Justice Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing took a controversial turn when commentators picked up on a reference in the New York Times to a portion of a speech she gave in 2001. In that speech, then Judge Sotomayor opined that, "I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn't lived that life." That statement, along with her participation in the per curiam decision in Ricci v. DeStefano, caused a minor storm during her confirmation. More recently, former Harvard Dean and former Solicitor General Elena Kagan came under fire during her confirmation hearing for supporting her faculty's position on the military's treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual lawyers and her opposition to "don't ask don't tell." This led some conservative commentators to speculate that she is a Lesbian. Both Justices Sotomayor and Kagan were attacked for bringing a perspective to the bench that supported minority groups - whether it be Latinas, women, or the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered communities. Yet, having judges who understand these perspectives would no doubt add diversity to the bench. Juxtaposing arguments in favor of a diverse bench with the treatment of these two Supreme Court nominees leads one to wonder whether those in public office are really interested in true diversity on the bench. Could it be, instead, that it is only acceptable for a judicial candidate to be "diverse" or have sympathy for minority communities if he or she does not act on them and instead complies with established white male norms? The brouhaha that both Justice Sotomayor's comment engendered and Justice Kagan's position created makes one wonder how truly committed to diversity on the bench or protecting minority groups those in public office really are. This article examines the affects of diversity on the bench, the confirmation processes for these two justices and contrasts it with the arguments in favor of a diverse bench. Ironically, these two well-qualified nominees were criticized during the confirmation process for "fear" that they would bring diverse perspectives to the bench and for their ultimate failure to conform to white heterosexist norms.


Adenosine is a reliable agent to convert supraventricular tachycardia to regular sinus rhythm with few complications. Also, adenosine may be useful in the diagnosis of narrow and wide QRS complex tachycardias. Original research articles published predominantly in the last 10 years were reviewed. These articles examined the therapeutic and electrophysiologic effects of adenosine compounds and compared their actions to other antiarrhythmics.


The ability to accurately predict available bandwidth of an end-to-end path is of importance for improving quality of services for end users. For instance, end users can receive high quality video if senders can select to stream video data on an end-to-end path with available bandwidth that fits the required transmission rate. Modeling available bandwidth of an end-to-end path as a stochastic process is one of the approaches that can be used to predict the future available bandwidth of the path. The effectiveness of this approach depends on how well the chosen stochastic process can model the available bandwidth. The result of our analysis on the data published by Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) indicates that Brownian Motion processes are not good for modeling available bandwidth of an end-to-end path.


We investigate the properties of relativistic star spheres made of an electrically charged incompressible fluid, generalizing, thus, the Schwarzschild interior solution. The investigation is carried by integrating numerically the hydrostatic equilibrium equation, i.e., the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, with the hypothesis that the charge distribution is proportional to the energy density. We match the interior to a Reissner-Nordstr\"om exterior, and study some features of these star spheres such as the total mass $M$, the radius $R$, and the total charge $Q$. We also display the pressure profile. For star spheres made of a perfect fluid there is the Buchdahl bound, $R/M\geq 9/4$, a compactness bound found from generic principles. For the Schwarzschild interior solution there is also the known compactness limit, the interior Schwarzschild limit where the configurations attain infinite central pressure, given by $R/M=9/4$, yielding an instance where the Buchdahl bound is saturated. We study this limit of infinite central pressure for the electrically charged stars and compare it with the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound, a limit that, like the Buchdahl bound for the uncharged case, is obtained by imposing some generic physical conditions on charged configurations. We show that the electrical interior Schwarzschild limit of all but two configurations is always below the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson limit, i.e., we find that the electrical interior Schwarzschild limit does not generically saturate the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound. We also find that the quasiblack hole limit, i.e., the extremal most compact limit for charged incompressible stars, is reached when the matter is highly charged and the star's central pressure tends to infinity. This is one of the two instances where the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound is saturated, the other being the uncharged, interior Schwarzschild solution.


Epigenetic modifications and other chromatin features partition the genome on multiple length scales to control its biological function. Some of them like DNA methylation target single bases, whereas others such as heterochromatic histone modifications span regions of several megabases. It has now become a routine task to map chromatin marks by deep sequencing. However, the quantitative assessment and comparison of the topology of chromatin domains and their spatial relationships across data sets without a priori assumptions remains challenging, especially if broad domains are involved. Here, we introduce multi-scale correlation evaluation (MCORE), which uses the fluctuation spectrum of mapped sequencing reads to quantify and compare spatial patterns on multiple length scales in a model-independent manner. We used MCORE to dissect the chromatin domain topology of embryonic stem cells and neural cells by integrating sequencing data from chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA expression, DNA methylation and chromosome interaction experiments. Further, we constructed network models that reflect the relationships among these features on different genomic scales. We anticipate that MCORE will complement current sequencing evaluation schemes and aid in the design and validation of mechanistic models for chromatin signaling.


The effects of propeller operation on the static longitudinal stability of single-engine tractor monoplanes are analyzed, and a simple method is presented for computing power-on pitching-moment curves for flap-retracted flight conditions. The methods evolved are based on the results of powered-model wind-tunnel investigations of 28 model configurations. Correlation curves are presented from which the effects of power on the downwash over the tail and the stabilizer effectiveness can be rapidly predicted. The procedures developed enable prediction of power-on longitudinal stability characteristics that are generally in very good agreement with experiment.


Last August, the American Bar Association adopted the Model Rules of Proje ional Conduct. which significantly altered the ABA' position on lawyer advertising. It is still unclear how the states will respond to the ABA's new position, and the debate about the propriety of lawyer advertising continue. In the authors' view, both sides of the debate have overlooked an impur-tant point: For purposes of analyzing the advertising problem, legal services are of two types, and the effect of advertising on the legal services market will vary with the type of service involved. "Individualized" services involve legal matters that pose a significant risk of loss for clients and require close personal attention from an attorney. For lawyers who provide this type of service, the authors argue, advertising is of little use since their clients are likely to rely orn personal knowledge and reputation in selecting an attorney. "Standardizable" services, how-ever, involve low risk matters and can be provided by means of routinized production systems. The authors believe that these services can be mass produced at low cost without logs of quality. They argue that advertising is necessary to generate the mass demand and economics of scale required to make mass production profitable. The authors conclude that lawyer adt ertLsing will likely result in more affordable legal services of the standardizable type and in improt ed product information about these services, thus benefiting low and middle income consumers as well as the attorneys who specialize in providing standardizable services.


Abstract Two major Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) projects are currently in progress. The US program at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), which has taken its first firing of a cryogenic target with DT fuel this year, mainly relies on cryogenic targets with capillary filled capsule. For the French ICF experiments carried out on the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ), the nominal filling path of cryogenic target assemblies (CTAs) is permeation of DT fuel through the microshell. The CEA Valduc tritium facilities, where targets are filled, are thus original installations with specific designs and technologies. This paper deals with the description of the tritium facilities for the LMJ cryogenic targets (twelve gloveboxes are needed to deliver 6 CTAs at the same time). After a short presentation of the whole gloveboxes chain, the paper will focus on the heart of the plant: the filling and cooling station (IRCC: 4 gloveboxes). 3 out of 4 of these gloveboxes (LCCR, LCTC and LCPC) are at the moment under commissioning at the manufacturer's site. The last one (LCGC) has been delivered to CEA Valduc and is currently under testing with deuterium. A description of the IRCC design and specifications is given as well as the main results of the commissioning process.


Objective: To investigate the platelet levels in the blood serum of infants and high risk infants with cerebral palsy (CP) at different ages in order to provide theoretical basis for early intervention of CP and prevention of secondary lesion.
Methods: Serum specimens of 1009 infants with CP and 296 healthy children were collected, and blood platelet counts of these children were analyzed and evaluated. According to the age, both groups were divided into 4 months ~ 1 year old, 1 year old ~ 2 years old and 2 years old ~ 4 years old, a total of three groups. All children were accepted blood routine examination. The equipment of blood routine examination was cytoanalyzer MEK-5108 k made in Japan.
Results: The platelet levels of infants with CP in different ages groups were as follows: 362.30 ± 104.696 (× 109/L), 316.59 ± 93.958 (× 109/L), and 271.87 ± 71.190 (× 109/L). Z is 89.415 among the three groups. There were statistical significance (P<0.001). The platelet levels of healthy children in different age groups were as follows: 339.57 ± 71.309 (× 109/L), 306.56 ± 66.658 (× 109/L), and 283.64 ± 64.284 (× 109/L). Z is 30.975 among the three healthy groups. There was statistical significance (P<0.001). The platelet level of children with CP and healthy children are reduced with age growing. But the platelet level of children with CP is visibly higher than that of healthy children.
Conclusions: Platelet count of children with CP was significantly increased which made contribution to the form of microthrombus, increased blood viscosity and reduced cerebral blood flow perfusion. Platelet levels in CP group were decreased with age growing. It was suggested that early intervention was adopted in the blood coagulation process when children with CP were young, which was beneficial to the rehabilitation of CP.


The environmental problems challenging modern society have spawned a new public administration based on the principle of rule of law. It is widely recognised that comprehensive environmental management plans are indispensable to environmental administration. Although ideally they should be framed on a global scale, it is more realistic if they are established in the Legislatures of each country. Accordingly, there is a strong case for local public entities in an administratively decentralized
nation such as Japan, and the states and local municipalities in a federation, such as Australia, to establish environmental management plans of their own. The thesis holds that it is absolutely essential to express environmental management plans and their principles in legislation. It argues this case by following up its historical accounts of (i) the post-war development of petro-chemical industries in Japan, together with their associated pollution problems (using the industrial city of Yokkaichi as a case study), and (ii) the development of legal and administrative responses to pollution, with an analysis of the shortcomings of the plans and regulations put in place. The necessities to enforce environmental management plans at the regional
level and to involve citizens in the planning process are discussed in the
contexts of both the nature of environmental problems and the relationships between tiers of government in Japan. The other major iheme of the thesis is the contention that environmental legislation, including that authorizing environmental management plans, is best derived from a constitutional environmental right. The author undertakes comparative analysis of Japan and Australia, explaining that their constitutions show no cognisance of environmental problems at all. Cultural mores and attitudes to nature and the environment are briefly considered to assist in understanding similarities and differences between the two countries in approaching environmental problems. The
author's search for a basis in which to ground an environmental right leads, in
an age of internationalization and global environmental concerns, to a recognition of relevant principles in the UNESCO Convention 1972 and the Declaration of Human Environment of the United Nations 1972. The highest
principle is that of a legally enforceable environmental right authorised by a
bill of rights enshrined in a written constitution or by a declaration derived
from an international convention. In respect of Japan, the case is developed
for establishing an environmental right through the Constitution, deriving it
from other rights already present in that document. In Australia, on the
other hand, with a very different constitution and different relations between
nation and states than hold between nation and local public entities in Japan,
the prospect for a constitutional path towards an environmental right is poor.
The opportunities created by international agreements have been used to •
facilitate the introduction of environmental management plans, although only
in respect of some special environments. In explaining this situation and
arguing that other nations might well consider adopting this sort of initiative,
the thesis presents a case study of political events and legal judgements
associated with a historic decision to prevent construction of a hydro-electric
dam in a World Heritage Area in the State of Tasmania.
An environmental right should be a legal right, a guiding rule for
environmental management plans, and an appropriate principle for sovereign
nations. The author argues a central place in such a right for human dignity
which should be directly connected with fundamental human rights. The
right to life and the concept of a relationship between human life and the
environment (an eco-centric stance which, as explained in the thesis, is
traceable to Buddhist philosophy) are core principles in this argument.
These rights can be reinforced and further advanced through a structure of
administrative law, similar to that which already exists in Japan.


Islands provide refuges for populations of many species where they find safety from predators, but the introduction of predators frequently results in elimination or dramatic reductions in island-dwelling organisms. When predators are removed, re-colonization for some species occurs naturally, and inter-island phylogeographic relationships and current movement patterns can illuminate processes of colonization. We studied a case of re-colonization of common eiders Somateria mollissima following removal of introduced arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus in the Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska. We expected common eiders to resume nesting on islands cleared of foxes and to re-colonize from nearby islets, islands, and island groups. We thus expected common eiders to show limited genetic structure indicative of extensive mixing among island populations. Satellite telemetry was used to record current movement patterns of female common eiders from six islands across three island groups. We collected genetic data from these and other nesting common eiders at 14 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial DNA control region to examine population genetic structure, historical fluctuations in population demography, and gene flow. Our results suggest recent interchange among islands. Analysis of microsatellite data supports satellite telemetry data of increased dispersal of common eiders to nearby areas and little between island groups. Although evidence from mtDNA is suggestive of female dispersal among island groups, gene flow is insufficient to account for recolonization and rapid population growth. Instead, near-by remnant populations of common eiders contributed substantially to population expansion, without which re-colonization would have likely occurred at a much lower rate. Genetic and morphometric data of common eiders within one island group two and three decades after re-colonization suggests reduced movement of eiders among islands and little movement between island groups after populations were re-established. We predict that re-colonization of an island group where all common eiders are extirpated could take decades.


Construction projects are complex endeavors that require the involvement of different professional disciplines in order to meet various project objectives that are often conflicting. The level of complexity and the multi-objective nature of construction projects lend themselves to collaborative design and construction such as integrated project delivery (IPD), in which relevant disciplines work together during project conception, design and construction. Traditionally, the main objectives of construction projects have been to build in the least amount of time with the lowest cost possible, thus the inherent and well-established relationship between cost and time has been the focus of many studies. The importance of being able to effectively model relationships among multiple objectives in building construction has been emphasized in a wide range of research. In general, the trade-off relationship between time and cost is well understood and there is ample research on the subject. However, despite sustainable building designs, relationships between time and environmental impact, as well as cost and environmental impact, have not been fully investigated. The objectives of this research were mainly to analyze and identify relationships of time, cost, and environmental impact, in terms of CO 2 emissions, at different levels of a building: material level, component level, and building level, at the pre-use phase, including manufacturing and construction, and the relationships of life cycle cost and life cycle CO 2 emissions at the usage phase. Additionally, this research aimed to develop a robust simulation-based multi-objective decision-support tool, called SimulEICon, which took construction data uncertainty into account, and was capable of incorporating life cycle assessment information to the decision-making process. The findings of this research supported the trade-off relationship between time and cost at different building levels. Moreover, the time and CO 2 emissions relationship presented trade-off behavior at the pre-use phase. The results of the relationship between cost and CO 2 emissions were interestingly proportional at the pre-use phase. The same pattern continually presented after the construction to the usage phase. Understanding the relationships between those objectives is a key in successfully planning and designing environmentally sustainable construction projects.


This dissertation aims at identifying determinants of cooperative public good provision in dynamic frameworks. We develop political economy based models of fiscal federalism and establish normative benchmarks as well as equilibrium predictions for both policy-making under a centralized and decentralized regime. In the tradition of Oates' (1972) seminal fiscal federalism treatise, our models analyze the regimes' pros and cons for various facets of institutional policy-making. Yet, placing emphasis on the dynamic structures of policy-making, we introduce guidelines for policy assignment to layers of a federal system in repeated game settings. The bottom line for this thesis is to analyze the impact of factors like public good spillovers, regional preference heterogeneity, and the number of federal member states on the regime-specific ability to yield efficient public good policies. Let us illustrate the thread of this dissertation. Chapter 2 starts with a representation of the genuine fiscal federalism framework a la Oates (1972). The literature survey in section 2.1 classifies and highlights some contributions that can be related to Oates' work. Section 2.2 illustrates the basic normative guidelines for policy assignment, for instance the celebrated decentralization theorem, in a formal framework. Chapter 3 introduces our political economy framework and analyzes the optimal assignment of spillover policies in an economy with 2 regions. Our static perspective (section 3.3) confirms the above-mentioned standard fiscal federalism result, in particular the positive correlation between spillovers and the optimal degree of centralization. Allowing for dynamic interaction, this very guideline for policy assignment is, though, reversed in section 3.4 as efficient public good policies are then easier to sustain under a decentralized (centralized) regime in case spillovers are large (small). Chapter 4 applies the framework of chapter 3 to a setting with interregional preference heterogeneity. As a major result, both regimes fail to yield efficiency-sustaining cooperation in the repeated game setting if the regional preferences for public goods differ substantially. Chapter 5 extends the basic framework to a n-region economy, thus enabling us to analyze the impact of federal enlargements on the prospects of attaining efficiency. Varying the degree of spillovers as well as the type of public good funding, we apply the extended basic framework to different problems of public good allocation. In each case, enlargements induce two countervailing effects on the ability to maintain efficiency in a federal legislature. Yet, cooperation necessarily breaks down in large legislatures whereas, at the same time, efficiency can be sustained at the decentral layer. At last, chapter 6 endogenizes the very impact of repeated interaction on cooperation by allowing for (political) decision makers that face strategy-contingent re-election probabilities. Concluding our determinants of efficient public good provision, we show that cooperation can, quite generally, be attained if politicians face a high likeliness of joint future interaction. Chapter 7 summarizes our results.


The article concerns real and potential reactions of jurisprudential discourses to the phenomenon of the crisis of liberal democracy. The author argues that liberal democracy has been a hegemonic structure – meaning that not only has it been dominant in the factual sense in the broadly understood Western legal and politi cal culture but it has also effectively suppressed any competing discourses. Today, the hegemony of demoliberalism is being questioned. The new state of affairs causes a range of complications that jurisprudential discourses have to deal with. The author considers three possible scenarios of the reaction of these discourses to the said crisis. The first of them means a shift towards democratic authoritaria nism. The second is about remaining in a collective hypocrisy, waiting for a change in the current intellectual climate. The third involves accepting the political nature of jurisprudence and making the concept of agonistic democracy a reality.


The purpose of this study was to explore adaptation through the manipulation of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy to challenge the concepts postulated by the two-perception probabilistic concept of the adaptation phenomenon (TPPCA) conceptual framework. Twenty-four randomized performers completed a handgrip and putting task, at three difficulty levels, to assess their self-efficacy and perceived task difficulty interactions on motivations, affect, and performances. The TPPCA was partially confirmed in both tasks. Specifically, as the task difficulty level increased, arousal increased, pleasantness decreased, and the performance declined. There was no solid support that motivational adaptations were congruent with the TPPCA. The findings pertaining to the human adaptation state represent a first step in encouraging future inquiries in this domain. The findings clarify the notion of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy discrepancy, which then provokes cognitive appraisals and emotional reso...


The near-field and far-field ground motions recorded by four stations is adopted to study the response of reinforced concrete long-span rigid frame bridge at transversal excitation of far-field ground motion and near-fault pulse-like ground motion. The correlation between parameters of these two ground motion and seismic response (including pier top displacement, mid-span transversal displacement, pier bottom bending moment, mid-span bending moment and pier bottom shear force) were analyzed and compared. The results show that there is strong correlation between parameters of these two ground motion and seismic response. The seismic response caused by near-fault pulse-like ground motion is more apparent than that caused by far-field ground motion at the effect of the same peak acceleration of ground motion records. All the seismic response is greatly increased with excitation of near-fault pulse-like ground motion. The impact rule to different structure positions is similar. The parameters of ground motion for estimating destruction degree of long-span rigid frame bridge are given


Detecting anomalies is one fundamental aspect of a safety-critical software system, however, it remains a long-standing problem. Numerous branches of works have been proposed to alleviate the complication and have shown promising results. In particular, self-supervised learning based methods are spurring interest due to their capability of learning diverse representations without additional labels. Among self-supervised learning tactics, contrastive learning is one specific framework showing pronounced results in various fields including anomaly detection. However, the primary objective of contrastive learning is to learn task-agnostic features without any labels, which is not entirely suited to discern anomalies. In this paper, we propose a task-specific variant of contrastive learning named masked contrastive learning, which is more befitted for anomaly detection. Moreover, we propose a new inference method dubbed self-ensemble inference that further boosts performance by leveraging the ability learned through auxiliary self-supervision tasks. By combining our models, we can outperform previous state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin on various benchmark datasets.


Feature attribution is often loosely presented as the process of selecting a subset of relevant features as a rationale of a prediction. Task-dependent by nature, precise definitions of"relevance"encountered in the literature are however not always consistent. This lack of clarity stems from the fact that we usually do not have access to any notion of ground-truth attribution and from a more general debate on what good interpretations are. In this paper we propose to formalise feature selection/attribution based on the concept of relaxed functional dependence. In particular, we extend our notions to the instance-wise setting and derive necessary properties for candidate selection solutions, while leaving room for task-dependence. By computing ground-truth attributions on synthetic datasets, we evaluate many state-of-the-art attribution methods and show that, even when optimised, some fail to verify the proposed properties and provide wrong solutions.


The development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine would be greatly facilitated by knowledge regarding the type and quantity of antibodies that are protective. Since definitive immune correlates are established only after a vaccine has been shown to be effective in humans, animal models are often used to guide vaccine development. Experimental lentivirus infection of non-human primates has shown that neutralizing antibodies can protect against infection. Most specifically, studies of passive antibody transfer in the chimeric SIV/HIV-1 immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model have provided quantitative data on the level of protective antibody required. While direct extrapolation to humans is difficult, these data likely provide important insights into the protection afforded by antibodies against HIV-1. When used alone, high levels of neutralizing antibodies are required to completely block infection. However, even modest levels of antibody can provide partial protection and affect disease course. Understanding the exact level of protective antibody becomes even more complex in the setting of active immunization and coexisting cellular immunity. Despite this uncertainty, recent findings from lentiviral animal models strongly suggest that neutralizing antibodies will contribute to protection against HIV-1. Based on these data, a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine strategies is the induction of neutralizing antibodies against circulating primary HIV-1 strains.


We report on the VIII edition of the imaging reconstruction contest held in the optical/infrared interferometry community. This edition sported a VLTI+CHARA dataset of a simulated image of a star surrounded by a proto-planetary disk hosting a planet. 5 teams responded to the challenge and produced images very close the original image, showing the maturity of image reconstruction techniques for a well sampled u,v coverage. The contest was organised by the first author of this article, whereas the following authors provided entries to the contest.


Whilst the technical challenges of incorporating new technologies into buildings are continually discussed, the managerial challenges are less well understood. The issue is acute as many of these complex technologies such as advanced building skins (ABS) are integrated with the building structure, rather than being bolt-on additions. Building integrated photovoltaic technologies (BIPV) are an example of ABS and pose challenges for construction professionals. Research has until now understood BIPV through idealised project management processes, but with little empirical research. Using a socio-technical approach, this research aims to understand the "real world" of construction projects and to explore how practitioners make BIPV integration a reality. This research follows three building projects where BIPV was specified, following the negotiations, decision making and institutional logics, which play out. The implications of project management demands and conventions on the integration of the technology are explored, identifying institutional obstacles to integrating BIPV into the building. Findings include changing interests and requirements shaping the technology, friction interfaces between the technology and the other building elements and conflicting priorities of project management conventions and technical details. The importance of this research is to deconstruct the practicalities of incorporating BIPV into building projects so that construction professionals, technology developers and suppliers can understand the challenges and opportunities occurring as ABS are integrated into the building envelope.


This article analyses why the UN's members delegate resources to the UN Secretariat in the sensitive field of peacekeeping. It argues that the Secretariat can carry out planning and implementation functions more efficiently, but that the states remain wary of potential sovereignty loss. Through a mixed methods approach, this article provides evidence for such a functional logic of delegation, but shows that it only applies from the late-1990s on. The change in approach of states towards delegation can be explained by feedback from the dramatic failures of peacekeeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda and Somalia.


Through its close study of immigration in an area of the United States that had until recent years largely been insulated from newcomers, this book opens a window onto a phenomenon that is both deeply local and entirely global. Profoundly insightful on both levels, it deserves to be read by scholars, activists, and human beings everywhere who seek to understand the potential for conflict and for constructive change in communities receiving new immigrants today. Jennifer Gordon, Fordham Law SchoolAuthor of Suburban Sweatshops Scholars in a number of disciplines (sociology, anthropology, law, Appalachian studies, southern studies Latino studies, labor studies) would find this book useful in both their research and courses. Donald E. Davis, coeditor of Voices from the Nueva Frontera: Latino Immigration in Dalton, Georgia Scholars working on policy questions, demographic concerns, cultural studies, political economy, and 'new destination' will all find this book extremely useful. Altha J. Cravey, author of Women and Work in Mexico's Maquiladoras In recent decades, Latino immigration has transformed communities and cultures throughout the southeastern United States-and become the focus of a sometimes furious national debate. Global Connections and Local Receptions is one of the first books to provide an in-depth consideration of this profound demographic and social development. Examining Latino migration at the local, state, national, and binational levels, this book includes studies of southeastern locales and a statewide overview of Tennessee. Leading migration scholar Alejandro Portes offers a national analysis while Raul Delgado Wise provides a Mexican perspective on the migration issue and its policy implications for both the United States and Mexico. This collection contains a broad base of contributions from legal scholars, sociologists, anthropologists, geographers, and political scientists. Readers will find demographic data charting trends in immigration, descriptions of organizing and of individual experiences, a quantitative comparison of new and old destinations, a critical history of U.S. immigration policy in recent decades, a report on access to housing and efforts to enact anti-immigrant laws, an assessment of how mass outmigration currently affects the national economy and communities in Mexico, analysis of the way dominant ideology frames black-brown relationships in southern labor markets, and a concluding essay with detailed recommendations for making U.S. immigration policy just and humane. Frances L. Ansley is Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of Tennessee College of Law in Knoxville. She is the author of numerous book chapters and the principal humanities adviser to a documentary film. Her articles have been published in the California Law Review, Cornell Journal of International Law, Georgetown Journal of Poverty Law & Policy, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor & Employment Law, and numerous additional publications. Jon Shefner is associate professor of sociology and director of the Interdisciplinary Program in Global Studies at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is the coeditor of Out of the Shadows: Political Action and the Informal Economy in Latin America. His recent book is The Illusion of Civil Society: Democratization and Community Mobilization in Low-IncomeMexico. Recommended to anyone interested in the new wave of immigration into the United States. The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society "


Wireless LANs suffer from performance problems caused by insufficient medium access opportunity given to the access point. Consequently, the downlink buffer fills up, which often leads to packet losses. We propose to address this problem by using a size-based scheduling approach, which is known to favor short flows and the start up of new ones-a very appealing property from the user's perspective as interactive applications and new flows are serviced quickly. Still, size-based scheduling policies have a well-known Achilles heel: large flows can block each other for long periods of time and low rate multimedia transfers may end up with a low priority when their accumulated transferred volume becomes large. To solve the above deficiencies, we propose a new packet scheduling scheme called Least Attained Recent Service (LARS) that applies a temporal decay to the volume of data associated with each flow. In this way, its priority depends more on what has happened recently. With this strategy, LARS can bound the impact of a new arriving flow on ongoing flows, thus limiting lock out durations. It can also efficiently protect low rate multimedia transfers irrespectively of the load conditions.


The Early Pleistocene subdivision of The Netherlands is evaluated, based on published research since 1950. The subdivision is a biostratigraphy, almost exclusively based on palynological research. Palaeomagnetic research provided a correlation with the palaeomagnetic timescale. The classical subdivision of the Early Pleistocene is based on a mosaic of short pollen sequences, mostly of unknown duration, position and age. The Pretiglian is reconsidered as a cool oscillation within the Pliocene. Re– evaluation leads to the conclusion that the age of the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary, set at approximately 2.5 Ma is highly questionable. The position, duration and subdivision of the Tiglian stage is subject to serious doubts. The evidence related to the Eburonian, Waalian, Menapian and Bavelian is considered to be too limited to allow confirmation of the existence of any of these stages. Faunal data are too limited to add to our understanding of the Early Pleistocene. The Early Pleistocene of The Netherlands, its subdivision, climatic development and duration is considered poorly known.


The goal of unsupervised feature selection is to identify a small number of important features that can represent the data. We propose a new algorithm, a modification of the classical pivoted QR algorithm of Businger and Golub, that requires a small number of passes over the data. The improvements are based on two ideas: keeping track of multiple features in each pass, and skipping calculations that can be shown not to affect the final selection. Our algorithm selects the exact same features as the classical pivoted QR algorithm, and has the same favorable numerical stability. We describe experiments on real-world datasets which sometimes show improvements of several orders of magnitude over the classical algorithm. These results appear to be competitive with recently proposed randomized algorithms in terms of pass efficiency and run time. On the other hand, the randomized algorithms may produce more accurate features, at the cost of small probability of failure.


The health risks associated with the inhalation or ingestion of cadmium are well documented. During the past 18 years, EU legislation has steadily been introduced to restrict its use, leaving a requirement for the development of replacement materials. This paper looks at possible alternatives to various cadmium II-VI dielectric compounds used in the deposition of optical thin-films for various opto-electronic devices. Application areas of particular interest are for infrared multilayer interference filter fabrication and solar cell industries, where cadmium-based coatings currently find widespread use. The results of single and multilayer designs comprising CdTe, CdS, CdSe and PbTe deposited onto group IV and II-VI materials as interference filters for the mid-IR region are presented. Thin films of SnN, SnO2, SnS and SnSe are fabricated by plasma assisted CVD, reactive RF sputtering and thermal evaporation. Examination of these films using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX analysis and optical characterisation methods provide details of material dispersion, absorption, composition, refractive index, energy band gap and layer thicknesses. The optimisation of deposition parameters in order to synthesise coatings with similar optical and semiconductor properties as those containing cadmium has been investigated. Results of environmental, durability and stability trials are also presented.


This paper presents two conceptual models that we have developed for understanding ways that social media can support learning. One model relates to the "social" aspect of social media, describing the different ways that people can learn with and from each other, in one or more of three social forms: groups, networks and sets. The other model relates to the 'media' side of social media, describing how technologies are constructed and the roles that people play in creating and enacting them, treating them in terms of softness and hardness. The two models are complementary: neither provides a complete picture but, in combination, they help to explain how and why different uses of social media may succeed or fail and, as importantly, are intended to help us design learning activities that make most effective use of the technologies. We offer some suggestions as to how media used to support different social forms can be softened and hardened for different kinds of learning applications.


We demonstrate the use of a spatial light modulator (SLM) to facilitate the trapping of particles in three-dimensional structures through time-sharing. This method allows particles to be held in complex, three-dimensional configurations using cycling of simple holograms. Importantly, we discuss limiting factors inherent in current phase only SLM design for applications in both optical tweezing and atom trapping.


This Article explores the significance, challenges, and complexities of attorney fact-finding in ethical decision-making. Almost all discourse about legal ethics, from the pedagogical to the scholarly to the practical, takes facts for granted in order to focus on issues about ethical rules. The factual dimension of ethical decision-making, however, is critical to the decision-making process and can be subjected to rigorous and systematic study. Indeed, it is lawyers in a situation who engage in ethical decision-making, and such a situation entails the assimilation and interpretation of many sources of information. Such a process necessarily includes the motivations and ambivalence of attorneys themselves. The Article concludes by exploring how ethics scholarship and pedagogy should embrace a more reflective, sophisticated vision of ethics by recognizing issues of fact as crucial to ethical decision-making.


This book is for all those who are seeking a human perspective on economic and organizational processes. It lays the foundations for a value based approach to the economy. The key questions are: "What is important to you or your organization?" "What is this action or that organization good for?" The book is directed at the prevalence of instrumentalist thinking in the current economy and responds to the calls for another economy. Another economy demands another economics. The value based approach is another economics; it focuses on values and on the most important goods such as families, homes, communities, knowledge, and art. It places economic processes in their cultural context. What does it take to do the right thing, as a person, as an organization, as a society? What is the good to strive for? This book gives directions for the answers. The value based approach restores the ancient idea that quality of life and of society is what the economy is all about. It advocates shifting the focus from quantities ("how much?") to qualities ("what is important?").


The world of climate politics is increasingly no longer confined to the activities of national governments and international negotiations. Critical to this transformation of the politics of climate change has been the emergence of new forms of transnational governance that cut across traditional state-based jurisdictions and operate across public and private divides. This book provides the first comprehensive, cutting-edge account of the world of transnational climate change governance. Co-authored by a team of the world's leading experts in the field and based on a survey of sixty case studies, the book traces the emergence, nature and consequences of this phenomenon, and assesses the implications for the field of global environmental politics. It will prove invaluable for researchers, graduate students and policy makers in climate change, political science, international relations, human geography, sociology and ecological economics.


Abstract : The explosion of information technology has enabled real-time intelligence to become an invaluable tool to the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC). This capability has led to an increased drive to allow the JFACC tighter control over airborne assets, adding flexibility to the JFACC s response options, but, in effect, centralizing execution. What is the implication of this centralization on the decision making process involving airborne missions? What is the appropriate level of control for the processing of real time intelligence in future air operations? Does the responsibility lie within the Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC)? The primary purpose of this paper is not to answer these questions, rather it is to pose them and other issues as items to consider for operations and identify areas for future research. In doing so it examines the JAOC structure, the relationship of information to the Master Air Attack Plan and methods of distributing that information to the warfighter through the Air Tasking Order and alternately through Dynamic Re-tasking. It briefly discusses the cognitive decision making process, examines real time intelligence integration, and the possible results of exploitation of that process. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of Dynamic Re-tasking and a discourse on Centralized vs. Decentralized Execution.


Since the worldwide financial meltdown in the autumn of 2008 and the discovery of Bernard Madoff's crimes in December, 2008, hundreds of critics and political leaders have heaped abuse upon the SEC Enforcement Division. This article explores the SEC's response to these critics, primarily through the appointment of new top-level managers and the initiation of an aggressive reorganization of the processes and workflow of the Division. It then sketches out six recommendations for further improving the Enforcement Division: a bounty program to compensate informants who come forward with useful information; creation of a victim services unit; a proposal to develop behavioral, as well as legal and financial, expertise within the Division; a surveillance and monitoring program for defendants demonstrating a recidivist profile; a sanction policy for individuals that is proportionate, progressive, remedial, and real; and regular publication of meaningful data regarding losses from fraud in the securities markets.


Under the semiarid climate of the Southwest United States, accurate estimation of crop water use is important for water management and planning under conservation agriculture. The objectives of this study were to estimate maize water use and water productivity in the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Maize was grown under full irrigation during the 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2017 seasons at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington (NM). Seasonal amounts of applied irrigation varied from 576.6 to 1051.6 mm and averaged 837.7 mm and the total water supply varied from 693.4 to 1140.5 mm. Maize actual evapotranspiration was estimated using locally developed crop coefficient curve and the tabulated United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) crop coefficients, and from this maize water productivity was determined. Maize actual daily evapotranspiration (ETa) varied from 0.23 to 10.2 mm and the seasonal ETa varied with year and ranged from 634.2 to 697.7 mm averaging 665.3 mm by the local Kc curve, from 687.3 to 739.3 mm averaging 717.8 mm by the non-adjusted FAO Kc values, and from 715.8 to 779.6 mm averaging 754.9 mm with the FAO adjusted Kc values. Maize irrigation requirements varied from 758.4 to 848.3 mm and averaged 800.2 mm using the local developed Kc and varied from 835.5 to 935.6 mm and averaged 912.2 mm using FAO Kc. The net irrigation requirement varied from 606.8 to 678.6 using local Kc curve, and from 682.78 to 748.5 mm when adopting the FAO Kc values. Average irrigation requirement was 641 mm under the local Kc option and 730 mm under FAO Kc values option. Maize crop water use efficiency (CWUE) ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 kg/m3 and averaged 1.53 kg/m3, evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) values were higher than CWUE and varied from 2.0 to 2.3 kg/m3, averaging 2.1 kg/m3. Maize irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was varied with years and averaged 1.74 kg/m3. There were strong relationships between maize CWUE and maize seasonal irrigation amounts of IWUE and the seasonal irrigation amounts with R2 of 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. Maize CWUE increased linearly with maize IWUE with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.99, while IWUE showed a strong quadratic relationship with ETWUE (R2 = 0.94). The results of this study can be used as a guideline for maize water management under the semiarid conditions in northwestern New Mexico and other locations with similar climate and management conditions. Irrigation requirements for maize should be adjusted to the local meteorological conditions for optimizing maize irrigation requirement and improving maize water productivity.


Objective: Present-day students have grown up with considerable knowledge concerning multi-media. The communication modes they use are faster, more spontaneous, and independent of place and time. These new web-based forms of information and communication are used by students, educators, and patients in various ways. Universities which have already used these tools report many positive effects on the learning behaviour of the students. In a systematic literature review, we summarized the manner in which the integration of Social Media and Web 2.0 into education has taken place. Method: A systematic literature search covering the last 5 years using MeSH terms was carried out via PubMed. Result: Among the 20 chosen publications, there was only one German publication. Most of the publications are from the US and Great Britain. The latest publications report on the concrete usage of the tools in education, including social networking, podcasts, blogs, wikis, YouTube, Twitter and Skype. Conclusion: The integration of Web 2.0 and Social Media is the modern form of self-determined learning. It stimulates reflection and actively integrates the students in the construction of their knowledge. With these new tools, the students acquire skills which they need in both their social and professional lives.


In 1985, the year Halley's Comet last passed near Earth, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) initiated Project 2061. Science for All Americans, the project's cornerstone publication, was recognized as the first step in establishing national standards in science for all students, including those with disabilities. With the help of this project and legislation such as the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), individuals with disabilities are assured equal opportunity and full participation in school and out. As a result, accommodations must be provided to help disabled students fully participate in science classrooms and laboratories, which include making the laboratory accessible to students with mobility impairments. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Given the variety of needs relative to science, lab facilities, and each student's physical abilities, no spectral standards exist for establishing science laboratories. However, several sources do exist for specific guidelines that should serve as the basis for design considerations in constructing or renovating science laboratories, which can help provide both access and safer science for students with disabilities. These include the ADA, created to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities; the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) for facility accessibility by physically handicapped persons in schools receiving Federal Financial Assistance; and state and local regulations. (Note: See "On the web" for a list of helpful resources.) Students' mobility impairments need to be addressed for access to and safety in science laboratories. Typical accommodations for mobility-impaired students include workstations, sinks, fume hoods, and safety eyewashes and showers, in addition to other adaptations. The following are some of the higher profile accommodations based primarily on ADA and UFAS expectations for mobility-impaired students and faculty members. It should be noted that ADA and UFAS are not always in agreement, as UFAS tends to be more restrictive in some cases. Be sure to check local and state regulations as well. Laboratory workstations The traditional science laboratory workstation is equipped with electrical receptacles, gas jets, water faucets, sinks, and apparatus rod sockets. Controls for these fixtures should be easy to operate using a maximum of 2.3 kg (5 lbs.) of force and should also require only a loose grip to operate, as opposed to pinching the fingers or twisting the wrist. Single-action lever controls should be used in place of knob-type controls. At least one workstation should be designed to accommodate students with mobility impairments. Dimensions for access to this workstation should include a maximum height of 86 cm (34 in.) from the floor to the work surface. Accommodating dimensions for knee space should be 69 (height) x 76 (width) x 48 cm (depth) (27 x 30 x 19 in.). Clear floor space with dimensions of 76 (width) x 122 cm (length) (30 x 48 in.) is required for a wheelchair front approach with adequate space provided to maneuver to and from. In addition, the workstation should be located to avoid physical barriers and allow for visual access to instruction and demonstrations. Mirrors or electronic camera devices can also help to provide visual access. Laboratory sinks ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) for Buildings and Facilities specify that sink depth in the laboratory should be no more than 16.5 cm (6.5 in.) so that a wheelchair can fit under it. The minimum knee space required is 69 x 76 x 48 cm. The counter or rim of the sink must be mounted at a maximum height of 86 cm from the finished floor (see photo). Faucets should have easy access, lever-operated controls, or a similar alternative, such as push-type, touch-type, or electronically controlled mechanisms. Clear floor space with dimensions of 76 x 122 cm is also required for laboratory sinks. …


In the 2016 EU referendum, the Scottish people voted overwhelmingly to stay in the EU. In a subsequent paper – Scotland's Place in Europe – the Scottish Government considered options for retaining key benefits of EU membership even if the rest of the UK left the EU and the single market. The paper recognises that a range of differentiated arrangements within the EU and single market framework already exist and, inter alia, uses the Kingdom of Denmark (consisting of Denmark, The Faroe Islands – hereafter the 'Faroes'– and Greenland) as an example of a unitary state where parts of the country (Denmark) are in the EU, while others (the Faroes and Greenland) are not. The 'reverse Greenland' option, whereby Scotland would take on the UK's existing EU membership while the rest of the UK would leave the EU, has already received some scholarly attention. This article argues that more interesting inferences may be drawn from the experience of the Faroes which, though outside the EU, have established extensive relations with it. The article suggests that there are no international or EU law obstacles for Scotland to follow a similar path, and unilaterally negotiate a special relationship with the EU after Brexit.


This study examines differences in word order between two translations of Ibsen's play An enemy of the people into Hebrew. Both versions were translated by Rivka Meshulach, with approximately 25 years between them. In the first version word order conforms to the norms of Classical Hebrew. In the second version, however, the translator changed word order so that the language would be closer to contemporary spoken Hebrew. This is illustrated through examples related to various syntactic constituents, including subject–predicate, predicate complements, parentheme and address forms. The reasoning behind this tendency focuses on the change in the norms of written language. As opposed to the normative restrictions which were widely accepted in written Hebrew just a generation ago, the current trend is for features of contemporary spoken language to be used in literature and theater.


An analysis of cooperative atomic interaction in atom-field interaction is presented. A complete exact solution to the problem of two two-level atoms interaction with a single-mode quantized radiation field, in a high-Q cavity, is given. Effects of cooperation on total population inversion of two atoms as well as on the population inversion of single atom in the presence of another atom are studied. Interaction of two two-level atoms with a vacuum field in a damped cavity is studied. Numerical solutions are presented and it is shown that for asymmetric coupling there are significant effect on the dynamics of atomic inversion. It is also shown that in contrast with symmetric atom-field coupling case, there is a retention of energy by the atom when the other atom couples with different strength.

An extension of Scully-Lamb theory is made by the inclusion of cooperative atomic interactions. In particular, the single- and two-atom interactions with the field are included. A non-perturbative treatment is used to examine the effects of cooperative atomic interactions on the photon statistics in a single-mode laser. It is shown that cooperative interactions do increase the photon number fluctuations. Our results are valid for all range of laser parameters. Effect of cooperative interactions is analysed on the natural linewidth of a single-mode laser. It is shown that cooperative interactions tend to decrease the natural linewidth under certain conditions.


AbstractNew, alternative, forms of cross-border cooperation, in particular processes of informal international lawmaking ('IN-LAW'), have emerged and gained prominence since the 2000s in response to an increasingly diverse, networked, and knowledge-based society. This transformation impacts on traditional notions of public international law as well as on the conceptualization of an emerging international rule of law. This is all the more the case given the tendency to emphasise the formal characteristics of the latter. The present article, nevertheless, challenges the assumption that informal international law is, because of its informal nature, by definition incompatible with a rule of law approach. The article thereto reintroduces a negative (shielding society from arbitrariness) and a positive (providing requirements for lawmaking) conception of the rule of law. First, it identifies actors and processes of informal international lawmaking and elucidates the extent of their reliance on legal principles as opposed to the wielding of arbitrary power on the international plane. Second, it operationalises a rule of law approach in the three phases of informal lawmaking processes (lawmaking per se, law-application and accountability). As such, it discusses how a number of concrete rule of law requirements related to participation, procedural guarantees, accessibility of norms, and accountability mechanisms are implemented. To conclude, it is submitted that rule of law theories can be reconciled with IN-LAW, without affecting the flexibility that is fundamental to the non-traditional norms produced at the global level.


Nosocomial infections (NI) are infections contracted during the cause of hospital treatments, which are secondary to the patients' original condition. A retrospective survey of nosocomial infection rates was carried out, using patients' medical files and diagnosis index. Surfaces of non-invasive fomites which frequently come in contact with patients were swabbed; drip stands, door knobs, fan switches, bed rails, bed linens, pillow cases, light-plug-ins, and sink knobs for microbial contamination. Microbes isolated from the 225 swabs samples were identified using standard microbiological methods. An overall prevalence of 11.9% nosocomial infections was recorded. The Intensive Care Unit (37.5%) and Children ward (7.6%) recorded the highest and lowest prevalence respectively. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in the sampled wards was significantly different at (P>0.05). Door knobs (22.76%) recorded the highest microbial contamination; while light-plug-ins (4.88%) and pillow case (4.88%) were the least contaminated fomites. The highest bacterial colony count of 9.6 × 106 cfu/ml which is higher than the infectious dose of 106 cfu/ml was recorded on the door knob of Female surgical ward while pillow case shows insignificant count across most wards. Surface contamination of fomites within healthcare setting is significant issue of concern in public health thus the need to implement strict policy to reduce the rate of surface bio-contamination of hospital environment.


Study Design Survey of neurosurgical and orthopedic spine surgeons. Objective To define the "complications of spinal surgery," we surveyed a large group of practicing spine surgeons to establish a preliminary definition of perioperative complications. Summary of Background Data Although the risk of complications following spinal procedures plays an important role in determining the appropriateness of surgical intervention, there is little consensus among spine surgeons regarding the definition of complications in spine surgery. The relevance of medical complications is also not clearly defined. Methods We surveyed a cohort of practicing spine surgeons via email and a commercially maintained website. Surgeons were presented with various complication scenarios, and asked to assess the presence or absence of a complication, as well as complication severity, with responses limited to "major complication" and "minor complication/adverse event." Results The survey was sent to approximately 2000 practicing surgeons; complete responses were received from 229, giving a response rate of 11.4%. Orthopedic surgeons comprised the majority of respondents (73%); most surgeons reported being in practice for greater than 5 years (83%). Greater than 75% of surgeons agreed on complication presence or absence in 10 of 11 scenarios assessed (91%, P<0.05). Consensus (≥70% agreement, P<0.05) as to type of complication was found in 7 of 11 scenarios presented (64%). Events deemed major complications involved either severe medical adverse events with permanent sequela or events requiring return to the operating room. Surgeons consistently considered medical adverse events, whether or not directly related to surgery, relevant to complication assessment. Conclusions We present a practical binary definition of complications in spine surgery based upon a survey of over 200 practicing spine surgeons. Further work is required in critically assessing spine surgery complications.


BACKGROUND
Better methods of assessing patients' and family members' causal models of illness are needed to improve adherence with biomedical interventions and to design services that meet the needs of consumers.

AIMS
To develop a quantitative measure suitable for assessing the relationship of causal beliefs to expressed emotion, stigma, care-seeking and adherence.

METHOD
The Causal Models Questionnaire for Schizophrenia, which includes 45 causes identified during in-depth interviews with family members, was administered to 245 family members of 135 patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia in Suzhou and Siping, China at the time of admission to hospital.

RESULTS
Respondents, who identified a mean of 2.5 causes (range 1-10, mode 2), attributed 84% of the cause of schizophrenia to social, interpersonal and psychological problems. Hence, their beliefs do not concur with Chinese professionals' ideas about the biomedical causes of schizophrenia. Multivariate analyses identified the socio-economic factors that influence family members' causal beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the complexity of causal models, measures can be developed that will help improve clinicians' communication with patients and understanding of help-seeking behaviours.


Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) are both used in clinical areas for example in orthopaedics, craniofacial, dental and bone replacement due to their exceptional mechanical properties tensile strength, stiffness, fracture toughness and corrosion resistance. The titanium oxide layer plays an important role on the surface of Ti allowing deposition of biomaterials, cells, proteins and peptides. Some studies suggested that a second bioactive material should be deposited, sprayed or attracted to the surface of Ti in order to increase its bioactivity. A well-known material for its high bioactivity is hydroxyapatite (HA)4 and is widely used as coating on implant surfaces. The aim of this project is to increase the interaction of nano hydroxyapatite and titanium oxide using an organic interphase of peptides known as aptamers.


Financial crises often originate in debt markets, where collateral constraints and opacity of asset values generate intrinsic instability. In such ambiguous contexts endogenous beliefs formation plays a crucial role in explaining asset price and leverage cycles. We introduce state-contingent ambiguity attitudes embedding ambiguity aversion and seeking, which endogenously induces pessimism (left-skewed beliefs) in recessions and optimism (rightskewed beliefs) in booms, in a model where borrowers face occasionally binding collateral constraints. We use GMM estimation with latent value functions to estimate the ambiguity attitudes process. By simulating a crisis scenario in our model we show that optimism in booms is responsible for higher asset price and leverage growth and pessimism in recessions is responsible for sharper de-leveraging and asset price bursts. Analytically and numerically (using global methods) we show that our state-contingent ambiguity attitudes coupled with the collateral constraints can explain relevant asset price and debt cycle facts around the unfolding of a financial crisis.


Abstract The shell size of 1236 ammonite species representing all known Early Jurassic faunas is analyzed. Size patterns are studied for the entire period and then at the biozone scale for the first four stages of the Jurassic (28 Myr), during which ammonites recovered from the crisis at the Triassic/Jurassic (T/J) boundary. Our analysis reveals that (1) a size continuum (normal distribution from "dwarfs" to "giants") exists for all Early Jurassic ammonites; (2) although there are no sustained trends (e.g., no Cope's rule), the succession is not monotonous and patterns may differ conspicuously from one biozone to the next; and (3) increases and decreases in size range are the most frequent evolutionary styles of size change. The only pattern that can be connected with a particular episode of Early Jurassic ammonite history is the initial increase in size disparity during the first four biozones attributable to phyletic radiation after the T/J crisis. Subsequent correlations with environmental constraints (e.g., sea-level changes), although suspected, cannot be shown.


Disputes between Russia and Ukraine over the terms for gas transit and deliveries prompted Russia to accelerate development of new gas pipelines to Europe circumventing Ukraine, as well as exploring the potential for gas export to additional markets like Turkey and China. The current paper examines implications of Russia increasing its gas exports capacity by building Nord Stream 2 (to Germany), Turkish Stream (to Turkey and Greece) and Power of Siberia (to China). We find that these projects have moderate effect on Russian gas exports and also that the impact on the European natural gas market is minor. We have also examined the impact of new Russian export pipes if subsidies to large Russian natural gas consumers are halved, or there are no sales to, or transit via, Ukraine. We find that the effects of increased export capacity are much stronger in these cases. The main policy implication of our study is that the EU and Russia have common interest in supporting further integration of European markets, although for somewhat different reasons. Russia wants to sustain, or increase, its exports to Europe, whereas the EU wants to make sure that the market functions well and that no country becomes vulnerable to pressure from Russia.


The Electron and Optical Physics Division of the Physics Laboratory has operated the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for over 30 years. Initially operated in a parasitic mode at the NIST electron synchrotron, the facility was converted into the SURF II electron storage ring in 1974. Since then, SURF II has been the United States national standard of irradiance in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region, but the radiometric accuracy of SURF II was limited by the uniformity of the magnetic field encountered by electrons as they traversed their orbit. Variations of up to 0.5% limited the knowledge of the local bending radius at any tangent point and restricted the accuracy of the irradiance calculations. To improve the radiometric accuracy of SURF, an entirely new magnet structure was installed in the summer of 1998. The azimuthal uniformity of the SURF III magnetic field has been improved by a factor of 50 at 388 MeV and a factor of 25 at 260 MeV, allowing irradiance calculations to be made with much higher accuracy than SURF II could achieve. As an additional benefit, the use of improved magnet material, a smaller air gap between the poles, and new magnet windings has increased the magnetic field strength at the electron orbit, allowing SURF III to store electrons at energies as high as 400 MeV, compared to 300 MeV for SURF II. The higher electron energy will extend the usable range of radiation from SURF to shorter wavelengths, enabling experiments in the "water window" from 2.3 nm to 4.4 nm. We present here the major design goals and features of the SURF III magnet, the results of magnet field mapping and other measurements, and the facility performance to date.


Learning awakens a variety of internal developmental processes that are able to operate only when the child is interacting with people in his environment and in cooperation with his peers. (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 90) Science education is often described as an inquiry oriented process in which students interact and collaborate with their teachers and peers (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1990; National Research Council, 1996). The demands embedded within this description are complex and call for substantial reform in the pedagogical tools that teacher education programs offer as they prepare preservice teachers with strategies and methodologies that are congruent with constructivist views of learning. Key in the development and acquisition of such pedagogies is the transformation of traditional lectures, at the university level, into active learning experiences. Through experiential learning, preservice teachers may eventually develop the competence and confidence to design classroom instruction that is conducive and reflective of collaborative scientific inquiry (National Research Council, 1996). Proficiency in the design and implementation of collaborative learning activities can be a complex process. Initially, "expectations for what the teacher can successfully orchestrate should be small and reasonable" (Woolfolk Hoy & Tschannen-Moran, 1999, p. 279). A gradual progression from simple to complex interactive structures allows beginning teachers to reach reasonable goals (Weinstein, 1996) while ensuring that their students acquire social and science related academic skills (Bass, Contant, & Carin, 2009). Learning in dyads, or pairs, represents only one alternative among the variety of group sizes and structures documented in cooperative learning literature that allow preservice teachers to start small (Johnson, Johnson, & Smith, 2006; Kagan, 1994). Learning in dyads has been examined in research (mainly K-12 studies) seeking to measure and describe cognitive and/or academic achievement, together with studies of how and its use revolves around structured or unstructured tasks in which both partners must contribute to both partners' learning (Fawcett & Garton, 2005; Gabrielle, 2007; King & Rosenshine, 1993; Tudge, Winterhoff, & Hogan, 1996). A rationale for the use of dyads in this study will be summarized in terms of the opportunities that dyad structures allow for increased interaction of all group members, positive interdependence, and higher performance output. Rationale First, empirical studies involving structured dyads have found a positive relationship between students' participation in explanatory activities and learning (Okada & Simon, 1997; Rittle-Johnson, Saylor, & Swygert, 2008; Saab, Joolingen, & Hout-Wolters, 2005) as well as in the role of explanation in help giving in collaborative dyads (Veenman & Denessen, 2005). Additionally, Webb and Palincsar (1996) suggest that students in pairs interact more than students in groups of three or four. Second, collaborative tasks often assume that students will work towards the same goals on equal terms and by helping each other and counting on all individuals' contributions. Studies suggest that students in large groups may avoid the responsibility to help other group members succeed (Johnson et al., 2006; Veenman & Denessen, 2005; Webb, Ender, & Lewis, 1986). Finally, much of the advantage of dyad learning is linked to the opportunities that dyadic structures provide for verbalization and cognitive engagement (Fawcett & Garton, 2005) versus individualized work or passive listening, the latter of which often results in less creative and less sophisticated answers to questions or tasked posed (De Lisi & Golbeck, 1999). Cooperative learning in dyads places individuals in a position of clarification and evaluation, leading to greater opportunities to engage in complex thinking (Tasley, 1995). …


Abstract Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy is a novel treatment that was discovered in the last decade. Despite unclear understanding of its mechanisms of action, numerous and diverse publications attested to its clinical use. However, current evidence supporting its use is unclear and recommendations are inconsistent. To assist clinicians in decision-making, the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology created a workgroup composed of international experts from various clinical specialties, which includes representatives of major clinical toxicology associations. Rigorous methodology using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation or AGREE II instrument was developed to provide a framework for the systematic reviews for this project and to formulate evidence-based recommendations on the use of ILE in poisoning. Systematic reviews on the efficacy of ILE in local anesthetic toxicity and non-local anesthetic poisonings as well as adverse effects of ILE are planned. A comprehensive review of lipid analytical interferences and a survey of ILE costs will be developed. The evidence will be appraised using the GRADE system. A thorough and transparent process for consensus statements will be performed to provide recommendations, using a modified Delphi method with two rounds of voting. This process will allow for the production of useful practice recommendations for this therapy.


PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and SPECTrum experiment, is a short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiment aiming to probe an eV 2 -scale sterile neutrino oscillation, and to investigate the isotopic origin of discrepancies between measured and predicted reactor antineutrino fluxes and spectra. In PROSPECT, reactor antineutrinos are detected by an optically segmented 6 Li loaded liquid scintillator detector. Since its commissioning in spring 2018, PROSPECT has successfully detected reactor antineutrino on earth surface, made oscillation measurement, and precisely measured antineutrino spectrum from 235 U. The segmented na-ture of the PROSPECT detector and its deployment with little over-burden brought distinct challenges for the energy scale calibration and backgrounds subtraction. This poster describes the PROSPECT detector design, characterization, and calibration in realizing its antineutrino measurement. Mini-abstract The poster describes the detector and calibration for the PROSPECT reactorneutrino measurements.


In the interest-free banking system of Iran, the savings of society are in the form of bank deposits, and banks using the Islamic contracts, allocate the resources to applicants for obtaining facilities and credit. In the meantime, the central bank, with the aim of introducing monetary policy, determines the maximum interest rate on bank deposits in terms of macroeconomic requirements. But in recent years, the country's economic constraints with the stagflation and the consequence of the institutional weaknesses of the financial market of Iran have resulted in massive disturbances in the balance sheet of the banking system, resulting in a period of mismatch maturity in the banks' assets and liabilities and the implementation of a Ponzi game. This issue caused determination of the interest rate in long-term bank deposit contracts to be associated with non-observance of the maximum rate set by the central bank. The result of this condition was in the allocation of new sources of equipment to meet past commitments towards the old depositors and, as a result, a significant part of the supply of equipment was leaked out of the facilitating cycle and credit crunch emerged. The purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors affecting the occurrence of non-confirmatory financial banking behavior using data from 19 public and private banks of Iran. For this purpose, the causes of this non-confirmatory behavior of banks have been investigated using the panel vector autoregression method (PVAR) for the period of 2007-2015. Granger's causality test results suggest that the return of parallel markets for bank deposits, non-performing loans and the high share of the ratio of facilities to banks' deposits are all a cause of the formation of non-confirmatory behavior. Also, according to the results of impulse response functions and variance decomposition, NPL and the ratio of facilities to deposits have the highest long-term effect and also have a high contribution to explaining the changes in banks' non-confirmatory behavior in determining the interest rate on deposits. Keywords—Non-conformity behavior, Ponzi game, panel vector autoregression, nonperforming loans.


The purpose of the study was to investigate how grading of students in primary school affected achievement measured by grades one year later, and how the effect varied as a function of cognitive ability, gender and socio-economic status. The data derive from The Evaluation Through Follow Up longitudinal project. Through a national curriculum change one group of students received grades and one group of students did not receive grades in the 6th Grade, while both groups of students received grades in the 7th Grade. A quasi-experimental design was thus created, with two comparable groups of students. The subjects were 8558 students born in 1967. Several multiple regression models were fitted to the data. The results showed no main effects of grading on subsequent achievement, but there were important differential effects: graded students with low cognitive ability received lower subsequent grades. The results also showed interaction effects between gender and grading and between gender and cognitive ability.


The ACRU agrohydrological model, in the form of ACRU2000 and its salinity module, ACRUSalinity, was employed in catchment-scale assessment of widespread irrigation with low quality mine-water in undisturbed (un-mined) and rehabilitated soils in the Upper Olifants basin of South Africa. The study area comprised a small catchment of 4.7 km2 located in a coal-mine environment, known as the Tweefontein Pan catchment. The catchment drained to a surface reservoir (Tweefontein Reservoir) of maximum capacity and surface area 4 000 Ml and 1.5 km2, respectively. The catchment was instrumented to measure hydrodynamic responses and simulated as a hydrological system. Consideration was given to runoff, groundwater storage, evapotranspiration, baseflow, interception, irrigation water supply and rainfall, thereby accounting for all the dominant hydrological components of the system. Three scenarios were simulated using the available records for 5 years (1999 to 2004). The first was a baseline scenario representing the prevailing condition in the study area and the other 2 scenarios represented widespread irrigation with the mine-water on undisturbed and rehabilitated soils. In simulating the widespread irrigation on rehabilitated soils, a distinction was made between a rehabilitated irrigated area before and after the re-establishment of the equilibrium water table. Comparison of the results from the simulated scenarios indicated that a greater undisturbed area (max of 160 ha) than rehabilitated area (max of 120 ha) could be irrigated with mine-water from the Tweefontein Reservoir. Irrigation on rehabilitated soils depleted the water in the reservoir more rapidly than irrigation on undisturbed soils, due to lower runoff and higher ingress to groundwater in rehabilitated areas. Keywords: mine-water, widespread irrigation, mined land irrigation, Upper Olifants, catchment scale, hydrological assessment, ACRU2000


Reciprocity is a key determinant of human behavior and has been well documented in the psychological and behavioral economics literature. This paper shows that reciprocity has significant implications for computer agents that interact with people over time. It proposes a model for predicting people's actions in multiple bilateral rounds of interactions. The model represents reciprocity as a tradeoff between two social factors: the extent to which players reward and retaliate others' past actions (retrospective reasoning), and their estimate about the future ramifications of their actions (prospective reasoning). The model is trained and evaluated over a series of negotiation rounds that vary players' possible strategies as well as their benefit from potential strategies at each round. Results show that reasoning about reciprocal behavior significantly improves the predictive power of the model, enabling it to outperform alternative models that do not reason about reciprocity, or that play various game theoretic equilibria. These results indicate that computers that interact with people need to represent and to learn the social factors that affect people's play when they interact over time.


A reconfigurable fault tolerant system achieves the attributes of dependability of operations through fault detection, fault isolation and reconfiguration, typically referred to as the FDIR paradigm. Fault diagnosis is a key component of this approach, requiring an accurate determination of the health and state of the system. An imprecise state assessment can lead to catastrophic failure due to an optimistic diagnosis, or conversely, result in underutilization of resources because of a pessimistic diagnosis. Differing from classical testing and other off-line diagnostic approaches, we develop procedures for maximal utilization of the system state information to provide for continual, on-line diagnosis and reconfiguration capabilities as an integral part of the system operations. Our diagnosis approach, unlike existing techniques, does not require administered testing to gather syndrome information but is based on monitoring the system message traffic among redundant system functions. We present comprehensive on-line diagnosis algorithms capable of handling a continuum of faults of varying severity at the node and link level. Not only are the proposed algorithms on-line in nature, but are themselves tolerant to faults in the diagnostic process. Formal analysis is presented for all proposed algorithms. These proofs offer both insight into the algorithm operations and facilitate a rigorous formal verification of the developed algorithms.


A Spirituality Interest Group (SIG) was set up in in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland (ROI), in March 2013. This paper reports on some of the journey and requirements involved in developing the group. It highlights the essential work of establishing agreed understandings in an objective way in order for the group to move forward with action. These agreed understandings have contributed to the group's success. Outlining the group's journey in arriving at agreements may be of use to others considering creating similar groups. One key action taken to determine the suitability of the group's aims and terms of reference was the distribution of a Survey Monkey to group members (n = 28) in 2014. One early meeting of the group discussed future goals and direction using the responses of this anonymous survey. This paper reports on the results of the survey regarding the establishment of the SIG and the development of a shared understanding of spiritual care among the members. There is consensus in the group that the spiritual care required by clients receiving healthcare ought to be an integrated effort across the healthcare team. However, there is an acceptance that spirituality and spiritual care are not always clearly understood concepts in practice. By developing shared or at least accepted understandings of spirituality and spiritual care, SIG hopes to be able to underpin both research and practice with solid foundational conceptual understanding, and in the process also to meet essential prerequisites for achieving the group's aims.


Isoprenoids are a large class of natural products with wide‐ranging applications. Synthetic biology approaches to the manufacture of isoprenoids and their new‐to‐nature derivatives are limited due to the provision in nature of just two hemiterpene building blocks for isoprenoid biosynthesis. To address this limitation, artificial chemo‐enzymatic pathways such as the alcohol‐dependent hemiterpene (ADH) pathway serve to leverage consecutive kinases to convert exogenous alcohols into pyrophosphates that could be coupled to downstream isoprenoid biosynthesis. To be successful, each kinase in this pathway should be permissive of a broad range of substrates. For the first time, we have probed the promiscuity of the second enzyme in the ADH pathway—isopentenyl phosphate kinase from Thermoplasma acidophilum—towards a broad range of acceptor monophosphates. Subsequently, we evaluate the suitability of this enzyme to provide unnatural pyrophosphates and provide a critical first step in characterizing the rate‐limiting steps in the artificial ADH pathway.


Background and purpose: The hip fractures are the most frequent cause of traumatic death after the age of 75 years, occuring more frequently in women that will make a negative impact of the patient's life style. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the risk factors of the hip fractures in elderly hospitalized in centers of education and treament of kerman and rafsanjan cities , in 1998-2000. Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive method of sampling, during 27 monthes (from19 April 1998 to 21 July 2000) in hospitalized patients of on hopaedic wards of aliabn abitaleb hospital of Rafsanjan and Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman. 257 patients who were afflicted with hip fracture were evaluated by a questionaire with 20 statements (risk factors of hip fractures) that were used to recorded informations about this study. This risk factors included age, sex, type of fracture, osteoporosis, milk consumption, muscle atrophy, environmental hazards, body mass index, diseases, diabetes, previous fracture, smoking, antidepressant and anticonvnlsion drugs, heart disease, low mobility and activity, perception disorders, age of menopause, impaired vision, and non use external hip protector (padding). Results: The results of this study showed that many of above risk factors were effective (>50%) than others These factors were including environmental hazards (81.7%), muscle atrophy (72.8%), previous fractures (511%), low mobility and activity (70.8%), low milk consumption(100%), low BMl (79.8%), osteoporosis (52.1%) and non use external hip protector (100%). Conclusion: The results of this study recommened that environmental hazards of elderly should be modified (e.g. well lighted staire case with secure hand rail) to prevent from falling. Excercise and faradic current prevent muscle atrophy and improve physical fitness, muscle strength, balance and coordintation. Treatment of impaired visual is important because risk of falling is decreased. Regular load-bearing excercise such as walking, adequate milk consumption and calcium intake prevent of osteoporosis so the risk of hip fracture is decrease The use of external hip protector (padding) is very important in elderly because energy from falling is absorbed so it can decrease probability of hip fracture.


Existing and future media ecosystems need to cope with the ever-increasing heterogeneity of networks, devices, and user characteristics collectively referred to as (usage) context. The key to address this problem is media adaptation to various and dynamically changing contexts in order to provide a service quality that is regarded as satisfactory by the end user. The adaptation can be performed in many ways and at different locations, e.g., at the edge and within the network resulting in a substantial number of issues to be integrated within a media ecosystem. This paper describes research challenges, key innovations, target research outcomes, and achievements so far for edge and in-network media adaptation by introducing the concept of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling.


Tagging in online social networks is very popular these days, as it facilitates search and retrieval of multimedia content. However, noisy and spam annotations often make it difficult to perform an efficient search. Users may make mistakes in tagging and irrelevant tags and content may be maliciously added for advertisement or self-promotion. This article surveys recent advances in techniques for combatting such noise and spam in social tagging. We classify the state-of-the-art approaches into a few categories and study representative examples in each. We also qualitatively compare and contrast them and outline open issues for future research.


Accurately predicting non-peak traffic is crucial to daily traffic for all forecasting models. In the paper, least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs) are investigated to solve such a practical problem. It is the first time to apply the approach and analyze the forecast performance in the domain. For comparison purpose, two parametric and two non-parametric techniques are selected because of their effectiveness proved in past research. Having good generalization ability and guaranteeing global minima, LS-SVMs perform better than the others. Providing sufficient improvement in stability and robustness reveals that the approach is practically promising. Keywords—Parametric and Nonparametric Techniques, Non-peak Traffic Forecasting


PURPOSE
Secondary neutrons from proton therapy have a wide energy range, from thermal to the maximum proton beam energy, which can be as high as ∼250 MeV. Most measurements reported in the literature to date have either not included spectral information or were obtained using detectors with limited response to neutrons above 10 MeV. Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to measure a secondary neutron spectrum from proton therapy using a spectrometer that was sensitive to neutron energies over the entire energy spectrum.

METHODS
We performed measurements using an extended-range Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS) with high-atomic-number shells placed within polyethylene spheres to increase high-energy response compared to a standard BSS. Measurements were performed for a 250-MeV passively scattered proton beam with a medium snout and closed aperture. All measurements were performed in air 100 cm from isocenter. Data were unfolded using the MXD_FC33 unfolding algorithm. The a priori spectrum for neutron unfolding was determined using the Bayesian statistical estimator methodology. We used Monte Carlo N-Particle Code to calculate a response matrix specifically for this measurement system.

RESULTS
Total measured fluence was 8.36 ncm2Gy-1 and included a low energy tail from thermal energies to approximately 1 eV (16% fluence), an evaporation peak from 1 eV to 10 MeV (69% fluence), and a direct neutron peak from 10 MeV to 250 MeV (15% fluence). The total ambient dose equivalent was 2.03 mSvGy-1 with neutrons in the evaporation peak contributing the highest dose equivalent and neutrons below 1 eV contributing essentially no dose.

CONCLUSION
We report both neutron fluence and dose equivalent spectra for a 250 MeV passively scattered proton beam. These data were measured with a spectrometer that is sensitive over the entire measurable neutron energy spectrum (thermal to 250 MeV) and thus could be a valuable tool for benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations. This research was supported in part, by the National Cancer Institute award 1R01CA131463-01A1 (W.D. Newhauser, P.I.) and a subcontract of that award (R.M. Howell, P.I).


Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a rare disorder of the ninth cranial nerve. It affects patients' quality of life, with the characteristic symptoms of severe paroxysmal pain affecting the throat, tongue, and ear. Traditional treatment for GPN includes medical management with anticonvulsants and analgesics and surgery with microvascular decompression (MVD) for refractory cases. However, surgical complications such as neurovascular damage may occur. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) might be a viable surgical alternative for idiopathic GPN. Although GKRS is widely recognized as an effective and minimally invasive treatment for intractable trigeminal neuralgia, its role in GPN has not yet been clearly determined. Herein, we report a 45-year-old male patient who presented with the left throat intractable shooting pain for 6 months. The pain also radiated to his left ear and was triggered by swallowing. He was diagnosed as having GPN. The patient refused for MVD treatment. Thus, we instead performed GKRS. The target was placed over the cisternal segment of the glossopharyngeal nerve, close to the meatus of the jugular foramen, with a single 4-mm isocenter. The maximal dose to the target was 86 Gy. The patient's pain completely disappeared 2-week posttreatment. No major neurological complication was noted in series follow-up. The clinical response in this case report provides evidence of the efficacy of treating GPN with stereotactic radiosurgery. GKRS is a valuable surgical alternative for idiopathic GPN, with very high efficacy and without permanent complications. Additional studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to demonstrate the long-term safety and effectiveness for this treatment.


Extraordinary Optical Transmission of TM waves impinging at oblique incidence on metallic or high permittivity dielectric screens with a periodic distribution of 1D slits or any other kind of 1D defects is analyzed. Generalized waveguide theory altogether with the surface impedance concept are used for modeling such phenomena. A numerical analysis based on the mode matching technique proves to be an efficient tool for the characterization of these structures for any angle of incidence and slit or defect apertures.


Abstract The Reich-Moore (RM) formulation is used extensively in many isotope/nuclide evaluations to represent neutron cross-section data for the resolved-resonance region. The RM equations require the evaluation of complex matrices (i.e., matrices with complex quantities) that are a function of the resonance energy and corresponding resonance parameters. Although the RM equations are documented in the open literature, computational pitfalls may be encountered with the implementation of the RM equations in a cross-section processing code. Based on experience, numerical instabilities in the form of nonphysical oscillations can occur in the calculated absorption, capture, or elastic scattering cross sections. To illustrate possible numerical instabilities, the conventional RM equations are presented, and the conditions that lead to numerical problems in the cross-section calculations are identified and demonstrated for 28Si and 60Ni. In an effort to circumvent the computational problems, detailed or revised RM expressions have been developed to efficiently and accurately calculate cross sections for neutron-induced reactions in the resolved-resonance region. The revised equations can be used to avoid numerical problems associated with the implementation of the RM formulation in a cross-section processing code. The revised Reich-Moore equations are also used to demonstrate the improved cross-section results (i.e., without numerical instabilities) for 28Si and 60Ni.