Importing foreign nurses has been used as a strategy to ease nursing shortages in the United States. The effectiveness of this policy critically depends on the long-run response of native-born nurses. We examine how the immigration of foreign-born registered nurses (RNs) affects the occupational choice and long-run employment decisions of native RNs. Using a variety of empirical strategies that exploit the geographical distribution of immigrant nurses across U.S. cities, we find evidence of large displacement effects — over a 10-year period, for every foreign nurse that migrates to a city, between one and two fewer native nurses are employed in that city. We find similar results at the state level using data on individuals taking the nursing board exam — an increase in the flow of foreign nurses significantly reduces the number of natives sitting for licensure exams in the states that are more dependent on foreign-born nurses compared to those states that are less dependent on foreign nurses. Using data on self-reported workplace satisfaction among a sample of California nurses, we find evidence suggesting that some of the displacement effects could be driven by a decline in the perceived quality of the workplace environment.


Two highly homologous synthetic peptides MLC(3-13) (K-R-A-K-A-K-T-TK-K-R-G) and MLC(5-13) (A-K-A-K-T-T-K-K-R-G) corresponding to the amino terminal amino acid sequence of smooth muscle myosin light chain were utilized as substrates for protein kinase C purified from murine lymphosarcoma tumors to determine the role of the primary amino acid sequence of protein kinase C substrates in defining the lipid (phosphatidyl serine and diacylglycerol) requirements for the activation of the enzyme. Removal of the basic residues lysine and arginine from the amino terminus of MLC(3-13) did not have a significant effect on the Ka value of diacylglycerol. The binding of effector to calcium-protein kinase C appears to be random since binding of one effector did not block the binding of the other.


We present an augmented reality system for large scale 3D reconstruction and recognition in outdoor scenes. Unlike existing prior work, which tries to reconstruct scenes using active depth cameras, we use a purely passive stereo setup, allowing for outdoor use and extended sensing range. Our system not only produces a map of the 3D environment in real-time, it also allows the user to draw (or 'paint') with a laser pointer directly onto the reconstruction to segment the model into objects. Given these examples our system then learns to segment other parts of the 3D map during online acquisition. Unlike typical object recognition systems, ours therefore very much places the user 'in the loop' to segment particular objects of interest, rather than learning from predefined databases. The laser pointer additionally helps to 'clean up' the stereo reconstruction and final 3D map, interactively. Using our system, within minutes, a user can capture a full 3D map, segment it into objects of interest, and refine parts of the model during capture. We provide full technical details of our system to aid replication, as well as quantitative evaluation of system components. We demonstrate the possibility of using our system for helping the visually impaired navigate through spaces. Beyond this use, our system can be used for playing large-scale augmented reality games, shared online to augment streetview data, and used for more detailed car and person navigation.


Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, a parallel infodemic has also been going on such that the information has been spreading faster than the virus itself. During this time, every individual needs to access accurate news in order to take corresponding protective measures, regardless of their country of origin or the language they speak, as misinformation can cause significant loss to not only individuals but also society. In this paper we train several machine learning models (ranging from traditional machine learning to deep learning) to try to determine whether news articles come from either a reliable or an unreliable source, using just the body of the article. Moreover, we use a previously introduced corpus of news in Swedish related to the COVID-19 pandemic for the classification task. Given that our dataset is both unbalanced and small, we use subsampling and easy data augmentation (EDA) to try to solve these issues. In the end, we realize that, due to the small size of our dataset, using traditional machine learning along with data augmentation yields results that rival those of transformer models such as BERT.


This thesis ''An Investigation of Tin Chalcogenide Precursors and Thin Film Materials for Applications in Energy Harvesting Devices'' encompasses a range of research areas. The report can be divided into two categories: The first is the design of novel heavy tin chalcogenide complexes and compounds that demonstrate the recent advances in main group chemistry and act as potential precursor candidates for CVD processes. The second category follows on from the previous, and focuses on materials deposited and their successive development, characterisation and optimisation for device applications. Subsequently, an array of metal chalcogenide thin films have been deposited and characterised within this project. By designing of a number of the tin chalcogenide precursors and precursor solutions it has been possible to selectively deposit thin films of Sn, α-SnS and cubic-SnS polymorphs, SnS2, SnSe, and SnTe via a low-cost deposition route known as aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AA-CVD). It is proposed that the processes developed in this PhD can be adapted to deposit a wider spectrum of metal chalcogenide materials using cost effective techniques. Even though there is a wide scope of the possible applications for the aforementioned materials, the study has only been extended towards the characterisation of the optoelectronic properties of phase pure α-SnS and cubic-SnS samples, and SnS2 thin films deposited onto FTO, Mo and graphene substrates. The optimum deposition parameters for the application of these materials has been defined. In collaboration with a research group at the Institut de Recerca de Energia de Catalunya (iREC), Barcelona, Spain, an extended study of the photovoltaic properties of the α-SnS and Cubic-SnS samples is also presented, from which a series of SnS based thin film photovoltaic devices have been fabricated and characterised. This study present some of the few reports explicitly comparing the PV properties of the two α-SnS and Cubic-SnS polymorphs.


Distinct streptomycetes such as Streptomyces mobaraensis produce the protein cross‐linking enzyme transglutaminase. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the occurrence of seven sortases exerting transpeptidation reactions similarly to transglutaminase. Here, we report the production and characterization of sortase E2 (Sm‐SrtE2) solubilized by removal of its membrane anchor domain. Sm‐SrtE2 activity was measured using pentapeptides predicted to be cell wall sorting signals of putative sortase substrate proteins. Preferred linkage to Gly3 by Sm‐SrtE2 was in the order LAETG>>LAHTG>>LAQTG~LANTG>LARTG. Chaplin 1 from S. mobaraensis was further demonstrated to be an excellent substrate of both the intrinsic Sm‐SrtE2 and transglutaminase. The unexpected discovery showing Gln‐62 and Gln‐65 of Δ1–50‐Sm‐SrtE2 as transglutaminase cross‐linking sites suggests that low enzyme stability might be due to anchor domain truncation and a disordered N terminus.


Public Safety Act - Prohibits funds provided by the Federal Government to a State or local government for the purpose of providing core correctional services from being used to contract with private contractors or vendors to provide such activities. Defines core correctional services as the housing, safeguarding, protecting, and disciplining of persons charged or convicted of an offense.Amends the Federal criminal code to require the Bureau of Prisons to provide that: (1) any penal or correctional facility or institution, except for nonprofit community correctional confinement (such as halfway houses), confining any person convicted of offenses against the United States shall be under the direction of the Director of the Bureau and shall be managed and maintained by Federal, State, or local government employees; and (2) the housing, safeguarding, protection, and disciplining of any person charged with or convicted of any offense against the United States (with that exception) shall be conducted and carried out by Federal, State, or local government employees.


Abstract The Watanabea clade of the Trebouxiophyceae includes unicellular coccoid green microalgae that mostly thrive in subaerial microhabitats. Recently, a number of new genera and species were described on the basis of the DNA sequence data and morphological observations. The peculiar genus Phyllosiphon, which forms a monophyletic clade within the Watanabea clade, is characterized by forming siphonous parasitic stages thriving in the leaves of the Araceae. In addition, several previous studies demonstrated that members of the genus Phyllosiphon also include free-living chlorelloid individuals that occur on various subaerial substrates. A number of Phyllosiphon members sampled from European subaerial microhabitats have so far not been taxonomically described, because they were not available in cultures. In this study, we provide a taxonomic description of a new species of the genus Phyllosiphon, P. duini, isolated from a corticolous biofilm growing on Quercus pubescens in a sub-Mediterranean forest stand. The simple chlorelloid morphology of this strain did not unambiguously distinguish Phyllosiphon duini from other closely related members of the Watanabea clade. However, phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rDNA sequences showed that this species clustered in a sister position to a Phyllosiphon species previously described from eastern Asia. Similar phylogenetic pattern was also supported by the plastid-encoded rbcL gene sequences of members of the Watanabea clade. Our data demonstrate that the genus Phyllosiphon represents a diverse phylogenetic lineage within the subaerial chlorelloid green microalgae of the Watanabea clade.


Rusinovite, Ca 10 (Si 2 O 7 ) 3 Cl 2 , was discovered in an altered carbonate-silicate xenolith enclosed in ignimbrites of the Upper Chegem volcanic caldera. The mineral is named after Vladimir Leonidovich Rusinov (1935–2007), a Russian petrologist and expert in the field of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium mineral systems. A synthetic analogue of rusinovite is also known. The new mineral has an OD structure of which only the average structure could be determined based on strong and sharp reflections recorded by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: space group Cmcm , a = 3.7617(2), b = 16.9385(8), c = 17.3196(9) A, V = 1103.56(10) A 3 , Z = 2. The average structure ( R 1 = 3.18 %) is characterized by columns of face-sharing disilicate units extending parallel to a . However, in the true structure only each second (Si 2 O 7 ) unit is occupied. Although rusinovite has a stoichiometry similar to the apatite-group mineral nasonite, Pb 6 Ca 4 (Si 2 O 7 ) 3 Cl 2 , the two structures are considerably different. Rusinovite has following optical properties: α = 1.645(2), β = 1.664(2), γ = 1.675(3); Δ = 0.030, 2V meas = −75(10) °; 2V calc = −74.6 °; the Mohs hardness is 4–5, the density is 2.91 g/cm 3 . The mineral forms fibrous crystals often intergrown into spherolites and displays good cleavage parallel to (010). The Raman spectrum of rusinovite strongly resembles that of another skarn calcium-disilicate: rankinite, Ca 3 Si 2 O 7 .


Abstract Objective We needed to better understand the usefulness of different methods of monitoring and achieving sustained improvement in cleaning. Common elements of successful international approaches include a covert nature, the use of a method to visually identify and highlight deficiencies in the cleaning of high touch objects (HTOs) and the provision of feedback and education before re-evaluation. The specific purpose of this study was to evaluate fluorescent marking, education and feedback for assessing and improving HTO cleaning in a typical Australian inpatient hospital setting. Methods A three-phase, prospective study was conducted in two acute care hospitals over 17 weeks. For each phase, in a set of 37 specific single-inpatient rooms, seven predefined HTOs were marked with a liquid isopropyl alcohol and optical brightener formulation targeting material solution containing a fluorescent marker (FM), known as DAZO ® , designed specifically for the purpose of evaluating surface cleaning. In each hospital we targeted rooms located in the four wards with the greatest de novo multidrug resistant organism burden. Forty-eight hours after applying the FM we used a black-light to visualise the mark's presence or removal. In phase 1 only, HTOs were swabbed before marking. Also in the first phase only and immediately following the initial assessment, eachHTOwas cleaned, remarked and re-assessed at 48 h. Between phases 1 and 2, investigators provided results to environmental services (EVS) leadership and staff. Education was provided to EVS staff after phase 1 only. Results A total of 986 marks were evaluated. The cleaning scores for individual HTOs in phases 1–3 ranged from 9.4 to 77.8%, 10.8 to 93% and 13.5 to 67.7% respectively. In phase 3, three HTOs scored lower than in phase 1. The mean overall cleaning scores for phases 1–3 were 34%, 53% and 41% respectively. Conclusions The FM was useful to assess HTO cleaning thoroughness. It facilitated relevant feedback and education and motivated staff to strive for continual improvements in environmental cleaning. Without on-going education, preliminary improvements were unsustained. However, investigators better understood flaws in cleaning and policy/procedure conflicts.


Objective: People dealing with serious mental illness frequently report turning to religion to help cope with the disorder. However, little is known about how religion impacts commitment to psychotherapy programs for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Method: In a sample of 64 families enrolled in a culturally informed family treatment for schizophrenia that targets religiosity, we hypothesized that patients and caregivers who use high levels of adaptive religious coping and low levels of maladaptive religious coping, would be less likely to drop out of treatment than their counterparts. Results: In line with hypotheses, results demonstrated that greater maladaptive religious coping was associated with fewer family therapy sessions attended. Contrary to expectations, greater adaptive religious coping was also associated with attending fewer family therapy sessions. Conclusion: Results suggest that any type of religious coping may be associated with higher levels of attrition from family therapy. Perhaps spiritual/religious people are already getting support and guidance from their beliefs and practices that aid them in coping with mental illness. Results may also suggest that there is a "religiosity gap" in which religious individuals perceive a disconnect between their beliefs and the beliefs of their mental health providers. It is important to point out that in this study, of those who dropped out prematurely, nearly all did so before the religiosity segment of treatment even began. Modifying how family treatments are introduced early on in therapy to ensure they appear congruent with the beliefs and values of religious families may help to reduce attrition.


Abstract A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for urban areas, by bringing together various stakeholders for collaboration and collective ideation. Although the notion has received increasing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy makers, its essence remains unclear to many. We therefore performed a systematic literature review of a sample of 114 scholarly articles about living labs to understand the central facets discussed in the nascent literature. In particular, we explored the origin of the living lab concept and its key paradigms and characteristics, including stakeholder roles, contexts, challenges, main outcomes, and sustainability. While doing this, we discovered that the number of publications about living labs has increased significantly since 2015, and several journals are very active in publishing articles on the topic. The living lab is considered a multidisciplinary phenomenon and it encompasses various research domains despite typically being discussed under open and user innovation paradigms. What is more, the existing literature views living labs simultaneously as landscapes, real-life environments, and methodologies, and it suggests that they include heterogeneous stakeholders and apply various business models, methods, tools and approaches. Finally, living labs face some challenges, such as temporality, governance, efficiency, user recruitment, sustainability, scalability and unpredictable outcomes. In contrast, the benefits include tangible and intangible innovation and a broader diversity of innovation. Based on our analysis, we provide some implications and suggestions for future research.


Much scholarly attention has been paid to the school-to-prison pipeline and the sanitized discourse of "death by education," called the achievement gap. Additionally, there exists a longstanding discourse surrounding the alleged crisis of educational failure. This article offers no solutions to the crisis and suggests instead that the system is functioning as it was intended—to disenfranchise many (predominately people of color) for the benefit of some (mostly white), based on economic principals of the free market. We begin by tracing the economic interests of prisons and the prison industrial complex, juxtaposing considerations of what we call the "educational reform industrial complex." With a baseline in the economic interests of school failure and prison proliferation, we draw on the critical race theory concept of racial realism, to work toward a theory of educational and penal realism. Specifically, we outline seven working tenets of educational and penal realism that provide promise in redirecting the discourse about schools and prisons empowering those interested in critically engaging issues of racism that permeate U.S. orientations to education and justice.


: The earth is now subject to climate change and habitat deterioration on unprecedented scales. Monitoring climate change and habitat loss alone is insufficient if we are to understand the effects of these factors on complex biological communities. It is therefore important to identify bioindicator taxa that show measurable responses to climate change and habitat loss and that reflect wider-scale impacts on the biota of interest. We argue that bats have enormous potential as bioindicators: they show taxonomic stability, trends in their populations can be monitored, short- and long-term effects on populations can be measured and they are distributed widely around the globe. Because insectivorous bats occupy high trophic levels, they are sensitive to accumulations of pesticides and other toxins, and changes in their abundance may reflect changes in populations of arthropod prey species. Bats provide several ecosystem services, and hence reflect the status of the plant populations on which they feed and pollinate as well as the productivity of insect communities. Bat populations are affected by a wide range of stressors that affect many other taxa. In particular, changes in bat numbers or activity can be related to climate change (including extremes of drought, heat, cold and precipitation, cyclones and sea level rise), deterioration of water quality, agricultural intensification, loss and fragmentation of forests, fatalities at wind turbines, disease, pesticide use and overhunting. There is an urgent need to implement a global network for monitoring bat populations so their role as bioindicators can be used to its full potential.


Applications performing streaming of phasor-measurement data require low latency and losses from the communication network. Traditionally, such requirements are realized through wired infrastructure. Recently, wireless infrastructure has gained attention due to its low-cost and ease of deployment, but its poor quality-of-service is a strong deterrent for use in mission-critical applications. Recent studies have used measurements to explore the use of packet replication over redundant Wi-Fi paths, for obtaining the desired loss performance without hampering the end-to-end latency. However, these studies are done in a controlled, laboratory environment and do not reflect the real, in-field performance. In this paper, we perform extensive measurements using two co-located directional Wi-Fi links in a real-life setting, to experimentally validate the use of packet replication over Wi-Fi for streaming phasor data. In the setting that we evaluated, we find that the two channels are not fail-independent but the performance achieved with replication is very close to what it would be if they were to be independent. From the loss and latency statistics after replication, we conclude that replicating the phasor data over redundant Wi-Fi paths is a viable option for achieving the desired quality-of-service.


We report a study of the effects the choice set on financial decision making related to retirement savings and risky investment. The participants were presented with either a full range of choice options or a limited subset of the feasible options. The choices of saving and risk are affected by the position of each option in the range of presented options. This result demonstrated that the range of the options offered as possible saving rates and levels of investment risk influences decisions about saving and risk. The study was conducted on a sample of working people, and we controlled whether the participants can financially afford in their real life the decisions taken in the test. In addition, various measures of risk aversion did not account for the risk taken in each condition. Surprisingly, only the simplest and most direct risk preference measure was a significant predictor of the responses within a particular choice set context, although the actual choices were still very much influenced by the range. Thus, the results reported here suggest that financial judgments and choices are relative, which corroborates, in an important practical domain, previous related work with abstract gambles and hypothetical risky investments.


The optimal design of environmental liability policy focuses on two primary policy issues: the cleanup of existing sources of pollution and the definition and enforcement of policies to promote prospectively efficient environmental risk reduction. Through the analysis of a policy toward a pervasive environmental risk--leaking underground storage tanks--we analyze the effectiveness of an existing policy governing retroactive and prospective liability issues and suggest ways in which that policy can be improved. While we find some theoretical support for the public financing of UST cleanups, we also find the current system to be flawed in its implementation. In general, the paper argues that public financing of past pollution cleanup costs can lead to greater future risk deterrence by allowing firms to more fully internalize the costs of future environmental risks. However, if it is practically or politically impossible to limit public financing to retroactive liabilities alone, the deterrent effect of such a system is vastly reduced.


Previous studies on building, industrial, and transportation projects found that projects delivered using design-build tend to perform better than projects delivered with the traditional design-bid-build method. However, performance of design-build projects is affected by various factors, with procurement-related factors being among the most influential. Whereas other aspects of procurement have been largely investigated, the effect of procurement duration on project performance has been studied only for design-build transportation projects. In addition, few studies have focused specifically on the delivery of water/wastewater projects. This paper includes the results of a study on the relationship between procurement duration and performance of water/wastewater design-build projects. The study methodology was based on regression analysis of data from a sample of water/wastewater design-build projects. The results show that unlike the transportation sector, procurement duration has little effect on either schedule or cost performance in the water/wastewater sector. Likely reasons for this difference were then explored through a content analysis of procurement documents.


Rock-fill dams are popular in developing countries due to their ease of construction and use of local materials. They are used to store water and to provide flood defences. The presence of such dams in earthquake-prone regions poses risks, particularly from ground liquefaction. In this paper, results from physical model tests on dams with different configurations are presented. Model dams with impermeable cores including sheet pile walls and clay cores were tested and the effect of reservoir water was investigated. High-speed photography was used to capture the response of the model dams allowing the movement of foundation soil below the dam to be established. It is concluded that the stiffness of the impermeable core has a significant influence on the ultimate deformation of the dam. The presence of reservoir water led to increased downstream movements of the dam and differential settlements between the upstream and downstream sides.


Abstract : A linear control subroutine library was created and stored in a load module on Disk 02 of the IBM/360 of the Naval Postgraduate School. This library consists of three groups of programs: transfer function subprograms; matrix manipulation and time response subprograms; and modern control design routines. The transfer function subprograms provide numerical aids for classical control design techniques including root locus and frequency design methods. The matrix manipulation and time response routines allow the user to determine eigenvalues, find state transition matrices, evaluate resolvent matrices, perform several other matrix operations and determine and plot graphical time responses. The modern control design programs aid in solving Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) problems and also provide the capability to investigate sensitivity and to de-couple multi-input multi-output systems. This thesis is a user's manual for the library of control design programs. Applications, extensive documentation and numerous worked examples are included. (Author)


Various methods have been used to estimate risk indices with historical data. An industry perception of increasing milk price risk over time provides a standard for evaluating several techniques used to measure historical risk. Risk measures from a regression model and an ARIMA model were consistent with the perception of increasing risk.


The feasibility of tuning the optical response of a dipole nanoantenna using plasmonic core-shell particles is demonstrated. The proposed scheme consists of a two-step tuning process. First, it is demonstrated that when the gap between the nanodipole arms is loaded by a homogeneous dielectric sphere, the configuration exhibits effective material properties that can be described by a mixing rule, thereby allowing it to be effectively mapped onto an equivalent circuit topology. An additional degree of tunability is introduced by substituting the load consisting of a homogeneous sphere with one represented by a two-layer core-shell particle. An electrically small core-shell particle offers the advantage that it functions as a tunable nanocircuit element with properties that depend on the material constitution of the particle as well as its volume fraction. Effective medium theory is employed, and through rigorous analysis the resulting core-shell nanoparticle properties are then mapped onto an equivalent circuit topology. The complete derivation is presented for the total equivalent circuit model that corresponds to this two-step tuning process. Full-wave numerical predictions of the nanoantenna's extinction cross section are presented that validate the results obtained through the equivalent circuit-based representation of the loaded antenna. The proposed methodology illustrates the inherent tuning capabilities that core-shell particles can offer. Additionally, a novel compact and efficient scheme is introduced in order to map general nanoantenna loads onto equivalent circuit representations. The proposed approach permits the examination of the nanodipole antenna's performance in its transmitting mode; therefore it completely eliminates the need for time-consuming full-wave simulations of loaded nanoantenna structures. At the same time, it provides the optical designer with the capability to custom-engineer the nanoantenna's response through fast and accurate circuit-based analysis.


Accurate land resource information is needed to support agricultural management planning in Indonesia. Mapping regarding corn land needs to be performed because corn is one of the commodities that are highly required both for food and as a primary material for industry. Cornland mapping and identification is performed by monitoring its growth phase. By considering the area and spatial distribution of agricultural land, remote sensing becomes an efficient and accurate monitoring solution. In the tropical region, optical remote sensing is often obstructed by clouds; thus, a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor that has the ability to penetrate clouds and can operate in rainy weather conditions is required.
For this reason,  time-series SAR Sentinel-1A radar image data recorded over Gerung District, West Lombok, in April 2018 to April 2019 were used for corn farms monitoring. The growth phase classification is carried out by the supervised classification method using the RGB: VV, VH, and cross-ratio of VV/VH composites. By analyzing the backscattering value (σ°; backscatter), identification of corn stands, and the growth phase pattern of corn plants can be performed. The coefficient value of σ° of corn plant was known to be in the range of -14 to -23 dB for VH polarization and -8 to -14 dB for VV polarization with kappa accuracy of 67%.


A theoretical model for investigating the performance of a regenerative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power plant is presented. Using continuity, momentum, and energy equations of the flowing gas in the MHD generator, we investigate the effect of constant velocity and constant Mach number cases as operating conditions of the generator on the power plant performance. Internal as well as external irreversibilities are taken into consideration. The effects of temperature ratio across the compressor and number of heat transfer units of regenerator are analyzed numerically. The results show that at low temperature ratios, the regenerative power plant produces higher power and has greater efficiency. However, the use of regenerators decreases the maximum power and the corresponding thermal efficiency. Both constant velocity and constant Mach number cases are identical in performance when the plant is endoreversible without regenerator. General expressions for power and efficiency are also given.


The design and construction of an experimental subjective color comparator is discussed. The unit permits binocular viewing of a constant, 2-degree split matching field with a dark surround. During observation of the field, continuous adjustments of the color of the "standard" side are possible with three controls, each associated with one of the subjective attributes of color. Data useful in calculating the I.C.I. tristimulus values for the matched sample appear on calibrated dials. Color samples to be matched by Illuminant "C" are inserted in the instrument on small cards. Larger samples—external to the comparator—such as textiles, agricultural products, wall panels, etc., can be evaluated for all types of illumination. In every case, texture in the sample is obscured by the comparator mechanism. Some data is presented to indicate the matching tolerances that can be expected.


Computer models of complex mechanical systems are being used more frequently and effectively due to ever increasing computing power. These models have improved the design process by allowing designers to create virtual prototypes of systems. Computer models permit iterative designs, thereby allowing the designer to run hundreds of simulations in the time it would take to make one physical model and test it. This ease of iteration has made design of experiments (DOE) analyses easy to carry out on the computer models. A DOE analysis provides excellent information regarding the specific output function being examined, but may overlook some of the global effects that these changes may have on the system. A new design tool is developed in this work that addresses this deficiency. The new method greatly improves upon existing design tools such as DOE. Specifically, the new method augments a traditional DOE study with an Activity study, which focuses on the energy flow in the system and provides a larger picture of the system dynamics. Instead of using only a DOE analysis to determine which elements' properties should be changed, the Activity of the elements is also considered. This helps prevent altering a parameter or set of parameters to achieve a desired response at the expense of other unforeseen results. This idea is demonstrated by investigating the issue of designing a vehicle for improved ride quality. A simple quarter car model is used so that the results can be clearly seen. The example shows that design changes based on a DOE analysis alone can improve the ride quality, but also can alter other system responses significantly. When an Activity analysis is combined with the DOE study, the ride quality is improved, but the effects on other aspects of the system are greatly reduced. Augmentation of DOE with Activity allows a specific design goal to be achieved and also provides global information about the system. This allows the engineer to make informed decisions about the effects of changes on the system.


ABSTRACTStrata in the Paganzo, Tarija, and Parana´ Basins of Argentina and Brazil provideevidence for reconstructing the effects of late Paleozoic glacial retreat. The depositionalenvironment of the transgressive and early highstand fine-grained deposits has been con-troversial, with interpretations ranging from normal-marine shelves to estuaries to lakes.Whereas their counterparts from shallow-marine settings not influenced by glaciation hostdiverse, fully marine ichnofaunas, these fine-grained postglacial deposits are dominatedby nonspecialized grazing trails, simple feeding traces, arthropod trackways, and fishtrails. They are typical of freshwater environments and represent examples of the Mermia and Scoyenia ichnofacies. However, the local presence of acritarchs indicates sporadicmarine influence. These observations suggest a new interpretation, that freshwater con-ditions in fjordlike settings across South America were widespread because Gondwananbasins were overwhelmed by strong meltwater discharge issuing from melting of the con-tinental ice masses.Keywords:


Imperial Germany focuses on the domestic political developments of the period, putting them into context through a balanced guide to the economic and social background, culture and foreign policy. This important study explores the tensions caused within an empire which was formed through war, against the prevailing liberal spirit of the age and poses many questions among them: * Was the desire to unify Germany the cause of the aggressive foreign policy leading to the First World War? * To what extent was Bismarck's Second Reich the forerunner of Hitler's Third? * Did Bismarck's authoritarian rule permanently hinder the political development of Germany? Recent debates raised by German scholarship are made accessible to English speaking readers, and the book summarises the important controversies and competing interpretations of imperial German history.


Art-or at least the kind we most like to write about-is almost always political, whether it is inter/national or personal; and though TDR has already taken this up in its "War and Other Bad Shit" issue, the topic remains center stage. In his review of Danish theatre troupe Dood Paard's medEia, Jacob Gallagher-Ross notes the emergence of "a new age of the chorus" in which spectatorship becomes inseparable from paralyzed witnessing and Medea's tragedy is reconceived as a metaphor for the West's tragic relations with the East. Laurietz Seda explores Guillermo Gómez-Peña's recent performance/installation Mapa/Corpo 2: Interactive Rituals for the New Millennium, a fluid piece that, like much of This 1919 poster takes its slogan from a poem by Paul Zech warning Berlin to "Stop and think! Your dance partner is Death." See "Berlin...Your Dance Partner Is Death" by Kate Elswit. (Courtesy of the Hoover Institution on War and Revolution, Poster Collection GE 2361) the artist's recent work, addresses the xenophobia and "war on difference" that underlies the US's ongoing War on Terror. The Burmese stand-up trio the Moustache Brothers is the subject of Xan Colman and Tamara Searle's personal account of how performance can be both art and resistance in a contradictory and charged political regime.


BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious killer, and India accounts for 2.8 of the 10.4 million TB cases that occur each year, making it the highest TB burden country worldwide. Poor quality of TB care is a major driver of the epidemic in India. India's large private, unregulated sector manages over 50% of the TB patients, with studies showing suboptimal diagnosis and treatment in the private sector. Better education of doctors using mobile applications (apps) is a possible solution. While India has seen an explosion of mobile phone services, and while the use of mobile health interventions has been gaining interest, little is known about mHealth around tuberculosis in India.

METHODS
Our study aimed to understand the user experience and acceptability of a smartphone application, LearnTB, amongst private sector academic clinicians in India. This study was conducted amongst 101 clinicians at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India. The user experience of participants (part 1) and acceptability (part 2) were evaluated with the use of two valid, English, paper-based questionnaires. The first questionnaire was based on the System Usability Scale (SUS); the second questionnaire was based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were collected during February and March 2017 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression as well as logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS
A response rate of 99% was achieved; 100 participants responded to the second questionnaire and 100% of the participants responded to the first questionnaire. User experience was very high [mean SUS score =94.4 (92.07-96.76)]. Perceived usefulness (PU) was significantly correlated to intention to use (IU) (r=0.707, P<0.0001), and perceived ease of use (PEU) was significantly correlated to PU (r=0.466, P<0.0001). Path analysis confirmed the direct relationship between PU and IU (0.936, P<0.0001), and the indirect relationship between PEU and IU (0.5102, P<0.0001). Logistic regression analysis helped target items strongly influencing IU, such as "The use of the LearnTB application is compatible with my work habits" [OR =3.20 (1.04-9.84), P=0.004] and "The use of the LearnTB application could promote good clinical practice" [OR =5.23 (1.35-20.29); P=0.016].

CONCLUSION
The first part of the study indicated high user experience of the LearnTB application. The TAM questionnaire (second part) explained a significant portion of the variance in clinicians' IU the LearnTB application. The PU of the application has the highest impact on the clinicians' IU the Learn TB application. This study provides a preliminary analysis of mobile health interventions for tuberculosis in India, and emphasizes the need for future research in this domain.


Abstract Accessibility to housing for low to moderate income groups in Australia has experienced a severe decline since 2002. On the supply side, the public sector has been reducing its commitment to the direct provision of public housing. Despite strong demand for affordable housing, limited supply has been generated by nongovernment housing providers. This paper identifies and discusses some current affordable housing solutions which have been developed by non-government housing providers to ameliorate the problem. This study utilises case studies generated from nineteen housing providers during in-depth interviews in South East Queensland in 2007–2008. The case studies are classified into four categories which relate to the nature of their product: affordable rental housing, mixed housing, affordable housing for people with special needs and low cost home ownership. Each category is discussed on the basis of the characteristics typical of that organisation of housing provider, their partnership arrangements and main target market. In addition, the special design and facilities required for people with special needs which include high care accommodation and aged care are highlighted. Finally, this study recommends offering a continuum of solutions to affordable housing for low income people by means of a rent-to-buy scheme.


The Kepler mission has discovered thousands of exoplanets and revolutionized our understanding of their population. This large, homogeneous catalog of discoveries has enabled rigorous studies of the occurrence rate of exoplanets and planetary systems as a function of their physical properties. However, transit surveys such as Kepler are most sensitive to planets with orbital periods much shorter than the orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn, the most massive planets in our solar system. To address this deficiency, we perform a fully automated search for long-period exoplanets with only one or two transits in the archival Kepler light curves. When applied to the ∼40,000 brightest Sun-like target stars, this search produces 16 long-period exoplanet candidates. Of these candidates, six are novel discoveries and five are in systems with inner short-period transiting planets. Since our method involves no human intervention, we empirically characterize the detection efficiency of our search. Based on these results, we measure the average occurrence rate of exoplanets smaller than Jupiter with orbital periods in the range 2–25 years to be 2.0 ± 0.7 planets per Sun-like star.


The restoration of coastal dunes, a common form of soft protection, can not only save considerable construction and maintenance costs but also facilitate the maintenance of coastal ecological environments and natural landscapes. Taiwan sustains frequent typhoons and its Si-Cao coast has been seriously affected by previous storms. Restoration of the sand dunes of the Si-Cao coast is necessary and urgent, and the influence of typhoons should be fully considered in dune restoration. Therefore, four test sets were created to perform dune restoration experiments in the northern section of the Si-Cao coast by using different methods, materials, and layouts. We compared topographical and vegetation survey results preceding and following four typhoons, and used this information to identify suitable construction methods for typhoon-affected dunes. These results indicated that artificial vegetation did not perform ideally because the growth of vegetation was slow under the influence of typhoons. Oyster bamboo racks were found to have a positive effect on sand trapping, and provided a shelter that enabled plants to grow naturally. Sand accumulation between two fences was substantial, but moderately dispersed. After consecutive typhoons, vegetation coverage showed a downward trend in all four test sets; however, the sand fence set had the highest protective effect on vegetation. Spinifex littoreus exhibited a strong ability to resist typhoons; after a slight decrease, its coverage improved markedly. According to these results, we provide recommendations for dune restoration on the Si-Cao coast.


Apparatus for and method of sensing brain waves at a position remote from a subject whereby electromagnetic signals of different frequencies are simultaneously transmitted to the brain of the subject in which the signals interfere with one another to yield a waveform which is modulated by the subject's brain waves. The interference waveform which is representative of the brain wave activity is re-transmitted by the brain to a receiver where it is demodulated and amplified. The demodulated waveform is then displayed for visual viewing and routed to a computer for further processing and analysis. The demodulated waveform also can be used to produce a compensating signal which is transmitted back to the brain to effect a desired change in electrical activity therein.


For antitrust practitioners, scholars, and economists – those who work with antitrust in agencies, courts, or law firms – the development of the antitrust laws over the past half century has been a remarkable and positive development for the American economy and consumers. Most fundamentally, there is agreement that the goal of protecting consumer welfare is and should be the lodestar of modern antitrust enforcement. This has not always been the case. For much of its history, antitrust has done more harm than good. Prior to the modern "consumer-welfare" era, antitrust laws employed confused doctrines that pursued populist notions and often led to contradictory results that purported to advance a variety of social and political goals at the expense of American consumers. From the perspective of antitrust professionals and academics, there is widespread agreement that the intellectual revolution that led to the consumer welfare standard saved an incoherent doctrine from its own internal inconsistencies and saved consumers from its perverse and paradoxical results. Outside of mainstream antitrust practice and the academy, things look quite different. There appears to be another revolution brewing – the Hipster Antitrust Movement. It calls for the return of populism in antitrust enforcement. It declares the modern antitrust era - and the consumer welfare standard specifically – a failure. Hipster Antitrust lays at antitrust law's feet a myriad of perceived socio-political problems, including, but not limited to, rising inequality, employee wage concerns, and the concentration of political power. The drumbeat for this revolution is strong and growing, with a broad range of enthusiastic participants and devotees, including public intellectuals and think tankers, as well as prominent members of Congress. At its core, the Hipster Antitrust movement calls for a total rejection of the commitment to economic methodology and evidence-based policy that lies at the heart of modern antitrust enforcement. In this Article, we evaluate the Hipster Antitrust claims. Some of those claims are made on modern antitrust's own terms: that a return to "big-is-bad" antitrust enforcement based upon firm size or banning vertical mergers would make consumers better off. Others are "outside" the domain of consumer welfare-based antitrust: that lax antitrust has caused an increase in economic inequality. We demonstrate that, when evaluated as evidence-based policy proposals, the Hipster Antitrust agenda fails to substantiate its claims and promises. We discuss the dangers to consumers and society of adopting the populist antitrust approach, including enhancing corporate welfare at the expense of consumers, and encouraging rent-seeking by giving agencies and judges unbridled discretion.


Background Ageing adults are likely to expect informal caregiving assistance from a friend or family member, reflecting the reality that most long-term care (LTC) is provided by family and friends. The purpose of the study was to determine the likelihood that expectations of care will be unmet at the onset of functional disability, and the factors that impact that likelihood. Methods Community-dwelling respondents from biannual repeated assessments (2006–2010) of the Health and Retirement Study over age 65 who expressed a caregiving expectation prior to need were included in the final analytical sample (n=1352). Logistic regression and change models were specified to address impact of variables on unmet expectations. Results Expectations of care were unmet for almost one-third (32%) of the sample, among whom 30% were not receiving needed care. Unmet expectations were associated with being unmarried, older and having a higher number of ADL deficits. Change over time in the number of predictor variables influenced the likelihood of unmet expectations. Conclusions Unplanned dependence on formal care systems and/or having unmet care needs places elders at risk of negative outcomes. Knowledge of factors that impact whether expected care is eventually received provides robust evidence for counselling individuals regarding the need to plan for additional LTC services.


We propose a meta-algorithm to reduce the error rate of state-ofthe-art machine learning algorithms by refusing to make predictions in certain cases even when the underlying algorithms suggest predictions. Intuitively, our SafePredict approach estimates the likelihood that a prediction will be in error and when that likelihood is high, the approach refuses to go along with that prediction. Unlike other approaches, we can probabilistically guarantee an error rate on predictions we do make (denoted the decisive predictions). Empirically on seven diverse data sets from genomics, ecology, imagerecognition, and gaming, our method can probabilistically guarantee to reduce the error rate to 1/4 of what it is in the state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm at a cost of between 11% and 58% refusals. Competing state-of-the-art methods refuse at roughly twice the rate of ours (sometimes refusing all suggested predictions). Dennis Shasha is a Julius Silver Professor of computer science at the Courant Institute of New York University (NYU) and an Associate Director of NYU Wireless. He works on meta-algorithms for machine learning to achieve guaranteed correctness rates, with biologists on pattern discovery for network inference; with computational chemists on algorithms for protein design; with physicists and financial people on algorithms for time series; on clocked computation for DNA computing; and on computational reproducibility. Other areas of interest include database tuning as well as tree and graph matching. Because he likes to type, he has written six books of puzzles about a mathematical detective named Dr. Ecco, a biography about great computer scientists, and a book about the future of computing. He has also written five technical books about database tuning, biological pattern recognition, time series, DNA computing, resampling statistics, and causal inference in molecular networks. He has co-authored over eighty journal papers, seventy conference papers, and twenty-five patents. He has written the puzzle column for various publications including Scientific American, Dr. Dobb's Journal, and the Communications of the ACM. He is a fellow of the ACM and an INRIA International Chair. 2018 SBC 33rd Brazilian Symposium on Databases (SBBD) August 25-26, 2018 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil


Using primarily Urdu sources from the nineteenth century, this book allows us to rethink notions of 'the Muslim', in its numerous, complex and often contradictory forms, which emerged in colonial North India after 1857. Allowing the self-representation of Muslimness and its manifestations to emerge, it contrasts how the colonial British 'made Muslims' very differently compared to how the community envisaged themselves. A key argument made here contests the general sense of the narrative of lamentation, decay, decline, and a sense of self-pity and ruination, by proposing a different condition, that of zillat, a condition which gave rise to much self-reflection resulting in action, even if it was in the form of writing and expression. By questioning how and when a Muslim community emerged in colonial India, the book unsettles the teleological explanation of the Partition of India and the making of Pakistan.


Given the emotion-laden nature and moral considerations of controversial sociopolitical issues, this study examines two key antecedents of publics' information behaviors about controversial sociopolitical issues. We focus on the underresearched emotional dimension by investigating the effects of moral emotions induced by such issues as well as a key demographic factor, gender, on publics' information behaviors toward such issues. Results of this study highlight the significant influence of moral emotions and expand theoretical understanding of public advocacy on highly divisive issues.


"Beowulf" is the greatest surviving work of literature in Old English, unparalleled in its epic grandeur and scope. It tells the story of the heroic Beowulf and of his battles, first with the monster Grendel, who has laid waste to the great hall of the Danish king Hrothgar, then with Grendel's avenging mother, and finally with a dragon that threatens to devastate his homeland. Through its blend of myth and history, "Beowulf" vividly evokes a twilight world in which men and supernatural forces live side by side. And it celebrates the endurance of the human spirit in a transient world. 'Alexander's translation is marked by a conviction that it is possible to be both ambitious and faithful [and] ...communicates the poem with a care which goes beyond fidelity-to-meaning and reaches fidelity of implication. May it go on ...to another half-million copies' - Tom Shippey, "Bulletin of the International Association of University Professors of English".


This viewpoint piece argues that, as currently organised, research and development (R&D) systems both public and private do not necessarily respond well to the needs of poor people in developing countries. Despite all the hype about the potentials of Science and Technology for reducing poverty, there are many missed opportunities. Very often poor and marginalised people across the global south do not end up benefiting from science and technology (S&T). How then should we rethink R&D so that S&T can help in the important challenge to 'make poverty history'? Three reasons are suggested why currently S&T does not always work for the poor, and these are illustrated with three examples from developing country agriculture.


Authentication devices transform cheap paper into legitimate documents. They are the sensory, informational, and computational features that make up valuable papers like banknotes and passports, and they provide the confidence required in moments of exchange and passage. These devices – which include techniques like watermarks and specialized threads, proprietary substrates and inks, or RFID chips – are the product of security printing, an industry that continuously reinvents the possibilities of paper. Importantly, these components protect paper things from counterfeiting, allowing it to function as an original and authentic copy and to do the logistical work of connecting quotidian materials to global networks. The value of valuable papers is therefore not purely extrinsic, socially or discursively established, but is also performed through its intrinsic material qualities. These are the authentication devices that are read, assessed, and trusted as paper things are circulated, and they are what securely connects paper to infrastructures of mobility.


Although an inverse relationship between sickness absence and unemployment has been documented in a number of studies using either quarterly or annual data from different countries with varying institutional frameworks, it is not yet clear whether this empirical regularity is due to changes in the individual costs of absence when unemployment increases (incentive effect) or, alternatively, to changes in the composition of the workforce over the business cycle (selection effect). In order to provide evidence to evaluate the relative importance of both effects we first investigate the effects of changes in the unemployment benefit entitlement system with monthly absence data for East and West Germany for the years 1991-2004. Second, we analyze the impact of differences in the costs of unemployment on the annual absence rates of workers in different sickness insurance funds using state-level annual absence rates for the years 1993-2004. We find clear evidence in favor of an incentive effect.


Abstract. The middle Miocene climate transition (MMCT) was a phase of global cooling
possibly linked to decreasing levels of atmospheric CO2. The MMCT
coincided with the European Mammal Faunal Zone MN6. From this time, important
biogeographic links between Anatolia and eastern Africa include the hominid
Kenyapithecus. Vertebrate fossils suggested mixed open and forested
landscapes under (sub)tropical seasonal climates for Anatolia. Here, we infer
the palaeoclimate during the MMCT and the succeeding cooling phase for a
middle Miocene (14.8–13.2 Ma) intramontane basin in southwestern Anatolia
using three palaeobotanical proxies: (i) Köppen signatures based on the
nearest living-relative principle; (ii) leaf physiognomy analysed with the
Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP); (iii) genus-level
biogeographic affinities of fossil flora with modern regions.
The three proxies reject tropical and hot subtropical climates for the MMCT
of southwestern Anatolia and instead infer mild warm temperate
C climates.
Köppen signatures reject summer-dry Cs climates but cannot discriminate
between fully humid Cf and winter-dry Cw; CLAMP reconstructs Cf climate based on
the low X3.wet∕X3.dry ratio. Additionally, we assess whether the
palaeobotanical record resolves transitions from the warm Miocene
Climatic Optimum (MCO, 16.8–14.7 Ma) to the MMCT (14.7–13.9 Ma), and a
more pronounced cooling at 13.9–13.8 Ma, as reconstructed from benthic
stable isotope data. For southwestern Anatolia, we find that arboreal taxa
predominate in MCO flora (MN5), whereas in MMCT flora (MN6) abundances of
arboreal and non-arboreal elements strongly fluctuate, indicating higher
structural complexity of the vegetation. Our data show a distinct pollen
zone between MN6 and MN7+8 dominated by herbaceous taxa. The
boundary between MN6
and MN7+8, roughly corresponding to a first abrupt cooling at 13.9–13.8 Ma,
might be associated with this herb-rich pollen zone.


This article reviews the development of an experiential learning exercise at Kingston University, designed to involve service users and carers in assessing students' readiness to practise. The new social work degree places increased emphasis on practice learning and equipping social workers with the knowledge, skills and tools for the job. This article draws out some of the strengths and advantages of involving 'experts by experience' in helping students to develop awareness of self, their impact on others and effective communication skills, ultimately promoting an understanding of reflective practice early in their training. It also acknowledges some of the problems and dilemmas in providing an equitable experience for all students. The students are provided with this learning/assessment experience as part of a module in the first year of the undergraduate social work degree programme and have to pass this element of the module, in addition to the academic component, in order to progress to level two. The terms 'service users' and 'carers' and 'experts by experience' are used interchangeably in this article. The Steering Group at Kingston University, involved in the development of the exercise discussed, are aware of the power and impact of language and have expressed preference to being referred to as 'experts by experience'.


The current study investigated associations between parenting and children's shame-proneness, as well as the additive and moderating influences of temperament and attachment. A sample of 66 children 6- to 8-years-of age (36 females, 30 males) and their mothers participated. While mothers completed questionnaire measures related to parenting, children's self-conscious emotions and temperamental characteristics, the principal investigator worked with child participants to complete several measures, including self-report of self-conscious emotions using hypothetical scenarios and a semi-projective narrative task tapping internal working models of attachment. Findings revealed that all three domains of parenting, temperament, and attachment played important and unique roles in the explanation of shame-proneness. An additive model across domains explained maternal report of children's shame-proneness, whereas findings for children's self-reported shame-proneness were more complex and included counter-intuitive moderating effects of attachment and, to a lesser degree, negative affectivity. Convergent results across the two informants indicated that, as predicted, coercive parenting practices (i.e., love withdrawal, power assertiveness, conditional approval) and unsupportive emotion coaching were related to greater shameproneness. Divergent findings across mother and child informants included additional main effects for mother-reported shame-proneness and parenting (i.e., authoritarian parenting, focusing on negative child characteristics, disgust) versus several interactive effects for child-reported shame-proneness. Specifically, higher levels of attachment intensified the shame-inducing impact of love withdrawal, maternal focus on negative child attributes, and power assertiveness; conversely higher levels of attachment appeared to intensify the negative association between permissive parenting and shame-proneness. Further, lower levels of negative affectivity were found to strengthen the relation between conditional approval and shame-proneness but for girls only. Some additional gender effects were also revealed in the prediction of child-reported shame-proneness and are discussed in light of growing recognition of differential socialization practices and their impact on boys and girls. Results are discussed in light of empirical research on parenting, temperament, attachment, and children's self-conscious emotions. Finally, potential limitations in the measurement of child reported self-conscious emotions are also discussed


This paper presents a case study of a successful technology transfer project in the field of knowledge-based systems. The project concerns the development of a knowledge-based system application, called ASTRA, for state assessment, preventive diagnosis, and intervention planning of power transformers. Generalizing from this experience, a new approach, called the 9-ingredients approach, to KBS technology transfer is then defined, and a collection of general rules for its practical and successful implementation are provided. The 9-ingredients approach is claimed to guarantee effective project management and reasonable risk control.


Social entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon bringing about positive change by innovative thinking and action. It impacts and intersects with all three constituents of civil society - business, government and the 'third' or social sector - to create new models of social impact. The objective of this course is to explore the nature and range of social entrepreneurship in its international context. As a result, the focus of the course is broad, encompassing all of the key issues around the subject. Furthermore, the academic approach will be multi-disciplinary, since the field of social entrepreneurship is an emergent academic area, touching on strategy, marketing, finance, and organisational behaviour. The course takes the form of lectures, discussions, and case studies. As well as academic analysis and framing of the issues the course includes a range of guest speakers from relevant organizations. The first two weeks of the course establish the dimensions of social entrepreneurship ranging from not-for-profit ventures to social enterprises. Weeks four to six consider strategic issues for the successful development of socially entrepreneurial ventures, focussing particularly on: funding models; performance metrics; governance and organisational structures. Week seven considers the wider environment for social entrepreneurship, exploring the institutional and competitive context. Finally, week eight looks to the key issues facing the sector in the future.


We have previously demonstrated that when anatomy is learned from traditional 3D computer models (i.e., those projected on flat screens) or using pictures and diagrams of specimens, test scores are approximately 30% less than when the anatomy is learned from solid models when students are tested on cadavers. We have shown that these traditional, computer generated 3D images are perceived as 2D images due to our use of 2D‐displays. Our current goal is to utilize technology that allow our learners to perceive these computer objects as true 3D models i.e., as solid objects. Recent developments in technology, like the Microsoft HoloLens, allow us to generate convincing, interactive, 3D models in real space. These mixed‐reality anatomic objects have the potential to be as efficient as our solid models in learning anatomy and thus may replace the traditional tools of anatomic teaching. This presentation will demonstrate anatomic specimens in all formats, including mixed reality applications in an interactive setting to emphasize the benefits and problems of each form of learning object.


It used to be that most students never learned about music unless they volunteered for a band or choral program. The face of music education has changed dramatically in the past decade, however, fueled in large part by advances in digital technology. Today, music instruction is available to anyone with a personal computer. MIDI, an industry standard for communication between computers and electronic keyboards, allows for hardware and software that are easier to use and less expensive. In addition, newly released software packages take full advantage of multimedia by combining animation, video, audio and more. Several existing products, meanwhile, have been enhanced to appeal to a broader audience. In fact, convinced that music education builds students, concentration and confidence, some K-12 schools have integrated music programs into the mainstream curricula. In a recent poll commissioned by the National Association of Music Merchants, 92% of those surveyed agreed that music is part of a well-rounded education. Plus, 85% of the respondents who are current or former music makers said they learned to play between the ages of 5 and 14, with 63% first learning to play in school. Clearly, modern technology has the potential to influence a new generation of music enthusiasts. This article focuses on music packages for all grade levels, ranging from introductory tutorials to sophisticated notation and sequencing programs. * Beethoven and Beyond Given the obvious limitations of textbooks in this field, it's only natural to expect that software would emerge to teach music history. Microsoft's Composer Collection for Windows, for example, features musical pieces by three legendary composers--Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert--as well as information about their life and times, sources of inspiration and theories about music. Each CD-ROM is authored by a musical scholar with expertise in that composer's work and era. A Close Reading function provides a continuous commentary on compositions, synchronized to the music it describes. Quiz games challenge students, musical knowledge. Another title, Microsoft Musical Instruments lets one "play" more than 200 musical instruments from around the world. Over 1,500 sound samples and 500 detailed photos bring the music alive. For those interested in digital music, Digital Studios, Computer Music: An Interactive Documentary investigates how computers are used to create, edit and perform music. Advanced students can learn about such topics as additive, subtractive and nonlinear synthesis. After viewing the documentary, one may synthesize and manipulate sounds as well as experiment with digital audio editing and special effects using Computer Music Lab Annex software, designed for grades seven and above. Several packages concentrate on a specific instrument, such as Cambrix Publishing's Learn to Play Guitar CD-ROM. Accomplished composer and production artist Christof Flanders instructs each lesson in full-motion video, beginning with how to tune the guitar and progressing through scale patterns, transposing notes, reading tablature and more. Electronic Courseware Systems offers dozens of specialized music instruction programs for Apple, Macintosh, Atari ST, Commodore 64/128, DOS and Windows platforms. Based on characters from Alice in Wonderland, Adventures in Musicland includes four different activities for understanding sounds, musical tones, composers and music symbols. Also from ECS, Time Sketch: Composer Series comprises four professionally analyzed sketches of major works by Bach, Beethoven, Brahms and Mozart. Other packages go beyond these tutorials by allowing students to create and edit musical compositions. Even kids as young as five can experiment with music thanks to a new CD-ROM from Voyager. Making Music presents the components of music visually and aurally in a completely intuitive environment. …


Mammalian cells are exquisitely sensitive to changes in oxygen concentration. When oxygen becomes limiting (hypoxia), the cells increase the transcription of genes that enhance oxygen delivery or that facilitate metabolic adjustment to reduced oxygen availability. This adaptive response is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which is stable under hypoxic conditions but is degraded in the presence of oxygen by a ubiquitin ligase containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein. Ivan et al. and Jaakkola et al. have found that VHL binds to a specific domain of the HIF-1 subunit only when a conserved proline in that domain is hydroxylated. The enzymes that catalyze prolyl hydroxylation require oxygen as a substrate, which suggests that this protein modification plays a key role in cellular oxygen sensing. This discovery could open up new therapeutic possibilities for the many diseases in which hypoxia plays a crucial role, including cancer, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and stroke. Zhu and Bunn write a perspective on the data. M. Ivan, K. Kondo, H. Yang, W. Kim, J. Valiando, M. Ohh, A. Salic, J. M. Asara, W. S. Lane, W. G. Kaelin Jr., HIFα targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: Implications for O2 sensing. Science 292, 464-468 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] P. Jaakkola, D. R. Mole, Y.-M. Tian, M. I. Wilson, J. Gielbert, S. J. Gaskell, A. von Kriegsheim, H. F. Hebestreit, M. Mukherji, C. J. Schofield, P. H. Maxwell, C. W. Pugh, P. J. Ratcliffe, Targeting of HIF-α to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science 292, 468-472 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] H. Zhu, H. F. Bunn, How do cells sense oxygen? Science 292, 449-451 (2001). [Full Text]


The aim of this work is to survey and reflect on the various ways visualization and data mining can be integrated to achieve effective knowledge discovery by involving the best of human and machine capabilities. Following a bottom-up bibliographic research approach, the article categorizes the observed techniques in classes, highlighting current trends, gaps, and potential future directions for research. In particular it looks at strengths and weaknesses of information visualization (infovis) and data mining, and for which purposes researchers in infovis use data mining techniques and reversely how researchers in data mining employ infovis techniques. The article then proposes, on the basis of the extracted patterns, a series of potential extensions not found in literature. Finally, we use this information to analyze the discovery process by comparing the analysis steps from the perspective of information visualization and data mining. The comparison brings to light new perspectives on how mining and visualization can best employ human and machine strengths. This activity leads to a series of reflections and research questions that can help to further advance the science of visual analytics.


Sand-size spherules of former silicate melt have been identified in ~10 thin Early Archean to Paleoproterozoic layers that appear to be reworked ejecta from large impacts. Melt spherules are common in Phanerozoic layers of distal impact ejecta, but the aggregate thickness of spherules in early Precambrian layers is generally 10 to 100 times greater, and they display textures rarely seen in Phanerozoic spherules. These contrasts suggest secular variations in the nature of both impactors and target materials, such as a progressive decrease in the size of impactors and a progressive increase in the fraction of Earth's surface covered by continental crust.


Introduction: This article describes the surgical procedure used to implant a bicipital prosthesis with little injury to surrounding anatomic structures into the arm of a 32-year-old man who desired greater upper body symmetry. Materials and Methods: The solid silicone implant used in this procedure was initially developed for reconstruction of the upper extremity after traumatic injury to the region of the biceps or excessive resection of a tumor from the area. A custom bicipital implant is inserted below the fascia into a submuscular pocket. Meticulous hemostasis is achieved by electrocautery to prevent postoperative complications. The biceps muscle is then reapproximated with 3-0 Vicryl sutures, with the knots buried very deep. Afterward, the bicipital fascia is repaired with 4-0 Vicryl suture. Results: Aesthetically pleasing and dramatic results can be obtained from this procedure. Discussion: Bicipital augmentation surgery is a relatively straightforward procedure that affords great results. The vast majority of dissection during the procedure is blunt with natural tissue planes, thus preventing any damage to vital structures in the upper arm. Regarding potential complications that may be encountered, one should be mindful of the location of the lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve to avoid loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the forearm. Prudent dissection of the pocket for the implant is essential for optimal cosmesis and to prevent implant malposition. Multilayer closure with absorbable monofilament suture has proven beneficial in avoiding hypertrophic postoperative scars.


This study was conducted to assess dietary exposure to pesticide residues and pesticide application practices leading to the presence of these residues among vegetable farmers in Arusha, Tanzania. Face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires (including 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire techniques) were conducted to collect information on pesticide application practices and vegetable consumption, from 76 farmers. A sample of ready-to-eat vegetables was collected from each farmer's household to determine the level of pesticide residues. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopyA deterministic approach was used to assess dietary exposure to pesticide residues. Among the analyzed samples, 31.4% contained detectable levels of organophosphate residues. The detected organophosphates were dimethoate (mean, 8.56 mg kg-1), acephate (mean, 2.9 mg kg-1), profenofos (mean, 8.44 mg kg-1), dichlorvos (mean, 20.8 mg kg-1) and malathion (mean, 5.47 mg kg-1). The mean exposure for dimethoate (0.0021 mg kg-1 body weight (wt) day‑1 was higher than its corresponding acceptable daily intakes of 0.002 mg kg-1bwd‑1 resulting in hazard quotient of 1.044 with a consequent hazard index of 1.19 for organophosphates. Pyrethroid pesticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) were also detected but at a lower frequency (17.1%) and hazard index (0.029). The exposure to pesticide residues was significantly associated with limited access to expert advice on pesticide application (p=0.031, adjusted odds ratio=6.56) and over-dosage (p=0.038, adjusted odds ratio=3.751).The risk may be minimized by increasing access to support by extension service providing guidance on good practices and ensuring application of appropriate doses for pesticides.


The social policy of a country is a set of specific activities aimed at regulating the social relations between different in their social status subjects. This approach to clarifying social policy is also called functional and essentially addresses social policy as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality in society. It provides an opportunity to look for inequalities in the economic positions of individuals in relation to ownership, labor and working conditions, distribution of income and consumption, social security and health, to look for the sources of these inequalities and their social justification or undue application.The modern state takes on social functions that seek to regulate imbalances, to protect weak social positions and prevent the disintegration of the social system. It regulates the processes in society by harmonizing interests and opposing marginalization. Every modern country develops social activities that reflect the specifics of a particular society, correspond to its economic, political and cultural status. They are the result of political decisions aimed at directing and regulating the process of adaptation of the national society to the transformations of the market environment. Social policy is at the heart of the development and governance of each country. Despite the fact that too many factors and problems affect it, it largely determines the physical and mental state of the population as well as the relationships and interrelationships between people. On the other hand, social policy allows for a more global study and solving of vital social problems of civil society. On the basis of the programs and actions of political parties and state bodies, the guidelines for the development of society are outlined. Social policy should be seen as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality between different individuals and social groups in society. Its importance is determined by the possibility of establishing on the basis of the complex approach: the economic positions of the different social groups and individuals, by determining the differences between them in terms of income, consumption, working conditions, health, etc .; to explain the causes of inequality; to look for concrete and specific measures to overcome the emerging social disparities.


Background: Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an arrhythmogenic disease characterized by the
presence of a prolonged QT interval on the ECG. LQTS is associated with sudden cardiac
death in the young. LQTS is genetic; therefore other family members could be carriers of
the same pathogenic genetic variants and be at risk of sudden death. Early identification of
these individuals is essential to adopt protective therapies and prevent sudden death.
LQTS is also one of the most important causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),
death of a child in the first year of life, with a normal autopsy. Thus, in order to prevent
SIDS, in recent years there has been an important impulse by the scientific community
towards the implantation of a program of screening of newborns with an ECG, for the
detection of this ECG abnormality. However, not all agree, and there is important
controversy as to the clinical value, and cost-effectiveness of this approach. In order to
shed some light into this subject we propose a broad analysis of this subject by performing
an electrocardiographic screening of the newborn to identify abnormal prolongation of the
QT interval. Aims: In healthy term neonates in Sant Joan de Deu hospital we propose to
collect a 5 year prospective cohort in order to analyze the prevalence of prolongation of
the QT interval on the ECG, the percentage of long QT which normalizes during the first
year of life, and a potential genetic basis in patients who maintain a QTc>460 at the
twelfth month of life. Methods: We will perform four ECG, at 48 hours, first, sixth and
twelfth month to an estimated 4.500 participants. The QTc will be measured by three
different investigators. Genetic analyses will be performed with the use of Next
Generation Sequencing technology. Outcomes: The results of this work will enable to
assess the value of neonatal ECG screening in the detection of prolonged QT interval, the
variability of the electrocardiographic parameter during the first months of development,
and the prevalence of the genetic disease in the patient population. Finally, this work will
set the basis towards defining whether there are benefits of implementing mandatory
electrocardiographic screening in the newborn


A non-incorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico operates under U.S. legal, monetary, security and tariff systems. Despite sharing in these and other key U.S. institutions, Puerto Rico has experienced economic stagnation and large scale unemployment since the 1970s. The island's living standards are low by U.S. standards, with a per capita income only half that of Mississippi, the poorest state. While many studies have analyzed the fiscal implications of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States, little research has focused broadly on the island's economic experience or assessed its growth prospects. In this innovative new book, economists from U.S. and Puerto Rican institutions address a range of major policy issues affecting the island's economic development. To frame the current situation, the contributors begin by assessing Puerto Rico's past experience with various growth policies. They then analyze several reforms and new initiatives in labor, education, entrepreneurship, fiscal policy, migration, trade, and financing development, which they incorporate into a proposed strategy for jumpstarting Puerto Rican economic growth. Contributors include Gary Burtless (Brookings Institution); Orlando Sotomayor, Luis Rivera-Batiz, Ramon Cao, Maria Enchautegui, Jose Joaquin Villamil, Eileen Segarra, Marines Aponte, and Juan Lara (University of Puerto Rico); Richard Freeman and Robert Lawrence (Harvard University); Helen Ladd (Duke University); Francisco Rivera-Batiz (Columbia University); Steven Davis and Bruce Meyer (University of Chicago); James Alm (Georgia State University); Ingo Walter, Rita Maldonado-Bear, and William Baumol (New York University); Belinda Reyes (University of California, Merced); Alan Krueger (Princeton University); Carlos Santiago (University of Wisconsin); David Audretsch (Indiana University); Ronald Fisher (Michigan State University); Fuat Andic (UN Advisor); Arturo Estrella (NY Federal Reserve); James Hanson and Daniel Lederman (World Bank); James Dietz (University of California, Fullerton); and Katherine Terrell (University of Michigan).


Robotic devices intended to assist patients recovering from hip movement disorders face two major problems, namely, difficulty in (1) enhancing self-efforts in gait training by only using a robotic device and (2) reproducing a patient's own coordinated motion during gait training. To solve these problems, the authors have developed a gait training device based on the master–slave system. This device treats the user's healthy limbs as the "master" and the paretic limbs for which the user wishes to achieve normal gait motions as the "slave". An inertial measurement unit is used to detect hip joint angular displacements and the time it takes for each displacement to occur; the hip joint angular displacement on the slave side is controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Six healthy persons were equipped with the device and asked to walk along a walkway so that their gait motion and the electromyographic activities in their lower limb muscles could be evaluated. The results of that experiment indicate that gait motion was preserved in the simulated paresis in the subjects' hip muscles, which suggests that the proposed master–slave-type gait training device can enhance users' efforts, and that the PID controller controlling angular displacements of the hip joint is able to reproduce natural gait motions.


It has been argued, in view of the social evolutionary origins of music and the social deficits found in autism, that individuals with autism will be emotionally unresponsive to music. However, a recent study of high-functioning adults with autism has shown that they appear to have a range of responses to music similar to typically developing people, including the deliberate use of music for mood management. In examining why these responses appear unaffected in autism, we explore possible mechanisms for musical mood induction in listeners, hypothesizing that the simulation theory of empathy may illuminate current controversies over the nature of emotion in music. Drawing on these ideas, we put forward suggestions for using a simple associative learning process between musically induced emotions and their cognitive correlates for the clinical treatment of alexithymia, a disorder that is common in autism and characterized by an absence of cognitive insight into one's emotions.


This paper proposes a topology management mechanism for hierarchical group oriented networks. The key innovative aspect of this paper is to consider different interest groups in the clustering formation process. For administrative or performance reasons sometimes it is required to organize nodes, located in the same geographical area, into different groups. This group-oriented topology management provides optimal routing for group members as well as for the last miles communication, where you only need to broadcast the message once to reach the entire interest group. Furthermore, it significantly improves the service provided to upper layers by creating a stable network topology. For example, when establishing a Public Safety Networks (PSN) to handle a disaster scenario the communication from the rescue teams may have no interest, or relation, with the communication hold by the law enforcement teams. In this case it makes sense to divide the network in two subgroups to improve routing and simplifying the medium access control. Here we propose a hierarchical network architecture to enable the organization of nodes into multiple interest groups in the same geographical area. Through simulations, we will show that how this architecture could be adapted to different PSN requirements and what are the key parameters.


Using a unique laboratory experiment where subjects are asked to guess the test performance of candidates presented by facial portraits and voice messages, this paper explores the following questions: Are beliefs about performance affected by if a candidate is perceived to have an appearance non-stereotypical for the dominant population and do these beliefs change if the candidate has a native-like versus accented speech? The experiment is conducted in Sweden and the results show that candidates not perceived as stereotypically Swedish are considered to be worse performers. These beliefs are found in within-gender but not in cross-gender evaluations and are not eliminated when additional performance-related information about the candidates is provided. When candidates are presented by both appearance and speech, differential evaluations based on appearance disappears. Instead, we find strong negative beliefs about performance for candidates that speak Swedish with an accent implying that ethnic stereotypes associated with speech override stereotypes associated with appearance. Information on candidates' actual test scores are used to evaluate mean differences. The negative beliefs associated with an accented speech are not supported by corresponding mean differences in the candidates' actual test scores.


I study the effects of suspension policy on student learning in grades three through eight using variation across America's school districts. While the effects of district-level suspension rates on student performance are naturally confounded with student behavior, districts with very atypical rates of in-school or out-of-school suspension may be likely to have adopted exceptional policies, rather than having exceptional students. Following this intuition, I identify exceptional districts using the rate of suspensions for females and ask whether in such apparent policy-adopting districts, males learn relatively faster compared to their female counterparts. Differencing rates of learning across genders is motivated by the fact that males are disciplined at about twice the rate as females in American schools; thus, the direct effects (though possibly not the peer effects) of suspension policy should be larger for males than for females. Among the mid-to-large size districts I study, males learn more slowly on average, but these gaps are smaller for districts that lean toward in-school suspension and districts that use suspension little. The evidence for benefits from policies favoring in-school suspension use is the most robust. I conclude with a discussion of the potential costs involved for districts that heavily use out-of-school suspension to switch to in-school suspension, the policy reform most justified by my findings.


Site visits or field trips are widely recognized by construction educators to engage students in active learning, supplement traditional lessons, and achieve better student learning experiences. However, site visits pose significant logistical and accessibility challenges for educational institutions and teachers, limiting the number of students who can benefit from them. Moreover, the restrictions on site visits have widened recently, as the reality of COVID-19 public health concerns have compelled instructors to fast-transition to online course delivery, canceling most site visits. The purpose of this study is to present construction students with online site visits to supplement contextualized learning in risky, unsafe, or impossible-to-achieve situations. In this project, Mozilla Hubs® was used to establish a virtual collaborative environment that resembled a real-world site visit to a building facility. A pilot study (i.e., a plan-reading assessment) was employed within the virtual environment that provided affordances involving an in-depth learning experience through collaborative communication. The findings demonstrate that virtual collaborative site visits give unique chances to deliver spatiotemporal contexts of sites online and provide an effective remote alternative when these learning opportunities are unavailable.


Traditionally, decision makers both within and outside the health sector have thought of the value of health interventions primarily in terms of reduced morbidity or mortality. Health care, however, produces wealth effects outside the health care sector—for example, improvement in labour productivity for both patients and caregivers, cost savings in health and social care and other sectors, and an increase in national income. These wealth effects are considered infrequently, at best, in government decisions outside health agencies. The extent to which these wealth effects have had an impact on the advice given by health technology assessment (HTA) bodies or on budget setting in other government departments has not been explored fully. With that in mind, this research was intended to examine whether the wealth effects of one type of health care—prescription medicine interventions—are considered in resource allocations and, if not, why not.


Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are an innovative mechanism for promoting investment in vaccine development for HIV/AIDS through the creation of economic and social incentives for collaboration. PPPs can also create important process-related, intangible 'value added'. A case study of the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative conducted in mid-2005 concluded that intangible 'value added', occurring in the form of good collaborative effort and capacity building activities, significantly contributed to partnership working. The study also showed that often innovation and health(care) are seen as separate areas of activity in policy development, while in reality there are linkages between these two 'systems', particularly when viewing PPPs from a 'systems of innovation' perspective through the concept of absorptive capacity, which relates to the understanding of the value and use of knowledge. A systems of innovation approach focuses on the building of knowledge capacity and knowledge flows. Policy based on this holistic and inclusive approach provides a possible means for sustainable development.


People often use more than one query when searching for information; they also revisit search results to re-nd information. These tasks are not well-supported by search interfaces and web browsers. We designed and built a Chrome browser extension that helps people manage their ongoing information seeking. The extension combines document and process metadata into an interactive representation of the retrieved documents that can be used for sense-making, for navigation, and for re-nding documents.


Aortic aneurysms may form when smooth muscle cells cannot respond appropriately to external mechanical forces. Aberrant mechanosensing and aneurysms The smooth muscle cells in aortas are connected to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in components of the extracellular matrix, including one called fibulin-4, can weaken the aortic wall, leading to the enlargement of the aortic lumen, a condition known as an aneurysm. Yamashiro et al. found that mice with a smooth muscle cell–specific deficiency in fibulin-4 had disrupted connections between smooth muscle cells and the extracellular matrix, abnormal increases in mechanosensitive proteins, and enhanced activity of an actin cytoskeleton–remodeling enzyme called cofilin. These results suggest that mutations in extracellular matrix components that dispose patients to aneurysms may be due to an inability of the smooth muscle cells to respond appropriately to external mechanical forces. In addition, inhibiting the activity of cofilin or its activating phosphatase SSH1 could prevent the development of aneurysms. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are intimately associated in the aortic wall. Fbln4SMKO mice with an SMC-specific deletion of the Fbln4 gene, which encodes the vascular ECM component fibulin-4, develop ascending aortic aneurysms that have increased abundance of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); inhibiting angiotensin II signaling within the first month of life prevents aneurysm development. We used comparative proteomics analysis of Fbln4SMKO aortas from postnatal day (P) 1 to P30 mice to identify key molecules involved in aneurysm initiation and expansion. At P14, the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin was dephosphorylated and thus activated, and at P7, the abundance of slingshot-1 (SSH1) phosphatase, an activator of cofilin, was increased, leading to actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Also, by P7, biomechanical changes and underdeveloped elastic lamina–SMC connections were evident, and the abundance of early growth response 1 (Egr1), a mechanosensitive transcription factor that stimulates ACE expression, was increased, which was before the increases in ACE abundance and cofilin activation. Postnatal deletion of Fbln4 in SMCs at P7 prevented cofilin activation and aneurysm formation, suggesting that these processes required disruption of elastic lamina–SMC connections. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in the angiotensin II–mediated activation of SSH1, and administration of PI3K inhibitors from P7 to P30 decreased SSH1 abundance and prevented aneurysms. These results suggest that aneurysm formation arises from abnormal mechanosensing of SMCs resulting from the loss of elastic lamina–SMC connections and from increased SSH1 and cofilin activity, which may be potential therapeutic targets for treating ascending aortic aneurysms.


Knowledge of early Tertiary nonmarine Mollusca of New Mexico is limited because of poor geographic records of type localities and lack of published re-examination of these mollusks and their stratigraphic relations. All published unequivocal early Tertiary records of Mollusca in New Mexico are from the Nacimiento (Paleocene) and San Jose (Eocene) Formations of northwestern Sandoval County. The five reported Nacimiento localities are probably Torrejonian (middle Paleocene), although a Puercan (early Paleocene) age for two of the localities cannot be ruled out. Nacimiento species include (* indicates species known only from type locality): Unio whitei ? Henderson, Holospira grangeri Cockerell*, Pupa leidyi ? Meek, Polygyra ? petrochlora Cockerell*, Oreohelix nacimientensis (White), O. n. steini Cockerell*, Helix adipis White*, H. chriacorum Cockerell*, Viviparus meeki Wenz, V. . cf. V. conradi (Meek and Hayden), and Lioplacodes tenuicarinata ? (Meek and Hayden). The reported occurrence of Helix hesperarche Cockerell in New Mexico is doubtful. The one reported San Jose locality is middle Wasatchian (middle early Eocene) in age. San Jose species include (* indicates species known only from type locality): Viviparus calamodontis (Cockerell)*, and Goniobasis carteri Conrad. Nonmarine mollusks from the Raton Formation in Colfax County and Ringbone Formation of southern Gran County may be of Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary age. The Raton and Ringbone mollusks are not temporally diagnostic, but do indicate a nonmarine environment for the enclosing sediments.