In Papua New Guinea the population is growing faster than the area under cultivation. As a result, land use is being intensified and soil nutrient depletion may occur, resulting in nutrient deficiencies of agricultural crops. This paper reviews nutrient deficiencies in the agricultural crops of Papua New Guinea using the literature on agronomic trials, expert knowledge and Geographical Information System (GIS) soil fertility databases. One of the aims of this overview is to discuss the spatial distribution of common nutrient deficiencies, which will facilitate the formulation of future strategies on integrated nutrient management research. Nutrient deficiencies have been investigated systematically since the mid-1950s. Research has mainly focused on export tree crops, and relatively little information is available on food crops. Literature analysis and expert knowledge showed consistent trends with deficiencies of B and P in large parts of the highlands. GIS soil fertility databases confirm these observations. The authors' method has been shown to be useful in delineating areas in which nutrient deficiencies occur, and these findings could be used for the planning of nutrient management research and extension activities.


The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot of biodiversity, and climate warming is expected to have a significant influence on its endemic fish species. However, no previous studies have predicted whether fish species will experience geographic range extensions or contractions as a consequence of warming. Here, we projected the potential future climatic niches of 75 Mediterranean Sea endemic fish species based on a global warming scenario implemented with the Mediterranean model OPAMED8 and a multimodel inference, which included uncertainty. By 2070–2099, the average surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea was projected to warm by 3.1 °C. Projections for 2041–2060 are that 25 species would qualify for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List, and six species would become extinct. By 2070–2099, 45 species were expected to qualify for the IUCN Red List whereas 14 were expected to become extinct. By the middle of the 21st century, the coldest areas of the Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic Sea and Gulf of Lion) would act as a refuge for cold‐water species, but by the end of the century, those areas were projected to become a 'cul‐de‐sac' that would drive those species towards extinction. In addition, the range size of endemic species was projected to undergo extensive fragmentation, which is a potentially aggravating factor. Since a majority of endemic fishes are specialists, regarding substratum and diet, we may expect a reduced ability to track projected climatic niches. As a whole, 25% of the Mediterranean Sea continental shelf was predicted to experience a total modification of endemic species assemblages by the end of the 21st century. This expected turnover rate could be mitigated by marine protected areas or accelerated by fishing pressure or competition from exotic fishes. It remains a challenge to predict how these assemblage modifications might affect ecosystem function.


This book is unique as it focuses on pupils' perceptions of their learning with trainee teachers in primary schools. It aims to raise trainee teachers' awareness of the importance of considering pupils' perceptions in evaluating their teaching and provides frameworks for doing so. It enables teachers to make links between theory, research and practice as part of their on-going development. The text includes: interviews with primary pupils; examples of new teaching approaches; case studies offering pupil insights into curriculum subjects; chapter summaries giving suggestions for teaching strategies, discussions with mentors and tutors and further reading.


Cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignant disease has markedly improved the chances of long-term remission or cure in young patients who have not yet started a family. Germ cells are important targets of many chemicals. Germ cell mutagens irrespective of their chemical nature and properties, affect population of cells in the gonads, especially of testis. There is paucity of reports on planned study of imatinib on testicular function. Hence a study was planned to assess the effects of imatinib on testicular functions in male swiss albino mice. Male swiss albino mice were treated with imatinib and sacrificed at the end of 1 st , 2 nd , 4 th , 5 th , 7 th and 10 th week after the last exposure to imatinib. The testis were removed, weighed and processed for histological analysis. Qualitative analysis of the testis showed sloughing of the germ cells, reduction in the number of sperm cells and variation in the size and shape of the seminiferous tubules. There was not much change in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in the treated groups except for the higher dose group. The epithelial height was reduced significantly in all treated groups. Imatinib does affect the histopathology of mice testis significantly, but this effect is reversible once the drug is withdrawn. Imatinib had demonstrated high levels of efficacy in gastrointestinal tumors and also chronic myeloid leukemia. This finding may help the clinicians to plan and address the fertility related issues in young patients of reproductive age who are being treated with imatinib for gastrointestinal tumors and chronic myeloid leukemia.


This paper provides insights into the differences in economic multiplier effects of Social Cash Transfers in unequal structural settings. Using a qualitative approach and the case of Uganda's Senior Citizens Grant (SCG), the paper confirms that there are considerable differences in the scope of economic multipliers between structurally integrated and remote areas. Integrated communities are in a better position to access the secondary benefits of the SCG since they are better able to respond to the increased demand by recipients with higher value and more lucrative investments. Moreover, community members in integrated areas are also more likely to benefit from improvements of already existing infrastructures and services than community members in remote areas where at times growth-enhancing structures and services remain entirely absent. The paper concludes that the expansion of SCTs in low-income countries should be accompanied by measures that reduce pre-existing structural inequalities across areas.


Natural establishment of forests in the Brazilian Pampa biome should occur due to soil, hydrology and climate conditions, although no significant forest expansion over grassland has been noticed, precluded mainly by human interference and lack of environmental management. In this study, we used niche-modeling distribution of the tree species Schinus molle L. based on climatic variables to access the vegetation dynamics of the Brazilian Pampa and to develop strategies that assure the conservation of this biome, concerning both grassland and forest formations. Here we show that a large area of the Brazilian Pampa is suitable for expansion of S. molle populations, supporting the forest expansion over grassland as a natural process in this biome. We propose that the current absence of tree species expansion over the grassland in these areas is a result of the resilience of the grassland and of human interferences through expansion of agriculture, ranching and forestry with exotic species. Therefore, conservationist actions should focus on establishing preservation unities that include forest populations and grassland, while environmental management should be applied just in farming areas with historical human interference. Such actions will respect the ecological dynamics of the Pampa and value the forest formations in this grassland-dominated environment.


Extant research shows that individuals who discuss politics and current events with their peers also participate more actively in civil society. However, this correlation is not sufficient evidence of causation due to a number of analytical biases. To address this problem, data were collected through a panel study conducted on students who were randomly assigned to dormitories during their first year of college. In addition, the data were preprocessed before analysis with a matching procedure. These data show that discussing politics and current events caused these students to participate in civic activities during their first year of college. A follow-up study conducted on the same population during their fourth year of college shows that the positive effect of civic talk on civic participation still exists despite the passage of three years. Further analysis shows that the boost in civic participation initially after engaging in civic talk is the mechanism by which the effect of civic talk lasts into the future.


We study the effect of gravitational focusing of the earth on dark matter. We find that the effect can produce a detectable diurnal modulation in the dark matter signal for part of the parameter space which for high dark matter masses is larger than the diurnal modulation induced by the fluctuations in the flux of dark matter particles due to the rotation of the earth around its own axis. The two sources of diurnal modulation have different phases and can be distinguished from each other. We demonstrate that the diurnal modulation can potentially check the self-consistency of experiments that observe annual modulated signals that can be attributed to dark matter. Failing to discover a daily varying signal can result conclusively to the falsification of the hypothesis that the annual modulation is due to dark matter. We also suggest that null result experiments should check for a daily modulation of their rejected background signal with specific phases. A potential discovery could mean that dark matter collisions have been vetoed out.


Currently in Mexico and the world the economy is characterized by factors such as socio/political/monetary issues competitiveness, technological innovation and the global nature of markets. Given this complex, random and demanding environment, companies must adopt new management practices to ensure their viability and competitiveness in the market. To survive in today's competitive environment, they must be transformed from their roots; its management philosophy will be focused on achieving sustainable competitive advantages based on knowledge of "what makes a difference" from the competition. To achieve this distinction, companies must generate value added services, i.e. require insight into customers to properly understand their needs, so it is essential to establish relationship activities with them, allowing them to achieve that knowledge. In this paper it is presented the Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) as an essential tool for improving the competitiveness of Small and Micro companies, enabling their presence in complex markets. Thanks to advances produced in ICT, particularly in areas such as management and data storage and capabilities of the Internet, individualized relationships with many customers and greater knowledge of them is possible. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) arises inside of ICT. It was in the 90s and has become a key tool for managing today's businesses. Taking a strategic analysis of the current situation of this sector in Mexico, it is possible to note that hotel companies face an increasingly competitive environment, in which the contest is the increase in quality without increase in price, while loyalty to the customer is decreasing. It has been found the customers are now more experienced and demanding and there is a growing monopoly in the industry and a strong increase in available hotel offers. The systemic knowledge will study the tourism sector, conceptualize, and observe the sector as a system and fully display the mature of their interrelationships. Therefore, the concept of hotel companies will be addressed from the systemic approach. Furthermore, at present the degree of development and implementation of CRM in the Mexican hotel industry cannot be considered fully examined and part of the problem is to determine characteristics of this sector, which affect to a greater degree the implementation of CRM. This research arises to ascertain if the implementation of a CRM initiative involves organizational change and therefore is feasible to design a systemic model for its implementation that has valid measurement scales and is reliable for different variables of the proposed model. These variables could influence the success and result of a CRM strategy. We therefore propose a new definition of CRM from a systemic point of view. Normal 0 21 false false false ES-MX X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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ABSTRACT Internationalization of the curriculum is important in today's globalized environment, with the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of complex issues, such as climate change, requiring students to think beyond their disciplinary and cultural boundaries. Here we introduce a novel cross-discipline and cross-country activity with the overall goal to expose students to an international environmental problem (climate change) that requires an awareness of different perspectives, so as to contribute to their development of responsible global citizenship through internationalization of the curriculum. Students studying in Australia and the United States of America completed an anonymous survey on their climate change perceptions, and then the students discussed the results via a live video link. The survey results provided the catalyst for students to reflect on the ecological impact of their different lifestyles. The students could demonstrate their critical thinking skills and develop cross disciplinary thinking by exploring the vexed issue of climate change science, perceptions, and culture. Overall, the survey was simple to implement and the tutorial was successful despite the different time zones. Our activity achieved the broader goal of internationalization of student learning and enhanced our students' ability to view problems from different angles and helped foster boundary-crossing skills.


Sea-level change is one of the most important consequences of a warming climate, affecting many densely populated coastal communities. To improve coastal management and the planning of flood defences, information on the future development of sea-level rise is needed. However, sea-level rise is not uniform around the world. It is therefore not sufficient to know how much the global mean sea level will rise in the future. Instead, there is a pressing need for information on a regional scale. Making sea-level projections, both globally and locally, requires understanding of the processes that contribute to sea-level change. The research in this thesis focuses on modelling these processes, and in particular on their regional patterns in sea-level change. Firstly, sea level can rise or fall due to the addition or removal of water. Water may be added when glaciers or ice sheets shrink or due to groundwater pumping, which may be partly compensated by storage of water in newly constructed dams in rivers. Apart from the direct effect of addition or removal of water, a gravitational effect needs to be considered when large masses of water are displaced. This gravitational effect causes a very distinctive pattern in sea-level change, with a sea-level fall close to the water input source, and sea-level rise further away from the source. Apart from the gravitational effect, there is a reaction of the solid earth to changes in the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface. This is an effect that occurs immediately, the 'elastic' response, as well as on time scales of thousands of years, the 'viscous' response. The latter process, termed 'Glacial Isostatic Adjustment', results for instance in an uplift of up to a centimetre per year in parts of Scandinavia, as a result of ice melt after the Last Ice Age. Another cause of sea-level change are density variations, which occur when temperature or salinity changes. An increasing temperature causes expansion and thus sea-level rise, while increasing salinity causes densification and thus sea-level fall. Since these changes are not the same everywhere on earth, this causes a very irregular pattern of sea-level change. The research described in this thesis combines the knowledge on these processes to produce regional patterns of sea-level change. These patterns have been computed for the period 1961-2003, and compared to sea-level measurements over the same period in order to see whether we understand the regional patterns in sea-level change. The same approach is also used for future projections. These projections clearly show that regional variations are expected to be substantial. We find that 10% of the ocean surface will experience a change that differs more than 25% from the global mean. Our research also shows that each process may locally dominate sea-level change, and hence it is very important to include all these processes when considering regional variations.


We investigate a new training paradigm for extractive summarization. Traditionally, human abstracts are used to derive goldstandard labels for extraction units. However, the labels are often inaccurate, because human abstracts and source documents cannot be easily aligned at the word level. In this paper we convert human abstracts to a set of Cloze-style comprehension questions. System summaries are encouraged to preserve salient source content useful for answering questions and share common words with the abstracts. We use reinforcement learning to explore the space of possible extractive summaries and introduce a question-focused reward function to promote concise, fluent, and informative summaries. Our experiments show that the proposed method is effective. It surpasses state-of-the-art systems on the standard summarization dataset.


It has been argued that dam projects on shared rivers may provide opportunities for cooperation and the sharing of benefits among co-riparian states (discourse on international benefit sharing). In parallel, a discourse on local benefit sharing emphasizes that the population affected by dams should benefit from the projects in the long term. This raises the question of how international and local benefit sharing can be combined and whether these concepts are taken up in recent hydropower projects (HPPs) on shared rivers. This question was studied using the cases of the Ruzizi III and Rusumo Falls border river HPPs in Africa's Great Lakes region. The paper finds that the two projects indeed foresee both international and local benefit-sharing mechanisms, even if the actors involved hardly refer to international and local benefit sharing as concepts or link the two. At international level, the infrastructure will be jointly owned and electricity equally shared by the countries involved which can be considered good practice for border river projects. At local level, compensation processes are planned according to World Bank policies and various benefit-sharing mechanisms are envisioned. However, so far no revenue-based benefit sharing is foreseen that would ensure that the project-affected population will benefit in the long term.


The Results in Education for All Children (REACH) Trust Fund at the World Bank funded the development of a Management & Information System to monitor the quality of the education system in Colombia. This system builds on existing monitoring tools, which focus on outcome measures such as test scores but do not capture intermediate quality indicators that can shed light on how learning outcomes are achieved. The overarching purpose of this system is to foster improvement in the education system by informing the decision-making and everyday activities of education practitioners and policymakers. This can be achieved by: (i) gathering detailed and relevant information about activities within schools and (ii) managing the information efficiently and making it accessible to users to enable them to analyze, understand, and provide evidence-based recommendations on how to improve education quality. This monitoring system is not intended to be an accountability mechanism for schools but rather a management tool for stakeholders to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the education system and take appropriate action.


This paper illustrates the use of the nonparametric Wald-Wolfowitz test to detect stationarity and ergodicity in agent-based models. A nonparametric test is needed due to the practical impossibility to understand how the random component influences the emergent properties of the model in many agent-based models. Nonparametric tests on real data often lack power and this problem is addressed by applying the Wald-Wolfowitz test to the simulated data. The performance of the tests is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations of a stochastic process with known properties. It is shown that with appropriate settings the tests can detect non-stationarity and non-ergodicity. Knowing whether a model is ergodic and stationary is essential in order to understand its behavior and the real system it is intended to represent; quantitative analysis of the artificial data helps to acquire such knowledge.


The renowned Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, now in its third edition, addresses the social and biological concepts of geriatric mental health from an international perspective. Featuring contributions by distinguished authors from around the world, the book offers a distinctive angle on issues in this continually developing discipline. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry provides a comprehensive review of: geriatric psychiatry spanning both psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders. scientific advances in service development. specific clinical dilemmas. New chapters on: genetics of aging. somatoform disorders. epidemiology of substance abuse. somatoform disorders. care of the dying patient. Continuing the practice of earlier editions, the major sections of the book address aging, diagnosis and assessment and clinical conditions, incorporating an engaging discussion on substance abuse and schizophrenic disorders. Shorter sections include the presentation of mental illness in elderly people from different cultures-one of the most popular sections in previous editions. Learning and behavioural studies, as well as models of geriatric psychiatry practice, are covered extensively. This book provides a detailed overview of the entire range of mental illness in old age, presented within an accessible format. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry is an essential read for psychiatrists, geriatricians, neurologists and psychologists. It is of particular use for instructors of general psychiatry programs and their residents. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether clinical practice in diagnosing pulmonary embolism is consistent with recommendations in the literature and to explore variations in practice across site of care (e.g., emergency department), physician and patient characteristics, and geographic location.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medicare 5% research identifiable files were analyzed. The cases of patients with emergency department visits or inpatient stays for a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or for symptoms related to pulmonary embolism (shortness of breath, chest pain, and syncope) were identified. We determined the number of patients who underwent each type of relevant imaging test and evaluated variations in the first non-chest-radiographic test by site of care and treating physician specialty. Using logistic regression, we studied variations in the use of common imaging tests, exploring variations associated with patient characteristics, physician specialty, site of care, and geographic location.

RESULTS
For patients in whom pulmonary embolism might have been suspected, the most common tests were echocardiography (26% of the patients), CT or CT angiography of the chest (11%), cardiac perfusion study (6.9%), and duplex ultrasound (7.3%). For patients with an inpatient diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, the most common tests were chest CT or CT angiography (49%), duplex ultrasound (18%), echocardiography (10.9%), and ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (10.9%). For patients for whom pulmonary embolism might have been suspected, many large variations were found in practice patterns among physician specialties and geographic locations. There were fewer variations among patients with the inpatient diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

CONCLUSION
Physician practice in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is broadly consistent with recommendations. However, variations by physician specialty and geographic location may be evidence of inappropriate imaging.


I. Introduction The Geneva Conventions are the core body of international law that regulates armed conflict. (1) Since 1864, when the First Geneva Convention was codified, the Conventions have been updated several times. (2) War is waged much differently today, (3) however, than it was in 1949--the last time the Conventions were updated in their entirety. (4) Even though Additional Protocols I and II were implemented in 1977 specifically to "deal with the changing nature of armed conflict and advances in weapons technology," (5) their adoption was a retroactive response to the increase in internal State conflicts, civil wars, and national liberation movements (CARs), (6) rather than a prospective means of encompassing any future advances in warfare. (7) Over the last decade, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has issued several reports to rectify areas of ambiguity in the Conventions and other areas of customary international law in general, (8) but gaps still remain. (9) This note explores those gaps by focusing on the issue of targeted killing and the current problems the international legal community faces in upholding International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Part II examines the emergence of targeted killing as part of the United States and Israeli policies to combat terrorism. Part III discusses the law of armed conflict as it is codified in the Conventions and how classification of an armed conflict affects the legality of targeted killing. Part IV contrasts the United States' position justifying targeted killing as preemptive self-defense with the international legal community's position of strict adherence to Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Part V explores the recent targeted killings of Osama bin Laden and Anwar Al-Aulaqi, and the disparate treatment afforded to each under international law. The note concludes with a discussion on how the Geneva Conventions can be reformed to eliminate gaps in the future. II. Emergence of Targeted Killing [T]argeted killings are not a new phenomenon. (10) For centuries, States have eliminated individual enemies through the employ of targeted killings. (11) But only recently has any State openly acknowledged engaging in this tactic. (12) The United States unofficially adopted targeted killing as a counterterrorism tactic in 2001 in response to the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. (13) In the first five years after 9/11, the United States conducted more than a dozen targeted killings in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and Yemen. (14) In October 2001, the new version of the 'Predator' drone was employed jointly with jet fighters to kill Mohammed Atef, the suspected military chief of al Qaeda, in Afghanistan. After that, the 'Predator' continued to be used for the targeted killing of individuals suspected of assuming leading functions within al Qaeda, including, most notably, Ali Qaed Senyan al-Harithi (Yemen, 3 November 2002), Haitham al-Yemeni (Pakistan, approximately 10 May 2005), and Hamza Rabia (Pakistan, December 2005). (15) While the international community has continuously condemned targeted killing since its emergence in 2000, (16) criticism has not deterred either the United States or Israel from continuing to conduct targeted killing operations. (17) In fact, under the Obama administration, the number of U.S. drone strikes has steadily increased (18)--122 were launched in Pakistan in 2010 alone (19)--and shows no sign of diminishing anytime soon. (20) Several high-ranking U.S. political figures have even called the applicability of the Conventions into question given the changing nature of warfare (21)--an ideology not shared by the international community. (22) "The criticism of targeted killing is primarily based on the premise that it constitutes either extra-judicial killing or assassination," (23) both of which are illegal under customary and international humanitarian law. …


How do students experience their formal studies in preparation for professional work? This common research interest was the incentive to explore the intersections between two large international research projects that both build on a large number of interviews with students about their conceptions of learning and work in different disciplines and professional areas. Analysis of the Swedish and Australian data sets showed the important interplay between students' individual ideas about learning and future work within their workplace. Through the use of techniques of qualitative meta-analysis, we have linked the results from both projects and constructed a model of significant features of professional learning. In this paper, we apply the model to one case study from each of the research projects, and in turn use these case studies to illuminate the model. The model shows how students may be inclined towards the development of professional identities and engagement with their studies and profession, depending on the relationships between the students- perceptions of learning for work and their views of professional knowledge. We suggest that the model can be used to investigate the nature of professionally oriented knowledge, but also as a means to analyse the impact of higher education, curriculum planning and teaching for professional formation.


The Internet has made it possible, in principle, for scientists to quickly find research papers of interest. In practice, the overwhelming volume of publications makes this a time consuming task. It is, therefore, important to develop efficient ways to identify related publications. Clustering, a technique used in many fields, is one way to facilitate this. Ontologies can also help in addressing the problem of finding related entities, including research publications. However, the development of new methods of clustering has focused mainly on the algorithm per se, with relatively less emphasis on feature selection and similarity measures. The latter can significantly impact the accuracy of clustering, as well as the runtime of clustering. Also, to fully realize the high resolution searches that ontologies can make possible, an important first step is to find automatic ways to cluster related ontologies. The major contribution of this dissertation is an innovative semantic framework for document clustering, called Citonomy, a dynamic approach that (1) exploits citation semantics of scientific documents, (2) deals with evolving datasets of documents, and (3) addresses the interplay between algorithms, feature selections, and similarity measures in an integrated manner. This improves accuracy and runtime performance over existing clustering algorithms. As the first step in Citonomy, we propose a new approach to extract and build a model for citation semantics. Both subjective and objective evaluations prove the effectiveness of this model in extracting citation semantics. For the clustering stage, the Citonomy framework offers two approaches: (1) CS-VS: Combining Citation Semantics and VSM(Vector SpaceModel)Measures and (2) CS2CS: From Citation Semantics to Cluster Semantics. CS2CS is a document clustering algorithm with a 3-level feature selection process. It is an improvement over CS-VS in several aspects: (i) deleting the requirement of a training step, (ii) introducing an advanced feature selection mechanism, and (iii) dynamic and adaptive clustering of new datasets. Compared to traditional document clustering, CS-VS and CS2CS significantly improve the accuracy of clustering by 5-15% (on average) in terms of the F-Measure. CS2CS is a linear clustering algorithm that is faster than the common document clustering algorithms K-Means and K-Medoids. In addition, it overcomes a major drawback of K-Means/Medoids algorithms in that the number of clusters can be dynamically determined by splitting and merging clusters. Fuzzy clustering with this approach has also been investigated. The related problem of ontology clustering is also addressed in this dissertation. Another semantics framework, InterOBO, has been designed for ontology clustering. A prototype to demonstrate the potential use of this framework, has been developed. The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBOs) are used as a case study to illustrate the clustering technique used to identify common concepts and links. Detailed experimental results on different data sets are given to show the merits of the proposed clustering algorithms.


In recent years, the adoption of Electronic banking (E-banking) began to occur quite extensively as a channel of distribution for financial services due to rapid advances in the information technology (IT) and Intensive Competitive banking market. Electronic banking offers numerous benefits to both banks and customers. Customers can check account balances, transaction costs, establish greater control over bank accounts and other banks. They can also benefit from lower transaction cost, less paper work and less staff. Despite knowing the benefits of E- banking, Tanzania's banks continue to conduct most of their banking transactions using traditional methods. Understanding the reasons for lack of such technological innovation in developing countries such as Tanzania will develop a fruitful research. This study aimed to investigate the factors that affect the adoption of E-banking in Tanzania Banking Industry (enablers and inhibitors).Other objectives and research questions were developed in order to have proper investigation and analysis on various variables .
The study has employed a case study strategy with questionnaires, interviews, consultations, observations and pilot study as main data collection methods. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative techniques have been used in the analysis of the problem. The primary data have been obtained by questionnaires and analyzed and indicated clearly on tables and figures. The secondary data on the other hand have been analyzed and shown on tables as well as reading different literatures from the scholars, while the data from the questionnaires have been processed by using
computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to access the enablers and inhibitors of the adoption of e-banking.

The study has come up with an integrated model including seven variables (Organizational Capabilities, Received Benefits, Perceived Received Benefits, Perceived Credibility, (Perceived Regulatory), Institutional Readiness and Institutional Influence) which influence the adoption of e-banking in developing countries. The findings revealed that all these seven variables jointly provide an excellent understanding of the factors affecting the adoption of E-banking in the Tanzania's Banking Industry. Also, the study underscored that apart from the perceived benefits as an enabler, other six variables are inhibitors of adoption of e- banking. Services offered by banks to its customers are not adequate, thus leading to retail or personalized banking (B2C). However, with all inhibitors, e-banking have positive impact on economic development and Mobile banking have helped e-banking to spread to unbanked areas. Mobile banking is cheap, time saving and the service can be provided elsewhere using different platforms and inter operability.
The study concluded that regulators, law makers, ICT industries, institutions, and the banking industry itself have the task to alleviate these inhibitors by providing guideline/policies, cyber laws, adoption of fast changes in ICT technologies, develop partnership, have enough capital budget for ICT investment and training, in order to develop trust, security, capability, basic bank supervision and increase in service coverage from personalized to SME and Corporate. The study covered commercial banks namely NBC, CRDB, NMB, and DCB located in Dar es Salaam Region


Abstract. Homogeneous spectral response zones represent relatively uniform regions of soil that may be useful for identifying soil horizons or delineating soil units spatially. External parameter orthogonalisation (EPO) and direct standardisation (DS) were assessed for their ability to conserve intrinsic soil information of spectra under variable moisture conditions, as experienced when taking measurements in situ. A 1 m × 1 m section of a soil profile was intensively sampled using visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy at 2.5 cm vertical intervals and 10 cm horizontal intervals. Further samples were taken on a 10 cm grid and scanned in a laboratory under field moist and air-dry conditions. A principal component space was constructed based on the in situ scans following either EPO transformation, DS transformation or following pre-processing only (PP). Scores from the first four principal components – which accounted for more than 0.97 of the total variance in each case – were subject to k-means clustering to identify homogeneous spectral response zones. Laboratory-based scans were then projected onto the same principal component space and fitted to the pre-existing cluster centroids. Both EPO and DS were found to have potential in reconciling differences observed between in situ and laboratory-based measurements compared to pre-processing only (PP). EPO outperformed DS in terms of conserving the relationship between PC scores (LCCC: EPO = 0.84, DS = 0.58, PPO = 0.44; RMSE: EPO = 11.8, DS = 15.4, PPO = 38.5) and also in identifying homogeneous spectral response zones that corresponded to field observed horizons.


A better comprehension of atmospheric iron dissolution in seawater would be a key advance in understanding the atmospheric supply of iron to the ocean and its role on marine biogeochemistry. So far, different studies have demonstrated that dissolution of atmospheric iron depends on physical and chemical properties of the particles, which can be modified during their transport from the source. Here, based on a one‐year time‐series in the Western Mediterranean Sea, we show that dissolution of iron from a Saharan desert dust sample in seawater follows the seasonal trend of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) variability in the surface layer. As part of the DOC pool, the role of iron binding ligands, probably derived from bacteria activity, has also been investigated. The dust iron dissolution rates are found to be linearly dependent on iron binding ligands and dissolved organic carbon concentrations (r2 > 0.65, p < 0.01, n = 9).


Beyond the obvious points of convergence, these two disciplines have often followed parallel or even divergent courses. As such, the first major narratives about the economy of ancient societies were constructed with the almost complete omission of archaeological data. This indifference has even been openly admitted by historians who were otherwise mindful of a holistic approach to ancient societies (M. Finley, E. Will). This context appears to have changed in the 1980s, when a number of themes common to historical and archaeological inquiries were explored: for example, research on landscape in several Mediterranean regions (Greece, Italy, North Africa). Today, the tendency towards modelling in economic history leads to the selection of material indicators on the basis of criteria (economic growth) which fit more with current economic behaviours. There is nevertheless space for multidisciplinary convergence.


Over the last three decades, neoliberal restructuring of the economy created a symbiosis of debt and discipline. New legal regimes and strategic use of monetary policy displaced Keynesian welfare, facilitated financialization of the economy, broke the power of organized labor, and expanded debt to sustain aggregate demand. Public laws and policies created a field of possibility within which financial markets extended their reach and brought ever-increasing sections of the working classes and the marginalized within the ambit of the credit economy. Reordered public policies and new norms of personal responsibility demarcated the horizon within which the economically vulnerable pursued strategies of economic survival and security. Neoliberalism deployed refashioned concepts of individual responsibility and human capital to facilitate assemblage of subjects who would engage the financialized economy as risk-taking entrepreneurs. Faced with restructured labor markets, wage pressures, and shrinking welfare, working classes found themselves with little choice but to pay for their basic needs through debt. Engulfment in debt, in turn, induced self-discipline and conformity with the logic of the financialized economy and precarious labor markets. This ensemble sutured debt with discipline.


There continues to be an over-representation of female offenders diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) within UK prisons (Sansone & Sansone, 2009). Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) has shown effectiveness in managing the symptomatology of BPD and has been adapted for a forensic context (Nee & Farman, 2005, Gee & Reed, 2013). There is limited qualitative data available pertaining to the experiences of clients within DBT programmes and none for a forensic context.
Seven female prisoners completed semi-structured interviews regarding their experience of completing a 16-week DBT programme.
Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) illuminated six superordinate themes and 19 subordinate themes, which can be understood as features of personality and behavioural change. Superordinate themes were prison life, which highlighted an impact to life in prison through a reduction of prison disciplinary and risk procedures, and an increase in privilege levels. 'It's a struggle' represented the challenges participants faced and overcame. Increased connection to others illuminates the change in personal relationships participants experienced. Emotional awareness represents the participant's gain in understanding and managing emotions. Who am I? Depicts the increased understanding, acceptance and value participants experienced for themselves. The bigger picture represents the participant's ability to reflect upon and re-evaluate a situation, the increased awareness of another person's perspective, their increased understanding of consequences of their actions, and their future outlook on life.
Themes are discussed in relation to the potential impact the DBT programme may have for people experiencing emotional and behavioural instability within the prison environment, suggesting engagement with DBT should be based upon individual case formulation rather than BPD diagnosis. The potential of DBT in addressing the government initiative the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) strategy and recidivism is explored. Finally, the limitations to this study, recommendations for clinical practice, and future research needs are defined.


PI3K-stimulated induction of pentraxin-3 links innate immune signaling with the growth of basal-like breast cancer. Pentraxin-3 promotes growth of stem-like cancers The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is activated in various cancers. Unfortunately, PI3K inhibitors have limited clinical efficacy, particularly in patients with a subtype of breast cancer characterized by cells with stem cell–like properties. Thomas et al. found that an activating mutation in the catalytic α subunit of PI3K enhanced the expression of a gene encoding pentraxin-3, a protein that functions in the innate immune response. Furthermore, an increase in the abundance of pentraxin-3 promoted stem cell–like traits in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. The mRNA abundance of PTX3 correlated with poor prognosis of patients with basal-like breast cancer. The findings link innate immune signaling with breast cancer development and suggest that targeting pentraxin-3 may suppress tumor growth in a subset of patients. Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) exhibit hyperactivation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway because of the frequent mutational activation of the PIK3CA catalytic subunit and the genetic loss of its negative regulators PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and INPP4B (inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II). However, PI3K inhibitors have had limited clinical efficacy in BLBC management because of compensatory amplification of PI3K downstream signaling loops. Therefore, identification of critical PI3K mediators is paramount to the development of effective BLBC therapeutics. Using transcriptomic analysis of activated PIK3CA–expressing BLBC cells, we identified the gene encoding the humoral pattern recognition molecule pentraxin-3 (PTX3) as a critical target of oncogenic PI3K signaling. We found that PTX3 abundance is stimulated, in part, through AKT- and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent pathways and that presence of PTX3 is necessary for PI3K-induced stem cell–like traits. We further showed that PTX3 expression is greater in tumor samples from patients with BLBC and that it is prognostic of poor patient survival. Our results thus reveal PTX3 as a newly identified PI3K-regulated biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in BLBC.


A material system can be defined as a set of self-organized materials, defining a certain spatial arrangement. In architecture, this material arrangement acts as a threshold for space, though space often only appears as a by-product of the material organization. Treating space as a resulting, therefore secondary, independent product minimizes the capacity to generate architecture that is astutely aware of concerns of functionality, environment and energy. An effective arrangement of material can only be determined in relation to the spaces that it defines. When proposing a more critical approach, a material system can be seen as an intimate inter-connection and reciprocal exchange between the material construct and the spatial conditions. It is necessary to re-define material system as a system that coevolves spatial and material configurations through analysis of the resultant whole, in a process of integration and evaluation. ¶ With this understanding of material system comes an expansion in the number of criteria that are simultaneously engaged in the evolution of the design. The material characteristics, as well as the spatial components and forces (external and internal), are pressures onto the arrangement of material and space. ¶ This brings a high degree of complexity to the process. Biological systems are built on methods that resolve complex interactions through sets of simple yet extensible rules. Evolutionary Developmental Biology explains how growth is an interconnected process of external forces registering fitness into a fixed catalogue of morphological genetic tools. Translating the specific framework for biological growth into computational processes, allows the pursuit of an architecture that is fully informed by the interaction of space and material.


citation: Brown, G. T. L. & Sotardi, V. (2019, March). Evaluation of the BFI10 Personality Inventory
with New Zealand University Students: Failing Psychometric Tests.
Poster presented at the 2019 International Congress
of Psychological Science (ICPS), Paris, France.Abstract: The 10-item Big Five inventory
(BFI10) is a brief solution for measuring five personality traits. The BFI10
inventory was administered in two independent samples of New Zealand university
students. The factor structure of the responses was analysed independently and
jointly in three analytic studies. Each study is reported separately because
sampling and response administration was different. Joint analysis overcomes
any possible limitations associated with sample size.

In Study 1 (n = 330), confirmatory factor analysis of the 5-factor model had
acceptable fit characteristics, but scale estimates of reliability were weak
and four items had negative error variance and item loadings for four items
were very low. Exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation had superior
fit but deleted the Openness factor and two items; further, Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness had different item combinations.

In Study 2, (n = 231), CFA with MLE of the 5-factor model resulted in poor fit
characteristics to data. Item loadings for two factors (Agreeableness – reverse
item, and Openness – reverse item) had statistically non-significant values.
Scale estimates of reliability were poor (ranging from α = .19 to .70; M = .47). EFA with MLE and oblique
rotation yielded four factors, but item loadings were acceptable only for the
Neuroticism and Extraversion factors. Similar to Study 1, the factors for
Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness had different item combinations.

Because the expected BFI10 model was
not recoverable in these two samples, it was decided to merge the data sets to
overcome any possible limitations due to small sample size. In Study 3, a
number of techniques were applied to the two data sets. The best fitting model
in Study 1 and Study 2 was tested for invariance on the sample in the other
study. A joint common EFA (MLE, oblique rotation) followed by CFA was used to
ascertain a plausible model structure and test it for fit to the data. Principal
component analysis of the joint data was conducted and then submitted to CFA to
test for fit to the data. The Study 2 data were inadmissible for the original
BFI10 model because of covariance matrix not positive definite. Likewise, the
best fitting model from Study 1 (4 factors, 8 items) was also positive not
definite for the Study 2 data. The best fitting model from Study 2 (4 factors,
10 items) was inadmissible for Study 1 data for the same reason. The joint
solution based on PCA, had 3 factors and 9 items, two of which loaded on two
factors. The dominant component had 6 items (one from each personality trait
and two from agreeableness), while component two had 3 items, and component 3
had 2 items. Fit was good, but invariance was limited to configural
equivalence.

All modelling resulted in inability
to recover the intended 10 item, 5-factor BFI10 or generate a model that was
invariant across both samples. These analyses raise serious doubts about the reliability
and generalisability of the BFI10. Users are cautioned against using this brief
Big Five inventory without thorough examination of model-data fit.


Quantum error correction is the art of protecting quantum states from the detrimental influence from the environment. To master this art, one must understand how the system interacts with the environment and gives rise to a full set of quantum phenomena, many of which have no correspondence in classical information theory. Such phenomena include decoherence, an effect that in general destroys superpositions of pure states as a consequence of entanglement with the environment. But decoherence can also be understood as "information leakage", i.e., when knowledge of an encoded code block is transferred to the environment. In this event, the block's information or entanglement content is typically lost.In a typical scenario, however, not all types of destructive events are likely to occur, but only those allowed by the information carrier, the type of interaction with the environment, and how the environment "picks up" information of the error events. These characteristics can be incorporated into a code, i.e., a channel-adapted quantum error-correcting code.Often, it is assumed that the environment's ability to distinguish between error events is small, and I will denote such environments "memory-less". But this assumption is not always valid, since the ability to distinguish error events is related to the temperature of the environment, and in the particular case of information coded onto photons, kBTR «ℏω typically holds, and one must then assume that the environment has a "memory". In the thesis I describe a short quantum error-correction code adapted for photons interacting with a "cold" reservoir, i.e., a reservoir which continuously probes what error occurred in the coded state.I also study other types of environments, and show how to distill meaningful figures of merit from codes adapted for these channels, as it turns out that resource-based figures reflecting both information and entanglement can be calculated exactly for a well-studied class of channels: the Pauli channels. Starting from these resource-based figures, I establish the notion of efficiency and quality and show that there will be a trade-off between efficiency and quality for short codes. Finally I show how to incorporate, into these calculations, the choices one has to make when handling quantum states that have been detected as incorrect, but where no prospect of correcting them exists, i.e., so-called detection errors.


Despite the fact that polymer crystallization has been the object of intense research, this process is far from being fully understood. Traditional polymer crystallization studies using X-ray scattering techniques mainly provide information about the ordered regions. To obtain a more complete information about the time evolution of both the crystalline and the amorphous phase during polymer crystallization, we have developed a technique which allows one to obtain information about both the crystalline and the amorphous phase simultaneously. We report here simultaneous information about three key aspects of the isothermal polymer crystallization process: i) polymer chain ordering, through Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering; ii) lamellar crystals arrangement, through Small-Angle X-ray Scattering; iii) amorphous phase evolution through dielectric spectroscopy. Our results probe that during primary crystallization the average mobility of the amorphous phase is not notably affected. Upon passing through the crossover time, marking the transition from primary to secondary crystallization, the restriction to the mobility of the amorphous phase mainly occurs in the regions between the lamellar stacks regions and not in the amorphous regions within the lamellar stacks. We hypothesize that molecular mobility in the amorphous regions located between consecutive crystals become strongly arrested as soon as the lamellar stack is formed.


This study evaluates the use of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to augment the conventional methods used in watershed-scale hydrological modelling and rainfall-runoff studies in the Upper Gurara watershed in Northern Nigeria. Streamflow at the catchment outlet was simulated within a GIS environment at a daily time-step from the year 2001 to 2010, using freely available RS datasets and a physically based, semidistributed hydrological model (GeoSFM). Two procedures were available in the model for estimation of the contribution of soil moisture to streamflow generation: the Nonlinear Soil Moisture Accounting (NSMA), and the Linear Soil Moisture Accounting (LSMA) routines. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the monthly averaged simulated flows with the available observed historical data for 19 years (1971–1989). It was observed that both methods adequately estimated the peak flow occurrence and value when compared with the historically observed data. The log-transformed coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between the observed and simulated flow was 0.96 and 0.68 for NSMA and LSMA respectively. It was concluded that the model and datasets performed satisfactorily in simulating the peak discharge in the basin but was inadequate in simulating the rising limb of the hydrograph and the total volume of flow at the catchment outlet.


North-south changes in thickness of the prethrust stratigraphy of the North American Cordillera within the United States controlled kinematic development of the late Mesozoic (Sevier) fold and thrust belt. Variation in stratigraphic thickness determined the initial slope (β o ) of the basal decollement beneath the thrust wedge. As predicted by critical-wedge theory, segments of the Sevier thrust belt with initially thick Precambrian and Paleozoic stratigraphic sections are structurally simple and are composed of few thrust sheets; segments with thin prethrust stratigraphy and comparably low values of β o are intensely imbricated. The difference in structural style resulted because wedge segments with higher values of β o required less internal deformation to build and maintain the critical taper required for thrust-wedge advance. Transverse structural zones, across which kinematic style differed, formed at the terminations of thrust-belt segments and controlled the locations of long-lived antecedent drainage systems that transported gravel to the foreland. Therefore, along-strike changes in prethrust stratigraphic thickness resulted in an observed disjunct distribution of conglomerate in synorogenic deposits of the thrust wedge and foreland basin.


areca nut association with human being is since pre vedica period where it is used as a regular part of meals also it is considered as a token of gift in many cultures. Its deep association with traditions of our country we are not able to completely eradicate its use. Areca nut has its systemic effects on almost every system of our body. Thus its use should be curbed. Apart from its deleterious effects scientists have progressed to utilise its constituents as a treatment modality for cancers.


Objectives: The case-control study was to assess the periodontal parameters, plaque score, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, gingival recession and loss of attachment of teeth in contact with acylic partial dentures and to compare with teeth in the contra lateral side of the same arch not in contact with denture base. Methods: The sample consisted of partially edentulous 10 males and 12 females between the ages of 21 and 43 years. The prosthetic treatment was carried out with maxillary acrylic partial dentures which were designed in such a way that the gingival margin of two teeth on one side of the arch was in contact with the acrylic denture base (control side). The same teeth on the contra lateral side of the arch were kept well relieved from the denture base (6x10mm in bucco-medial and antero-posterior dimensions respectively on the test side). Initial periodontal assessment with plaque score (PLS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR) and loss of attachment (LOA) was carried out prior to issue of the partial dentures. All patients were recalled at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months intervals after issuing the dentures. Similar readings on periodontal parameters were obtained at each visit. Paired t test, Bonferroni t test and chi square were used for statistical analysis. Results: PLS, BOP, PPD, GR and LOA were increased significantly on the control side with 3 and 6 months of denture wearing (p<0.05). No difference in parameters was observed at 2 weeks recall. The changes of all parameters in the test side were non significant. Conclusion: With increased duration of denture wearing, removable acrylic partial dentures tend to adversely affect periodontal parameters, and therefore it is recommended to keep the dentures well relieved, at least 6x10 mm, from the gingival margin, wherever possible.


In a real-time electricity pricing context where consumers are sensitive to varying prices, having the ability to anticipate their response to a price change is valuable. This paper proposes models for the dynamics of such price-response, and shows how these dynamics can be used to control electricity consumption using a one-way price signal. Estimation of the price-response is based on data measurable at grid level, removing the need to install sensors and communication devices between each individual consumer and the price-generating entity. An application for price-responsive heating systems is studied based on real data, before conducting a control by price experiment using a mixture of real and synthetic data. With the control objective of following a constant consumption reference, peak heating consumption is reduced by nearly 5%, and 11% of the mean daily heating consumption is shifted.


BACKGROUND: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy is a cellular immunotherapy that redirects the killing activity of T cells to fight tumor cells. CD19 CAR T‐cell therapies have demonstrated high rates of complete response in clinical trials in patients with relapsed or refractory B‐cell malignancies and have been associated with on‐target side effects. OBJECTIVES: This article describes educational opportunities for patients and families during the CAR T‐cell therapy procedure, highlighting specific points where education by nurses is critical for safety and protocol adherence. METHODS: Current literature on CAR T‐cell therapy was reviewed and supported by the authors' professional experiences. FINDINGS: CAR T‐cell therapy is a novel treatment, and repetition of information and building the knowledge base of patients and families is important. The role of nurses in educating patients about the side effects of CAR T‐cell therapy is critical for the safety and psychological well‐being of patients.


Hickey and Powell's edited collection of essays by leading historians of the field and experts in their period traces the history of
the struggle for democracy in Britain through some of its signal moments, from Magna Carta, through Chartism and women's
emancipation, to the challenges of globalisation. The last concern emerges from a series of biennial international conferences
on Globalisation and its Discontents 1 and 2 (2001, 2003) and Globalisation and Representation (2005) held at the University of
Brighton.
Hickey and Powell's introduction problematises the concept of democracy, argues for a historical grounding of all political
debate, further proposing that, as the history reflected in this collection demonstrates, democracy has never been simply about
processes but always concerned with outcomes and interests. Representation, in this political sense, has, therefore, always
been about the self-representation of individuals and social groups in their imaginations: the self-perceptions and the
self-representations of the people have constituted the ground on which arguments for political representations have been
developed.
Hickey's single-authored culminating chapter addresses the issues of national identity, cosmopolitan democracy and
globalisation. In it he takes issue with the advocacy of political processes beyond the nation state as being practically infeasible
and oblivious to the centrality of culture and tradition in the formation of, and engagement in, any form of democracy.
Cosmopolitanism is counterposed to political internationalism, the invocations of Immanuel Kant notwithstanding.
Substantive chapters were contributed by leading historians of the field and experts in their period: Colin Richmond on Magna
Carta, Willy Lamont on the English Revolution, John Charlton on Chartism, John Newsinger on 19th-century colonialism, David
Powell on the formation of the Labour Party, Gill Scott on women's emancipation, Paddy Maguire on the postwar Labour
Government, Tony Benn on Thatcherism and Blairism, and Hickey on cosmopolitan democracy.


Background: Studies on midterm outcomes of the arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral tears with mild osteoarthritis (OA) are limited. Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of the arthroscopic treatment of FAI and labral tears in patients with mild preoperative OA (Tönnis grade 1) at a minimum 5-year follow-up, and to perform a matched-pair comparison to a control group with Tönnis grade 0. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data were prospectively collected on patients who underwent hip arthroscopic surgery between February 2008 and April 2011. Inclusion criteria were arthroscopic treatment for FAI and labral tears and having preoperative patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores, including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), and Hip Outcome Score–Sports-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain. Exclusion criteria were workers' compensation claims, preoperative Tönnis grade ≥2, and previous hip conditions (ipsilateral surgery, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, avascular necrosis, and dysplasia). Patients with minimum 5-year outcomes were eligible for matching on a 1:1 ratio (Tönnis grade 0 vs 1) based on age ±5 years, body mass index ±5 kg/m2, sex, labral treatment, and capsular treatment. Results: Of 356 eligible hips, 292 hips had minimum 5-year outcomes (82%). Eighty-five hips with Tönnis grade 1 were evaluated. At 5-year follow-up, patients with Tönnis grade 1 had significant improvements in all PRO and VAS scores (P < .0001). The overall satisfaction score was 8.2. The survivorship rate with respect to conversion to total hip arthroplasty for the Tönnis grade 1 group was 69.4% at 5 years, while in the Tönnis grade 0 group, it was 88.4% (P = .0002). Sixty-two hips with Tönnis grade 0 were matched to 62 hips with Tönnis grade 1. Both groups demonstrated improvements in all PRO and VAS scores from preoperatively to postoperatively (P < .0001). No significant differences existed between preoperative or postoperative scores or survivorship between the groups. Conclusion: The arthroscopic treatment of FAI and labral tears in patients with Tönnis grade 1 had good results at 5-year follow-up. After controlling for other variables using a matched-pair comparison, patients with Tönnis grade 1 had similar, durable improvements to those with Tönnis grade 0. While strict surgical indications and appropriate expectations are recommended for patients with mild OA, Tönnis grade 1 alone should not be considered a contraindication to hip arthroscopic surgery.


This article presents a study of modeling and optimization for the dynamic performance of wind turbine composite material blades and investigates the effects of composite material stacking sequence in addition to some design parameters such as twist angle (ɸ) and aspect ratio (AR) on the whole wind turbine performance. The two-stage Savonius rotor VAWT composite blades are designed and simulated within the solidworks simulation 2020 package. Modified mechanical parameters are introduced to improve the scalability, reliability, and accuracy of the developed models. The lamination plate theory is used to compute the equivalent mechanical properties for each composite blade. The finite element analyses (FEAs) are conducted to investigate the dynamic characteristics (frequency and associated mode shapes) of wind turbine models. Taguchi tools such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and additive model were employed to evaluate and obtain the significant factors and determine the optimal combination levels of wind turbine design parameters. Mathematical modeling based on response surface methodology (RSM) has been established. The analysis of results shows that the aspect ratio with a contribution of 48.08% had the dominant impact on the rotor performance followed by the stacking sequence and twist angle.


A series of labeled, hydrophobically modified polymers based on the alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether (MAEVE) has been synthesized to specifically address the issue of differences in domain organization of closed, polysoap systems and open, associative-thickening systems. Modification was achieved by reaction of primary amines with MAEVE in organic solvent and hydrolysis in aqueous base. This unique method allows stoichiometic modification with hydrophobic and fluorescent groups. Intramolecular associations predominate in a wide range of environments. The extent to which these interactions occur is effectively probed by monitoring nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) between naphthalene and pyrene groups covalently bound to the polymer chain. Intrapolymer NRET quantum efficiency increases with decreasing pH as the chain contracts to a globular conformation. Interpolymer NRET is independent of salt concentration, but intrapolymer NRET steadily increases with [NaCl] as the shielding of charge-charge repulsions constricts the coil. In extremely acidic and basic environments, interpolymer NRET increases as electrostatic repulsions are shielded or eliminated. A mechanism has been proposed whereby the compaction of labeled polymer micelles results in an enhancement in interpolymer aggregation due to the formation of hydrophobic micellar surfaces.


The sovereignty of indigenous peoples has long been a matter of debate. This chapter investigates the spatio-temporal dimensions of indigenous sovereignty in international law. The topic holds both theoretical relevance and contemporary practical significance, as it can inform and transform ongoing debates on the rights of indigenous people. The chapter highlights the importance of history in any serious and constructive consideration of the territorial and spatial dimensions of sovereignty. It also highlights that a just or at least fair resolution of any question relating to sovereignty, including its territorial dimension, must fully consider competing stories, histories, and temporalities of sovereignty. This method of analysis infuses the concept of sovereignty with inter-civilisational connotations, which are often neglected in current debates. The chapter supports the emergence of novel concepts, such as parallel sovereignty, to complement and give further impulse to the self-determination of indigenous peoples within the state. This reflection appeals to the experiences and histories of non-Western cultures and civilisations, thereby opening new avenues for informing future theory and practice of international law.


Abstract Background: Incidental colonic uptake of 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) is not an infrequent finding encountered during whole body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Almost all studies on this topic are in Western populations, which have a markedly different epidemiological profile for colorectal premalignant and malignant conditions as compared to that of the Indian subcontinent. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the etiology of incidentally detected focal FDG uptake in the colon by comparing it with colonoscopy and histopathology. Materials and Methods: Electronic medical records of patients who underwent FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) at our institution for a 2½-year period from January 2009 to July 2011 were reviewed. There were 32 out of 9000 (0.35%) patients whose PET/CT reports mentioned incidental focal colonic FDG uptake, of which 24 patients subsequently underwent colonoscopy. Lesions which appeared neoplastic on colonoscopy were confirmed with histopathology obtained after biopsy or surgery. Colonoscopy and pathology findings were considered as gold standard. Results: Among the 24 patients who underwent a colonoscopy, 3 patients had normal findings (12.5%). A positive colonoscopy was noted in 21 patients (87.5%) with the lesion coinciding with the location described in the PET/CT report. Adenomatous polyps were detected in 12 patients (37.5%), whereas in 8 patients (25%) malignant lesions were confirmed [adenocarcinoma n = 5, non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma (NHL) n = 2, malignant melanoma n = 1]. In one patient, colonic uptake was diagnosed as inflammatory. The mean standardized uptake value max (SUV max ) for the 12 premalignant lesions was 16.9 ± 9.6 (range 7.5-37.4) and the mean SUV max for the 8 malignant lesions was 12.9 ± 5.5 (range 6.7-21.6). The difference in SUV max between the premalignant adenomatous polyps and the malignant lesions was not statistically significant (P = 0.316). Conclusions: Our study shows that a significant proportion of patients (62.5%, 20/32) showing an incidental focal FDG uptake will harbor premalignant (adenomatous polyps) or malignant lesions, and further evaluation with colonoscopy and biopsy is warranted in such cases.


A poem that was published in The London Magazine in the summer of 1750 depicts an episode in which the ghost of Shakespeare appears to the actor David Garrick, inciting him to avenge the wrongs done to his works by those who would mutilate his natural genius through their own vainglorious adaptations. As Michael Dobson notes in his study, The Making of the National Poet, the poem capitalized upon the popular mid-eighteenth century representations that mythologized the relationship between the ghostly poet-playwright and the actor who was doing so much to expand and promote Shakespeare's position at the zenith of the literary pantheon as analogous to that of the famous Danish prince (incidentally Garrick's most famous theatrical role) and the Ghost of Hamlet Senior. So celebrated was this analogy that it became the victim of parody when Garrick became the prodigal son and disobeyed his spiritual father's orders and he proceeded to stage his own adaptations of Hamlet and the representation of Shakespeare as the Ghost of Old Hamlet was made even more explicit as he returned to haunt Garrick, chastising him for bringing his work 'upon the stage/With all your horrible imperfections on my head!' (cited in Dobson, 1992, 173). Garrick's supporters retaliated with a piece called, 'Shakespeare and Garrick, a New Dialogue, occasioned by the Alterations lately made in the Tragedy of Hamlet, as acted at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane', in which Shakespeare again appears as the ghost of Old Hamlet to an awe-struck Garrick/Hamlet/Claudius:

 [The Spirit of Shakespeare arises]

 [Garr.] Angels and Ministers of Grace! –

 Shakespear. Proceed;

 And let my organs spiritually feed From those harmonious lips, whose quick'ning breath

 So oft hath chear'd me in the arms of death;

 And now by potency of magic sound

 Calls up my spirit from the deep profound:

 Speak to thy Shakespear –

 Garrick. Hail, much honour'd name!

 Friend of my life and father of my fame:

 If whilst I draw each weed, that idly creeps Around the tomb, where thy lov'd Hamlet sleeps,

 Incautiously I have forgot to spare

 Some flower, which thy full hand had scatter'd there,

 Impute it not –

 Shakespear. Freely correct my Page:

 I wrote to please a rude unpolish'd age;

 Thou, happy man, art fated to display

 Thy dazzling talents in a brighter day;

 Let me partake this night's applause with thee,

 And thou shalt share immortal fame with me.

 (Cited in Dobson, 1992 175)

This was not the first time that Shakespeare had appeared as a ghostly illusion – many times before the spectre of the Bard had been summoned from beyond the grave to serve as a prologue to various performances of his plays and their adaptations, and yet it was the analogy between Shakespeare's authorship and the Ghost in Hamlet that persistently haunted the stage in the late seventeenth century and early to mid-eighteenth century. There is even a rumour, which started courtesy of Nicholas Rowe, the first editor of Shakespeare's plays, and which is still in circulation today that Shakespeare himself was the first performer to play the role of Old Hamlet. Neither is this alignment between Shakespeare and Hamlet's Ghost innovative in terms of more contemporary critical perspectives on the text, and Marjorie Garber in her study, Shakespeare's Ghost Writers speaks of how the authorial presence of Shakespeare persistently haunts his corpus of plays: 'The Ghost is Shakespeare…the one who comes as a revenant, belatedly instated, regarded as originally authoritative, rather than retrospectively canonized, and deriving increased authority from this very instatement of authority backward, over time' (1987, 176), and Garber boldly substantiates Rowe's assertion, '[w]e know that Shakespeare played the part of the Ghost in Hamlet. What could not be foreseen, except through anamorphic reading, was that he would become that Ghost' (1987, 176). Whether or not there was any veracity behind Rowe's claim, the alignment between author and spectre draws explicit attention to the uncanny function that both entities bring to the act of theatrical performance. This essay will explore the connotations of this association between ghost and author when each entity simultaneously enacts both its presence and absence in the liminal realm of representation, wherein ghost becomes author; author becomes ghost, and performance becomes a kind of seance, conjuring up the spirits of the dead and materializing them through the performer's body. In order to do this, I will explore the extent to which stage representations of Old Hamlet from the sixteenth century onwards have been haunted by contemporary appropriations and attitudes towards the playwright. In so doing, I argue that the production choices made regarding the appearance of the Ghost of Hamlet's father say less about contemporary attitudes towards the supernatural than they do about existing perspectives and exploitations of Shakespeare, his authorial status and how it is permitted to haunt the theatrical event. In so doing I confess that I make no attempts to present a comprehensive history of Hamlet in performance. Such a task is beyond the remit of a single essay. However, the present project is offered to the reader to be accepted as a provocation to inspire further thought rather than to be received as an end in itself. I must further stress that my study consciously recognises its limitations, and for this reason I have confined my focus to a study of productions of Hamlet on the English stage. This is not to disparage future considerations of the representation of the Ghost on more international stages and in wider global contexts.


This paper looks at how contemporary environmental (including climate) policy problems are phrased in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. The latter three concepts have served as foci of theoretical discussions among economists who analyse these issues and identify criteria that determine relevant regulations and programmes adopted by governments. The paper starts with a discussion of Pigouvian taxation as model instrument used in order to solve policy problems. It analyses to what extent and under what circumstances alternative instruments — such as marketable pollution permits — can achieve environmental and climate goals while serving other purposes too. Coase theorem is used as a reference for discussing what government interventions are indeed indispensable to achieve both explicit and tacit policy goals. Popular principles and practically applied 'rules of thumb' — such as the Polluter Pays Principle — are then reviewed. The next part is devoted to examining market structures as they influence environmental outcomes of economic activities. This is followed by a discussion of Environmental Tax Reforms which seems to inspire much of the economic thinking about contemporary policies. An outlook for the 21st century concludes the paper.


Objectives: The objectives of the study were: (i) To assess the frequency of different chronic daily headaches in patients using ICHD-2 criteria (ii) To find out the frequency and type of medication overuse and psychiatric morbidity in chronic daily headache subjects. Design: Cross sectional observational study. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in the psychiatry outpatient department of a teaching medical institution during January to September 2005. Subjects and Methods: Subjects suffering from chronic daily headache were recruited from a specialized headache clinic in a tertiary care hospital's Psychiatry department. The diagnoses were made according to ICHD-2. Medication overuse was defined according to ICHD-2 criteria and psychiatric illness was diagnosed following ICD-10 criteria in CDH patients. In subjects fulfilling the criteria for 'medication overuse', the culprit drug was stopped immediately and prophylactic therapy was started. Results: Frequency of chronic daily headache was 37% in this sample. Females outnumbered males (1: 1.52) and formed higher number of migraine cases (p=0.02). Tension Type Headache (TTH) was most frequent headache (48.5%). According to ICHD-2 criteria, probable medication overuse headache could be diagnosed in all patients, which precluded the diagnosis of chronic migraine and chronic TTH. Psychiatric morbidity was seen in 70.3% subjects and mild to moderate depression was the most common illness (53%). TTH subjects showed predisposition for anxiety disorders (OR= 6.41; p= 0.004). Conclusion: TTH is the most common subtype of CDH when ICHD-2 is followed. Medication overuse is common in this group of patients and these probably should be discontinued according to substance dependence de-addiction model for better compliance, and even more slowly in subjects with chronic migraine headache. Psychiatric morbidity is prevalent in CDH patients and requires special attention.


More than two hundred years ago, William Blackstone defined the right of property as "that sole and despotic dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the world, in total exclusion of the right of any other individual in the universe." This concept, commonly referred to as the Right to Exclude, has been arguably one of the most significant and essential elements in defining our understanding of what constitutes property in the United States. Since Blackstone's description of property in the mid-eighteenth century, the right to exclude others has emerged as the single most important factor in determining the existence of private property. Historically, the right to exclude concerns the relationship between people with respect to things, "such that the so-called owner can exclude others from certain activities or permit others to engage in those activities and in either case secure assistance of the law in carrying out this decision." But, from a present-day perspective, the right to exclude is so much more than a property right that defines the existence of private property and the relationships between owners and things. It is a right that has evolved beyond the legal constructs of traditional property law to also encompass legal entitlements and benefits possessed by one person over another irrespective of the legal relationship between such person and the thing in which the right is claimed. This Article explores the evolution of right to exclude beyond being an essential and fundamental property right associated primarily with interests in "things" (i.e., in rem conception of property rights) to also being the societal compass that helps form reasonable expectations of privacy that guide us in our dealings and relationships with one another (i.e., in personam conception of property rights). This Article also addresses how this new understanding of the right to exclude may be used to resolve expanding privacy concerns, particularly in the wake of advanced surveillance technology.


We show that a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform offers many advantages for the implementation of planar concave grating (PCG) demultiplexers, as compared with other material systems. We present for the first time the design and measurement results of a PCG demultiplexer fabricated on a nanophotonic SOI platform using standard wafer scale CMOS processes including deep-UV lithography. Our PCG device has four wavelength channels with a channel spacing of 20 nm and a record-small footprint of 280times150 mum. The on-chip loss is 7.5 dB, and the crosstalk is better than -30 dB


This paper discusses about the position of guardian in marriage. A marriage certainly has the goal to establish a harmonious family which in the language of religion called by sakinah, mawadah and rahmah. In order to realize the noble purpose of marriage, the majority of scholars consider it important for the guardianship in a marriage as one of the form to preserve the rights of women who are under guardianship. Although most of scholars argued that the guardian as pillars of marriage as adopted in Indonesia by existing any legislation, however there is one who different from the other scholars, he is Imam Abu Hanifah. According to him, the guardian is not included pillars of a marriage. The arguments is used by Abu Hanifa is analogy (qiyas) that mature girl is actually same as the widow. A woman who has grown up in this case as one who would marry is a person of the most understanding of himself. Imam Abu Hanifa€™s frameworks more reasonable caused by the social conditions surrounding that metropolitan. Thus, the socio-civic of someone will affect the thinking constructs.

Keywords : Guardian, Imam Abu Hanifah, Social-Civic.
Keywords : Guardian, Imam Abu Hanifah, Social-Civic.


Purpose. To establish the relationships between commonly used questionnaires including Dry Eye Questionnaire, McMonnies Questionnaire, and Ocular Surface Disease Index, and to test the construct and face validity of the simple Subjective Evaluation of Symptom of Dryness. Methods. Ninety-seven non-contact lens wearing subjects were enrolled in the study and classified into either a "dry" and "non-dry" group using a single score from an initially applied subjective evaluation of symptom of dryness. The four questionnaires were then completed in a random order. The unidimensionality and accuracy of the responses was assessed using Rasch and receiver (or relative) operating characteristics curve analysis and the characteristics of and association between symptoms were compared using non-parametric statistics. Results. The responses from the Dry Eye Questionnaire, McMonnies Questionnaire, and Ocular Surface Disease Index met the Rasch analysis criterion of unidimensionality. Each test separated the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups well [all receiver (or relative) operating characteristics area-under-the-curve statistics at least 0.88] and there were significant associations between the results from each questionnaire (all Spearman &rgr; at least 0.64). Conclusions. The results illustrate that different questionnaire-based instruments examining symptoms in controls and symptomatic subjects derive unidimensional data that are similar inasmuch as the overall scores are highly correlated. The data also point to the utility of a quick, three-question screening tool in dry eye research.


Abstract Cross-bedding, the inclined internal stratification that records the migration of certain transverse sedimentary bedforms, is nearly ubiquitous in current-transported bedload sediments. Although examples of the structure are known from inorganic clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks from practically all depositional environments and intervals of geologic history, here we report cross-bedded lenses that are composed wholly or significantly of woody debris, in Pliocene alluvium of the Beaufort Formation in the Canadian High Arctic. The uniqueness of cross-bedded woody debris has hitherto been overlooked, but we demonstrate that, in the entire Phanerozoic record, it is apparently restricted to alluvium deposited during a warm climatic interval that permitted the growth of boreal-type forests within 10° latitude of the North Pole. The marked spatiotemporal restriction of cross-bedded woody debris implies that there may be environmental factors, unique to polar forests, which promote the subaqueous transport of large amounts of fine woody debris as fluvial bedload. We propose a non-uniformitarian conceptual model for the formation of cross-bedded woody debris in forested polar rivers whereby an exceptional abundance of woody debris could accumulate, and become saturated and denser than water, due to reduced decomposition on forest floors that were subject to prolonged periods of darkness and subzero temperatures.


Objective- The aim of the present survey was to evaluate whether the results of cardiac measurements using the VHS are a useful indicator of the origin of normal rabbits. Design- Experimental study. Animals- Forty seven adult healthy New Zealand White rabbits (25 male, 22 female) with age 10-18 months and weight 1.5-2.5 Kg. Procedures- To assess the influence of breed on the vertebral heart scale of rabbits, the VHS was measured and compared on left to right and right to left lateral views. Lengths of the long and short axis were determined with a ruler in millimeters. The dimensions were scaled against the length of the vertebrae beginning with the fourth thoracic vertebra. Results- Mean ± SD long axis dimensions were 4.3 ± 0.30 vertebrae and mean ± SD short axis dimensions 3.1 ± 0.32 vertebrae. The VHS was 7.6±0.32 vertebrae (mean ± SD) on right-to-left lateral and 7.3± 0.31 vertebrae on left-to-right lateral radiographs. The obtained VHS on right to left lateral views were larger than left to right lateral radiographs, nevertheless no significant differences were observed in RL-long axis  and RL-vertebral heart size (P>0.05). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- The vertebral heart scale method is easy to use and objective for clinical practice. The obtained data showed that the long axis and short axis of the heart had not significantly different in male and female rabbits together. Also, no significant changes were observed according to age. These values are useful as new diagnostic indices for cardiac disease in rabbits.


The advance of tidal energy technologies has created new demands for active acoustic monitoring in highly dynamic marine environments. An innovative data collection approach using the FLOWBEC multi-instrument platform has been developed to acoustically observe turbulence and ecological interactions in the challenging environments around turbine installations in the UK. Standard processing approaches for echosounder data are unsuitable in these sites because of the extreme variability in acoustic conditions due to strong tidal flows and complex wind-wave interactions. Novel techniques for identifying ecological targets (fish, diving seabirds, and marine mammals) and characterising the physical conditions have been developed which are functional even during extreme turbulence. Reliable target identification is achieved using scale-sensitive filtering, morphological characterization, and multifrequency analysis of EK60 echosounder data. Combining results with synchronized multibeam data and other observation...


The Mirrors for Princes are administrative texts of ancient history. These texts, referred to by different names, are considered to be important because they have a function of projection, for rulers of the period. And their importance is not limited by this, because of its features. Since criticism and suggestions for the next ruler also shows the people's expectations, it is a reflection of the social and political characteristics of the period as well as texts. However, the Mirrors for Princes is not merely an object or the text to understand history or a period of time because these texts are elements of historical and social memory. From the text, written in the changing conditions and at different times, it can be understood that there were changing political and societal realities as well as unchanging elements. In this respect, the Mirrors for Princes can be considered not only an illumination of the past, staying in the dusty shelves of history, but also a relevant reflection that reaches to now. The main purpose of this study is to find out the secrets of leadership from this reflection. The main argument of this study is that this region has a historical code of the current leadership, which can be interpreted by the Mirrors for Princes. The backbone of the work depends on the interpretation and analysis of the Mirrors for Princes. This text was written in different times for different rulers; it raised powerful leaders from the Ottoman, Seljuk, Mongol, and Iranian societies. This research seeks to find out a different leader perception typology from commonalities despite social differences to different states and periodic variations. Considering that the Mirrors for Princes is an extensive literature, this study should be evaluated as a motivational tool for comprehensive successors.


ABSTRACT The effectiveness of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) was challenged after the suspension of Syria's membership in 2012. There were already indications of Iranian–Saudi rivalry on the issue of Syria's membership, but the 2016 summit held in Turkey became the stage for a very public dispute between the two states. This was not the first time that the OIC had been undermined by interstate rivalry. Formed in 1969 to project an image of political unity among Muslim states, it has often been challenged by the identity politics and geopolitical competition of its member states. This paper studies the factors that contribute to interstate tensions within the OIC and its approaches to addressing it. By examining a series of OIC events during the period 2012–18 through the lens of critical discourse analysis, it argues that identity politics in the form of sectarianism have been employed, more overtly since the Arab Spring, by both Iran and Saudi Arabia to promote their geopolitical agendas with direct implications for the coherence of OIC. The rivalry not only threatens to fracture the OIC but also makes the notion of Muslim unity nothing more than a mirage.


We analyze linked databases on all Small Business Administration (SBA) loans, on all SBA lenders, and on all U.S. employers to estimate the effects of financial access on employment growth. Our methods combine regressions with matching on firm age, size, industry, year, and employment history, and with instrumental variables capturing ease of access to SBA lenders. The estimation results imply an increase of 3-4 jobs for each million dollars of loans, suggesting that credit constraints impede small business growth prior to loan receipt. We also investigate the variation in estimated employment effects for the SBA 504 versus 7(a) programs, and with respect to the business cycle, local credit conditions, and within-county versus non-SBA county-industry control firms. Finally, for loans issued over the 1992-2007 period, we estimate total job creation of 1.0-2.1 million and the government's cost per job of $8,200-$18,000 measured five years after the loan year.


Money laundering is now criminalized under Article 216 dealing with "Legislation of money or property acquired in a criminal way". There is a common characteristic of money laundering reviewed in this article also problems of fight against this crime are brought to light. Money laundering is analyzed from the point of view of criminal law. The laws of Republic of Lithuania which set a penal amenability are discussed. They are compared with corresponding laws of foreign countries. The greatest importance is attached to the legal regulation of fight against money laundering in our Republic and in the world. Money laundering prevention measures and international cooperation when solving this matter is reviewed. The author presented the legal crime construction of money laundering, which must be proved in court. Also the author analyzed the main objective and subjective features of the money laundering, such as financial operations with money or property acquired in criminal way; concludes the agreements, uses them in economic or commercial activity or makes a fraudulent declaration that they are derived from legal activity, for the purposes of concealing or legitimizing these proceeds. The author also explained that article 216 was subsequently amended in 2004 with the new wording knowing that money or property acquired in a criminal way. In the article author presented the conception of the delimitation legislation of money or property acquired in a criminal way and acquirement or realization of property obtained from criminal activity. Also the author shows that the money laundering in Lithuania is criminalized in line with the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the Vienna Convention), and the United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime (the Palermo Convention).


Experimental reproducibility and replicability are critical topics in machine learning. Authors have often raised concerns about their lack in scientific publications to improve the quality of the field. Recently, the graph representation learning field has attracted the attention of a wide research community, which resulted in a large stream of works. As such, several Graph Neural Network models have been developed to effectively tackle graph classification. However, experimental procedures often lack rigorousness and are hardly reproducible. Motivated by this, we provide an overview of common practices that should be avoided to fairly compare with the state of the art. To counter this troubling trend, we ran more than 47000 experiments in a controlled and uniform framework to re-evaluate five popular models across nine common benchmarks. Moreover, by comparing GNNs with structure-agnostic baselines we provide convincing evidence that, on some datasets, structural information has not been exploited yet. We believe that this work can contribute to the development of the graph learning field, by providing a much needed grounding for rigorous evaluations of graph classification models.