drawing increasingly upon digital technologies and the internet to assert a sense of community even as they cultivate an austere biblical persona, adherents of rastafari can be thought of as simultaneously modern and antique. their claim to antiquity is grounded in a collectively professed africanethiopian identity that has not only resisted the ravages of enslavement, colonialism, and european cultural domination but is seen to transcend local differences of culture and language. theirs is a way of life organized around theocratic principles that begin with a recognition of the divine in all peoples and as the basis of all human agency. rastafari assert the universal relevance of these principles to the conditions of modernity even as they persistently claim social justice on behalf of all peoples of african descent exploited by colonialism and the prevailing global capitalist-imperialist system. Based on these general themes, the rastafari movement has come to represent a large-scale cultural phenomenon that has long since burst the chains of its colonial containment in Jamaica. from the late 1960s onward it has spread throughout the Caribbean and the Central and south american rimland to the major metropoles of north america and europe as well as to many sites on the african continent. from this brief, one can perhaps appreciate that the cultural identity known as "rastafari" (along with its associated practices and movement goals) gives rise to many potentially unstable points of identification. Moreover, with its


Mesozoic siliciclastic mudrocks ('continental redbeds') at the base of the Stilo Unit of the northern sector of the Calabria-Peloritani Arc (southern Italy) are mainly composed of quartz, phyllosilicates (illite, illite/smectite mixed layers, kaolinite, chlorite), Fe-oxide (hematite) and feldspars. The <2 μm grain-size fraction shows high percent of I/S mixed layers, characterized by R value ranging from R0 to R3. The Kubler Index values indicate temperatures ranging from 130 °C to 160 °C. The source areas of the studied sediments were mainly characterized by metasediments of the Paleozoic basement with plutonic bodies. The limited importance of a mafic supply is confirmed by the La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr and Cr/Th ratios, that suggest a provenance from source areas fairly felsic rather than basic in composition. The CIA index indicates moderate weathering in the sediment source areas. The Al-Ti-Zr diagram and the Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc plot indicate sedimentary sorting and recycling effects for the studied sediments. Preliminary geological and compositional data of these siliciclastic deposits suggest close similarities with the well studied Mesozoic continental redbed successions of the Internal domains of the circum-Mediterranean orogenic belts.


AIM
To report our results about minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) with bilateral pedicle screw fixation, in patients with degenerative lumbosacral spine disease. To describe the indications, surgical technique and results of a consecutive series of 40 patients who had undergone MI-TLIF. Despite the limited number of clinical studies, published data suggest tremendous potential advantages of this technique.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Forty patients with radiological findings of degenerative lumbosacral spine disease had undergone MI-TLIF between July 2012 and January 2015. Clinical outcomes were assessed by means of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Health Survey Scoring (SF36) before surgery and at first year follow-up. Furthermore, the following parameters were retrospectively reviewed: age, sex, working activity, body mass index (BMI), type of degenerative disease, number of levels of fusion, operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay.

RESULTS
Average operative time was 230 minutes, mean estimated blood loss 170 mL, average length of hospital stay 5 days. The ODI improved from a score of 59, preoperatively, to post-operative score of 20 at first year follow-up. Average SF36 score increased from 36 to 54 (Physical Health) and from 29 to 50 (Mental Health) at first year outcome evaluation.

CONCLUSION
MI-TLIF with bilateral pedicle screw fixation is an excellent choice for selected patients suffering from symptomatic degenerative lumbosacral spine disease, especially secondary to recurrent disc herniations.


Firms in decentralized markets often trade using quantity contracts, agreements that specify quantity in advance of trade. We show that firms use quantity contracts to reduce the costs of trading frictions. Specifically, quantity contracts are valuable for two reasons. First, they increase trade between high surplus trading partners because they lock in trade prior to the point of sale. Second, they provide quantity insurance -- we show that buyers and sellers are endogenously risk averse with respect to quantity. However, quantity contracts are costly due to their inflexibility to market conditions. Using proprietary invoice data from a large seller, we estimate a model of quantity contracts in the pulp and paper industry. We find that the median value of a quantity contract is 10% of net price. The median value would be 25% lower without quantity insurance and 84% higher without the cost of inflexibility. As trading frictions diminish, the seller uses fewer quantity contracts and profits increase.


Since the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis in mid-1997, the gulf between the Northeast Asian economies and Southeast Asian economies has widened as measured by GDP growth rates and size, direct and portfolio investment flows, stock market capitalisation and trading turnover, as well as foreign exchange reserves. The growing divide between the two regions can be explained by four factors, namely: political-risk differentials; different paces in economic restructuring and financial reforms; China's allure in post-WTO entry; and the technological gap between the two regions. To recapture competitiveness, the Southeast Asian economies need to pursue the following policy responses with some urgency: re-establish a more stable political environment; accelerate market-oriented reforms and liberalisation; and fine tune incentives to attract foreign investment.


Over the course of time, human activity has become increasing complicated as we have acquired the means to address our daily needs in more sophisticated ways. Our more complex approach to every day problems manifests itself in everything from the way we prepare our food to the manner in which we travel from one place to another. Our increasing sophistication was soon reflected in more complex ways of interacting with others and more complex ways of regulating that interaction. By necessity, law must address the relationships of citizens and must evolve over time as those relationships change and take on new dimensions. In many ways, our criminal justice system has reflected just such an evolution. More and more activities have become prohibited over time and thus law becomes a more difficult proposition for the layman. In response to this reality, the criminal justice process soon came to be dominated by lawyers who represented both the victim (and eventually the state) as well as the accused. Soon, it became de rigueur for criminal defendants to be represented even if they were financially unable to retain representation. Just as lawyers were a natural reaction to a more complex criminal justice system, so too was the advent of the more professional judiciary. Judges and magistrates with formal legal training soon came to preside over nearly all criminal proceedings. The days of the lay judiciary were nearly over. Yet, as the participants to the process and the laws applied in the process continually evolved over time to reflect the more sophisticated and complex nature of human interaction, perhaps the most important participant of all--the jury--stayed the same. The jury that makes the ultimate findings of fact in criminal trials is in most respects no different now than it was over 200 years ago. While it is true that the composition of the jury pool has evolved over time to reflect the more diverse nature of our population and the process of selecting a jury has changed to more fairly choose a jury representing a fair cross section of the community, the circumstances in which the jury is the method of fact-finding have not changed. It is the static nature of our criminal jury process that is the subject of this paper. Clearly, the trial by jury in criminal cases is one of the bedrock constitutional rights afforded criminal defendants in the United States. As the Constitution states, "The trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment; shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ..." (1) Yet, the Constitution is a living document that has been interpreted and amended over time to reflect the changed circumstances of a growing and expanding United States. Why, then, is it that the use of the jury in criminal cases has not evolved as well. Surely, the case for such a change can easily be made. As law in general has become more complex, so too has criminal law. (2) White collar crime involving elaborate financial dealings and misdeeds poses serious questions as to the ability of a jury to sort out the truth. Are juries, which arose in a world in which the criminal code was dominated by crimes of violence and theft, able to achieve accurate results in the modern world dominated by stock fraud, wire transactions and e-mail? The question of jury competence in complex civil trials has been repeatedly asked over the course of many years in the United States (3), yet similar questions have not been asked with respect to the criminal jury. One suspects that this reluctance reflects the inhibitions imposed by the express terms of the Constitution. Yet, such inhibitions do not exist in the United Kingdom and its government has, since the late 1990s, sought to revise the manner in which complex criminal fraud trials are conducted. After lengthy and acrimonious debate, the British government ultimately obtained authority to suspend the right to a jury trial for those accused of complex criminal fraud--an authority they chose not to exercise. …


A pilot-plant study, made to clarify whether biological denitrification is a possible and suitable method for nitrate reduction of drinking water in Sweden is presented. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in un-treated water was 10–15 mg/l. The reactor was a 1.2 m aluminium tube with a inner diameter of 0.19 m. 0.75 m was filled with Filtralite®, expanded clay, through which the nitrate-contaminated water was forced to flow upwards with a velocity of 0.5 m/h. The system was run with artificial nitrate-polluted potable water from the three pumps during a week. The nitrate was then added to the water by using a solution of sodium nitrate. As carbon-source, sodium acetate was used. The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of the system was 5.9 h, of which approximately 2.6 hours were within the bacterial support material. The C:N ratio was found to be below 1.5 and the system was very stable. Since the process will not work as long as oxygen is present, oxygen was degassed, but the importance of trace oxygen amounts could not be decided, since it wasn't possible to decrease the oxygen to really low concentrations in the water prior inlet to the reactor. It was concluded that it is possible to use biological denitrification for drinking water. Post-treatment in an aerated reactor will be needed to ensure that no carbon or nitrite-nitrogen comes into the potable water. (Less)


Slot filling is a critical task in natural language understanding (NLU) for dialog systems. State-of-the-art approaches treat it as a sequence labeling problem and adopt such models as BiLSTM-CRF. While these models work relatively well on standard benchmark datasets, they face challenges in the context of E-commerce where the slot labels are more informative and carry richer expressions. In this work, inspired by the unique structure of E-commerce knowledge base, we propose a novel multi-task model with cascade and residual connections, which jointly learns segment tagging, named entity tagging and slot filling. Experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed cascade and residual structures. Our model has a 14.6% advantage in F1 score over the strong baseline methods on a new Chinese E-commerce shopping assistant dataset, while achieving competitive accuracies on a standard dataset. Furthermore, online test deployed on such dominant E-commerce platform shows 130% improvement on accuracy of understanding user utterances. Our model has already gone into production in the E-commerce platform.


Slurry is the residual material formed from solid and liquid animal wastes, water from drinking trough, and the cleaning of stables. This intensive livestock activity in some farms in the Region is more than 20 years old. The slurry ponds, owing to the typical nature of slurry, are sources of potential contamination: eutrophization of the aquatic environment, contamination of subterranean water with nitrates and soils, salinization, phototoxicity and nutritional imbalance in plants. In order to study the temporal evolution of these effects on the subsoil in two slurry ponds located near Lorca (Murcia, SE Spain), geophysical techniques were employed specifically 2D and 3D electrical tomography. Use of these non-destructive geophysical techniques intends to evaluate if 2D and 3D electrical tomography is capable of revealing possible leakage of contamination in the subsoil through the seasonal monitoring of the slurry-soil interaction. The results had confirmed that this technique is suitable for this type of study in the first 15 meters according to the contrast of resistivity between the material of subsoil and the slurry. The results clearly reflect what the direction and depth of filtration is.


Real-world norm monitors have limited capabilities for observing agents. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to take full advantage of limited observation capabilities by selecting the agents to be monitored. Our evaluation shows this significantly increases the number of violations detected.


Dromedary camel heavy chain–only antibodies may provide novel intervention strategies against MERS coronavirus. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. In contrast to humans, MERS-CoV–exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. These strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries—apart from conventional antibodies—have relatively unique, heavy chain–only antibodies (HCAbs). These HCAbs are devoid of light chains and have long complementarity-determining regions with unique epitope binding properties, allowing them to recognize and bind with high affinity to epitopes not recognized by conventional antibodies. Through direct cloning and expression of the variable heavy chains (VHHs) of HCAbs from the bone marrow of MERS-CoV–infected dromedaries, we identified several MERS-CoV–specific VHHs or nanobodies. In vitro, these VHHs efficiently blocked virus entry at picomolar concentrations. The selected VHHs bind with exceptionally high affinity to the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein. Furthermore, camel/human chimeric HCAbs—composed of the camel VHH linked to a human Fc domain lacking the CH1 exon—had an extended half-life in the serum and protected mice against a lethal MERS-CoV challenge. HCAbs represent a promising alternative strategy to develop novel interventions not only for MERS-CoV but also for other emerging pathogens.


EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FLUID VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN STIRRED TANK REACTORS EQUIPPED WITH RETREAT-BLADE IMPELLERS USING LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY by Deepak Rajesh Madhrani Stirred tank reactors are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API's) and their intermediates. Typically, these vessels are glass-lined and are provided with a single retreat-blade glass-lined impeller and a single baffle. Despite their ubiquitous utilization in the pharmaceutical industry for at least the past 40 years, the mixing characteristics of these systems have not been studied to any great extent, making it difficult to predict mixing performance in any given operation. In this work, the velocity distribution inside the typical glass-lined vessel/impeller system was experimentally quantified using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), which is a non-intrusive experimental method used to determine the local velocity distribution (including its fluctuating component) in a fluid placed inside any transparent piece of equipment. Two different reactor configurations were investigated, i.e., a flat-bottom tank and a hemispherical-bottom tank. In each case, two baffling configurations were studied, i.e., a partially baffled tank with a single beaver-tail baffle (the most common baffled configuration used in the pharmaceutical industry), and an unbaffled system. The three velocity components (tangential, axial, and radial) at 13 radial locations on 7 horizontal planes in case of flat-bottom and 5 Horizontal planes in case of hemispherical-bottom tank in the two baffling configurations mentioned above were experimentally determined by LDV. In the unbaffled flat-bottom reactor case, the tangential component of the velocity appears to dominate over the other velocity components at nearly every location, with tangential velocity typically on the order of 40% to 50% of the impeller tip speed. The radial and axial velocities, especially in the region just below the impeller, were found to be very small, with magnitudes typically smaller than 15% for the axial component and 5% to 10% for the radial component. In general, the presence of a hemispherical bottom did not alter significantly the magnitude of the velocity components except in the lower portion of the tank, where the hemispherical bottom generated a stronger axial and radial recirculation pattern. The velocity distribution in the single-baffle case was found to be only partially different from the unbaffled case, and primarily in the upper portion of the tank, where the baffle is. The velocity distribution in the lower portion of these vessels was not significantly affected by the presence of the baffle. In conclusion, the dominance of the tangential velocity and the small value of the radial and especially axial velocity in all the system investigated here indicate a poor vertical recirculation of the fluid inside the tank and poor mixing performance of these types of reactors. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FLUID VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN STIRRED TANK REACTORS EQUIPPED WITH RETREAT-BLADE IMPELLERS USING LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY by Deepak Rajesh Madhrani A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Engineering Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering


This paper directly models individual and household hurricane evacuation behavior using ethnographic decision tree analysis. This approach uses a set of iterative processes to inductively derive a general decision model from specific individual decision models. To elicit the model described here, below the authors and several graduate students interviewed Miami residents who had been in South Florida during both Hurricanes Andrew in 1992 and Erin in 1995. The resulting model of hurricane evacuation decision processes was then tested with interview data collected from a separate random sample of 954 South Florida residents drawn from areas that were evacuation zones and areas immediately adjacent to them at the time of Hurricane Andrew. The model captures the complexity and messiness of real-life decision-making by including criteria-showing how people are constrained by their perceptions of the hurricane, the safety features of their homes, the time they have available to prepare for the hurricane, their age, and the reactions of other family members who are also deciding whether or not to evacuate. By showing the richness of the decision process as well as its messiness, results taken from this model can better inform emergency managers who need to know how people will react to the approach of a hurricane.


EU and national legal acts regulate authorization, conduction and control of clinical trials of medicinal products (CTMP). The purpose of legal norms regulating CTMP is to ensure that data generated in these trials is of a good quality and that rights and wellbeing of trial participants are protected. Individuals whose consent to participate in a clinical trial may be unduly influenced by the external circumstances are regarded as vulnerable subjects. This article analyses international, EU, and Lithuanian legal acts, judicial practice and the doctrine of law in order to assess whether Lithuanian regulations of vulnerable subjects participation in CTMP and the procedure of informed consent in psychiatric clinical trials provide sufficient protection of rights and interests of trial subjects and does not place unfounded obstacles to the conduction of CTMP. The problematic aspects of analyzed regulation are emphasized and possible solutions are given in the article. The analysis leads to a few main conclusions. The lists of vulnerable populations provided in Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research of the Republic of Lithuania, Good clinical practice and Clinical trial Application Form endorsed at EU and national levels disagree. It would be purposeful to include pregnant, nursing women and women of child bearing potential into the vulnerable subjects list provided in Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research. In comparison to other countries and international documents Lithuanian legal regulation establishes strict rules of protection of these subjects. According to Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research clinical trials involving vulnerable subjects shall be permitted only where: 1) such biomedical research may be undertaken only on vulnerable subjects; 2) the results of the biomedical research may be of direct and real benefit to the health of these subjects; 3) the biomedical research will not pose a risk to the health or life of the subject. Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research should be changed to allow in exceptional cases to conduct nontherapeutic CTMP with vulnerable subjects and to clarify the acceptable level of risk to the health of the vulnerable subject in biomedical research. Complex regulation of the informed consent procedure in psychiatric research also has to be improved as it posses difficulties not only for the conduction but also for control of CTMP and does not provide sufficient protection of psychiatric patients.


Memory problems are a common symptom of traumatic brain injury, which is frequently suffered by soldiers exposed to blasts from roadside bombs and other improvised explosive devices. Head injuries are known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer9s and other types of dementia. Evidence has also been emerging that American football players and other athletes in contact sports can develop a type of dementia called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) after suffering multiple head injuries on the field. Whether military troops might be at risk for Alzheimer9s, CTE, or other dementia is still very much an open question, but neuroimaging studies have given researchers even greater cause for concern. The evidence so far is only suggestive, but it9s coming from several directions.


1 S ince 2008, the majority of the world's population lives in cities. More than 70% of the global GDP is begotten in cities. Icons of the financial markets, cities attract talent, forge creativity, boost entrepreneurship and witness mass consumption. Fast increasing urbanization has become the flagship of globalization. By 2050, UN estimations picture an eminently urban planet with 75% of citizens worldwide, mainly in developing nations. Therefore, cities are the cradle of both opportunities and challenges alike. It is no doubt that cities stand at the center of the biggest global challenges: climate change, pollution and energy; employment creation and economic development; poverty and inequality; sustainability and resilience; crime, safety and security; freedom and democracy; efficient and effective delivery of public goods. With the long term vision to transforming the world into a better place to live, the Seventh World Urban Forum –hosted in Medellinpledged at converting cities "into inclusive, safe, prosperous and harmonious spaces for all". Against this backdrop, the rationale behind targeting cities' development seems directly conducive to global development. A better urban future will be better off for the vast majority. Indeed, the core message of the Urban Forum -organized by UN Habitatadvocated cities for playing a central role of the forthcoming UN led Sustainable Development Goals. The new goals will replace the Millennium Development Goals as the framework policy guiding the international development agenda.


This thesis looks into how bilateral issues feed into ongoing EU accession negotiations and are, in fact, able to stall the process. Further, this piece of research analyses whether and how it is possible to resolve bilateral issues during accession negotiations.

The salience of this single-case study of the border dispute between Croatia and Slovenia is the hitherto non-existent situation of two EU Member States facing an unresolved bilateral conflict over territory, here a so-called mixed dispute (maritime and land). The study reconstructs the conflict and both its bilateral and third-party management efforts between the end of Yugoslavia and the most recent stage, the lawsuit before the CJEU, with focus on the events 2008-2018 including the troublesome arbitration procedure from 2012-2017.

The method employed in this qualitative within-case study is process tracing. The availability of both (i) actors for interviews and (ii) documents renders process tracing particularly apt. Interviews play a central role and are at the heart of this study. Actors are vital sources of information and can help reconstruct events and the causal mechanisms between them. Documents are the second pillar of the data collection approach this study is based on. Draft documents in particular are a first-hand primary source and an equally crucial instrument alongside interviews in the process tracer's toolbox.

Prior to Croatia's EU accession on 01 July 2013, this very conflict had led to a blockade of the accession negotiations of one party to the conflict (Croatia) by the other party to the conflict that was already an EU member (Slovenia). The inherent feature of the present case is that an issue of national interest has been pursued by means of the Member State veto power. That leverage is indeed at hand not least when bilateral attempts have failed. As a result, the asymmetric power relationship between the two countries at the time produced some coercive momentum to 'solve' the conflict, or to initiate such solving, during Croatia's accession negotiations. These features are unique in the history of EU enlargement.

In view of the implications for the post-Yugoslav space in relation to the EU, an analysis of how a bilateral conflict between an EU Member State and a Candidate Country was handled is urgently needed. That is what this study will want to provide. The recent so-called Western Balkans Strategies of the European Commission from 2012 and 2018 confirmed the merits-based approach meaning each Candidate Country is going to join the EU when it fully complies with EU conditionality individually and irrespective of the progress of other Candidate Countries. It follows from the current merits-based approach that it appears highly unlikely that the remaining SFRY successor States and Albania will be able to join at the same time. As a result, every time one Candidate Country has joined, it acquires the Member State veto power vis-a-vis another Candidate Country, so conflict over bilateral issues between Member States and Candidate Countries may become self-energising.

This study presents concluding recommendations with regard to, first, a sustainable implementation of the common State border between Croatia and Slovenia; second, pressing bilateral issues in the ongoing and prospective accession negotiations with the Candidate Countries from the former Yugoslavia; third, means to strengthen dispute resolution both in terms of an EU framework and concerning reform of international arbitration; and fourth, ways to create some responsiveness between the rule-of-law record of and financial support for Candidate Countries.


The political-economic processes subsumed under the term globalization are remaking nearly every facet of social life, including patterns of crime and justice. Nevertheless, most criminological theory focuses on the etiology of individual crime causation or on failures in local-level institutions, giving little attention to the role of larger-scale sociological forces. The authors propose that there is a need to develop theoretical and methodological strategies that can capture the impact of structural change on patterns of crime and justice. The authors suggest that social structure of accumulation theory offers a useful model for incorporating current macro-social changes into theory and research in criminology. To substantiate this argument, the authors offer a detailed exploration of how changes in labor regimes and related shifts in the balance of placative versus repressive control strategies played key roles in shaping crime problems and patterns of justice in the 20th century.


INTRODUCTION Community colleges provide access to higher education and technical training to a diverse student population and are important resources for educating the U.S. workforce. More than 11.8 million people attend community colleges (AACC 2010). Of the approximately 1,200 community colleges in the United States, about 450 offer geospatial courses and programs. This paper focuses on the development of the community college education system as it relates to geospatial workforce needs. Particular attention is paid to the need to coordinate these programs and to strengthen their relationship to university geospatial education. Past initiatives to define geospatial core competencies and the industry are reviewed, culminating in the recently issued Geospatial Technology Competency Model (GTCM) of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). The GTCM was completed as a result of a collaboration between the DOL and the National Geospatial Technology Center of Excellence (GeoTech Center). Through its Advanced Technology Education Program, the National Science Foundation (NSF) established the GeoTech Center to support community college geospatial educators and programs by helping them align their geospatial curricula with national workforce competency standards. COMMUNITY COLLEGE EDUCATION American community colleges have been in existence since the early 20th century (American Association of Community Colleges 2006). The term community college includes two-year, lower-division educational programs providing credit and noncredit education and training usually limited to conferring academic Associate's degrees, lower division Certificate programs, and Career and Technical Education (CTE) terminal degrees. These institutions sometimes are called junior, tribal, or technical colleges, but we will refer to these institutions collectively as community colleges. Among the factors that contributed to the rise of community colleges are the need for workers trained to operate the nation's expanding industries and the drive for social equality, the potential result of providing more people with access to higher education (Cohen and Brawer 2002). Community colleges continued to increase in importance throughout the 20th century as more students graduated from high school and the demand for additional education increased. In 1947, the President's Commission on Higher Education articulated the value of a population with free access to two years of study beyond high school and asserted that half the young people could benefit from formal studies through grade 14 (Cohen and Brawer 2002). In October of 2010, President Obama convened a Community College Summit to discuss ways to support community college programs by forming partnerships with business and aligning curriculum closely with the needs of the workforce (White House 2010). The latest available data (2007 through 2009) from the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) indicates that 43 percent of U.S. undergraduates attend community colleges with a total enrollment of 11.8 million students in credit and noncredit programs (AACC 2010). Of this student population, 56 percent are women. Forty percent are minorities. The average age of students is 28, with 46 percent under 21 and 40 percent between 22 to 39 years of age. Community colleges awarded more than 600,000 Associate's degrees and 325,000 Certificates in 2007. In a recent study of younger students (18 to 24 years old), the Pew Research Center (Pew 2009) determined that attendance at community colleges surged from 3.1 million in 2007 to 3.4 million students in 2009, while attendance at four-year colleges and universities remained flat. The Pew study suggested that the increase was mainly because of economic conditions, but that increased high school graduation rates also may have contributed (84.9 percent in 2008 versus 75.5 percent in 1967). The reasons students enroll in U. …


Treating tuberculosis (TB) patients with inappropriate treatment regimens can lead to treatment failure and, thus, patients who have not been cured and/or to the development of (multi)-drug resistance. A systematic review was performed to assess the knowledge of appropriate TB drug regimens among all categories of healthcare workers (HCWs). In January 2011, MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases were searched for relevant articles. Observational studies published as of the year 2000 that assessed HCW knowledge of TB treatment were selected. A treatment regimen, drug dosage or treatment duration was considered inappropriate if it was not recommended by national guidelines or by the World Health Organization (WHO). Of 1,896 studies, 31 were included from 14 different countries. No study was performed in Europe. In all studies, HCWs with inappropriate knowledge of treatment regimens (8–100%) or treatment duration (5–99%) were observed. The few studies providing detailed data showed that HCWs mainly reported giving treatment regimens with too many drugs and for too long. Knowledge of appropriate doses was also insufficient in most studies. The available studies show that there is a lack of knowledge of national or international TB treatment guidelines and recommendations. Generalisation of the findings to other settings and countries should be done with caution.


The individual pension system enables individuals to gain an additional income during retirement and to help individuals spend their retirement periods in welfare. In countries where the individual pension system is implemented, it contributes to the economy both as a complement to the social security system and as a long-term investment fund. The funds collected in the system are managed by private portfolio management companies to operate in the pension branch. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of individual pension companies operating in our country comparatively with the ARAS and COPRAS methods of the Multi Criteria Decision Making methods. For the analysis of the performances of individual pension companies, the criteria were determined and the weights of the criteria were calculated by entropy method and included in the solution. As a result of the analysis, the performance ranking of the individual pension companies was made and as a result the ranking was found to be the same in both methods.


Animals possess different abilities to gain and use information about the foraging patches they exploit. When ignorant of the qualities of encountered patches, a smart forager Should leave all patches after the same amount of fixed search time. A smarter forager can be Bayesian by using information Oil Cumulative harvest and time spent searching a patch to better inform its patch-departure decision. The smartest forager has immediate and continuous knowledge about patch quality, and can make a perfect decision about when to leave each patch. Here we let each of these three strategies harvest resources from a slowly regenerating environment. Eventually a steady-state distribution of prey among patches arises where the environment-wide resource renewal just balances the environment-wide harvest of the foragers. The fixed time forager creates a distribution with the highest mean and highest variance of patch qualities, Followed by the Bayesian and the prescient in chat order. The less informed strategies promote distributions with both more resources and more exploitable information than the more informed strategies. While it is true chat a better-informed strategy will always out-perform a less well-informed, its Increase in performance may not compensate it for any costs associated with being better informed. We imagine that the fixed time strategy may be least expensive and the prescient strategy most expensive in terms of sensory organs and associated assess and respond capabilities. To consider competition between Such strategies with varying costs, we introduced a single individual of each of the strategies into the environments created by populations of the other strategies. There are threshold costs associated with the better-informed strategy such chat it can or cannot outcompete a less-informed strategy. However, over a relatively narrow range of foraging costs, less-informed and better-informed strategies will coexist. Furthermore, for the prescient and the Bayesian strategies, sonic combinations of foraging costs produce alternate stable states - whichever strategy establishes first remains safe from invasion by the other. (Less)


Echocardiography is the most commonly used image modality in cardiology, assessing several aspects of cardiac viability. The importance of cardiac hemodynamics and 4D blood flow motion has recently been highlighted, however such assessment is still difficult using routine echo-imaging. Instead, combining imaging with computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-simulations has proven valuable, but only a few models have been applied clinically. In the following, patient-specific CFD-simulations from transthoracic dobutamin stress echocardiography have been used to analyze the left ventricular 4D blood flow in three subjects: two with normal and one with reduced left ventricular function. At each stress level, 4D-images were acquired using a GE Vivid E9 (4VD, 1.7MHz/3.3MHz) and velocity fields simulated using a presented pathway involving endocardial segmentation, valve position identification, and solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. Flow components defined as direct flow, delayed ejection flow, retained inflow, and residual volume were calculated by particle tracing using 4th-order Runge-Kutta integration. Additionally, systolic and diastolic average velocity fields were generated. Results indicated no major changes in average velocity fields for any of the subjects. For the two subjects with normal left ventricular function, increased direct flow, decreased delayed ejection flow, constant retained inflow, and a considerable drop in residual volume was seen at increasing stress. Contrary, for the subject with reduced left ventricular function, the delayed ejection flow increased whilst the retained inflow decreased at increasing stress levels. This feasibility study represents one of the first clinical applications of an echo-based patient-specific CFD-model at elevated stress levels, and highlights the potential of using echo-based models to capture highly transient flow events, as well as the ability of using simulation tools to study clinically complex phenomena. With larger patient studies planned for the future, and with the possibility of adding more anatomical features into the model framework, the current work demonstrates the potential of patient-specific CFD-models as a tool for quantifying 4D blood flow in the heart.


A skin sample from a South-Andean mummy dating back from the XI(th) century was analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging using cluster primary ion beams (cluster-TOF-SIMS). For the first time on a mummy, skin dermis and epidermis could be chemically differentiated using mass spectrometry imaging. Differences in amino-acid composition between keratin and collagen, the two major proteins of skin tissue, could indeed be exploited. A surprising lipid composition of hypodermis was also revealed and seems to result from fatty acids damage by bacteria. Using cluster-TOF-SIMS imaging skills, traces of bio-mineralization could be identified at the micrometer scale, especially formation of calcium phosphate at the skin surface. Mineral deposits at the surface were characterized using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry imaging. The stratigraphy of such a sample was revealed for the first time using this technique. More precise molecular maps were also recorded at higher spatial resolution, below 1 µm. This was achieved using a non-bunched mode of the primary ion source, while keeping intact the mass resolution thanks to a delayed extraction of the secondary ions. Details from biological structure as can be seen on SEM images are observable on chemical maps at this sub-micrometer scale. Thus, this work illustrates the interesting possibilities of chemical imaging by cluster-TOF-SIMS concerning ancient biological tissues.


A strengths-based practice perspective is, at best, weak and, perhaps, irrelevant in social service structures that are powered by social control values, driven by the market economy, and protected by professional self interests. This paper proposes that the relationship between the patron and the client, as expressed by the metaphor clientelism in the development literature, and clientification, as described by J. Habermas, are informative as significant obstacles to the implementation of strengths-based social work practice and social service delivery. The paper argues that for strengths-based practice to be viable, it and its advocates must confront more fundamental change by becoming more policy focused and implementing action strategies to overcome fundamental barriers while generating empirical evidence of its efficacy


The level of food security in Africa is mainly dependent on climate, poverty, national security, infrastructure and efficiency of production. Efforts at improving food security have been aimed at providing food aid which has been a disincentive to commercial producers and detracted from, the real need for their development. Aid in the form of cash to the destitute will be a far great incentive to local development, production and consequently food security. The role of commercial producers in food security has been underplayed and will contribute the major input to the three dimensions of food security, namely food supply at national and local levels, stability in supply and providing physical and economic access to food. Efforts by government who have social objectives have been ineffective at bringing subsistence farmers into commercial production. Only a few subsistence farmers want to commercialise and this will only be brought about through companies with commercial objectives. These companies will identify those with the necessary entrepreneurial spirit and assist them to settle on land with effective supports systems. The initial pilot projects indicate that with correct selection procedures based particularly on entrepreneurial spirit these emerging commercial farmers can compete extremely well with established commercial farmers. The efforts by the FAO in appreciating the realities of aid and its effect in Africa and consequently changing direction back towards rehabilitation and development is acknowledged.


"La Jetee is the book version of the legendary 1964 science fiction film about time and memory after a nuclear apocalypse. Chris Marker, the undisputed master of the filmic essay, composed the film almost entirely of still photographs. It traces a desperate experiment by the few remaining survivors of World War III to recover and change the past, and gain access to the future, through the action of memory. A man is chosen for his unique quality of having retained a single clear image from prewar days: no more than an ambiguous memory fragment from childhood — a visit to the jetty at Orly airport, the troubling glance of an unknown woman, the crumpling body of a dying man. These elements become crucial hinge-points in the ensuing narrative, thickening and accumulating nuance with each successful expedition into the historical past. The image of the woman, increasingly suffused now with the time- and eros-bestowing capacities of a deep but impossible love, provides the kernel for the recovery of the dimension through which humankind and history will be saved, as well as the tragic abyss into which both the hero and the narrative inexorably fall. The story Marker tells — a stunning parable of our modern fate — is about the death of the world, about loss, memory, hope, and the indomitable power of love. This edition reproduces the original film's images along with its accompanying text in both English and French" -- Publisher's website.


Based on a sample of 319 Israeli women belonging to the ultraorthodox Jewish community, this study examined factors that facilitate and inhibit the development of employment hardiness. The term employment hardiness refers to one aspect of me as a worker and reflects a self-perception characterized by three distinguishing components, that is, openness to change at work, employment self-efficacy, and work commitment. Facilitators of employment hardiness were manifested in the women's personal and environmental resources as well as in their work-promoting attitudes (egalitarian gender-role ideology and work centrality). Conversely, the inhibitors were manifested in the participants' experience of daily stress. Openness to change at work and employment self-efficacy were explained primarily by workplace support and by personal resources as reflected in psychological and community empowerment, whereas work commitment was explained primarily by work-promoting attitudes as well as by the experience of daily stress. Practical recommendations are presented for organizations employing ultraorthodox women as well as for employment counselors, which aim to enhance employment hardiness among traditional women in communities undergoing modernization.


Glacio-hydrological models (GHMs) underpin our understanding how future climate change will affect river flow regimes in glaciated watersheds. A variety of simplified GHM structures and parameterisations exist, yet the performance of these are rarely quantified at the process-level or with metrics beyond global summary statistics. A fuller understanding of the deficiencies in competing model structures and parameterisations and the ability of models to simulate physical processes require performance metrics utilising the full range of uncertainty information within input observations. Here, the glacio-hydrological characteristics of the Virkisa river basin in southern Iceland are characterised using 33 signatures derived from observations of ice melt, snow coverage and river discharge. The uncertainty of each set of observations are harnessed to define limits of acceptability (LOA), a set of criteria used to objectively evaluate the acceptability of different GHM structures and parameterisations. This framework is used to compare and diagnose deficiencies in three melt and three runoff-routing model structures. Increased model complexity is shown to improve acceptability when evaluated against specific signatures, but does not always result in better consistency across all signatures, emphasising the difficulty in appropriate model selection and the need for multi-model prediction approaches to account for model selection uncertainty. Melt and runoff-routing structures demonstrate a hierarchy of influence on river discharge signatures with melt model structure having the most influence on discharge hydrograph seasonality and runoff-routing structure on shorter-timescale discharge events. None of the tested GHM structural configurations returned acceptable simulations across the full population of signatures. The framework outlined here provides a comprehensive and rigorous assessment tool for evaluating the acceptability of different GHM process hypotheses. Future melt and runoff model forecasts should seek to diagnose structural model deficiencies and evaluate diagnostic signatures of system behaviour using the LOA framework.


Contributors Foreword Part I. Principles and Policies: 1. The scope and limitations of emergency mental health services in the community Heinz Katschnig 2. Service models in emergency psychiatry: an international review Sonia Johnson and Graham Thornicroft 3. Users' perspective on emergency needs Liz Sayce, Yvonne Christie, Mike Slade and Alison Cobb 4. Legal aspects of mental health emergencies Ian Bynoe, Adina Halpern and Caroline Bates 5. The economics of mental health emergency services Paul McCrone 6. Suicide prevention David Kingdon and Rachel Jenkins 7. Using the crisis Max Birchwood and Val Drury 8. Community assessment of crisis Kim Sutherby and George Szmukler Part II. Challenge of Implementation: 9. Establishing a local emergency service Geraldine Strathdee, Michael Phelan and Ann Watts 10. Maintaining an emergency service Peter Tyrer 11. Psychiatric emergencies in the casualty department Sonia Johnson and Howard Baderman 12. Acute crisis respite care William H Sledge, Jack Tebes and Jaak Rakfeldt 13. Family placement schemes as an alternative to short-term hospitalisation Russell Bennett 14. Acute home-based care and community psychiatry Lorenzo Burti and Michele Tansella 15. Acute day hospital care Francis Creed 16. Acute in-patient wards Tom Sensky and Jan Scott 17. The future of mental health emergency services Michael Phelan, Geraldine Strathdee and Graham Thornicroft Index.


This paper takes a contingency view to investigate how the role of early adopters (EAs) in the diffusion process changes between platform and nonplatform innovations, what launch decisions firms take to leverage the role of EAs, and how these decisions change between platform and nonplatform innovations. Relying on an exploratory multiple case study of eight industrial product innovations launched in Italy in the 2000s, the paper suggests that the EAs of these innovations play two distinct roles in the diffusion process. The first role, called dissemination, sees EAs triggering and bolstering the propagation of information regarding their opinion about the value for money, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of the new product after they have bought and applied it in their operations. The second role, labeled imitation, consists of EAs inadvertently communicating to later buyers the fact that they have bought the new product, which propels imitative behavior and thus subsequent adoption. A key finding of the paper, which supports a contingency view of innovation diffusion, is that the dissemination role played by EAs has an impact on the adoption of platform innovations, whereas the imitation one is the mechanism through which EAs stimulate subsequent adoption in the case of nonplatform new products. Furthermore, the paper's results point to a constructive view of the process of launching an innovation, whereby firms target at launch different segments of EAs, whose identity is shaped depending on the platform versus nonplatform nature of the innovation and thus on the role they are expected to play in the diffusion process. Concerning managerial implications, this study provides a first tentative understanding of the launch decisions that product and marketing managers may use to target the most appropriate segments of EAs, to leverage their roles and ultimately to favor diffusion. As regards platform innovations, targeting decisions should be driven by the goal to improve the chances that EAs will be willing to disseminate their experience and opinion regarding the new product. As regards instead nonplatform innovations, firms should target EAs whose specific characteristics increase the likelihood of an imitative reaction by later buyers that fear to suffer a competitive disadvantage if they do not conform to EAs' behavior.


Pandey, et al.: Quantitative Analysis of Ciprofloxacin using FTIR Spectroscopy A simple, accurate and sensitive spectroscopic method has been proposed for the assay of ciprofloxacin in tablet by least square treatment of fourier transform infrared spectrometric data obtained at the wavenumber corresponding to the carbonyl group centered at 1707 cm -1 . The method involves the extraction of the active ingredient with methanol followed by phosphate buffer pH 6.0. The excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. The specifity, linearity, detection limits, precision and accuracy of the calibration curve, drug extraction, infrared analysis and data manipulation were determined in order to validate the method. Moreover, the statistical results were compared with other methods for quantification of ciprofloxacin.


The Supreme Court has long viewed mitigation evidence as key to saving the death penalty from constitutional challenge. Mitigation evidence about a capital defendant's life history, combined with other procedural protections, is thought to alleviate arbitrariness in juries' decisions of whether a defendant deserves to die. This Article presents original empirical research studying that hypothesis. Interviews with thirty mitigation specialists who have represented over 700 capital clients in twenty-five death penalty states reveal that despite the Supreme Court's hope, mitigation evidence has not alleviated arbitrariness in death penalty decisions. Instead, new arbitrariness enters the system through the process of gathering mitigation evidence and presenting it to juries. This Article therefore concludes that mitigation must be reformed if it is to succeed in eliminating arbitrariness in capital punishment decisions. Without such reform, the death penalty will remain unconstitutionally arbitrary despite mitigation.


Abstract The use of mussel spat ropes to enable the passage of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) past perched culverts was tested under laboratory conditions. A 0.5 m high simulated perched culvert was fitted with one of two UV stabilised polypropylene rope types: "Russet Loop" and "Super Xmas Tree". Four randomised replicate trials using each rope type were conducted to test their respective abilities to provide passage for "fresh‐run" banded kokopu whitebait (migrating post‐larval juveniles). There was no statistical difference in performance between the two rope types, with both performing equally well over each 3 h trial. A high proportion of fish used the ropes to successfully negotiate the structure (mean >85% individuals per trial irrespective of rope type). The high rate of successful passage over a short time period suggests that these ropes may be an effective, affordable and potentially easy retrofit to perched culverts, particularly for native species with similar climbing capabilities to banded kokopu.


Propagation of an extraordinary electromagnetic wave in the vicinity of electron cyclotron resonance surface in an open linear trap is studied analytically, taking into account inhomogeneity of the magnetic field in paraxial approximation. Ray trajectories are derived from a reduced dispersion equation that makes it possible to avoid the difficulty associated with a transition from large propagation angles to the case of strictly longitudinal propagation. As an example, results of general theory are applied to the electron cyclotron resonance heating experiment which is under preparation on the Gas Dynamic Trap in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics.


Document Type Book Publication Date 1988 Abstract The chapters of this book have been written by Professor Lindsley's colleagues and co-workers, and by former students and postdoctoral fellows. The section on Neural Control has six chapters which reflect a wide range of topics and a diversity of experimental techniques, including the escape behavior of the lowly crayfish; the identification of the effects of lesions on EEG activity; the investigation of unitary sensory responses recorded extracellularly; the effects of electrical stimulation within the brainstem and hypothalamus of the cat; and the relationship between psychological stress and cardiac vulnerability. The three chapters of Neural Substrates of Visual Discrimination have a number of interesting features. It is no surprise that the chapters of this section all deal with visual performance, visual evoked potentials, and both normal and abnormal vision. The chapters entitled Neural Substrates of Attention nicely reflect the diversity of the concept of attention as well as providing examples of different approaches to studying attention. The section entitled Latencies and Motor Performance is concerned with response latencies and motor behavior. Was this content written or created while at USF? Yes Citation / Publisher Attribution G. Galbraith, M. L. Kietzman & E. Donchin (Eds.), Neurophysiology and Psychophysiology: Experimental and Clinical Applications, 416 p. Scholar Commons Citation Galbraith, Gary C.; Kietzman, Mitchell L.; and Donchin, Emanuel, "Neurophysiology and Psychophysiology: Experimental and Clinical Applications" (1988). Psychology Faculty Publications. 168. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/psy_facpub/168  Link to Full Text


Fluorescence ratiometric imaging of Lilium pollen tubes loaded with the Ca 2+ indicator Fura-2 dextran has revealed a distinct elevation of free intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) at the extreme tip of actively growing Lilium pollen tubes that declines to a uniform basal level of 170 nM throughout the length of the tube. The calcium gradient occurs within the first 10–20 μm proximal to the tip. Experimental inhibition of tip growth, usually achieved through the injection of the Ca 2+ buffer 5,5′-dibromo BAPTA, results in the loss of the [Ca 2+ ] i gradient. Occasionally these inhibited cells reinitiate growth, and when they do so ratio imaging reveals that the tip gradient of free [Ca 2+ ] i re-emerges. The results presented here are very different from those previously published by revealing the presence of the [Ca 2+ ] i gradient that is restricted to the 10–20 μm adjacent to the tube tip. Further, these experiments demonstrate a strict correlation between the presence of a [Ca 2+ ] i gradient, and tip growth in Lilium pollen tubes.


Uncertainty is inherent in modeling studies. However, the quantification of uncertainties associated with a model is a challenging task. Furthermore, snowmelt estimation is a crucial part of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in watersheds where spring runoff is strongly affected by melting snow. The SWAT model for the snow dependent Kunhar basin in Himalayan watershed was calibrated (2001 - 2005) and validated (2006 - 2009) using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Algorithm (SUFI-2). For the model uncertainty, two indices P-factor and R-factor along with frequently used objective functions R 2 , NSE, PBIAS, were taken into consideration. For calibration, multisite daily and monthly simulation results of SUFI-2 revealed that percentage of data enveloped by 95% confidence interval was 85% (monthly) to 87% (daily) at upstream calibration point and 63% (monthly) to 73% (daily) data at the downstream calibration point. Model validation by the usage of elevation bands indicated better model performance, enveloping 15 - 20% more observed data than the validation without elevation bands together with the other statistical standards. Equifinality in the model parameters was observed, and it was discovered that the model uncertainty lie inside the model parameters. It is recommended that critical model parameters correspondence with the watershed characteristics should be checked. The calibrated version of the model could be further used for the analysis and impacts of climate and land use changes on stream flows, water quality and sediment yield.


We report on a molecular dynamics study on the relation between the structure and the orientational (and hydrogen bond) dynamics of hydration water around the ocean pout AFP III anti-freeze protein. We find evidence for an increasing tetrahedral structure from the area opposite to the ice binding site (IBS) towards the protein IBS, with the strongest signal of tetrahedral structure around the THR-18 residue of the IBS. The tetrahedral structural parameter mostly positively correlates with increased reorientation decay times. Interestingly, for several key (polar) residues that are not part of the IBS but are in its vicinity, we observe a decrease of the reorientation time with increasing tetrahedral structure. A similar anti-correlation is observed for the hydrogen-bonded water molecules. These effects are enhanced at a lower temperature. We interpret these results in terms of the structure-making and structure-breaking residues. Moreover, we investigate the tetrahedral structure and dynamics of waters at a partially dehydrated IBS, and for the protein adsorbed at the air-water interface. We find that the mutation changes the preferred protein orientation upon adsorption at an air-water interface. These results are in agreement with the water-air Vibration Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopic experiments showing a strongly reduced tetrahedral signal upon mutation at the IBS.


We report the discovery of a new AM CVn system on the basis of broadband photometry obtained with the Kepler satellite supplemented by ground-based optical spectroscopy. Initially retained on Kepler target lists as a potential compact pulsator, the blue object SDSS J190817.07+394036.4 (KIC 004547333) has turned out to be a high-state AM CVn star showing the He-dominated spectrum of its accretion disk significantly reddened by interstellar absorption. We constructed new grids of NLTE synthetic spectra for accretion disks in order to analyze our spectroscopic observations. From this analysis, we infer preliminary estimates of the rate of mass transfer, the inclination angle of the disk, and the distance to the system. The AM CVn nature of the system is also evident in the Kepler light curve, from which we extracted 11 secure periodicities. The luminosity variations are dominated by a basic periodicity of 938.507 s, likely to correspond to a superhump modulation. The light curve folded on the period of 938.507 s exhibits a pulse shape that is very similar to the superhump wavefront seen in AM CVn itself, which is a high-state system and the prototype of the class. Our Fourier analysis also suggests the likely presence of a quasi-periodic oscillation similar to those already observed in some high-state AM CVn systems. Furthermore, some very low-frequency, low-amplitude aperiodic photometric activity is likely present, which is in line with what is expected in accreting binary systems. Inspired by previous work, we further looked for and found some intriguing numerical relationships between the 11 secure detected frequencies, in the sense that we can account for all of them in terms of only three basic clocks. This is further evidence in favor of the AM CVn nature of the system.


In this paper, we study the effect of displacement of population into cities on urban conflict in developing countries. To do so, we construct a novel measure of exposure to floods, using data on more than 3,300 flood events worldwide, as an exogenous source of population displacement. We combine this with city level observations of more than 9,000 urban social disorder events. Exposure to floods is found to be associated with higher likelihood and frequency of urban social disorder. Our evidence suggests that the effects of floods on urban disorder occur mainly through the displacement of population into large cities. Exploring the information on urban disorder events in more detail, we find that the association between city growth and urban disorder is strongest for events related to public service provision, wages and food prices.


Mechanical, physical and chemical changes in the surface of commercial thin film metal evaporated magnetic recording media have been correlated to recording error and signal degradation measurements. Modified and adapted commercial Hi-8 video recorders have been used for sample generation whilst analytical techniques such as SXPS,IMS and SEM have been employed in the surface characterisation. The durability of the media was assessed through stop motion (still frame) and cycling tests, where error growth and signal degradation were measured as a function of running time. The tests were performed under ambient (22°C, 40% RH) and high humidity (22°C, 80% RH) conditions. Characterisation of the lubricant layer on each tape was performed through models based on XPS and angle resolved XPS. The lubricant thickness can significantly affect the durability and signal output level of a thin film tape and thus it is important that reliable quantification can be achieved. Various models were considered for determining the lubricant thickness although ultimately, the most suitable technique was deemed to be a model that assumed a uniform layer structure. In addition to thin film metal evaporated media, equivalent durability tests and surface analysis experiments were performed using a commercial metal particle tape in order that comparisons could be made between the two types of recording media. The signal performance of the thin film metal evaporated media was found to be quite different from that for the metal particle tape since dropout errors and signal degradation increased at a much earlier stage. Extensive surface analyses enabled the mechanisms responsible for media failure and error growth to be identified in the ME and MP tapes and these were found to result from cyclic stressing and fatigue on the immediate substrate of the media.


This thesis considers modelling and applications of random graph processes. A brief review on contemporary random graph models and a general Birth-Death model with relevant maximum likelihood inference procedure are provided in chapter one. The main result in this thesis is the construction of an epidemic model by embedding a competing hazard model within a stochastic graph process (chapter 2). This model includes both individual characteristics and the population connectivity pattern in analyzing the infection propagation. The dynamic outdegrees and indegrees, estimated by the model, provide insight into important epidemiological concepts such as the reproductive number. A dynamic reproductive number based on the disease graph process is developed and applied in several simulated and actual epidemic outbreaks. In addition, graph-based statistical measures are proposed to quantify the effect of individual characteristics on the disease propagation. The epidemic model is applied to two real outbreaks: the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in the United Kingdom (chapter 3) and the 1861 measles outbreak in Hagelloch, Germany (chapter 4). Both applications provide valuable insight into the behaviour of infectious disease propagation with different connectivity patterns and human interventions.


MET is a well described proto-oncogene. It was first identified in the 1980s, and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was later identified in the early 1990s. MET is activated when HGF binds to the receptor, inducing homodimerization and phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues. Various cytoplasmic effector proteins, including GAB1, GRB2, phospholipase C, and SRC are subsequently recruited, activating the downstream RAF/ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and STAT signaling pathways. After activation, MET is internalized through endocytosis and is either recycled to the plasma membrane or degraded. Depending on the cellular context, these downstream pathways can drive cell proliferation, survival, migration, motility, invasion, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. In the wild-type state, HGF-MET signaling is essential for regeneration in liver and skin, and can control the EMT during development (1).


Abstract Clay minerals find a wide range of application in composites, paints, drilling liquids, cosmetics, and medicine. This article reviews chemical and physical properties of natural and organically modified clay minerals to understand the nanometre-scale structure, surface characteristics, and application in functional materials. The relation between fundamental properties and materials design is emphasized and illustrated by examples. The discussion comprises the following: an overview; surface structure and cation density; solubility and solubility reversal by surface modification; the degree of covalent and ionic bonding represented by atomic charges; the distribution of metal substitution sites; measurements and simulations of interfacial properties at the nanometre scale; self-assembly, packing density, and orientation of alkylammonium surfactants on the clay mineral surface; the density and chain conformation of surfactants in organic interlayer spaces; the free energy of exfoliation in polymer matrices and modifications by tuning the cleavage energy; thermal transitions, diffusion, and optical responses of surfactants on the mineral surface; elastic moduli and bending stability of clay layers; and the adsorption mechanism of peptides onto clay mineral surfaces in aqueous solution. Potential applications in biotechnology and other future uses are described.


Tests performed in a permeameter have been used to evaluate the gradient ratio test method. The evaluation is based on observed variations of water head and permeability in the composite soil and geotextile specimen with respect to time and with imposed hydraulic gradient. A water pluviation technique was used to reconstitute homogeneous, saturated sand specimens in the permeameter at any targeted density. An energy dissipator was used to prevent disturbance of the top of the specimen by inlet water at large flow rates. Some physical clogging of the soil may result from a blinding action due to fines in the recirculating water. Biological clogging may also occur, but is eliminated by treatment of the water with an algicide.


Combining forest and crop species into a production system may enhance its sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the yield components, yield and grain quality of soybean cultivars, in an agroforestry system containing Eucalyptus grandis . A complete randomized block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with three replications, was used. Four soybean cultivars were allocated into the plots (BRS 359 RR, BRS 360 RR, BMX Potencia RR and NA 5909 RR). The subplots consisted of five positions between the rows of E. grandis (spaced in 28 m - close to the trees on the east and west sides, intermediate position on the east and west sides and at the center of the row). The yield components and soybean grain yield reduce significantly the closer the plants are seeded to the rows of E. grandis . However, the oil and protein contents in soybean grains are not influenced by the position between rows, regardless of the cultivar. Among all evaluated cultivars, NA 5909 RR presents the best agronomic performance in the agroforestry system containing eucalyptus.


Research Ideas & Outcomes (RIO) is the latest scholarly journal seeking to fix the broken scientific publishing system. It has been created specifically to enable and encourage the entire research cycle to be published, including research proposals and ideas. Founding editor Ross Mounce outlines what the journal seeks to achieve and how it will speed up the publishing process by eliminating the need for an outsourced typesetting process.


For 43 Hanford site soils, we use fractal analysis and assume proportionality of pore radii to particle radii to generate water-retention curves, h (θ), from particle-size distributions. The air-entry head is used as an adjustable parameter to optimize the fit to experimental data for h (θ). At a low moisture content, θ d , the predicted and observed water-retention curves deviate. It is shown here that the moisture content at which this deviation occurs is in most cases probably the same value, at which previous experiments found a vanishing of solute diffusion. Where this correlation is indicated, we interpret θ d as a critical moisture content for percolation of capillary flow paths, and the relevance of other mechanisms of water transport, such as film flow, to equilibration at lower moisture contents. In other individual cases, however, the deviation is correlated with very low values of the hydraulic conductivity associated with capillary flow. In either case, we infer that the deviation from fractal predictions is due to the lack of equilibration of the medium. Our work thus exploits theoretical and analytical gains from percolation theory and fractal analysis to define the equilibrium limits on water retention curves.


Health care providers should understand that the practice of good medicine includes not only diagnosing and curing diseases, but also effectively communicating with patients and families and helping terminally ill patients die a peaceful and dignified death. Patients in America come from varied backgrounds, and it is important for physicians to consider cultural and religious issues. Physicians should combine their clinical judgment with objective outcome data to provide optimal care for patients. Informed consent should be obtained from patients after offering a detailed plan of care that would include appropriate interventions and the consequences of no intervention. The physician should then assist the patient in making a decision that would provide the best possible future for that individual. The four fundamental principles of biomedical ethics, namely beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, should be considered when analyzing an ethical problem. Voluntary active euthanasia, which means performing a deliberate act (e.g., administering a lethal injection) to end a patient's life, should not be performed by a physician. Withholding and withdrawing basic and advanced life support constitutes passive euthanasia. Good communication with patients early in the clinical course whenever possible results in an ethically correct decision. A nonconfrontational, sympathetic, and compassionate approach to family members and legal surrogates facing the immediate death of their loved ones leads to the best possible outcome. It is the duty of the physician to assure the patient and the family that he or she will not abandon the patient. Effective communication is the key to solving almost all ethical dilemmas when caring for the dying thoracic patient.


Large scale Natural Language Understanding (NLU) systems are typically trained on large quantities of data, requiring a fast and scalable training strategy. A typical design for NLU systems consists of domain-level NLU modules (domain classifier, intent classifier and named entity recognizer). Hypotheses (NLU interpretations consisting of various intent+slot combinations) from these domain specific modules are typically aggregated with another downstream component. The re-ranker integrates outputs from domain-level recognizers, returning a scored list of cross domain hypotheses. An ideal re-ranker will exhibit the following two properties: (a) it should prefer the most relevant hypothesis for the given input as the top hypothesis and, (b) the interpretation scores corresponding to each hypothesis produced by the re-ranker should be calibrated. Calibration allows the final NLU interpretation score to be comparable across domains. We propose a novel re-ranker strategy that addresses these aspects, while also maintaining domain specific modularity. We design optimization loss functions for such a modularized re-ranker and present results on decreasing the top hypothesis error rate as well as maintaining the model calibration. We also experiment with an extension involving training the domain specific re-rankers on datasets curated independently by each domain to allow further asynchronization.


Laboratories around the world have produced tens of thousands of mutant and transgenic zebrafish lines. As with mice, maintaining all of these valuable zebrafish genotypes is expensive, risky, and beyond the capacity of even the largest stock centers. Because reducing oxidative stress has become an important aspect of reducing the variability in mouse sperm cryopreservation, we examined whether antioxidants might improve cryopreservation of zebrafish sperm. Four experiments were conducted in this study. First, we used the xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO) system to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The X-XO system was capable of producing a stress reaction in zebrafish sperm reducing its sperm motility in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05). Second, we examined X-XO and the impact of antioxidants on sperm viability, ROS and motility. Catalase (CAT) mitigated stress and maintained viability and sperm motility (P>0.05), whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E did not (P<0.05). Third, we evaluated ROS in zebrafish spermatozoa during cryopreservation and its effect on viability and motility. Methanol (8%) reduced viability and sperm motility (P<0.05), but the addition of CAT mitigated these effects (P>0.05), producing a mean 2.0 to 2.9-fold increase in post-thaw motility. Fourth, we examined the effect of additional cryoprotectants and CAT on fresh sperm motility. Cryoprotectants, 8% methanol and 10% dimethylacetamide (DMA), reduced the motility over the control value (P<0.5), whereas 10% dimethylformamide (DMF) with or without CAT did not (P>0.05). Zebrafish sperm protocols should be modified to improve the reliability of the cryopreservation process, perhaps using a different cryoprotectant. Regardless, the simple addition of CAT to present-day procedures will significantly improve this process, assuring increased and less variable fertilization success and allowing resource managers to dependably plan how many straws are needed to safely cryopreserve a genetic line.


The status of waterbirds breeding in protected areas in North Africa needs constant monitoring because of a naturally fluctuating environment and permissive attitudes towards illegal activities likely to negatively affect population dynamics of threatened species. We present the results of a study conducted at a protected site, Lake Tonga, north-eastern Algeria, on a breeding population of Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, a Near-Threatened duck subjected to considerable pressure from egg-pilfering and illegal hunting. Two distinct habitats within the lake were used by Ferruginous Duck: an Alder carr (Alnus glutinosa) and floating islets across the lake. The mean clutch size was 9.51 ± 1.84 eggs (N = 51 clutches) with hatching rate of 80.7% for successful clutches. Breeding success was low (37%) with predation (33%) and clutch desertion (17%) accounting for the majority of failed nests. The probabilities of nest failure and nest desertion increased with a delayed onset of egg laying. Predation was not significantly associated with egg laying date and vegetation cover, but late breeders nesting in dense vegetation seemed to suffer less predation. Conspecific brood parasitism was positively associated with nest size, whereas interspecific brood parasitism was marginally associated with water depth. We discuss different hypotheses concerning nest desertion, and argue that illegal hunting and disturbance may best explain why birds desert their nests.


Model and component based design is an established means for the development of large software systems, and is starting to get momentum in the realm of embedded software development. In case of safety critical (dependable systems) it is crucial that the underlying model and its realization captures the requirements on the timely behavior of the system, and that these requirements can be preserved and validated throughout the design process (from specification to actual code execution). To this end, we base the presented work on the notion of Concurrent Reactive Objects (CRO) and their abstraction into Reactive Components. In many cases, the execution platform puts firm resource limitations on available memory and speed of computations that must be taken into consideration for the validation of the system. In this paper, we focus on code synthesis from the model, and we show how specified timing requirements are preserved and translated into scheduling information. In particular, we present how ceiling levels for Stack Resources Policy (SRP) scheduling and analysis can be extracted from the model. Additionally, to support schedulability analysis, we detail algorithms that for a CRO model derives periods (minimum inter-arrival times) and offsets of tasks/jobs. Moreover, the design of a micro-kernel supporting cooperative hardwareand software-scheduling of CRO based systems under Deadline Monotonic SRP is presented.


The increasing use of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis is due to the ability, called relaxivity, of these paramagnetic compounds to accelerate the relaxation of the surrounding water proton spins. A new classical force field for molecular dynamics simulations of Gd3+ polyaminocarboxylates has recently been published, which allows the study of the chelate internal mobility. We present two selected examples where such motions can affect relaxivity. Knowing the relationship between the bound water proton and oxygen mobility is important for the combined analysis of multinuclear NMR studies, and we show that they differ significantly. Next, we observe symmetry changes over time in the Gd3+ coordination polyhedron of the acyclic complexes. We propose that such rearrangements can play a role in the electron spin relaxation of Gd3+ chelates, an important result considering the uncertainty still attached to this particular factor.


Hacking is the art of creative problem solving, whether that means finding an unconventional solution to a difficult problem or exploiting holes in sloppy programming. Many people call themselves hackers, but few have the strong technical foundation needed to really push the envelope. Rather than merely showing how to run existing exploits, author Jon Erickson explains how arcane hacking techniques actually work. To share the art and science of hacking in a way that is accessible to everyone, Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, 2nd Edition introduces the fundamentals of C programming from a hacker's perspective.The included LiveCD provides a complete Linux programming and debugging environment-all without modifying your current operating system. Use it to follow along with the book's examples as you fill gaps in your knowledge and explore hacking techniques on your own. Get your hands dirty debugging code, overflowing buffers, hijacking network communications, bypassing protections, exploiting cryptographic weaknesses, and perhaps even inventing new exploits. This book will teach you how to:Program computers using C, assembly language, and shell scripts Corrupt system memory to run arbitrary code using buffer overflows and format strings Inspect processor registers and system memory with a debugger to gain a real understanding of what is happening Outsmart common security measures like nonexecutable stacks and intrusion detection systems Gain access to a remote server using port-binding or connect-back shellcode, and alter a server's logging behavior to hide your presence Redirect network traffic, conceal open ports, and hijack TCP connections Crack encrypted wireless traffic using the FMS attack, and speed up brute-force attacks using a password probability matrixHackers are always pushing the boundaries, investigating the unknown, and evolving their art. Even if you don't already know how to program, Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, 2nd Edition will give you a complete picture of programming, machine architecture, network communications, and existing hacking techniques. Combine this knowledge with the included Linux environment, and all you need is your own creativity.


AIM
This article reviews the available studies assessing the association between chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases with atherosclerosis-induced diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and their complications, using standard evidence based criteria.

METHODS
This study is based on a literature search using Medline medical database covering the period from 2001 to April 2006 and applying specific inclusion criteria. The authors reviewed randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, narrative reviews and meta-analyses, which investigated the relationship of periodontal and cardiovascular diseases with clinically derived documentation. The critical evaluation of the studies was performed based on the Impact Factor of the journals, on which they were published.

RESULTS
On the basis of clinical aspects, the periodontitis-cardiovascular association was evaluated in 2 randomized controlled trials, 5 systematic reviews, 5 narrative reviews and 2 meta-analyses. The evidence linking periodontitis with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis is limited.

CONCLUSION
Current evidence supporting the causal, periodontitis-cardiovascular disease, association is weak. There is a clear need for new, well designed observational and intervention studies to confirm that thus far observed associations explore the validity of the associations in diverse populations, to establish whether they are causal in nature and determine potential benefits of periodontal intervention in reducing the risk for these medical conditions.


The detection of psychological variables with a positive impact on health during middle age is of great interest. The data of 393 middle-aged participants (aged 35–45 at T1 and 45–55 at T2) of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) were analyzed to investigate the associations between health, optimism, positive affect, social support, and a cumulative burden score. Results show a positive association of the protective factors and a predictive value of positive emotions on health over time. The burden score showed no unique association with health. Overall, the predictors explained 17% of the variance of physical health and 33% of the variance of mental health. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating protective pathways.


Brucellosis is a multi-systemic disease with the involvement of several organs and tissues. Ocular brucellosis is a rare type of the disease and manifests most commonly with uveitis, choroiditis, keratitis, and optic neuropathy. Here we report a 49-year-old female, who presented with unilateral dacryoadenitis. Ocular examination, magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits, serology, and blood culture confirmed the diagnosis of brucellosis. Rifampicin and ciprofloxacin were given to the patient for 6 weeks. At the first month control examination, patient's ocular findings was completely resolved. Therefore we suggest that brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with dacryoadenitis, paticularly in endemic regions.


This paper compares Utility Heat Exchanger Network (UEN) design between two Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) methods, the Conventional Total Site Targeting method (CTST) and the recently developed Unified Total Site Targeting (UTST) method. A large Kraft Pulp Mill plant has been chosen as a case study. Total Site targets have been calculated using a ExcelTM targeting spreadsheet and networks have been designed with the help of SupertagetTM for both the CTST and UTST methods. To achieve heat recovery and utility targets, both series and parallel utility heat exchanger matches for non-isothermal utilities are allowed in the CTST method, while series matches are allowed in the UTST method if the heat exchangers in series are from the same process. Series matches based on CTST method may create a dependency on two or more separate processes, which operational and control issues may occur, higher piping costs may be imposed, and utility target temperatures may not be achieved in the consecutive processes if one or more processes were to be out of service. Relaxation of the network can resolve these issues for the CTST method; however, if the relaxation occurs on the side of the utility loop that constrains heat recovery, the net heat recovery targets may not be achieved within the Total Site. The UTST method with its modified targeting procedure may offer slightly lower heat recovery targets but with simpler UEN design compared to CTST method are more realistic and achievable. Finally, after UEN design, non-isothermal utility loops need to be balanced in terms of mass and energy for both methods.


Background: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipose tissue inflammation leads to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recently, B cells and IgG antibodies have been shown to promote the metabolic consequences of obesity. HFD induces IgG2c production - an IgG isotype that promotes inflammatory disorders. Mice null for Id3, a helix-loop-helix protein known to mediate IgG2c responses in vivo, develop significantly attenuated HFD-induced obesity; raising the interesting hypothesis that Id3 promotes HFD-induced obesity by mediating HFD-induced IgG2c production. Methods and results: Western Blot analysis revealed that primary splenic B cells stimulated with IFN + CD40L (an IgG2c-inducing cocktail) expressed significantly greater amounts of Id3 protein compared to B cells treated with CD40L alone ((1.26+/-0.05 vs 0.88+/-0.03; n=3; p=0.003). ELISA determination of immunoglobulin levels from whole adipose tissue of fed C57Bl/6J (WT) mice fed a HFD (60% kcal fat) revealed a 4 fold increase in IgG2c (3810+/-789 ng vs 993+/-422 ng; n=5; p=0.01) - but not IgM, IgG1, or IgG2b - compared to chow-fed controls. No differences in serum IgG2c were observed. In contrast, HFD-induced adipose tissue IgG2c levels were significantly attenuated in Id3 -/- mice (1643+/-493 vs 889+/-272 ng; n=6-7; p=0.19), despite the fact that Id3 -/- mice had significantly more adipose tissue B cells per (g) fat compared to WT (1.6E5+/-0.2E5 vs 0.5E5+/-0.09E5; n=5; p=0.001). Conclusions: Id3 promotes HFD-induced local adipose tissue IgG2c production; an effect not dependent on B cell number. Studies in animals with B cell-specific loss of Id3 are ongoing to identify the mechanisms whereby Id3 mediates HFD-induced IgG2c production and downstream metabolic effects.


Chitosan (CS) is a polymer obtained from chitin, being this, after the cellulose, the most abundant polysaccharide. The fact of (i) CS being obtained from renewable sources; (ii) CS to possess capability for doing interactions with different moieties being such capability dependent of pH; (iii) plenty of possibilities for chemical modification of CS; and (iv) tuning the final properties of CS derivatives makes this polymer very interesting in academic and technological points of view. In this way, hydrogels based on CS and on CS derivatives have been widely used for biomedical applications. Other important technological applications can be also cited, such as adsorbent of metals and dyes in wastewater from industrial effluents. In pharmaceutical field, hydrogels based on CS are often used as drugs' and proteins' carrier formulations due to the inherent characteristics such as the biocompatibility, nontoxicity, hydrophilicity, etc. This chapter is an attempt for updating and joining the plenty of available information regarding the preparation, characterization, and biomedical application of hydrogels based on chitosan and chitosan derivatives. More than 260 references are provided, being the majority of them published in the last 10 years.


We propose a general framework for smooth regression of a functional response on one or multiple functional predictors. Using the mixed model representation of penalized regression expands the scope of function on function regression to many realistic scenarios. In particular, the approach can accommodate a densely or sparsely sampled functional response as well as multiple functional predictors that are observed: 1) on the same or different domains than the functional response; 2) on a dense or sparse grid; and 3) with or without noise. It also allows for seamless integration of continuous or categorical covariates and provides approximate confidence intervals as a by-product of the mixed model inference. The proposed methods are accompanied by easy to use and robust software implemented in the pffr function of the R package refund. Methodological developments are general, but were inspired by and applied to a Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) brain tractography dataset.


This thesis describes the design and run time analysis of the system level middle-ware cache for Hecios. Hecios is a high performance cluster I/O simulator. With Hecios, we provide a simulation environment that accurately captures the performance characteristics of all the components in a clusterwide parallel file system. Hecios was specifically modeled after PVFS2. It was designed to be extensible and to easily allow for various component modules to be easily replaced by those that model other system types. Built around the OMNeT++ simulation package, Hecios' inner-cluster communication module, is easily adaptable to any TCP/IP based protocol and all standard network interface cards, switches, hubs, and routers. We will examine the system cache component and describe a methodology for implementing other coherence and replacement techniques within Hecios. Similar to other cache simulation tools, we allow the size of the system cache to be varied independently of the replacement policy and caching technique used.


BACKGROUND
In clinical chemistry, quality control (QC) often relies on measurements of control samples, but limitations, such as a lack of commutability, compromise the ability of such measurements to detect out-of-control situations. Medians of patient results have also been used for QC purposes, but it may be difficult to distinguish changes observed in the patient population from analytical errors. This study aims to combine traditional control measurements and patient medians for facilitating detection of biases.

METHODS
The software package "rSimLab" was developed to simulate measurements of 5 analytes. Internal QC measurements and patient medians were assessed for detecting impermissible biases. Various control rules combined these parameters. A Westgard-like algorithm was evaluated and new rules that aggregate Z-values of QC parameters were proposed.

RESULTS
Mathematical approximations estimated the required sample size for calculating meaningful patient medians. The appropriate number was highly dependent on the ratio of the spread of sample values to their center. Instead of applying a threshold to each QC parameter separately like the Westgard algorithm, the proposed aggregation of Z-values averaged these parameters. This behavior was found beneficial, as a bias could affect QC parameters unequally, resulting in differences between their Z-transformed values. In our simulations, control rules tended to outperform the simple QC parameters they combined. The inclusion of patient medians substantially improved bias detection for some analytes.

CONCLUSIONS
Patient result medians can supplement traditional QC, and aggregations of Z-values are novel and beneficial tools for QC strategies to detect biases.


Brenneman confronts the contemporary issue of conflicting canons, incorporating insights gained from both literary and biblical disciplines. He begins with a tour through current literary theory and theological discussions. He then applies these theories to a consideration of true and false biblical prophecy to reach an integrative resolution of authority and canon in a pluralistic context.