-formed a-syn fibrils (Pffs) into a-syn-expressing HEK293 cells or cultured primary neurons. This thesis describes the interplay between LBlike aggregates and Pdps, as well as the examination and optimization of the cellular model for this study. We demonstrate that the efficiency of the model can be greatly improved by use of mutant a-syn expressing cells and truncated Pffs. We also show that only a minute amount of Pffs that gain access to cells, and the LB-like aggregates are primarily composed of endogenous a-syn, thereby rendering levels of insoluble endogenous asyn an excellent read-out for our study. Utilizing the optimized model, we show that a-syn inclusions cannot be effectively degraded by Pdps, even though they colocalize with essential components of these pathways. Furthermore, once formed, a-syn aggregates persist even after reduction of soluble a-syn levels, suggesting that pathological a-syn inclusions are refractory to clearance. Importantly, while proteasome function appears unaltered, we find that a-syn aggregates impair macroautophagy by reducing autophagosome clearance, which may play a role in the increased cell death observed in aggregate-bearing cells. Our results indicate that, after accumulation LB-like of a-syn aggregates, activation of Pdps may not effectively clear pathology or enhance cell survival. However, treatments that could prevent the inhibitory effect of a-syn aggregates on autophagy may be beneficial. We believe this work improves our understanding of the role of a-syn aggregates in synucleinopathies, and it may contribute to the efforts to develop potential therapies for these devastating diseases. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biology First Advisor Virginia M. Lee


The Queensland Livestock Market Reporting Service (QLMRS) was established in 1980 by the livestock and Meat Authority of Queensland. Weekly reports on the major live cattle auctions in Queensland indicate the prices of different types of cattle, categorised by their age, sex, weight, fat score and type of feed. Previous research has suggested that differences in these characteristics account for only some of the price variation observed at cattle auctions. This paper investigates other characteristics not included in the QLMRS market reports which may be important in determining the price of cattle. Data on the standard QLMRS characteristics and on other potentially important characteristics have been collected by the authors for a large number of lots of live cattle sold at two different auction sites in Queensland. This paper analyses the contribution both of characteristics regularly reported by the QMLRS and of other characteristics not reported by the QLMRS to explaining the variation in prices observed at these auctions. Hedonic price models are estimated which provide estimates of the premiums and discounts associated with different levels of the characteristics for which data were collected. The paper highlights the limitations of current market reports and indicates that the inclusion of muscle score may add considerably to the information content of these reports. More generally, the analysis suggests that liveweight auctions may not represent an efficient price discovery mechanism for cattle.


Doctors and lawyers have been at odds since the first medical malpractice "crisis" occurred in the mid-nineteenth century. Their modern fight plays out publicly in a variety of forums, principally the national tort reform movement. Like professional wrestlers, the fighters sometimes resort to dirty tactics. It is an unseemly, embarrassing spectacle for what traditionally have been considered the two most prestigious professions. Given the importance of the healthcare and legal systems they serve, the doctor-lawyer conflict has implications for all Americans. Previous calls for doctors and lawyers to improve their relationship have been met with scorn. This article takes a different tack in calling for improved relations: an appeal to self-interest. It argues that doctors and lawyers have shared tangible and intangible interests in reducing their conflict and improving communication. The article also sets forth several steps toward accomplishing those goals, including the need for each side to acknowledge certain core, uncomfortable truths about our medical liability system. It begins with a brief history of the doctor-lawyer fight and an explanation of why the two groups dislike each other so much. Throughout, doctors and lawyers are compared on a variety of measuring scales such as total numbers, educational debt load, income, public approval ratings, jokes concerning, job satisfaction, political leanings, substance abuse, and suicide rates.


Virtually all Latin American and Caribbean countries have established specialized organizations to promote their exports. Existing analyses of these organizations are at best partial and fragmentary. This paper aims at overcoming these limitations of the literature by presenting a consistent, detailed organizational characterization of the major export promotion entities in their respective countries. This characterization is primarily based on data collected through an extensive survey that we have conducted among organizations in the region, and, to put them into an appropriate perspective, among relevant organizations from countries outside of the region. Moreover, for a few countries, we have carried out in-depth case studies not only to report more precise information on those aspects covered by the survey, such as the number and diversity of other actors, both public and private, engaged in export promotion along with their interaction patterns.


The debate on climate change and anthropogenic influence on climate has a long his- tory, which involves more than just scientific findings and meteorological observations. In this paper, the question of how the scientific concept of climate change has been communicated to the public, in the past and at present is studied using pictures and historical analyses. Publications popularising cli- mate change today are sometimes illustrated with pictures showing palm trees and glaciers together in one scene. This is nothing new: the motif of palm trees and glaciers was used for the same purpose early in the 20th century. Several examples of such illustrations are presented and discussed in a his- torical context. The basic meaning of such pictures is that palms stand for warm climate and glaciers for coldness, and both together signify climatic change. The use of this motif to illustrate climate change originates in the popularisation of the theory of ice ages and climates in Earth's history, which took place towards the end of the 19th century. At about the same time, the motif of palms and glaciers was also used in tourist advertisement for certain alpine destinations. In this case, the motif stands for the variety of the alpine landscapes, which offer spectacular high-mountain scenery and exotic flora close to each other. It is suggested that the use of this motif to illustrate climate change in the early 20th century expresses an ambivalence towards climate change, consisting of age-old concerns about extremes of climate on the one hand and tourist illusions of a warm climate on the other. Towards the end of the 20th century, the motif appears in context with the popularisation of the concept of anthropogenic global warming. The ambivalence has given rise to a clear negative value judgement. Today, photos of recent extreme weather events are used more often than palm trees and glaciers to illustrate climate change.


A number of mechanical tests and metallographic techniques have been used to investigate the mechanism of ductile fracture of AA5754 sheet. The sequence of events in the development of shear localization is clarified using in situ strain mapping on both the sample surface and through thickness direction during tensile tests. It is observed that the failure mode changes from cup-cone type to shearing with increasing Fe content in both continuous cast (CC) and direct-chill cast (DC) AA5754 sheets. However, this transition happens in CC with much lower Fe content than DC. As very little damage is found near the fracture surface, this suggests that damage may be a consequence of the shear process rather than a trigger that determines material ductility. For both CC and DC with same Fe content of 0.21%, fracture strain of CC is much lower than DC. It is postulated that this is due to the differences of particle distribution in these two materials, especially the increased fraction of stringer type structures which exist in CC material.


Abstract. Forests play a key role in the European economy and environment. This role incorporates ecological functions which can be affected by the occurrence of insect infestations, forest fire, heavy snowfall or windfall events. Local or Regional Authorities (LRAs) thus require detailed information on the degradation status of their forests to be able to take appropriate measures for their forest management plans. In the EUFODOS project, state-of-the-art satellite and laser scanning technologies are used to provide forest authorities with cost-effective and comprehensive information on forest structure and damage. One of the six test sites is located in the Austrian province of Styria where regional forest authorities have expressed a strong need for detailed forest parameters in protective forest. As airborne laser-scanning data is available, it will be utilized to derive detailed forest parameters such as the upper forest border line, tree height, growth classes, forest density, vertical structure or volume. At the current project status, the results of (i) the forest border line, (ii) the segmentation of forest stands and (iii) the tree top detection are available and presented including accuracy assessment and interim results are shown for timber volume estimations. The final results show that the forest border can be mapped operationally with an overall accuracy of almost 99% from LiDAR data. For the segmentation of forest stands, a comparison of the automatically derived result with visual-manual delineation showed in general a more detailed segmentation result, but for all visual-manual segments a congruence of 87% within a 4 m buffer. Tree top detections were compared to stem numbers estimated based on angle-count samplings in a field campaign, which led to a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.79.


The incorporation of crop residues was studied in particleboard panels (agrifibers, AG) in mixture with wood from Pinus radiata D. Don. Four crop residue stubble types were used, wheat, corn, rice plants, and rice husk. Their densities were compared. A wide array of mixtures varying from 9:1 = wood:AG to 1:9 = AG:wood were used to make the boards, from which the fundamental physical and mechanical properties were determined, to select one with the best properties and use potential. All AG were suited for board panels, although wheat and corn stubble gave better results, and their low fibre content was easily incorporated in low proportions without major modifications of processes and products.


The work of contemporary designers has increasingly come under scrutiny for its
apparent disconnect with affairs of the greater human condition and status. This
disconnect is evidenced in the design and development of products and materials that
endanger the natural resources on which we depend, as well as the intentionally short
lifespan of these products in the name of profit generation. Given the history of product
design and its intended purpose of commodity, design scholars have suggested that a
massive change within the practice and vision of design must occur in order to prevent
the continued misuse of resources, and to reverse the apparent lack of connection
between users and objects which has inevitably led to excessive disposal and waste. This
thesis is an exploration of design process and material re-use, and examines the capacity
of the designer to experiment with and embed within a product the physical, emotional
and philosophical attributes that might strengthen the user/object connection. Given the
timeframe of the exploration, a method for verifying the successful implementation of
these traits was not developed. However, the opportunity to experiment with and consider
these traits has led to the development of a prototype of sustainable furnishings, which
has provided valuable feedback for future work.


The present research deals with the comparison of the two methods for the determination of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content in some fruits namely apples, oranges, lemons, tangerines and grapes. The fruits were collected from local market in Baljurashi city. Vitamin C content of fresh fruit were determined by titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods using potassium permenganate as a chromogenic reagent. The absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically at 530 nm. The titrimetric method was carried out by an iodimetric back-titration. The results obtained from this study revealed that there is no significant difference between the two methods, but the spectroscophotometric method has been preferred to determine the amount of vitamin C than the titrimetric method.


As-cast Al-12Si alloy was processed by single-pass friction stir processing (FSP), and its effect on mainly friction and wear properties of processed alloy was studied in detail. The needle-shaped eutectic silicon particles were fragmented by intense plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization during FSP. The fragmented and homogenously distributed Si particles throughout the improve the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Al-12Si alloy. The wear mechanisms for this improvement were examined and the possible reasons were discussed.


This report examines the role of state and local law enforcement in enforcing immigration law. The discussion is limited to the role of state and local law enforcement in the investigation, arrest, and detention of all immigration violators. The report does not discuss the prosecution, adjudication, or removal of aliens who violate the law. The report opens with a brief discussion of the types of immigration interior enforcement activities that the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) pursued and the current immigration activities that are now the focus of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). A discussion of the legal authority that permits state and local law enforcement to enforce immigration law under certain circumstances follows. Current administrative efforts to involve state and local law enforcement in enforcing immigration law as well as selected issues are discussed. The report concludes with a discussion of the pros and cons of such a policy and an analysis of policy options for Congress.


Using a sample of directors' and officers' (D&O) premiums gathered from the proxy statements of Canadian companies, this article examines the D&O premium as a measure of ex ante litigation risk. I find a significant association between D&O premiums and variables that proxy for the quality of firms' governance structures. The association between the proxies for governance structure quality and D&O premiums is robust to a number of alternative specifications. This article provides confirmatory evidence that the D&O premium reflects the quality of the firm's corporate governance by showing that measures of weak governance implied by the D&O premium are positively related to excess CEO compensation. The overall results suggest that D&O premiums contain useful information about the quality of firms' governance. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.


We study the conditional gender wage gap among faculty at public research universities in the U.S. We begin by using a cross-sectional dataset from 2016 to replicate the long-standing finding in research that, conditional on rich controls, female faculty earn less than their male colleagues. Next, we construct a data panel to track the evolution of the wage gap through 2021. We show that the gender wage gap is narrowing. It declined by more than 50% over the course of our data panel to the point where by 2021, it is no longer detectable at conventional levels of statistical significance.


Background: The practice of medicine has changed dramatically over the last 3 decades. Medical education has struggled to keep up with these changes, with only limited success. The 4th year of medical school offers a tremendous opportunity for curricular innovation, but little change has occurred in the past 30 years. Description: This article traces the history of the 4th year, from the Flexnerian era in which the classic preclinical-clinical model for medical education was developed, through the 1970s, when virtually every medical school adopted a largely elective 4th year, to the present. Although the classic 4th-year curriculum has a number of strengths such as flexibility and relative autonomy of scheduling for students, it also has significant weaknesses. Evaluation: A major educational initiative for the 4th year-the "College Phase"-has been implemented at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. It is designed to remedy many of the weaknesses of the 4th-year curriculum while preserving the benefits. Conclusion: Five colleges have been created: acute care, applied anatomy, medical science, primary care, and urban underserved. Students participate in a number of different college-specific activities that are hoped to produce a more engaging, rigorous, and enriching experience for students and faculty alike.


The work described in this paper concerns the modelling of a standalone air solar collector producing low temperature heat. The main role of the system is to avoid unfreezing temperatures and to reduce humidity in a room or in an unoccupied home during a long time, with only solar radiation. In view to dispose an essential sizing tool for this solar collector, we developed a mathematical model based on energy balance equations and on the characteristics of each prototype. This model allowing to simulate the thermal behaviour of the solar collector, was validated using experimental data collected by telemetry in six operating sites.


We have fabricated 4 cm/sup 2/ cells on string ribbon Si wafers with efficiencies of 17.8% using a combination of laboratory and industrial processes. These are the most efficient string ribbon devices made to date, demonstrating the high quality of the processed silicon and the future potential for industrial string ribbon cells. Co-firing PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) silicon nitride (SiN/sub x/) and Al was used to boost the minority carrier lifetime of bulk Si. Photolithography front contacts were used to achieve low shading losses and low contact resistance with a good blue response. The firing temperature and time were studied with respect to the trade-off between hydrogen retention and aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) formation. Bulk defect hydrogenation and deep Al-BSF formation took place in a very short time (/spl sim/1 sec) at temperatures higher than 740/spl deg/C.


This study describes the perceptions of embedded teaching and learning leadership teams working on curriculum reform in science teaching departments. The teams combined a formally recognised leader, School Director of Learning and Teaching, with a project-based, more junior academic, Curriculum Fellow, to better leverage support for curriculum reform. Teams were established on the principles of localizing support and maximising credibility with discipline staff. The core teams were supported by a larger Faculty team of Associate Dean Academic, academic developer, educational designer, first year coordinator and project manager. Key themes emerging from the collected data were the complementary roles of members of the team, different perceptions of leadership between the School Directors of Learning and Teaching and the Curriculum Fellows, the importance of acting locally within the disciplines and the synergistic value of working in a team. The combination of formal and informal leadership aggregated into the FSTE School teams offers a model to support sustainable improvement in science teaching and learning in higher education.