Major hurdles in the application of engineered nanomaterials for water treatment include loss of reactive surface area arising from particle aggregation and the development of application platforms that limit their potential release into the treated water supply. Here, we develop hybrid nanostructures through the growth of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, which are recognized sorbents for various heavy metals, on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid nanostructures were synthesized via hydrolysis of ferric nitrate in the presence of carboxylated MWCNTs, and their activity as sorbents toward Cu(II) and chromate (CrO42−) was examined as a function of pH (i.e., pH-edge experiments) and initial metal concentration (i.e., adsorption isotherms). Characterization of α-Fe2O3/MWCNT nanostructures via Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed the deposited iron phase as α-Fe2O3. Further, complementary acid digestions and TEM imaging revealed that the amount (0.1 and 0.5 g g−1 α-Fe2O3/MWCNT) and size [5.9 (±1.1) and 8.9 (±1.5) nm, respectively] of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles immobilized on MWCNTs were tunable during synthesis. Generally, mass-normalized concentrations of adsorbed Cu(II) and CrO42− were greatest for α-Fe2O3/MWCNT hybrids relative to adsorption on either carboxylated MWCNTs or freely suspended α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, with evidence implicating α-Fe2O3 as the active sorbent phase in hybrid materials. Indeed, per unit mass of available α-Fe2O3, hybrid sorbents exhibited capacities comparable to or exceeding most other iron-based sorbents for Cu(II) and CrO42− (from 220 to 470 mg Cu(II) per g α-Fe2O3 and 60 mg CrO42− per g α-Fe2O3, respectively, at pH 6 and 20 °C). The enhanced sorption capacity of the hybrid nanostructures is due, at least in part, to the greater available surface area of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles immobilized on MWCNTs when compared to their more extensively aggregated state in suspension. Notable differences in the pH-dependent trends of Cu(II) and CrO42− uptake on α-Fe2O3/MWCNT hybrids, along with differences in zeta potential measurements across pH, also suggest that the immobilized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles may exhibit unique surface reactivity relative to their freely suspended analogs as a result of their association with the negatively charged MWCNT surface.


While inferring human activities from sensors embedded in mobile devices using machine learning algorithms has been studied, current research relies primarily on sensor data that are collected in controlled settings often with healthy individuals. Currently, there exists a gap in research about how to design activity recognition models based on sensor data collected with chronically-ill individuals and in free-living environments. In this paper, we focus on a situation where free-living activity data are collected continuously, activity vocabulary (i.e., class labels) are not known as a priori, and sensor data are annotated by end-users through an active learning process. By analyzing sensor data collected in a clinical study involving patients with cardiovascular disease, we demonstrate significant challenges that arise while inferring physical activities in uncontrolled environments. In particular, we observe that activity labels that are distinct in syntax can refer to semantically-identical behaviors, resulting in a sparse label space. To construct a meaningful label space, we propose LabelMerger, a framework for restructuring the label space created through active learning in uncontrolled environments in preparation for training activity recognition models. LabelMerger combines the semantic meaning of activity labels with physical attributes of the activities (i.e., domain knowledge) to generate a flexible and meaningful representation of the labels. Specifically, our approach merges labels using both word embedding techniques from the natural language processing domain and activity intensity from the physical activity research. We show that the new representation of the sensor data obtained by LabelMerger results in more accurate activity recognition models compared to the case where original label space is used to learn recognition models.


The article focuses on an analysis of the (inter)discursive structure of television reports in daily news broadcasts made by the Slovenian public television broadcaster Televizija Slovenija and the commercial television company POP TV during 2005 and 2006. Critical discourse analysis and language-style analysis methods are used to study a broad range of the television reports' topics, forms, structures, language styles as well as verbal and visual communication techniques. Daily television news broadcasts are seen as unique and one of the most complex forms of news discourses that combine talk, sound and visual images. The author analyses the contents and functions of the constitutive elements of a television report, such as the lead-in, lead-out, voiceover, verbal and visual introductions to sound bites, a stand-up if there is one, a beginning and closure, as well as the semantic connections between them. Stress is given to visualization and graphication; the role of the news anchor as an impersonal authority and his right to use direct speech are being questioned. The mixing of styles and individual discursive elements of different genres, especially interpretative elements of informative journalistic texts, leads to the observation of a rising populist discourse of news anchors, storytelling, emphasizing the emotional components of events and personification. The unclear separation between information and the opinions of journalists and news anchors, as well as the disappearance of pure and quality commentary in Slovenian daily news broadcasting raise serious concerns about television journalism's role in democratic society. Amidst the overflow of media and information available to the public, the primary mission and challenge of (Slovenian) television journalists is seen in the effective verbal and visual rep-


BACKGROUND
Pregnancies in graft recipients are associated with increased risk of a number of pathologies. The aim of the study was to analyze results of brain and abdominal ultrasonography and echocardiography (ECHO) in neonates born to liver (LTx) or renal recipients (RTx).

MATERIAL/METHODS
The study group consisted of 82 neonates born to transplanted women (46 neonates of liver recipients and 36 neonates of renal recipients), enrolled in a retrospective study. The control group consisted of 74 neonates from the general population. Sonographic examination of the brain was performed to check for the presence of intra-/periventricular hemorrhage (IVH/PVH) according to Papile, and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).The results of abdominal ultrasonography and 2-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO) were compared between the groups. The immunosuppressive therapy used during pregnancy was also analyzed.

RESULTS
No significant differences were observed between the frequency of IVH in LTx and RTx groups and LTx, RTx, and control groups. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed 1 case of suprarenal hemorrhage, 1 case of cystic kidney, and 3 cases of pyelocalyceal system dilatation in the study group. There were no abnormalities in the echocardiography in 97.8% of children born to mothers after LTx and in 94.4% after RTx. There were significant differences in the immunosuppressive therapy between the pregnant women after LTx and RTx.

CONCLUSIONS
The risk was not increased in intra-/periventricular hemorrhage and congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract and heart in neonates of mothers after organ transplantation, regardless of the immunotherapy used, and risk was similar to that of the general population.


We study how financial frictions affect firm-level heterogeneity and trade. We build a model where productivity differences across monopolistically competitive firms are endogenous and depend on investment decisions at the entry stage. By increasing entry costs, financial frictions lower the exit cutoff and hence the value of investing in bigger projects with more dispersed outcomes. As a result, credit frictions make firms smaller and more homogeneous, and hinder the volume of exports. Export opportunities, instead, shift expected profits to the tail and increase the value of technological heterogeneity. We test these predictions using comparable measures of sales dispersion within 365 manufacturing industries in 119 countries, built from highly disaggregated US import data. Consistent with the model, financial development increases sales dispersion, especially in more financially vulnerable industries; sales dispersion is also increasing in measures of comparative advantage. These results can be important for explaining the effect of financial development and factor endowments on export sales.


Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is known to be a very good energy storage device. This article provides an overview and potential applications of the SMES technology in electrical power and energy systems. SMES is categorized into three main groups depending on its power conditioning system, namely, the thyristor-based SMES, voltage-source- converter-based SMES, and current-source-converter-based SMES. An extensive bibliography is presented on the applications of these three types of SMES. Also, a comparison is made among these three types of SMES. This study provides a basic guideline to investigate further technological development and new applications of SMES, and thus benefits the readers, researchers, engineers, and academicians who deal with the research works in the area of SMES.


Castings produced for the automotive industry are considered the important components for overall roadworthiness. To ensure the safety of construction, it is necessary to check every part thoroughly using nondestructive testing. X-ray testing rapidly became the accepted way for controlling the quality of die cast pieces. In this article, the fundamental principles of the automated detection of casting discontinuities are explained. A general computer vision inspection schema is presented, and several methods that have appeared in the literature in the past 30 years were explained showing the development of this sector in the areas of industry and academia.


1. To assess whether the mineral content of drinking water influences both risk of stone formation and bone metabolism in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis, 21 patients were switched from their usual home diets to a 10 mmol calcium, low-oxalate, protein-controlled diet, supplemented with 21 of three different types of mineral water. Drinking water added 1, 6 and 20 mmol of calcium and 0.5, 10 and 50 mmol of bicarbonate respectively to the controlled diet. 2. The three controlled study periods lasted 1 month each and were separated by a 20 day washout interval. Blood and urine chemistries, including intact parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and two markers of bone resorption, were performed at the end of each study period. The stone-forming risk was assessed by calculating urine saturation with calcium oxalate (beta CaOx), calcium phosphate (beta bsh) and uric acid (beta UA). 3. The addition of any mineral water produced the expected increase in urine output and was associated with similar decreases in beta CaOx and beta UA, whereas beta bsh varied marginally. These equal decreases in beta CaOx, however, resulted from peculiar changes in calcium, oxalate and citrate excretion during each study period. The increase in overall calcium intake due to different drinking water induced modest increases in calcium excretion, whereas oxalate excretion tended to decrease. The changes in oxalate excretion during any one study period compared with another were significantly related to those in calcium intake. Citrate excretion was significantly higher with the high-calcium, alkaline water. 4. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and markers of bone resorption increased when patients were changed from the high-calcium, alkaline to the low-calcium drinking water. 5. We suggest that overall calcium intake may be tailored by supplying calcium in drinking water. Adverse effects on bone turnover with low-calcium diets can be prevented by giving high-calcium, alkaline drinking water, and the stone-forming risk can be decreased as effectively as with low-calcium drinking water.


This thesis explores how the owners of 21 small hotels in a major UK resort perceived and experienced emotionalities surrounding the host-guest relationship, with a particular focus on employment of emotion management. The experiences of the owners of 5 large family hotels and the manager of a large corporate hotel were also captured in this study to provide an additional complementary 'layer' of data. I employed narrative inquiry using semi-structured interviews to gain insights into how participants constructed and negotiated the host-guest relationship through emotion management. I was also interested in uncovering the wider emotionalities of contextual influences that might impact on that relationship, such as hoteliers' motivations and values. Adopting an inductive approach, my research was primarily informed by my interpretation of the concepts of 'emotion management' and the 'host-guest relationship'. Further, and consistent with this cross-disciplinary approach, the lenses of 'power' and 'identity' enhanced my understanding of research participants' experiences, particularly since these phenomena themselves play a role in the manifestation of both 'emotion' and 'hospitality'. Whilst emotion management in its pecuniary form, as emotional labour, has been well documented in the corporate hotel sector, its manifestation in the smaller setting has been less clear. What I discovered in this study was that owners of small hotels employ an intriguing mix of emotion management strategies within a range of host roles adopted to establish and manage the boundaries of the host-guest relationship. An over-arching theme that emerged from the study was owners' concerns about guest suitability, particularly with regard to the 'dirty work' and/or 'risky work' they could present. A key influencing factor here was that the hotel also constituted the owner's 'home.' For the 'suitable 'guest, hoteliers could demonstrate considerable scope for hospitableness through philanthropic and personalized emotion management. Hence what seemed to emerge was an image of the small hotel owner as an autonomous flexible emotion manager, relatively free to engage in human connectedness with the guest and capable of eschewing the strictures of customer sovereignty that can envelop corporate counterparts. Host-guest relationships that emerged generally appeared to satisfy both parties and were often long lasting, even taking on the status of 'friendships,' where host and guest engaged in reciprocal appreciation that seemed 'natural' and spontaneous.


This paper presents an application of evolutionary computation algorithms in the estimation of the concentration of nitrates/nitrites in water. Specifically, we start from the measured transmittance curves of a water sample and a model of the curve consisting of a mixture of polynomial, Fermi and Gaussian functions. An evolutionary programming algorithm is then used to obtain the optimal parameters of the model which minimize the distance between the measured and the modeled transmittance curves. This process allows us to separate the modeled transmittance curve into several components, one of them associated with the nitrate/nitrite concentration. We can extract the nitrate/nitrite concentration of the water sample using this component of the transmittance model. We test our proposal on several laboratory samples and on three real samples measured in different locations around Madrid, Spain.


Public universities in the Czech Republic register every year
hundreds of internally generated patents for inventions,
utility models or industrial designs, prototypes or functional.
Internally generated intangible assets are the subject of
evaluation and accounting. As such, it should be recorded in
the balance sheet of the entity in the category of intangible
assets and depreciated progressively. The aim of this work is
to determine whether the internally generated intangible assets
are recognized in the balance sheets of universities. Executed
comparison of the research' results of universities reported to
the Council for Research, Development and Innovation with the
balance sheet of universities in 2011, it was found that 95% of
universities does not show in their balance sheets internally
generated intangible assets, which are however presented to the
Council for research, development and innovation as the
research results of public universities. It is evident, that
public universities dispose with large amount of intangible
assets whose existence is not declared in the financial
statements. Their accounting doesn't provide the true picture
of the assets of these economic entities.


MODERN RECESSIONS HIT THE U.S. economy in 1990-91 and in 2001. A modern recession is one occurring in an economy with well-executed monetary policy and a small fraction of the labor force on the factory floor. I review the facts about modern recessions and compare them with earlier recessions, with primary emphasis on the labor market. The facts are perplexing: employment falls in modern recessions at least as far as in past recessions, without identifiable driving forces. Economists' understanding of the modern causeless recession is at an early stage, but progress has occurred and the future of this area of research seems promising. Facts about Modern and Earlier Recessions The first important fact about modern recessions is that they are about as severe when measured in employment losses as earlier ones, leaving aside the Great Depression. Figure 1 shows deviations of total employment from its trend since 1948, and table 1 shows the percentage decline in employment associated with each of the ten recessions of the past sixty years. (The identification of recessions follows the standard chronology as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research Business Cycle Dating Committee, but the dates are for the peaks and troughs in detrended employment, not the National Bureau's dates for peaks and troughs in economic activity.) The two modern recessions rank second and sixth in employment decline. Plainly the "Great Moderation"--the broad reduction in economic volatility of the last couple of decades--is a feature not of employment, but rather of output. One of the important features of the modern recession is that productivity does not decline as it did in earlier ones. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The Great Moderation definitely applies to GDP, whose volatility has fallen by half in the past two decades compared with the two preceding decades. By some measures, such as the standard deviation of year-to-year changes in employment, the volatility of employment also has declined, but not as much. But the key fact is that modern recessions have involved lengthy periods of below-trend employment growth, and so a metric that captures these lengthy periods, such as that in table 1, reveals that employment volatility has not declined at all. Of course, this statement is based on a sample size of two. The next recession could easily have a small and brief decline in employment. The second important fact is that the decline in employment and rise in unemployment associated with a modern recession occur without any important increase in job loss. Figure 2 shows the layoff rate reported by employers in the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), which began in December 2000, just in time to catch the 2001 recession. Apart from a spike at 9/11, layoffs remained quite constant until they began to decline moderately in late 2005. This picture of the 2001 recession is confirmed by a long time series constructed by Robert Shimer for the exit rate from employment, that is, the rate of departure from employment into unemployment or out of the labor force (figure 3). Shimer's series actually declines fairly steadily over the entire period since the early 1980s, with no visible reversal during the 2001 recession. This illustrates the third important fact: unemployment rises in a modern recession because new jobs are hard to find, not because workers have lost jobs. In a recession, the flow of workers out of jobs remains about the same, and so does the flow of workers back into jobs. But a much larger pool of unemployed develops because jobs are hard to find. The rate at which the unemployed find jobs falls in the same proportion that the stock of unemployed rises, resulting in a constant flow from unemployment into new jobs. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Figure 3 shows that earlier recessions did generate spikes of job loss. In those recessions, unemployment rose both because workers lost jobs more frequently and because the unemployed found it harder to land new jobs. …


The goal of this research is to demonstrate that a subset of a set of 38 requirements management measures are good predictors of stability and volatility of requirements and change requests. At the time of writing we have theoretically validated ten of these 38 measures. We are currently planning and performing an industrial case study where we want to reach the goal described above.


Abstract North Korea has made significant strides in its attempt to acquire a strategic nuclear deterrent. In 2017, it tested intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and completed a series of nuclear test explosions. These may provide North Korea with the technical foundation to deploy a nuclear-armed ICBM capable of striking the United States. The Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) missile defense system is intended to deter North Korean nuclear coercion and, if deterrence fails, to defeat a limited North Korean attack. Despite two decades of dedicated and costly efforts, however, the GMD system remains unproven and unreliable. It has not demonstrated an ability to defeat the relatively simple and inexpensive countermeasures that North Korea can field. The GMD system has suffered persistent delays, substantial cost increases, and repeated program failures because of the politically motivated rush to deploy in the 1990s. But GMD and other U.S. missile defense efforts have provoked serious concerns in Russia and China, who fear it may threaten their nuclear deterrents. Diplomacy and deterrence may reassure Russia and China while constraining North Korea's nuclear program. An alternate airborne boost-phase intercept system may offer meaningful defense against North Korean missiles without threatening the Russian or Chinese deterrents.


Background/Issues: The AHA/ASA commends the formation of multidisciplinary quality improvement teams in order to achieve high level organization and efficiency in the treatment of acute stroke. Emanuel Medical Center's process in obtaining weight information was determined by two provider estimations. Historical review of charts revealed over and under dosing of IV tPA. This quality enhancement project was designed to develop a process to capture actual weights prior to the initiation of IV tPA.

Purpose: Have 100% acute ischemic stroke patients weighed prior to tPA administration.

Method: Utilizing Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) quality improvement methodology, a multidisciplinary team consisting of Neurologist, Stroke Coordinator RN, ED Supervisor, and Stroke NP was created to establish a standard method in obtaining weights in the ED. The team identified a shortage of scales, lack of designated location, and absence of weighing patients in the ED workflow as main barriers. Review of current literature and institutional policies led to a proposal for new scales, designated location, development of standardized process for timing of weighing patients, and entering information in chart. Additional interventions involved extensive education of staff through active and passive learning methods with development of an educational module for ED staff. One month post implementation and cycle analysis of PDSA, ED supervisor discovered new stretcher scales required being plugged in for operation. The new clinical practice algorithm includes the following steps: arrival by EMS and taking patient directly to CT; placement on CT table; patient transfer onto stretcher scale post scan; plugging-in scale; obtaining weight; and entering into chart.

Results: Compliance was 0% (0/3) in the first month of implementation and 100% in the two consecutive months (6/6), and (1/1). All cases reviewed by the Stroke Coordinator and ED supervisor (inter-rater reliability of Cohen's kappa 0.71). Feedback is given on all cases within 48 hours to the stroke leadership team. ED supervisor provides staff feed-back and analyzes outliers.

Conclusion: Developing a standard process for capturing actual weights in the ED prior to initiating tPA is feasible utilizing PDSA methodology.


The Last Supper, as a great work of art in religious scope and in the world, is one of the main scales for most of the artists who worked after Da Vinci; as if many great painters have tried to paint their works with the theme of the last supper based on Da Vinci's work. Here a question raises whether Leonardo Da Vinci was successful in creation of this great painting that is whether he could paint these great event based on Holy Bible successfully. Obviously, this event was described in Bible based on four narratives told by four gospel writers. Accordingly, Da Vinci should paint his Last Supper based on one or a combination of these four narratives. Although Leonardo Da Vinci tried to paint the apostles' total reaction based on the content of Bible in the climax of the story, he painted their facial expressions and details of their reactions based on the totality of their characters depicted throughout Bible. Thus, this part of the painting seems to be based on Vinci's extraordinary imagination. Many of art historians have different opinions about the origin of the Last Supper inspiration. Some of them have not mentioned or referred to its origin while others have investigated the origin of the Last Supper inspiration and told their opinion about it. Some art historians believe that Matthew's narrative was da Vinci's source of inspiration while others believe he combined the four narratives and painted a combination of the narratives on the mural based on his imagination; so that, from each narrative some signs can be found in the mural. In this article, it has been tried to find out whether Leonardo Da Vinci was successful in painting this great event. In so doing, the art work would be analyzed through both its artistic style and scrutinized review of all four narratives of the Holy Bible. First, It would be tried to assess the details of the painting and the da Vinci's style in painting this mural and scrutinize the four narratives. Then the details would be matched with the four narratives to find out based on which narrative the mural was pained or whether it was pained based on a combination of all narratives. According to the analysis, it was found that Gospel of John was da Vinci's source of inspiration in painting the Last Supper. This is based on five reasons: First is in the mural, there is no sign of performing Eucharist by Jesus and this has only been mentioned in John's narrative. Second is the seating arrangement of the Apostles is exactly based on what John narrated in his Gospel. Third is John's head turning to the Saint Peter has only been mentioned in John's narrative. Fourth reason is in the mural, it is clear that Saint Peter is whispering in John's ear and this is also among the points that has only been mentioned in John's narrative and the last one is the details of Jesus and Apostles' reactions have only been mentioned in John's narrative. Based on these reasons it can be concluded that Saint John's narrative was Leonardo Da Vinci's source of inspiration in painting the Last Supper. But Da Vinci's imagination and ingenuity in creating faces and reactions should not be ignored.


The development of clozapine was thought to herald a new era of antipsychotic drug treatment by virtue of increased efficacy and fewer motor side effects. However, its non-motor side effects undermined its utility. We will argue that with the exception of quetiapine and clozapine, the other members of the 'atypical antipsychotics' have significant motor side effects, and that these side effects differ from drug to drug. All of the other compounds cause parkinsonism and worsen motor function in people with parkinsonian syndromes. Some are more likely than others to cause either acute dystonic reactions or akathisia. Only risperidone has so far been clearly linked as a cause of tardive dyskinesia when used long-term in neuroleptic-naive patients, but this lack of association may be due only to limitations in data collection. All of the atypical antipsychotics, including quetiapine and clozapine, have been convincingly reported to cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome.


Michelle Arrow, Upstaged: Australian Women Dramatists in the Limelight at Last (Strawberry Hills, NSW: Pluto and Currency, 2002) The title of this scholarly, informative and entertaining book contains the ironic nub of the problem she addresses. The writers whose careers she illuminates have certainly been upstaged: as much by the nationalist creationism of the so-called new wave as by the 'usefulness' of so much of their own writing. But I wonder, can they really be said to be 'in the limelight at last' while the plays they wrote continue to receive so little actual production attention? The day I started reading Upstaged I received in the mail an invitation to a reading by Val Kirwan - the Diva of a theatrical movement I have long wanted to label 'Melbourne Surrealism'. The accompanying publicity material described Kirwan as the first woman playwright to have her work produced at La Mama and I was struck again by the fact that, in spite of her long history with that theatre - a production a year for at least seven years from the late seventies into the eighties -her influence on Melbourne performance traditions could be said to be as overshadowed by Jean-Pierre Mignon and Anthill in the hagiography of the eighties as Oriel Gray was eclipsed by the mordant masculinism of Ray Lawlcr's The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll in the historical legend of the beginning of Australian theatre in the fifties. Such an irony is only compounded by the fact that the production of "The Doll' that lifted that play onto the highest shelf in the brief canon of Australian dramatic literature was Mignon's post-modern production for Anthill. Kirwan's insouciant surrealism, her freewheeling, apparently improvisatory writing style and the drama and beauty of the theatrical image-making she managed in the tiny confines of La Mama had an impact on a generation of Melbourne theatre-makers far greater than her place in the historical and critical literature of the period would suggest, but at least her plays were produced, some of them even more than once. The women playwrights Arrow discusses in Upstaged have, she argues, been written out of history for every conceivable reason - their cheerful feminism (Oriel Gray) and their leftist politics (Mona Brand and Catherine Duncan); their capacity to earn a living from their craft through the new and popular media of radio and later television (Gwen Meredith, Oriel Gray and Mary Wilton). But the overwhelming evidence for their continuing obscurity is the depressingly patchy record of their production histories. Arrow, perhaps wisely in a book that describes her playwrights as in the limelight at last, chooses not to include any ordered list or statistics of productions of the plays discussed. This is made more noticeable by the comprehensive excellence of the appendices she docs include. There are brief biographies of all the playwrights in addition to the select bibliography of primary and secondary sources. It may be that since hers is essentially a cultural history of the women dramatists of the period rather than a theatre history per se, she did not consider such statistics relevant or she may have chosen not to spell out the pathetic production histories of most of the plays she discusses in order not to confront the crushing picture such figures would reveal. Reading Arrow's engaging account of these women and their work, I remain puzzled not simply by the scarcity of critical writing on their work - pace Carolyn Pickett's and Susan Pfisterer's admirable account of the same period in Playing with Ideas - but by the fact that even as they are being written into literary and cultural history they continue to be ignored or passed over for productions not only on main stages but on any stages. The reasons are in fact not far to seek and have less to do with the fact that the playwrights in question are women than they do with the fact that then as now, actual production opportunities for new writing were relatively scarce. …


Recent United States Supreme Court decisions have undermined the viability of campaign public financing systems, a vital tool for fighting political corruption. First, Citizens United v. FEC allowed privately financed candidates and independent groups to spend unlimited amounts of money on campaigning. Publicly financed candidates now risk being vastly outspent. Second, Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom PAC v. Bennett invalidated a proportional fund matching system whereby privately financed candidates' or independent groups' spending triggered funds to publicly funded candidates. These decisions effectuate a libertarian speech doctrine: all speakers, individual or corporate, must be absolutely unburdened. To comply with this approach, public financing must be tailored to reduce its monetary correlation with, and corresponding burden on, privately funded speech. This Article proposes matching broadcast advertising access costs as a measured solution. The proposed system does not burden privately funded speech, and it increases media availability: if a privately financed candidate or independent group purchases advertising time, the publicly financed candidate is provided funds to purchase equivalent time. Matching access costs reduces any burden on speakers while importing First Amendment jurisprudence and telecommunications law to support the constitutionality of this system. These laws recognize the First Amendment rights of the electorate, the problem of political advertising market saturation, and the values of an informed citizenry. Essential for democracy is an informed, engaged, and participating citizenry. Matching broadcast access costs increases available information, comports with the


This article presents the rationale, common practices, challenges, and some personal anecdotes from a journal editor on the production, use, and re-use of peer-reviewed, scholarly articles as open educational resources (OER). The scholarly and professional discourse related to open educational resources has largely focused on open learning objects, courseware, and textbooks. However, especially in graduate education, articles published in scholarly journals are often a major component of the course content in formal education. In addition, open access journal articles are critical to expanding access to knowledge by scholars in the developing world and in fostering citizen science, by which everyone has access to the latest academic information and research results.  In this article, I highlight some of the challenges, economic models, and evidence for quality of open access journal content and look at new affordances provided by the Net for enhanced functionality, access, and distribution. In the seventeen years since I graduated with a doctorate degree, the climate and acceptance of open access publishing has almost reversed itself. I recall a conversation with my PhD supervisor in which he argued that publishing online was not a viable option as the product would not have permanency, scholarly recognition, or the prestige of a paper publication. His comments reflect the confusion between online resources and those described as open access, but as well illustrate the change in academic acceptance and use of open access products during the past decade. The evolution from paper to online production and consumption is a disruptive technology in which much lower cost and increased accessibility of online work opens the product to a completely new group of potential users. In the case of OER these consumers are primarily students, but certainly access to scholars from all parts of the globe and the availability to support citizen science (Silvertown, 2009) should not be underestimated.


The Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) has been presenting a series of public policies to promote its Sharing City Initiative (SCI) since 2012. The initiative promotes many sharing programs that are aimed at providing opportunities to those who are in need of cars and public facilities such as parking facilities, convention facilities, and public libraries. This study examines the potential contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to sustainable development and investigates the government's role in the sharing economy based on the SCI undertaken by the SMG. Based on selected cases, this study suggests that the sharing economy is not necessarily purely market driven but can often be promoted and utilized by governments as a policy instrument for both economic and social goals. The findings of this study demonstrate that the underprivileged could be a target beneficiary group of a sharing economy if a government specifically designs a sharing economy project like the SCI. It is also important for governments to use government funding such as subsidies to initially promote the sharing economy project as well as to establish a supportive legal framework to overcome existing laws which often constrain sharing economy activities. Governments need to establish partnerships with various stakeholders including private enterprises, social enterprises, and NGOs as well as other local governments to take advantage of the economy of scale of a sharing economy. Lastly, this study shows that a government-driven sharing economy project can help to make governments more transparent and accountable if governments actively open their data to promote a sharing economy.


In 1762, John Adams penned a flirtatious note to "Miss Adorable," the 17-year-old Abigail Smith. In 1801, Abigail wrote to wish her husband John a safe journey as he headed home to Quincy after serving as president of the nation he helped create. The letters that span these nearly forty years form the most significant correspondence - and reveal one of the most intriguing and inspiring partnerships - in American history.As a pivotal player in the American Revolution and the early republic, John had a front-row seat at critical moments in the creation of the United States, from the drafting of the Declaration of Independence to negotiating peace with Great Britain to serving as the first vice president and second president under the U.S. Constitution. Separated more often than they were together during this founding era, John and Abigail shared their lives through letters that each addressed to "My Dearest Friend," debating ideas and commenting on current events while attending to the concerns of raising their children (including a future president).Full of keen observations and articulate commentary on world events, these letters are also remarkably intimate. This new collection - including some letters never before published - invites readers to experience the founding of a nation and the partnership of two strong individuals, in their own words. This is history at its most authentic and most engaging.


The aim of this paper is to sketch some possible correlations between phases in the development of languages in Australia, and phases in the archaeological record of people in the continent. The technique is to compare Australian language groupings, at the scales of phylum, family, group, language and dialect, with events in the climatic and archaeological history of the continent. The emerging historical account is also correlated with other evidence from linguistics, anthropology and mythology, to identify four broad historical phases associated with expansions and contractions of resources and human populations. Universalist maxims about rates of language and cultural change are challenged by these data, suggesting that rates of change in Australia may have been considerably slower than rates in Europe, where such maxims originate. It is argued that this gradual change is more consistent with Aboriginal communities' own accounts of their histories.


Abstract This article provides practical guidance for researchers who are designing studies that randomize groups to measure the impacts of educational interventions. The article (a) provides new empirical information about the values of parameters that influence the precision of impact estimates (intraclass correlations and R 2 values) and includes outcomes other than standardized test scores and data with a three-level structure rather than a two-level structure, and (b) discusses the error (both generalizability and estimation error) that exists in estimates of key design parameters and the implications this error has for design decisions. Data for the paper come primarily from two studies: the Chicago Literacy Initiative: Making Better Early Readers Study (CLIMBERS) and the School Breakfast Pilot Project (SBPP). The analysis sample from CLIMBERS comprised 430 four-year-old children from 47 preschool classrooms in 23 Chicago public schools. The analysis sample from the SBPP study comprised 1,151 third graders from 233 classrooms in 111 schools from 6 school districts. Student achievement data from the Reading First Impact Study is also used to supplement the discussion.


Background Depression affects over 120 million individuals of all ages and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The lack of objective diagnostic criteria, together with the heterogeneity of the depressive disorder itself, makes it challenging to develop effective therapies. The accumulation of preclinical data over the past 20 years derived from a multitude of models using many divergent approaches, has fueled the resurgence of interest in targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission for the treatment of major depression. Objective The emergence of mechanistic studies are advancing our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of depression. While clearly far from complete and conclusive, they offer the potential to lead to the rational design of more specific therapeutic strategies and the development of safer and more effective rapid acting, long lasting antidepressants. Methods The development of comprehensive omics-based approaches to the dysregulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity that underlies the core pathophysiology of MDD are reviewed to illustrate the fundamental elements. Results This review frames the rationale for the conceptualization of depression as a "pathway disease". As such, it culminates in the call for the development of novel state-of-the-art "-omics approaches" and neurosystems biological techniques necessary to advance our understanding of spatiotemporal interactions associated with targeting glutamatergic-triggered signaling in the CNS. Conclusion These technologies will enable the development of novel psychiatric medications specifically targeted to impact specific, critical intracellular networks in a more focused manner and have the potential to offer new dimensions in the area of translational neuropsychiatry.


Recent years have shown exponential growth in video processing and transfer through the Internet and other applications. With the restriction on bandwidth, processing and storage there is an extensive demand for end-to-end video compression. Many conventional methods have been developed to compress video. However, with the extensive use of Artificial Intelligence, AI, such as Deep Learning (DL) have emerged as a best-of-breed alternative for performing different tasks have been also been used in the option of improving video compression in last years, with the primary objective of reducing compression ratio while preserving the same video quality. Evolving video compression research based on Neural Networks (NNs) focuses on two distinct directions: First; enhancing current video codecs by better predictions integrated even in the same codec framework, and second; holistic end-to-end VC systems approaches. Although some of the outcomes are optimistic and the results are well, no breakthrough has been reported previously. This paper review of new research work, including samples of few influential articles that demonstrate and further describe the various highlighted issues in the aria of using DL for end to end video compression. Keywords—Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, Video Compression, Intra-Prediction, Inter


Quantitative research on the positions of political parties and party competition regularly invokes the assumption that parties are unitary actors with homogenous policy preferences. Drawing on Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS) data from 28 elections in 21 developed democracies, we show that candidates often hold quite heterogeneous issue positions and that the extent of this heterogeneity varies significantly across parties and, most interestingly, even within parties across different issue dimensions. In an effort to explore the implications of such intra-party heterogeneity for party strategy and competition, we argue that intra-party heterogeneity and issue salience go together, because parties will emphasize those issues on which intra-party heterogeneity is low. Empirically, we relate our measures of intra-party heterogeneity from the CSS to data on issue salience from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the Manifesto Project. Across different issue dimensions and the two salience measures, we consistently find that parties attach lower salience to issues over which they are internally divided.


Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the survival, patterns of failure, and prognostic factors in patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy in 10 participating hospitals of the Korean Radiation Oncology Group. Most patients received adjuvant external beam radiation therapy, with a median dose of 50.4 Gy; approximately 50% of these patients received an additional brachytherapy boost, with a median dose of 18 Gy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 19 patients. Results A total of 122 patients were examined. Over a median follow-up period of 62.7 months (range, 1.9–158.8 months), the 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival rates were found to be 91.1% and 85.1%, respectively. Recurrence was observed in 14 patients (11.5%), including 3 with local recurrence and 11 with distant metastases as the first site of recurrence. Univariate analysis indicated that lymphovascular invasion was related to an unfavorable OS. An age of 60 years or above, histologic grade 3, and lymphovascular invasion were identified as risk factors for OS. Because there were several risk factors related to OS, we assigned patients to a high-risk group (defined as cases with ≥1 risk factors) and a low-risk group. The 5-year OS rate of the high-risk group was significantly inferior to that of the low-risk group (82.9% vs 100%, P = 0.003). Conclusions The high-risk group had a significantly poorer survival rate than the low-risk group, and distant metastasis was the main pattern of recurrence, thus indicating that further adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in high-risk patients.


With the development of multicore hardware, concurrent, parallel and multicore software are becoming increasingly popular. Software companies are spending a huge amount of time and resources to nd and debug the bugs. Among all types of software bugs, concurrency bugs are also important and troublesome. This type of bugs is increasingly becoming an issue particularly due to the growing prevalence of multicore hardware. In this position paper, we propose a model for monitoring and debugging Starvation bugs as a type of concurrency bugs in multicore software. The model is composed into three phases: monitoring, detecting and debugging. The monitoring phase can support detecting phase by storing collected data from the system execution. The detecting phase can support debugging phase by comparing the stored data with starvation bug's properties, and the debugging phase can help in reproducing and removing the Starvation bug from multicore software. Our intention is that our model is the basis for developing tool(s) to enable solving Starvation bugs in software for multicore platforms.


It has become a truism that contemporary multi-season TV dramas are inheritors of the methods and aims of Victorian serial fiction, or, as the New York Times editorial page put it in 2006, that if "Charles Dickens were alive today, he would watch The Wire, unless, that is, he was already writing for it." While not absolutely denying the validity of such assertions, this essay reconsiders them. Sergei Eisenstein's 1949 essay "Dickens, Griffith, and the Film Today," now a locus classicus for thinking about the links between nineteenth-century fiction and twentieth- and twenty-first-century cinematic media, first formulated a model that has remained influential for considering Victorian fiction, and especially Dickens's novels, as offering a "pedigree" and parentage for filmic media. But through a reading of several test cases of contemporary neo-Victorian adaptation, broadly construed—including Dickensian references in The Wire, South Park's animated Great Expectations adaptation episode, and references to George Eliot in Kazuo Ishiguru's novel Never Let Me Go—this essay questions and complicates Eisenstein's paradigm of the Victorian novel as parent to contemporary media.


Abstract We studied the diet of 20 Barn Owl (Tyto alba) pairs breeding in three habitats (alfalfa fields, date plantations, and villages) in the same agricultural region in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Small mammals, particularly three rodents (Levant voles [Microtus socialis guentheri], house mouse [Mus sp.], and Tristram's jird [Meriones tristrami tristrami]), comprised 73 to 88% of the 3,544 prey items taken by Barn Owls in the three habitats. Frequencies in number and biomass of the rodent species differed among habitats. The number of bird species, their frequencies, and biomass in the diet were higher in villages than in the other two habitats, and were related to the higher diversity of birds breeding in villages. The frequency of birds in the diet was negatively correlated with distance from the village to open fields. Differences in the diet of Barn Owls among the three habitats most likely reflected differences in the distribution and abundance of the prey items in each habitat.


The synthesis and characterization of the air-stable nickel(II) complex trans-(PCy(2)Ph)(2)Ni(o-tolyl)Cl is described in conjunction with an investigation of its use for the Mizoroki-Heck-type, room temperature, internally selective coupling of substituted benzyl chlorides with terminal alkenes. This reaction, which employs a terminal alkene as an alkenylmetal equivalent, provides rapid, convergent access to substituted allylbenzene derivatives in high yield and with regioselectivity greater than 95:5 in nearly all cases. The reaction is operationally simple, can be carried out on the benchtop with no purification or degassing of solvents or reagents, and requires no exclusion of air or water during setup. Synthesis of the precatalyst is accomplished through a straightforward procedure that employs inexpensive, commercially available reagents, requires no purification steps, and proceeds in high yield.


Sir Macafee and colleagues have identified an important issue with regard to the acute management of gallstone disease. Previous papers have focused on the feasibility and potential advantages offered by this approach, specifically a reduction in the duration of hospital stay, without any change in complications associated with the procedure1. However, a perception remains that this procedure is unnecessary as patients can be managed conservatively without detriment and brought back on an elective basis. This may be compounded by the fact that many centres do not have access to a CEPOD theatre to facilitate surgical intervention. Although the evidence supports acute cholecystectomy from a clinical perspective, if we are to see the completion of a paradigm shift in the management of acute gallstone disease, robust data supporting the potential economic2 and social benefits will be required to ensure that the appropriate infrastructure3,4 is in place to support this practice. As such, it was disappointing that the group terminated their study after an interim analysis and before recruitment of a full cohort of patients as this prevented any significant conclusions being drawn. The authors concluded that the evidence presented supported delayed cholecystectomy but, in our opinion, it supports the current practice of acute cholecystectomy for gallstone disease as a financially feasible option. Unfortunately, we have not yet provided robust financial evidence that will help drive the changes required in service provision to offer this procedure to all patients presenting with acute gallstone disease. K. Hussey and P. Witherspoon Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6920


The universe is full of stuff we cannot see, neither directly or indirectly. We do not understand the nature of the mysterious dark matter and how it interacts with normal matter. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) provides one of the major evidences for the standard model of cosmology, but important questions are yet to be answered. Using known physics we are able to predict most of the light element abundances we observe in the universe today. However, large uncertainties are present, and there is a major discrepancy between the predicted and observed abundance of 7Li, known as the lithium problem. Moreover, we are confident that the standard model of particle physics is not complete. The question is whether or not extensions to this model, and in particular extensions involving the elusive dark matter, may alter the conditions during BBN. With high precision observations we need high precision predictions, thus the task of predicting the primordial element abundances relies heavily on precisely measured reaction rates and accurate numerical modeling. In this thesis I present an updated AlterBBN, a public available code for predicting the light element abundances with percentage precision. It has been modified to include generic dark matter candidates, and I analyze the effect of light WIMPs with a non-vanishing constant chemical potential. The general trend of the results is an increase in the 7Li abundance, extending the gap between the predicted and observed value, as well as an increased favoring of neutrino coupled WIMPs compared to previous studies where the chemical potential have been neglected. I have also made additional changes to the code, including an extension of the nuclear network and an update of six important reaction rates. This have lowered the deuterium yield by ∼ 4.5%, now being 2.456±0.057 · 10−5, but still within the presently suggested observational constraint. Also here we see an increase in the 7Li abundance. Finding accurate estimates on the primordial abundances from an observational point of view is not a trivial task. The elements have evolved since BBN ended, as they have been produced and destroyed in stars and other astrophysical processes. The primordial deuterium abundance is an important tracer for the conditions during BBN, and we are able to obtain precise estimates of it by analyzing absorption features in gas clouds in the line of sight to distant quasars. However, extrapolating back to zero metallicity imposes systematic uncertainties, and for a statistically significant estimate we need many measurements. Using the Absorption LIne Software ALIS I have conducted a measurement of the deuterium abundance, based on an analysis of the absorption system towards the quasar Q1009+2956 at redshift z =2.407. This is an ongoing process and is yet to be finished. I present in this thesis the present status of the work, as well as a PYTHON program I have written as an add-on to ALIS. This program creates composite spectra and models for a better representation of the results from ALIS, compared to its inbuilt plotting environment.


This study expects to describe the relationship between ethics, bioethics and law, pointing out the dentistsurgeon's interest upon this area. The principal matters implying today's bioethics are indicated, such as the complexity of its relationship with law. Emphasis is put upon the poor importance given to bioethics by national and international legislation which could lead to severe bioethical conflicts.


This article describes the past literature regarded with the theories development of conventional brand. This is due to marketing scholars developed Islamic brand which based on the conventional brand pivot and claims as Islamic brand theory. Hence, the main aim of this article is to understand the mainstream of conventional brand. Later is to determine whether the adaption or modification of the theory can be accepted from Islamic point of view. This article begin with the development of conventional brand theories are divided into two (2) phases; initial phase of brand development before 1970s until 1980s, and second phase of brand development during 1990s until 21 century. This article discuss on the researcher's review critically on reality of those theories based on its advantages and limitations from Islamic perspective. In order to assess the limitations of current research, Islamic thought which is aligned with Al-Quran and Sunnah has been explored. It reveals the advantages of conventional brand is assist the firm to discover the finest strategy to attract the consumers' attraction, enhances product recognition that expose consumer to aware of firms' brand, and prevention from trademark infringement. However, the conventional brand is limited to suits well with Islamic teaching due to the capitalist aspiration (profit oriented and maximizing satisfaction), immoral behavior among firm and consumer and inadequate method to understand Islamic relation. Therefore, it may suitable well with the capitalist aspiration in motivating the firm to monopolize the market orientation through their brand product, but, unfortunately, it was against the Islamic teaching


The expectations induced by the labels used to describe vehicle automation are important to understand, because research has shown that expectations can affect trust in automation even before a person uses the system for the first time. An online sample of drivers rated the perceived division of driving responsibilities implied by common terms used to describe automation. Ratings of 13 terms were made on a scale from 1 ("human driver is entirely responsible") to 7 ("vehicle is entirely responsible") for three driving tasks (steering, accelerating/braking, and monitoring). In several instances, the functionality implied by automation terms did not match the technical definitions of the terms and/or the actual capabilities of the automated vehicle functions currently described by the terms. These exploratory findings may spur and guide future research on this under-examined topic.


Spatial Hypertext Wiki (ShyWiki) is a wiki which represents knowledge using notes that are spatially distributed in wiki pages and have visual characteristics such as colour, size, or font type. The use of spatial and visual characteristics in wikis is important to improve human comprehension, creation and organization of knowledge. Another important capability in wikis is to allow machines to process knowledge. Wikis that formally structure knowledge for this purpose are called semantic wikis. This paper describes how ShyWiki can make use of spatial hypertext in order to be a semantic wiki. ShyWiki can represent knowledge at different levels of formality. Users of ShyWiki can annotate the content and represent semantic relations without being experts of semantic web data description languages. The spatial hypertext features make it suitable for users to represent unstructured knowledge and implicit graphic relations among concepts. In addition, semantic web and spatial hypertext features are combined to represent structured knowledge. The semantic web features of ShyWiki improve navigation and publish the wiki knowledge as RDF resources, including the implicit relations that are analyzed using a spatial parser.


Data reduction makes datasets smaller but preserves classification structures of interest. In this paper we present a novel approach to data reduction based on lattice and hyper relations. Hyper relations are a generalization of conventional database relations in the sense that we allow sets of values as tuple entries. The advantage of this is that raw data and reduced data can both be represented by hyper relations. The collection of hyper relations can be naturally made into a complete Boolean algebra, and so for any collection of hyper tuples we can find its unique least upper bound (lub) as a reduction of it. We show that the lub may not qualify as a reduced version of the given set of tuples, but the interior cover - the subset of internal elements covered by the lub- does qualify. We establish the theoretical result that such an interior cover exists, and find a way to find it. The proposed method was evaluated using 7 real world datasets. The results were quite remarkable compared with those obtained by C4.5, and the datasets were reduced with reduction ratios up to 99%.


BACKGROUND Cytologists are often under time pressure due to a constant need and a demand for quick despatch of reports, which calls for an early assessment of sample adequacy. OBJECTIVE To study whether unstained smears are effective in evaluation of sample adequacy of cytology aspirates. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study had 3 groups. Assessment of sample adequacy of cytology aspirates was done on unstained smears in Group I (200 cases), Group II (100 cases out of Group I) and Group III ( 80 cases out of Group II ) by a Professor, Assistant Professor and a junior resident respectively. The results were compared with assessment of adequacy on stained smears and statistical analysis was done. RESULTS Evaluation of adequacy of cytology aspirates by examination of unstained and stained smears by 3 observers of varied experience revealed no significant difference between the observers and between the stained and unstained smears (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Unstained smear study offered advantages over the stained smears in the evaluation of sample adequacy. Hence, it maybe recommended as a routine practice in cytology clinics.


The current chapter considers neuronal circuits in the human brain that represent a neuroanatomical basis for the processing of syntactic complexities. We will present data from event-related brain potential studies and from functional and structural brain imaging studies to elucidate the brain's underpinnings for syntactic processing. The data shall indicate that the processing of syntactic dependencies is subserved by two distinct networks of brain areas, one involving the deep frontal operculum and the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), holding responsible for the processing of local dependencies, the other involving Broca's area and the posterior part of the STG, holding responsible for the processing of hierarchical dependencies. Structural brain data are referred that identify two separate neural fiber pathways for these two networks. These findings are supported by ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparison. The data suggest functional and structural separation for the processing of different levels of syntactic complexity.


The question of minimal and optimal protein requirements has received considerable research attention in recent years. There is now very little disagreement among students of nutrition as to what these requirements are. On the effects of a high protein dietary, however, not only do opinions of authorities differ but the results of carefully controlled experiments show considerable variance. It is a traditional belief that a high protein intake leads to high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis or nephritis. Among physicians it has almost become a dietetic dogma to reduce or eliminate entirely the intake of meat whenever diets are prescribed. Unless proper interpretation is given to certain present-day investigations on protein metabolism, including the results of the experiment reviewed in this paper, there is danger that the dietetic pendulum will swing too far in the opposite direction. The Eskimos have lived on a high protein dietary as far back as records go.


When is a question appropriate? In Recontextualizing Context , Fetzer (2004) distinguishes between "grammaticality" and "appropriateness" of sentences and utterances. Appropriateness, other than grammaticality, is a socio-cultural construct. Whereas the grammaticality of sentences may be judged without consideration of their textual, interpersonal, or interactional context, the appropriateness of utterances is highly context-dependent on all these levels. This is especially apparent in dialogical discourse types like media interviews. This contribution assumes as a working hypothesis that the appropriateness of questions can be approached through an analysis of the subsequent answers. Data is taken from videotaped interviews television journalists conducted with politicians and experts during British election night coverages. Their analysis is based on the pragmatic framework developed by Harris (1991) for the analysis of politicians' evasiveness, and the multidisciplinary frameworks developed by Lauerbach (2003, 2004) and Becker (2005, 2007) for the analysis of interviewing practices. Comparison of interviews with politicians and interviews with experts reveals clear differences as to what answerers interpret as an appropriate question within the global context of the election night coverage and with respect to the question's local textual, interpersonal, or interactional context.


This article presents an explainable fuzzy theoretic nonparametric deep model for an analysis of heart rate variability in application to stress assessment. We are concerned with the development of a model that evaluates and explains a short-time (3–5 min long) heartbeat interval sequence of an individual to estimate the level of acute perceived stress on a numerical scale from 0 to 100 via monitoring the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The salient features of the approach are the following. 1) A deep model, consisting of a nested composition of mappings, discovers layers of increasingly abstract heartbeat interval data representation. 2) An analytical solution of the deep model's learning problem facilitates inducing a mapping from the noninterpretable heartbeat-interval-data-space onto another interpretable domain spanned by a stress index. A given noninterpretable R– R interval feature vector is explained by: 1) estimating the corresponding stress value; 2) providing the weights which must be assigned to the subjective ratings of stress; and 3) providing various information about the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities of autonomic nervous system by analyzing R-R interval sequence in frequency domain at different abstraction levels. The proof-of-concept is provided by experimentation on a previously studied dataset of 50 subjects and a new dataset of 100 subjects.


The boom in food television has presented a whole new gallery of celebrity chefs. It is striking that the majority are men and that many of them can be read as ways of negotiating an 'uncertain' masculine position through cooking. A case in point is The Naked Chef (1999‐2001) in which Jamie Oliver uses cooking to balance competing discourses on masculinity in his cosmopolitan London life style. This article sets out to compare the way masculinity is performed through cooking in The Naked Chef and the popular Danish food show Spise med Price (2008‐), in which two brothers cook in an isolated summerhouse. Theoretically, the analysis is inspired by Sondergaard's theory on post-traditional gender as constant negotiation of fluid gender boundaries. Cooking can be a way of doing this balancing project, as seen in the case of The Naked Chef. It is argued that in Spise med Price cooking is used to create a performative space of homosocial bonding that allows the two brothers to play with the taboos of everyday life. This homosociality is rendered ambivalent through an explicit use of irony and humour. The Naked Chef and Spise med Price can be read as different ways of using cooking to perform masculinity to a post-traditional era. Finally, it is suggested that Spise med Price could be seen as part of a tendency for cooking shows that portray men escaping the post-traditional social scene and its imperative for gender negotiation.


Fast and slow skeletal muscle types are readily distinguished in larval zebrafi sh on the basis of differences in location and orientation. Additionally, both muscle types are compact, rendering them amenable to in vivo patch clamp study of synaptic function. Slow muscle mediates rhythmic swimming, but it does so purely through synaptic drive, as these cells are unable to generate action potentials. Our patch clamp recordings from muscle pairs of zebrafi sh reveal a network of electrical coupling in slow muscle that allows sharing of synaptic current within and between segmental boundaries of the tail. The synaptic current exhibits slow kinetics (τdecay �4 ms), which further facilitates passage through the low pass fi lter, a consequence of the electrically coupled network. In contrast to slow muscle, fast skeletal muscle generates action potentials to mediate the initial rapid component of the escape response. The combination of very weak electrical coupling and synaptic kinetics (τdecay <1 ms) too fast for the network low pass fi lter minimizes intercellular sharing of synaptic current in fast muscle. These differences between muscle types provide insights into the physiological role(s) of electrical coupling in skeletal muscle. First, intrasegmental coupling among slow muscle cells allows effective transfer of synaptic currents within tail segments, thereby minimizing differences in synaptic depolarization. Second, a fi xed intersegmental delay in synaptic current transit, resulting from the low pass fiproperties of the slow muscle network, helps coordinate the rostral–caudal wave of contraction.


On-chip global signaling in modern SoCs faces significant challenges due to wire pitch scaling and increasing die size. Conventional on-chip synchronous CMOS links have already hit a performance wall in power and latency. Although approaches based on custom low-swing equalized serial-link techniques can yield improvements, strict power/silicon budgets and non-ideal in-situ conditions of large SoCs make their design much more challenging than simply transitioning off-chip signaling technologies to onchip. Therefore, a holistic approach to the on-chip global signaling problem is required. We present analyses and solutions that take into account channel design, low power transceiver circuits, clocking architectures, and power supply considerations.


The liberalization of the Sri Lankan economy in 1977 and the privatization of state enterprises in the ensuing years, created a need for competition policy and rules-based regulatory systems to address distributional concerns. However, the integration of these newer external regulatory processes into the policy framework was slow due to an ongoing civil war, pressures to finance the burgeoning fiscal deficit and the related move to opt for rapid privatization. In addition, the policy and governance milieu, institutional structures, and legal framework within which these reforms were finally formulated and implemented did not allow for an effective competition and regulatory regime. This paper describes and analyzes the policy, institutional and legal framework for competition and regulation in Sri Lanka, placing them in the context of pervasive bad governance practices. It is argued that rampant political capture is the principal obstacle to the creation of effective competition and regulatory agencies. The paper also poses the following questions - how to build effective competition and regulatory institutions and systems and to create the conditions for good regulatory governance in a milieu where bad governance is omnipresent; should the competition and regulation reform process rely more on a "market approach" to the delivery of public interest; can such an approach actually guarantee insulation from political influence, given that vested interests with political connections are not confined to the state sector alone; and what impact will such an approach have on equitable growth and poverty alleviation - and suggests that these should form the basis for the Sri Lankan component of the CRC competition, regulation, and regulatory governance research and capacity building program over the next few years.


In order to evaluate technological innovation and management practices of Chihuahua State agro-industrial PyMES an instrument was designed and applied based on concepts established by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCDE). The instrument was built up based on technological management recognized models, which integrated the management activities, as well as an instrument with six categories, 26 indicators and three levels of response for each indicator. With professional experts supporting the instrument was adjusted and guided in an enterprise and research center. The results show that its usage allows to explore the level of management carried out by the enterprises, the mayor important technological events, the evidence of documentation and the obtaining of a general evaluation over the enterprise management process.


Significance Disrupted functional connectivity of the amygdala may be central to mental illness. Yet, little is known about the functional connectivity of the amygdala in individuals, limiting our ability to understand and treat amygdala dysconnectivity in individual patients. Here, we divide the amygdala into three subdivisions in each of 10 individuals and define connectivity patterns using 5 h of fMRI data per person. We demonstrate that, across individuals, each of the three amygdala subdivisions occupies a roughly consistent location and exhibits consistent functional connectivity with specific cortical functional networks: One to the default mode network, another to the dorsal attention network, and a third without preferential connectivity. The amygdala is central to the pathophysiology of many psychiatric illnesses. An imprecise understanding of how the amygdala fits into the larger network organization of the human brain, however, limits our ability to create models of dysfunction in individual patients to guide personalized treatment. Therefore, we investigated the position of the amygdala and its functional subdivisions within the network organization of the brain in 10 highly sampled individuals (5 h of fMRI data per person). We characterized three functional subdivisions within the amygdala of each individual. We discovered that one subdivision is preferentially correlated with the default mode network; a second is preferentially correlated with the dorsal attention and fronto-parietal networks; and third subdivision does not have any networks to which it is preferentially correlated relative to the other two subdivisions. All three subdivisions are positively correlated with ventral attention and somatomotor networks and negatively correlated with salience and cingulo-opercular networks. These observations were replicated in an independent group dataset of 120 individuals. We also found substantial across-subject variation in the distribution and magnitude of amygdala functional connectivity with the cerebral cortex that related to individual differences in the stereotactic locations both of amygdala subdivisions and of cortical functional brain networks. Finally, using lag analyses, we found consistent temporal ordering of fMRI signals in the cortex relative to amygdala subdivisions. Altogether, this work provides a detailed framework of amygdala–cortical interactions that can be used as a foundation for models relating aberrations in amygdala connectivity to psychiatric symptoms in individual patients.


Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews® (MMBR) publishes reviews dealing with all aspects of microbiology and other fields of concern to microbiologists, such as immunology. Authoritative and critical reviews of the current state of knowledge are preferred, although historical analyses will be accepted if the importance of the subject justifies this approach. Unevaluated compilations of the literature and annotated bibliographies do not fall within the scope of MMBR. Manuscripts of lectures delivered at symposia and roundtables are likewise unacceptable; however, their authors are encouraged to discuss with the editor the possibility of using such material as the basis for preparation of a review when publication in this form seems appropriate. Because a distinct goal of the journal is to appeal to the interests of its diverse group of subscribers, authors are asked to address themselves to both specialists and generalists; this demands conscious concern for this goal in writing. Manuscripts reach MMBR by one of two mechanisms. First, reviews are solicited by the editors from leading investigators around the world. Second, proposals for reviews of subjects that have not been reviewed recently may be submitted as Presubmission Inquiries via the eJournalPress (eJP) online manuscript submission and peer review system (see Submission, Review, and Publication Processes). Such proposals should include a summary; an annotated topical outline; a oneor two-paragraph statement describing the aim, scope, and relevance of the review; a list of key references showing the author's contributions to the field, as well as other investigators' findings; and a curriculum vitae and bibliography for the corresponding author and any other key senior authors. Presubmission Inquiries will be evaluated by the editors, and if the material is satisfactory, the authors will be invited to write the review and submit it as a full manuscript via eJP. A review, whether invited or not, cannot be finally accepted until the finished product has been reviewed and found to be satisfactory.


In this paper, we propose a methodology to evaluate the potential of submicrometer organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with nanoimprinted gate and self-aligned source and drain contacts. In the first step, the dedicated static model we previously reported is updated to account for the subthreshold regime and is used to simulate a zero-VGS inverter (one of the most basic unipolar logic gate). Based on the extracted noise margins, two methodologies were studied to assess the potential of this technology in terms of p-logic digital circuits. The first one is De Vusser's VT-based method that we adapted to our OTFT model. The second one relies on statistical modeling and takes into account the actual worst case scenario for an inverter in terms of noise margins. It better represents the experimental distribution because of specific corner models. The different analysis studied in this paper shows that these OTFTs, in the current state of the technology, are still not ready for complex digital circuits as the throughput is expected to be quite low. In addition, the proposed methodology and related interpretation are technology-independent therefore this analysis may serve as a basis to characterize unipolar-logic printed electronics and can be further extended to complementary-logic circuits.


Lead is one of those materials that man has used throughout history because it is easily extracted and refined with relatively low energy costs and it has a range of useful properties. The significant problem with the material however is its mammalian toxicity and this has driven its elimination from applications where there is an effective substitute. It has been removed from food and water contact applications, such as potable water distribution systems and food cans, and it has been largely eliminated from automotive fuel and paint formulations. In some countries, it has been replaced in PVC stabilisers, ammunition and fishing weights. Of course there are still very large applications for lead, particularly in the ubiquitous accumulator in every automobile and many stationary back-up power systems. However, this is not an acceptable justification for the continued use of the element in smaller applications if there is an alternative. Consequently, the relatively small use of lead in soldering in the electrical and electronics industry started to receive attention from environmentalists and legislators about ten years ago. The toxicity of lead towards its immediate users was not the main driver for elimination from soldering. However, the redistribution of the material into the environment via the landfill of "spent" electronic equipment was seen to present a long-term problem for groundwater purity. The table below gives some indication of the relative risks of lead ingestion by different routes.


We present a survey of the first 21 years of web-based artificial life (WebAL) research and applications, broadly construed to include the many different ways in which artificial life and web technologies might intersect. Our survey covers the period from 1994—when the first WebAL work appeared—up to the present day, together with a brief discussion of relevant precursors. We examine recent projects, from 2010–2015, in greater detail in order to highlight the current state of the art. We follow the survey with a discussion of common themes and methodologies that can be observed in recent work and identify a number of likely directions for future work in this exciting area.


The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court completely divests the Court of the power to compel a state to disclose evidence in its possession if the state opposes such disclosure on grounds of national security. If a state refuses to disclose information essential to the adjudication of a case on national security grounds, the ICC may settle fair trial concerns either by drawing factual inferences favourable to the defendant or by staying the proceedings. I argue, however, that in practice such judicial powers do not provide a sufficient guarantee of a fair trial. I propose to allay fair trial concerns arising from the refusal of states to allow the ICC access to evidence in their possession by introducing a reform in the exercise of the ICC's prosecutorial discretion. According to my proposal, the requirement of a fair trial, which entails the disclosure of material essential for the defence, would be incorporated into the criteria that guide the ICC Prosecutor in the selection of cases for prosecution. Although the present article focuses on the issue of national security evidence, the reach of the proposed reform extends to all cases of state refusal to allow the ICC access to evidence, regardless of the grounds for refusal.


DNA polymerase ζ (Polζ) is an error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis. Polζ consists of two subunits: the catalytic REV3, which belongs to B family DNA polymerase, and the noncatalytic REV7. REV7 also interacts with REV1 polymerase, which is an error-prone Y family DNA polymerase and is also involved in translesion DNA synthesis. Cells deficient in one of the three REV proteins and those deficient in all three proteins show similar phenotype, indicating the functional collaboration of the three REV proteins. REV7 interacts with both REV3 and REV1 polymerases, but the structure of REV7 or REV3, as well as the structural and functional basis of the REV1-REV7 and REV3-REV7 interactions, remains unknown. Here we show the first crystal structure of human REV7 in complex with a fragment of human REV3 polymerase (residues 1847–1898) and reveal the mechanism underlying REV7-REV3 interaction. The structure indicates that the interaction between REV7 and REV3 creates a structural interface for REV1 binding. Furthermore, we show that the REV7-mediated interactions are responsible for DNA damage tolerance. Our results highlight the function of REV7 as an adapter protein to recruit Polζ to a lesion site. REV7 is alternatively called MAD2B or MAD2L2 and also involved in various cellular functions such as signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. Our results will provide a general structural basis for understanding the REV7 interaction.


In this paper we estimate the elasticity of the labour supply to a firm, using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Estimation of this elasticity is of particular interest because of its relevance to the debate about the competitiveness of labour markets. The essence of monopsonistically competitive labour markets is that labour supply to a firm is imperfectly elastic with respect to the wage rate. The intuition is that, where workers have heterogeneous preferences or face mobility costs, firms can offer lower wages without immediately losing their workforce. This is in contrast to the perfectly competitive extreme, in which the elasticity is infinite. Therefore a simple test of whether labour markets are perfectly or imperfectly competitive involves estimating the elasticity of the labour supply to a firm. We do this, following the modelling strategy of Manning (2003), and find that the Australian wage elasticity of labour supply to a firm is around 0.71, only slightly smaller than the figure of 0.75 reported for the UK. These estimates are so far from the perfectly competitive assumption of an infinite elasticity that it would be difficult to make a case that labour markets are perfectly competitive.


In the past few years, we have witnessed the increasing ubiquity of user-generated content on seller reputation and product condition in Internet-based used-good markets. Recent theoretical models of trading and sorting in used-good markets provide testable predictions to use to examine the presence of adverse selection and trade patterns in such dynamic markets. A key aspect of such empirical analyses is to distinguish between product-level uncertainty and seller-level uncertainty, an aspect the extant literature has largely ignored. Based on a unique, 5-month panel data set of user-generated content on used good quality and seller reputation feedback collected from Amazon, this paper examines trade patterns in online used-good markets across four product categories (PDAs, digital cameras, audio players, and laptops). Drawing on two different empirical tests and using content analysis to mine the textual feedback of seller reputations, the paper provides evidence that adverse selection continues to exist in online markets. First, it is shown that after controlling for price and other product, and for seller-related factors, higher quality goods take a longer time to sell compared to lower quality goods. Second, this result also holds when the relationship between sellers' reputation scores and time to sell is examined. Third, it is shown that price declines are larger for more unreliable products, and that products with higher levels of intrinsic unreliability exhibit a more negative relationship between price decline and volume of used good trade. Together, our findings suggest that despite the presence of signaling mechanisms such as reputation feedback and product condition disclosures, the information asymmetry problem between buyers and sellers persists in online markets due to both product-based and seller-based information uncertainty. No consistent evidence of substitution or complementarity effects between product-based and seller-level uncertainty are found. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


This Article documents the increasing range of instances in which the presumption of innocence has been abrogated by legislation. Legislatures are responding to fears around terrorism and general community anxiety about law and order issues by increasing resort to reverse onus provisions. While the right of the legislature to enact laws thought to further public safety is acknowledged, the presumption of innocence is a long-standing, fundamental due process right. This Article specifically considers the extent to which reverse onus provisions are constitutionally valid in a range of jurisdictions considered comparable. It finds that the approach in use in some jurisdictions studied, testing the constitutionality of reverse onus provisions on the basis of whether they practically permit an accused to be found guilty although there is reasonable doubt about their guilt, has much to commend it. However, this is part-solution only, since legislatures may then be driven to redefine crimes to seek to effectively cast the burden of proof onto an accused by redefining what is in substance an element of a defense. Thus, it favors a substantive approach to determining what the prosecutor must show to obtain a conviction, utilizing concepts such as moral blameworthiness and actus reus/mens rea .


Abstract Slawsonite is an extremely scarce natural member of the Feldspar Group, occurring in less than 10 known localities worldwide. We report three new slawsonite occurrences (in Cerťak, Krmelin, and Řepistě) in rocks of the Cretaceous teschenite association in the Czech Republic. At Cerťak, a tabular sill of "teschenite" (in fact analcime syenite, based on its mineral composition) is one of the most alkaline examples of the teschenite association rocks. It shows differentiation to a coarser-grained core enriched in amphiboles, with diffuse transition to the outer zones. Rare thin leucocratic "aplite" dikes contain slawsonite, celsian, microcline, natrolite, prehnite, analcime, and thomsonite-Ca. Slawsonite forms aggregates exhibiting symplectite-like microstructures up to 2 mm long and is associated with euhedral zoned celsian micrograins up to 100 μm in size. Wavelength dispersive X-ray analyses indicate that the chemical composition of slawsonite ranges from Sl 90.4 Cn 3.4 An 1.7 Ab 3.1 Or 1.4 to Sl 60.3 Cn 8.7 An 6.9 Ab 18.3 Or 5.8 ; the composition of celsian ranges from Cn 95.8 An 0.4 Ab 1.0 Or 2.3 Sl 0.5 to Cn 70.1 An 0.5 Ab 2.2 Or 6.3 Sl 20.9 ; and the Na-rich microcline exhibits a composition of Or 58.3 An 2.8 Ab 29.4 Cn 6.4 Sl 3.1 . Slawsonite from Krmelin and Řepistě occurs in a similar geological setting, as aggregates up to 0.3 mm in size that are confined to leucocratic dikes at the endo-contacts of teschenite sills or lava pods. We suggest that slawsonite forms pseudomorphs after nepheline or possibly after plagioclase. Whole-rock geochemistry shows that local teschenites have an affinity for alkali basaltoid rocks typical of MORBs, but are significantly enriched in incompatible elements such as Rb, Ba, Th, U, Ta, Nb, and Sr. With regard to the obvious presence of autometamorphic hydrothermal alteration, we propose that bodies of teschenite association rocks should not be described as dikes; instead, a model of lava pods should be applied.


The main aims of this work are to determine the reproductive patterns of benthic invertebrates in the Kara Sea and to analyse possible adaptations of reproduction strategies to polar conditions. The Kara Sea is a shallow shelf sea located in the Russian Arctic. Hydrography and ecosystems are strongly affected by the immense freshwater input of the two adjacent rivers Ob and Yenisei. Their outflows create a pronounced bilayered pelagic habitat with a confined pycnocline.During the investigation period 44 larval and 54 juvenile species were identified in plankton net and multicorer samples. For 23 of the larval species adults were present in benthos samples. For the remaining 21, adults were reported from the adjacent Barents and Petchora Sea, indicating a strong larval input from the neighbouring seas. Most larvae were found in all water levels, although highest abundances were present in the upper low salinity layer, revealing a high acclimatisation potential of most larvae to low salinities. The pycnocline seemed to act as a physical barrier for most larvae. Meroplankton densities of individual species were generally less than 1 ind. m-3, but brittle star larvae reached densities of 200 ind. m-3. The importance of retention in the study area varied strongly between species.Most benthic species show an Arctic zoogeographic distribution, but considerable numbers of boreal species were also found. The river run-off may not only foster the survival of euryhaline species but through its thermal input may also create favourable conditions for boreal species. Most invertebrate species seem to reproduce directly (without pelagic larvae), which can be explained partly by the high share of peracarid crustaceans. Contrary to other taxa, which display a huge spectrum of reproduction modes within species and geographic regions, peracarids show a direct reproduction trait all over the world. Their elimination from the dataset reveals a larger share of indirect reproducing species. It is assumed that due to the Kara Seas high environmental variability unfavourable conditions for benthic species often occur. Species with pelagic larvae or highly mobile peracarid crustaceans may have an advantage in reoccupying devastated habitats.The numerous larval types found indicate that planktonic development is important in the Kara Sea ecosystem.


One of the most critical components of the competent teacher is his/her attitude toward children. All facets of teacher-training programs then, should be research in terms of their effect on the attitudes of the participants. Because of this importance of these attitudes, this study focuses on a comparison between student-teachers in the first undergraduate year and those in the final undergraduate year of their preparation program, in an attempt to discover what attitudes toward pupil control are crystallized and/or developed by student-teachers during the training period. -- The major problem of this study was to determine whether there were differences between the attitudes toward pupil control of junior and senior students in teacher-training, and to show the relationships between such differences of attitudes and certain situational factors or variables. It was hypothesized that the attitudes of junior (first year) student-teachers toward pupil control would be different from those of senior (fourth and/or fifth year) student-teachers, in that the attitudes of the latter would be more humanistic. -- The 322 student-teachers who were randomly selected to participate in the study were requested to complete two questionnaires dealing with certain aspects of pupil control. Form A of the Pupil Control Ideology Instrument consisted of 20 items and the response categories were scored 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, on a continuum ranging from extreme custodialism to extreme humanism. Form B of the instrument contained 60 items and was used to measure other aspects of pupil control ideology not measured by Form A. On each form of the instrument, the lower the score obtained the more humanistic the respondent was deemed to be. -- As hypothesized, there were significant differences in the attitudes toward pupil control of junior and senior student-teachers, in that the attitudes of the latter were much more humanistic, even when controlling for the variable, years of teaching experience. -- The implications of this study are quite clear. Student-teachers who had spent four or five years at Memorial University of Newfoundland had mellowed somewhat in their attitudes toward instruction and guidance of pupils at school, school discipline and general views on child psychology, when compared with student-teachers who were just starting their training at the institution. Thus, undergraduate training had a considerable impact upon the socialization of student-teachers with respect to their attitudes toward pupil control or their pupil control ideology.


PURPOSE
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (HPV16) causes cancer at several anatomic sites. In the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition study, HPV16 E6 seropositivity was present more than 10 years before oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis and was nearly absent in controls. The current study sought to evaluate the extent to which HPV16 E6 antibodies are present before diagnosis of anogenital cancers within the same cohort.

METHODS
Four hundred incident anogenital cancers (273 cervical, 24 anal, 67 vulvar, 12 vaginal, and 24 penile cancers) with prediagnostic blood samples (collected on average 3 and 8 years before diagnosis for cervix and noncervix cancers, respectively) and 718 matched controls were included. Plasma was analyzed for antibodies against HPV16 E6 and multiple other HPV proteins and genotypes and evaluated in relation to risk using unconditional logistic regression.

RESULTS
HPV16 E6 seropositivity was present in 29.2% of individuals (seven of 24 individuals) who later developed anal cancer compared with 0.6% of controls (four of 718 controls) who remained cancer free (odds ratio [OR], 75.9; 95% CI, 17.9 to 321). HPV16 E6 seropositivity was less common for cancers of the cervix (3.3%), vagina (8.3%), vulva (1.5%), and penis (8.3%). No associations were seen for non-type 16 HPV E6 antibodies, apart from anti-HPV58 E6 and anal cancer (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.4 to 33.1). HPV16 E6 seropositivity tended to increase in blood samples drawn closer in time to cancer diagnosis.

CONCLUSION
HPV16 E6 seropositivity is relatively common before diagnosis of anal cancer but rare for other HPV-related anogenital cancers.