This thesis consists of five self-contained papers, which are all related to the financial markets in the three Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Paper [I] studies the impact of news from the Moscow and New York stock exchanges on the returns and volatilities of the Baltic States' stock market indices using a time series model that accounts for asymmetries in the conditional mean and variance functions. We find that news from New York has stronger effects on returns in Tallinn. High-risk shocks in New York have a stronger impact on volatility in Tallinn, whereas volatility in Vilnius is more influenced by high-risk shocks from Moscow. Riga does not seem to be affected by news arriving from abroad. Paper [II] suggests a nonlinear and multivariate time series model framework that enables the study of simultaneity in returns and in volatilities, as well as asymmetric effects arising from shocks and exogenous variables. The model is employed to study the three Baltic States' stock exchanges. Using daily data, we find recursive structures, with returns in Riga, directly depending on returns in Tallinn and Vilnius, and Tallinn on Vilnius. For volatilities, both Riga and Vilnius depend on Tallinn. Paper [III] studies the link between political news, and the returns and volatilities in the Baltic States' stock markets. We find that domestic and foreign non-Russian political news led, on average, to lower uncertainty in the stock markets of Riga and Tallinn in 2001-2003. At the same time, political risk from Russia increased the volatility of the stock market in Tallinn. There is a weak relationship between political risk and the stock market volatility in the Baltic countries in 2004-2007. Paper [IV] studies the impact of market jumps on the time varying return correlations between stock market indices in the Baltic countries. An EARJI-EGARCH model facilitating direct modeling of the time varying return correlations is introduced. The empirical results indicate that there are quite a large number of identified jumps in the emerging Baltic States' stock markets. Isolated market jumps in one of the markets generally have no or small effects on the time-varying correlations. In contrast, simultaneous jumps of equal sign increase the average correlation, in some cases by as much as 100 percent. In Paper [V] the hypothesis that financial development promotes economic growth is tested for the three Baltic countries using a time series approach that allows for interactions between the countries. We find that economic growth is a positive function of financial development, proxied by the amount of bank credit to the private sector, in the long run. The results also show that there is long run interaction between the three Baltic countries.


Despite their proliferation as a dominant computing paradigm, cloud computing systems lack effective mechanisms to manage their vast resources efficiently. Resources are stranded and fragmented, limiting cloud applicability only to classes of applications that pose moderate resource demands. In addition, the need for reduced cost through consolidation introduces performance interference, as multiple VMs are co-located on the same nodes. To avoid such issues, current providers follow a rather conservative approach regarding resource management that leads to significant underutilization. ACTiCLOUD is a three-year Horizon 2020 project that aims at creating a novel cloud architecture that breaks existing scale-up and share-nothing barriers and enables the holistic management of physical resources, at both local and distributed cloud site levels. This extended abstract provides a brief overview of the resource management part of ACTiCLOUD, focusing on the design principles and the components.


The dominating trend in most educational programs today is converting traditional classroom teaching to variants of Problem or Project Based Learning (PBL) methods. In most programs the general experience is increased motivation among students as well as teachers. However, most programs do at the same time experience problems regarding productivity in terms of the applied teaching resources. Consequently, many programs limit the PBL elements to the senior courses and keep the freshmen courses as traditional classroom teaching. One can ask whether it is possible to run a PBL program that is competitive in terms of both quality and spending of teaching resources. Can PBL programs be competitive throughout the whole program? This paper presents experiences from initiating and driving such continuous improvement efforts in a PBL program at Aalborg University in Denmark.


Accounting information is a core element of economic decision-making at both national and corporate levels. It is widely accepted that much economic activity is dependent upon natural capital and natural resources—generically termed environmental assets in an accounting context. Environmental assets are under threat of depletion and degradation from economic activity. Consequently, the incorporation of information on environmental assets into standard accounting frameworks is an essential element in mainstreaming environmental information and broadening the evidence base for economic decisions and the assessment of sustainability. This paper describes the treatment of environmental assets within the national economic accounts and summarizes recent developments that extend the accounting approaches as described in the United Nations' System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The potential for implementation of accounting standards for environmental assets is shown through a description of work in Australia on environmental-economic accounting.


Summary Background: The complex nature of the magnetic interactions between any number of nanosized elements of a magnetic superlattice can be described by the generic behavior that is presented here. The hysteresis characteristics of interacting elliptical nanomagnets are described by a quasi-static method that identifies the critical boundaries between magnetic phases. A full dynamical analysis is conducted in complement to this and the deviations from the quasi-static analysis are highlighted. Each phase is defined by the configuration of the magnetic moments of the chain of single domain nanomagnets and correspondingly the existence of parallel, anti-parallel and canting average magnetization states. Results: We give examples of the phase diagrams in terms of anisotropy and coupling strength for two, three and four magnetic layers. Each phase diagrams character is defined by the shape of the magnetic hysteresis profile for a system in an applied magnetic field. We present the analytical solutions that enable one to define the "phase" boundaries between the emergence of spin-flop, anti-parallel and parallel configurations. The shape of the hysteresis profile is a function of the coupling strength between the nanomagnets and examples are given of how it dictates a systems magnetic response. Many different paths between metastable states can exist and this can lead to instabilities and fluctuations in the magnetization. Conclusion: With these phase diagrams one can find the most stable magnetic configurations against perturbations so as to create magnetic devices. On the other hand, one may require a magnetic system that can easily be switched between phases, and so one can use the information herein to design superlattices of the required shape and character by choosing parameters close to the phase boundaries. This work will be useful when designing future spintronic devices, especially those manipulating the properties of CoFeB compounds.


Exit from mitosis is as an important phase in the cell cycle. The molecular event that triggers the cell cycle transition from anaphase into the G1 state involves the inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex (Cdk) through multiple mechanisms that lead to both destruction of the cyclin subunit co-activator and direct Cdk kinase inhibition. These multiple mechanisms indicate the importance of regulating the inactivation of Cdk to ensure proper cell cycle progression and cytokinesis. We set out to examine the regulation of the protein phosphatase Cdc14. Cdc14 is thought to act through reversal of phosphorylation on key Cdk substrates that promote mitotic exit by stimulating the destruction and inactivation of Cdk. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, activation of Cdc14 is achieved via release from its nucleolar inhibitor Net1/Cfi1. This activation is correlated with multi-site phosphorylation of Net1 in cells where Cdc14 appears to be released from the nucleolus. We set out to identify new components of the nucleolar complex known as RENT (Regulator of Nucleolar Silencing and Teleophase) which holds Cdc14 in an inactive state. This led to the identification of Casein Kinase II (CKII) as a new component of RENT. CKII was verified to co-immunoprecipitate with Net1; and mutants in CKII arrest in anaphase with unreleased Cdc14 and unsegregated rDNA. Interestingly, phospho-peptide mapping experiments from in vivo Net1 samples revealed phosphorylation of a CKII consensus sequence within Net1. In vivo mapping also revealed another subset of sites that matched the consensus sequence established for Cdk phosphorylation. Mutational analysis of these sites unveiled their involvement in Cdc14 release during early anaphase and a role for a network of genetically interacting proteins involved in Fourteen Early Anaphase Release (FEAR) in promoting these phosphorylations. In summary, the regulation of Cdc14 release via phosphorylation of its nucleolar inhibitor Net1 as demonstrated by this work highlights the importance of nucleolar sequesteration and regulated release as a mechanism of controlling important cell cycle factors and events. It also points to a fascinating role for Cdk in insuring its own destruction at the end of the cell cycle, thus promoting transition back into the G1 state.


Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a good alternative for the conventional IC engine vehicles due to the depleting levels of low-cost fossil fuels and ever increasing environmental pollution. There are, however, some issues related to the effective power conversions due to power controllers, energy-saving and good battery management in the electrical vehicles. PID controllers are presently most widely used in EVs due to their simplicity and ease of implementation. Owing to numerous advantages, the modern controllers offer, implementation of these controllers cut is the need of the hour to improve the dynamics of the EV drive and increase its efficiency. This paper presents a comparative analysis of various controllers, viz. PID controller, Fuzzy Logic controller, Artificiial Neural Network (ANN) controller, Sliding Mode Controller (SMC), Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller and Model Predictive Controller (MPC) in cruise control of an EV. The aim is to control the speed of an EV drive and increase its efficiency using advanced control strategies. MATLAB simulation of the EV drive has been carried out to understand its dynamic characteristics.


The extensional South Tibetan fault system (STFS) crops out for more than 2000 km along the length of the Himalayan range crest. Interpretations of the significance of this structure in Himalayan tectonics vary. While many regard it as rooted northward beneath Tibet, with offset estimates ranging as high as >200 km, others regard it as a relatively minor, rootless structure. Such inconsistent interpretations are possible because, except for the Everest region, where glacial erosion has exposed a cross section of the STFS, there are few direct constraints on the amount of slip on this feature. Arguments for very large displacements have been based on indirect lines of evidence (e.g., geothermobarometric data) that are multiply interpretable. However, new field work and remote sensing data reported here directly support the petrologic arguments for large displacements, at least in the eastern Himalaya. Near the western boundary of Bhutan, the trace of the STFS is apparently offset ∼70 km across a NNE-SSW–trending graben, the Yadong cross structure. This offset has been attributed by previous authors to left-lateral slip along the Jomolhari fault system, which bounds the eastern edge of the graben. In fact, the basal structure of the STFS is not offset, but forms a regionally continuous low-angle detachment surface. The outcrop pattern of the structure, kinematic indicators in fault-related tectonites, and the lack of matchable correlative hanging wall and footwall units require a minimum displacement of ∼65 km for the detachment. Such displacements are comparable with estimates for major contractional structures in the eastern Himalaya, such as the Main Central thrust system, and confirm the importance of STFS extension in the evolution of the orogenic system.


BACKGROUND
Higher consumption of some polyphenols has been associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. However, no studies have evaluated the relation between all polyphenol subclasses and the incidence of diabetes.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to prospectively examine the associations between the intake of total polyphenols and different groups of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, and others) on the risk of incident diabetes in the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial.

METHODS
This was an observational cohort analysis of the nondiabetic participants in the PREDIMED trial. This study was a multicenter, controlled, randomized, parallel-group feeding trial to assess the effects of either a Mediterranean diet that was supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts or advice to adhere to a low-fat control diet on cardiovascular outcomes in elderly men and women at high cardiovascular disease risk. From the 7447 randomly assigned participants, 3430 were selected because they were free of diabetes at baseline and filled out the food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated FFQs with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. HRs and 95% CIs for diabetes according to tertiles of polyphenol intake were estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
Over a mean of 5.51 y of follow-up (18,900 person-years), there were 314 new cases of diabetes. After multivariable adjustment, we observed a 28% reduction in new-onset diabetes in the highest compared with the lowest tertile of total polyphenol intake (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.99; P-trend = 0.05). The intake of subclasses of polyphenols also was inversely associated with diabetes risk, including for total flavonoids (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.93; P-trend = 0.02), stilbenes (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.84; P-trend = 0.003), dihydroflavonols (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.88; P-trend = 0.003), and flavanones (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.97; P-trend = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
A high intake of total polyphenols, total flavonoids (specifically flavanones and dihydroflavonols), and stilbenes is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes in elderly persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease. This trial was registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.


The experiment described in this paper is aimed at characterization of ELMy H-mode discharges with varying momentum input, rotation, power deposition profiles and ion to electron heating ratio obtained by varying the proportion between ion cyclotron (IC) and neutral beam (NB) heating. The motivation for the experiment was to verify if the basic confinement and transport properties of the baseline ITER H-mode are robust to these changes, and similar to those derived mostly from dominant NB heated H-modes. No significant difference in the density and temperature profiles or in the global confinement were found. Although ion temperature profiles were seen to be globally stiff, some variation of stiffness was obtained in the experiment by varying the deposition profiles, but not one that could significantly affect the profiles in terms of global confinement. This analysis shows the thermal plasma energy confinement enhancement factor to be independent of the heating mix, for the range of conditions explored. Moreover, the response of the global confinement to changes in density and power were also independent of heating mix, reflecting the changes in the pedestal, which is in agreement with globally stiff profiles. Consistently, the pedestal characteristics (pressure and width) and their dependences on global parameters such as density and power were the same during NB only or with predominant IC heating.


Abstract In recent years, neutron attenuation measurements have demonstrated that neutron absorber panels with discrete boron carbide particles are less effective in neutron absorption than equivalent homogenous absorber panels. The penalty observed in these attenuation measurements with thermal neutrons has been assumed to apply to the criticality analysis of fuel storage cells, without regard to the very significant difference in the neutron spectrum involved. Furthermore, the attenuation measurements are made with a collimated beam of thermalized neutrons impinging perpendicularly on the absorber panel, whereas in fuel storage cells, the neutrons are nearly isotropic and impinge on the panel at all angles. In an effort to understand the phenomena involved and to more accurately determine the effect on criticality safety analyses, calculations were made with the MCNP code, which is capable of explicitly describing discrete B4C particles of various mean size. Results of these calculations, described herein, show that neutron attenuation measurements are only weakly related to criticality analysis and that the penalty seen in attenuation measurements does not apply and should not be directly applied in criticality analyses.


A reconception of the sublime to include experiences of disaster, war, outer space, virtual reality, and the Anthropocene. We experience the sublime—overwhelming amazement and exhilaration—in at least seven different forms. Gazing from the top of a mountain at a majestic vista is not the same thing as looking at a city from the observation deck of a skyscraper; looking at images constructed from Hubble Space Telescope data is not the same as living through a powerful earthquake. The varieties of sublime experience have increased during the last two centuries, and we need an expanded terminology to distinguish between them. In this book, David Nye delineates seven forms of the sublime: natural, technological, disastrous, martial, intangible, digital, and environmental, which express seven different relationships to space, time, and identity.
 These forms of the sublime can be experienced at historic sites, ruins, cities, and national parks, or on the computer screen. We find them in beautiful landscapes and gigantic dams, in battle and on battlefields, in images of black holes and microscopic particles. The older forms are tangible, when we are physically present and our senses are fully engaged; increasingly, others are intangible, mediated through technology. Nye examines each of the seven sublimes, framed by philosophy but focused on historical examples.


Demographic and economic aspects of the pension system in Poland —a dynamic modelling approachThe paper considers a hypothesis that some dynamic features of the Polish national and public pension system follow typical mental, generic and archetypal models, as a result of many demographic, macroeconomic, political and also global factors, particularly closed-loop feedback relations with delays and amplifi cations. There are some important messages in the paper for social insurance policies design, structures and management, the meaning of data mining and collection, and for model refi nement with modelling approaches in a systems' thinking way. The shortcomings of national social insurance systems in dealing more eff ectively with upstream social insurance risk prevention in the population are systemic and include also a postulate to empower members of the population in order to involve them in their own, entrepreneurial downstream care. The paper contains a system dynamics SD point of view, as a method of macroscopic, continuous simulation modelling, to surface and explain some cycles and discrepancies between demography, policies, as well as the system's aspects of the national pension system. The conceptual, formal and simulation model presented in the paper, followed by some experiments' results, applies the SD method approach with causal loop diagrams CLD and stock-and-fl ow diagrams SFD, displaying delays, amplifi cations and structure cycle dynamics in the national pension system. Further research should concentrate on the detailed analysis of additional modelling requirements in order to conduct more profound multi-factor experiments to forecast and evaluate contemporary national politics, and to test some new concepts in social insurance.


This article reveals the initial findings of ongoing research on young adults, who voluntarily, becamemembers of a new collective action generation (Melucci, 2002), that creates organizations for thedevelopment of communitarian educational interventions as means to rebuild everyday contextsof trust and meaning, Lechner (1998), for outcast youngsters, through collective participation andorganization empowerment. By using focus groups and life stories to explore the meaningful life´s components ofyoungsters organization members' Acciones para el Desarrollo Comunitario, A.C., a non-governmentalorganization, in order to think on formal processes of civic education from de non formal educationexperiences. These findings highlight the significance of the self-identification process among youngadults, including localized civic engagement and mechanisms for inter-generational transmission.


ABSTRACTWe use a previously published simulator of aerosol new particle formation (NPF) events as the core component of the new method for automated estimation of its input parameters. The simulator has a large number of physical input parameters (e.g., nucleation and growth rates), and it yields results about the dynamics of particle concentrations and their size distributions as its output. Our new method automatically solves the inverse problem. It estimates the physical input parameters by recurrent simulations according to the criterion of best fit of the simulated output parameters with the known data. The method is implemented as a computer program that includes the previous simulator as a subroutine. The method enables the estimation of several physical parameters, e.g., the nucleation rate, particle growth rate, contribution from ion-induced and neutral nucleation, and particle charging state. The program was tested using the results of two NPF events measured at Hyytiala, Finland. The measured time series of the concentration of atmospheric ions and nanoparticles in the diameter interval of 2.8–8.6 nm were well reproduced by our method. The estimated values of the analyzed input parameters are in agreement with the results known from many other studies carried out at Hyytiala. The proposed method of inverse simulator may appear useful in the analysis and interpretation of air ion and atmospheric aerosol measurements during new particle formation events.


Teaching in online spaces requires new roles and competencies. Presented as autoethnographic narratives, three faculty members describe their journeys into online graduate instruction in qualitative research methods. Areas of growth included effective course design and planning and strategies for building community. Challenges included keeping up with the technology and finding adequate resources. These narratives provide potential issues for consideration by faculty new to online instruction.


Metabolic labelling of inositolphosphate glycan with radioactive precursors is not sufficient to characterize and assess the involvement of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol/inositolphosphate glycan (GPI/IPG) system in porcine thyroid cell signal transduction machinery. A protocol is described for the isolation and purification of free GPI using differential polarity of lipids and sequential thin layer chromatography. The purification until homogeneity of GPI constitutes a required step for gas chromatographic analysis. Next, successive chemical treatments allowed us to remove the neutral glycan moiety of thyroidal GPI, and its composition was obtained by gas chromatography. The proposed structure is consistent with data available for GPI anchor, but differs from compositional analysis data reported for insulin-sensitive GPI. Our results support the existence in porcine thyroid cells of the GPI/IPG system, which can take part in TSH-dependent signal transduction processes.


Deploying OPC that is robust over the process window is becoming more and more challenging as geometries shrink. This challenge has a major impact in time-to-market and yield of new products. This paper describes a litho simulator calibration flow using a streamlined OPC verification methodology. This new methodology successfully bridges design and manufacturing to accelerate the OPC development process and proactively identifies weak OPC locations that can reduce yield. The method includes an accurate simulator calibration using automatically obtained 'on silicon' measurement data, followed by full-chip litho simulation using the calibrated model to identify potential hot spots on product. The method also enabled a short cycle feedback loop to the OPC model generation resulting in improved OPC optimization and verification.


In global models of the atmosphere convection is parameterised, since the typical scale of this process is smaller than the model resolution. Here we address some of the uncertainties arising from the selection of different algorithms to simulate this process. Four different parameterisations for atmospheric convection, all used in state-of-the-art models, are implemented in the model system ECHAM5/MESSy for a consistent inter-comparison and evaluation against observations. Relatively large differences are found in the simulated precipitation patterns, whereas simulated water vapour columns distributions are quite similar and close to observations. The effects on the hydrological cycle and on the simulated meteorological conditions are discussed.


Abstract After more than twenty years of detailed development of risk measurement and management techniques, it is essential to ask why the Global Financial Crisis took so many of us by surprise. A central reason is that distributional analysis, which is the foundation for concepts such as value-at-risk, was too often treated as a fully comprehensive basis for measuring risk. In fact, short-term market volatility is one important aspect of risk, but it may actually be a misleading indicator of a system's vulnerability to major systemic crises. This paper discusses a number of diverse considerations that risk managers need to incorporate into their thought processes and recurring procedures if they are to fulfill their role more effectively in the future.


In the first year of my dictatorship I will ban sugar coated doughnuts, atonal music, phenylbutazone, and hospital public relations departments. With the ruthlessness of irrational dictators I will outlaw multivitamin pills, ties with horizontal stripes, malpractice lawyers, useless expensive drugs, and hot and cold water taps that turn in opposite directions.

Handsome women will not chew gum with their mouths open, petty bureaucrats will not notify their 500 employees of their two days' absence from the office. Committees, especially on ethics and audits, will meet only on Saturdays, only for 30 minutes, no chairs provided. The police will destroy all answering machines announcing "I am away from my desk . . . but your call is very important to us."

There will be other excesses. The priests of evidence based medicine will be proscribed, their proselytes reduced to meeting in catacombs. Banned will be charts with idiotic problem lists instead of diagnoses. In journals the number of authors will not exceed that of patients studied, and abbreviations will be forbidden, thus allowing articles to be read without reference to a glossary. Generic drug names will have no more than three syllables; "me too" drugs will be limited to four in any class; and drug company sponsored studies will be closely scrutinised for inherent biases in their protocols.

Banned will be computed tomography for stress headache, endoscopies for obvious gastritis, cardiac catheterisations for costochondritis. Doctors will make rounds in a quiet environment, nurses will accompany them, charts and x rays will be at the bedside, and comatose patients will not watch television during rounds. Some doctors will take calligraphy lessons or their noses will grow by an inch for every illegible word written.

Just as in Francophone Montreal, there will be a language police. Passengers will not "deplane"; patients will not be "clients," doctors not "providers," clinics not "health centres," and prepaid plans not "health maintenance organisations"—because they do nothing of the sort. The young will not be allowed to pontificate that the world is going to hell, nor the old reminisce about the good old days.

The dictatorship will last 70 years, then be overthrown by agents of the evidence based movement.


A celebratory publication produced as part of the Self Portrait: Arnolfini project.

Over the course of Arnolfini's 50th anniversary year, artist Neil Cummings will be working with us to develop a series of self-portraits of Arnolfini using information from our archive. Presented throughout the building, these data portraits will expand throughout the year, piecing together aesthetic and economic trends as Arnolfini has grown from a small commercial gallery above a bookshop to one of Europe's most significant contemporary centres for the arts. The portrait will continue beyond the present, enabling us to speculate on our possible futures. Neil Cummings is an artist and professor at Chelsea College of Art and Design and a member of Critical Practice. He is resident at Arnolfini throughout 2011. Self-Portrait: Arnolfini is being developed in collaboration with Stephen Coates.


Beginning in the 1970s, several new strands of thought and action began emerging in criminal justice across many jurisdictions. One of these was a new focus on risk, especially as embodied in a new emphasis on crime prevention, but also on sentencing that reflected risk principles and sanctions that focused more on incapacitation and deterrence than on reform. For some criminologists these were the hallmarks of risk-based criminal justice. But such a view ignores the fact that these developments reflect only one of the many ways risk can be mobilized as a technique for governing. This chapter reviews the ways in which neo-liberalism shaped criminal justice in the past thirty years, especially through the ways it shaped risk as victim-focused, individualistic and 'responsibilising.' At the same time, it is stressed other trends in risk mobilization have been gathering strength - for example, in risk-needs-responsivity techniques that provide therapeutic services to prisoners where these have demonstrated crime-reducing effects. As a result, neo-liberal penology is much more open and unstable than is often imagined, capable of being merged in very different ways - and with highly diverse policy effects - by politics ranging from neo-conservative to social democratic.


BACKGROUND
The new generation of massively parallel DNA sequencers, combined with the challenge of whole human genome resequencing, result in the need for rapid and accurate alignment of billions of short DNA sequence reads to a large reference genome. Speed is obviously of great importance, but equally important is maintaining alignment accuracy of short reads, in the 25-100 base range, in the presence of errors and true biological variation.

METHODOLOGY
We introduce a new algorithm specifically optimized for this task, as well as a freely available implementation, BFAST, which can align data produced by any of current sequencing platforms, allows for user-customizable levels of speed and accuracy, supports paired end data, and provides for efficient parallel and multi-threaded computation on a computer cluster. The new method is based on creating flexible, efficient whole genome indexes to rapidly map reads to candidate alignment locations, with arbitrary multiple independent indexes allowed to achieve robustness against read errors and sequence variants. The final local alignment uses a Smith-Waterman method, with gaps to support the detection of small indels.

CONCLUSIONS
We compare BFAST to a selection of large-scale alignment tools -- BLAT, MAQ, SHRiMP, and SOAP -- in terms of both speed and accuracy, using simulated and real-world datasets. We show BFAST can achieve substantially greater sensitivity of alignment in the context of errors and true variants, especially insertions and deletions, and minimize false mappings, while maintaining adequate speed compared to other current methods. We show BFAST can align the amount of data needed to fully resequence a human genome, one billion reads, with high sensitivity and accuracy, on a modest computer cluster in less than 24 hours. BFAST is available at (http://bfast.sourceforge.net).


Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), like other anterior pituitary hormones, is normally secreted in a series of pulses over 24 h. However, the factors that control TSH pulse generation are unknown. We investigated the potential role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in TSH pulse generation by measuring TSH pulses during constant TRH infusions. Two groups of subjects were studied: five healthy subjects and five subjects with treated primary hypothyroidism and normal TSH levels. Each subject underwent four separate studies: (1) TSH levels were measured every 15 min over 24 h (baseline study). (2) TSH levels were measured every 15 min over 48 h during TRH infusions at 0.1 microgram/min (low dose TRH study). (3) TSH levels were measured every 15 min over 48 h during TRH infusion at 0.5 microgram/min (medium dose TRH study). (4) TSH levels were measured every 15 min over 48 h during TRH infusions at 1.0 microgram/min (high dose TRH study). TSH pulses were located by cluster analysis. We found that constant TRH infusions at any of the doses utilized did not alter TSH pulse frequency in normal or treated hypothyroid subjects, although pulse amplitude increased. Normal subjects had lower TSH pulse amplitude than treated hypothyroid subjects at all TRH doses, perhaps due to slightly higher serum T3 levels. This suggests that, at least acutely, pulsatile input of TRH to the pituitary gland does not determine pulsatile TSH release. However, TRH may modulate TSH pulse amplitude.


An entirely new method of preparing metal–carbon catalysts is reported in which the metal is present as small crystallites distributed in a three-dimensional array throughout the bulk of the carbon matrix. The metal particles are linked by a network of pores which exposes virtually all of the metal surface to the gas phase. By virtue of their structure, these new materials exhibit a remarkable resistance to sintering, even near the melting point of the metal. While many catalytically important metals can be incorporated into our materials, this paper concentrates on the structure of one of the copper–carbon systems. These are made by the reduction of a copper(II) cellulose precursor to produce a copper(0) cellulose material, followed by thermal degradation of the cellulose and activation of the resulting carbon to produce the pore network. New techniques, using a temperature-programmed gas-flow micro-reactor linked to an on-line mass spectrometer, are used to investigate the nature of the critical activation process. The resulting pore structure is studied and a mechanism is proposed to explain the catalytic effect of the copper particles on the formation of the pore network. Poisoning experiments demonstrate that access to the active sites is determined by the pore size, thus giving a measure of size selectivity. Using temperature-programmed oxidation with on-line MS it was demonstrated that the pores can be widened in a controlled manner, so reducing any diffusion-induced limitation on reaction rates. This offers the possibility of designing a catalyst with a specified balance between the conflicting requirements for size selectivity and high reaction rates.


The Domain Name System is critical for the proper operation of applications on the Internet. Unfortunately, the DNS has a number of significant security weaknesses that can result in the compromise of Web sites, e-mail messages, and log-in sessions. Additionally, these weaknesses have been used as the basis for man-in-the-middle attacks on what are considered secure network protocols. This paper provides a short description of the weaknesses of the current DNS and a description of DNS security extensions that will solve the existing insecurities.


Saturnian rings and icy satellites may be covered with amorphous rather than crystalline ice. Its likely source is water molecules sputtered by particles in the radiation belts, it may be stable, and its presence could be deduced from the rate of temperature drop in a shadow. Observation of this effect is, however, difficult, especially for the rings. A possible relation to the brightness anisotropy of ring A is pointed out.


We present the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations of the LIGO binary black hole merger event GW151226 and candidate LVT151012. At the time of the LIGO triggers on LVT151012 and GW151226, GBM was observing 68% and 83% of the localization regions, and LAT was observing 47% and 32%, respectively. No candidate electromagnetic counterparts were detected by either the GBM or LAT. We present a detailed analysis of the GBM and LAT data over a range of timescales from seconds to years, using automated pipelines and new techniques for characterizing the flux upper bounds across large areas of the sky. Due to the partial GBM and LAT coverage of the large LIGO localization regions at the trigger times for both events, differences in source distances and masses, as well as the uncertain degree to which emission from these sources could be beamed, these non-detections cannot be used to constrain the variety of theoretical models recently applied to explain the candidate GBM counterpart to GW150914.


Increasing attention is currently paid to informal care and the physical, emotional, and psychological burden stemming from it. Research findings suggest that such a burden might be intensified when informal caregivers are at older ages. Aiming at reducing the burden associated with informal care, some research studies have focused on developing innovative technologies to support caregivers with their activities and responsibilities. These studies highlight the importance of understanding the many variables that characterise different care situations, emphasizing the relevance of user-centered and participatory design approaches. Following up the successful first edition of the CCCiC workshop held at the 2014 ACM CSCW conference in Baltimore, this workshop elaborates on the resulting roadmap for future research in the domain: concepts, methods, and technologies. This workshop seeks contributions exploring issues of collaboration and coordination for informal care addressing concepts emerging from field research, methodological challenges, work-in-progress, and the design and evaluation of technological solutions.


This paper looks at the acquisition of the vocabulary used in daily conversation by advanced level English speaking learners of Japanese language. Five factors which were found to affect learners' acquisition are discussed. The aim of this paper is to discuss lexical errors made by advanced learners of Japanese and identify the factors which hinder their lexical acquisition by focusing on intralexical factors and interlexical factors. The data was obtained from interviews with fourteen advanced level students. The findings of the study reveal that interlexical divergence of semantic structure is the most common reason for advanced learners failure to acquire vocabulary in the target language. This finding highlights the difficulty learners face in comprehending the lexical semantic structure in the target language and maintaining all the lexical items which correspond to single word in their native language. Intralexical phonological similarity is also a confounding factor for learners. These findings are relevant in the context of vocabulary teaching from the aspect of facilitating learners' semantic knowledge.


Administration of d-glucose enhances learning and memory in several tasks and also attenuates memory impairments and other behavioral effects of several drugs, including morphine. The present experiment compared the effects of peripherally administered d-glucose with those of l-glucose, a stereoisomer of d-glucose that is not metabolized and does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Like d-glucose, though at somewhat different doses, peripherally administered l-glucose attenuated morphine-induced deficits in spontaneous alternation performance in rats and mice and attenuated morphine-induced hyperactivity in mice. l-Glucose did not raise circulating levels of plasma d-glucose, suggesting that the effects of l-glucose are not secondary to increased availability of d-glucose. Using direct injections of d- and l-glucose and morphine into the medial septum of rats, the findings indicate that d-glucose but not l-glucose attenuated morphine-induced deficits in spontaneous alternation performance; indeed, intraseptal injections of l-glucose alone impaired spontaneous alternation performance. These findings suggest that peripheral l-glucose antagonizes morphine-induced behavioral effects by a peripheral signaling mechanism, one distinct from the mechanisms that mediate at least some of the effects of d-glucose on brain function.


During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, a known drive element has recently migrated between species, caused a strong reduction in local divergence, and undermined the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.


Bioinspired algorithms are a generic term used to refer to the solution of computational problems, based on the planning and implementation based on existing models in the evolutionary process-related nature. Most evolutionary algorithms proposed paradigms that occur in the biology of living things and concepts of natural selection, mutation and reproduction. However, other paradigms that can be taken in the creation of evolutionary algorithms also exist such as the forces of nature, which have been many algorithms based on water, gas and wind reactions. Many of the environments involving unstructured problems in this case a problem of accommodation of containers of humanitarian aid to a company with limited resources, which can be considered from the perspective of cultural paradigms, because the cultural paradigms offer a wide range categorized models that ignore the possible solutions to the problem-a common situation in real life. The purpose of this research is to apply evolutionary computation properties of cultural technology; in this case, to corroborate through data mining analysis of how low the support of various companies use technology for their own benefit to propose a solution to a given problem, in our case carry different types of goods deemed humanitarian aid . The mentioned above, to carry out an adaptation from the standpoint of the modeling societies. An environment for conducting tests for this type of analysis in our case a model arrangement of containers was developed in order to enable learning about not very conventional characteristics of a cultural technology. This environment was named Allaliyah in Palestinian culture means "Together we can achieve everything." Implementing a Container Ship Stowage Problem for Humanitarian Aid in Palestine Based on Cultural Algorithms


This work describes the development and the realization of an OSInt solution conducting a supplier risk assessment, focused on the evaluation of suppliers' reputation starting from publicly available information. The main challenge is represented by the data processing phase that exploits NLP technologies to extract facts, events, and relations from unstructured sources, building the knowledge base for reputational analysis. Several measures have been adopted to provide a satisfactory user experience; however, further integrations are still needed to increase efficiency of the developed solution. Particularly, it is necessary to deepen and improve the analysis over the huge volume of data coming from open sources, enhancing the discovery of all possible relevant information influencing the reputation of the targeted entity.


Nearly thirty years after the fall of communism in Albania, European integration has been the main driving force for change and the real catalyst for reform. Today, a vast majority of Albanians continue to be convinced that the only way to develop, modernize and guarantee security is a full integration into the European family. The problem is not simply the duration of such an intermediate phase between obtaining candidate status and a full membership of the European Union. In fact, Albanians themselves are increasingly aware that the road to full membership of the European Union will be long, and that it will require a series of major and profound changes in the country, especially in the areas of the rule of law and functioning of institutions, along with implementing various standards that a society must meet in order to achieve this goal. The aim of this paper is to analyze Albanian use and abuse of the EU integration process in internal political discourse, reforms and transformation. A number of documents, publications and public speeches are examined in order to evaluate the impact of integration in this small, developing, post-communist country.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the extent to which actions reported by internal medicine trainees conflict with published guidelines on ethics.

METHODS
A confidential survey was sent to a random sample (N = 1000) of associate members of the American College of Physicians (ACP). Questions were asked about ethical decision making in areas addressed by the guidelines in the ACP Ethics Manual. Quoted manual guidelines were provided, followed by 55 yes or no questions, such that a yes answer represented an action that conflicted with a guideline. There were two follow-up mailings to nonresponders.

RESULTS
Forty percent (n = 397) completed the questionnaire; 17% indicated they were aware of the guidelines on ethics. On average, associates responded yes to 16% of questions where a yes response indicated they have acted outside guidelines on ethics one or more times. The mean number of responses (n = 55) that conflicted with a guideline was 7.6 per person (SD, 4.7 responses; range, 0 to 33 responses). Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported actions falling outside a guideline one or more times and 80% did so four or more times. The most frequently reported reason (965/3219 [30%]) from a list of four choices for acting outside a guideline was "I was aware of the guideline, but this did not represent an ethical dilemma to me."

CONCLUSIONS
Few responding ACP associates indicated awareness of the ACP guidelines on ethics. Physicians in training nevertheless reported acting according to the presented guidelines most of the time, although nearly all respondents acted outside a guideline at least once, and some did so many times. Reported behaviors were sometimes inconsistent with consensus ethical standards that apply to internists. Physicians in training need to know more about ethical standards that apply to their own practice and should be aware when their actions deviate from ethical norms. Before acting outside guidelines on ethics, trainees should discuss their conflicts with others, such as attending physicians, clinical ethicists, or hospital ethics committees.


The take-up of the Assessment of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL) by students in the UK remains low. In exploring why this might be the case, this article seeks to examine the process of preparing claims for APEL, with the objective of understanding what is involved and how the process is experienced by some students with prior professional learning. It suggests that APEL portfolios operate as boundary objects working at the edges of communities of practice and mediating their external relationships. It uses an academic literacies methodology to understand how these relationships are mediated, drawing on the notions of addressivity and dialogicality derived from the work of Bakhtin to analyse data from interviews about the production of APEL portfolios. The analysis—derived from in-depth interviews with four students who achieved APEL credits and the four tutors who assessed them—illustrates the different ways in which the approaches taken by the tutors determined the way in which the APEL portfolio assessment was adapted to meet tutor needs. The tutor approaches also affected the sense of agency that students felt they had through the process and impacted on their identity both as a professional and as a learner. The findings have implications for practice in demonstrating how a dialogic approach to assessment can serve to promote APEL and suggest that recognising the multimodality potential of an APEL portfolio can play a role in mediating relationships and negotiating mutual understanding thus opening up the academy to new sites of knowledge.


OBJECTIVES: Parental death during childhood has been linked to increased mortality and mental health problems in adulthood. School failure may be an important mediator in this trajectory. We investigated the association between parental death before age 15 years and school performance at age 15 to 16 years, taking into account potentially contributing factors such as family socioeconomic position (SEP) and parental substance abuse, mental health problems, and criminality. METHODS: This was a register-based national cohort study of 772 117 subjects born in Sweden between 1973 and 1981. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze school performance as mean grades (scale: 1–5; SD: 0.70) and school failure (finished school with incomplete grades). Results are presented as β-coefficients and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Parental death was associated with lower grades (ORs: –0.21 [95% CI: –0.23 to –0.20] and –0.17 [95% CI: –0.19 to –0.15]) for paternal and maternal deaths, respectively. Adjustment for SEP and parental psychosocial factors weakened the associations, but the results remained statistically significant. Unadjusted ORs of school failure were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.92 to 2.17) and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.35 to 1.69) for paternal and maternal deaths. In fully adjusted models, ORs were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.49) and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.32). The higher crude impact of death due to external causes (ie, accident, violence, suicide) (OR: –0.27 [90% CI: –0.28 to –0.26]), compared with natural deaths (OR: –0.16 [95% CI: –0.17 to –0.15]), was not seen after adjustment for SEP and psychosocial situation of the family. CONCLUSIONS: Parental death during childhood was associated with lower grades and school failure. Much of the effect, especially for deaths by external causes, was associated with socially adverse childhood exposures.


Human commerce utilizes the most significant share of natural resources and produces the largest aggregate impact on the earth's environment. As a consequence of modern employment and work cultures, commerce also defines and directs much of the social contract and social organizational forms in developed societies. Sustainable development movements to conserve resources and to democratize or enhance organizational practices have called for culture change or transformation. However, these approaches have not yielded results that will significantly enhance human flourishing in the face of globalized commerce. We further assert that alignment toward sustainable development or so-called corporate sustainability are misguided and systemically depreciative, as they purport to sustain activities that foreseeably accelerate ecological degradation. We propose a modeling system for co-creating strongly sustainable enterprises that will foster whole system flourishing across living ecosystems and vibrant social systems. This systemic design approach to business transformation functions at the level of the business model. We claim that business model design affords the highest leverage across all modes of organizing for collective cultural adoption ecosystemic practices.


The thesis discusses dialogue as a tool in peacebuilding. The problem statement raises the need for knowledge of what dialogue is, competence in how to employ dialogue and adherence to the use of dialogue, for it to be a tool in peacebuilding. Through the ontological position of constructivism, I argue for a reconstruction of the term dialogue. The thesis aims to develop on a theoretical framework for defining dialogue. Dialogue is defined as a form of communication with the goal to understand the other. To inform and challenge the definition of dialogue, I collected empirical data from dialogue experts in Norway and data from the United Nations. Based on the data, I discuss dialogue as an attitude and a culture in the analysis. Further, the analysis discuss requirements, limitations and effects of dialogue. The thesis argues that change and cooperation are possible effects of dialogue, rather than integral parts of dialogue as a form of communication. I present Bernstein's theory of framing as a measure to analyse dialogue as a tool in peacebuilding. Strong framing regulates 'what can be said', 'where' and 'by whom' and is thus a limitation for dialogue. Through Jakobson's model of communication, I argue that dialogue attributes different meaning to the functions in language than other forms of communication. Dialogue has an emotive and relational function, including context, feelings and the whole person when understanding the other. Through Lotman's theory on semiosphere, I inform that dialogue is an exchange of information, requiring both difference and similarities. Codes translate the information from the contexts of the sender and the receiver. Drawing on Lotman's theory, I argue that there is a difference between translation and interpretation. Addressing hermeneutics, I argue that there is a difference between interpretation of text and interpretation in dialogue, drawing on Gadamer. Further, drawing on Habermas, I argue that interpretation is inhibiting in dialogue as I have the possibility to ask question to the subject. Peacebuilding is defined through Galtung and Lederach. Drawing on Smith's pallet of peacebuilding, dialogue is defined as an integral part of peacebuilding. I argue that it is due to the goal of dialogue as understanding that dialogue can be a tool in peacebuilding. Understanding builds relations and can have positive effects. I take a critical view of dialogue used to achieve other goals, as a misuse of the term. Dialogue is thus a tool for understanding, which can be used as a tool in peacebuilding. Dialogue can be a sustainable tool in peacebuilding as it can contribute to adaptability, as defined by Lederach. The thesis further argues that the United Nations has a low visibility of their work and definition of dialogue.


Objective To estimate the prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure among undergraduate students of a university medical college. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at a medical college among 434 medical students. A questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic details, followed by anthropometric measurements. Body mass index (BMI) was classified according to the World Health Organization classification. Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer and classified according to the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Data were entered into and analyzed with SPSS version 15.0. Results Nearly 65.0% of students had normal BMI, 9.9% were underweight, 17.9% were overweight, and 7.6% were obese. Obesity was more prevalent among males than among females on the basis of anthropometric variables such as BMI, waist-hip ratio, and waist-stature ratio, and this difference was found to be statistically significant. Blood pressure was in the normal range among 55.0% of the students, 36.6% had blood pressure in the prehypertensive range, 7.6% had blood pressure in the stage 1 category of the JNC VII criteria, and 0.5% had blood pressure in the stage 2 category of the JNC VII criteria. Among the students who had blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg, 63.0% were males and 37.0% were females, and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The prevalence of obesity was 7.6% and that of high blood pressure was 8.1% among the medical students, which were higher than those reported in the literature for the same age group and warrant further evaluation. Statement of Significance Non-communicable diseases have been described as the modern epidemic of the current era. A retrograde age shift is being noted in the prevalence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, which is alarming. Young adults are at an increased risk of developing these diseases because of indulgence in faulty lifestyle practices. The present study attempted to quantify the risk among medical students. The prevalence of obesity was 7.6% and that of high blood pressure was 8.1% among the medical students, which were higher than those reported in the literature for the same age group. Future medical professionals need to be aware of their own risk factors and take proactive steps before advising and encouraging their patients to adopt healthy lifestyles.


The authors are professors of molecular genetics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, TX, USA. This issue of Science highlights the progress and promise of research in cardiovascular disease, the most frequent cause of death in men over age 35 and women over age 65 in the United States. Heart attacks were recognized as a public health problem only in this century. They are likely to lose this notoriety early in the next. The reason? Four decades of progress in understanding cholesterol and the lipoproteins that carry it in blood plasma. Atherosclerosis begins when plasma lipoproteins of intermediate and low density (here called LDL) are deposited in artery walls. Evidence for the causative role of LDL comes from three sources. (i) Experimental: Animals with low levels of LDL have no atherosclerosis, and manipulations that raise LDL universally cause the disease. (ii) Epidemiologic: Human populations with low LDL levels have very little atherosclerosis; the disease increases in proportion to LDL in all populations studied. (iii) Genetic: Mutations that impair the receptor-mediated removal of LDL from plasma cause fulminant atherosclerosis. The final (therapeutic) line of evidence has now been supplied by three clinical trials, all completed in the past 18 months. All three trials used drugs called statins, which inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase, a key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis. Statins slow cholesterol production and enhance receptor-mediated removal of LDL from plasma. The three studies followed 15,198 people for 5 years. The studies from Scandinavia (4S)* and from North America (CARE)† enlisted patients with coronary disease. The study from Scotland‡ enrolled asymptomatic individuals with high cholesterol. All studies yielded similar results: Plasma levels of LDL fell by 26 to 35% and heart attacks declined by 25 to 31%. In the 4S study, heart attack deaths were reduced by 42% and deaths from all causes fell by 30%. We believe that the results would be even more striking if cholesterol were lowered further and earlier. The 4S and CARE studies found that coronary events were reduced in patients with "normal" plasma cholesterol levels around 210 mg/dl. This is not surprising, as a cholesterol level of 210 mg/dl, which is near the median in the United States and Europe, is above the 90th percentile for the human species worldwide. Individuals with such levels who develop atherosclerosis have arteries that are unusually susceptible to LDL. As cholesterol rises above 210 mg/dl, the incidence of atherosclerosis increases; and at very high levels, atherosclerosis is rampant even when patients are not especially susceptible. Well-documented susceptibility factors include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, a lipoprotein called Lp(a), and low levels of high density lipoproteins. More recently discovered are genetic polymorphisms that raise blood homocysteine or disrupt regulation of blood clotting. All of these should be treated when possible, but the therapeutic trials tell us that atherosclerotic events can be reduced by lowering of LDL even when these factors are present. Statins are effective, but are they safe? In the three trials, statins were taken by 7500 people for 5 years without a significant increase in deaths from noncardiac diseases. These studies are reassuring but brief. Will some hidden toxicity emerge when individuals take these drugs for most of their adult lives? Long-term studies are needed. In middle-aged people with cholesterol levels greater than 240 mg/dl, the potential for coronary heart disease warrants aggressive cholesterol lowering with diet and drugs. People with normal cholesterol levels of 210 mg/dl have a lower relative risk, but their absolute numbers are greater. If we wait for susceptible individuals to develop symptoms before deciding to treat, the earliest symptom is often sudden death. The challenge is to develop noninvasive screening methods to detect coronary atherosclerosis in its earliest stages. Exploitation of recent breakthroughs—proof of the cholesterol hypothesis, discovery of effective drugs, and better definition of genetic susceptibility factors—may well end coronary disease as a major public health problem early in the next century.


Introduction: We present the case of a 3.5-month-old boy whose right second toe was affected by hair/thread wrapped around it and this situation's urgency.Case Report: A 3.5-month-old boy was brought by his parents to the emergency clinic. The patient had a swollen, reddish-color right second toe with hyperemia. The parents did not know for how long the toe was affected. When ananmese was deepened, no disorder was learned observing at birth. No other disorder was observed by the parents until they visited the emergency department at noon. No pathology was detected on plain radiographs. By continuing physical examination, a hair-wire wrapping around the toe with linear skin lesion was explored. Lesion was over extensor tendon on the dorsal face and intracutaneous on the plantar face. The wire was meticulously removed, and the dorsal skin lesion was sutured. Proper wound care was performed. On the 10th day, the sutures were removed. No sequelae were observed on follow-up. Based on the attitude of the parents and the cooperation of medical professionals, the case was considered to be a baby care-related accident.Conclusion: Hair-thread tourniquet syndrome of an affected limb part is a life-threatening condition. Because it is rarely observed, its diagnosis can be delayed. However, ischemia of the affected extremity should alert the physician. Whenever the syndrome is diagnosed, proper treatment must be immediately initiated


The purpose of this thesis is to develop numerical methods for optimization, control and shape design in computational fluid dynamics, more precisely in haemodynamics. The application studied is related with the shape optimization of an aorto-coronaric bypass. The optimization process has to keep into account aspects which are very different and sometimes conflicting, for this reason the process has been organized in more levels dealing with a geometrical scale. Moreover we have chosen to use simplified low fidelity models during the application of the complex optimization tools and to verify in feed-back with higher fidelity models the configurations previously obtained. In our case we deal with fluid models based on Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations, for lower and higher fidelity approach respectively, also in the unsteady formulation. At an outer level of the optimization process, efficient numerical methods based on parametrized partial differential equations have been developed to get real-time and accurate information concerning the preliminary configurations, and to get a sensitivity analysis on geometrical quantities of interest and on functionals, related with fluid mechanics quantities. This approach is carried out by reduced basis methods which let us rebuild approximate solutions for parametrized equations by other solutions already computed and stored, allowing huge computational savings. At an inner level we have developed local shape optimization methods by optimal flow control theory based on adjoint approach. Two different approaches have been developed: the former is based on the local displacement of each node on the boundary, the latter is based on small perturbation theory into a reference domain. This approach is more complex but let us avoid mesh reconstruction at each iteration and study the problem into a deeper context from a theoretical point of view and do a generalization dealing with unsteady flows.


"The fifth freedom is freedom from ignorance. It means that every[one], everywhere, should be free to develop his [or her] talents to their full potential – unhampered by arbitrary barriers of race or birth or income." Lyndon B. Johnson This article argues that education is a fundamental human right that the U.S. Supreme Court has failed to recognize because of the Court's bias towards negative, rather than positive rights. Viewed from the limited perspective of rights as liberties, the concern with declaring a fundamental right to education is that education legislation would be strictly scrutinized, thus causing the undesired result of preventing the enactment of laws regarding education. This would not be a concern if the Court embraced a constitutional analysis that specifically applied to positive rights and duties. Recognizing the fundamental right to public education as a positive right would correct a major inconsistency in U.S. constitutional law and bring fundamental rights doctrine more in line with broader societal understandings of social justice. The article concludes that in order to safeguard the fundamental right to public education, a new form of fundamental rights analysis for all positive rights must be developed. The details of such an analysis will take time to develop, but must begin with an understanding that traditional strict scrutiny analysis cannot be applied in the same way to positive rights as it is to negative rights.


The article develops a comprehensive framework demonstrating how patents provide the foundation of the market for inventions. Patents support the establishment of the market in several key ways. First, patents provide a system of intellectual property (IP) rights that increases transaction efficiencies and stimulates competition by offering exclusion, transferability, disclosure, certification, standardization, and divisibility. Second, patent transfers constitute what the article terms "the market for innovative control" that provides incentives for efficient investment in invention, innovation, and complementary assets. Third, patents as intangible real assets promote the financing of invention and innovation. The market foundation role of patents refutes the economically incorrect "rewards" view of patents. The discussion considers how economic benefits of the market for inventions should guide IP policy and antitrust policy.


Traces of filesystem activity have proven to be useful for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from quantitative analysis of system behavior to trace-driven simulation of filesystem algorithms. Such traces can be difficult to obtain, however, usually entailing modification of the filesystems to be monitored and runtime overhead for the period of the trace. Largely because of these difficulties, a surprisingly small number of filesystem traces have been conducted, and few sample workloads are available to filesystem researchers. This paper describes a portable toolkit for deriving approximate traces of NFS [1] activity by non-intrusively monitoring the Ethernet traffic to and from the file server. The toolkit uses a promiscuous Ethernet listener interface (such as the Packetfilter[2]) to read and reconstruct NFS-related RPC packets intended for the server. It produces traces of the NFS activity as well as a plausible set of corresponding client system calls. The tool is currently in use at Princeton and other sites, and is available via anonymous ftp.


Background Telemonitoring of symptoms and physiological signs has been suggested as a means of early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, with a view to instituting timely treatment. However, algorithms to identify exacerbations result in frequent false-positive results and increased workload. Machine learning, when applied to predictive modelling, can determine patterns of risk factors useful for improving prediction quality. Objective Our objectives were to (1) establish whether machine learning techniques applied to telemonitoring datasets improve prediction of hospital admissions and decisions to start corticosteroids, and (2) determine whether the addition of weather data further improves such predictions. Methods We used daily symptoms, physiological measures, and medication data, with baseline demography, COPD severity, quality of life, and hospital admissions from a pilot and large randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in COPD. We linked weather data from the United Kingdom meteorological service. We used feature selection and extraction techniques for time series to construct up to 153 predictive patterns (features) from symptom, medication, and physiological measurements. We used the resulting variables to construct predictive models fitted to training sets of patients and compared them with common symptom-counting algorithms. Results We had a mean 363 days of telemonitoring data from 135 patients. The two most practical traditional score-counting algorithms, restricted to cases with complete data, resulted in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) estimates of 0.60 (95% CI 0.51-0.69) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.50-0.67) for predicting admissions based on a single day's readings. However, in a real-world scenario allowing for missing data, with greater numbers of patient daily data and hospitalizations (N=57,150, N+=55, respectively), the performance of all the traditional algorithms fell, including those based on 2 days' data. One of the most frequently used algorithms performed no better than chance. All considered machine learning models demonstrated significant improvements; the best machine learning algorithm based on 57,150 episodes resulted in an aggregated AUC of 0.74 (95% CI 0.67-0.80). Adding weather data measurements did not improve the predictive performance of the best model (AUC 0.74, 95% CI 0.69-0.79). To achieve an 80% true-positive rate (sensitivity), the traditional algorithms were associated with an 80% false-positive rate: our algorithm halved this rate to approximately 40% (specificity approximately 60%). The machine learning algorithm was moderately superior to the best symptom-counting algorithm (AUC 0.77, 95% CI 0.74-0.79 vs AUC 0.66, 95% CI 0.63-0.68) at predicting the need for corticosteroids. Conclusions Early detection and management of COPD remains an important goal given its huge personal and economic costs. Machine learning approaches, which can be tailored to an individual's baseline profile and can learn from experience of the individual patient, are superior to existing predictive algorithms and show promise in achieving this goal. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN96634935; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN96634935 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/722YkuhAz)


The relationships between tectonics and hotspot-related magmatism in transform/transtensive settings are poorly known. The Azores archipelago, lying where the transform plate boundary between the Nubian and Eurasian plates meets the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is a rare site to investigate these relationships. The distinct tectono-magmatic features of Faial make it the ideal island to focus the study. Here, we analyze the relationships between tectonics and magmatism, using remote-sensing, field, and paleomagnetic analyses. Dominant WNW-ESE–trending lineaments correspond to major faults with transtensive dextral motion and NE-SW opening, probably related to the nearby transtensive Terceira Rift. Most (∼60%) dikes, vent elongations, and alignments are parallel to this system. The lavas forming the basement of the distinctive WNW-ESE–trending Pedro Miguel graben strike parallel to the graben axis, dipping outward with a tilt consistent with that of paleomagnetic data. These lavas are dissected by the WNW-ESE–trending transtensive faults. Therefore, the graben consists of outward-tilted fault-bounded blocks, forming two opposite-verging dominoes. Its estimated stretching factor (β = 1.35) and mean extension rate (between 3.4 and 8.2 mm/yr) are similar or slightly larger than those of Terceira Rift, to the east. Part of the graben extension may be magma induced, via diking. We suggest that: (1) Faial, along with the nearby Pico Island, is a major locus of extension within the Azores, directly above the imaged hotspot; and (2) the Faial-Pico magmatic segment constitutes the offset, westward magmatic continuation of the Terceira Rift. The segment opening highlights the importance of extensional strain along magmatic transtensive plate boundaries.


PURPOSE
The variations in how drug names are displayed in computerized prescriber-order-entry (CPOE) systems were analyzed to determine their contribution to potential medication errors.

METHODS
A diverse set of 10 inpatient and outpatient CPOE system vendors and self-developed CPOE systems in 6 U.S. healthcare institutions was evaluated. A team of pharmacists, physicians, patient-safety experts, and informatics experts created a CPOE assessment tool to standardize the assessment of CPOE features across the systems studied. Hypothetical scenarios were conducted with test patients to study the medication ordering workflow and ways in which medications were displayed in each system. Brand versus generic drug name ordering was studied at 1 large outpatient system to understand why prescribers ordered both brand and generic forms of the same drug.

RESULTS
Widespread variations in the display of drug names were observed both within and across the 6 study sites and 10 systems, including the inconsistent display of brand and generic names. Some displayed drugs differently even on the same screen. Combination products were often displayed inconsistently, and some systems required prescribers to know the first drug listed in the combination in order for the correct product to appear in a search. It also appeared that prescribers may have prescribed both brand and generic forms of the same medication, creating the potential for drug duplication errors.

CONCLUSION
A review of 10 CPOE systems revealed that medication names were displayed inconsistently, which can result in confusion or errors in reviewing, selecting, and ordering medications.


This paper develops and tests a model of investment that integrates six theories: Tobin's Q, costly external funds, empire building, shirking, debt overhang, and managerial myopia. In contrast to earlier theoretical work that often fails to identify empirically testable hypotheses, we link the CEO's optimality condition and estimation. In particular, a closed-form expression relating the CEO's shadow price of capital to observables is derived. The use of a unified model allows us to empirically distinguish between competing theories. There is strong evidence in favor of empire building incentives, with the effect being strongest when founder status is used as a proxy for empire preferences. In particular, the investment of CEOs that are not members of the founding family is consistent with their deriving an annual benefit of $0.40 per $1000 of installed capital, while the investment of CEOs that are members of the founding family is consistent with a benefit of $3.30 per $1000 of capital. We find substantial evidence in favor of managerial myopia, and modest evidence of costly external funds and overhang. The Q and shirking theories are rejected.


Between 1990 and 2000, total sales of variable annuities in the U.S. grew from just over $5 billion to nearly $140 billion. These products now account for approximately half of all private market annuity sales. Variable annuities resemble mutual funds, but they qualify for special tax treatment as insurance products because they provide an option to convert to a life annuity. This paper describes the tax treatment of variable annuities and presents summary information on the ownership patterns for variable annuities. It also explores the relative importance of several distinct motives for household purchase of variable annuities. We use household data from the 1998 and 2001 waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances to examine ownership patterns and to test for the importance of tax and insurance considerations in variable annuity demand. We find that variable annuity ownership is highly concentrated among high income and high net wealth sub-groups of the population, although the concentration is lower than for several other categories of financial assets. We find mixed support for the role of tax considerations in generating variable annuity demand, and we outline a set of research issues that focus on household annuity purchases.


Institution-wide pedagogical reforms are common across higher education institutions. Such reforms may be driven by rationalisation as well as recognition of the need to provide students with interdisciplinary learning experiences that equip them with the "social and analytic competencies needed in contemporary careers outside the academy" (British Academy, 2016, p.5). This paper reports on an institution-wide pedagogical reform initiative, the Trinity Education Project (TEP), at Trinity College Dublin, an elite and ancient Irish university. We describe the development of the TEP and the implementation of its Assessment Framework, which aims to bring diversity into teaching, learning and assessment through the assessment of graduate attributes in a system strongly focused on assessment of learning, examinations and lectures. Reflections on challenges are presented. Discussion centres on the extent to which it is possible, and the best approach, to achieve consensus in an educational system where autonomous disciplinary structures and traditions prevail.


This article examines which bodies have access to participate in Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) events, and to DiGRA as an organization. It is based on a survey (N=174), among subscribers to the DiGRA 'Gamesnetwork' mailing list. The survey included questions on age, gender, location and career level to gain insight into who is included in the DiGRA community, with further questions on problems and challenges faced by those who have had trouble accessing DiGRA. This paper does not proceed solely by statistical methodology, but draws on feminist theories of embodiment and qualitative methods. Through this diverse methodological approach, the paper analyzes which bodies have difficulties accessing DiGRA�s academic communities and conferences, which practices cause these difficulties, and which policies might be introduced to address these. The survey indicates that young, early-career and women�s bodies are in particularly precarious positions. This situation is perpetuated through various practices of economic and social inaccessibility. Upon reflection, the paper proposes a set of policies to address these practices. We conclude that this survey and its analysis are only a first step to making DiGRA a more diversely inclusive organization.


Dataspaces consist of large-scale heterogeneous data. The query interface of accessing tuples should be provided as a fundamental facility by practical dataspace systems. Previously, an efficient index has been proposed for queries with keyword neighborhood over dataspaces. In this paper, we study the materialization and decomposition of dataspaces, in order to improve the query efficiency. First, we study the views of items, which are materialized in order to be reused by queries. When a set of views are materialized, it leads to select some of them as the optimal plan with the minimum query cost. Efficient algorithms are developed for query planning and view generation. Second, we study the partitions of tuples for answering top-k queries. Given a query, we can evaluate the score bounds of the tuples in partitions and prune those partitions with bounds lower than the scores of top-k answers. We also provide theoretical analysis of query cost and prove that the query efficiency cannot be improved by increasing the number of partitions. Finally, we conduct an extensive experimental evaluation to illustrate the superior performance of proposed techniques.


Typical financing structures based on debt or equity are often inappropriate for early-stage impact enterprises. Due to potential conflicts between the investor's expectations of returns and the entrepreneur's commitment to their mission, impact entrepreneurs have a difficult time securing the right kind of capital for their specific needs. As a result, many fail to get off the ground due to this capital gap. Commissioned by the Multilateral Investment Fund with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, this summary of Transform Finance's upcoming report provides an overview of the specific problems with traditional financing structures, the innovations happening now in investment funds and deal structures to alleviate the capital gap, and recommendations for how fund managers, investors, and entrepreneurs can engage with these alternatives to increase their impact.


This article investigates developed countries' financial and technical assistance commitments under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. It shows that their organization is secured through the establishment of a hybrid implementation network, involving the cooperation of state and transnational actors, and argues that institutional hybridization affects the quality and status of treaty norms. The norms defy a classification into either hard or soft law, but contain elements of both. Institutional and normative hybridization is at once a productive response to the emergence of global risks, and a source of new challenges. The article identifies the diffusion of accountability, the complication of enforcement, and the dilution of the communicative role of international law as challenges flowing from hybridization, and develops three responses: 'levelling down', which emphasizes the contractual nature of international agreements; 'levelling up', which strengthens state accountability; and 'governing across', which constitutionalizes the transnational actors in the implementation network. The advantages and drawbacks of each response are reviewed, and suggestions for reform developed.


This document describes a new chunk type, several parameters and
procedures for SCTP. This new chunk type can be used to authenticate
SCTP chunks by using shared keys between the sender and receiver. The
new parameters are used to establish the shared keys.


Docetaxel has demonstrated activity in a broad range of solid tumors. Phase I trials have shown 100 mg/m(2) every 21 d to be the recommended dose. This phase I trial was designed to define the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of docetaxel with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support in patients with advanced solid tumors. Eligible patients had advanced malignancies and up to two prior chemotherapy regimens, ECOG PS = 0 1, adequate organ function, and gave written, informed consent. Docetaxel was escalated in cohorts of patients starting at 100 mg/m(2) on a 21-d schedule. Prophylactic G-CSF was administered on d 3 10. The DLT was defined as grade IV neutropenia >4 d, febrile neutropenia, grade IV thrombocytopenia, any grade III nonhematologic toxicity, or the inability to receive cycle 2 because of ongoing toxicity. Twenty-three patients were enrolled at doses up to 145 mg/m(2). The median age was 59 yr and the median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 1. No DLT was observed at 100 mg/m(2), and 2 of 11 patients at 120 mg/m(2) experienced DLT (neutropenic fever and stomatitis). At 145 mg/m(2), one of eight patients had DLT (fatigue). Two of eight patients at 145 mg/m(2) had brief grade IV neutropenia (without fever), and none had grade III-IV thrombocytopenia or anemia. The docetaxel dose can be safely escalated to 145 mg/m(2) every 21 d with GCSF support, a 45% increase above the standard recommended phase II dose. Further studies will clarify the role of dose-intensified docetaxel.


We offer and test two competing hypotheses for the consolidation trend in banking using U.S. banking industry data over the period 1982-2000. Under the efficiency hypothesis, technological progress improved the performance of large, multimarket firms relative to small, single-market firms, whereas under the hubris hypothesis, consolidation was largely driven by corporate hubris. Our results are consistent with an empirical dominance of the efficiency hypothesis over the hubris hypothesis-on net, technological progress allowed large, multimarket banks to compete more effectively against small, single-market banks in the 1990s than in the 1980s. We also isolate the extent to which technological progress occurred through scale versus geographic effects and how they affected the performance of small, single-market banks through revenues versus costs. The results may shed light as well on some of the research and policy issues related to community banking, and on the question of how community banks should be defined.


A major proportion of teaching in UK universities is undertaken by a diverse and large group of sessional staff, in common with many HE systems around the world. This articles reviews efforts over the last decade to support and develop such staff and to improve their situation. Improvement in this area is very slow. The article concludes by considering what progress is likely in the future and the factors and conditions which facilitate or hinder progress.


A study was undertaken whereby a set of standardized (simulated) patients visited general practitioners without being detected, in a health care system where doctors had fixed patient lists. Thirty nine general practitioners were each visited during normal surgery hours by four standardized patients who were designed to be indistinguishable from real patients. The objective of the study was to see whether the actual performance of general practitioners, as assessed by standardized patients, met predetermined consensus standards of care for actual practice. The patients presented standardized accounts of headache, diarrhoea, shoulder pain and diabetes. The mean group scores of the doctors on the predefined standards of care for the different complaints ranged from 33 to 68%. The results show that standardized patients may be the method of choice in the assessment of the quality of actual care of doctors. It is hypothesized that the substandard scores of the doctors do not reflect inadequate competence, but are a result of the difference between competence and performance.


Macrophages are a key part of our innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes, ingesting them, and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. We have found that human macrophages can recognize invading yeast pathogens that have a specific molecular pattern of proteins on their surfaces: these proteins have structures similar to the structures of amyloid aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. However, this surface pattern also causes the fungi to bind a serum protein called serum amyloid P component (SAP). In turn, the SAP-coated yeasts are poorly recognized and seldom ingested by the macrophages, and the macrophages have a more tolerant and less inflammatory response in the presence of SAP. Therefore, we find that surface structures on the yeast can alter how the macrophages react to invading microbes. ABSTRACT In patients with invasive fungal diseases, there is often little cellular inflammatory response. We tested the idea that binding of the human constitutive plasma protein serum amyloid P component (SAP) (also called PTX2) to Candida albicans dampens the innate immune response to this fungus. Many pathogenic fungi have cell surface amyloid-like structures important for adhesion and biofilm formation. Human SAP bound to fungi that expressed functional cell surface amyloid, but SAP had minimal binding to fungi with reduced expression of cell surface amyloid. In the absence of SAP, phagocytosis of fungi by human macrophages was potentiated by expression of amyloid on the fungi. SAP binding to fungi inhibited their phagocytosis by macrophages. Macrophages pretreated with SAP displayed reduced fungal phagocytosis, reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α), and increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. SAP bound to fungi or added to the medium upregulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory receptor CD206 on macrophages. These findings suggest that SAP bound to amyloid-like structures on fungal cells dampens the host cellular immune response in fungal diseases such as invasive candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Macrophages are a key part of our innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes, ingesting them, and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. We have found that human macrophages can recognize invading yeast pathogens that have a specific molecular pattern of proteins on their surfaces: these proteins have structures similar to the structures of amyloid aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. However, this surface pattern also causes the fungi to bind a serum protein called serum amyloid P component (SAP). In turn, the SAP-coated yeasts are poorly recognized and seldom ingested by the macrophages, and the macrophages have a more tolerant and less inflammatory response in the presence of SAP. Therefore, we find that surface structures on the yeast can alter how the macrophages react to invading microbes.


We analyse how countries' innovation outcomes are affected by national legislations of worker participation to corporate governance. We develop a model of employee representation laws (ERL) and innovation in the presence of incomplete labour contracts and predict heterogeneous ERL effects across different systems of dismissal regulation. We then perform a panel regression analysis, exploiting 2-digit panel data for 21 manufacturing sectors of USA, UK, India, France and Germany, over the 1977-2005 period. We find that ERL effects on aggregate innovation output are positive, statistically significant and higher in magnitude where national labour laws impose significant firing costs to the firm with respect to institutional settings in which firing costs are low or absent. These results are robust to possible technology selection dynamics, endogeneity and institutional changes in the legal system of patent protection. We also estimate ERL effects on innovation conditional on firing costs at an industry level and show that the impact of ERL is relatively larger in those sectors where the human capital contribution to production is higher. Our results have relevant implications for the optimal design of employee representation legislations.


REDD+, when it officially became part of the international climate agenda in 2007, was an idea about payment to countries and projects for reducing emission from forests, with funding primarily from carbon markets. REDD+ has since become multi-objective; the policy focus has changed from payments for environmental services (PES) to broader policies, and international funding is mainly coming from development aid budgets. This 'aidification' of REDD+ has made it similar to previous efforts of conditional, result-based, or performancebased aid (PBA). But, experience of PBA, in other sectors, has hardly been brought into the REDD+ debate. A major conclusion from earlier research is that aid cannot buy policy reforms, yet this remains a major idea in current REDD+ discourses. This paper reviews the main challenges in designing and implementing a system of PBA in terms of donor spending pressure, performance criteria, benchmark setting, risk sharing, and credibility, in terms of amount of funding provided. It then reviews four bilateral REDD+ agreements Norway has entered with Tanzania, Brazil, Guyana, and Indonesia. Some elements of performance-based payments were included, and these agreements and the aid experience provide valuable lessons for design and implementation of future REDD+ mechanism.


Levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone is a single combination drug consisting of levodopa (aromatic amino acid), carbidopa (dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor), and entacapone (catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor). The Food and Drug Administration approved levodopa-carbidopaentacapone in 2003, as treatment for idiopathic Parkinson's disease in patients experiencing signs and symptoms of wearing-off. Although various adverse drug reactions of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone have been recorded, there has been no reported case of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone overdose. We report the first case of signs and symptoms of an overdose of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone (levodopa: 3000 mg; carbidopa: 750 mg; entacapone: 6000 mg) in a suicide attempt, presenting as altered mentality, xanthoderma, and yellowish sclera without hyperbilirubinemia.


Multicast is an important communication pattern in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) that involves the transmission of packets to a group of two or more hosts, and thus can support group-oriented applications. Securing multicast routing in MANET is crucial in order to enable effective and efficient implementations of such applications. However, security techniques typically add more complexity to the protocol, and thus, may adversely impact its performance. Thus, a key objective in designing secure multicast routing protocols is to add security while reducing overhead. In this paper, we present a new approach, namely, the atomic security approach for securing the well-known Multicast Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (MAODV). The underlying concept of the proposed approach is to secure basic (atomic) operations in the MAODV instead of the conventional approach of securing functional operations. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed approach based on securing atomic operations does not only decrease the byte overhead by 234% and improve Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 16% as compared to conventional approaches, but it also provides a scalable framework to effectively and efficiently address future attacks on MAODV protocol.


Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a folliculocentric and clinically papular dermatological disorder occurring in the setting of immunosuppression typically in association with solid organ transplantation or hematolymphoid malignancies. We report the occurrence of TS in a 7‐year‐old girl with Down syndrome and pre‐B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia who was completing chemotherapy at onset. The patient's affected follicles were dilated by an expansion of a dystrophic follicular inner root sheath cell population displaying enlarged trichohyaline cytoplasmic granules and progressing centrally to keratotic and parakeratotic debris, and superficially demonstrating some diminutive hair shaft‐like material within the keratotic spicules. Electron microscopic studies of a follicular lesion showed extracellular viral particles suggestive of a polyomavirus within the central follicular keratotic debris. DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing studies, performed on the tissue of the microscopic slide and paraffin block, for the recently identified TS‐associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) resulted as positive for TSPyV. PCR for the Merkel cell polyomavirus was negative. To date, this case is unique in representing the first case of TS confirmed by electron microscopy in which a related viral pathogen has been molecularly identified. An additional 19 reported cases classifiable as TS are tabulated and reviewed.