Abstract This paper uses panel data to show that capital controls have a significant impact on international interest rate differentials. Various types of controls can be distinguished within the data. The analysis shows that the aforementioned effects of capital controls on interest rates are especially strong in the case of capital import controls on portfolio capital; the implementation of these controls has been suggested in the wake of the Asian Crisis to prevent further crises. The results presented herein contradict the hypothesis that capital controls can achieve a restructuring of the maturity of capital inflows without a distortion in international capital allocation.


There has been little research on postpartum depression (PPD) in the southeastern region of Montana. In the clinical experience of this researcher, relatively few health care providers perform a thorough assessment for PPD as part of postpartum care. Health care providers tend to underestimate both the incidence and effects of PPD. This study surveyed 16 women in southeastern Montana at their 4 to 6 week postpartum health care visit, using a standardized Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). Surveys were scored while participants were at the clinic, and results were made available to the participants' health care providers. Women were surveyed at a physician-run OB/GYN practice. Fifteen of the women were married and one woman was single. One woman had only a high school education, 7 had some college, and 8 had 4-year college degrees. All of the women had health care insurance. Of the 16 women surveyed, 8 had PDSS scores consistent with normal adjustment. Five had PDSS scores consistent with significant symptoms of postpartum depression, and 3 women had PDSS scores that indicated a positive screen for postpartum depression. While the results fall within the prevalence rates indicated in the review of literature, they are not statistically significant and cannot be generalized to all women in southeastern Montana or to other populations. This study should be replicated with a larger sample size.


It has always been a target to shorten and improve the healing process in medical field. Platelets with cytokines and growth factors in their structure have great importance on wound healing. Features of platelets gave the clinicians the idea of using platelet concentrates to promote the healing process. For this reason, many platelet-derived biomaterials have been tried in the medical field over the years. When approaching today, platelet concentrates have been found to be used medically, especially with the use of platelet rich plasmas (PRPs) and then platelet rich fibrins (PRFs). In particular, several studies conducted in recent years have revaled different blood concentrates. This chapter summarizes the develoment over time, properties and usage areas of blood concentrates in dentistry.


Monopoles which are sources of non-Abelian magnetic flux are predicted by many models of grand unification. It has been argued elsewhere that a generic transformation of the "unbroken" symmetry group H cannot be globally implemented on such monopoles for reasons of topology. In this paper, we show that similar topological obstructions are encountered in the mechanics of a test particle in the field of these monopoles and that the transformations of H cannot all be globally implemented as canonical transformations. For the SU(5) model, if H is SU(3)C×U(1)em, a consequence is that color multiplets are not globally defined, while if H is SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, the same is the case for both color and electroweak multiplets. There are, however, several subgroups KT, KT′,… of H which can be globally implemented, with the transformation laws of the observables differing from group to group in a novel way. For H=SU(3)C×U(1)em, a choice for KT is SU(2)C×U(1)em, while for H=SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, a choice is SU(2)C×U(1)×U(1)×U(1). The paper also develops the differential geometry of monopoles in a form convenient for computations.


This dissertation looks at how marginalized people experience embodiment in intellectual spaces. By looking at the experiences of twenty current and former sex workers in academia, I find that individual actors practice two kinds of embodiment, what I label 1) fragmented (consciously separating erotic and intellectual work) and 2) confluent embodiment (making erotic and intellectual work more confluent). I find that embodiment practices change depending on the social context in which they occur. My findings expand the literature on embodiment and sociologies of the body for a more robust and fluid definition of the ways individual actors practice and reflect on their own embodiment. By looking at how current and former sex workers in academia talk about 1) why they entered academia and their expectations there, 2) the experiences that constrain their ability to do intellectual work, and 3) the way they resist constraints in academia, I find that individual actors simultaneously inscribe and resist classical dualisms put forth by 18 century philosopher Rene Descartes. I furthermore find that interviewees' reflections on their fragmented embodiment practices, practices that mirror Cartesian dualisms, expand sociological concepts of "disembodiment" for a more agential and fluid understanding of embodiment. By utilizing an Arts Based Research format, my work also resists the traditional writing structures of academia that have, historically, positioned authors and researchers as subjects while rendering their readers passive objects.


Financial planners often impress upon their clients the power of compounding by quoting them the Rule of 72: With annual compounding, a dollar invested in an investment account at a constant interest rate of r% per annum grows to two dollars in approximately 72/r years. In this note I show that the Rule of 72 is easily extended to lifetime savings: If an investor invests one dollar at the start of each year over the course of her working life at a constant interest rate of r% per annum, approximately half the terminal value of her account can be attributed to the first 72/r years of contributions. The result, while simple, seems not to be well known, and has repeatedly proven useful when counseling young investors on the importance of saving for retirement from an early age, particularly when their primary retirement vehicle is a 401(k) plan.


This dissertation examines the responses of the Muslim community in Meerut city, in western Uttar Pradesh, India, to the rise of militant Hindu nationalism and to the anti-Muslim violence that shook Meerut in April-May 1987. I show how Meerut Muslims engaged in adaptive economic and political strategies in the wake of the 1987 violence and how these strategies culminated in a new style of participatory politics. This emerged under the leadership of the hitherto low status Qureshi (butcher) community. I show how Qureshi political activism has worked to create a Muslim political community which can be mobilised in terms both of civic and Muslim identities. I also demonstrate how Muslim political leaders have engaged in an instrumental politics of vote-trading with Hindu low- caste political parties. Both communities are exploiting new possibilities for representation in an era of multi-party coalition politics at state and national levels. My account of the 'new Muslim politics' in Meerut examines how Islam is understood alongside civic, or even secular, accounts of what it means to be a Muslim in contemporary India. More generally, my discussion of the production of ethnic peace in Meerut since c.1990 allows me to contribute to an ongoing debate on the causes and differential geography of 'communal' violence in India. I do not attempt to adjudicate between the competing accounts of 'votes and violence' offered by Steven Wilkinson, Ashutosh Varshney, Paul Brass and others. Instead, I seek to build on their work by offering a more considered discussion of Muslim political agency in the face of provocative militant Hinduism. Behind concerted campaigns for security and survival, the 'new Muslim politics' mirrors a commitment to the goals of respect and dignity that is also to be found among the region's poorest Hindu communities and the Scheduled Castes (dalits).


Japan's most controversial anime series is over...but not the manga version of Neon Genesis Evangelion! Series co-creator Yoshiyuki Sadamoto's personal interpretation of the Evangelion characters and story is sure to intrigue new and old fans alike. In 2015, the Angels have returned, and Shinji Ikari, a fourteen year-old child of the new Earth, is forced by his father Gendo-commander of the secret organization NERV-to pilot the monstrous biomechanical weapon called Evangelion to match the Angels' fearsome power. As a carrier fleet steams towards Japan carrying a mysterious embryonic form linked to the true origins of the human race, a hurricane is about to blow down Shinji's momentary peace: the wind through the red hair of Asuka Langley Soryu, the new Eva pilot arriving in Tokyo-3...One of the founding members of Gainax, Japan's most progressive anime studio, Evangelion's Yoshiyuki Sadamoto was also the character designer for their recent Adult Swim smash FLCL. EVA Vol. 4 contains a Japanese sound FX glossary plus a special bonus interview with the voice of Asuka, Battle Royale's Yuko Miyamura!


Outcomes : Extensive data from many randomised, controlled trials have shown the benefit of treating hypertension (HTN). The target blood pressure (BP) for antihypertensive management is systolic < 140 mmHg and diastolic < 90 mmHg, with minimal or no drug side effects. Lower targets are no longer recommended. The reduction of BP in the elderly should be achieved gradually over one month. Co-existent cardiovascular (CV) risk factors should also be controlled.
Benefits : Reduction in risk of stroke, cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.
Recommendations : Correct BP measurement procedure is described. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors and recommendations for antihypertensive therapy are stipulated. Lifestyle modification and patient education are cornerstones of management. The major indications, precautions and contra-indications are listed for each antihypertensive drug recommended. Drug therapy for the patient with uncomplicated HTN is either mono- or combination therapy with a low-dose diuretic, calcium channel blocker (CCB) and an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Combination therapy should be considered ab initio if the BP is ≥ 160/100 mmHg. In black patients, either a diuretic and/or a CCB is recommended initially because the response rate is better compared to an ACEI. In resistant hypertension, add an alpha-blocker, spironolactone, vasodilator or β-blocker.
Validity : The guideline was developed by the Southern African Hypertension Society 2014©.


Under normal physiological conditions, a homeostatic balance exists between the formation of oxgyen radicals (ROS) and their removal by endogenous scavenging antioxidants. An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants that is in favor of the oxidants potentially leading to damage is termed "oxidative stress". Mitochondria are a major producer of ROS, which mainly consists of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. Especially, during systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, septic shock, there is an overproduction of ROS while the natural antioxidant mechanisms are weakened, mainly because of endothelial cell damage. General anesthesia can impair the immunological defense mechanisms while inducing an inflammatory reaction in alveolar macrophages. In chronic diseases and high mortality situations like sepsis, oxidative/antioxidative equilibrium shifts to the direction of oxidative stress. When elderly patients with chronic diseases and patients with sepsis undergo surgical operations, anesthesia and anesthetic agents used increases the oxidative stress in addition to the surgical trauma. Thence many studies are ongoing on the antioxidant drugs and enzymes. We must never forget to take the oxidative stress of our patients into account while planning their treatments.


This article focus on the accessibility of pharmaceuticals reimbursed from the compulsory health insurance fund (CHIF) budget in terms of prices in 2009–2015. Data on CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals were obtained from the database of the National health insurance fund under the Ministry of Health. The major part of CHIF budget expenditure (45–48%) was used to cover the cost of pharmaceuticals for oncology and cardiovascular diseases at 100% and 80% reimbursement level in 2009–2015. CHIF budget expenditure on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and reimbursed per prescription, patients co-payment for pharmaceuticals decreased in 2009–2011, however, these indicators increased in 2012–2015. Patients' co-payment for reimbursed pharmaceuticals was 26.91% of CHIF budget expenditure in 2009–2015. The highest patients co-payments were paid for cardiovascular diseases pharmaceuticals at 80% reimbursement level whereas the lowest co-payments for oncology pharmaceuticals at 100% reimbursement level. The highest co-payments for reimbursed pharmaceuticals were paid by the patients of working age (18–65) and retirement age (65+). Furthermore, the majorpart of CHIF budget expenditure (95%) was used to cover the cost of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for both patients groups, especially for working age patients. Although the state government and other government institutions, in implementing the pharmaceutical reimbursement policy, applied various measures to improve accessibility for reimbursed pharmaceuticals, however, the accessibility of reimbursed pharmaceuticals for patients (especially for those of the retirement age of 65+) was ensured in the short term (2009–2011).


Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are the authors' own and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Australian Government or the Department of Defence. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication, the Commonwealth of Australia and the authors—to the extent permitted by law—disclaim all liability howsoever caused (including as a result of negligence) arising from the use of, or reliance on, this publication. By accessing this publication users are deemed to have consented to this condition and agree that this publication is used entirely at their own risk.


This Note seeks to describe the legal system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) by analyzing the extent to which countries that are members of the WTO can contract out of WTO obligations. The current literature on the WTO provides two primary models through which we can understand the WTO's legal regime: a constitutional model and a contractual model. The constitutional model sees the WTO as a legal system that cannot be easily varied by individual WTO members because WTO commitments are made to all members. Alternatively, the contractual model describes WTO obligations as easily variable by subsets of members, since WTO commitments are made only on a bilateral (country-to-country) basis. This Note addresses that debate by looking at the ability of WTO members to contract out of WTO obligations through bilateral and regional trade agreements, whereby two or more members define the trade rules governing their relationship outside of the WTO legal regime. WTO law governing regional trade agreements reveals that, on the one hand, member states cannot contract out of all WTO obligations; certain core obligations cannot be varied. However, there remains significant scope for contracting out through regional trade agreements on most subjects. Therefore, both the constitutional and contractual models are insufficient and do not accurately describe the nature of WTO obligations.


Academics, policy makers and practitioners often stress the need for definition to inform analysis and policy. This paper explores recent debate on the identification of a third sector of organisational activity in the UK. It reviews some leading academic models that have sought to locate this sector alongside others, and then examines attempts to identify the sector as a focus for policy and practice. The importance of policy discourses in shaping debate and constructing definition is explained and the potentially fractured nature of these discourses is explored. These are then contrasted with discourses from practice. A distinction is made between exogenous and endogenous approaches to definition, and the implications of each discussed. The paper identifies a strategic unity within discourse in the UK over the last decade and argues that this has been effective in constituting a unified third sector within policy and practice, albeit one with underlying diversity and potential longer-term instability.


Parenting receives growing amounts of attention from researchers, and what was once considered chiefly an art is now also recognized for being a science. Our knowledge of parenting has increased significantly in the last few decades; new developments continue to happen daily. The Encyclopedia of Parenting provides, in reference book format, what we now know about parents, parenting, and the parent-child relationship, synthesized in some 250 alphabetically arranged entries. Each entry is written by an expert contributor and provides an authoritative overview of a particular topic. Subjects covered include: child activity; child outcomes; child states; parent behaviours; parental situations; external and community factors; systematic concerns; the transition to parenthood; available resources; persons who have added to our knowledge of the field. Entries draw on a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, education, and sociology. Each entry closes with a bibliography, and the volume concludes with a selected list of works for further reading.


More than ever before, law school graduates interested in business law enter a workforce where they must effectively interface with professionals from other disciplines. Yet there are precious few opportunities in law school for students to practice the skills required to perform on an interdisciplinary team. This is especially true regarding mixed teams of law and technical students.This essay explores a model for integrating an interdisciplinary practicum module into a free-standing class. The module challenges teams of law and engineering students to work together to perform a prior art search, interview an inventor, and draft patent claims over a new technology. But beyond developing technical skills, the module also forces students to think more broadly. Students begin to consider patenting in context, seeing patents as a business tool rather than simply a legal formality. Even more importantly, because the students must handle a difficult assignment with a partner trained in a different discipline, it calls upon them to consider the varied skills and perspectives of each team member and leverage those skills to improve the collaborative work product.The essay first presents an argument for why an interdisciplinary module can be an important pedagogical device. It then explains the module in detail, including changes implemented from lessons learned. The essay then highlights some critical observations about the module's design that could be helpful when replicating it at another institution. It then concludes with analytical data and remarks collected from past students, in order to measure the module's effectiveness and relevance to the students' post-graduation careers.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the new features of HTML5 and CSS3. More specifically, how transitions, animations and embedding video are being incorporated into the design process for mobile devices. As well as how CSS3 and HTML5 are helping to reduce the amount of images needed to produce websites. The study asks the question "How HTML5 and CSS3 are impacting web development for mobile devices?" With the recent release of the latest draft of HTML5 and CSS3 released in February of 2010 there are several new features of HTML5 and CSS3 that designers now have at their disposal. Features like transitions and animations, audio and video elements, and a group of properties that are reducing the amount of images, are helping to make HTML5 and CSS3 the coding language of choice when designing for mobile devices. Elite and Specialized Interviewing and Descriptive Research methods of research were used to discover the pros and cons of HTML5 and CSS3.


Establishment of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) in 2006 was heralded as a major advance for marine conservation. The PMNM is one of the largest no‐take marine reserves in the world (36,207,439 hectares) and includes all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Despite the protection, within its boundaries one of Hawaii's most charismatic marine species, the endemic Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi), is declining towards extinction. In contrast, monk seal abundance is increasing in the largely unprotected Main Hawaiian Islands. High juvenile mortality in the NWHI has been identified as the demographic factor responsible for the population decline. The ecological drivers of the dynamic are unknown. We evaluate an intervention proposed by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center within the PMNM in a situation in which there is little or no precedent of theory to support management decisions, and then examine the conflicting conservation mandates that pose challenges for monk seal conservation. Benefits of intervention include the potential to maintain subpopulations in the NWHI, and therefore preserve the metapopulation structure, and it will provide additional time for management agencies to continue studies to understand factors limiting population growth. If conditions inside the PMNM do not improve, however, juvenile seals will continue to experience poor survival and subpopulations in the NWHI will continue to decline in spite of intervention. The long‐term success of any intervention requires the underlying ecological reason for the NWHI population decline, which is currently unclear. The failure of the PMNM to conserve endangered Hawaiian monk seals highlights conflicting goals of different conservation agendas, the need to understand ecosystem function and large‐scale ecosystem interactions, and the necessity of adaptive management.


The 17O(p,g)18F reaction plays an important role in hydrogen burning processes in different stages of stellar evolution. The rate of this reaction must therefore be known with high accuracy in order to provide the necessary input for astrophysical models.
The cross section of 17O(p,g)18F is characterized by a complicated resonance structure at low energies. Experimental data, however, is scarce in a wide energy range which increases the uncertainty of the low energy extrapolations. The purpose of the present work is therefore to provide consistent and precise cross section values in a wide energy range.
The cross section is measured using the activation method which provides directly the total cross section. With this technique some typical systematic uncertainties encountered in in-beam gamma-spectroscopy experiments can be avoided.
The cross section was measured between 500 keV and 1.8 MeV proton energies with a total uncertainty of typically 10%. The results are compared with earlier measurements and it is found that the gross features of the 17O(p,g)18F excitation function is relatively well reproduced by the present data. Deviation of roughly a factor of 1.5 is found in the case of the total cross section when compared with the only one high energy dataset. At the lowest measured energy our result is in agreement with two recent datasets within one standard deviation and deviates by roughly two standard deviations from a third one. An R-matrix analysis of the present and previous data strengthen the reliability of the extrapolated zero energy astrophysical S-factor.
Using an independent experimental technique, the literature cross section data of 17O(p,g)18F is confirmed in the energy region of the resonances while lower direct capture cross section is recommended at higher energies. The present dataset provides a constraint for the theoretical cross sections.


In this paper and a companion paper we present the DIRTY model, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, self-consistently including dust heating and emission and accounting for the effects of the transient heating of small grains. The code is completely general: the density structure of the dust, the number and type of heating sources, and their geometric configurations can be specified arbitrarily within the model space. Source photons are tracked through the scattering and absorbing medium using Monte Carlo techniques, and the effects of multiple scattering are included. The dust-scattering, -absorbing, and -emitting properties are calculated from realistic dust models derived by fitting observed extinction curves in Local Group galaxies, including the Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way. The dust temperature and the emitted dust spectrum are calculated self-consistently from the absorbed energy, including the effects of temperature fluctuations in small grains. Dust self-absorption is also accounted for, allowing the treatment of high optical depths, by treating photons emitted by the dust as an additional heating source and adopting an iterative radiative transfer scheme. As an illustrative case, we apply the DIRTY radiative transfer code to starburst galaxies wherein the heating sources are derived from stellar evolutionary synthesis models. Within the context of the starburst model, we examine the dependence of the ultraviolet to far-infrared spectral energy distribution, dust temperatures, and dust masses predicted by DIRTY on variations of the input parameters.


Traditional discussions of security are state-centric and ignore individual experience. Presenting a counter-perspective, this article extends existing literature about violence and insecurity by representing the perspectives of those for whom security is a daily concern: young educated Papua New Guinean women living in Papua New Guinea's towns and cities. Drawing on thirty interviews conducted between 2007 and 2013, I explore how young women in Port Moresby and Goroka talk about violence and insecurity. The article highlights the frustration they experience because of their limited mobility and the ways they are forced to manage their sense of security in these contexts.


In this study, depression, submissive social behaviors, and frequency of automatic negative thoughts in obese and normal weight Turkish adolescents were investigated. Their depression levels, submissive social behaviors, and negative automatic thoughts were measured using the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1985, adapted by Oy, 1991), the Submissive Acts Scale (Gilbert and Allan, 1984, adapted by Sahin and Sahin, 1992b), and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon and Kendall, 1980, adapted by Aydýn and Aydýn, 1990 and Sahin and Sahin, 1992a) respectively. To compare two group averages of the test scores, Mann-Whitney U statistics were employed. Results indicated that the depression level of the obese group was higher than the normal weight group's level. There was no significant difference in the means of the Submissive Acts Scale and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire scores between the obese group and the normal weight group. The findings of this study suggest that there is an association between adolescent obesity and depression for Turkish adolescents.


There has been limited research into fashion public relations. This study explores social media use in public relations in the Australian fashion industry, using ethnographic inquiry and semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest social media is transforming fashion public relations, but its adoption is uneven, with overlaps in marketing and public relations activity. Participants use social media to engage fashion publics, keep up to date with trends, monitor competitors and promote clients. Bloggers are increasingly influential. Participants perceive they must embrace social media, or risk getting left behind. The findings contribute to understanding diverse public relations practices and the ways public relations activity is transforming in response to social media.


This paper analyses poverty in three districts of Zimbabwe. It uses household data to argue that there are two dominant poverty traps individually and jointly afflicting households. It argues that asset poverty is less severe than income poverty. It further argues that assets indicate potential for future production, especially in the context of employment opportunities for the poor, and that this is the most potent and cost-effective strategy to fight poverty. It concludes by estimating household demand for labour, concluding that increasing non-farm incomes and ownership of a minimum bundle of productive assets is necessary for long-term poverty reduction.


Elucidating factors associated with adherence to treatment for physical and mental health conditions is important, given well-documented associations between non-adherence and poor treatment outcomes. Researchers have worked to identify such factors; however, most studies focus on adherence to medical, rather than, psychological treatments. Clarifying variables that predict adherence to psychotherapy is particularly important for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for whom treatment, which typically involves exposure to trauma-related stimuli and imagery, can be aversive. It may consequently be associated with high nonadherence rates, even though studies indicate that greater adherence to PTSD treatment relates to better treatment outcomes. Research needs to identify factors that increase or decrease the likelihood that affected individuals will enter and complete therapy. Although several studies to date have examined adherence to treatment for PTSD, this literature is limited on several fronts. First, studies on psychotherapy adherence have identified few consistent predictors of treatment adherence. Second, adherence to psychotherapy is rarely a central focus of treatment-related research; more typically, researchers treat adherence as secondary in importance to treatment outcomes. Third, little research on psychotherapy adherence has been theoretically driven. Fourth, little adherence research has focused on combat veterans with PTSD, who tend to have particularly poor treatment outcomes. Especially lacking is knowledge about predictors of adherence in veterans who have recently returned from combat; most research focuses on veterans of the Vietnam War, many of whom were initially traumatized decades earlier. The study tested the hypothesis that elevated reports of a specific type of PTSD symptom--avoidance/emotional numbing-predicted poorer adherence to treatment in 160 veterans who received psychotherapy. No significant associations between avoidance and emotional numbing symptoms and adherence were found. However, emotional numbing was negatively related to psychotherapy adherence. Other variables typically related to PTSD and treatment outcomes were found to be important predictors of psychotherapy adherence and completion/noncompletion of therapy. INDEX WORDS: Post-traumatic stress disorder, Adherence, Drop out, Avoidance, Emotional numbing, Combat veterans, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom ADHERENCE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS IN VETERANS OF MILITARY COMBAT IN AFGHANISTAN (OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM) AND IRAQ (OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM)


Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have provided a first glimpse of the collection of transcribed sequences in a variety of organisms. However, a careful analysis of this sequence data can provide significant additional functional, structural and evolutionary information. Our analysis of the public EST sequences, available through the TIGR Gene Indices (TGI; http://www.tigr.org/tdb/tdb.html ), is an attempt to identify the genes represented by that data and to provide additional information regarding those genes. Gene Indices are constructed for selected organisms by first clustering, then assembling EST and annotated gene sequences from GenBank. This process produces a set of unique, high-fidelity virtual transcripts, or tentative consensus (TC) sequences. The TC sequences can be used to provide putative genes with functional annotation, to link the transcripts to mapping and genomic sequence data, and to provide links between orthologous and paralogous genes.


Inference to the best explanation (IBE) is the principle of inference according to which, when faced with a set of competing hypotheses, where each hypothesis is empirically adequate for explaining the phenomena, we should infer the truth of the hypothesis that best explains the phenomena. When our theories correctly display this principle, we call them our 'best'. In this paper, I examine the explanatory role of mathematics in our best scientific theories. In particular, I will elucidate the enormous utility of mathematical structures. I argue from a reformed indispensability argument that mathematical structures are explanatorily indispensable to our best scientific theories. Therefore, IBE scientific realism entails mathematical realism. I develop a naturalistic, neo-Quinean ontology, which grounds physical and mathematical entities in structures. Mathematical structures are the truthmakers for the entities of our quantificational discourse. I also develop an 'ontic conception' of explanation, according to which explanations exist in the world, whether or not we discover and model them. I apply the ontic account to mathematical structures, arguing that these structures are the explanations for particles, forces, and even the conservation laws of physics. As such, mathematical structures provide the fundamental grounding for ontological commitment. I conclude by reviewing the evidence from modern physics for the existence of mathematical structures.


This reseacrh is aimed to analyze the financial KUD Sentosa during last three years that evaluated from monetery ratio of KUD. This research was happened at KUD Sentosa village Air Terbit District Of East Tapung Sub- Province Of Kampar. The method that used was case study in order to see the monetary ratio of KUD Sentosa, The research result shown from monetery ratio by calculating the ratio of liquidity KUD reside in liquid position, ratio indicate that KUD Sentosa is in solvable reside. Active ratio shown that KUD Sentosa still depend from the using of foreign capital, if shown from rentability ratio advantage obtained by KUD is still lower compared with the using of total grand capital. Keywords: KUD of Sentosa, monetary ratio of KUD, solvable and likuid


Most P2P Video-On-Demand (VOD) schemes mainly focus more on mending service architectures and optimizing overlays but do not carefully consider the user behavior and the benefit of prefetching strategies. As a result, they cannot better support VCR-oriented services in terms of substantive asynchronous clients, and free VCR controls for P2P VODs. In this paper, we propose VOVO, VCR-oriented VOD for large-scale P2P networks. By mining associations inside a video, the segments requested in VCR interactivities are accurately predicted based on the information collected through gossips. Together with a hybrid caching strategy, a collaborative prefetching scheme is proposed to optimize resource distribution among neighboring peers. We evaluate VOVO through extensive experiments. Results show that VOVO is scalable and effective, providing short startup latencies and good performance in VCR interactivities.


This paper discusses how policy interventions not only alter the legal and financial framework in which an individual is operating, but can also lead to changes in relevant beliefs. We argue that such belief changes in how an individual perceives herself, relevant others, the regulator and/or the activity in question can lead to behavioral changes that were neither intended nor expected when the policy was designed. In the environmental economics literature, these secondary impacts of conventional policy interventions have not been systematically reviewed. Hence, we intend to raise awareness of these effects. In this paper, we review relevant research from behavioral economics and psychology, and identify and discuss the domains for which beliefs can change. Lastly, we discuss design options with which an undesired change in beliefs can be avoided when a new policy is put into practice.


In many developing and emerging economies, rapid income growth and changing demographics is leading to heightened demand for energy-intensive urban transportation. This study provides a comprehensive empirical framework for analyzing how income, age, and education influence individual energy use and carbon emissions through multiple dimensions of travel behavior, including number of trips, trip distance, transportation mode choice, vehicle ownership, and fuel economy of cars. Analyzing travel diary survey data collected by the authors in Shenzhen in 2014, we find that energy consumption and carbon emissions increase almost proportionally to income, and that older age and more education increase energy use and carbon emissions substantially, with the relative importance of different channels varying by factor.


In her plays O'Reilly is concerned with fundamental manipulations of Personae, in the Greek sense of 'Masks', as the site where identity resides in performative terms. In the wider world when we our 'masks' slip, for whatever reason, we experience a crisis often manifest in violence or loss. Drawing principally on her plays Henhouse (2005) and a recent adaptation of Aeschylus' The Persians (2010), this paper proposes a theatre metaphor for the post-1989 era where individual identities and their racial national and tribal co-relates become Masks of History. Whether these 'Masks' are 'worn' voluntarily or under coercion the transformation is essentially psychophysical. Though ideologically created, these masks can be seen as memes. When expressed through the body they offer the playwright a tool to transcend narrowly individualistic character writing. Thus the stage is populated with dramatis personae which embody our uncertainties in the post-1989 era.


Here; we have described and tested a microarray based-method for the screening of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. This DNA microarray assay is specific and sensitive and can detect dual infections with two dengue virus serotypes and single-serotype infections. Other methodologies may underestimate samples containing more than one serotype. This technology can be used to discriminate between the four DENV serotypes. Single-stranded DNA targets were covalently attached to glass slides and hybridised with specific labelled probes. DENV isolates and dengue samples were used to evaluate microarray performance. Our results demonstrate that the probes hybridized specifically to DENV serotypes; with no detection of unspecific signals. This finding provides evidence that specific probes can effectively identify single and double infections in DENV samples.


Gastric cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Metastatic gastric cancer is correlatedwith a poor prognosis. Despite the large progress in cancer's treatment strategies, metastatic gastric cancer still aprovider of bad outcomes. The importance of targeted therapy became clear over the last few years. This papersummarized comprehensive and current overview of the latest translational and clinical research articles andcongress presentations, for a pragmatic use of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer.


Flame retardant polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) materials were prepared by the incorporation of decabromodiphenyl oxide and Sb2O3 in addition to nanoparticles, montmorillonite clay, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Their fire performance was screened with microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) as well as evaluated by cone calorimetry. The decabromodiphenyl oxide–Sb2O3 system exhibited better efficiency in reducing the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PP compared to PS in the MCC, whereas the trend was the opposite in cone calorimetry. Introduction of clay or CNTs to the decabromodiphenyl oxide–Sb2O3 system was beneficial in reducing the PHRR of both composites in cone calorimetry; however, a reduction in the PHRR in the MCC was only observed in the PS composites. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies revealed that the fire results from the MCC for the two types of composites were strongly correlated with their thermal degradation traces. There were poor relationships between the parameters of MCC and cone calorimetry, but good correlation between the temperature difference of the first and second peak of mass loss rate in the TGA, temperature at the PHRR in the MCC, and fire performance index in the cone calorimetry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Culture of multiple periprosthetic tissue samples is the current gold-standard for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections (PJI). Additional diagnostic information may be obtained through sonication fluid culture of explants. However, current techniques can have relatively low sensitivity, with prior antimicrobial therapy and infection by fastidious organisms influencing results. We assessed if metagenomic sequencing of complete bacterial DNA extracts obtained direct from sonication fluid can provide an alternative rapid and sensitive tool for diagnosis of PJI. We compared metagenomic sequencing with standard aerobic and anaerobic culture in 97 sonication fluid samples from prosthetic joint and other orthopaedic device infections. Reads from Illumina MiSeq sequencing were taxonomically classified using Kraken. Using 50 samples (derivation set), we determined optimal thresholds for the number and proportion of bacterial reads required to identify an infection and validated our findings in 47 independent samples. Compared to sonication fluid culture, the species-level sensitivity of metagenomic sequencing was 61/69(88%,95%CI 77-94%) (derivation samples 35/38[92%,79-98%]; validation 26/31[84%,66-95%]), and genus-level sensitivity was 64/69(93%,84-98%). Species-level specificity, adjusting for plausible fastidious causes of infection, species found in concurrently obtained tissue samples, and prior antibiotics, was 85/97(88%,79-93%) (derivation 43/50[86%,73-94%], validation 42/47[89%,77-96%]). High levels of human DNA contamination were seen despite use of laboratory methods to remove it. Rigorous laboratory good practice was required to prevent bacterial DNA contamination. We demonstrate metagenomic sequencing can provide accurate diagnostic information in PJI. Our findings combined with increasing availability of portable, random-access sequencing technology offers the potential to translate metagenomic sequencing into a rapid diagnostic tool in PJI.


The wild boar, Sus scrofa , is an important game species widely distributed in Eurasia. Whereas the genetic variability of most European wild boar populations is well known, the status of wild boar living in Southern Italy is not as clear. We evaluated the present and past genetic diversity (D-loop, mtDNA) of the South Italian population, comparing it with that observed in other Mediterranean glacial refugia. Italian population showed highest genetic variability, if compared to other two European refugia (Iberian and Balkan). Most of samples from Italy carried sequences belonging to the European E1 haplogroup (80.9%) with a small proportion of the private Italian E2 (10.2%) and of the Asian (8.9%) ones. Italian samples carrying an Asian haplotype were genotyped by MC1R nuclear gene, failing to disclose a recent introgression from domestic pigs. Mismatch distribution analysis of the Italian population was affected by secondary contacts between these different lineages. This genetic melting pot was detected since the Mesolithic and the Neolithic age, during which we found samples belonging to the indigenous Italian and European haplogroups. Further, a Near-Eastern haplotype was found in 1800 AD samples from Southern and Central Italy. Our results can be in agreement with post-glacial recolonization theories, as well as with the long history of human-mediated translocations of Sus scrofa in the Mediterranean basin.


The majority of research on the moral development of
nurses is in line with Kohlberg's theory. However, Gilligan noted that care and justice perspectives coexist in
moral conflict, and during the growth process, each complements each other and
promotes moral development and maturation. Chally, referring to Gilligan's
theory, which has the perspective of relationship-focused care, argued that the
moral development of nurses should be considered from both care and justice
perspectives. In this paper, we analyzed publications that used Gilligan
protocol to conduct research on moral
conflicts experienced by nurses. Given the importance of care and
justice perspectives in moral reasoning, Gilligan's theory, which incorporates both perspectives, is useful for analyzing
moral reasoning in nurses. Our analysis suggests that attachment and
connections based on relationships with patients and self-care are essential
elements of care, and self-care is important in moral decision making. The
inequality between nurse and physician roles was an issue raised with the
justice perspective. Since nurses' roles are strongly influenced by their affection
toward and connections with their patients, it is important not to
overemphasize either perspective.


Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a peptide hormone with pleiotropic effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, is considered a target for the treatment of diabetes. We investigated the role of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ deficiency in hepatic FGF21 regulation. Increased Fgf21 expression was observed in the livers of PPARβ/δ-null mice and in mouse primary hepatocytes when this receptor was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Increased Fgf21 was associated with enhanced protein levels in the heme-regulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase (HRI). This increase caused enhanced levels of phosphorylated eIF2α and activating transcription factor (ATF) 4, which is essential for Fgf21-induced expression. siRNA analysis demonstrated that HRI regulates Fgf21 expression in primary hepatocytes. Enhanced Fgf21 expression attenuated tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, as demonstrated by using a neutralizing antibody against FGF21. Of note, increased Fgf21 expression in mice fed a high-fat diet or hepatocytes exposed to palmitate was accompanied by reduced PPARβ/δ and activation of the HRI-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Moreover, pharmacological activation of HRI increased Fgf21 expression and reduced lipid-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance, but these effects were not observed in Fgf21-null mice. Overall, these findings suggest that HRI is a potential target for regulating hepatic FGF21 levels.


Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods are typically benchmarked on training sets with balanced class distributions. However, in real-world applications, it is common for the training sets to have long-tailed distributions. In this work, we first demonstrate that existing OOD detection methods commonly suffer from significant performance degradation when the training set is long-tail distributed. Through analysis, we posit that this is because the models struggle to distinguish the minority tail-class in-distribution samples, from the true OOD samples, making the tail classes more prone to be falsely detected as OOD. To solve this problem, we propose Partial and Asymmetric Supervised Contrastive Learning (PASCL), which explicitly encourages the model to distinguish between tail-class in-distribution samples and OOD samples. To further boost in-distribution classification accuracy, we propose Auxiliary Branch Finetuning, which uses two separate branches of BN and classification layers for anomaly detection and in-distribution classification, respectively. The intuition is that in-distribution and OOD anomaly data have different underlying distributions. Our method outperforms previous state-of-the-art method by $1.29\%$, $1.45\%$, $0.69\%$ anomaly detection false positive rate (FPR) and $3.24\%$, $4.06\%$, $7.89\%$ in-distribution classification accuracy on CIFAR10-LT, CIFAR100-LT, and ImageNet-LT, respectively. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/amazon-research/long-tailed-ood-detection.


The aim of this thesis was to identify genetic factors involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterised by a progressive change in personality, behaviour and language. FTLD is a genetically complex disorder and a positive family history is found in up to 40% of the cases.In 10-20% of the familial cases the disease can be explained by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). In the first study we describe the clinical and neuropathological features of a Finnish family with FTLD caused by a mutation in MAPT. We also provide evidence that the pathogenic mechanism of this mutation is through altered splicing of MAPT transcripts.Recently, mutations in the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN) were identified as a major cause of FTLD. In the second study we describe a Swedish family with FTLD caused by a frameshift mutation in PGRN. We provide a clinical and neuropathological description of the family, as well as evidence that the pathogenicity of this mutation is through nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant mRNA transcripts and PGRN haploinsufficiency.In the third study we describe a novel PGRN splice site mutation and a previously described PGRN frameshift mutation, found in a mutation screen of 51 FTLD patients. We describe the clinical and neuropathological characteristics of the mutation carriers and demonstrate that haploinsufficiency is the pathogenic mechanism of the two mutations.In the fourth study we investigate the prevalence of PGRN and MAPT gene dosage alterations in 39 patients with FTLD. No gene dosage alterations were identified, indicating that variations in copy number of the PGRN and MAPT genes are not a common cause of disease, at least not in this FTLD patient collection.


Cook's Distance (Di) is used for assessing influence in regression models. The usual criterion is that a point is influential if Di exceeds the median of the Fp,n-p distribution, where p is the number of regression parameters. The practice developed here at Massey Albany is to teach the guideline Di>0.7 for p=2, Di> 0.8 for p=3, Di> 0.85 for p>3, where n≥15. It is not known if this guideline is used elsewhere. Teaching Guideline


An Italian Renaissance Sextet is a collection of six tales offering a unique view of the history of Renaissance Italy, with fiction and fictional modes becoming gateways to a real, historical world. All written between 1400 and 1500 - among them a rare gem by Lorenzo the Magnificent and a famous account featuring Filippo Brunelleschi - the stories are presented here in lively translations. As engrossing, fresh, and high-spirited as those in Boccaccio's Decameron, the tales deal with marriage, deception, rural manners, gender relations, social ambitions, adultery, homosexuality, and the demands of individual identity. Each is accompanied by an essay, in which Lauro Martines situates the story in its temporal context, transforming it into an outright historical document. The stories and essays focus mainly on people from the ordinary and middling ranks of society, as they go about their ordinary lives, under the pressure of a highly practical, conformist, pleasure-loving (but often cruel) urban society. Revealing the concerns of a searching historical work with a combined anthropological, demographic, and cultural slant, An Italian Renaissance Sextet shines a probing light on Italian Renaissance culture.


18 Altering diets is increasingly acknowledged as an important solution to feed the world's 19 growing population within the planetary boundaries. In our search for a planet-friendly diet, the 20 main focus has been on eating more plant-source foods, and eating no or less animal-source 21 foods, while the potential of future foods, such as insects, seaweed or cultured meat has been 22 underexplored. Here we show that compared to current animal-source foods, future foods have 23 major environmental benefits while safeguarding the intake of essential micronutrients. The 24 complete array of essential nutrients in the mixture of future foods makes them good quality 25 alternatives for current animal-source foods compared to plant-source foods. Moreover, future 26 foods are land-efficient alternatives for animal-source foods, and if produced with renewable 27 energy, they also offer greenhouse gas benefits. Further research on nutrient bioavailability and 28 digestibility, food safety, production costs, and consumer acceptance will determine their role 29 as main food sources in future diets. 30


While the precise relationship between the Milky Way disk and the symmetry planes of the dark matter halo remains somewhat uncertain, a time-varying disk orientation with respect to an inertial reference frame seems probable. Hierarchical structure formation models predict that the dark matter halo is triaxial and tumbles with a characteristic rate of ∼2 rad (∼30 μas yr−1). These models also predict a time-dependent accretion of gas, such that the angular momentum vector of the disk should be misaligned with that of the halo. These effects, as well as tidal effects of the LMC, will result in the rotation of the angular momentum vector of the disk population with respect to the quasar reference frame. We assess the accuracy with which the positions and proper motions from Gaia can be referred to a kinematically non-rotating system, and show that the spin vector of the transformation from any rigid self-consistent catalog frame to the quasi-inertial system defined by quasars should be defined to better than 1 μas yr−1. Determination of this inertial frame by Gaia will reveal any signature of the disk orientation varying with time, improve models of the potential and dynamics of the Milky Way, test theories of gravity, and provide new insights into the orbital evolution of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds.


Gonadal dysfunction is a frequent finding in men with chronic kidney disease and with end-stage renal disease. Testosterone deficiency, usually accompanied by elevation of serum gonadotropin concentrations, is present in 26-66% of men with different degrees of renal failure. Uremia-associated hypogonadism is multifactorial in its origin, and rarely improves with initiation of dialysis, although it usually normalizes after renal transplantation. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that testosterone may have important clinical implications with regards to kidney disease progression, derangements in sexual drive, libido and erectile dysfunction, development of anemia, impairment of muscle mass and strength, and also progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, low testosterone levels in hemodialysis patients have been associated with increased mortality risk in some studies. Currently, we count with available therapeutic options in the management of uremic hypogonadism, from optimal delivery of dialysis and adequate nutritional intake, to hormone replacement therapy with different testosterone preparations. Other potential options for treatment include the use of antiestrogens, dopamine agonists, erythropoiesis-stimulating factors, vitamins, essential trace elements, chorionic gonadotropin and renal transplantation. Potential adverse effects of androgen replacement therapy in patients with kidney disease comprise, however, erythrocytosis, prostate and breast cancer growth, reduced fertility, gynecomastia, obstructive sleep apnea and fluid retention. Androgen preparations should be used with caution with stringent monitoring in uremic men. Although there are encouraging data suggesting plausible benefits from testosterone replacement therapy, further studies are needed with regards to safety and effectiveness of this therapy.


At the beginning of the 18th century, Sweden was an imperial power that had just sustained a century of modest economic growth. In 1800, Sweden's empire was gone, after a series of military defeats. Real GDP per capita had fallen to the same level as the early 1600s. In other words, the 18th century witnessed the end of the Swedish Empire and a startling reversal of economic progress. In this paper, I propose a possible explanation for both of these outcomes. First, I argue that Sweden's limited fiscal capacity played an important role. The creation of the Riksbank should have facilitated government borrowing and military spending as the Bank of England did for the British. However, the Riksbank was not designed or equipped for this role. I document the constraints on financing national defense through the Riksbank and argue that the bank was ill-equipped to finance an adequate national defense. This explains the reversal of the empire. Second, when the Hats took power in the Riksdag in 1739, they used the Riksbank to give loans to firms, which were financed through the issuance of bank notes. The objective was to increase investment and economic activity. I find no evidence that these loans had any effect on real GDP per capita. However, the resulting inflation has a negative and significant effect on output during the period of inconvertible paper money. The combined evidence suggests that Hat policy contributed to the decline in economic activity during the reversal of fortune.


In this investigation, the effects of the temperature on the flow characteristics of waste vegetable oil biodiesel modified bentonite drilling mud were quantified. The biodiesel contents in the drilling muds are varied from 0 to 9% of the volume of the water in order to reduce the yield point and upper shear stress limit produced by the mud during drilling activities under simulated thermal condition ranging from 28°C to 180°C. The results revealed that the bentonite drilling mud loaded with 6 vol.% waste vegetable oil biodiesel demonstrates fairly favorable rheological properties compared to others when exposed to similar heat treatment. Moreover, the rheological behavior of biodiesel-free bentonite mud and samples loaded with biodiesel were quantified using the Vipulanandan model and compared with others existing models used in the industry such as: Bingham plastic model and Herschel-Bulkley model. It was observed that the Vipulanandan model predicts satisfactorily the shear thinning relationship between the shear stress and shear strain rate of the modified bentonite drilling muds. Furthermore, by using the Vipulanandan model, the maximum shear stress values for 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% biodiesel content at 28°C are found to be 63.67 Pa, 84.54 Pa, 84.64 Pa and 85.02 Pa, respectively. When exposed to heat treatment at 180°C, the maximum shear stress values recorded for 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% are 53.18 Pa, 67.39 Pa, 64.52 Pa and 72.70 Pa, respectively, which represent a reduction of 14% to 16% in the upper shear stress limit.


Introduction: A myriad of supraglottic airway devices (SADs) are developed over time to search the device that conforms to the anatomy of the human respiratory tract noninvasively, but these devices are associated with the risk of aspiration. Baska® mask (BM) is the latest addition to the family of SADs to circumvent the incidence of aspiration. Aims of Study: The aim of the study was to compare the sealing pressure and rapidity of the insertion of BM with ProSeal laryngeal mask (PLM) airway and the incidence of laryngopharyngeal morbidity between two devices. Materials and Methods: A randomized prospective open-label study was done on sixty adult patients of the age group of 18–60 years after approval from the institutional ethical committee and registration of trial in the Clinical Trials Registry. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group I (BM) where BM was inserted after the induction of general anesthesia and Group II (PLM) where PLM was inserted after induction. The airway sealing pressure in BM was calculated. The mean time of insertion of respective SAD and the number of successful attempts were also recorded in both groups. For analysis of continuous variables, independent sample Student's t-test was applied, and for categorical variables, Chi-square test was used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The rate of successful attempts of insertion was comparable in both the groups. The mean insertion time was 14.25 ± 3.82 s in BM group and 22.01 ± 2.64 s in PLM group, which was statistically significant. The airway sealing pressure was 30.25 ± 3.34 cmH2O in BM group and 23.50 ± 4.05 cmH2O in PLM group, which was also statistically significant. Conclusion: BM has better ease of insertion with adequate sealing pressure as compared to PLM airway, thus reducing the chances of aspiration and offering its potential application in securing airway in emergency situations.


SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive - 2. La provenienza dei magistrati dall'Universita - 3. La conoscenza del diritto canonico - 4. La nomina pontificia - 5. La stabilita delle funzioni - 6. La provenienza nazionale - 7. Annotazioni conclusive. The independence of the Vatican justice. Notes on the magistrates of the Court ABSTRACT: Among the judicial organs of the Vatican City State, the Court is the one that has undergone the greatest transformations and the most consistent processes of adaptation to the emerging needs in the juridical experience. The essay illustrates the methods through which the objective was pursued to ensure the independence of the magistrates in charge: at the same time a necessary requirement for the right process and a good thing to protect in a particular way considering the peculiar state reality.


The Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering has developed a 2D Finite Element code based on geometry independent Cartesian grids (cgFEM) capable of solving shape optimization problems as well as making patientspecific analyses using medical images. A similar code in 3D (FEAVox) is currently under development. Both codes are implemented in MATLABr, a simple and intuitive programming language but with a higher computational cost than compiled languages such as C++ or FORTRAN. The objective of this Thesis is to develop programming procedures to improve the performance of the existing and the currently under development software. Among other optimization techniques this Thesis will focus on the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPU) for high performance computing. The use of these techniques has led to a software that, despite being implemented with MATLABr, improves the computational efficiency of commercial software which is developed using compiled programming languages.


Several recent high profile outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Ebola and avian influenzas draw attention to the continued risk of a deadly viral pandemic. In general, these enveloped viruses are not considered a major threat for the wastewater and water industries due to their assumed low concentrations in municipal wastewater and high susceptibilities to degradation in aqueous environments. A number of clinical reports, however, suggest that certain enveloped viruses are excreted in human feces during infection. Furthermore, survivability studies show that many enveloped viruses are capable of retaining infectivity for days to months in aqueous environments. Here, we examine the potential presence and fate of enveloped viruses in the urban water cycle, with emphasis on coronaviruses (e.g., SARS and MERS) and avian influenza viruses. We identify a number of pressing research questions that must be answered before the water and wastewater industries can confidently assure the public, through the dissemination of evidence-based guidance, that irrigation waters, recreation waters, and drinking water sources are safe during a viral outbreak or pandemic event.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) favors multiple aspects of tumor development and immune evasion. Therefore, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1/-2), is a potential target for cancer therapy. We explored whether inhibiting mPGES-1 in human and mouse models of breast cancer affects tumor-associated immunity. A new model of breast tumor spheroid killing by human PBMCs was developed. In this model, tumor killing required CD80 expression by tumor-associated phagocytes to trigger cytotoxic T cell activation. Pharmacological mPGES-1 inhibition increased CD80 expression, whereas addition of PGE2, a prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) agonist, or activation of signaling downstream of EP2 reduced CD80 expression. Genetic ablation of mPGES-1 resulted in markedly reduced tumor growth in PyMT mice. Macrophages of mPGES-1−/− PyMT mice indeed expressed elevated levels of CD80 compared to their wildtype counterparts. CD80 expression in tumor-spheroid infiltrating mPGES-1−/− macrophages translated into antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell activation. In conclusion, mPGES-1 inhibition elevates CD80 expression by tumor-associated phagocytes to restrict tumor growth. We propose that mPGES-1 inhibition in combination with immune cell activation might be part of a therapeutic strategy to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.


What was the impact of the Second World War on the development of the welfare state? Did Attlee's pioneering post-war Labour governments create the welfare state and a socialist society? Was there a welfare consensus between Labour and the Conservatives in the period from 1951 to 1979? Was there a welfare revolution during the Thatcher and Major years? What lies at the heart of New Labour's welfare policy? In "Revisiting the Welfare State", Robert Page provides a persuasive, fresh and challenging account of the British welfare state since 1940. His text re-examines some of the most commonly held assumptions about the post-war welfare state and reignites the debate about its role and purpose. Robert Page starts from the premise that the student of social policy can gain a deeper understanding of the welfare state by studying political and historical accounts of the welfare state, party manifestos, policy documents and political memoirs.Drawing from these sources, he provides a clear guide to the changing role of the state in the provision of welfare since 1940. Each of the five chapters is devoted to a particular theme associated with the post-war welfare state, the last of which focuses on the strategy of the New Labour governments of Tony Blair. Written by one of the leading authorities on contemporary social policy, "Revisiting the Welfare State" is a stimulating guide to the political history of the post-war welfare state in Britain. It is essential reading for students of social policy, social work, politics and contemporary history. It will also appeal to the general reader who is seeking an accessible guide to the political history of the post-war welfare state.


Community health workers (CHWs) participate in advocacy as a crucial means to empower clients in overcoming health disparities and to improve the health and social well-being of their communities. Building on previous studies, this article proposes a new framework for conceptualising CHW advocacy, depending on the intended impact level of CHW advocacy. CHWs participate in three 'levels' of advocacy, the micro, the macro, and the professional. This article also details the challenges they face at each level. As steps are taken to institutionalise these workers throughout the United States and abroad, there is a danger that their participation in advocacy will diminish. As advocacy serves as a primary conduit through which to empower clients, enshrining this role in steps to integrate these workers is essential. Finally, this article provides justification for the impacts of CHWs in addressing the social determinants of health and in helping their communities strive towards health equity.


We develop load balancing algorithms for WDM-based packet networks where the average traffic between nodes is dynamically changing. In WDM-based packet networks, routers are connected to each other using wavelengths (lightpaths) to form a logical network topology. The logical topology may be reconfigured by rearranging the lightpaths connecting the routers. Our algorithms reconfigure the logical topology to minimize the maximum link load. In this paper, we develop iterative reconfiguration algorithms for load balancing that track rapid changes in the traffic pattern. At each reconfiguration step, our algorithms make only a small change to the network topology hence minimizing the disruption to the network. We study the performance of our algorithms under several dynamic traffic scenarios and show that our algorithms perform near optimally. We further show that these large reconfiguration gains are achievable in systems with a limited number of wavelengths.


This unique text helps students and healthcare professionals master the fundamentals of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Written by distinguished international experts, it provides readers with an introduction to the basic principles underlying the establishment and individualization of dosage regimens and their optimal use in drug therapy. Up-to-date examples featuring currently prescribed drugs illustrate how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relate to contemporary drug therapy. Study problems at the end of each chapter help students and professionals gain a firm grasp of the material covered within the text.


To increase our understanding of the carbon cycle, we compare regional estimates of CO2 flux variability for 1980–1998 from atmospheric CO2 inversions and from process‐based models of the land (SLAVE and LPJ) and ocean (OPA and MIT). Over the land, the phase and amplitude of the different estimates agree well, especially at continental scale. Flux variations are predominantly controlled by El Niño events, with the exception of the post‐Pinatubo period of the early 1990s. Differences between the two land models result mainly from the response of heterotrophic respiration to precipitation and temperature. The "Lloyd and Taylor" formulation of LPJ [ Lloyd and Taylor, 1994 ] agrees better with the inverse estimates. Over the ocean, inversion and model results agree only in the equatorial Pacific and partly in the austral ocean. In the austral ocean, an increased CO2 sink is present in the inversion and OPA model, and results from increased stratification of the ocean. In the northern oceans, the inversions estimate large flux variations in line with time‐series observations of the subtropical Atlantic, but not supported by the two model estimates, thus suggesting that the CO2 variability from high‐latitude oceans needs further investigation.


When n identical randomly located nodes, each capable of transmitting at W bits per second and using a fixed range, form a wireless network, the throughput /spl lambda/(n) obtainable by each node for a randomly chosen destination is /spl Theta/(W//spl radic/(nlogn)) bits per second under a noninterference protocol. If the nodes are optimally placed in a disk of unit area, traffic patterns are optimally assigned, and each transmission's range is optimally chosen, the bit-distance product that can be transported by the network per second is /spl Theta/(W/spl radic/An) bit-meters per second. Thus even under optimal circumstances, the throughput is only /spl Theta/(W//spl radic/n) bits per second for each node for a destination nonvanishingly far away. Similar results also hold under an alternate physical model where a required signal-to-interference ratio is specified for successful receptions. Fundamentally, it is the need for every node all over the domain to share whatever portion of the channel it is utilizing with nodes in its local neighborhood that is the reason for the constriction in capacity. Splitting the channel into several subchannels does not change any of the results. Some implications may be worth considering by designers. Since the throughput furnished to each user diminishes to zero as the number of users is increased, perhaps networks connecting smaller numbers of users, or featuring connections mostly with nearby neighbors, may be more likely to be find acceptance.


Current methods for assessing the health of insects and their colonies are carried out by researchers making dissections on individual insects (which inevitably kills them) or making visual inspections of colonies and then documenting their observations. For colonies, researchers look for behavioural signs which indicate healthy individuals where foragers are regularly bringing in resources or in weak colonies, where there are fewer foragers working with a more lethargic and less purposeful manner. These methods are prone to large errors and they kill many insects in the process. The research detailed in this thesis addresses the subjective and destructive nature of these methods. This thesis also describes new methods using x-ray CT to develop and adopt protocols to accurately study insects non-invasively. Chapter one covers the current literature on tomography and some background on the different CT methods. Chapter two gives a thorough description of the new methods being developed to study insects non-invasively and details techniques that can be adopted by researchers who require non-invasive approaches to their work. Chapter three describes in detail three examples of research that has been conducted on locusts, ladybirds and butterflies to non-invasively study aspects of their morphology. The methods described maintain the integrity of the specimens for future use if so required. Chapter four covers a specific example of a fine detail study on plasticity of the honeybee brain using X-ray MicroCT and discusses the potential for live scanning to observe brain plasticity in insects. Chapter five extends the work from chapter two to show the usefulness of CT for studying insect behaviour by documenting and describing previously unreported honeybee storage behaviour. Chapter six draws conclusions from the other chapters and discusses future research.


This is an abstract of a paper from the Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society 1987, published by Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society. This version is reproduced with the permission of publisher.


Floral diversity of reconstructed prairies is often low compared to remnant prairies. Studies have demonstrated it is feasible to increase forb diversity in these prairies through overseeding and mowing, but overall rates of seedling establishment range from 0.1% to 1% of sown pure live seed. One explanation may be the ubiquitous populations of granivorous animals eating much of the seed . In this thesis I measured the amount of granivory occurring in a reconstructed prairie. I also tested how season, seed species, seed predator, sacrificial food, and chemical deterrents affect granivory in the reconstructed prairie. I hypothesized that granivores remove significant amounts of seeds broadcast onto an established grassland, and vertebrate and smaller granivores would prefer different species of seeds. A third hypothesis was that granivores would influence seedling establishment and it would be possible to reduce granivory through the addition of a sacrificial food or a chemical feeding deterrent. To answer these questions I glued a known number of seeds to sandpaper cards, apply various treatments to the seeds or their surroundings, and count the remaining seeds over the following weeks. The first experiment to quantify levels of seed predation involved Silphium integrifolium . During the summer of 2006,seed cards were randomly placed in 16, 5 x 5-m plots. At the wholeplot level, the plots were treated with the addition of a sacrificial food (Helianthus annus). At the within-plot level, the seeds were treated with the chemical capsaicin. I assessed the rate of removal of these seeds over an 18 day period. During the fall of 2006, this experiment was repeated with modifications. The sacrificial food and capsaicin treatments were at the whole-plot level and one of three species (Silphium integrifolium, Dodecatheon meadia, and Phlox pilosa) were at the within-plot level. Seeds of these species were broadcast during the fall of 2006. During the spring of 2007, seedlings were counted the following spring and analyzed to detect if the amount of granivory the previous fall affected seedling establishment. Small wire mesh exclosures were built to test for the difference in granivory by vertebrate and invertebrate granivores. Seeds of Ratibida pinnata, Sorghastrum nutans, and Dale a purpurea were placed inside on seed cards and their rate of loss was recorded. Seed losses across trials ranged from 60% to over 98%. Significant factors included the time of year, predators involved, and species of seed. It was possible to reduce granivory in some cases. Capsaicin-treated D. meadia seeds yielded 2.1x as many seedlings as untreated seeds. Addition of sacrificial food also significantly (p=0.0006) reduced the amount of seed loss in Summer 2006 but not Fall 2006. There were significant (p<O.OOOl) differences between the species studied during the Fall Trial as well as the exclosure study. Granivory can be a driving force in the establishment of new plant species as a significant (p=O.Ol) correlation between seed predation from the time of seeding and seedling emergence the following spring for D. meadia was detected. From these results, I have concluded granivory is an important factor in plant establishment within reconstructed prairies. I also found it is possible to reduce granivory, possibly increasing the success of a seed addition. QUANTIFYING GRANIVORY IN A RECONSTRUCTED PRAIRIE: AFFECTS OF SEASON, SPECIES, SEED PREDATORS, SACRIFICIAL FOOD, AND THE CHEMICAL DETERRENT CAPSAICIN


The IEEE WAVE protocol suite is providing communications services to applications in vehicular networks, by way of promising support for two protocol stacks: the Wave Short Message Protocol (WSMP) and IPv6. While WSMP is developed within the IEEE 1609 family of standards, the authors of this paper assert, that considerations for IPv6 operation for WAVE are less developed, and several issues are left unaddressed by the current IEEE 1609 specifications. This paper reviews these issues and analyzes the main challenges in providing proper IPv6 operation for WAVE networks.


This paper contributes to the urban food security literature by presenting the results of 600 household surveys conducted in Ghana and Cameroon. In this, we show how dietary diversity, which is a well†developed proxy for food security, is similar in both countries but varies significantly based on household demographic characteristics. In particular, smaller, better†off and more educated households were likely to have higher levels of dietary diversity and were less likely to respond to rising food prices by reducing diets or shifting buying patterns. In addition, households that live in 'primary' cities that are large and well integrated into global markets also enjoyed higher levels of dietary diversity. This research contributes to debates around whether or not food security is enhanced by being integrated into global markets or whether it is better served through national or regional food systems. The evidence uncovered here suggests that for well†off households, integration into global markets is probably preferable as such households enjoy more diverse diets. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


"Do No Harm" is a chilling psychological thriller from the author of "Monster Love", Carol Topolski. What happens when someone whose job it is to do good is secretly bad? Everyone knows about Virginia: about her stellar reputation as a gynaecologist; about her commitment to her women patients. But who knows about the knives? Everyone knows about Faisal too: about his gentle charm and his family; about his brilliance in the operating theatre. But who knows he's a traitor? And Gilda - everyone knows about Gilda: she never poops a party; she's a loyal friend. But who knows about the rubber? But there's someone who really does know Virginia, who knows all about her because they've been this close from birth. Someone who knows what she does when they're alone together. What they do with the rosewood box. With the belts. Who knows that good doctors can go bad..."Topolski adroitly probes the murkiest crannies of the human soul, while ratcheting up the tension. A tautly strung very dark tale". ("Time Out"). "A chilling portrait of madness and evil". ("Daily Express"). Carol Topolski is a psychoanalytic psychotherapist. Her many previous roles include working on the Woodstock festival, in advertising, and as a prison teacher, nursery-school director, director of a rape crisis centre and refuge for battered women, probation officer and film censor. She lives in London and is married with two daughters and two grandchildren. Her first novel, "Monster Love", which was shortlisted for the 2008 Orange Prize for Fiction, is available in Penguin.


The relationship of the three leftist terrorist organizations in the Federal Republic of Germany to Israel can be summarized, in somewhat abbreviated fashion, as follows: All three groups, the Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion; RAF), June 2 Movement (Bewegung 2. Juni), and Revolutionary Cells (Revolutionäre Zellen), and the milieu from which they emerged in West Berlin, Munich, Heidelberg, Hamburg, and Frankfurt, hated America, Americans, Israel, and Jews. They participated in the international terror war against Israel and did not shy away from attacks on Jews and Jewish facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany. The three organizations mentioned, for all their differences, are, to be reckoned among the organizations coming out of leftist traditions that, like the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands), after the end of the Shoah and the Second World War, and in the name of a supposed struggle against fascism, conducted antisemitic propaganda, supported the war of terror against Israel, and publicly justified and supported those groups and institutions working in the same direction.


Pervasive networks have led to widespread use of embedded systems, like cell phones, PDAs, RFIDs etc., in increasingly diverse applications. Many of these embedded system applications handle sensitive data (e.g., credit card information on a mobile phone/PDA) or perform critical functions (e.g., medical devices or automotive electronics), and the use of security protocols is imperative to maintain confidentiality, integrity and authentication of these applications. Typically embedded systems have low computing power and finite energy supply based on a battery, and these factors are at odds with the computationally intensive nature of the cryptographic algorithms underlying many security protocols. In addition, secure embedded systems are vulnerable to attacks, like physical tampering, malware and side-channel attacks. Thus, design of secure embedded systems is guided by the following factors: small form factor, good performance, low energy consumption (and, thus, longer battery life), and robustness to attacks.
This thesis presents our work on tackling three issues in the design of secure embedded systems: energy consumption, performance and robustness to side-channel attacks. First, we present our work on optimizing the energy consumption of the widely employed secure sockets layer (SSL) protocol running on an embedded system. We discuss results of energy analysis of various cryptographic algorithms, and the manner in which this information can be used to adapt the operation of SSL protocol to save energy. Next, we present results of our experiments on optimizing the performance of Internet protocol security (IPSec) protocol on an embedded processor. Depending on the mode of operation, the IPSec computation is dominated by cryptographic or non-cryptographic processing. We demonstrate how both these components of the IPSec protocol can be optimized by leveraging the extensible and configurable features of an embedded processor. Next, we introduce a satisfiability-based framework for enabling side-channel attacks on cryptographic software running on an embedded processor. This framework enables us to identify variables in the software implementations which result in the disclosure of the secret key used. Thus, security of software implementations can be improved by better protection of these identified variables. Finally, we conclude by introducing a novel memory integrity checking protocol that has much lower communication complexity than existing Merkle tree-based protocols while incurring a modest price in computation on the processor. This scheme is based on Toeplitz matrices, and can be very efficiently realized on embedded systems with hardware extensions for bit matrix operations.


The phenomenon of resistive switching is based on nanoscale changes in the electrical properties of the interface. In the present study, conductive atomic force microscope based nanoscale measurements of copper oxide (CuO-multilayer graphene (MLG) hybrid interface based devices have been carried out to understand changes in the electrical properties during resistive switching of the Ti-CuO/MLG-Cu memory cells having different dimensions fabricated on the same substrate using stencil lithography technique. The dependence of resistive switching characteristics in LRS and HRS and current level of the conductive filaments (CF) on the electrode area have been studied. As the device dimension is reduced, the filamentary contribution is enhanced in comparison to the background contribution, resulting in'an increase in the current density ratio between LRS and HRS. It is also observed that as the device dimension is decreased from 150 to 25 µm, the filament size decreases from 95 nm to 20 nm, respectively, which causes a decrease in the reset current and reset voltage. The results of the nanoscale CAFM measurements have shown a good correlation with the switching parameters obtained by the macroscale pad I-V measurements, thereby, suggesting the origin of resistive switching is due to the formation and rupture of an entity called filament, whose dimension is in nanorange. It is observed that changes in the electrical properties of the overall interface layer along with changes in the electrical conductivity of these filaments contribute towards resistive switching phenomenon. This study suggests that a significant reduction of reset current can be achieved by decreasing the memory device dimensions.


The Middle Miocene has been identified as a time of great diversification in modern lineages now distributed in tropical South America, and when basic archetypal traits defining Amazonia appear, including climatic humid conditions, basic floral physiognomy and phylogenetic composition of modern rainforests. Nonetheless, Middle Miocene localities in South America are poorly known, especially at low latitudes where only one species‐rich locality, La Venta in Colombia, has been extensively studied. The present contribution describes the mammal fauna of Fitzcarrald, a new Middle Miocene local fauna from western Amazonia in Peru. Fitzcarrald is correlated with the Laventan South American Land Mammal Age based on the presence of taxa defining the 'Miocochilius assemblage zone' in La Venta. The mammalian fauna of Fitzcarrald comprises 24 taxa among cingulates, folivores, astrapotheres, notoungulates, litopterns, rodents, odontocetes and a possible marsupial. At this time, tropical South America was characterized by the presence of the Pebas megawetland, a huge lacustrine complex that provided unique ecological and environmental conditions most likely isolating northern South America from southern South America. These isolating conditions might have come to an end with its disappearance in the Late Miocene and the establishment of the subsequent Acre system, the predecessor fluvial system of modern Amazonia. Results of faunistic similarity between Fitzcarrald and other Miocene faunas throughout South America support these scenarios. The Fitzcarrald mammal fauna exhibits first appearance datums and last appearance datums of various taxa, showing that tropical South America has played a crucial role in the evolutionary history and biogeography of major clades, and revealing a more complex biological history than previously proposed, based on the record from the southern cone of the continent.


A numerical approach based on the scalar finite element method is applied to analyse the modal properties of photonic crystal fibers having a solid core and a cladding region with either circular or non-circular microstructured holes. A correction which accounts for the polarization effects due to the large refractive index difference between silica materials and air holes is included in the analysis. Numerical results show that the proposed technique is an efficient and accurate alternative to vector ones.


2018 is the bicentennial of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's novel, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Why does a 200-year-old ghost story continue to feel so relevant? It's important to remember that the Frankenstein of Hollywood and pop culture – Boris Karloff, The Munsters or Rocky Horror Picture Show – is quite different from the novel. Beyond the fact that the tale has captured popular imagination, the novel's lasting impact is grounded in the fact that it is a parable about human nature. And the most important question it asks is who is the real monster?

The exhibition begins, as it must, with contemporary artists looking at the body and our attempts to conquer death; advances in science and technology; the animation of objects or machines and artificial intelligence. Thence comes an examination of ambition that outstrips the ability to understand or control what we've created and finally, what happens when we don't take responsibility for the consequences of our actions.

Central to both the novel and the curatorial stance of this exhibition is the failure to feel empathy for the ostensibly unlovable — the other. Who is to blame for the rage born of feelings of rejection and how do we expect that anger to play out in society?

Artists include Janine Antoni, Rina Banerjee, Louise Bourgeois, Julian Charriere, Edmund Clark, Bruce Conner, Russell Crotty, Tim Hawkinson, Isabella Kirkland, Barbara Kruger, Michael Light, John O'Reilly, Patricia Piccinini, Alan Rath, Kiki Smith, Surabhi Saraf and Cornelius Volker.

A performance by Surabhi Saraf – Awoke.ai : The Ritual – will take place during the opening reception.

Work by Edmund Clark: Four plus images from 'Guantanamo: If the Light Goes Out' and 'The Mountains of Majeed'.


Perhaps no other critical label has been made to cover more ground than "irony," and in our time irony has come to have so many meanings that by itself it means almost nothing. In this work, Wayne C. Booth cuts through the resulting confusions by analyzing how we manage to share quite specific ironies-and why we often fail when we try to do so. How does a reader or listener recognize the kind of statement which requires him to reject its "clear" and "obvious" meaning? And how does any reader know where to stop, once he has embarked on the hazardous and exhilarating path of rejecting "what the words say" and reconstructing "what the author means"? In the first and longer part of his work, Booth deals with the workings of what he calls "stable irony," irony with a clear rhetorical intent. He then turns to intended instabilities-ironies that resist interpretation and finally lead to the "infinite absolute negativities" that have obsessed criticism since the Romantic period. Professor Booth is always ironically aware that no one can fathom the unfathomable. But by looking closely at unstable ironists like Samuel Becket, he shows that at least some of our commonplaces about meaninglessness require revision. Finally, he explores-with the help of Plato-the wry paradoxes that threaten any uncompromising assertion that all assertion can be undermined by the spirit of irony.


This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade and financial liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan using annual observations over the period 1961-2005. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). The empirical findings suggest that both trade and financial liberalization policies play an important role in enhancing economic growth in Pakistan in the long-run. However, the short-run responses of real deposit rate and trade policy variables are very low, suggesting further acceleration of reform process. The feedback coefficient suggests a very slow rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium. The estimated equation remains stable over the period of study as indicated by CUSUM and CUSUMQ stability tests.


Idiot's Guides: Beginning Programming takes the fear out of learning programming by teaching readers the basics with Python, an open-source (free) environment which is considered one of the easiest languages to learn. Readers will learn not only the "how" of programming in Python, but the "why," so they understand how the code really works and how it relates to other programming languages. Included are simple coding projects that reinforce lessons.


Coffee waste represents the most abundant waste in Ethiopia, this study aims to isolate, identify and characterize yeast from coffee waste in order to utilize in the biotechnological process. 25 merged coffee waste samples were collected from Sidama and Gedio zone. Yeast strain was cultured on yeast peptone dextrose and Biolog universal yeast agar media. Pure yeast cells were suspended in sterile water at 49+ turbidity, 100 µ L and transferred into 96 wells of the biolog yeast micro Plate and incubated at 26°C for 24 to 72 h and read by the Micro Station Reader at a single wavelength of 590 nm, results were recorded and processed for identification by micro log3 software ver. 4.20.05. Biolog microstation  acceptable  result  ≥ 75% Probability and  ≥ 0.5 similarity index value identified 5 yeast species, Hanseiaspora valbyensis, (100%PROB,0.707SIM,), Hyphopichia burtonii A (98%PROB,0.060SIM), Rhodotorula hylophila (98%PROB, 0.060SIM), Rhodotrula aurantiaca A (100% PROB, 0.505SIM) and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina, (PROB 96% SIM,0.714). There was no report on yeasts associated with coffee waste in Ethiopia for utilization in biotechnological process. Therefore characterization of yeasts is very important for industrial and environmental application.

 Key words: Biolog, coffee, fermentation, micro station, Omni log, tetrazolium.


This text chronicles the struggles of immigrants who have fled troubled homelands in search of a better life in the United States, only to be marginalized by the society that they hoped would embrace them. Sarah Mahler draws from her experiences living among undocumented Salvadoran and South American immigrants in a Long Island suburb of Manhattan. In interviews they describe their disillusionment with life in the United States but blame themselves individually or as a whole for their lack of economic success and not the greater society. As she explores the reasons behind this outlook, the author argues that marginalization fosters antagonism within ethnic groups while undermining the ethnic solidarity emphasized by many scholars of immigration. This investigation leads to conditions that often bar immigrants from success and that they cannot control, such as residential segregation, job exploitation, language and legal barriers, prejudice and outright hostility from their suburban neighbours. Some immigrants earn surplus income by using private cars as taxis, subletting space in apartments to lower rent burdens, and filling out legal forms and applications - in essence generating institutions largely parallel to those of the mainstream society whereby only a small group of entrepreneurs can profit. By exacting a price for what used to be acts of reciprocal good will in the homeland, these entrepreneurs leave people who had expected to be exploited by "Americans" feeling victimised by their own.


Illegal waste disposal is an increasingly significant and costly problem. This paper considers a specific hot-spot for illegal dumping in Sydney, Australia from criminological perspectives. We contribute to the developing criminological literature that considers environmental harms as a crime. This draws upon the symbolic aspect of criminal law, contributing to the notion of environmental harms as wrongs worthy of sanction, and facilitates analysis through the prism of criminological literature. We apply theories of crime prevention to the site and argue that these techniques of crime prevention would be cheaper and more effective long-term than current council responses of simply reacting to dumping after it has occurred.


This paper presents a methodology to assess and reduce water residence times in a water distribution system in order to improve water quality. The methodology was developed and validated on Quebec City9s main distribution system. A tracer study was conducted to evaluate real residence times and results are presented in the 'companion paper' (Part I) in this issue. A hydraulic model was then built to simulate the mean residence times (MRT) and develop strategies to reduce them. An optimization algorithm (hybrid discrete dynamically dimensioned search, HD-DDS) was used to calibrate the model using flows and pressures measured in the distribution system. Results show that the suggested methodology can lead to significant reductions in MRT (25.6%) in parts of the distribution system, but could also lead to significant loss in pressure, which should be monitored closely.