Introduction I. Background A. Article III: Judicial Impartiality 1. Delegation: An "Essential Attribute" of the Administrative State 2. Punishment: Deference to Prison Authorities B. Supervised Release and the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 1. Sentencing and Parole Before the Act: "Unfettered Discretion". 2. Congress' Intent: Rehabilitation's Tenuous Hold 3. In Practice: Costly and Ineffective C. The Supervised Release Statute 1. Imposing Conditions 2. The Right to Appeal 3. Termination, Modification, and Revocation 4. Probation Officers' Duties II. Conflict A. The Majority Approach: Article III Literalism 1. The Ultimate Responsibility Rule: United States v. Johnson 2. Policy Implications: United States v. Heath and United States v. Stephens a. Heath Facts: Leeway, But Only So Much b. Heath Holding: An Impermissibly Ambivalent Sentence c. Narrow Tailoring and United States v. Stephens i. Stephens Facts: A Struggle With Drug Use ii. Stephens Holding: A Struggle to Find the Limiting Principle 3. Protecting Defendants' Rights: United States v. Pruden a. Facts: An Extraneous Condition b. Holding: Two Legal Reasons to Strike the Condition B. The Minority Pragmatic Approach 1. Recasting United States v. Johnson's "Ultimate Responsibility". 2. Policy Rationale: Delegation Limiting Supervised Release Conditions III. Resolution A. Constitutional Reasons to Delegate 1. Literally Constitutional 2. In the Pipeline a. Plurality b. Dissent 3. The Judicial Probation Officer and the Executive Prison Authority B. Policy Reasons to Delegate 1. The Original Goals of Supervised Release a. A Sentence With No Surprises b. Removing the Strategy from Sentencing c. Rehabilitation 2. Critiques of Supervised Release Conclusion INTRODUCTION Presiding over a sentencing hearing in 2005, a federal judge faced a dilemma. (1) He had sentenced Lawrence Bowman to three years in prison for possession of child pornography. (2) He had also sentenced Bowman to three years of supervised release, (3) which would require Bowman to report to a probation officer and abide by certain conditions upon his release from prison. (4) But the particulars of the case presented the judge with a difficult choice: because Bowman had a ten year-old son and a young grandson, the judge was worried about whether they could safely spend time with Bowman when he returned from prison. (5) On the other hand, the judge recognized that a psychologist had concluded that Bowman did not have sexual proclivities that would endanger young children. (6) Therefore, he did not want to impose a condition that would cruelly punish not only Bowman, but also his family by keeping them separated unless it was truly necessary. (7) The judge stated that, even though Bowman did not appear to pose a risk at the time of sentencing, he did not want to allow Bowman to see his son and grandson unsupervised "without having input from the counselors ... and from the probation officer who knows the matter best." (8) At the suggestion of Bowman's probation officer who spoke at the hearing, the judge resolved this dilemma by making the supervision requirement a condition of Bowman's supervised release, but adding that his probation officer could relieve him of the condition if, after consulting with his sex offender treatment provider, she determined that he was not a threat. (9) Most appellate courts, however, would not permit this solution. (10) The majority of circuit courts hold that allowing a probation officer to decide whether or not to impose a particular condition of supervised release-- depending on that officer's assessment of the defendant's needs--violates the Constitution. …


A chimeric oligonucleotide composed of DNA and modified RNA residues was used to direct correction of the mutation in the hemoglobin βS allele. After introduction of the chimeric molecule into lymphoblastoid cells homozygous for the βS mutation, there was a detectable level of gene conversion of the mutant allele to the normal sequence. The efficient and specific conversion directed by chimeric molecules may hold promise as a therapeutic method for the treatment of genetic diseases.


[1] Significant uncertainties may result from numerical models if fed with inappropriate input data. Biosphere-atmosphere transfer models are sensitive to input vegetation parameters, and the degree to which parameter estimates rely on the definition of the land cover type varies with models. In this study we use the simple biosphere model (SiB2) to evaluate uncertainties associated with misclassification of the land cover type and how they propagate to surface climate variables. We estimate that in regions with heterogeneous landscapes, the aggregation of land cover types from 1 x 1 km to 100 x 100 km horizontal resolution overestimates the area of the dominant type by up to 70%. The largest uncertainties associated with land cover misclassification are found in leaf area index and roughness length both of which have significant impact on the fluxes of carbon, water and energy at the earth surface. Other important uncertainties occur when the misclassification confuses plants with different carbon pathways. An assessment of the uncertainties is obtained comparing outcomes resulting from a choice of a dominant type in a 100 x 100 km area to those obtained using a mosaic of land cover composition weighted by its fractional cover. The difference shows the choice of the dominant type to be cooler by 0.6°C than the average of the mosaic at local noon, while at night it is warmer by 1.7°C. Our results indicate that the diurnal temperature range (dtr) varies from 13°C for the dominant type to 15°C for the weighted average. The difference in the dtr is due to higher minimum temperature simulated with the dominant type. The choice of a dominant type also results in a daily carbon assimilation loss of 28,000 gC compared to the average.


Previous research has indicated the effectiveness of rational-emotive education techniques in reducing anxiety and building self-esteem with regular classroom children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rational-emotive group therapy on anxiety and self-esteem of learning-disabled children. One hundred ten learning-disabled children (ages 8-13) were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: rational-emotive therapy (N=32), recreational-educational programming (N=31), or no-contact (N=47). Within the two experimental treatments that actually met, groups of seven to nine members, similar in chronological age, were formed. The rational-emotive groups received therapy based on rational-emotive theory. The recreational-educational programming groups engaged in such activities as arts and crafts, table-top games, gym activities , sports, auditory center, and hiking. The no-contact group did not meet. A total of nine sessions over a ten-week period were conducted with the children who were in the rational-emotive and recreational-education groups. Pre- and posttest measures of self-esteem (SEI) and anxiety (TA3C) were obtained. In this quasi-experimental study, a non-equivalent control-group research design was employed. The data were studied statistically by univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and discriminant analysis. Results indicated significantly lower mean anxiety scores for the rational-emotive therapy group (p < .0005) after treatment. No significant difference was obtained in mean self-esteem estimates. It was concluded that rational-emotive group therapy shows potential for use in reducing anxiety in learning disabled children. This study supports the findings of earlier research that rational-emotive therapy is highly effective in reducing anxiety. It is suggested that self-esteem may be less susceptible to change over relatively short-term therapy periods. Recommendations for further research are offered.


Consumers frequently encounter competing health information comprised of accurate and erroneous messages about different diseases. This longitudinal study examined the lagged associations between young adults' exposure to health (mis)information about 4 cancer-related risk factors (indoor tanning, e-cigarette use, reusing plastic bottles, and artificial sweeteners), beliefs, intentions, and behaviors as informed by theories of persuasion and behavior change. We found significant lagged associations between health (mis)information exposure and beliefs for three topics; beliefs predicted subsequent intentions for 2 topics; and intentions predicted subsequent behaviors for 4 topics. The hypothesized pathway of effects was supported for 2 topics. These findings provide insights for developing theory in the area of (mis)information effects and for designing interventions that mitigate the adverse consequences of misinformation


This paper describes the City-scale Chemistry (CityChem) extension of the urban dispersion model EPISODE with the aim to enable chemistry/transport simulations of multiple reactive pollutants on urban scales. The new model is called CityChem-EPISODE. The primary focus is on the simulation of urban ozone concentrations. Ozone is produced in photochemical reaction cycles involving nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by various anthropogenic activities in the urban area. The performance of the new model was evaluated with a series of synthetic tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The model performs fairly well for ozone in terms of temporal correlation and bias at the air quality monitoring stations in Hamburg. In summer afternoons, when photochemical activity is highest, modelled median ozone at an inner-city urban background station was about 30 % lower than the observed median ozone. Inaccuracy of the computed photolysis frequency of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is the most probable explanation for this. CityChem-EPISODE reproduces the spatial variation of annual mean NO 2 concentrations between urban background, traffic and industrial stations. However, the temporal correlation between modelled and observed hourly NO 2 concentrations is weak for some of the stations. For daily mean PM 10 , the performance of CityChem-EPISODE is moderate due to low temporal correlation. The low correlation is linked to uncertainties in the seasonal cycle of the anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions within the urban area. Missing emissions from domestic heating might be an explanation for the too low modelled PM 10 in winter months. Four areas of need for improvement have been identified: (1) dry and wet deposition fluxes; (2) treatment of photochemistry in the urban atmosphere; (3) formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA); and (4) formation of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The inclusion of secondary aerosol formation will allow for a better sectorial attribution of observed PM levels. Envisaged applications of the CityChem-EPISODE model are urban air quality studies, environmental impact assessment, sensitivity analysis of sector-specific emission and the assessment of local and regional emission abatement policy options.


This is a collection of correspondence, spanning eight decades in the life of Paul Bowles. Despite his reclusiveness, Bowles has been an indefatigable correspondent, and his letters provide a look at the many aspects of his diverse career - as composer, novelist, travel writer, translator, ethnographer and critic. From his earliest surviving letter, written at the age of four, to his precocious surrealist effusions to Gertrude Stein and Aaron Copland; from his meditations on the effects of mescaline to his moving letters to his wife Jane during her last illness, the book aims to fill in the gaps left by previous biographers and by Bowles's autobiography "Without Stopping" (so notoriously unrevealing that it was nicknamed "Without Telling"). Here is Bowles on the genesis of his novels; on his dogged expeditions attempting to record Moroccan tribal music; on the Beats, Gore Vidal, Truman Capote and Tennesee Williams; on appearing as an elderly extra in Bernado Bertulocci's film of "The Sheltering Sky". Gossipy and reflective, the book is both an epistolary autobiography and a chronicle of the 20th-century avant-garde from Tristan Tzara to David Byrne.


We represent a new approach to investigate the famous discrete dynamical system chip firing game (CFG) by using Petri net. First, we discuss about the definition and some main results of chip firing game using different classical approaches. Then, we consider extensions of CFG, especially the class of coloured chip firing games, which corresponds to the class of lower locally distributive lattice. Our main result is to construct injections mapping each chip firing game or each coloured chip firing game to a special Petri net.


Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) are mobile ad-hoc networks in which connections are often disruptive or discontinuous. Data forwarding using an appropriate routing strategy is a highly confronting issue in such networks. The traditional ad-hoc routing protocols which require end-to-end connectivity fail to function here due to frequent occurrences of network partitions. Spray and Wait (SaW) routing algorithm is a popular controlled replication based DTN protocol which provides a better delivery performance balancing the average delay and overhead ratio. An empirical analysis of various spray based approaches that have been proposed for DTN has been performed in this paper to compare and evaluate the basic Spray and Wait algorithms (Source Spray and Wait and Binary Spray and Wait) with some of its major improvements (Spray and Focus, Average Delivery Probability Binary Spray and Wait and Composite methods to improve Spray and Wait). The main aim of this comparative study is to verify the effect of utility metrics in spray based routing protocols over simple spray based approaches. The ONE simulator has been used to provide a simulation environment to evaluate these algorithms and generate results. The performance metrics used are delivery ratio (DR), overhead ratio (OR) and average latency (ALat). The simulation results show that in terms of delivery ratio and average latency, Composite methods to improve Spray and Wait which incorporates delivery predictability metric in the wait phase and also acknowledgements to delete already delivered messages from a node's buffer, outperforms all the other variants compared.


Shadows often introduce errors in the performance of computer vision algorithms, such as object detection and tracking. This paper proposes a method to remove shadows from real images based on a probability shadow map. The probability shadow map identifies how much light is impinging on a surface. The lightness of shadowed regions in an image is increased and then the color of that part of the surface is corrected so that it matches the lit part of the surface. The result is compared with two other shadow removal frameworks. The advantage of our method is that after removal, the texture and all the details in the shadowed regions remain intact.


Abstract. The advantages of using airborne full-waveform laser scanner data in forest applications, e.g. for the description of the vertical vegetation structure or accurate biomass estimation, have been emphasized in many publications. To exploit the full potential offered by airborne full-waveform laser scanning data, the development of voxel based methods for data analysis is essential. In contrast to existing approaches based on the extraction of discrete 3D points by a Gaussian decomposition, it is very promising to derive the voxel attributes from the digitised waveform directly. For this purpose, the waveform data have to be transferred into a 3D voxel representation. This requires a series of radiometric and geometric transformations of the raw full-waveform laser scanner data. Thus, the paper deals with the geometric aspects and describes a processing chain from the raw waveform data to an attenuationcorrected volumetric forest stand reconstruction. The integration of attenuation-corrected waveform data into the voxel space is realised with an efficient parametric voxel traversal method operating on an octree data structure. The voxel attributes are derived from the amplitudes of the attenuation-corrected waveforms. Additionally, a new 3D filtering approach is presented to eliminate non-object voxel. Applying these methods to real full-waveform laser scanning data, a voxel based representation of a spruce was generated combining three flight strips from different viewing directions.


In this paper we present a new algorithm of steepest descent type. A new technique for steplength computation and a monotone strategy are provided in the framework of the Barzilai and Borwein method. In contrast with Barzilai and Borwein approach\'s in which the steplength is computed by means of a simple approximation of the Hessian in the form of scalar multiple of identity and an interpretation of the secant equation, the new proposed algorithm considers another approximation of the Hessian based on the weak secant equation. By incorporating a simple monotone strategy, the resulting algorithm belongs to the class of monotone gradient methods with linearly convergence. Numerical results suggest that for non-quadratic minimization problem, the new method clearly outperforms the Barzilai-Borwein method.


Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Modern Biology offers a quantitative framework for analyzing, predicting, and modulating the behavior of complex biological systems. The book presents important mathematical concepts, methods and tools in the context of essential questions raised in modern biology. Designed around the principles of project-based learning and problem-solving, the book considers biological topics such as neuronal networks, plant population growth, metabolic pathways, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. The mathematical modeling tools brought to bear on these topics include Boolean and ordinary differential equations, projection matrices, agent-based modeling and several algebraic approaches. Heavy computation in some of the examples is eased by the use of freely available open-source software. It features self-contained chapters with real biological research examples using freely available computational tools. It spans several mathematical techniques at basic to advanced levels. It offers broad perspective on the uses of algebraic geometry/polynomial algebra in molecular systems biology.


We assessed effects that harvesting treatments had on the ant community in a Mississippi River bottomland hardwood forest in west-central MS. Ants were collected on Pittman Island using pitfall traps from July to November in 1996, 1997, and 2000. The forest received three replicated harvesting treatments in 1995, including: 1) uncut controls (check), 2) selection treatments removing 50 percent of trees, and 3) clearcut treatments. The ant community was also affected by environmental extremes, including flooding and drought. A total of six subfamilies, 20 genera, 33 species, and 19,269 individuals were collected. Cluster analysis revealed little difference in ant community diversity between check and selection treatments, but clearcuts were very different. A multi-response permutation procedure and indicator species analysis of 18 species that dominated the site, showed these species were influenced differently by the treatments. No species preferred undisturbed sites exclusively, but three showed strong preferences. Eight species did equally well in all treatments, six "liked" selection harvests almost as well as checks, and one preferred selection harvests. Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, increased substantially with time in all treatments.


Abstract: Rare symbiotic rugose corals in tabulates occur in the lower Rhuddanian strata of Estonia. Thirteen out of 1115 coralla of early Rhuddanian tabulate corals of Estonia and two out of 353 coralla of Sheinwoodian tabulate corals of Gotland and Estonia contain rugose coral endobionts. Endobiotic rugose corals occur in Paleofavosites balticus (Linnaeus 1767), Paleofavosites sp., Mcleodea sp., Heliolites interstinctus (Linnaeus 1767), and Catenipora gotlandica (Yabe 1915). Endobiotic rugose corals include Tryplasma sp., Helicelasma sp., Streptelasma estonica Dybowski 1873, Streptelasma sp., Kodonophyllum cf. tubaeformis Kaljo 1957, and Palaeophyllum? sp. The latter rugose corals commonly occur independently from tabulates in the early Silurian of Estonia. It is most likely that symbiosis between rugose corals and tabulates was not obligate, but facultative. Symbiotic rugose corals presumably benefitted from growth within a stable (positionally) substrate. Rugose corals seem to have no strong negative effect on the growth of tabulates.


This thesis reports on a research project guided by the principles of grounded theory. It examines how learning disability nurses care for terminally ill people with profound learning disabilities in two National Health Service residential homes. The aim of the study is to explore the perceived knowledge and skills of this group of nurses. It concerns how they assess, recognise and discover patients' illnesses and how they provide end of life care needs. A total of 36 learning disability nurses participated in in-depth interviews.

Thematic analysis is achieved through analysis of interview transcripts and reflexive journaling (field notes). The analysis of data suggests that the main theme "longitudinal knowing" leads to the production of "knowing the patient well". "Longitudinal knowing" is the principal process through which the "normal" and the "pathological" continuum is constructed. The observed changes help learning disability nurses to establish a clear demarcation between learning disability-related behaviour and disease-related behaviour. The strategy of "longitudinal knowing" the patient well helps learning disability nurses to understand what their patients are like before the illness, and after the onset of illness. In addition, this thesis reveals that learning disability nurses draw on different types of knowledge. This knowledge includes "intuition", "commonsense" knowledge and "formal" knowledge. The analysis of data shows that the four types of knowledge derive from "longitudinal knowing". They help learning disability nurses to understand and assess patient's changing health conditions. These types of knowledge serve as tools to help learning disability nurses make appropriate nursing decisions about a patient's health status. In this study, participants sometimes used a mixture of lay and technical language to describe their observed signs and symptoms.
The analysis of data shows an area of "uncertainty of knowing". It concerns an ambiguity about whether the specific signs and symptoms are attributed to the learning disability or to an illness. "Uncertainty of knowing" may be a potential barrier to the delivery of appropriate comfort care.

The thesis also reveals an area of "certainty of not knowing". This refers to moments when participants know for sure where the gaps in knowledge are. The analysis of data shows that participants seek to address this gap by searching for relevant internet resources. They also know that they need educational input in pathophysiology of advance diseases. This helps to reduce the tension created by "uncertainty of knowing" and comfort care. The thesis shows that for all participants, "longitudinal knowing" is fundamental for learning disability nurses in the delivery of appropriate and timely "comfort" end-of-life care.


Monads and applicative functors are two ways that Haskell programmers bundle effectful primitives into effectful program fragments. In this paper, we investigate using monads and applicative functors to bundle remote effectful primitives, specifically aiming to amortize the cost of remote communications using bundling. We look at several ways of maximizing the bundling of primitives, drawing from the remote monad design pattern and Haxl system, and provide a taxonomy of mechanism for amortization, with examples. The result of this investigation is that monadic fragments can be efficiently bundled into packets, almost for free, when given a user-supplied packet transportation mechanism, and the primitives obey some simple pre- and post-conditions.


Multi-terminal HVDC transmission technology using voltage source converters is proposed for integrating large offshore wind farms with transmission grids. Different DC voltage control and power dispatch strategies are proposed to demonstrate the flexibility and capability of such a transmission system in integrating large-scale variable wind generation. Various options for ensuring satisfactory ride through onshore grid faults are discussed. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations on a four-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) system with two offshore and two onshore converter stations during wind speed and power variations, and control mode switching are presented to show the robust performance and ability of the proposed system. Further studies during severe fault on one of the connected onshore AC networks are provided to validate the fault ride through capability of the multi-terminal HVDC system.


Since the early 2000s, the building industry has been steadily embracing the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM). Currently, the BIM focus lies on file-based collaboration, although with the rise of semantic web technologies, the benefits of web- and data-based collaboration for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry come within reach. A web-based AEC industry that relies on Linked Data can provide various advantages compared to 'classic' BIM practice, e.g. regarding interdisciplinarity, linking across domains and logical reasoning. In this paper, we investigate Linked Data rule checking mechanisms on decentralised building datasets. The recent Semantic Web standard Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) is used to check a Linked Data building model that is hosted on multiple data pods. After a short introduction to Linked Building Data and rule checking approaches, a minimal distributed building model will be checked with basic SHACL patterns, generating a report to inform both end users and tools. In this case study, we make use of the Social Linked Data (Solid) ecosystem, a set of conventions and tools for creating decentralised applications.


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Between the 1930s and the 1950s rural life in Europe underwent profound changes, partly as a result of the Second World War, and partly as a result of changes which had been in progress over many years. This book examines a range of European countries, from Scandinavia to Spain and Ireland to Hungary, during this crucial period, and identifies the common pressures to which they all responded and the features that were unique to individual countries. In particular, it examines the processes of agricultural development over western Europe as a whole, the impact of the war on international trading patterns, the relationships between states and farmers, and the changing identities of rural populations. It presents a bold attempt to write rural history on a European scale, and will be of interest not only to historians and historical geographers, but also to those interested in the historical background to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, to which the changes discussed here provided a dramatic prologue.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been suggested to associate with alterations in brain connectivity. In this study, we focus on a fiber clustering tractography segmentation strategy to observe white matter connectivity alterations in ASD. Compared to another popular parcellation-based approach for tractography segmentation based on cortical regions, we hypothesized that the clustering-based method could provide a more anatomically correspondent division of white matter. We applied this strategy to conduct a population-based group statistical analysis for the automated prediction of ASD. We obtained a maximum classification accuracy of 81.33% between ASDs and controls, compared to the results of 78.00% from the parcellation-based method.


We study the relative importance of intrinsic moral motivation and extrinsic social motivation in explaining moral behavior. The key feature of our experiment is that we introduce a dictator game design that manipulates these two sources of motivation. In one set of treatments, we manipulate the moral argument for sharing, in another we manipulate the information given to the recipient about the context of the experiment and the dictator's decision. The paper offers two main findings. First, we provide evidence of intrinsic moral motivation being of fundamental importance. Second, we show that extrinsic social motivation matters and is crowding-in with intrinsic moral motivation. We also show that intrinsic moral motivation is strongly associated with self-reported charitable giving outside the lab and with political preferences.


Nineteenth century travels of Americans from various backgrounds to the Ottoman Empire resulted in abundant literature which largely went unnoticed by scholars of American literature in the following centuries. Genre of travel provides the authors with opportunities that are manifold. The most essential of these opportunities were usually the most obvious: representation of self, the young nation; representation of the other (the Ottoman Empire) and a comparative approach, the result of which would either be reassurance of the audience of the superiority of the nation or self-critique. The comparative approach was presented regarding many subjects but one of them was not as easily tackled by the authors as the rest: institution of slavery, its practices and repercussions in both lands. This paper presents a limited survey of this particular comparative approach in nineteenth century American travel narratives by revealing its presence as well as absence in the authors' discursive preferences.


This essay analyzes increasingly ubiquitous data collection and posits that metafiction is especially well suited to grapple with the significance of metadata and data surveillance, given its own preoccupation with watching itself watch. Making a critical intervention in the historically male-centered canon of US metafiction, Egan's A Visit from the Goon Squad (2010) conscientiously engages the power relations of watching. In the background of the novel and at its chronological center are the 9/11 attacks and also, incidentally, the launch of the iPod. In a sense, these two events structure the novel's investments in data surveillance. Moreover, to the extent that the novel's form mirrors a musical album it also forms a network of characters, speaking to the constellation of forces that not only convert analog recordings into digital data, but also translate relationships, habits, and subjectivity into metadata.


IVIore than thirty years ago, Reinhold Niebuhr wrote a perceptive analysis of the American republic to which he gave the provocative title, The Irony of American History. Nowhere is this "irony of American history" more evident than in the role of religion played in a republic conceived and founded as a secular state. On the one hand, the important social and political role played by religion in American society has been widely recognized by both American and European observers throughout this nation's history. On the other hand, the United States has been frequently described as "the oldest secular state" and, indeed, "the most thoroughgoing, if not the only truly secular state." A few years after his book on American history, Niebuhr addressed this particular paradox in a volume of essays published under the title of Pious and Secular America, in which he argued that America was more secular than any other nation, but also was more religious. To anyone unacquainted with American history, such affirmations would appear to be in conflict and totally irreconcilable. Any characterization of America as a secular state would suggest to many, in the absence of acquaintance with American history, that religion is in some way limited only to the private sphere and, therefore, isolated from the currents of American public life or the body politic— that the role of churches and synagogues, as well as religion in general, is relegated to the essentially personal and private concerns of American citizens. Such an impression, however, would be completely contrary to the reality of the American experience.


About 1 per cent. of human births are twin births. However, there are certain families in which the proportion rises to 5, 10, or even 15 per cent. There can be little doubt then that, as in sheep, so in man, there are strains having a special tendency toward the production of twins. It is commonly believed that this tendency toward the production of twins must be wholly a maternal quality, depending upon the inherited tendency to double ovulation. The study of the heredity of twins is accompanied by certain difficulties, such as the fact that the occurrence of twins is frequently isolated, apparently haphazard, occurring perhaps in only one case in a fairly large fraternity, in which other representatives are single births. It will simplify the matter a little if we consider only those cases in which two or more sets of twins have arisen from a given mating. The study of twins is still further complicated by the fact that they are of two types, namely twins derived from a double ovulation and twins derived from a single ovulation, there being a subsequent fission or budding of the fertilized egg. Such single-egg twins are'easily distinguished clinically by being both enveloped in the same chorion. They are also always of the same sex. The statement that the mother alone determines the tendency to twins is not, however, supported by the facts. Of the births giving rise to the fraternities of twin-repeating mothers, 4.5 per cent, are twin births. Of the births giving rise to fraternities of twin-repeating fathers, 4.2 per cent are twin births. These figures depend upon 355 and 289 labors respectively. The sisters of twin-producing fathers have twins in 8.2 per cent. of labors, while the sisters of twin-producing mothers have twins in 5.5 per cent. of labors.


This paper advocates an automatic technique to discover the optimum combination of three spectral features of a multispectral satellite image that enhance visualization of learned targets/objects. The method is an application-free, single-click user effort, spectrally and spatially balanced, fast-response, low-cost, information-based feature selector that comes to optimize maybe the most important problem in the computer-assisted work of the human operator: visualization of target areas. The new tools developed to assist image experts in their work need to be tailored to the new products offered by the sub-meter spatial resolution multispectral imaging sensors. The spectral bands of the satellite image are ranked using measures of mutual information-the minimum-redundancy-maximum-relevance mRMR criterion- and the top three are automatically displayed on screen. The evaluation of results is performed in terms of both quality (expert-driven visual analysis) and quantity (color metrics) and shows that this approach can become a powerful tool in support of image analysis operations.


Gibbons outlines the arguments for why libraries are the best organizations on an academic campus to run institutional repositories and why libraries should get involved early. Learn the steps for establishing an institutional repository, its range of uses, and its various features and applications. Gibbons evaluates what vendors' systems are available, as well as costs and institutional support. Learn what's on the horizon for this innovative technology.


This paper builds on previous research into the making of the English Dialect Dictionary (1898–1905): Thompson (2008), Markus (2009) and Beal (2010), among others. It evaluates the contribution of Bishop White Kennett's glossary to Parochial Antiquities (1695) to Joseph Wright's dictionary. By applying quantitative methods of analysis, my main aim is to ascertain the proportion of words that were illustrated by means of Kennett's data, and to assess the treatment that Wright gave to this information. In so doing, hope that this paper may cast some light on the documentary structure of the dictionary, and contribute to our understanding of the documents that were taken as testimonies to Late Modern English (LModE) dialects.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of two significant impression management strategies, thematic and reading ease manipulation, across a range of distinct corporate communications and explore the determinants of such practices. While previous studies have examined thematic and reading ease manipulation, these have viewed such impression management techniques in isolation. This research is the first to simultaneously examine the prevalence of these impression management strategies across such a range of corporate communications. In particular, no previous studies have looked at the thematic and reading ease manipulation of standalone CSR reports or compared the various sections/disclosures included within the same annual report. Of significance are the inclusion of several additional themes, namely Activity; Optimism; Certainty; Realism and Commonality, advancing the scope of thematic manipulation research from the limited positive and negative themes. It is important to examine a range of correspondence because no one form of correspondence is the same. Financial notes are heavily regulated and audited and thus should be less susceptible to manipulation. CSR disclosures have little to no regulation or audit process and as such are very susceptible to manipulation. Likewise, the two distinct reports service different audiences, who can be expected to have different expertise. This research discovers what firm characteristics are determinates of the readability and thematic content in particular specific disclosure types, industries and country of listing. Financial performance tests reveal that there is evidence of manipulation of readability to obfuscate the disclosures of poor performing companies while the themes of these poorly performing company's disclosures closely mirror those that are performing well. In addition to the traditional performance based tests, a novel new test that combines the traditional thematic positivity variable and readability shows that positive disclosures are significantly more readable than negative ones, strengthening the obfuscation hypothesis. This research also motivates the need of a purpose built reading ease formula based on corporate disclosures that outputs a result that allows the comparison of disclosures. Indeed a very basic example of such a formula is developed as a starting point for additional research.


Two recently developed language programs for the mentally retarded are discussed:1. A program aiming at the improvement of syntactic skills.2. A program designed to teach locative expressions with the prepositions 'in', 'on' and 'under'.In addition, the results of a training study that incorporates the syntax program are reported. In this study, two groups of 17 MR children were given training on Dutch subject-verb-object sentences. During the first half of the training period, experimental group I was trained on the use of SOV word orders which, while grammatically incorrect, are very common in the language of young Dutch children; during the second half of the training period, the subjects were trained on (correct) SVO orders. Exp. gr. II was trained only on (correct) SVO orders.The aim of the study was to see whether training on the incorrect 'child model' (SOV) sentences would facilitate the later learning of the correct 'adult model' sentences. Pre- and posttests included a sentence imitation task, a picture description task and a video-description task. Pretest results showed that the children indeed had a marked preference for the OV-word order.Pretest-posttest comparisons showed significant gains for both experimental groups when compared with a control group (no training) on a sentence complexity score. The two experimental groups did not differ from each other in this respect. With respect to the use of word order, experimental groups showed an increase in the use of the VO order. The increase was, however,much more pronounced in exp. gr. II. These results are discussed in the light of possible implications for speech therapy with the mentally retarded.


The first eukaryotic proline racemase (PRAC), isolated from the human Trypanosoma cruzi pathogen, is a validated therapeutic target against Chagas' disease. This essential enzyme is implicated in parasite life cycle and infectivity and its ability to trigger host B-cell nonspecific hypergammaglobulinemia contributes to parasite evasion and persistence. Using previously identified PRAC signatures and data mining we present the identification and characterization of a novel PRAC and five hydroxyproline epimerases (HyPRE) from pathogenic bacteria. Single-mutation of key HyPRE catalytic cysteine abrogates enzymatic activity supporting the presence of two reaction centers per homodimer. Furthermore, evidences are provided that Brucella abortus PrpA [for 'proline racemase' virulence factor A] and homologous proteins from two Brucella spp are bona fide HyPREs and not 'one way' directional PRACs as described elsewhere. Although the mechanisms of aminoacid racemization and epimerization are conserved between PRAC and HyPRE, our studies demonstrate that substrate accessibility and specificity partly rely on contraints imposed by aromatic or aliphatic residues distinctively belonging to the catalytic pockets. Analysis of PRAC and HyPRE sequences along with reaction center structural data disclose additional valuable elements for in silico discrimination of the enzymes. Furthermore, similarly to PRAC, the lymphocyte mitogenicity displayed by HyPREs is discussed in the context of bacterial metabolism and pathogenesis. Considering tissue specificity and tropism of infectious pathogens, it would not be surprising if upon infection PRAC and HyPRE play important roles in the regulation of the intracellular and extracellular amino acid pool profiting the microrganism with precursors and enzymatic pathways of the host.


The exploration of source code in modern integrated development environments can lead to disorientation problems due to a lack of visible exploration context as the programmer moves between successive source code displays. Inline source code exploration is a technology which facilitates the exploration of source code in context . In contrast to explicitly navigating between isolated displays of source code, the programmer fluidly introduces related source code declarations into the context of a primary or focal source code document. The inline approach provides an explicit representation of exploration context between successive source code locations, provides support for the pursuit of exploratory digressions, and allows the programmer to view multiple related source code locations simultaneously with minimal interface adjustment. In this paper we introduce inline source code exploration and describe a user experiment designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique at reducing the level of disorientation experienced by programmers during source code exploration activities.


TOver recent years, there is a huge increase in road accidents which makes us take more surveillance actions to reduce road accidents. In recent due to researches there is a huge improvement in the field of deep learning and computer vision. Our project is mainly focused on developing a vision based alert system for drivers. We built the model with the help of convolution neural networks a sub field of deep learning and computer vision. We have taken road sign data and trained the model to detect 32 different road signs. The data has been collected from German road sign datasets which consists of 20000 images. We developed the learning model with Keras framework which is a highlevel API. The Keras works on the Tensor Flow backend which is developed by Google. The Keras framework enables us to build a state-of-the-art model to detect the road sign. For developing the model and to pre-processes the image we have used python language which has a vast number of libraries for image computations and to build deep neural networks. The main aim of our project is to develop a vision based alert system for drivers which will help us to improve road safety. Our model will also help new learners to improve the driving experience.


Aspergillus niger strain LCP521 harbours a highly processive epoxide hydrolase (EH) that is of particular interest for the enantioselective bio-organic synthesis of fine chemicals. In the present work, we report the isolation of the gene and cDNA for this EH by use of inverse PCR. The gene is composed of nine exons, the first of which is apparently non-coding. The deduced protein of the A. niger EH shares significant sequence similarity with the mammalian microsomal EHs (mEH). In contrast to these, however, the protein from A. niger lacks the common N-terminal membrane anchor, in line with the fact that this enzyme is, indeed, soluble in its native environment. Recombinant expression of the isolated cDNA in Escherichia coli yielded a fully active EH with similar characteristics to the fungal enzyme. Sequence comparison with mammalian EHs suggested that Asp(192), Asp(348) and His(374) constituted the catalytic triad of the fungal EH. This was subsequently substantiated by the analysis of respective mutants constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The presence of an aspartic acid residue in the charge-relay system of the A. niger enzyme, in contrast to a glutamic acid residue in the respective position of all mEHs analysed to date, may be one important contributor to the exceptionally high turnover number of the fungal enzyme when compared with its mammalian relatives. Recombinant expression of the enzyme in E. coli offers a versatile tool for the bio-organic chemist for the chiral synthesis of a variety of fine chemicals.


Abstract. We report global long-term trends in surface ocean pH using a new pH data set computed by combining fCO2 observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2 with surface alkalinity estimates based on temperature and salinity. Trends were determined over the periods 1981–2011 and 1991–2011 for a set of 17 biomes using a weighted linear least squares method. We observe significant decreases in surface ocean pH in ~70% of all biomes and a mean rate of decrease of 0.0018 ± 0.0004 yr−1 for 1991–2011. We are not able to calculate a global trend for 1981–2011 because too few biomes have enough data for this. In half the biomes, the rate of change is commensurate with the trends expected based on the assumption that the surface ocean pH change is only driven by the surface ocean CO2 chemistry remaining in a transient equilibrium with the increase in atmospheric CO2. In the remaining biomes, deviations from such equilibrium may reflect that the trend of surface ocean fCO2 is not equal to that of the atmosphere, most notably in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, or may reflect changes in the oceanic buffer (Revelle) factor. We conclude that well-planned and long-term sustained observational networks are key to reliably document the ongoing and future changes in ocean carbon chemistry due to anthropogenic forcing.


This paper shows that high-tech employment – broadly defined as all workers in high-tech sectors but also workers with STEM degrees in low-tech sectors- has increased in Europe over the past decade. Moreover, we estimate that every high-tech job in a region creates five additional low-tech jobs in that region because of the existence of a local high-tech job multiplier. The paper also shows how the presence of a local high-tech job multiplier results in convergence is happening at a glacial pace, and some suggestive evidence is presented that lifting several institutional barriers to innovation in Europe's lagging regions would speed up convergence leading to faster high-tech as well as overall employment while also addressing Europe's regional inequalities.


The new consumer market is mostly based on information management and digital revolution. Today's consumer market is made up of older and newer elements and is basically a hybrid. Today the need of the consumer market is to think fresh that how to identify and satisfy their potential customers of online consumer market. Marketers must have to employ a strategy of segmentation, screening the market as being made of small segments based on their buying behaviour. We need to understand online consumer behaviour with reference to the following questions:1. Why is consumer browsing? 2. What type of channel does the consumer prefer? 3. What type of products to consumers what drives consumers online and what are their habits? 4. What are the factors affecting online purchase? Consumer behaviour for online shopping cannot be same as used in traditional marketing, as the concept brings with it unique features of offerings to the customer. The inclination towards online shopping is based on the fact that it provides customer to shop anything from any place that makes it convenient to purchase products like furniture, books, electronic appliances, households and many more. We do not have to face any additional hassles like traffic, crowds, varieties at one shop etc. There is no specific time period to shop; we can buy any time instead to wait for store to be open. There are many advantages of online shopping which can be encased on touch of fingertips. Online retailers require huge number of online customers for their survival and to create wealth. It is pretty obvious that if customers do not feel user friendly and easy access to the online retail site, they undoubtedly will go elsewhere. Thus, the need to study online consumer behaviour as distinct from traditional consumer behaviour. Some of the researchers of marketing have gone so far as to say that traditional marketing is dead or dying. This work attempts to answer the questions raised and to attempt to understand the needs of online consumers. The questionnaire administered to 829 respondents shows the following consumer behaviour for the respondents. Online shoppers have different reasons for buying from online retailers. These reasons were investigated and the findings of data were analysed for better understanding of online shoppers and they were segmented on this basis for preference for what they were looking for when buying online.


Sexuality in India has evolved over time and has been immensely influenced by various rulers and religions. Human sexuality is inherently related to some of the social and public health problems in India. This paper has been presented to sensitize the intellectual fraternity towards sexual health and sexual dysfunctions. This review highlights the available evidence in the field of Psychosexual health and its management in India.


Genetic programming (GP) is a general purpose bio-inspired meta-heuristic for the evolution of computer programs. In contrast to the several successful applications, there is little understanding of the working principles behind GP. In this paper we present a performance analysis that sheds light on the behaviour of simple GP systems for evolving conjunctions of n variables (ANDn). The analysis of a random local search GP system with minimal terminal and function sets reveals the relationship between the number of iterations and the progress the GP makes toward finding the target function. Afterwards we consider a more realistic GP system equipped with a global mutation operator and prove that it can efficiently solve ANDn by producing programs of linear size that fit a training set to optimality and with high probability generalise well. Additionally, we consider more general problems which extend the terminal set with undesired variables or negated variables. In the presence of undesired variables, we prove that, if non-strict selection is used, then the algorithm fits the complete training set efficiently while the strict selection algorithm may fail with high probability unless the substitution operator is switched off. If negations are allowed, we show that while the algorithms fail to fit the complete training set, the constructed solutions generalise well. Finally, from a problem hardness perspective, we reveal the existence of small training sets that allow the evolution of the exact conjunctions even with access to negations or undesired variables.


|This paper presents a new approach to representing and detecting computer penetrations in real-time. The approach, called state transition analysis, models penetrations as a series of state changes that lead from an initial secure state to a target compromised state. State transition diagrams, the graphical representation of penetrations, identify precisely the requirements for and the compromise of a penetration and present only the critical events that must occur for the successful completion of the penetration. State transition diagrams are written to correspond to the states of an actual computer system, and these diagrams form the basis of a rule-based expert system for detecting penetrations, called the State Transition Analysis Tool (STAT). The design and implementation of a UNIX-speci c prototype of this expert system, called USTAT, is also presented. This prototype provides a further illustration of the overall design and functionality of this intrusion detection approach. Lastly, STAT is compared to the functionality of comparable intrusion detection tools. Keywords|Security, Intrusion Detection, Expert Systems


Real-time Industrial applications in the scope of Industry 4.0. present significant challenges from the communication perspective: low latency, ultra-reliability, and determinism. Given that wireless networks provide a significant cost reduction, lower deployment time, and free movement of the wireless nodes, wireless solutions have attracted the industry attention. However, industrial networks are mostly built by wired means because state-of-the-art wireless networks cannot cope with the industrial applications requirements. In this article, we present the hardware implementation of wireless SHARP (w-SHARP), a promising wireless technology for real-time industrial applications. w-SHARP follows the principles of time-sensitive networking and provides time synchronization, time-aware scheduling with bounded latency and high reliability. The implementation has been carried out on a field-programmable gate array-based software-defined radio platform. We demonstrate, through a hardware testbed, that w-SHARP is able to provide ultra-low control cycles, low latency, and high reliability. This implementation may open new perspectives in the implementation of high-performance industrial wireless networks, as both PHY and MAC layers are now subject to be optimized for specific industrial applications.


Data transfer intensive applications consume a significant amount of energy in memory access. The selection of a memory location from a memory array involves driving row and column select lines. A signal transition on a row select line often consumes significantly more energy than a transition on a column select line. In order to exploit this difference in energy consumption of row and column select lines, we propose a novel address assignment methodology that aims to minimize high energy row transitions by assigning spatially and temporally local data items to the same row. The problem of energy efficient address assignment has been formulated as a multi-way graph partitioning problem and solved with a heuristic. Our experiments demonstrate that our methodology achieves row transition counts very close to the optimum and that the methodology can, for some examples, reduce row transition count by 40-70% over row major mapping. Moreover, we also demonstrate that our methodology is capable of handling access sequences with over 15 million accesses in moderate time.


Trade liberalization is arguably a major issue in the conduct of commercial policy. As a component of it, the relationship between universal, multilateral trade liberalization and the conclusion of preferential trade agreements — that is, a process of liberalization which discriminates between trading partners — has been a focus of analysis and debate. This book is designed to enhance understanding of the salient elements of these issues.The book searches for answers to significant questions that have not been raised before, and elaborates those discussed earlier in the literature but not yet settled. Some parts of the book are purely analytical, while others focus on general principles and comprehension of concrete instances and developments. The book formulates a variety of new methods, including the construction of new instruments of measurement, to enable both ex-ante predictions and ex-post assessments of the impact of liberalization and trade preferences. The revised edition incorporates the outcome of two important studies, exploring the impact of liberalization on trade structure and the pattern of regional trade relationships.


In this thesis I argue that we should break with the dominant Kripkean tradition concerning natural kind terms and theoretical identity. I claim that there is just no interesting connection between the metaphysics and semantics of natural kind terms, and demonstrate this by constructing a version of descriptivism that is combined with the same metaphysics – that is, a nontrivial version of essentialism – found in Kripke, but which effectively avoids all of the standard criticisms. With my version of descriptivism in place, I present what I take to be the most reasonable version of metaphysical essentialism, positing only what I call 'thin' essences. I claim that thin essences are perfectly adequate to underpin scientific realism, and moreover that they are sufficient to support the version of descriptivism developed here. In effect, what I offer here is an error theory of the Kripkean tradition: Kripke is right to think that there are interesting things to say about meaning and essence, but just wrong about what those things are. Thus whilst Kripke thinks that it is possible to make discoveries about the meanings of natural kind terms, I think, rather, that we make empirical discoveries that lead to revisions in meaning. Furthermore, whilst Kripke thinks there is a dichotomy between de re and de dicto necessity, and that theoretical identities are necessary de re, I think this distinction is both misleading and inaccurate, and that the necessity of theoretical identities is neither entirely de re nor entirely de dicto. By separating and insulating questions concerning meaning from questions concerning essence I show that whilst scientific discoveries are contingent and a posteriori, the definition of scientific terms are both necessary and a priori.


Recent urban and economic development policies put much emphasis on the promotion of experiences. Within the experience economy, the production and consumption of products and places is transformed into "theater." The organization of international festivals highlights that trend. However, festivalization has also infiltrated urban and economic development on a much smaller scale and turned into an overall eventification. In addition, producers and marketers of cultural products simultaneously apply this concept to advance their market positions. Hence, eventification provides shared interests for local stakeholders and producers and marketers of cultural products and opportunities to further include the latter in urban growth coalitions. This paper demonstrates how eventification fosters new relationships between local urban developers and individual artists in Berlin-Wedding and the South Bronx, New York City. It explores the benefits and disadvantages of experience planning through eventification including social exclusion and arts-led revitalization. Ultimately, eventification not only embraces an accelerating logic of ever more experience schemes and thus raises questions about its sustainability, but also features a process in which urban space, itself, is transformed into staged experiences of event consumption.


The financial transparency for which U.S. capital markets are renowned derives primarily from mandatory disclosure of operating results under the federal securities laws. In this Article, Professor Williams defends the view that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) can and should require expanded social disclosure by public reporting companies to promote corporate social transparency comparable to the financial transparency that now exists. As used in this Article, "social disclosure" refers to disclosure of specific information about a reporting company?s products, the countries in which a company does business, and the labor and environmental effects of a company?s operations in the United States and around the world. Professor Williams shows that the SEC has the statutory authority in fashioning proxy disclosure under Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to require disclosure either to promote the public interest or to protect investors. To construe the SEC?s public interest disclosure power, she examines the intellectual derivation of the securities laws and their legislative history, demonstrating that increasing corporate accountability to shareholders and to the public was a central goal of Congress in 1933 and 1934, as was constraining the exercise of corporate power and inculcating a greater sense of public responsibility in corporate managers. The legislative history of Section 14(a) indicates that Congress?s purpose in enacting that section was to strengthen the power of shareholders in the corporate governance relationship, and in particular to require companies to provide shareholders with information about management policies and practices. Thus, she argues that it is fully consistent with the language, purpose, and legislative history of the securities laws for the SEC to use its authority under Section 14(a) to require expanded disclosure about management?s policies and practices with respect to social and environmental issues. A close examination of the SEC?s rejection of expanded social disclosure in the 1970s buttresses this conclusion. Professor Williams concludes by making the affirmative case for expanded corporate social transparency and for the SEC?s legitimate role in promoting such transparency, both from the perspective of the "economic" investor, who is assumed to be interested primarily in the financial returns from an investment, and from the perspective of the "social" investor, who is concerned more broadly with the social and environmental effects of corporate conduct.


I draw together multimodal and creative
art practices with sociological and
discursive research frameworks to detail
how multimodal interviewing facilitates
communication of individual narratives. I
offer a route for researching how
embodied self-production emerges by
asking: What can be learnt from analysing
the context and process of narrative
accounts rather than the content?
Consideration is given to how a drawn
visual line influences the narrative
progress by inviting diverse, active and
embodied engagement, while highlighting
issues that participants prioritise.
Attention is also given to how selfrecognition
and the production of identity
become apparent in moments that
punctuate a narrator's story-telling. These
moments are identified as discursive
transitions and include switches in style or
topic of conversation, expressions of
emotion, pauses and extended silences.
These transitions are conceptualised as
examples of a 'structuring presence' within
a narrative, and I explore how these are
central to the embodied production of selfidentity.


India faces endemic electrical energy and peaking shortages. These shortages have had a very detrimental effect on the overall economic growth of the country. As total Power losses equals transmission power losses plus distribution power losses. The reasons cited for such high losses are; lack of adequate T & D capacity, too many transformation stages, improper load distribution and extensive rural electrification etc. The sources of transmission power losses may be directly driven by network investment or by network operation. Distribution power losses arise from several areas including theft, un-billed accounts, and estimated customer accounts, errors due to the approximation of consumption by un-metered supplies and metering errors Electricity theft can be in the form of fraud (meter tampering), stealing (illegal connections), billing irregularities, and unpaid bills. Estimates of the extent of electricity theft in a sample of 102 countries are undertaken. The evidence shows that theft is increasing in most regions of the world. Electricity consumer dishonesty is a problem faced by all power utilities. Finding efficient measurements for detecting fraudulent electricity consumption has been an active research area in recent years. Data mining has become increasingly common in both the public and private sectors. This paper presents a new approach towards Distribution Power Loss analysis for electric utilities using a novel intelligence-based technique like Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), an online sequential learning algorithm for single hidden layer feed forward networks (SLFNs) with additive or radial basis function (RBF) hidden nodes in a unified framework. OS-ELM & Support Vector Machine (SVM). The main motivation of this study is to assist Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam LTD (GUVNL), GUJARAT, INDIA to reduce its Distribution Power Loss due to electricity theft. This approach provides a method of data mining and involves feature extraction from historical customer consumption data. This model preselects suspected customers to be inspected onsite for fraud based on abnormal consumption behavior. The proposed approach uses customer load profile information to expose abnormal behavior that is known to be highly correlated with Distribution Power Loss activities. The approach uses customer load profile information to expose abnormal behavior that is known to be highly correlated with Power Loss activities. Simulation results prove the proposed method is more effective compared to the current actions taken by GUVNL in order to reduce Power Loss activities.


Objectives: Because of the high rates of accidents, the construction industry has become a hazardous industry in Iran and therefore paying more attention is required. This paper investigates safety management in construction companies for improving workers' safety as one of the ergonomics aims. Methods: In order to survey the safety management in construction companies a questionnaire was prepared and all aspects in construction safety management structure were included. Results: The main important problems of safety management in construction include: lack of safety training, lack of provision of personal protection equipment, absence of safety and health specialized staff in construction sites, disuse of safety regulations and lack of updated rules, traditional management attitudes toward safety as a cost. Discussion: Despite other industries, safety, health, and environment management have not found its true position in the construction sector; however some construction companies have established some provisional measures recently. Among the most important problems in safety management in the construction sector, these items can be mentioned: regulations need to be reviewed considering the type of project, low cultural level of the working class, and safety leadership do not perform well in the construction sites


The study evaluated the changes of the chemical properties of a highly weathered soil planted to native tree species. Soil samples were gathered at monthly interval for 12 months and were analyzed for pH, OM, N, P, Ca and Mg. Decomposition of leaf litter of the dominant native tree species (Parashorea malaanonan and Dipterocarpus warburgii) in the site was determined using the litter bag method. Results revealed significant temporal variations of pH in CaCl2, OM, total N and available P, but not for pH in H2O and exchangeable Ca and Mg. Significant differences between sites (spatial variation) were also observed for OM, total N and exchangeable Ca and Mg suggesting the important effects of vegetation type on these soil properties. Decomposition rates of 0.0331 kg/ha/week and 0.0231 kg/ha/week were obtained for D. warburgii and P. malaanonan, respectively. Both rates suggest fast litter decomposition.


Fauna associated with the common kelp along the Norwegian coast, Laminaria hyperborea, was sampled at four sites covering 1000 km of coastline. Exploitation of the kelp habitat by the fauna, and the ways in which habitat size and seasonal variations affect the kelp fauna community were analysed. The study focused on mobile macrofauna, of which 238 species were found on 56 kelps sampled, with an average density of almost 8000 individuals per kelp. Amphipods and gastropods were the most diverse and abundant fauna groups. The species composition was different on the lamina, stipe (with epiphytic algae) and holdfast. A similar pattern of epiphyte- and holdfast-fauna composition was found for all regions. Lowest diversity and abundance were found on the lamina, and highest diversity in the holdfast. Highest abundance was found on the stipe in summer, but there were large variations between sites and seasons, from a few individuals to more than 80 000 animals per stipe. Neither seasonal changes nor variation in habitat volume affected the number of species significantly, but abundance was significantly related to season and habitat volume. These variations were most pronounced for stipe fauna. Laminaria hyperborea offers a heterogeneous habitat exploited by a diverse and abundant invertebrate community, its abundance depending on local and regional variations in kelp size.


In this paper, a poly-phase disc motor innovative feeding and control strategy, based on a variable poles approach, and its application to a HTS disc motor, are presented. The stator windings may be electronically commutated to implement a 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles winding, thus changing the motor's torque/speed characteristics. The motor may be a conventional induction motor with a conductive disc rotor, or a new HTS disc motor, with conventional copper windings at its two iron semi-stators, and a HTS disc as a rotor. The conventional induction motor's operation principle is related with the induced electromotive forces in the conductive rotor. Its behaviour, characteristics (namely their torque/speed characteristics for different number of pole pairs) and modelling through Steinmetz and others theories are well known. The operation principle of the motor with HTS rotor, however, is rather different and is related with vortices' dynamics and pinning characteristics; this is a much more complex process than induction, and its modelling is quite complicated. In this paper, the operation was simulated through finite-elements commercial software, whereas superconductivity was simulated by the E-J power law. The Electromechanical performances of both motors where computed and are presented and compared. Considerations about the systems overall efficiency, including cryogenics, are also discussed.


Maintaining phosphorus (P) fertility in northern Great Plains (NGP) dryland organic cropping systems is a challenge due to high pH, calcareous soils that limit P bioavailability. Organic P fertilizers, including rock phosphate (RP) and bone meal (BM) are sparingly soluble in higher pH soils. Certain crops species have demonstrated an ability to mobilize sparingly soluble P sources. Objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the effect of green manure (GM) crops and organic P fertilizers on the P nutrition of subsequent crops, and 2) investigate P fertility differences between organic and non-organic cropping systems. A two-year cropping sequence was conducted on an organic farm in north-central Montana (mean pH=6.6; Olsen P=16 mg kg). Spring pea (Pisum sativum L), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and tilled fallow were fertilized with 0, 3.1 and 7.7 kg P ha as RP, grown to flat pod stage and terminated with tillage. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on these plots in year two. Phosphorus uptake of winter wheat was enhanced (P>0.05) by RP following buckwheat only (P=0.02) at 7.7 kg P ha compared to 0 P. Results indicate buckwheat can enhance P in a subsequent crop. A greenhouse pot experiment in a low P soil (Olsen P=4 mg kg) consisted of four green manures; buckwheat, spring pea, wheat, and a non-crop control fertilized with 7.0 and 17.5 kg available P ha as RP, 13.0 and 32.5 kg available P ha as BM and 10 and 25 kg available P ha as monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Green manures were harvested, dried, analyzed for nutrient content, and returned to pots. Pots were seeded with wheat. Phosphorus uptake in wheat following all crops was enhanced by MCP (P<0.05). Phosphorus uptake of wheat following buckwheat was enhanced by all P sources over the control. Buckwheat demonstrates the capacity to increase the availability of organic P fertilizers. Soil sampling of organic and non-organic no-tillage (NT) cropping systems was conducted in two separate studies to determine differences in P availability between management systems. Soil analysis determined available P tends to be lower in nonfertilized systems.


The properties of geometrically confined superconductors significantly differ from their bulk counterparts. Here, we demonstrate the geometrical impact for superconducting scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips, where the confinement ranges from the atomic to the mesoscopic scale. To this end, we compare the experimentally determined magnetic field dependence for several vanadium tips to microscopic calculations based on the Usadel equation. For our theoretical model of a superconducting cone, we find a direct correlation between the geometry and the order of the superconducting phase transition. Increasing the opening angle of the cone changes the phase transition from first to second order. Comparing our experimental findings to the theory reveals first and second order quantum phase transitions in the vanadium STM tips. In addition, the theory also explains experimentally observed broadening effects by the specific tip geometry.


Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are notably underrepresented in the external sector of Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), despite their importance in the regions economies: relatively few of them export, and those that do export tend to sell only a few products to a very small number of markets.
The countries of the region can expand and diversify their exports to promote economic growth by internationalizing those SMEs with a strong potential to succeed abroad. To this end, countries must address a series of obstacles that firms face when attempting to venture into international markets: high trade costs associated with tariffs, rules of origin, transport, customs clearance, and information; limited capabilities of the firms themselves; and difficulties in accessing credit.
This report offers practical recommendations for policymakers, companies, and practitioners on how to reduce each one of these barriers. It also presents three areas that can be leveraged to internationalize SMEs: global value chains, the LAC diaspora in the United States, and e-commerce. Recognizing the synergistic effect that these policies would have in reducing export barriers, the report suggests that countries shift their attention from providing isolated support mechanisms to firms, to adopting a coordinated set of policies and introducing consistent institutional innovations


1. The water repellency of feathers is determined mainly, but not exclusively, by a structural parameter which can be expressed in terms of diameter and spacing of the barbs and barbules. 2. Effective waterproofing properties result from the optimal balance of structural parameter and resistance to water penetration. 3. Comparison of the structural parameters for water birds with the geological time interval of their earliest fossil record shows a phylogenetic tendency toward optimizing waterprooftng properties with the course of time. 4. Several behavioural patterns are discussed which may have evolved under the selective pressure of the quality of water repellency and resistance to water penetration.


Petrological analysis of the Martian meteorites suggests that rheologically significant amounts of water are present in the Martian mantle. A bulk mantle water content of at least a few tens of ppm is thus expected to be present despite the potentially efficient degassing during accretion, magma ocean solidification, and subsequent volcanism. We examine the dynamical consequences of different thermochemical evolution scenarios testing whether they can lead to the formation and preservation of mantle reservoirs, and compare model predictions with available data. First, the simplest scenario of a homogenous mantle that emerges when ignoring density changes caused by the extraction of partial melt is found to be inconsistent with the isotopic evidence for distinct reservoirs provided by the analysis of the Martian meteorites. In a second scenario, reservoirs can form as a result of partial melting that induces a density change in the depleted mantle with respect to its primordial composition. However, efficient mantle mixing prevents these reservoirs from being preserved until present unless they are located in the stagnant lid. Finally, reservoirs could be formed during fractional crystallization of a magma ocean. In this case, however, the mantle would likely end up being stably stratified as a result of the global overturn expected to accompany the fractional crystallization. Depending on the assumed density contrast, little secondary crust would be produced and the lithosphere would be extremely cool and dry, in contrast to observations. In summary, it is very challenging to obtain a self‐consistent evolution scenario that satisfies all available constraints.


Interactions of 10.6{ital A} GeV gold nuclei have been studied in nuclear emulsions. In a minimum bias sample of 1100 interactions, 4730 helium nuclei and 2102 heavy nuclei were emitted as fragments of the incident gold projectiles. The emission angles of these fragments have been measured and pseudorapidity distributions constructed. The multiplicity distributions have been considered separately for the light and heavy target nuclei in the emulsions and found to be relatively independent of the nature of the target, when studied in terms of the total charge remaining bound in the multiply charged fragments. These distributions have been compared with those reported by experiments that studied the multifragmentation of 0.6 and 1.0{ital A} GeV gold nuclei, and show relatively small but statistically significant differences that may be attributed to the differing energies or, possibly, to detection biases in the low energy data. We have also looked for evidence of phase changes in the description of multifragmentation and compared our conclusions with those of a study of 1.0{ital A} GeV gold nuclei interacting in a carbon target. We see evidence of behavior that is similar, but not entirely consistent, with that reported at the lower energy. Whether this is evidence formore » a true phase change in the state of the nuclear matter remains an open question.« less


The attitude towards homosexuality has become one of the key markers of political identity. In Europe as well as in Northern America it has been used by different groups to promote their views. Especially between fundamentalist Christians and politically as well as religiously liberal people it has become a significant topic of contestation. This article argues that this struggle not only takes place on a textual, but also on a visual discursive level, in which the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus is central. An analysis of the representation of Jesus' masculinity in this image shows that different groups, Polish fundamentalists at a pilgrimage site and liberal American producers of a satiric website, use different versions of the same image to either counter or support public acceptance of homosexuality.


Theory predicts that prey behavioural responses should reflect the level of risk posed by predators. We investigated how red-eyed treefrog embryos perceive and respond to spatially variable risk during wasp attacks on their clutches. First, we spatially restricted wasp activity on clutches and compared hatching of wasp-exposed, adjacent, and protected embryos. Hatching occurred in all zones but increased with exposure, being highest in directly exposed embryos. Second, we videotaped wasps attacking clutches and compared the experiences of embryos that hatched first and those that did not hatch until later. Embryos that hatched first experienced more predatory wasp activity directed at themselves or at siblings within a 2-egg radius. Models predicting hatching indicate that cues used to assess risk originate from the behaviour of wasps, rather than other embryos. This research demonstrates that embryos can integrate information about predator behaviour and proximity to respond appropriately based on their level of risk.


Gypsy and traveller ethnicity: The social generation of an ethnic phenomenon. Brian A. Belton. London: Routledge. 2005. 210 pp. isbn 0-415-34899-4. Questioning Gypsy identity: Ethnic narratives in Britain and America. Brian A. Belton. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. 2005. 203 pp. isbn 0-7591- 0533-2. The simultaneous appearance of these two books and their detailed exploration of the social generation of Gypsy and Traveller ethnicity qualifies as a significant publishing event in Gypsy studies. With the innovative theorizing expressed in these two publications, the author positions himself to become a strong, fresh, intellectual force in Gypsy studies scholarship. Brian A. Belton, an English Gypsy himself, is presently Senior Lecturer at the YMCA George Williams College, London. His life-long interest in British Gypsy and Traveller ethnic identities, including his own, generated his Ph.D. dissertation ('The social generation of Traveller ethnicity', University of Kent at Canterbury, 2000). This has been revised and published in England as Gypsy and Traveller ethnicity (hereafter GTE). Belton's other book under review here is Questioning Gypsy identity (hereafter QGI). Of the two books, QGI has more recent bibliographic citations than GTE and yet refers to GTE as a 'forthcoming' publication. Aside from this single reference Belton makes no mention in either book to the existence of the other. As we shall see, the difference between the two books on close reading too often boils down to little more than the difference between a 'whilst' and a 'while'. GTE's subtitle 'The social generation of an ethnic phenomenon' echoes the dissertation title that spawned it, and aptly captures the outcome of Belton's search for 'a concrete foundation on which to build an ethnic identity' for Gypsies and Travellers (p. 52). He foreshadows his theorizing on the social construction of ethnicity by deliberately making no distinctions between Gypsies and Travellers in GTE 'as there seems to be no agreement about the boundary between these labels and some doubt concerning the integrity/ authenticity of either' (p. 7). Here, he cites Annemarie Cottaar extensively and also Wim Willems, both leading scholars of the 'Dutch school' of revisionist Gypsy social history. Their investigations of the historical origins of caravan dwellers in the Netherlands resulted in some radical conclusions that form a critique of traditional Gypsy studies. Following their example, Belton seeks to articulate the social construction of Gypsy ethnicity in England in the historical context of government legislation against caravan dwellers. He writes in this regard: 'I would suggest that much of the effect in this Dutch context reflects and replicates the impact of legislation and attitude in the English situation' (p. 100). Belton argues through selected sources and examples that all theories of ethnicity, emphasizing those encountered in the literature of Gypsy studies, are to a greater or lesser degree 'not unproblematical'. He offers up his own theory as 'a new paradigm' (p. 144) that 'provides a model for a broader understanding of the travelling population across western Europe, North America, and the post-industrial world' (p. 2). Belton systematically develops this theory and reiterates its major points in multiple ways over the course of 146 pages and five chapters (supported by four lengthy appendices, extensive end notes, and an index). His introductory chapters demonstrate, with a few glaring exceptions, his familiarity with the large and diverse body of Gypsy studies literature related to ethnicity and identity issues. He attacks most of the standard works in Gypsy studies and their authors for focusing uncritically on forms of categorization and identity rather than on more profound questions of origin and cultural meaning. For Belton, Jean-Paul Clebert is a scholar whose work represents all that seems wrong with a 'romanticist' Gypsy-studies paradigm, one that over-emphasizes ethnic categories and differences. …


Objectives: Investigating the effectiveness of rTMS (repetitive transcranial of magnetic stimulation) on increase social functioning in patients with recurrent major depression. Method: The subjects were randomly divided in to two groups of 32 patients who had depression on the basis of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, SCID II, Beck scale in a quasi experimental, pretest – posttest design with control group. 20 sessions of rTMS as the independent factor were carried out on the experimental groups and 12 psychotherapy sessions and drugs treatment was used on each group (control & experimental ).Both groups were tested according to (Beck ,Hamilton and SASS) to determine the effect of the independent factor( rTMS) on the dependent factors. Data were analyzed by T test. Results: The comparison between pre &post test of Beck and Hamilton scales showed the reduction of signs & symptoms of depression and increase social functioning in participants. Conclusion: The rTMS is effective in the reduction of signs & symptoms of depression and increase social functioning in recurrent major depression


Abstract During the 1970s opposition to nuclear energy was present in countries around the world and thus eminently 'transnational'. But what did it mean to participate at the grassroots of such a transnational movement and (how) did cross-border connections change protest? This article answers these questions by differentiating three categories of transnational engagement that were accessible to grassroots activists. 'Thinking transnationally' involved extrapolating from, decontextualising and recontextualising limited information in order to rethink one's own situation. 'Acting transnationally' entailed accessing transnational spaces; it therefore required more mobility, but could be useful as a means of challenging and deconstructing state power. Intermediaries at the grassroots engaged in 'being transnational', which affected their personal and political identities as well as life histories. These examples of transnational agency illustrate how grassroots activists, including some without vast wealth or institutional resources, participated in transnational processes in ways that enriched, but also complicated protest.


A cross-cultural study was conducted to examine differences in self-compassion and empathy among Chinese and American undergraduates. Forty Chinese and 41 American undergraduates completed the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Groups did not significantly differ in overall Self-Compassion or Empathy. However, significant differences were found in the Self-Kindness, Common Humanity, Isolation, and Over-Identification SCS subscales and the Personal Distress IRI subscale (Chinese > American). American students reported significantly higher scores on the Fantasy and Empathic Concern IRI subscales. Gender differences were stable across groups. The results of this study have implications for understanding self- and other-directed pro-social attitudes, beliefs and behaviors across cultures.


This paper seeks to demonstrate that religious exemptions are unjustified in theory and corrosive, in practice. By splintering the ultimate sovereignty of a legal system, they fracture its integrity and undermine its ability to fulfill its mission.
My analysis proceeds from the function of the legal system – which is the basis of the system's authority – to show how the practice of granting standing permission for some people to violate generally applicable laws is inimical to that system's efficacy and an abuse of its authority. The injection of conflicting directives to the officials charged to enforce the law (Go by the law; Go by those people's consciences) necessarily subjectivizes the use of the government's coercive power, since those officials have no principled means of deciding between the two directives. The tremendous proliferation of exemptions over the years testifies to the absence of an objective standard for governing this.
After establishing the central failings of exemptions, the paper takes up four specific arguments that are frequently offered in their defense: appeals to First Amendment text, the ideal of equality, the ideal of personal liberty, and the profound value of religious identity for many individuals. Careful examination demonstrates that none of these successfully justifies exemptions.
Finally, the paper considers the grounds on which differential application of generally sound law might ever be appropriate, finding an important difference between religiously based exemptions and other legitimately exceptional treatment.


Purpose: Rates of risky substance use and substance use disorders are high in primary-care practices, yet the adoption of universal screening and brief intervention (SBI) has been slow and uneven. This study aimed to describe SBI-related attitudes, practices, and perspectives regarding practice change among medical providers in a minority-majority state. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, on-line survey of a practice-based research network of medical providers serving predominantly Hispanic/Latinx and Native American patients in rural and urban settings. The main variables were clinician 1) perspectives on the need to address substance use problems in primary care, 2) current screening and intervention practices, and 3) satisfaction with and willingness to make changes to their practices. Results: Although providers endorsed alcohol and opiate misuse to be significant problems in their practices, only 25% conducted universal screening. Providers reported focusing most of their screening efforts on those with substance use dependence. In general, providers rated importance of and ability to make practice changes moderately high. There was high interest in practice coordination with the community followed by interest in a collaborative care approach. Conclusions: Providers mainly focus efforts on the relatively few patients at the tip of the pyramid (substance use dependence) rather than on the majority of patients who comprise the middle of the pyramid (risky substance use). Practice change strategies are needed to increase universal screening with a focus on risky substance use, particularly in practices serving racial/ethnic communities.