Mode selection is normally used in conjunction with Device-to-Device (D2D) millimeter wave (mmWave) communications in 5G networks to overcome the low coverage area, poor reliability and vulnerable to path blocking of mmWave transmissions. Thus, producing a high-efficient D2D mmWave using mode selection based on select the optimal mode with low complexity turns to be a big challenge towards ubiquitous D2D mmWave communications. In this paper, low complexity and high-efficient mode selection in D2D mmWave communications based on deep learning is introduced utilizing the artificial intelligence. In which, deep learning is used to estimate the optimal mode y in the case of blocking of mmWave transmission or low coverage area of mmWave communications. Then, the proposed deep learning model is based on training the model with almost use cases in offline phase to predict the optimal mode for data relaying high-reliability communication in online phase. In mode selection process, the potential D2D transmitter select the mode to transmit the data either based on dedicated D2D communication or through the cellular uplink using the base station (BS) as a relay based on several criteria. The proposed deep learning model is developed to overcome the challenges of selected the optimal mode with low complexity and high efficiency. The simulation analysis show that the proposed mode selection algorithms outperform the conventional techniques in D2D mmWave communication in the spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and coverage probability.


An expression involving the fringe brightness as a function of the amplitude of vibration is obtained for the case of a Michelson or a similar interferometer in which one of the returning mirrors executes S.H.M. in a direction perpendicular to its plane. A detailed discussion of the application of this expression to the measurement of the amplitude of vibration of a quartz plate is given, together with the observations upon four such plates. The superposition of either the first or second overtone upon the fundamental is also considered.The observed vibrations are predominantly flexural. The experimental results of Doerffler relating to the frequency dependence of the velocity of flexural waves are confirmed and found to apply to X-waves in a Y-cut. There is evidence of low frequency flexural waves propagated diagonally across a quartz plate.An interferometer method is suggested for distinguishing between flexural and longitudinal vibrations.


We favor revision of the Horizontal Merger Guidelines. Our preliminary comments in this essay are based on a work in progress that we provisionally entitle, "Favoring Dynamic Competition over Static Competition." The eventual paper will address, in greater detail than we can explore here, how government enforcement agencies and courts would apply a more explicitly dynamic model of competition to merger analysis. We pose the following question: How must competition policy evolve if it is explicitly to favor Schumpeterian (dynamic) competition over neoclassical (static) competition? Of course, one also could ask that question with respect to intellectual property law and sector-specific regulation of network industries. We intend to do so in our eventual paper.


"Dark Energy is Gravitational Waves" Adrian Ferent "The momentum of the graviton is negative p = - m × v " Adrian Ferent "Because the momentum is negative, the relativistic mass -m of the graviton is negative!" Adrian Ferent The causes of Planck universe to expand faster: -The Ferent universe with supermassive black holes is speeding up the expansion of Planck universe. -The negative pressure created by gravitons inside the Planck universe, is speeding up the expansion of Planck universe. -Not the Dark energy is speeding up the expansion of Planck universe, because Dark energy does not exist. "Dark Energy is Gravitons" Adrian Ferent The title is 'Dark Energy is Gravitational Waves, Dark Energy is Gravitons' because my Gravitation theory is completely different than Einstein's Gravitation theory where Gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate as waves with the speed of light.


Although still controversial, it has been suggested that overall mortality in industrialised countries tends to rise during economic expansions and fall in recessions, attributed to the boost in traffic and industrial activity and environmental pollution during economic upturns.1 However, as Tapir Granados has demonstrated using Japanese mortality statistics, suicide increases during economic crises perhaps because suicide is usually a consequence of psychological illnesses like depression directly caused by financial hardships due to unemployment or precarious employment.1 Chang et al examined the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and found that although economic impacts were the most severe in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia, Japan showed the sharpest rise in suicide rate following the crisis and the rate has hovered at a record high to the present, despite a macroeconomic recovery afterwards.2 Here, the potential reasons for this Japanese-specific suicide trend over the past dozen years are analysed.

First, the dramatically changed employment systems in Japan through the recession period may explain this. The 1997 crises increased not only unemployment but also the working poor who lost regular employment positions, creating a novel dualism in the labour market.3 4 The share …


This study set out to investigate how ICT design relates to users' affect, cognition and creativity in task performance. More specifically, the intent is to highlight how ICT design can elicit positive effective states and enhance cognitive abilities, including creative thinking in task activity within distance learning. In addition to this is to emphasize the synergies between ICT design, affect, cognition, and creativity from as well theoretical as empirical perspectives. To achieve the objective of this study, a qualitative empirical method was used. A survey questionnaire was chosen as a collection data technique. As far as analysis is concerned, phenomenology analytic strategy was espoused to explore how the participants perceive the phenomenon under inquiry. As for theory, central themes were selected for review given the synergy between them and their implication for the topic. They include: ICT; design; ICT design aspects: aesthetics, functionality, and usability; affect and cognition; and creativity; as well as the synergies between these concepts. Key findings highlight the role of affective quality of ICT design aesthetics in eliciting positive affective states among users when they acquire and use new ICT products or services regardless of their motivational needs. Most users consider aesthetics, usability, and functionality as design aspects but they tend to differ in ranking them depending on how they emotionally perceive them. Simplicity in ICT design is perceived as pleasurable aesthetic value. Further, natural colors are favored most by ICT users and positively affect their emotions so do the other aesthetical features associated with computers, software graphics, and web design. Using ICT inspire users creativity in task performance through what design affective qualities induce as positive affect in them in addition to software usability and functionality depending on the user. There are some synergies between design aesthetics, affect, cognition, and creativity. Moreover, ICT design can, depending on additional factors, ease and help users' to carry out complex task and if software applications are skillfully used, they can help stimulate users' creativity in task performance because of the built-in capabilities that are intended to enhance cognitive and emotional abilities of users. In addition, users differ on the elements they focus on when interacting with ICT depending on their inclination. Human attentional capacity and intensity can play a role in creativity. Crystallization of creativity can be triggered when various ICT design elements are perceived in a useful way.


The classical two-parameter Fourier algorithm for computing synchrophasors is appropriate when the underlying voltage and current waveforms are sinusoids with constant amplitude and phase angle and with a frequency equal to the assumed value. Synchrophasor measurements, however, are applied in power systems to track dynamic conditions where, by definition, currents and voltages, though resembling sine-waves, exhibit changes in their magnitudes and vectorial positions. This paper presents a novel algorithm for estimating synchrophasors under such dynamic conditions. In contrast to the classical Fourier algorithm, our model is a complex Taylor expansion, yielding several parameters in the model to be estimated. Four- and six-parameter models are presented corresponding to first and second order Taylor expansions. This paper derives a compensation method for canceling the error in the classical Fourier algorithm that arises under dynamic conditions, shows comparative simulation and test results and describes an efficient implementation. Application of the error cancellation method to other phasor algorithms and extending the technique to higher order Taylor expansions, are discussed. Implementation of synchrophasor measurements on protection and control intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) is discussed, and solutions are presented that allow for secure integration.


We aimed to explore the associations between different lipid profiles and semen quality in a large-scale general male population. Sperm concentration, total sperm motility, progressive motility, and normal sperm morphology of total 7601 participants were recorded. The association of these semen parameters with the triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein of serum lipid profiles was analyzed. Sperm concentration was statistically positively correlated with triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (adjusted P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). Total sperm motility and progressive motility were statistically increased with increasing low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels (both adjusted P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively). The similar J-shaped associations (high-low-low-high) were noted between individual lipid profile and normal sperm morphology, especially low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol with statistical significance (adjusted P = 0.017 and P = 0.021, respectively). The prevalence of abnormal total sperm motility and progressive motility was decreased in participants with high levels of cholesterol (P = 0.008 and P = 0.019, respectively), and the reverse J-shaped associations (low-high-high-low) were noted between high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein, and the prevalence of abnormal normal sperm morphology (P = 0.010, P = 0.037, and P = 0.025, respectively). A high cholesterol level was associated with better sperm motility. Similar J-shaped associations were noted between all lipid profiles and normal sperm morphology; meanwhile, the reverse J-shaped trends were identified between them and abnormal normal sperm morphology prevalence.


The relocation of dredged material from navigation channels in the Francisco Bay is crucial to the movement of deep-draft shipping and shallow-draft recreational vessels. The margins of the Bay are shallow, as are portions of its northern and southern reaches, and must be continually excavated to provide adequate depths for vessel transit. This requirement for constructing and maintenance of local channels began with the passage of the River and Harbor Act of 1868. Since that time, the majority of dredges material has been relocated to several dispersive, aquatic disposal sites within the Bay. The primary site is near Alcatraz island in Central San Francisco Bay. In 1982, this site was discovered to be mounding. Continued bathymetric surveys through the eighties verified that the site was not behaving as a fully dispersive site and that a stable mound had formed. Currently, the San Francisco Bay region has limited disposal options other than this aquatic disposal site. Understanding the site's sediment consolidation and transport characteristics is essential to its management and longevity. Presently, surveys, calculations and modeling are being used to further investigate and quantify the sustained sediment yield from the site. The purpose of this paper is to describe the engineering studies conducted, their findings and management consequences.


Television is increasingly viewed through computers in the form of downloaded or steamed content, yet computer based television consumption has received little attention in HCI. In this paper we describe a study of the uses and practices of tech-savvy college students, studying their television consumption through the internet. We find that users personalize their viewing but that TV is still a richly social experience - not as communal watching, but instead through communication around television programs. We explore new possibilities for technology-based interaction around television.


Distance sampling is a technique for estimating the abundance of animals or other objects in a region, allowing for imperfect detection. This paper evaluates the statistical efficiency of the method when its assumptions are met, both theoretically and by simulation. The theoretical component of the paper is a derivation of the asymptotic variance penalty for the distance sampling estimator arising from uncertainty about the unknown detection parameters. This asymptotic penalty factor is tabulated for several detection functions. It is typically at least 2 but can be much higher, particularly for steeply declining detection rates. The asymptotic result relies on a model which makes the strong assumption that objects are uniformly distributed across the region. The simulation study relaxes this assumption by incorporating over-dispersion when generating object locations. Distance sampling and strip transect estimators are calculated for simulated data, for a variety of overdispersion factors, detection functions, sample sizes and strip widths. The simulation results confirm the theoretical asymptotic penalty in the non-overdispersed case. For a more realistic overdispersion factor of 2, distance sampling estimation outperforms strip transect estimation when a half-normal distance function is correctly assumed, confirming previous literature. When the hazard rate model is correctly assumed, strip transect estimators have lower mean squared error than the usual distance sampling estimator when the strip width is close enough to its optimal value (± 75% when there are 100 detections; ± 50% when there are 200 detections). Whether the ecologist can set the strip width sufficiently accurately will depend on the circumstances of each particular study.


We test whether increasing cash-on-hand raises the productivity of poor workers. Our motivation is psychological. Concerns about money can create mental burdens such as worry, stress, or sadness. These in turn could interfere with the ability to work effectively. We empirically test for this possibility using a field experiment with piece-rate manufacturing workers in India. We randomize the timing of income receipt, so that on a given day some workers have more cash-on-hand than others. This manipulation holds constant wages and piece rates, as well as human and physical capital. On cash-rich days, average productivity increases by 0.11 standard deviations (6.2%); this effect is concentrated among relatively poorer workers. Mistakes also decline on these days — an effect that is again concentrated among poorer workers. Having more cash-on-hand thus enables workers to work faster while making fewer errors, suggesting improved cognition. We argue that mechanisms such as gift exchange, trust, and nutrition cannot account for our findings. Instead, our results suggest a range of psychological mechanisms wherein alleviating financial concerns allows workers to be more attentive and productive at work.


After Chile's military coup of September 1973, the Partido Socialista
de Chile (PSCh) almost disintegrated; and the disputes of the various
underground centres that emerged after the coup did not help to restore
the credibility of the party. By 1979, through a series of splits, expulsions,
and disagreements between the organisation underground in Chile and
the segment of the party in exile, the PSCh went through the most serious
crisis of its history, which had already been dominated by many divisions
and disagreements over its political strategy.
From 1979 to the present, the existence of a variety of Socialist
'parties', with only one having a solid underground apparatus in Chile —
the PSCh led by Clodomiro Almeyda, former Foreign Secretary of
Allende — prevented a more successful and effective unity of the Chilean
left, and thus a more credible political alternative of power to the military
regime of General Pinochet.
This paper will focus on the process that took the PSCh to its deepest
crisis, in 1979, attempting a reconstruction of the schisms and disputes in
organisational as well as political terms and an explanation of the reasons
behind them. Answers will also be sought to the following questions:
what is there left of the traditional Socialist Party yet another federation
of groups and ideological tendencies or a more homogeneous organisation?
Where should we place the origins of the political crisis of 1979?
The conclusion that the PSCh suffered an irreversible process of atomisation
must be a tentative one. Yet it could be said that it would be very
difficult to imagine a pre-coup style PSCh.


We report the detection of two short-period planets discovered at Keck Observatory. HD 149143 is a metal-rich G0 IV star with a planet of M sin i = 1.33MJ and an orbital radius of 0.053 AU. The best-fit Keplerian model has an orbital period, P = 4.072 days, semivelocity amplitude, K = 149.6 m s-1, and eccentricity, e = 0.016 ± 0.01. The host star is chromospherically inactive and metal-rich, with [Fe/H] = 0.26. Based on the Teff and stellar luminosity, we derive a stellar radius of 1.49 R☉. Photometric observations of HD 149143 were carried out using the automated photometric telescopes at Fairborn Observatory. HD 149143 is photometrically constant over the radial velocity period to 0.0003 ± 0.0002 mag, supporting the existence of the planetary companion. No transits were detected down to a photometric limit of approximately 0.02%, eliminating transiting planets with a variety of compositions and constraining the orbital inclination to less than 83°. A short-period planet was also detected around HD 109749, a G3 IV star. HD 109749 is chromospherically inactive, with [Fe/H] = 0.25 and a stellar radius of 1.24. The radial velocities for HD 109749 are modeled by a Keplerian with P = 5.24 days and K = 28.7 m s-1. The inferred planet mass is M sin i = 0.28MJ and the semimajor axis of this orbit is 0.0635 AU. Photometry of HD 109749 was obtained with the SMARTS consortium telescope, the PROMPT telescope, and by transitsearch.org observers in Adelaide and Pretoria. These observations did not detect a decrement in the brightness of the host star at the predicted ephemeris time, and they constrain the orbital inclination to less than 85° for gas giant planets with radii down to 0.7RJ.


Background & Aim: Hospitals are required to follow the Biomedical Waste management Handling Rules & Regulations, 1998 under the Environment protection Act for hospital waste disposal. The present study was initiated by the hospital administrators to assess the knowledge level on the biomedical waste management among the nurses for taking further action to ensure proper biomedical waste management.
Material & Methods: Prospective study conducted at a tertiary care center. Nurses (n=38) were given a training session on Biomedical waste management by an expert group comprising of nursing supervisors, clinical doctors and hospital administrators. Kirkpatrick's model of training evaluation was followed consisting of reaction evaluation and learning evaluation through questionnaire (Q=25) before and after starting the training program.
Results: The minimum and maximum marks obtained by the nurses before training was 11 and 22 respectively. This increased to 18 and 25 after the training. The marks obtained before training (17.89±2.96) and after training (21.71±2.16) showed statistical significant improvement in the knowledge of biomedical waste management (p=0.0001) among the nurses.
Conclusions: There is definite improvement in the knowledge on biomedical waste management among the nurses after the training session


Direct pricing of online content provides an alternative business model for providing online content. Its merits over the commonly used indirect pricing models are widely recognized. As more and more companies resort to charging users for information that was free in the past, we try to answer the following questions: (1) Will direct pricing online content itself affect the perceived information quality in online sites? (2) Will users' individual differences moderate the relationship between pricing online contents and perceived information quality? and (3) How does direct pricing of online content affect the perceived information quality in terms of accuracy, completeness, currency and format? Based on theories in IS and marketing, we develop a research model that extends our understanding of perceptions on information quality in information systems. Using an experiment and a survey, we intend to test several hypotheses on the effect of direct pricing of online content on users' perceptions of information quality. Our results will complement existing IS theories on information quality and also contribute to the practical world by studying online users' behavior and justifying companies' current or future decisions on pricing information services.


In 1996, around 10,000 tax dollars will put a child through many public schools for a year. About 10,000 private dollars will put him through prep school. Why then, is one system troubled and the other thriving, one vilified and the other celebrated? In this book, a historian of education searches out the lessons that private schooling might offer public education as cries for school reform increases. "Lessons from Privilege" explores a tradition shaped by experience and common sense, and guided by principles that encourage community, personal relationships and high academic standards. These "basic" values make a profound difference in a time when popular culture, which mocks intellectual curiosity and celebrates mental passivity, competes so successfully for students' attention. Arthur Powell uses the experience of private education to put the whole schooling enterprise in fresh perspective. He shows how the sense of schools as special communities can help instill passion and commitment in teachers, administrators and students alike - and how passion and commitment are absolutely necessary for educational success. The power of economic resources, invested fully in schools, also becomes pointedly clear here, as does the value of incentives for teachers and students. Though the concerns this book brings into focus - for decent character and academic literacy - may never be trendy or easily applied, "Lessons from Privilege" presents ideas for enhancing the humanity and dignity of education in America.


ACTIVATION OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS MACROPHAGES IS DYSREGULATED Evan J. Levy, Cristina Barone, Emanuela Bruscia, Marie E. Egan. Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. We hypothesize that intrinsic defects in cystic fibrosis (CF) macrophages affect their ability to adequately respond to extracellular stimuli, affecting their phenotypic response and contributing to a hyper-inflammatory state. Peripheral blood-derived monocytes from healthy donors (HD) (n=10) as well as CF subjects (n=10) were differentiated into macrophages using RPMI media with 50 ng/mL of MCSF for 10 days. Cells were treated with 100 ng/mL of LPS plus 20 ng/mL of INF-gamma to activate the M1 phenotype or 20 ng/mL of IL-4 to activate the M2 phenotype. Cells were treated for 24 hours in preparation for RNA isolation and 3 hours in preparation for protein isolation. RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed to cDNA in preparation for qualitative, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR was performed using IL-6, IL-1B, and TNF-alpha primers as M1 markers and TGF-B1, MRC, PPAR-gamma as M2 markers. Expression levels were performed in seven experiments, each using a different set of HD and CF subjects, utilizing 8.0 x 10^5 to 1.0 x 10^6 cells per well, while three protein experiment were done using different sets of HD and CF subjects. Stimulation of CF macrophages induces greater phosphorylation of proteins that regulate macrophage activation, as compared to HD macrophages. When CF macrophages are challenged with LPS/INF-gamma, they show greater phosphorylation of STAT1 protein as compared to HD macrophages. Similarly, when CF macrophages are challenged with IL-4, they exhibit greater phosphorylation of STAT6 protein, as compared to HD macrophages. Finally, CF macrophages show greater phosphorylation of AKT protein as compared to HD macrophages when stimulated with both M1 and M2 cytokines. As expected, HD macrophages (n=7, experiments) demonstrated appropriate plasticity and polarization with increased expression of M1 markers and decreased expression of M2 markers in response to LPS/INF-gamma. Furthermore, they demonstrated modestly increased expression of M2 markers and decreased expression of M1 markers in response to IL-4. In marked contrast, when stimulated with LPS/INFgamma CF macrophages (n=7, experiments) demonstrated hyper-inflammation with dramatically increased expression levels of M1 markers as well as aberrant polarization as evidenced by increased expression levels of some M2 makers. Aberrant polarization was further characterized by increased expression of M1 markers in the presence of IL-4 in addition to increased expression of M2 markers. These data suggest that lack of functioning CFTR in macrophages leads to the inability of macrophages to adequately respond to environmental cues and activate into appropriate phenotypes suggesting there is an intrinsic cellular defect. Moreover, the mechanism(s) that underlie these aberrant responses likely involve altered intracellular signal transduction which is currently under investigation.


We summarise and decompose changes in the household disposable income distribution in 2007-2011 across 27 EU countries to study the impact of the Great Recession on household incomes and the key factors contributing to it. Using microsimulation techniques and applying the EU tax-benefit model EUROMOD in combination with EUSILC household micro-data, we separate direct (first-order) effects of tax-benefit policy on the income distribution from the effects of changes in household market incomes and characteristics. There is substantial variation in income dynamics between and within countries. We find that in most countries, changes in market income and population characteristics had a poverty- and inequality-increasing effect, while policies were more often poverty- and inequality-reducing. However, there is no clear country-level correlation between the two effects in this period.


I am most honoured to have the privilege to present the Foreword to this fascinating and wonderfully varied collection of contributions, concerning the nature of computation and of its deep connection with the operation of those basic laws, known or yet unknown, governing the universe in which we live. Fundamentally deep questions are indeed being grappled with here, and the fact that we find so many different viewpoints is something to be expected, since, in truth, we know little about the foundational nature and origins of these basic laws, despite the immense precision that we so often find revealed in them. Accordingly, it is not surprising that within the viewpoints expressed here is some unabashed speculation, occasionally bordering on just partially justified guesswork, while elsewhere we find a good deal of precise reasoning, some in the form of rigorous mathematical theorems. Both of these are as should be, for without some inspired guesswork we cannot have new ideas as to where look in order to make genuinely new progress, and without precise mathematical reasoning, no less than in precise observation, we cannot know when we are right -- or, more usually, when we are wrong.


Due to the unknown effects of long-term sympatry and interbreeding with the domestic cat, there is an ongoing debate about the characterization and taxonomic status of the wildcat Felis silvestris in Europe. Recent results on the morphology of wild-living cats in Scotland had revealed two morphological groups, T1 and T2, defined from a discriminant function (based on intestine length and limb bone size). We compared wild-living cats of each of these types from Scotland, together with known domestic cats, using a new technique: geometric analysis of 3D landmarks, with the goal of formalizing a definition of wildcats that would assist with their conservation. Eighty-five landmarks were digitized on a set of 85 skulls and subjected to superimposition techniques and univariate and multivariate analyses. Results showed that T1 cats generally clustered together while, despite showing their own morphological characteristics, T2 cats seemed closer to domestic cats. T1 cats had the largest skulls, the lowest braincase capacity index and demonstrated the greatest sexual dimorphism. Domestic cats were more heterogeneous, exhibiting a wide overlap between males and females. Analysing individual landmarks, females showed more differences between the groups, particularly in the orbito-nasal region. Our results not only provide a completely independent verification of the T1/T2 categorization, but also show that, as a practical tool, skulls can be identified as T1 using six linear skull characters selected from the 85 landmarks. From current evidence it is not logically possible to state conclusively that T1 cats are wildcats, but our results firmly support the hypothesis that they are furthest from domestic cats. Thus, the distribution of T1 cats in Scotland provides a possible basis for wildcat conservation through protection by area.


From the Publisher:
In this exciting, full-color book, Stephen Pite creates a collaborative forum aimed at engaging readers in digital design while offering a point of entry into a process in which innovation and communication are being continually refined. Central to the book is a series of progressively challenging projects, ranging from traditional print to sophisticated websites, interactive CD-ROMs and multimedia, and 3-D motion graphics. Heavily illustrated with compelling work by students enrolled in Graphic Design programs across the U.S., The Digital Designer takes readers step-by-step through the design process with unprecedented attention to developing and refining the design concept, as well as the execution strategy. Narrative solicited directly from Graphic Design instructors accompanies illustrations of high-quality student work, helping to explain and reinforce important digital design principles and methods. The result is a book that empowers 21st century Graphic Designers, enabling them to work effectively across a wide range of fully digital and exponentially expansive media as they promote goods and services and build links between present and future.


Church's thesis claims that all effecticely calculable functions are recursive. A shortcoming of the various definitions of recursive functions lies in the fact that it is not a matter of a syntactical check to find out if an entity gives rise to a function. Eight new ideas for a precise setup of arithmetical logic and its metalanguage give the proper environment for the construction of a special computer, the ARBACUS computer. Computers do not come to a necessary halt; it is requested that calculators are constructed on the basis of computers in a way that they always come to a halt, then all calculations are effective. The ARBATOR is defined as a calculator with two-layer-computation. It allows for the calculation of all primitive recursive functions, but multi-level-arbation also allows for the calculation of other arbative functions that are not primitive recursive. The new paradigm of calculation does not have the above mentioned shortcoming. The defenders of Church's thesis are challenged to show that exotic arbative functions are recursive and to put forward a recursive function that is not arbative. A construction with three-tier-multi-level-arbation that includes a diagonalisation leads to the extravagant yet calculable Snark-function that is not arbative. As long as it is not shown that all exotic arbative functions and particularily the Snark-function are arithmetically representable Goedel's first incompleteness sentence is in limbo.


Few subjects are as controversial - and poorly understood - as globalisation. While in its broadest sense, economic globalisation is as old as trade itself, the recent financial crisis has amplified the complexity associated with the global interconnectedness of the world's economies and its ramifications on our livelihoods. This publication reviews the major turning points in the history of economic integration, and in particular the pace at which it has accelerated since the 1990s. It also considers its impact in four crucial areas, namely employment, development, the environment and financial stability: does globalisation foster development or create inequality? Does it promote or destroy jobs? Is it damaging to the environment or compatible with its preservation? Are we heading towards de-globalisation or can globalisation in fact enable recovery?


Three principles of optimal energy expenditure are used to derive the most important structural characteristics observed in drainage networks: (I) the principle of minimum energy expenditure in any link of the network, (2) the principle of equal energy expenditure per unit area of channel anywhere in the network, and (3) the principle of minimum total energy expenditure in the network as a whole. Their joint applica,tion results in a unified picture of the most important empirical facts which have been observed in the dynamics of the network and its three-dimensional structure. They also link the process of runoff production in the basin with the characteris.tics of the network.


Intracellular bacteria pose a unique set of challenges for the immune system. Many have evolved highly specialized virulence factors to evade intracellular detection and created a replicative niche. Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen capable of causing severe acute and chronic Q fever in humans. C. burnetii grows in the lysosome and persists in cells for more than 10 days. Since C. burnetii can replicate inside cells for a prolonged period, we hypothesized that C. burnetii evolved multiple mechanisms to subvert innate immune detection. To test this hypothesis, we tested the ability of the C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase II clone 4/ RSA439 strain to activate innate immune responses in restrictive C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages, specifically: detection by surface and cytosolic immune sensors; activation of the inflammasome; and production of Type I interferon. We found C. burnetii does not robustly stimulate cytosolic sensors, activate the inflammasome, nor induce robust levels of Type I interferon. These pathways do not play a significant role in mediating cell-intrinsic control of bacterial replication. We found TLR detection, specifically TLR2 and TLR4, primarily mediates innate immune detection and restriction of C. burnetii in C57BL/6 macrophages. We further implicated both TLR adaptors MYD88 and TRIF in this response. Building upon these findings, we demonstrated soluble TNF induced by TLR signaling plays a major role in the cell-intrinsic restriction of C. burnetii. We further examined TNF-dependent mechanisms of restriction: cell death, reactive nitrogen (RNS) and reactive oxygen (ROS) species, and guanylate binding proteins (GBPs). We found cell death is not induced in macrophages. Although expression of GBPs are induced upon C. burnetii infection, we ruled out five GBPs as mediators of bacterial restriction. Finally, we found RNS is induced by C. burnetii in a TNF-dependent manner, and ROS is also induced and plays a role in the cellintrinsic control of C. burnetii replication. Together, these studies demonstrate that the C. burnetii Nine Mile phase II strain is able to evade many arms of the innate immune system in C57BL/6 macrophages and implicated a specific molecule, TNF, in mediating the cell-intrinsic control of this poorly understood bacterium. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Sunn Shin Second Advisor Christopher A. Hunter This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1620


Dynamic taint analysis is a well-known information flow analysis problem with many possible applications. Taint tracking allows for analysis of application data flow by assigning labels to inputs, and then propagating those labels through data flow. Taint tracking systems traditionally compromise among performance, precision, accuracy, and portability. Performance can be critical, as these systems are typically intended to be deployed with software, and hence must have low overhead. To be deployed in securityconscious settings, taint tracking must also be accurate and precise. Dynamic taint tracking must be portable in order to be easily deployed and adopted for real world purposes, without requiring recompilation of the operating system or language interpreter, and without requiring access to application source code. We present PHOSPHOR, a dynamic taint tracking system for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that simultaneously achieves our goals of performance, accuracy, precision, and portability. Moreover, to our knowledge, it is the first portable general purpose taint tracking system for the JVM. We evaluated PHOSPHOR's performance on two commonly used JVM languages (Java and Scala), on two versions of two commonly used JVMs (Oracle's HotSpot and OpenJDK's IcedTea) and on Android's Dalvik Virtual Machine, finding its performance to be impressive: as low as 3% (53% on average), using the DaCapo macro benchmark suite. This paper describes the approach that PHOSPHOR uses to achieve portable taint tracking in the JVM.


Six underground laboratories around the Baltic Sea have establish a new 3,3 milj. € EU INTERREG, Baltic Sea Region cooperation project called BSUIN (Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network). The project is lead from the Oulu University in Finland. The following underground laboratories participate:

Callio Lab, Pyhasalmi mine, Finland
Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden
Research and education mine Reiche Zeche, Freiberg, Germany
Ruskeala marble quarry and geopark, Karelia, Russia
Underground Laboratory of Khlopin Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
Conceptual Lab Development Cuprum, Poland

 The aim of the project is to make the underground laboratories in the Baltic Sea region more accessible for innovation, business development and science by improving information, operation, user experiences and safety. The project is operated for a period of three years.
 The project and network will especially focus on widening the use of the laboratories for companies and institutions and improving the innovation handling i.e. from idea to market. The method for this is to gather and map detailed information from the local businesses, owners and users. The outcome will be used to improve e.g. the accessibility, information, user experiences, cooperation possibilities, business development possibilities and innovation support functions such as prototype realisation, testing, demonstration, financial support and market analysis. The information, network and support systems will be of great value for th


In this article we report work on Chinese semantic role labeling, taking advantage of two recently completed corpora, the Chinese PropBank, a semantically annotated corpus of Chinese verbs, and the Chinese Nombank, a companion corpus that annotates the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. Because the semantic role labels are assigned to the constituents in a parse tree, we first report experiments in which semantic role labels are automatically assigned to hand-crafted parses in the Chinese Treebank. This gives us a measure of the extent to which semantic role labels can be bootstrapped from the syntactic annotation provided in the treebank. We then report experiments using automatic parses with decreasing levels of human annotation in the input to the syntactic parser: parses that use gold-standard segmentation and POS-tagging, parses that use only gold-standard segmentation, and fully automatic parses. These experiments gauge how successful semantic role labeling for Chinese can be in more realistic situations. Our results show that when hand-crafted parses are used, semantic role labeling accuracy for Chinese is comparable to what has been reported for the state-of-the-art English semantic role labeling systems trained and tested on the English PropBank, even though the Chinese PropBank is significantly smaller in size. When an automatic parser is used, however, the accuracy of our system is significantly lower than the English state of the art. This indicates that an improvement in Chinese parsing is critical to high-performance semantic role labeling for Chinese.


Over the past two decades, a rich ecosystem of open-source software has evolved. For every type of application, there are a wide variety of alternatives. We observed that even if different applications that perform similar tasks and compiled with the same versions of the compiler and the libraries, they perform very differently while running on the same system. Sadly prior work in this area that compares two code bases for similarities does not help us in finding the reasons for the differences in performance. In this paper, we develop a tool, SoftMon, that can compare the codebases of two separate applications and pinpoint the exact set of functions that are disproportionately responsible for differences in performance. Our tool uses machine learning and NLP techniques to analyze why a given open-source application has a lower performance as compared to its peers, design bespoke applications that can incorporate specific innovations (identified by SoftMon) in competing applications, and diagnose performance bugs. In this paper, we compare a wide variety of large open-source programs such as image editors, audio players, text editors, PDF readers, mail clients and even full-fledged operating systems (OSs). In all cases, our tool was able to pinpoint a set of at the most 10–15 functions that are responsible for the differences within 200 seconds. A subsequent manual analysis assisted by our graph visualization engine helps us find the reasons. We were able to validate most of the reasons by correlating them with subsequent observations made by developers or from existing technical literature. The manual phase of our analysis is limited to 30 minutes (tested with human subjects).


We report the results of two experiments on the social acceptability of random devices in allocation mechanisms. A majority of subjects do not opt for a lottery if they can rationalize an alternative mechanism as non-random. It is, however, possible to design a payoff-equivalent mechanism to the lottery that is more acceptable. Our results shed light on the real-world reliance on obscure criteria in allocation problems where lotteries seem to be simpler and more efficient.


Local linear stability analysis is applied to the flow inside a cyclone separator to investigate the unsteady precession of the vortex core. The results of the stability analysis are compared with experimental measurements of the vortex oscillations using high-speed photography with particle seeding and hot-wire anemometry. The experiments reveal distinct spatial variation in the oscillation behaviour within the cyclone. The unsteady motion is focused at each end of the device, at both the narrow cone tip and just below the exhaust duct at the top of the cone, which is known as a vortex finder. The local stability analysis shows that an absolute instability is present throughout the flow for some non-zero azimuthal wavenumbers. The unsteady flow is observed to be driven by coupling between the shear layer and inertial waves confined within the vortex core. Comparison of the stability analysis with experiments shows the same frequency and mode shape behaviour and suggests that the local analysis accurately predicts the unstable modes of the system. The precessing vortex core is responsible for a narrow-band acoustic noise. Comparisons are also drawn with acoustic measurements made on cyclones in which the system is defined by key non-dimensional parameters, such as the swirl number and outlet diameter ratio. The results in this study demonstrate the applicability of local stability analysis to a complex swirling system and yield credible details about the underlying mechanisms of the unstable flow inside the cyclone.


Chlor-fluorapatite crystals, with an unusually high Fe content (up to 0.715 apfu), have been found in cordierite- and feldspar-bearing hornfels metapelitic xenoliths included in calcalkaline basaltic andesite lavas from the Stromboli volcano. These xenoliths originated in a mid-crustal (200–350 MPa) contact aureole (800°C) surrounding the magmatic plumbing system of the volcano. The high and somewhat variable Cl, Fe, Na, and Mn content in the chlor-fluorapatite can be interpreted as CaCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, NaCl, and MnCl2 hydrous chloride melts present in the calcalkaline basaltic andesite magma responsible for the metamorphism of the metapelites to hornfels facies in the contact aureole. During the partial melting and dehydration of the metapelites, H2O was strongly partitioned into the partial melt and subsequently into the calcalkaline basaltic andesite magma. This H2O-rich partial melt was partly replaced by hydrous chloride melts, which metasomatised the original fluorapatite to chlor-fluorapatite with variable amounts of Cl, Fe, Na, and Mn. This scenario is supported by the patchy enrichment of Cl, Fe, Na, and Mn in the chlor-fluorapatite grains and the correspondingly low water activities present during the formation of the hornfels as confirmed by the absence of hydrous phases in the modal mineralogy of the xenoliths.


Beta-diketo compounds and related N-heterocycles have played a significant role in synthetic organic chemistry. A multistep mechanism for a catalyze base reaction of 1,3-indandione 1 with acetone has been developed to afford a complex molecule, 3-(1,3-Dioxo-2-indanylidene)-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4d, 9a-hexahydrofluorene 2. Pharmacologically active compounds 3, with anticoagulant and antispasmodic properties, have been synthesized through the reaction of 2-substituted 1,3-indandione with β-chloro-vinyl ketones. Interaction of phthalimide 4 with benzyl chloride in DMF in presence of K2CO3-Al2O3 leads to the formation of N-benzyl phthalimide 11.N-substituted products of type 15 and 16 have been obtained when 6-alkyl or aryl -4(aryl methyl) pyridazine-3(2H)-ones 14 interacted with Bromo-ethyl acetate and acetic-anhydride respectively. However, 3-chloro substituted pyridazines 17 afforded 3-mercaptopyridazine derivatives 18 when interacted with thiourea.In this paper, we suggest multistep mechanisms for a series of compounds and all the proposed mechanisms are unknown.


In the first part of chapter 2 of book II of the Physics Aristotle addresses the issue of the difference between mathematics and physics. In the course of his discussion he says some things about astronomy and the ' ' more physical branches of mathematics". In this paper I discuss historical issues concerning the text, translation, and interpretation of the passage, focusing on two cruxes, ( I ) the first reference to astronomy at 193b25–26 and ( II ) the reference to the more physical branches at 194a7–8. In section I, I criticize Ross's interpretation of the passage and point out that his alteration of ( I ) has no warrant in the Greek manuscripts. In the next three sections I treat three other interpretations, all of which depart from Ross's: in section II that of Simplicius, which I commend; in section III that of Thomas Aquinas, which is importantly influenced by a mistranslation of ( II ), and in section IV that of Ibn Rushd, which is based on an Arabic text corresponding to that printed by Ross. In the concluding section of the paper I describe the modern history of the Greek text of our passage and translations of it from the early twelfth century until the appearance of Ross's text in 1936.


The first mirror test for ITER in JET with carbon walls has been completed. Thirty polycrystalline Mo mirrors including four coated with a 1 μm rhodium (Rh) film were exposed to plasma in the divertor region and in the main chamber. The mirrors were installed in eight cassettes of pan-pipe shape. The reflectivity of all mirrors exposed in the divertor has been degraded by 80–90% because of the formation of thick (>20 μm) flaking co-deposits on surfaces. Only small reflectivity losses (5–10%) occurred on mirrors located at the channel mouth of the cassettes from the main chamber wall. This is due to the in situ removal of deposited species by charge exchange neutrals. Deuterium, 12C and 9Be are the main isotopes detected on surfaces, but other isotopes (13C) are also found in some locations, thus indicating differences in the material migration. Rhodium coatings with an initial reflectivity that is 30% better than that of pure Mo survived the test without detachment, but their resultant reflectivity was the same as that of the exposed Mo surfaces.


Current core networks are composed of high-end routers which are connected by high-speed fibers. These optical connections are commonly overprovisioned and in low utilization. Many of them are combined together to form bundle links or composite links and the component links are referred to as sublinks. These physical sublinks could be SONET connections, Ethernet circuits, wavelengths on a fiber, etc. And they could be shut down or brought up independently. Selectively shutting down sublinks during low traffic periods could save a large amount of energy while keeping the network topology unchanged. Based on this concept, we propose a local heuristical threshold- based method to explore the potential energy- savings in the backbone network by adjusting the number of active sublinks in bundle links. An experiment based on an Internet2 derived synthetic network was conducted to verify the performance of our method and the results show that 86% of energy consumed on ports of core routers could be saved when setting 90.0% as the link utilization threshold. The experiment also shows that setting 90.0% as threshold is safe enough to avoid data loss during extreme traffic increases in this case. Compared to previous proposed ILP (Integer linear programming) based global heuristic algorithms, our local heuristic algorithm can achieve energy-savings close to the optimum and greatly reduce the response time and the risk of data loss.


In low-rainfall wheat cropping systems, low crop uptake of nitrogen (N) has been linked to asynchrony in soil-N supply through mineralisation. This is especially true on sandy soils of SE Australia which have a low-N supply capacity. When N released from soil and residues is insufficient, and/or the timing of biological supply is not well matched with crop demand, manipulating N supply using fertiliser applications becomes vital to achieve yield potential. The aim of this study was to measure the timing of N supply with crop N uptake for wheat following wheat-residues and wheat following lupin-residues under two N fertiliser rates in a low-rainfall sandy soil environment. In each residue-type site, plants and deep soil samples to rooting depth were collected at sowing and at 5 key wheat growth stages. Plants were analysed for N content, above-ground biomass and grain yield at maturity. All soil samples were analysed for gravimetric water content and mineral-N. The combination of lupin residues with a high fertiliser N rate increased soil mineralN at the time of high demand, promoted plant growth and wheat N uptake. In a dry season, the additional N supplied as fertiliser at early stages was a key input to support an increase in wheat yield potential. Responses in N uptake throughout the growing season indicate that there remains a demand for fertiliser N following legume-N residue in this environment, but fertiliser N inputs remain risky as indicated by the lack of significant yield increase in a low rainfall growing season.


Pigeonpea yields have remainedunacceptably low over the past five decades and efforts to break this plateau through breeding pure line cultivars did not succeed in its mission. Key successes in breeding stable cytoplasmic nuclear male-sterility (CMS) system, its fertility restorers, and development of an efficient hybrid seed production technology have led to the release of the world's first commercial hybrid in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.].This hybrids has demonstrated 40-50% yield advantage over the best locally adapted varieties in different agro-ecological environments, giving a strong indication towards a breakthrough in the stagnant productivity of the crop. This paper discusses various issues related to genetic enhancement of productivity in pigeonpea.


This paper presents part of the findings of the World Bank sponsored study updating conditions of the transport sector in the Palestinian territories. This study focuses on the freight transport; conditions and needed development programs to enable it to play its role in the economy of the upcoming Palestinian state. Freight transport is currently road-based and fully privatized. The number of operating vehicles increased drastically after establishing the Palestinian National Authority. However, due to the current political conditions, which resulted in travel restrictions and road closures by the Israeli authorities, this number sharply declined and some freight companies closed operation. Sizeable percentages of operating vehicles and companies did not renew their registrations because of lack of enforcement and the economic depression. The Israeli imposed measures increased travel distances, time, and costs; therefore, freight transport experienced loss or severe decline in services. Israel controls border points within the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with Israel, and the outside world. Travel between the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which has the only Palestinian airport and the under-construction seaport, is severely restricted. The paper concludes that the priorities are facilitating freight travel within the West Bank and across Gaza Strip, eliminating road closures and movement restrictions, constructing freight land border-crossings, establishing the free-trade area, and assisting in the consolidation of freight services because it is mainly done by the informal sector. There should be a comprehensive study to evaluate the inter-modal freight transport, at the verge of establishing the Palestinian state.


We present a compact demultiplexer based on cascaded planar concave grating and ring resonators. The demultiplexer has 28 channels, with 1 nm channel spacing. The device was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform using CMOS compatible deep UV lithography. The size of the structure is 1.5 times 3 mm. Insertion loss is 15 dB, channel to channel variation is 5 dB.


We report here on the design, fabrication, and characterization of highly integrated parallel optical transceivers designed for Tb/s-class module-to-module data transfer through polymer waveguides integrated into optical printed circuit boards (o-PCBs). The parallel optical transceiver is based on a through-silicon-via silicon carrier as the platform for integration of 24-channel vertical cavity surface-emitting laser and photodiode arrays with CMOS ICs. The Si carrier also includes optical vias (holes) for optical access to conventional surface-emitting 850 nm optoelectronic devices. The 48-channel 3-D transceiver optochips are flip-chip soldered to organic carriers to form transceiver optomodules. Fully functional optomodules with 24 transmitter + 24 receiver channels were assembled and characterized with transmitters operating up to 20 Gb/s/ch and receivers up to 15 Gb/s/ch. At 15 Gb/s, the 48-channel optomodules provide a bidirectional aggregate bandwidth of 360 Gb/s. In addition, o-PCBs have been developed using a 48-channel flex waveguide assembly attached to FR4 electronic boards. Incorporation of waveguide turning mirrors and lens arrays facilitates optical coupling to/from the o-PCB. Assembly of optomodules to the o-PCB using a ball grid array process provides both electrical and optical interconnections. An initial demonstration of the full module-to-module optical link achieved >; 20 bidirectional links at 10 Gb/s. At 15 Gb/s, operation at a bit error ratio of <; 10- 12 was demonstrated for 15 channels in each direction, realizing a record o-PCB link with a 225 Gb/s bidirectional aggregate data rate.


sociologists, patients and physicians, researchers and regulators— can battle and subdue this disparate family of diseases. Here, we listen in as experts converse about the latest medical advances poised to someday render cancer a manageable and predictable condition. Equally important are the lessons that this new "war" can teach us about innovation in general, and its value to society. A W RLD FREE FROM CANCER


Water pollution is a major global concern which calls for regular evaluation of levels of contamination of water bodies. It has been suggested that water borne infections account for over 14,000 people daily in the world. Point source pollution can be defined as contaminants from a single identifiable source. The major environmental concern by the residents around Sambul River is pollution of waters of Sambul River by effluent from Moi University sewage treatment plant (STP). Sambul River is the main source of water for both domestic and agricultural use among residents of Sambul area. This study focused on analysis of efficacy of the (sewage treatment plant) using macro-invertebrates as bio-indicators of contamination of waters of Sambul River. Purposive sampling design was used to select three sampling points; downstream of Sambul River where bio-treated sewage has mixed with waters of Sambul River, at point of effluent discharge to the river and upstream (control) of Sambul River where the river water does not mix with STP effluent. Triplicate water samples were collected at each sampling point bi-weekly and transported to the Laboratory for analysis. Sampling was done from May to August 2015. The impact of bio-treated effluent on the abundance of aquatic macro invertebrates at Sambul River was evaluated using Shannon- Wiener diversity index. The findings revealed that treated effluent had no significant effect on the aquatic macro invertebrate abundance at the receiving river, as demonstrated by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and ANOVA. H-values were; upstream (H=2.504), wetland (H=2.4096) and downstream (H=2.371). High H-value indicates less number of species diversity while a lower value of H indicates a higher diversity of macro-invertebrates. Higher biodiversity is an indicator that the effluent from the STP is treated to recommended standard as required by National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). Phosphate values for the different sampled points ranged from 0.05 ± 0.01 to 5.50 ± 0.15 mg/L. Mean phosphate level for upstream (control) was significantly lower than that of outlet (F4, 115 = 1125.73; p < 0.0001) and inlet (F4, 115 = 1125.73; p < 0.0001), but showed no significant differences from that of downstream (F4, 115 = 1125.73; p = 0.9931) and wetland (F4, 115 = 1125.73; p = 1.0000).  The findings of this research are important to demonstrate to concerned parties, including the public and the government; NEMA that the effluent from Moi University STP is treated to expectation. This will return confidence to the public on consumption of water from Sambul River.


Background: Research indicates that women are the primary family caregivers for others at life's end and, because of ageing populations, will keep fulfilling this role as they age. Yet, little is known about how the gendered nature of caregiving contributes to older women's understandings of providing care. Aim: To explore how gender norms constructed older women's views about the appropriate roles of women and men in providing palliative and end-of-life care for family members. Design: Six focus groups were conducted with 39 community dwelling older adults (36 women and 3 men) using two vignettes to prompt discussion about experience of end of life caring and attitudes towards Advance Care Planning. This article reports on data gathered from female participants' reactions to Vignette 1 which prompted significant discussion regarding the intersection of gender and older women's caregiving experience. Setting/participants: A total of 36 women in the age ranges of '50–59 years' through to '90–99 years' from New Zealand. Results: Three themes regarding gender and caregiving were identified: the expectation women will care, women's duty to care and women's construction of men in relation to caregiving and illness. The women adhered to stereotypical gender norms that regard women as primary caregivers. There was little connection between the burden they associated with caregiving and this gender construction. Conclusion: The expectation that older women will provide end-of-life care even when experiencing considerable burden is an unacknowledged outcome of gender norms that construct women as caregivers.


Although goals of child protection policy are defined by law and the institutional implementation system is in place, the practical protection of the child is not sufficiently effective. Effective child protection is adversely affected by the so-called social (fear of children being subjected to violence) and institutional risk (high workload, excessive bureaucracy, etc.) that arise in the practical process of child protection. The purpose of this article is to investigate the experiences of the children's rights protection specialists (CRPS) during the process of the social risk management, and to characterise the context of  social, political and mass media pressure on the CRPS, its impacts and solutions in the daily work of CRPS in Lithuania. Article is based on analysis data of 10 semi-structured qualitative interviews with children's rights protection specialist conducted in 2018 March-April. It has been established that controversial policy goals are being addressed in the field of child protection, which oblige CRPS to preserve a child's family and, at the same time, protect the child from domestic violence. In everyday practice, matching these goals poses many challenges. CRPS experiences a negative attitude from the public, mistrust of their work, the issue of their decisions, accusations and pressures through mass media and politicians who influence on a constant workload and stress. CRPS is confronted with extremely difficult situations in its work only rely on informal support from colleagues and individual strategies for coping with stress. Structured CRPS support tools are not implemented. As a result particularly in the context of public cases specialists remain single, accused and without support. Such work environment encourages employees to burn out, emotional overload, insensitivity, and other factors that reduce work efficiency. It is recommended to implement structural stress-strain strategies that would enable all kinds of support to specialists, help them more objectively look at situations and share decision-making responsibilities. It is very important to form socially responsible journalists, since the publication of negative and inaccurate news only undermines confidence of VTAS, undermines their professionalism, complicates the day-to-day work of child protection.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.3.21954


We propose that cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are important for modulating ice formation of Arctic mixed-phase clouds, through modification of the droplet size distribution. Aircraft observations from the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) study in northern Alaska in April 2008 allow for identification and characterization of both aerosol and trace gas pollutants, which are then compared with cloud microphysical properties. Consistent with previous studies, we find that the concentration of precipitating ice particles ( > 400 µm) is correlated with the concentration of large droplets (> 30 µm). We are further able to link the observed micro- physical conditions to aerosol pollution, originating mainly from long range transport of biomass burning emissions. The case studies demonstrate that polluted mixed-phase clouds have narrower droplet size distributions and contain 1-2 or- ders of magnitude fewer precipitating ice particles than clean clouds at the same temperature. This suggests an aerosol in- direct effect leading to greater cloud lifetime, greater cloud emissivity, and reduced precipitation. This result is opposite to the glaciation indirect effect, whereby polluted clouds are expected to precipitate more readily due to an increase in the concentration of particles acting as ice nuclei.


Rosa Major was born in 1920. She remembered learning lists of kings and queens at her first school, in Tottenham, north London. She passed the 11+ and went to Tottenham High School, originally a drapers' school. She enjoyed history, especially with one of her two teachers who encouraged the girls to read newspapers. They started with 1066 in the first year and went up to before the First World War but then she had to choose between arts and sciences at School Certificate level and chose sciences so gave up history. Her parents could not afford for her to go on to university so it was agreed she would have one year doing Higher School Certificate classes in the sixth form and would then take the civil service examinations. So she took history classes during that year, mainly recent economic history. Then she passed the exams and went into the civil service but after she was evacuated to Lancashire with the civil service during the war she realised that she was really interested in farming so she managed to get released to the Land Army and spent the rest of her working life on farms. Interviewed by Jenny Keating.


In connection with finalizing the project "Confirming Standards for Good Corporate Governance in Bulgarian Industry" financed by the Science Fund, a scientific conference on the topic was carried out on 14th March 2014 in Economic Research Institute at BAS. Nine papers were presented at the conference, classified in the following directions: legal framework of good corporate governance; comparative analysis of corporate governance models; monitoring the corporate boards in Bulgaria role of the stakeholders in corporate governance; European perspectives of corporate social responsibility. The participants in the science conference were representatives of Economic Research Institute at BAS, University of National and World Economy, New Bulgarian University, Institute for the State and Law at BAS, NGOs, top managers of firms, PhD students, etc.


Background: NHS Regulations were amended in 2004, restricting access to secondary healthcare for refused asylum applicants. In recent years there have been substantial numbers of unsuccessful asylum applications from Zimbabwean nationals. HIV-positive Zimbabweans with insecure immigration status in the UK occupy a precarious medico-legal position, especially since HAART is not available to most in Zimbabwe. There has been little research on these policies or their effects on the lives of Zimbabwean HIV-positive women in the UK.
Objectives: This thesis examines the development and implementation of UK policy relating to access to HIV-related services by Zimbabwean HIV-positive women with insecure immigration status, and explores how these policies influence women's healthcare. Methods: Three separate strategies were used for data collection. Policy analysis scrutinised 35 publicly available documents and additional material obtained through Freedom of Information (FOI) requests. Data for policy analysis were also collected through semistructured interviews with 24 HIV/immigration key informants. Further qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 13 Zimbabwean HIV-positive women with insecure immigration status. These different approaches allowed for data 'triangulation'. Results: Policy restricting access to healthcare for migrants is situated within three immigration control strategies of deterrence, internal control, and 'enforced discomfort'. Implementation of the policy has been limited by staff who interpret it to suit their own agendas. Access to HIV-care for Zimbabwean women seems to bear little relation to these policies, but their access to other health services and their wellbeing was influenced by a number of other socio-structural barriers associated with their immigration status. Conclusions: These results offer new evidence and theoretical models on the politics of immigration policy, the role of street-level bureaucrats as mediators of the gap between policy and practice, and on access to healthcare for migrants. There is a disjuncture between policy on entitlement and clinical practice, which may reflect a conflict between clinicians' duty of care and UK policy. Zimbabwean women's HIV- and migrant-status places them in a periphery, reducing the resources available to them that could mitigate some of the barriers they face.


Background: Transmesenteric hernia is a rare cause of bowel obstruction, especially in children. Congenital etiologies of internal hernia are so rare that are usually published as case reports. With no previous history of trauma, surgery, it seems that trans mesenteric hernia in low ages is due to a congenital etiology. Generally, in congenital situation, the defect is in mesentery of ileum terminal, as was described in this case. Based on a classification that Armstrong et al. published in 2007, internal hernias are classified into three groups, based on the orifice. Transmesenteric hernia is in the group with the abnormal orifice due to "a congenital hole in a mesentery or a ligament. Case presentation: An infant is presented in this article, with the complaint of abdominal pain, vomiting, and abdominal distention. This infant had multiple and recurrent episodes of cramping abdominal pain and vomiting from neonatal period that were resolved after 1-2 hours itch time. Signs of bowel obstruction were detected in plain abdominal X-ray and abdomen ultrasonography, and the patient went under surgery. Transmesenteric internal hernia with hernia sac, accompanying with volvulus was seen after exploration. The patient was discharged in good condition. Conclusion: We must consider congenital internal hernia as a cause of intestinal obstruction in any case with episode of partial or complete intestinal obstruction however it isn't very common but can be life threatening and lethal.


We develop the principal component analysis (PCA) approach to systematic liquidity measurement by introducing moving and expanding estimation windows. We evaluate these methods along with traditional estimation techniques (full sample PCA and market average) in terms of ability to explain (1) cross-sectional stock liquidity and (2) crosssectional stock returns. For several traditional liquidity measures our results suggest an expanding window specification for systematic liquidity estimation. However, for price impact liquidity measures we find support for a moving window specification. The market average proxy of systematic liquidity produces the same degree of commonality, but does not have the same ability to explain stock returns as the PCA-based estimates.


BACKGROUND
An emerging body of literature has recently defined a reduced risk of cancer following the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are generally able to exert an apoptotic property and inhibitory effects on the activity and/or expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study was undertaken to explore the role of a newly designed NSAID, M2000 (C6H10O7), as an anti-inflammatory drug in chemoprevention therapy under in vitro conditions.

MATERIAL/METHODS
The influence of M2000 on a fibrosarcoma cell line (WEHI-164) was investigated using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay to assess apoptosis, and gelatin zymography for evaluating the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).

RESULTS
Cytotoxicity analysis of M2000 showed a much higher tolerability than the other tested drugs (diclofenac, piroxicam, and dexamethasone) in that it showed no cytotoxic effect compared with them. The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of M2000 at concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 200 microg/ml was significantly greater than that of dexamethasone and of piroxicam at a concentration of 200 microg/ml, whereas the inhibitory activity of M2000 paralleled diclofenac at doses of 10, 20, 40, and 200 microg/ml. Moreover, the apoptotic efficacy of M2000 was similar to that of dexamethasone.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on our data, the induction of apoptosis together with MMP-2 inhibition could be indicative of a chemopreventive property of M2000. Thus this novel NSAID might be considered as a chemopreventive drug in the potential prevention and treatment of cancer and in inhibition of the angiopathogenic process.


The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), including the use of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality of AIDS in HIV infected patients. Unfortunately, the adverse effects of PIs, including dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and premature atherosclerosis, are cause for concern for their use in chronic management of HIV infection (1, 2). At present, the relationship between HAART and premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients is unclear. Lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance induced by PIs can certainly increase the risk of premature atherosclerosis. Chronic inflammation associated with HIV infection, particularly the increased level of C reactive protein (3), may also contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in these patients. Whether the treatment regimen alone directly contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis, however, has not been scrutinized vigorously.

In this issue of the JCI, Dressman et al. showed that HIV PIs directly promote atherosclerosis in mice (4). Importantly, the authors demonstrated that PIs at a dosage that did not induce hyperlipidemia are potent promoters of atherosclerosis, thus providing the first evidence for a direct effect of PIs in atherosclerosis. Although the in vivo studies were performed in genetically-engineered mouse models of atherosclerosis, their in vitro results that PIs also induced foam cell formation in a human macrophage cell line are of significance.

The study by Dressman et al. (4) also suggested that PIs directly promote atherosclerosis by inducing CD36 gene expression in macrophages. This observation is consistent with the documented role of macrophage CD36 in atherosclerosis (5). However, the results were in direct contrast to another study, which reported that PIs decreased monocyte CD36 levels in healthy volunteers and HIV-infected individuals (6). The discrepancy between the two studies may be due to differences in experimental design. Whereas Dressman et al. examined CD36 mRNA and protein expression in mouse macrophages and differentiated human THP-1 cells, Serghides and colleagues focused on CD36 expression in human monocytes and undifferentiated THP-1 cells. Thus, it is possible that PIs have opposite effects on CD36 expression in monocytes and macrophages. If this turns out to be the case, PI-induced down regulation of CD36 expression in monocytes and other cell types may be responsible for impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia (6), whereas their up-regulation of macrophage CD36 may promote foam cell formation and atherosclerosis (4). CD36 is a major fatty acid transporter in tissues with high metabolic capacity (5). Its down-regulation in tissues such as the heart, adipose, and skeletal muscle would impair fatty acid utilization and decrease insulin responsiveness in these tissues, thus resulting in glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. These two effects may act synergistically in promoting premature atherosclerosis.

Dressman et al. (4) also found that PI-induced macrophage CD36 expression is related to the activation of PPARγ in a protein kinase C dependent manner. How compounds designed to inhibit protease activity influence protein kinase C activity and activate PPARγ gene transcription remains unclear. However, it is now established that PIs, particularly ritonavir, are also inhibitors of proteasome-mediated protein degradation pathways (7, 8). These include their inhibition of activated SREBP degradation, resulting in constitutive activation of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 responsive genes (8). Since activated SREBPs are also promoters of PPARγ expression (9), the PI-induced PPARγ and CD36 expression may be mediated via PI-induced activated SREBP accumulation in the macrophage nucleus. This hypothesis would predict that PIs promote atherosclerosis through two mechanisms, both involving increased SREBP activity (Figure (Figure1).1). One mechanism is through PI-induced metabolic complications that increased the risk of atherosclerosis; the other mechanism is a direct effect of PIs on macro-phage foam cell formation. If this hypothesis is proven correct, then novel compounds that inactivate SREBP activity may be designed and used to alleviate both metabolic and cellular complications that pro-mote cardiovascular events associated with HAART.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram depicting mechanisms by which HIV protease inhibitors may promote atherosclerosis through increased accumulation of SREBP. pSREBP, precursor form of SREBP; mSREBP, mature form of SREBP.


Epidemiological findings indicate that coinfection with influenza viruses is associated with an increased risk of death in patients suffering from tuberculosis, but the underlying pathomechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that influenza A virus (IAV) coinfection rapidly impairs control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in C57BL/6 mice. IAV coinfection was associated with significantly increased bacterial loads, reduced survival, and a substantial modulation of innate and adaptive immune defenses including an impaired onset and development of Mtb-specific CD4+ T cell responses and the accumulation of macrophages with increased arginase-1 production in the lungs. Our findings strongly indicate that IAV coinfection compromises the host's ability to control Mtb infection via the production of IL-10, which was rapidly induced upon viral infection. The blockade of IL-10 receptor signaling reduced the bacterial load in coinfected mice to a level comparable to that in Mtb-only-infected animals. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-10 signaling constitutes a major pathway that enhances susceptibility to Mtb during concurrent IAV infection.


The semi-government bond market has grown rapidly in recent years, reflecting developments in state government financing needs, in particular increasing funding needs for infrastructure investment. The growth has increased the depth and liquidity of the market, and semi-government securities form an important part of the liquid holdings of Australian financial institutions. This article examines the semi-government bond market, highlighting the relationship between the market's development and its current structure.


In rubber research, drying is one of the most prominent stage to preserve the material. Numerous drying studies had been conducted by industrial specialists and researchers for decades, but the difficulties in producing consistent quality rubber remained unresolved. Hot air drying is the preferred artificial drying method to produce dried crumb rubber, but the final products tends to have wet rubber trapped in the dried rubber, which was undesirable. Prolonged drying at high hot air heating temperature was typically used to prevent the wet rubber pieces in dried rubber. However, the prolonged drying period leads to severe deterioration of rubber's properties. One way to overcome this quality problem is to apply two-stage drying techniques. The basis of this research work was to study the possibility of quality enhancement through two-stage intermittent vacuum convective drying of crumb rubber via time-varying stepwise temperature profile. The main objectives were to compare the quality and drying kinetics of crumb rubber subjected to the two-stage vacuum convective drying (VCD) techniques. The experimental strategy was started with drying the crumb rubber using vacuum drying (VD), hot air drying (HAD) and two-stage VCD. The application of two-stage VCD in rubber drying gave the shortest drying time compared to VD and HAD. It was found that the two-stage VCD gave the lowest colour change and high plasticity retention index. Thus, further experimental works were carried out based on two-stage VCD. To objectively access the quality changes of rubber, the effect of varying operating parameters, including vacuum pre-drying duration, hot air drying temperature and rubber sample diameter were investigated for two-stage continuous and intermittent VCD at high drying temperature (90 - 150°C). Their drying kinetics (drying time, drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity) and product quality (visual attributes, textural attributes) were considered. The results indicated that the drying kinetics and the overall quality results of dried rubber under two-stage intermittent VCD at high temperature performed better than the corresponding continuous tests. Using two-stage intermittent VCD, dried rubber had an acceptable colour, hardness and stickiness that required further test plan. Using a time-varying stepwise temperature profile, the rubber samples were dried sequentially with vacuum pre-drying at 90°C (30 min), followed by hot air drying at 150°C (60 min), 130°C (40 min) and 110°C (80 min). For every 15 min in the hot air convective dryer, the heat input was switched off for 5 min tempering intervals, which is intermittent ratio of 0.75. The time-varying stepwise intermittent process resulted in an acceptable colour of rubber products with moderate hardness and high stickiness. The total colour change (ΔE) values of the dried crumb rubber was 7.82, which was lowered than hot air drying and vacuum drying (12.75 and 9.93). The dried crumb rubber hardness and stickiness values were 69.42 and -27.55 g, respectively whereas continuous hot air dried crumb rubber had hardness and stickiness values of 620.69 and -140.29 g, respectively. The results indicate that the time-varying stepwise temperature profile helps in maintaining the sample temperature to prevent severe oxidative degradation to the samples. The samples tend to form impermeable rubber layer when undergone prolonged drying. The main contribution of this study is to provide comprehensive information on the high temperature drying characteristics of rubber, concerning both drying kinetics and the product quality. The effect of controllable factors such as vacuum pre-drying duration, hot air heating temperature and sample diameter were investigated for both two-stage continuous and intermittent VCD. The industry should adopt two-stage VCD approach with time varying stepwise profile for better rubber quality and shorter drying time.


This paper presents finite element analyses, experimental measurements and finite element model updating of an arch type steel laboratory bridge model using semi-rigid connections. The laboratory bridge model is a single span and fixed base structure with a length of 6.1 m and width of 1.1m. The height of the bridge column is 0.85 m and the maximum arch height is 0.95 m. Firstly, a finite element model of the bridge is created in SAP2000 program and analytical dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined. Then, experimental measurements using ambient vibration tests are performed and dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are obtained. Ambient vibration tests are performed under natural excitations such as wind and small impact effects. The Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition method in the frequency domain and the Stochastic Subspace Identification method in the time domain are used to extract the dynamic characteristics. Then the finite element model of the bridge is updated using linear elastic rotational springs in the supports and structural element connections to minimize the differences between analytically and experimentally estimated dynamic characteristics. At the end of the study, maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced on average from 47% to 2.6%. It is seen that there is a good agreement between analytical and experimental results after finite element model updating. Also, connection percentages of the all structural elements to joints are determined depending on the rotational spring stiffness.


For 20 different studies, Table 1 tabulates numerical averages of opinions on quantitative meanings of 52 qualitative probabilistic expres- sions. Populations with differing occupations, mainly students, physicians, other medical workers, and science writers, contributed. In spite of the variety of populations, format of question, instructions, and context, the variation of the averages for most of the expressions was modest, suggesting that they might be useful for codification. One exception was possible, because it had distinctly different meanings for different people. We report new data from a survey of science writers. The effect of modifiers such as very or negation (not, un-, im-, in-) can be described approximately by a simple rule. The modified expression has probability meaning half as far from the appropriate boundary (0 or 100) as that of the original expression. This paper also reviews studies that show stability of meanings over 20 years, mild effects of translation into other languages, context, small order effects, and effects of scale for reporting on extreme values. The stem probability with modifiers gives a substantial range 6% to 91% and the stem chance might do as well if tried with very. The stems frequent, probable, likely, and often with modifiers produce roughly equivalent sets of means, but do not cover as wide a range as probability. Extreme values such as always and certain fall at 98% and 95%, respectively, and impossible and never at 1%. The next step will be to offer codifications and see how satisfactory people find them.


Google Drive is widely used for managing personal and work-related documents in the cloud. To help users organize their documents in Google Drive, we develop a new feature to allow users to create a set of working files for ongoing easy access, called workspace. A workspace is a cluster of documents, but unlike a typical document cluster, it contains documents that are not only topically coherent, but are also useful in the ongoing user tasks. To alleviate the burden of creating workspaces manually, we automatically cluster documents into suggested workspaces. We go beyond the textual similarity-based unsupervised clustering paradigm and instead directly learn from users' activity for document clustering. More specifically, we extract co-access signals (i.e., whether a user accessed two documents around the same time) to measure document relatedness. We then use a neural document similarity model that incorporates text, metadata, as well as co-access features. Since human labels are often difficult or expensive to collect, we extract weak labels based on co-access data at large scale for model training. Our offline and online experiments based on Google Drive show that (a) co-access features are very effective for document clustering; (b) our weakly supervised clustering achieves comparable or even better performance compared to the models trained with human labels; and (c) the weakly supervised method leads to better workspace suggestions that the users accept more often in the production system than baseline approaches.


During development, tissue-specific transcription factors regulate both protein-coding and non-coding genes to control differentiation. Recent studies have established a dual role for the transcription factor Pax6 as both an activator and repressor of gene expression in the eye, central nervous system, and pancreas. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory activity of Pax6 is not fully understood. Here, we reveal that Trpm3 and the intronic microRNA gene miR-204 are co-regulated by Pax6 during eye development. miR-204 is probably the best known microRNA to function as a negative modulator of gene expression during eye development in vertebrates. Analysis of genes altered in mouse Pax6 mutants during lens development revealed significant over-representation of miR-204 targets among the genes up-regulated in the Pax6 mutant lens. A number of new targets of miR-204 were revealed, among them Sox11, a member of the SoxC family of pro-neuronal transcription factors, and an important regulator of eye development. Expression of Trpm/miR-204 and a few of its targets are also Pax6-dependent in medaka fish eyes. Collectively, this study identifies a novel evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which Pax6 controls the down-regulation of multiple genes through direct up-regulation of miR-204.


Currently in the field of demolition, which generates most of the waste in the construction industry, the treatment of waste largely relies on landfill or degraded recycling, which leads to significant consumption of natural resource and energy and a shortage of landfill site. In order to improve the inefficiency of demolition waste recovery, "to suggest improvements in the environmental impact of the demolition industry in UK" was set as the aim of the present research. After the identification of few opportunities for communication between demolishers and constructers in the current social system, a collaboration support system between these two stakeholders called 'Demolition Project Mapping' (DPM) system was suggested. In the system, the impact evaluation tool developed in the 4D-CAD software is applied to the demolition project simulation. This tool allows the users to dynamically simulate the impact of project planning which can be designed in the tool. In the pilot study, the simulation result shows the large potential to reduce the impact (e.g. 28% for the cost) by the tool application.


Mom, I went to the store. See inside the fridge. I watered the plants. I cleaned out Peter's cage. I tidied the sitting room. And the kitchen. And I did the washing up. I'm going to bed. Your live-in servant, Claire. "Life on the Refrigerator Door" is told exclusively through notes exchanged by Claire and her mother, Elizabeth, during the course of a life-altering year. Their story builds to an emotional crescendo when Elizabeth is diagnosed with breast cancer. Stunningly sad but ultimately uplifting, this is a clever, moving, and original portrait of the relationship between a daughter and mother. It is about how we live our lives constantly rushing, and never making time for those we love. It is also an elegy to how much can be said in so few words, if only we made the time to say them.


Increased demand of fish in combination with overexploitation of the fish stocks of the oceans has led to an increased production of fish through aquaculture. Today, fishmeal is the main protein source in fish feed for most aquaculture species. However, fishmeal is soon expected to fall short of demand as its production is associated with environmental problems. This shortage must therefore be met by sustainable alternative protein sources. Protein-rich microorganisms (i.e. Single cell protein) is an interesting option as a fishmeal substitute in fish feed which, in addition, can be produced as an important co-product in wood-based biorefineries. In the current study, four different microorganisms were cultivated on five different residual streams from Swedish wood-based biorefineries. Screening experiments were carried out in shake flasks, optimization experiments in benchtop bioreactors, and scale-up experiments were performed in a 50-litre pilot bioreactor. In addition, a demo-scale experiment was carried out in the Swedish Biorefinery Demo Plant. Microbial biomass from the scale-up experiments was collected and used for production of different fish feed formulations which, in turn, were used in feeding trials of the freshwater fish Tilapia. Fishes fed with feed, in which part of the fishmeal had been substituted with Single cell protein, showed similar or better growth than fishes fed with a fishmeal-based control feed.


Neutron scattering from single crystals has been used to determine the magnetic structure and magnon dynamics of FePS3, an S = 2 Ising-like quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet with a honeycomb lattice. The magnetic structure has been confirmed to have a magnetic propagation vector of k(M) = [01 1/2] and the moments are collinear with the normal to the ab planes. The magnon data could be modeled using a Heisenberg Hamiltonian with a single-ion anisotropy. Magnetic interactions up to the third in-plane nearest neighbor needed to be included for a suitable fit. The best fit parameters for the in-plane exchange interactions were J(1) = 1.46, J(2) = -0.04, and J(3) = -0.96 meV. The single-ion anisotropy is large, Delta = 2.66 meV, explaining the Ising-like behavior of the magnetism in the compound. The interlayer exchange is very small, J' = -0.0073 meV, proving that FePS3 is a very good approximation to a two-dimensional magnet.


Land Administration practices worldwide rely mainly on 2D-based systems to define legal and other spatial boundaries related to land interests. However, the built environment is increasingly becoming spatially complex. Land administrators are challenged by an unprecedented demand to utilise space above and below earth's surface. The relationships between people and land in vertical space can no longer be unambiguously represented in 2D. In addition, the current societal demand for sustainability in a collaborative environment and a lifecycle-thinking, is driving the need to integrate independent systems with standalone databases and methodologies, associated with different aspects of the Spatial Development lifeCycle (SDC). Land Administration Systems (LASs) are an important component of the SDC. Today, a LAS is often mandated and managed as a domain in isolation. Interaction and data reuse with the other phases of the SDC is limited and far from optimal. It is expected that effective 3D data collaboration, sharing, and reuse across the sectors and disciplines in the lifecycle will enable new ways of data harmonisation and use in this complex environment; will improve efficiency of design and data acquisition, as well as data quality (in relation to specific regulations); and will minimise inconsistencies and data loss within information flows. Overall, a cross-sectoral approach is directed towards improving the current state of the Land Administration (LA) domain. This paper consists of two parts. In the first, a review of the current situation, with respect to LASs is presented, concluding the needs for improvement in terms of effectiveness and consistency. In the second part, the vision for the future of LASs is introduced in a wider context, and as an important phase in the SDC, with regards to legal, technical, and organisational aspects. In this part, the needs and considerations that result from the evolving environment and the emerging technological advances are addressed, with a view to discussing a cross-sector approach to collect, maintain, reuse, and share 3D data. In such a cross-sectoral approach, various interoperability issues appear, making it necessary to introduce and use standards. In this respect, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in its current Edition I, as well as in Edition II (expected in 2022) may serve as the standardised core structure of a 3D LAS, with respect to its role as further presented in this paper. In parallel, the evolution of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the design and construction industry, as well as the fact that BIM plays a central role in the life cycle of development projects, are well recognized. Emphasis is given on feasible reuse of BIM/IFC (Industry Foundation Class) data in a 3D LAS. Those considerations are addressed through a web-based system architecture for a future 3D LAS, thereby attempting to integrate heterogeneous systems in the SDC.


This study was carried out to find out the effects of Tarchonanthus Camphoratus (Asteraceae), Acalypha fruticosa  (Fabacea) and  Tagetes minuta  (Asteraceae) crude extracts on the fecundity of  P. duboscqi. The extracts were prepared from the dried aerial parts of  T. camphoratus, A. fruticosa,  and  T. minuta.  Ten female sand flies were aspirated into vials where they were fed on a mixture of the plant extracts and sucrose solution prepared in a ratio  of 1:1. These crude plant extracts were found to reduce the fecundity of  P. duboscqi  significantly (P< 0.05). The extracts were found to reduce the fecundity of P. duboscqi  by 73% (A. fruticosa), 53% (T. minuta) and 26% (T. camphoratus) (P  < 0.05). In conclusion, the higher level of  A. fruticosa,  T. minuta  and  T.  camphoratus  activities would potentially reduce the population of sand flies. This study has provided proof of the effects of these medicinal plants on  the vectorial capacity of sand flies.