We have examined the development of the Terra Nova Bay polynya (TNBP) using a two-month sequence of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice surface temperature (IST) images, complemented by a set of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Results of a comparison between the clear-sky ISTs and the contemporaneous SAR images revealed that the polynya is characterized in the ISTs by a warm core and in the SARs by a bright backscattering area, due to the presence of seawater and grease ice. The activity of the polynya during the period was highly dynamic, with opening and closing phases that had similar temporal length scales, sometimes of less than 24 h. The recent activity of the polynya is evidenced in the SARs by alternate bright and dark backscatter bands formed during openings and calm periods and transported offshore by the ice drift. The thermal fronts that separate the warm core of the polynya from the surrounding ice sheet appeared sharp during the opening phase and smooth during the closing phase. The spatial resolution of 1 km of MODIS ISTs, compared with space-borne passive microwave systems with maximum resolution of approximately 10 km, provides a smaller area for the TNBP than do passive microwave data. The polynya area was detectable up to 80% of time with a revisit time of a few hours, giving an average area of ∼1300 km2 and peaks up to 3000 km2. The polynya is forced by katabatic winds that have a warm signature, which is also visible in the IST sequence. Katabatic airflows descending from the Reeves Glacier valley contribute to the opening of the polynya in the central part of the bay, while airflows descending from the surrounding glacier valleys contribute to the opening in the north and south of the bay.


With the proliferation of online off-the-peg corpora over the past decade or so, the use of corpora is no longer restricted to a small community of researchers working on language description and natural language processing. Anyone with an internet connection is now able to access corpora to help them with everyday questions about language, including questions for which dictionaries, grammars and other language resources do not always have clear answers. Translators are among those who have much to gain from using corpora, as widely acknowledged in the literature (see, for example, Zanettin 1998, Maia 2002, Bowker and Pearson 2002, Zanettin et al 2003, and Beeby et al 2009). Yet in contrast to the pressure that exists to train translators in the use of computer-assisted translation tools, there seems to be little or no incentive to teach translators to use corpora. Moreover, most of the research at the crossroads of translation and corpora seems to focus on the use of corpora in Translation Studies, and there is not yet enough information about the use of corpora in actual translation training and practice. This paper discusses some of the challenges of training translators to use corpora, and then describes how a group of 13 students studying for an MA in Translation at the University of Surrey reacted to a hands-on module on learning to use corpora in everyday translation. The analysis of the students' reactions draws on (1) their responses to an anonymous questionnaire and (2) a corpus of graded assignments, where the students were required to write a report on their use of corpora in translation (after having been asked from day one to keep a diary with examples of using corpora in their everyday translation practice). The corpus of student reports was submitted to both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis. The quantitative analysis focuses on verifying the extent to which the students made reference to terms such as concordance, lemma, collocation, part-of-speech tagging, normalized frequency and so on, and the extent to which the actual queries described in the reports involved the use of those concepts. The qualitative analysis details a selection of examples of how different students used corpora and also their views of the experience. The students' opinions of corpora were generally very favourable, despite the steep learning curve entailed. The analysis also indicated that while some students remained underusers of corpora, others were quite capable of carrying out sophisticated queries that provided them with answers which they would not have been able to find in other more conventional tools and resources.


This study examines what motivates the employees involved in the tourism industry in Sarawak, Malaysia, their level of job satisfaction and the influence of job satisfaction on affective commitment. Meanwhile, this study also examines whether age moderates the relationship. The tourism industry is chosen as the industry for analysis of job satisfaction and affective commitment as it is the critical industry accommodating the increasing number of visitors to Sarawak. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyse the data of the study. Satisfaction towards salary was found to have a significant positive relationship with affective commitment while satisfaction towards supervision showed significant positive relationships with normative commitment.


This thesis is a study of the links between female emancipation and the theatre in seventeenth century France. Since both were considered problematical by some religious moralists, the discussion is situated in the context of religious criticism. The approach is broadly chronological and focuses in particular on the work of women playwrights. The religious background is summarized in the Introduction. Part One surveys the cultural climate, discussing links between salon society and the theatre including women's involvement as patrons; their presence in the auditorium and on stage; and the concept of 'bienseance', examined here in the context of the 'querelle du Cid'. Part Two considers the function of the stage as a place where women could literally try out different roles. It examines ways in which women were portrayed in a selection of plays from the 1630s to the 1670s (including works by Mairet, Rotrou, Corneille and Moliere), discussing the images of 'la femme forte' and 'la precieuse', and the contribution made by playwrights to the contemporary debate on female emancipation. Part Three is devoted to the work of six women playwrights who had their work published or performed in France between 1650 and 1691 (Madame de Saint-Balmon, Marthe Cosnard, Frangoise Pascal, Marie-Catherine Desjardins, Madame Deshoulieres and Catherine Bernard) and one whose only play was performed in England (Anne de La Roche-Guilhen). The discussion focuses not only on the plays themselves and their inspiration, but on what is known of each author's background and literary career, her contacts in literary society and the reception of her work. The involvement of women in the theatre proved of mutual benefit, contributing to its popularity and providing opportunities for their greater freedom and intellectual development.


Silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial properties are included in biomaterials for the production of medical devices, which are used for diagnoses or treatment purposes. The aim of the current study was coating the polyurethane (PU) films with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their antibacterial efficacy. PU films were first modified by chitosan (CH), treated with AgNO3 to let CH chelate with silver ions, and then treated with vitamin-C (vit C) or glucose (Glu) to reduce the adsorbed ions to atomic silver to form AgNPs. The surfaces of the films were examined by ATR-FTIR, XPS, XRD, and SEM. Chemical bond formation between CH and Ag ions and AgNPs were determined by ATR-FTIR. Meanwhile, XPS and SEM analyses proved the presence of reduced metallic silver and nanoparticles on the film surfaces, respectively. According to the SEM analyses, a homogeneous distribution of AgNPs, with sizes 99–214 nm and 37–54 nm, on the film surfaces were obtained depending on Glu or vit C reduction, respectively. The films presented excellent antibacterial performance against Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). These results suggested that the mentioned green technology can be easily applied to obtain AgNP coated polymeric surfaces with very high antibacterial efficacy. Although there are some studies dealing with AgNP formation on PU sponges or fibers, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing AgNP formation on the CH conjugated PU films.


This article examines two early sources for nineteenth century South African English, Jeremiah Goldswain's Chronicle and the Journal of Thomas Shone. Their writings provide evidence for the vernacular of the 1820s settlers and can be considered as representing different stages on the non-standard continuum due to their different social backgrounds. While Goldswain represents the prototypical semi-literate writer whose non-standard orthography offers insights into the settlers' sociolect (e.g. /h/-dropping, hypercorrect /h/), Shone's writing is to be found nearer to the standard end with only occasional examples of phonologically significant spellings. However, their use of non-standard grammatical features is remarkably similar. A detailed analysis of was/were variation reveals that the same linguistic constraints are in operation.


ABSTRACT Objective To identify temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms in two groups of fibromyalgia patients according to the temporal relation between the onset of facial pain (FP) and generalized body pain (GBP). Cross-sectional study design: Fifty-three consecutive women with fibromyalgia and FP were stratified according to the onset of orofacial pain: Group-A (mean age 47.30 ± 14.20 years old), onset of FP preceded GBP; Group-B (mean age 51.33 ± 11.03 years old), the FP started concomitant or after GBP. Clinical assessment Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and the Visual Analogue Scale. Results Myofascial pain with mouth opening limitation (p = 0.038); right disc displacement with reduction (p = 0.012) and jaw stiffness (p = 0.004) were predominant in Group A . Myofascial pain without mouth opening limitation (p = 0.038) and numbness/burning were more common in Group B. Conclusion All patients had temporomandibular joint symptoms, mainly muscle disorders. The prevalence of myofascial pain with limited mouth opening and right TMJ disc displacement with reduction were higher in Group A.


The aim of electrification of chassis and driveline systems in road vehicles is to reduce the global emissions and their impact on the environment. The electrification of such systems in vehicles is enabling a whole new set of functionalities improving safety, handling and comfort for the user. This trend is leading to an increased number of elements in road vehicles such as additional sensors, actuators and software codes. As a result, the complexity of vehicle components and subsystems is rising and has to be handled during operation. Hence, the probability of potential faults that can lead to component or subsystem failures deteriorating the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles is becoming higher. Mechanical, electric, electronic or software faults can cause these failures independently or by mutually influencing each other, thereby leading to potentially critical traffic situations or even accidents. There is a need to analyse faults regarding their influence on the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles and to investigate their effect on the driver-vehicle interaction and to find new control strategies for fault handling.A structured method for the classification of faults regarding their influence on the longitudinal, lateral and yaw motion of a road vehicle is proposed. To evaluate this method, a broad failure mode and effect analysis was performed to identify and model relevant faults that have an effect on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. This fault classification method identifies the level of controllability, i.e. how easy or difficult it is for the driver and the vehicle control system to correct the disturbance on the vehicle behaviour caused by the fault.Fault-tolerant control strategies are suggested which can handle faults with a critical controllability level in order to maintain the directional stability of the vehicle. Based on the principle of control allocation, three fault-tolerant control strategies are proposed and have been evaluated in an electric vehicle with typical faults. It is shown that the control allocation strategies give a less critical trajectory deviation compared to an uncontrolled vehicle and a regular electronic stability control algorithm. An experimental validation confirmed the potential of this type of fault handling using one of the proposed control allocation strategies.Driver-vehicle interaction has been experimentally analysed during various failure conditions with typical faults of an electric driveline both at urban and motorway speeds. The driver reactions to the failure conditions were analysed and the extent to which the drivers could handle a fault were investigated. The drivers as such proved to be capable controllers by compensating for the occurring failures in time when they were prepared for the eventuality of a failure. Based on the experimental data, a failure-sensitive driver model has been developed and evaluated for different failure conditions. The suggested fault classification method was further verified with the conducted experimental studies.The interaction between drivers and a fault-tolerant control system with the occurrence of a fault that affects the vehicle dynamic stability was investigated further. The control allocation strategy has a positive influence on maintaining the intended path and the vehicle stability, and supports the driver by reducing the necessary corrective steering effort. This fault-tolerant control strategy has shown promising results and its potential for improving traffic safety.


This work presents the baseline design for the autonomous subsea vehicle capable of traveling at a lower speed of 1 m/s with an operating range of 400 km. Owing to UiS subsea-freight glider's (USFG) exceedingly economical and unique propulsion system, it can transport various types of cargo over variable distances. The primary use-case scenario for the USFG is to serve as an autonomous transport vessel to carry CO2 from land-based facilities to subsea injection sites. This allows the USFG to serve as a substitute for weather-dependent cargo tankers and underwater pipelines. The length of the USFG is 50.25 m along with a beam of 5.50 m, which allows the vessel to carry 518 m3 of CO2 while serving the storage needs of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) ventures on the Norwegian continental shelf. The USFG is powered by battery cells, and it only consumes a little less than 8 kW of electrical power. Along with the mechanical design of the USFG, the control design is also presented in the final part of the paper. The manoeuvring model of the USFG is presented along with two operational case studies. For this purpose, an LQR and PID-based control system is designed, and a detailed comparison study is also shown in terms of tuning and response characteristics for both controllers.


The need for business intelligence systems (BI) cannot be overemphasised because of the huge data constantly being generated in the daily operations of business organisations and the opportunity provided to discover new insights for the improvement of organisational effectiveness and efficiency from the data. This study attempts to carry out performance related tests on Oracle and Cassandra in order to propose a suitable database for business intelligence. Firstly, the extract, transform and load (ETL) processes was used to move data into Oracle and Cassandra virtual machines. Secondly, SQL and NoSQL queries were run on the data in three iterations to test for performance in selected workloads (Create and load process, read, update, delete and join operations) both before and after query optimisation. To create a common ground for comparison, similar queries were run on similar datasets on both databases. Then the results from the tests were statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel. Experimental results show that the latency values of Oracle are observed to be lower than that of Cassandra, accuracy values of Cassandra are observed to be nearly the same with that of Oracle in the create and load process, while their accuracy values are observed to be slightly different in the remaining tested workload, and the throughput values of Cassandra are observed to be higher than that of Oracle. Also, the extent to which these performance outcomes support data analytics for BI is hereby presented.


Communication has been shown to enhance cooperation (Dawes, McTavish and Shaklee 1977; Isaac and Walker 1988; Sally 1995; Bochet, Page and Putterman 2006). But do all people benefit equally from communication? This thesis experimentally investigates two main research questions. First, how does chat room communication affect cooperation between two individuals in a social dilemma? Second, are individuals with different cooperative dispositions affected differently by communication? I also explore how potential partners use language to affect each other's behaviour. I conduct an experiment to answer these questions. The experiment consists of three parts. In the first part, I elicit subjects' cooperative dispositions. In the second part, I study participants' cooperative behaviour in a two-person repeated prisoner's dilemma. All subjects are randomly placed in potential pairs of two. Each subject may choose to form a mutual partnership with the other person before engaging in the prisoner's dilemma. Half of the pairs may communicate with each other through a chat room prior to the partner choice. In the third and final part of the experiment, I re-elicit subjects' cooperative dispositions. Results show that communication does not increase the overall probability of successfully forming a mutual partnership or subjects' overall payoff. However, subjects' average contributions are higher when they may communicate with their potential partner. More specifically, subjects classified as Cooperators in the first part of the experiment contribute significantly more when able to communicate, compared to Cooperators who cannot. Free Riders who may communicate are more likely to form mutual partnerships and they earn a higher payoff than Free Riders who may not communicate. The experiment is computerized using the experimental program z-Tree 3.6.7 (Fischbacher 2007). Results are analysed using the statistical software STATA/IC 14.2 and Microsoft Excel 16.12.


One of the aims of the HOPE project is to develop a method to assess healthiness and energy efficiency of buildings and strategies to optimise their performance towards health and energy efficiency. In this project, a building is defined "Healthy and Energy Efficient" if: it does not cause or aggravate illnesses of the building occupants; it assures a high level of comfort for the building occupants; it minimises the use of non-renewable energy taking into account available technology. Health and comfort performance criteria for buildings have been defined. They include a set of measurable parameters related to indoor air pollutants or physical characteristics of the indoor environment. Compliance with this set is expected to assure, with a high degree of confidence, the provision of acceptable performance of buildings and zones within them. Target values of the selected parameters have been set taking as reference the WHO air quality guidelines, when available. Health classification of buildings is based on health risk analysis from checklist data, if necessary integrated with measurements, and health- and comfort-related questionnaire data. To this purpose, health hazards have been divided into 3 groups and acute building-related symptoms are evaluated through the Building Symptom Index (BSI), a numeric indicator that considers the frequency of symptoms related to the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) perceived by the occupants. In the end, the building is ranked according to the health status in one of 3 classes. Energy efficiency is evaluated by means of the energy index, i.e. the yearly total energy use per gross heated floor area, and the building is ranked accordingly. Combining the health and energy evaluation, the buildings are finally classified as optimal, medium, or low.


Governments in many countries of the world struggle with how to accommodate properly the needs and claims [rights] of native/indigenous peoples within their jurisdictions whose presence long predates European conquest and occupation. In this paper, a comparison and contrast of the approaches of the African and other jurisdictions whose jurisprudence is informative to the protection of the rights of African indigenous peoples, like the InterAmerican Court of Human Rights compared with the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia 'the big four' who voted against the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous on September 13, 2007 at the UN General Assembly is critically analyzed. The four states that voted against the Declaration 'vowed' to protect the rights of indigenous peoples within their jurisdiction using their different domestic human rights mechanisms which they argued were adequate to protect such rights of indigenous peoples. The analysis in this paper resolves around the practical implications of implementing the Declaration and why the four states voted against it with the other 11 states abstaining from the vote. The paper questions the extent to which the Declaration can be held to be 'binding' on those states which voted against it, in light of the fact that the Declaration can be said to contain elements of customary international law which is binding to all civilized nations irrespective of whether they voted for the Declaration or not.


Microbial populations have very important roles in wetlands because they are highly involved in nutrient cycling processes essential to health of the ecosystem. This study examines the changes that occur in bacterial and methanogen abundance in the soil in wetlands that have been taken over by the invasive reed Phragmites australis compared to soils that are inhabited by cattail species (Typha). To measure microbial abundance, soil samples were collected from a freshwater marsh, DNA was extracted from the soil, and bacterial DNA was amplified using primers specific to the Eubacterial l6s rRNA and methanogen mcrA genes, and subsequently analyzed using qPC R. The results indicate that there is no difference between the abundance of bacteria or methanogens in Phragmites and Typha soils (P < 0.05). Although P. australis does not appear to alter the overall abundance of bacteria or methanogens, future studies focusing on microbial community composition, gene expression, and microbial activity in wetland soils invaded by Phragmites would help determine whether the invasion of wetlands by Phragmites has led to changes in wetland soil microbial communities and their function in the environment. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Biology First Advisor Dr. Kristin Judd Second Advisor Dr. Daniel Clemans Third Advisor Dr. Gary Hannan This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/302


An analytic link between the oxygen partial pressure and the concentrations of the point defects for given temperatures and A/B conditions is presented for perovskites. A clear distinction between three different conditions is made. These are the sintering conditions, an intermediate metastable state, and a low-temperature metastable state. The analytical solution for a metastable state resulting from nonequilibrated metal vacancies permits a more accurate and self-consistent approach to calculating the equilibrium constants from conductivity–P(O2) data. One of the reasons for the higher accuracy is that there is no need to divide the existence regime into subregimes with different approximations to the electroneutrality equation (Brouwer approximation). An excellent fit of the experimental conductivity data to a single function with only two adjustable parameters over all conductivity–P(O2) space is obtained. The relative importance of frozen-in metal vacancies and foreign acceptors is discussed for BaTiO3.