Background of the Study: The clinical experience that there is a great variability in the ease of performing lumbar microdiscectomy, in particular while instructing the trainee surgeons. Objective: To determine the role of the pre operative symptoms, it is duration and the radiological findings on influencing the procedure of lumbar microdiscectomy for a single lumbar disc prolapse. Method: A prospective study of 82 patients with a single level lumbar disc prolapse included the analysis and correlation of clinical and radiological factors: age, sex, height, weight, type of physical work, presenting symptoms and their duration, the level and status of the disc prolapse - to the intra-operative findings of epidural vein dilatation, degree of fibrosis, and the duration of operation. The data were subjected to detailed analysis by using the statistical package of Social Science (SPSS/PC) Release 10. Results: Thirty two percent of patients had significantlydilated epidural veins; their presence was influenced by the predominance of low back pain and the duration of symptoms. A third (34%) of patients had appreciable fibrosis at the surgical site, again influenced by low back pain, duration of symptoms and radiological findings of obstruction and bony abnormalities. In 37% of the patients the blood loss was in excess of 100 ml seen in patients with a profile similar to those with significant fibrosis. The procedure of microdiscectomy lasted longer than 120 minutes in 34% of patients whose predominant symptom was low back pain with prolonged duration of symptoms and abnormal x-ray findings. Conclusion: The patient's preoperative clinical presentation and the radiological appearance of the prolapsed disc can affect significantly the microsurgical procedure. The short history of illness with more pronounced leg pain in the absence of bony abnormalities would favor easier operation; while Lumbar microdiscectomy is expected to be a difficult procedure in patients with low back pain as predominant symptom lasting for longer than 12 months and in whom the disc prolapsed is central or who showed additional bony abnormalities.


With the world's growing population, the provision of a safe, nutritious and wholesome food supply for all has become a major challenge. To achieve this, effective risk management based on sound science and unbiased information is required by all stakeholders, including the food industry, governments and consumers themselves. In addition, the globalization of the food supply requires the harmonization of policies and standards based on a common understanding of food safety among authorities in countries around the world. With some 280 chapters, the Encyclopedia of Food Safety provides unbiased and concise overviews which form in total a comprehensive coverage of a broad range of food safety topics, which may be grouped under the following general categories: History and basic sciences that support food safety; Foodborne diseases, including surveillance and investigation; Foodborne hazards, including microbiological and chemical agents; Substances added to food, both directly and indirectly; Food technologies, including the latest developments; Food commodities, including their potential hazards and controls; Food safety management systems, including their elements and the roles of stakeholders. The Encyclopedia provides a platform for experts from the field of food safety and related fields, such as nutrition, food science and technology and environment to share and learn from state-of-the art expertise with the rest of the food safety community. It is assembled with the objective of facilitating the work of those working in the field of food safety and related fields, such as nutrition, food science and technology and environment - this work covers the entire spectrum of food safety topics into one comprehensive reference work. The Editors have made every effort to ensure that this work meets strict quality and pedagogical thresholds such as: contributions by the foremost authorities in their fields; unbiased and concise overviews on a multitude of food safety subjects; references for further information, and specialized and general definitions for food safety terminology. In maintaining confidence in the safety of the food supply, sound scientific information is key to effectively and efficiently assessing, managing and communicating on food safety risks. Yet, professionals and other specialists working in this multidisciplinary field are finding it increasingly difficult to keep up with developments outside their immediate areas of expertise. This single source of concise, reliable and authoritative information on food safety has, more than ever, become a necessity.


ABSTRACT Australia adopted income-contingent government loans for tertiary students 30 years ago, aiming to promote greater access and equity in higher education, as repayments were required only when income exceeded a threshold. Why then does the scheme still cause dissension and with what consequences for government? We analyse qualitative and quantitative survey data to answer this question. Contrary to the government's universal conception of fairness, graduates keenly perceive unfairness relative to their peers. Our results indicate that perceptions of unfair treatment create enduring difficulties for governments in securing cooperation from their citizens.


Organic agriculture is a production method that upholds the well-being of soil, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles tailored to local conditions. This descriptive study assessed the knowledge and perceptions of organic food consumers in Bloemfontein. A convenience sample of 60 consumers (male and female) was selected to participate in the study. A structured questionnaire was designed to obtain data at a local fresh-produce grocer. Most of the consumers showed positive and negative attitudes towards organic products. Most consumers had basic knowledge regarding organic products, but it also became evident that there was uncertainty surrounding facts of organic products, such as labelling standards. Only 12% of respondents interpreted the term "organic" correctly. Human health (86.67%) and environmental concerns (28.33%) were the key factors influencing consumer preference for organic food. Organic fruit and vegetables (45.37%) were the most popular purchased organic items amongst consumers. The majority of consumers (61.67%) stated that organic products are affordable. The results of the present study provided valuable insight into the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of consumers towards organically grown foods. The general positive attitude of consumers can be attributed to consumers' basic knowledge of, and preference for, organic food. Despite the organic lifestyle being in the minority in this region, there continues to be a growing demand for organic products in Bloemfontein, and for this reason producers have ensured a continued supply of organic products.


A recent analysis of seismic amplitude variation with offset (AVO) by Fatti et al. (1994) recasts the AVO equations of Aki and Richards (1979) into a form that is preferable for analysis of rock properties. Fatti et al. showed that the AVO equation could be expressed in terms of P-wave reflectivity, S-wave reflectivity and fractional density change. In an interesting paper, Goodway et al. (1997) then utilized Fatti's equation to deal with Lamé parameters, and such parameters were used to effectively detect hydrocarbons. In this short note, I use sensitivity analysis of Fatti's equation to formally show that direct detection of rock density is difficult for limited apertures and typical seismic velocities. Sensitivity analysis allows us to estimate fractional changes of P-wave and S-wave impedance, but shows that AVO effects are not sensitive to density changes for normal seismic apertures.


Over the years, browsers have adopted an ever-increasing number of client-enforced security policies deployed by means of HTTP headers. Such mechanisms are fundamental for web application security, and usually deployed on a per-page basis. This, however, enables inconsistencies, as different pages within the same security boundaries (in form of origins or sites) can express conflicting security requirements. In this paper, we formalize inconsistencies for cookie security attributes, CSP and HSTS, and then quantify the magnitude and impact of inconsistencies at scale by crawling 15,000 popular sites. We show numerous sites endanger their own security by omission or misconfiguration of the aforementioned mechanisms, which lead to unnecessary exposure to XSS, cookie theft and HSTS deactivation. We then use our data to analyse to which extent the recent Origin Policy proposal can fix the problem of inconsistencies. Unfortunately, we conclude that the current Origin Policy design suffers from major shortcomings which limit its practical applicability to address security inconsistencies, while catering to the need of real-world sites. Based on these insights, we propose Site Policy, designed to overcome Origin Policy's shortcomings and make any insecurity explicit. We make a prototype implementation of Site Policy publicly available, along with a support toolchain for initial policy generation, security analysis, and test deployment.


This paper uses a large natural field experiment to identify the effects of formal savings on interhousehold transfers in villages, and the spillover impacts of service-expansion on de facto ineligibles residing in the same community. Despite widespread interest in microfinance, spillover effects on the very poor of expanding formal financial services remain largely unexplored. This study helps fill this gap by examining evidence from an experiment which uses an information intervention that mimics naturally-occurring institutions to increase formal service adoption. It also contributes to an emerging literature on the indirect impacts of policy interventions in developing countries, often evaluated solely on the basis of how they impact direct participants and beneficiaries. In developing regions, households vulnerable to extreme poverty often rely on local safety nets based on transfers from relatives and friends, which help them smooth consumption across food-deficits and household shocks. To date, little is known about how these pre-existing practices are affected as community members begin adopting newly available formal financial services. Using a panel dataset of over 2,000 households collected during a rapid expansion of formal savings services in Central Malawi, this paper shows that experimentally boosting use of formal savings in rural areas sharply increases inter-household transfers during peak periods of hunger. The impact on transfer receipts is strongest among the poorest households, a de facto financial services-ineligible group, among whom the effects are also linked to significant changes in welfare. The strong impacts of formal savings expansion on non service-users suggests that formal finance can have much greater immediate-term effects than would be suggested by focusing exclusively on impacts experienced by service-users. The findings also highlight the sensitivity of traditional safety nets and welfare outcomes among the highly vulnerable in villages to expansion of formal financial markets.


In this study, it is aimed to examine the writing-typography courses taught in the programs of the higher education institutions in our country and its visual importance in communication in undergraduate-graduate degree (Fine Arts Faculty), Department of Fine Arts Education in Fine Arts Education Department of Painting Education (Graphic), Department of Vocational High School (Graphic Design). For this purpose, the course contents of undergraduate and associate degree programs in private and state universities providing writing-typography education, which have been exemplified as unselected, have been examined and information about the courses named as typography, typography, calligraphy, computer-aided text design, experimental typography, numerical typography, etc. are taken into consideration. In the light of the information obtained from the research; it is seen that the education courses of the education faculties are less than the lessons of the related departments of the Fine Arts Faculties, and the writing-typography courses of the fine art faculties are distributed in the wider period. In graphic design programs of vocational colleges covering two years, it is seen that the writing-typography course is taught for two semesters. In other words, the inadequacy of typography education, which is one of the important elements of visual communication, is thought to lead to image pollution instead of a visual feast because of the use of wrong typeface in the designs of packages, labels in markets, in short term publications such as newspapers, periodicals and advertisement tools such as billboard and banners in the process of transformation of both teachers' and graphic designers' ideas into visual images.


To study the rate of growth of sinters in New Zealand hot springs, field experiments were conducted in seven geothermal areas. At Wairakei, fan-shaped subaqueous deposits of amorphous silica grow rapidly (350 kg a -1 m -2 of drain wall) and are composed of silicified filaments with subordinate bacillus and spirillium-shaped organisms. Characterization of bacteria revealed isolates sharing > 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence homologies affiliated with Thermus, Meiothermus , Bacillus, Tepidomonas, Thermomonas, Porphyrobacter, Thermonema, and, Hydrogenophilus spp., as well as previously uncultured bacteria. At Rotokawa, microstromatolites have a slow growth rate (0.004 mm day -1 ) that is attributed to low pH, capillary rise, and evaporation. At Champagne Pool, sinter growth (0.023 mm day -1 ) is dominated by wave action building alternating microbe-rich and microbe-poor layers. Silica sinter was not observed at Waikite, where slides developed a layer of calcite (0.026 mm day -1 ). Sinter growth at Ngatamariki (0.016 mm day -1 ) forms by capillary rise, evaporation, and diffusion and at Tokaanu, subaqueous growth is slow (0.002 mm day -1 ) and contains silicified microbes. Textures at Orakei Korako indicate similar mechanisms to Ngatamariki, except that growth is more rapid (0.023 mm day -1 ) due to a splash contribution. Silica and calcite saturation indices adequately explain the growth of the sinters and calcite, indicating that microbes are not inducing precipitation where it should not occur. The rate of precipitation is correlated with silica supersaturation, but pH effects can alter this relationship. The degree of preservation of microbial material is explained by the effect of Ostwald ripening on silica spherules. Subaqueous growth allows coarsening of spherules and poor preservation of smaller microbes while subaerial nucleation is rapid, Ostwald ripening is inactive, and better preservation can be expected.


The use of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) is a common practice in the U.S., especially in rural areas where the access to centralized wastewater treatment systems is limited. Onsite wastewater treatment systems include a soil treatment area or drainfield where contaminants are removed or attenuated. Ineffective OWTS are a source of microbial pathogens (bacteria and viruses), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and nutrients, which are among the major causes of contamination and water quality impairments in surface water in the U.S. The main objective of this research was to model the different chemical, physical processes, and removal mechanisms that influence the fate and transport of OWTS-derived contaminants using the HYDRUS 2D/3D software. In the first part of this study, segmented mesocosms (n=3) packed with sand, sandy loam or clay loam soil were used to determine the effect of soil texture and depth on transport of two septic tank effluent (STE)-borne microbial pathogen surrogates – green fluorescent protein-labeled E. coli (GFPE) and MS-2 coliphage – in soil treatment areas. In all soils, removal rates were >99.99% at 25 cm. The transport simulation compared (1) optimization, and (2) trial-and-error modeling approaches. Only slight differences between the transport parameters were observed between these approaches. Independent of the fitting procedure, attachment rates computed by the model were higher in sandy and sandy loam soils than clay loam, which was attributed to unsaturated flow conditions at lower water content in the coarser-textured soils. In the second part of this research, bacteria removal efficiencies in a conventional soil-based wastewater treatment system (OWTS) were modeled to elucidate the fate and transport of E. coli under environmental and operational conditions that might be expected under changing climatic conditions. The impact of changing precipitation patterns, initial bacteria concentrations, hydraulic loading rates (HLR), and higher subsurface temperatures at different depths and soil textures on bacteria removal was evaluated. Modeled effects of initial bacteria concentration shows that greater depth of treatment was required in coarser soils than in fine textured ones to remove E. coli. The initial removal percentage was higher when HLR was lower, but it was greater when HLR was higher. When a biomat layer was included in the transport model, the performance of the system improved by up to 12.0%. Lower bacteria removal (up to 5%) was observed at all depths under the influence of precipitation rates ranging from 5 cm to 35 cm, and 35 cm rainfall combined with a 70% increase in HLR. C Increased subsurface temperature due to climate change (23 C) increased bacteria removal relative to a lower temperature range (5 C to 20C). It appears that the performance of OWTS may be impacted by changing climate. In the third part of this research, we also simulated the fate and transport of N in three different types of OWTS drainfield, or soil treatment areas (STA) using 2D/3D HYDRUS software to develop a N transport and fate model. Experimental data from a laboratory mesocosm study, including soil moisture content, and NH4 and NO3 concentration, was used to calibrate the model and a water content-dependent function was used to compute nitrification and denitrification rates. Three types of drainfields were simulated: (1) pipe-and-stone (P&S), (2) pressurized shallow narrow drainfield (SND) and (3) Geomat (GEO), a variation of SND. The results showed that the model was calibrated with acceptable goodness-of-fit between the observed and measured (average root mean square errors (RMSE) ranged from 0.18 to 9.65 for NH4 and NO3). The model predicted the N losses from nitrification and denitrification in all STAs. The modeled N losses occurred mostly as NO3 in water Outputs, accounting for more than 82% of N inputs in all drainfields. The highest N losses by denitrification were computed for the P&S drainfield and accounted for 17.60% of the influent total N. Our results showed that HYDRUS is a useful tool to predict the fate and transport of nutrients and microbial contaminants and help to provide practitioners with guidelines to estimate pathogens and nutrients removal efficiencies for OWTS under the effect of different operational and environmental factors. In addition, the modeling approach presented in this study, will be useful to predict the extent of contamination and spatial distribution for identifying non-point sources, and establish total minimum daily loads (TMDLs).


Few sciences have been as successful as pa leontology in remaining serious yet broad ly accessible at the same time. Much of its popularity may come from the image of the pa leontologist-explorer who pits himself against the wilderness and brings back fabulous things. The image is even partly true, because in the 19th century, dinosaurs (and paleontology) be came part of the myth of the American West. No longer were important discoveries made by European gentlemen in suits and ties who di rected a couple of workmen in an obscure quar ry Instead, fossil collecting had become "pros pecting": A man with a horse and a pick?and of course a rifle?could venture out West and, like his gold-seeking cousins, bring back untold wealth from the rocks. That fantasy carries much more weight than the reality of the scientist in a lab coat, noting tiny details in endless trays of museum specimens and preoccupied more with statistics and geochemistry than with camphres in the badlands. No matter that most paleontol ogy concerns undramatic taxa like graptolites and brachiopods, the field continues to enjoy a reputation as a richly rewarded, swashbuckling enterprise. But why dinosaurs? They were not the first prehistoric creatures to gain wide attention. In 1801 Charles Willson Peale, a talented artist, showman, and inventor of the modern natu ral history museum, excavated the remains of three large mastodons from Newburgh, New York. The display of one of Peale's mastodons in Philadelphia helped start the public fascination with fossils. In the 1820s and '30s Mary Arming excavated an amazing array of ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Jurassic cliffs of Lyme Regis, England. In 1824 William Buckland described the world's first dinosaur?Megalosaurus?and the next year Gideon Mantell followed with the her bivorous Iguanodon. An 1830 watercolor by Hen ry de la Beche first depicted such creatures in life settings, but to judge by popular science books


Many stars host planets orbiting within a few astronomical units (AU). The occurrence rate and distributions of masses and orbits vary greatly with the host star's mass. These close planets' origins are a mystery that motivates investigating protoplanetary disks' central regions. A key factor governing the conditions near the star is the silicate sublimation front, which largely determines where the starlight is absorbed, and which is often called the inner rim. We present the first radiation hydrodynamical modeling of the sublimation front in the disks around the young intermediate-mass stars called Herbig Ae stars. The models are axisymmetric and include starlight heating; silicate grains sublimating and condensing to equilibrium at the local, time-dependent temperature and density; and accretion stresses parameterizing the results of MHD magnetorotational turbulence models. The results compare well with radiation hydrostatic solutions and prove to be dynamically stable. Passing the model disks into Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations, we show that the models satisfy observational constraints on the inner rim's location. A small optically thin halo of hot dust naturally arises between the inner rim and the star. The inner rim has a substantial radial extent, corresponding to several disk scale heights. While the front's overall position varies with the stellar luminosity, its radial extent depends on the mass accretion rate. A pressure maximum develops near the location of thermal ionization at temperatures of about 1000 K. The pressure maximum is capable of halting solid pebbles' radial drift and concentrating them in a zone where temperatures are sufficiently high for annealing to form crystalline silicates.


The George Washington University Law School's Government Procurement Law Program hosted this discussion of emerging issues related to suspension and debarment of contractors and attempted to include voices representing the interests implicated by the policy: the legislature, the major buying agencies, the oversight community, and the private sector. Given the draconian nature of this administrative remedy, far too little attention has focused upon the topic. For most successful government contractors, any perceived threat of disqualification was hollow. But recent events, proceedings against high-profile firms such as Enron, Arthur Andersen, Boeing, and MCI/WorldCom, cast these remedies into the spotlight. Professor Schooner introduces the discussion and raises concerns regarding the purpose of the policy, its effectiveness, the fairness of its application, recent activity which suggests the politicisation of the process, and potential ramifications in terms of credibility and public trust. U.S. Senator Susan M. Collins discusses what lessons might be learned from a recent, high-profile matter that resulted in the temporary exclusion of a major player in the government marketplace. Richard Bednar, a former Army debarment and suspension official who coordinates the Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII), comments on: (1) the imputation of individuals' actions to the corporation; (2) suspension or debarment for conduct unrelated to public contracting; and (3) the propriety of awarding new government work to excluded firms. Steven A. Shaw, the U.S. Air Force's debarment and suspension authority, addresses the procedural importance of a contractor's response to the allegations of misconduct and stakes out the policy position that a broad range of contractor misconduct can, and indeed should, justify suspension or debarment. Danielle Brian, executive director of the Project on Government Oversight (POGO), offers empirical evidence to bolster her criticism that the existing suspension and debarment regime fails to deter improper activity by major contractors operating within the federal public procurement space. James J. McCullough and Abram J. Pafford caution contractors, particularly commercial firms new to the public procurement arena, to be cognizant of the risks associated with the government's suspension and debarment regime. John S. Pachter reinforces this message, suggesting that contractors employ defensive measures intended to avoid suspension and debarment, and specifically reminding firms of the potential benefits of vigilant internal compliance and voluntary disclosures of improper activity. Marcia G. Madsen then criticizes the current debarment and suspension regime, suggesting that both the system and the Government's implementation of that system lag behind the Government's renewed emphasis on corporate integrity and heightened expectations with regard to corporate governance. Finally, Professor Christopher R. Yukins asserts that a more limited focus, or narrowing the potential bases for suspension and debarment, might ultimately enhance the regime's credibility and, in so doing, enhance public trust.


Survival Analysis and Reliability Theory are concerned with the analysis of time-to-event data, in which observations correspond to waiting times until an event of interest such as death from a particular disease or failure of a component in a mechanical system. This type of data is unique due to the presence of censoring, a type of missing data that occurs when we do not observe the actual time of the event of interest but, instead, we have access to an approximation for it given by random interval in which the observation is known to belong. Most traditional methods are not designed to deal with censoring, and thus we need to adapt them to censored time-to-event data. In this paper, we focus on non-parametric goodness-of-fit testing procedures based on combining the Stein's method and kernelized discrepancies. While for uncensored data, there is a natural way of implementing a kernelized Stein discrepancy test, for censored data there are several options, each of them with different advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we propose a collection of kernelized Stein discrepancy tests for time-to-event data, and we study each of them theoretically and empirically; our experimental results show that our proposed methods perform better than existing tests, including previous tests based on a kernelized maximum mean discrepancy.


"Smallholder producers in marginal and semiarid areas of eastern Kenya have not benefited greatly from research investments made in improvement of crops grown in such environments (sorghum, millet, and legumes, including pigeonpea) either by the international community or the national agricultural research system because of poorly developed seed systems. However, informal and local market purchases are the major sources of seed for non-maize cereals and legumes. In the absence of any formalized seed system for dryland crops, more and more farmers rely on local markets to supply seed during normal and disaster periods. We determined the factors affecting the quantities of pigeonpea traded by vendors during the 2006 short-rains season using simple OLS estimation. We found that the participation of traders and farmers was higher and traded larger quantities of pigeonpea in weekly markets located in areas where seed-based intervention programs in place than in non-intervention areas. Also agro-ecologically, markets located in slightly wetter regions offered more varieties and handled higher sales compared with marketsheds in dry regions. Among the traders, the grain traders dominated through their sheer volume of sales, higher investment, and storage capacity in these markets though the distinction between seeds and grains was poor. Of the vendor characteristics, young, educated vendors traded higher quantities of pigeonpea during the planting season. The amount of time spent selling by different vendors in the village fairs also had a significant influence on the pigeonpea quantity traded. Certain market infrastructure variables such as distance to the local markets and the access to information sources (mobile phones) also significantly influenced the amount of pigeonpea sold among vendors in these markets. The existing pigeonpea value chain in local markets could be improved further, provided proper synergies exist between different actors in the system. This would enhance local crop diversity levels as well as improve access to quality plant materials for farming communities in the marginal environments of eastern Kenya." from authors' abstract


In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on kidney functions in stage III or higher chronic renal failure patients using glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine level.
Methods: Between 2010 and 2014, percutaneous nephrolithotomy was applied to patients who had glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m². Preoperative demographic features, stone burden, and localization, urine analysis and microbial test, serum creatinine level, open urinary system graphy, and spiral non-enhanced computerized tomography were obtained. Intraoperative renal unit counts, anesthesia and surgery time, and X-ray exposure time were calculated. Early and late postoperative complications, hospitalization time, stone-free rate, and glomerular function rate were evaluated, retrospectively.
Results: Preoperatively, mean creatinine value was 2.42 ± 0.76 mg/dL, mean glomerular filtration rate was 45.3 ± 3 mL/min/1.73 m², the mean stone burden was 393 ± 40 mm², mean intervention time was 79 ± 34 min, and 12 patients were stone free (70.5%). The decrease of hemoglobin 1.6 g/dL and transfusion was done only two patients (11.8%) due to excessive bleeding. In early and long-term follow-up, mean creatinine values and glomerular filtration rate were 1.98 ± 0.72 mg/dL, 2.16 ± 0.78 mL/dL and 54.1 ± 14 mL/min/1.73 m², 51.8 ± 15 mL/min/1.73 m², respectively. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative creatinine and glomerular filtration rates revealed a significant decrease in creatinine level and increase in glomerular filtration rate.
Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy that eliminates urinary obstruction is safely used in the treatment of kidney stones with minimal damage on kidney functions. Stage III or higher renal failure patients who have obstructive kidney stones or recurrent urinary tract infections can effectively be treated, and this may help patients to prevent progression to end-stage renal failure.


Tracing the transformation of early modern academics into modern researchers from the Renaissance to Romanticism, Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University uses the history of the university and reframes the "Protestant Ethic" to reconsider the conditions of knowledge production in the modern world. William Clark argues that the research university - which originated in German Protestant lands and spread globally in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - developed in response to market forces and bureaucracy, producing a new kind of academic whose goal was to establish originality and achieve fame through publication. Drawing on an astonishing wealth of research, he investigates the origins and evolving fixtures of academic life: the lecture catalog, the library catalog, the grading system, the conduct of oral and written exams, the roles of conversation and the writing of research papers in seminars, the writing and oral defense of the doctoral dissertation, the ethos of "lecturing with applause" and "publish or perish," and the role of reviews and rumor. This is a grand, ambitious book that should be required reading for every academic.


Polarisation and conduction processes in dielectric systems can be identified by the time domain or the frequency domain measurements. If the systems is a linear one, the results of the time domain measurements can be transformed into the frequency domain, and vice versa. Commonly, the time domain data of the absorption conductivity are transformed into the frequency domain data of the dielectric susceptibility. In practice, the relaxation are mainly evaluated by the frequency domain data. In the time domain, the absorption current measurement were prefered up to now. Recent methods are based on the recovery voltage measurements. In this paper a new method of the recovery data conversion from the time the frequency domain is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the recovery voltage transient based on the Maxwell equation for the current density in a dielectric. Unlike the previous published solutions, the Laplace fransform was used to derive a formula suitable for practical purposes. the proposed procedure allows also calculating of the insulation resistance and separating the polarisation and conduction losses.


Drawing from the economics of two-sided markets, we provide suggestions for the definition of the relevant market in cases involving two-sided platforms, such as media outlets, online intermediaries, payment cards companies and auction houses. We also discuss when a one-sided approach may be harmless and when instead it can potentially lead to a wrong decision. We then show that the current practice of market definition in two-sided markets is only in part consistent with the above suggestions. Divergence between our suggestions and practice is due to the failure to fully incorporate the lessons from the economic theory of two-sided markets, to the desire to be consistent with previous practice and to the higher data requirements and the higher complexity of empirical analysis in cases involving two-sided platforms. In particular, competition authorities have failed to recognize the crucial difference between two-sided transaction and non-transaction markets and have been misled by the traditional argument that where there is no price, there is no market.


This syllabus is for the first half of a two-semester sequence in first-year writing for a learning community of all African-American male students.  The course is designed to counteract internalized perceptions that African American men are unsuccessful at academic work, are at odds with mainstream culture, and that they cannot sustain traits important to their "manhood" at the academy.  English 110 for Bronco Men counteracts that perception in at least two ways.  First, it provides some context to widen students' understanding of African American manhood, exploring and deconstructing the origins and outcomes of those ideas. Second, the grade structure is based on effort rather than ability, stressing and rewarding the work of class participation and writing revision.


The trialogue model is investigated with reference to the process that should be generated by Government, Science and Society and the results that should be achieved in the interaction at the interfaces between the stakeholders. What should and what has been achieved are analysed and contrasted. The procedural part of the process is mainly the process of integrated environmental management, supported by a public participation process. The principles against which developments should be measured include sustainable development, the maximisation of benefits and evaluating land development by considering its merits. The structure that brings Society to the trialogue and a co-operative governance structure that brings Government to the trialogue are valuable key drivers that prepare the foundation for good environmental governance. The conclusion reached is that the process that has been developed recently is good. The legal principles that underpin the procedures are both key drivers for the process and valuable touchstones against which the environmental governance products of the trialogue can be legally verified. The conclusion reached is that, through the absence of integration, the process is not used to its best advantage. The valuable contribution that the new Process can make, and the risk of environmental degradation if it is not used, are such that there is great merit in trying to achieve its implementation The weaknesses are analysed and recommendations are made that aim to facilitate the integration of the use of available environmental governance process.


Background: High dietary salt is intertwined with high blood pressure and can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Bangladeshi population is habituated with high salt intake including added salt use during meal which is also noticeable among doctors and faculties. Again, there was no any information among Bangladeshi medical and nonmedical students addressing this issue. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior about dietary salt among Bangladeshi medical and nonmedical undergraduate students as well as also to compare findings. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 280 medical and nonmedical undergraduate students in Dhaka city with equal number of students from each group. Medical students were from MBBS and physiotherapy background, whereas nonmedical students were from business, law, engineering and pharmacy background recruited by purposive sampling technique for institutions and respondents both. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire developed with the help of WHO Modified Salt Module of STEPS Questionnaire.  Data were managed accordingly and analyzed by SPSS-21 in terms of both descriptive and comparative statistics. All of the ethical issues were maintained accordingly prior to collection of data from each respondents. Results: Men dominated in both groups (medical, 59.3% and nonmedical, 64.3%) and the mean age of the respondents was 22.0±2.0 and 21.8±1.9 years in medical and nonmedical group respectively. Medical students possessed more knowledge and showed more positive attitude towards dietary salt intake than the nonmedical students. There were significant differences between the groups regarding the perception on health effect of salt (p, 0.005) and importance of lowering salt (p, 0.040). Nonmedical students were significantly more habituated in practicing added salt (p, 0.001) and high salt contained processed food (p, 0.012) than the counterpart. Conclusion: Medical students had better knowledge, attitude and less practicing habit towards dietary salt. Yet, health education program is needed for both groups especially for the nonmedical group regarding to encourage less dietary salt practice.


Software is neither law nor architecture. It is its own modality of regulation. This Note builds on Larry Lessig's famous formulation that "code is law" to argue that Lessig was wrong to equate computer software with physical architecture. Although software resembles both law and architecture in its power to constrain behavior, it has features that distinguish it from both. The Note identifies four relevant attributes of software: It is ruleish, potentially nontransparent, impossible to ignore, and vulnerable to sudden failure. By assessing the impact of these characteristics in a given context, one can decide whether software is a good or a bad choice to solve a regulatory problem.Part I situates software within Lessig's theory of different and complementary modalities of regulation that constrain individuals. In Code, he postulates four such modalities: law, social norms, markets, and physical architecture. He then argues that software is a subspecies of physical architecture as a modality.I argue instead that three basic characteristics of software establish it as a distinct modality that should not be conflated with any of the others: First, software is automated. Once set in motion by a programmer, a computer program makes its determinations mechanically, without further human intervention. Second, software is immediate. Rather than relying on sanctions imposed after the fact to enforce its rules, it simply prevents the forbidden behavior from occurring. Third, software is plastic. Programmers can implement almost any system they can imagine and describe precisely.Software is like physical architecture and unlike law in being automated and immediate. However, plasticity is more characteristic of legal systems than of architectural ones. Software's plasticity interacts with its automation and its immediacy to produce consequences that set it apart from both law and physical architecture.In Part II, I turn to these distinctive consequences. There are four recurring and predictable patterns present in any regulation by software: First, along the traditional continuum between rules and standards, software lies at the extreme rule-bound end. Second, software can regulate without transparency. Frequently, those regulated by software may have no reasonable way to determine the overall shape of the line between prohibited and permitted behavior. Third, software rules cannot be ignored. Parties facing a decision made by software can, at best, take steps to undo what software has wrought. Fourth, software is more fragile than other systems of regulation. Hackers can turn its plasticity against it, and its automated operation means that unintended consequences are shielded from human review.Part III applies this analysis to two case studies. It predicts that software is a good way to manage negotiations and transactions in online marketplaces such as online auction sites and electronic stock exchanges. On the other hand, it predicts several pitfalls for the use of software to restrict the distribution of digital media.


Four rhesus monkeys were reared for the first eight months of life in total social isolation. One animal died during this period; the three remaining subjects were treated with diazepam in an isolation chamber, in their home cages, and in a playroom testing situation. Diazepam significantly decreased the self-disturbance behaviors of two subjects, and there was even the appearance of some social behaviors, although they were limited and not of the same quality as in nonisolated subjects. The authors discuss the implications of the data for understanding the significance of the social isolation syndrome in monkeys as a model for human psychoses.


Executive functions have been identified as major predictors of a range of developmental outcomes in children including social adjustment, mental health and academic achievement. However, there are considerable gaps in our knowledge regarding what affects the development of executive functions. By examining a large community sample of 6 year olds (N=687) and their parents with follow-up at age 8, this study aimed at filling in some of these gaps by analyzing a range of likely predictors of the development of executive functions. Measures of three components of executive functions; working memory, inhibition and set shifting, were obtained. Predictors included were emotion regulation, socioeconomic status, attachment, experience of major stressful life events, and parental emotional availability. Executive functioning evidenced little stability from age 6 to 8. Growth factor modeling revealed that experiencing of major stressful life events predicted a diminished increase in executive function from age 6 to 8. Findings are discussed in relation to theory and empirical data on the development of executive functions.


Metaphase-I pairing and anaphase-I distribution were studied in four varieties and six hybrids of barley, L. emend Lam. These data were compared with level of fertility. Multivalent formation was not related to fertility level, but the distribution of chromosomes at anaphase-I was closely related to fertility. Preferential pairing for the genes orange lemma and smooth awns was found in autotetraploid barley hybrids. Progress in breeding for higher fertility in tetraploid barley might be attained by accumulation of small structural differences to enhancep referential pairing.


x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) has been used to study platinum complexes, structural and bonding effects in complexes of the type (R(_3)P)(_2)PtXY have been investigated, bridging and terminal chlorines in dimeric complexes, L(_2)Pt(_2)Cl(_4), have been distinguished and a correlation found between C12p binding energies and (^35)CI n.q.r. frequencies in square-planar Pt-Cl complexes. At ambient temperature the complex (Ph(_3)P)(_2)Pt(C(_2_C1(_4)) has been found to undergo layer isomerisation to (Ph(_3)P)(_2)PtCl(CCl = CC1(_2)) . Using infrared spectroscopy, differences between surface and bulk effects have been followed and confirmed for related complexes. Isomerisation could be arrested by studying the olefin complex at -110 C. Some complexes of the methyleneamino (R(_2)C:N-) and aza-allyl/allene (R(_2)CNR(_2)) ligands with molybdenum and tungsten carbonyl derivatives have been studied by ESCA to gain further information on their possible bonding modes. A correlation has been found between the metal binding energies and the stretching frequencies of attached carbonyl groups. In order to acquire information on a Pt/Si0(_2) catalyst for eventual ESCA study, background investigations involving kinetic, deuterium addition/exchange and i.r. studies on the H(_2)-C(_2)H(_4)-Pt/Si0(_2) system have been performed. Catalyst poisoning has been investigated and eliminated, the reported occurrence of 'hydrogen spillover' has been disproved and the ethylene exchange rate found to be a sensitive probe of small, but reproducible support effects. The i.r. data obtained goes some way to resolving inconsistencies in the literature. The same catalyst has been subjected to preliminary ESCA investigation, with especial regard to the state of the metal during preparation and subsequent cleaning treatments. The available vacuum conditions were found to be unsuitable for adsorption studies.


The evolution of community economic development (CED) over the past several decades has witnessed dramatic growth in scale and complexity. New approaches to development and related lawyering, and to philosophies underlying these approaches, challenge us to reimagine the framework of CED. From the early days of community development corporations to today's sophisticated tools of finance and organization, this evolution reflects "why law matters" in pursuit of economic justice and opportunity. Change is visible in new approaches to enterprise development and novel grassroots initiatives that comprise a virtual "sharing economy," as well as intensified advocacy around low-wage work and efforts to contain runaway housing markets against a backdrop of stressed municipal budgets. There has also been a parallel evolution in the legal academy—the maturing of CED programs and expanded attention in scholarship and teaching.
At the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) annual meeting in San Francisco in January 2017, legal scholars gathered to discuss this evolution as part of the discussion group, "Community Development Law and Economic Justice—Why Law Matters." The goal of the discussion group was to give further definition to CED at a fluid moment in its history and to assess an array of new strategies in the field. Are we in a new post-CED era? What are its primary features? Why, how, and to what extent do law and law schools matter in CED?
Professors Peter Pitegoff, Scott Cummings, and Rashmi Dyal-Chand organized the convening and formally invited twelve additional law scholars to participate, along with a number of informal participants from diverse backgrounds in CED. Each formal participant submitted a brief essay describing a community development initiative or strategy, with attention to how it fits within the evolution of the field and to how (and if) law matters in the selected initiative. Nine of the brief essays, along with framing remarks by Professor Pitegoff and a thematic overview by Professor Cummings, have been published in 26 Journal of Affordable Housing and Community Development Law 31 (2017).


After briefly discussing several reasons for the energy balance closure problem in the surface layer, the paper focuses on the influence of the low frequency part of the turbulence spectrum on the residual. Changes in the turbulent fluxes in this part of the turbulence spectrum were found to have a significant influence on the changes of the residual. Using the ogive method, it was found that the eddy-covariance method underestimates turbulent fluxes in the case of ogives converging for measuring times longer than the typical averaging interval of 30 min. Additionally, the eddy-covariance method underestimates turbulent fluxes for maximal ogive functions within the averaging interval, both mainly due to advection and non-steady state conditions. This has a considerable influence on the use of the eddy-covariance method.


Many direct costs of parental care have been described for teleost fishes, including reduced body weight, body fat and immune condition. However, few studies have focussed on the indirect consequences of reproduction. In this study, we investigated such consequences in the longfin damselfish Stegastes diencaeus (Jordan & Rutter), a territorial reef fish in which the males provide parental care of eggs. More specifically, we examined patterns of spatial distribution of males and females in relation to substratum suitability for the establishment of nest sites and the consequences of spatial distribution for ectoparasite burden and cleaner-seeking activity. The territories of males and females differed significantly in a number of habitat features. Breeding males, with a nest site present in their territory, were found mainly at the periphery of reef patches, near sand, where vertical substratum suitable for nest sites is present, whereas females and non-breeding males were found in the centre of patches. Cleaning stations occupied by the cleaning gobies Elacatinus evelynae and E. prochilos were also located in peripheral areas, thus, in general, breeding males were closer to cleaning stations than females. Damselfish that were closer to cleaning stations visited them more frequently. During nest-guarding periods, males visited cleaning stations less frequently than during non-guarding periods, but this was not concomitant with an increase in ectoparasite loads during nest-guarding periods. Damselfish in peripheral territories had significantly lower ectoparasite numbers than those situated in the centre of reef patches. These results are consistent with a lower exposure of peripheral damselfish to ectoparasites. These intersexual differences in territory position, proximity to and use of cleaning stations, and ectoparasite loads are indirect consequences of sex differences in reproductive-resource requirements. Such interactions between breeding systems, distributional ecology and other aspects of non-reproductive behaviour are undoubtedly widespread, and their consideration could enhance our general understanding of reef-fish ecology.


In his first book since the Pulitzer Prize - winning "Polio: An American Story", renowned historian David Oshinsky takes a new and closer look at the Supreme Court's controversial and much-debated stances on capital punishment - in the landmark case of Furman v. Georgia. Career criminal William Furman shot and killed a homeowner during a 1967 burglary in Savannah, Georgia. Because it was a 'black-on-white' crime in the racially troubled South, it also was an open-and-shut case. The trial took less than a day, and the nearly all-white jury rendered a death sentence. Aided by the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund, Furman's African-American attorney, Bobby Mayfield, doggedly appealed the verdict all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1972 overturned Furman's sentence by a narrow 5-4 vote, ruling that Georgia's capital punishment statute, and by implication all other state death-penalty laws, was so arbitrary and capricious as to violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against 'cruel and unusual punishment'. Furman effectively, if temporarily, halted capital punishment in the United States. Every death row inmate across the nation was resentenced to life in prison. The decision, however, did not rule the death penalty per se to be unconstitutional; rather, it struck down the laws that currently governed its application, leaving the states free to devise new ones that the Court might find acceptable. And this is exactly what happened. In the coming years, the Supreme Court would uphold an avalanche of state legislation endorsing the death penalty. Capital punishment would return stronger than ever, with many more defendants sentenced to death and eventually executed. Oshinsky demonstrates the troubling roles played by race and class and region in capital punishment. And he concludes by considering the most recent Supreme Court death-penalty cases involving minors and the mentally ill, as well as the impact of international opinion. Compact and engaging, Oshinsky's masterful study reflects a gift for empathy, an eye for the telling anecdote and portrait, and a talent for clarifying the complex and often confusing legal issues surrounding capital punishment.


Migration plays an important role in determining skills supply, and certain ethnic groups tend to be over-represented in low-paid work. This article considers the implications of the complex interplay of migration, ethnicity and workplace progression for skills policy by comparing and contrasting the opportunities faced by low-paid workers of diverse ethnicities in progressing to better paid work. This is done by drawing on a qualitative study of nine case study organisations in Scotland and England, including interviews with sixty-five workers and forty-three managers. We argue that while all low-paid workers face formidable barriers to progression, recent migrants and settled ethnic minorities face additional challenges that should be considered in skills and wider social policies related to low-paid work.


In a trilogy of recent cases, the Supreme Court has launched a quiet revolution in energy federalism. With little fanfare, it has abandoned its decades-long effort to divide electricity regulation into mutually exclusive spheres of federal and state authority. Instead it has embraced a more sophisticated concurrent jurisdiction model—against the wishes of Justice Scalia, who opposed this transformation in his final published dissent.

This Article explores the ramifications of this revolution, particularly for state energy regulators. The shift to concurrent jurisdiction is long overdue. The historic model of the local vertically integrated utility has long been replaced by regional, complex, innovative electricity markets. Concurrent jurisdiction allows regulators to adapt more nimbly to changing market dynamics, unrestrained by the outdated formalism of the old dual federalism model.

But this shift raises important questions regarding how states can remain relevant in an increasingly complex regulatory environment without the judicial safeguards that the dual federalism model once provided. States remain vital sources of local knowledge, experimentation, and expertise. But in this brave new world of concurrent jurisdiction, federalism-related disputes are more likely to be settled in the political arena than in the courtroom—an arena where federal authorities have the advantage. Drawing upon recent scholarship in negotiation theory and dynamic federalism, this Article discusses ways that state officials can, and do, negotiate with their federal counterparts to maintain influence over energy policy decisions. It also highlights procedural reforms that would improve the robustness and effectiveness of negotiations between state and federal officials in the policymaking sphere and therefore improve the likelihood that policy decisions will be sensitive to federalism concerns.


In Challenges in Intelligence Analysis, Timothy Walton offers concrete, reality-based ways to improve intelligence analysis. After a brief introduction to the main concepts of analysis, he provides more than forty historical and contemporary examples that demonstrate what has, and what has not, been effective when grappling with difficult problems. The examples cover a wide span of time, going back 3,000 years. They are also global in scope and deal with a variety of political, military, economic, and social issues. Walton emphasizes the importance of critical and creative thinking and how such thinking can be enhanced. His 2010 book provides a detailed and balanced idea of intelligence work and will be of particular interest to students who are contemplating a career in intelligence analysis.


How can every management class be a dynamic, unforgettable experience? This much-needed book distills over half a century of the authors' combined experience as university professors, consultants, and advisors to corporate training departments. In a lively, hands-on fashion, it describes the fundamental elements in every learning situation, allowing readers to adapt the suggestions to their particular teaching context. It sparks reflection on what we do in the classroom, why we do it, and how it might be done more effectively. The chapters are broadly organized according to things done before class, during class, and in between and after class, so that every instructor, whether newly minted Ph.D.s facing their first classroom experience, experienced faculty looking to polish their teaching techniques, consultants who want to have more impact, or corporate trainers wishing to develop in-house teaching skills, can benefit from the invaluable advice given.


Early Cretaceous orogenic gold deposits in eastern Asia are globally unique in that large Phanerozoic lode gold deposits occur in Archean-Paleoproterozoic cratons. In the northern Pacific region, ca. 125 Ma orogenic gold deposits in the North China, Yangzte, and Siberian craton margins, as well as in young terranes in California, may ultimately relate to the giant Cretaceous mantle plume in the southern Pacific basin and the relatively rapid tectonic consequences along both continental margins from resulting Pacific plate reconfigurations. In eastern Asia, such consequences include reactivation of and fluid flow along major fault systems, with fluid focusing into simultaneously forming, isolated core complexes of uncertain genesis. Deposition of gold ores in previously devolatilized high-grade Precambrian metamorphic rocks requires an exotic source of ore fluid, most likely subducted Mesozoic oceanic crust and/or overlying sediment. An implication is that Phanerozoic metamorphic core complexes in other destabilized craton margins could host large gold resources.


Abstract. Inter-comparison of data products from simultaneous measurements performed with independent systems and methods is a viable approach to assess the consistency of data and additionally to investigate uncertainties. Within such a context the inter-comparison called Assessment of In Situ Radiometric Capabilities for Coastal Water Remote Sensing Applications (ARC) was carried out at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower in the northern Adriatic Sea to explore the accuracy of in situ data products from various in- and above-water optical systems and methods. Measurements were performed under almost ideal conditions, including a stable deployment platform, clear sky, relatively low sun zenith angles and moderately low sea state. Additionally, all optical sensors involved in the experiment were inter-calibrated through absolute radiometric calibration performed with the same standards and methods. Inter-compared data products include spectral water-leaving radiance Lw (λ), above-water downward irradiance Ed(0+,λ) and remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ). Data products from the various measurement systems/methods were directly compared to those from a single reference system/method. Results for Rrs(λ) indicate spectrally averaged values of relative differences comprised between −1 and +6%, while spectrally averaged values of absolute differences vary from approximately 6% for the above-water systems/methods to 9% for buoy-based systems/methods. The agreement between Rrs(λ) spectral relative differences and estimates of combined uncertainties of the inter-compared systems/methods is noteworthy.


In arguments in support of capitalism, the following propositions are sometimes advanced or presupposed: (i) the best life for the individual is one of consumption, understood in a broad sense that includes aesthetic pleasures and entertainment as well as consumption of goods in the ordinary sense; (ii) consumption is to be valued because it promotes happiness or welfare, which is the ultimate good; (iii) since there are not enough opportunities for consumption to provide satiation for everybody, some principles of distributive justice must be chosen to decide who gets what; (iv) the total to be distributed has first to be produced. What is produced depends, among other things, on the motivation and information of the producers. The theory of justice must take account of the fact that different principles of distribution have different effects on motivation and information; (v) economic theory tells us that the motivational and informational consequences of private ownership of the means of production are superior to those of the various forms of collective ownerships. In the traditional controversy over the relative merits of capitalism and economic systems, the focus has been on proposition (v). In this paper, I consider instead propositions (i) and (ii). Before one can even begin to discuss how values are to be allocated, one must consider what they are – what it is that ought to be valued. I shall argue that at the center of Marxism is a specific conception of the good life as one of active self-realization, rather than passive consumption.


Today, with the rapid depletion of fossil energy sources and the increasing environmental problems caused by fossil fuels, supervision and management of energy consumption becomes more important. Looking at the breakdown of energy consumption by sectors, the buildings sector is seen as one of the priority areas for energy efficiency after industry and transportation. A large amount of energy is consumed during the utilization phase of the building. Therefore, priority is given to applications that reduce the amount of energy consumed during the utilization phase throughout the lifetimes of buildings. In the design phase, decisions regarding building window sizes have a considerable effect on the building energy costs. Therefore, this study will analyze the extent to which changes in building transparency rate affect building heating energy costs and thereby provide pre-design information for future reference for residential buildings with less energy consumption and less environmental pollution. To this end, residential buildings with the same characteristics have been used by differentiating only window sizes, orientations and envelope alternatives to assess the changes they cause in energy costs.


Current therapies for the treatment of myocardial infarction and heart failure include medical, surgical, mechanical assist, and transplantation. These therapies have been based on the dogma that ventricular myocytes themselves are terminally differentiated and, therefore, cannot regenerate. This concept has been recently challenged with stem cell therapy. A potential problem is the ability of cardiac tissue to mobilize, recruit, and transdifferentiate adult stem cells from other tissues. We believe that there is a unique failure of the damaged myocardium to provide the appropriate molecular signals for stem cells engraftment related to age. Our hypothesis is that the overexpression of IL-10 in the aged population reduces cardiac cellular proliferation subsequent to myocardial injury. This hypothesis is supported by aging models, where elevated levels of IL-10 are associated with reduced healing response to noncardiac tissue injury. We demonstrated an increased cardiac gene expression of IL-10 that may be associated with a reduced proliferative response in the border regions of the infarcted myocardium that are proportional with age. In conclusion, myocardial infarction and heart failure has presented a significant challenge for the clinician to provide reparative therapies. The use of therapeutics to modulate IL-10 and, thereby, optimizing regenerative processes in the injured myocardium may provide a unique means for the cardiac patient.


The field transmitted through disordered media is essentially a randomly sampled version of the incident field. Properties of the initial field can be recovered if this sampling function or transmission matrix is known. Here we demonstrate how the transmission matrix of a disordered material can be used to simultaneously measure the spectral and polarimetric properties of an optical field.


The Restatement (Second) of Agency and several states provide that a third party suing an undisclosed principal and his agent must elect to take judgment against one, releasing the other from further liability. In contrast, when the existence of a principal but not his identity is disclosed at the time of agreement, a court may enter judgment against both the partially disclosed principal and his agent, releasing neither until the judgment is satisfied. The authors examine the theories and case law supporting the election doctrine in the light of public policy favoring complete disclosure. The authors conclude that a rule of release upon satisfaction of judgment should be applied to undisclosed principals and their agents. In the context of a partially disclosed principal, however, courts should consider applying a rule of election to encourage full disclosure.


We invert for the state of stress in the southern California crust using a catalogue of high quality earthquake focal mechanisms (1981–2010). The stress field is best resolved where seismicity rates are high and sufficient data are available to constrain the stress field across most of the region. From the stress field, we determine the maximum horizontal compressive stress (S_Hmax) orientations and the style of faulting across southern California. The trend of S_Hmax exhibits significant regional and local spatial heterogeneities. The regional trend of S_Hmax varies from north along the San Andreas system to NNE to the east in the Eastern California Shear Zone as well as to the west, within the Continental Borderland and the Western Transverse Ranges. The transition zones from one state of stress to the other occur over a distance of only a few kilometres, following a trend from Yucca Valley to Imperial Valley to the east, and the western edge of the Peninsular Ranges to the west. The local scale heterogeneities in the S_Hmax trend include NNW trends along the San Andreas Fault near Cajon Pass, Tejon Pass and the Cucapah Range, as well as NNE trends near the northern San Jacinto Fault and the Wheeler Ridge area. The style of faulting exhibits similar complexity, ranging from predominantly normal faulting in the high Sierra Nevada, to strike-slip faulting along the San Andreas system, to three consecutive bands of thrust faulting in the Wheeler Ridge area and the Western Transverse Ranges. The local variations in the style of faulting include normal faulting at the north end of the San Jacinto Fault and scattered areas of thrust faulting. The regional variations in the SHmax trends are very similar to the pattern of the GPS-measured maximum shortening axes of the surface strain rate tensor field although the strain field tends to be smoother and appears to capture some of the upper-mantle deformation field. The mean trend of S_Hmax departs about approximately 14° to the east from the trend of the maximum shortening directions derived from anisotropy in the upper mantle.


JI^RIEF REPORTS of investigations in the aeronautical sciences and discussions of papers pub~^ lished in the JOURNAL are presented in this special department, Publication will be completed as quickly as possible after receipt of the material. The Editorial Committee does not hold itself responsible for the opinions expressed by the correspondents. Contributions should not exceed 800 words in length.


Major solo exhibition, newly commissioned by: inIVA (London); Film and Video Umbrella (London); ACE; The Culture Company, Harewood House; The Cooley Gallery, USA ; Angel Row Gallery (Nottingham); AHRC; CCAD.

Commissioned works: 'Magnesium Bird' (16mm film, single-screen projection, 9 minutes 27 seconds); 'Birdsong' (16mm film, double-screen projection, 7 minutes 7 seconds); thirty drawings, 'Untitled (trading cards)'.

Drawing from various texts, including: F.Fanon; J.Lacan; G.Deleuze; M.Proust; Edward Lear, and inspired by my interest in poetry and literature, the symbolic context of 'heritage sites' (UK) became key to this exhibition. Through the personal, these works collectively explored subjectivity, race and gender in relation to narrative cinema and the historical, still / pictorial image, 'displacing'/ challenging established views. 'Magnesium Bird', was filmed in the Victorian walled-gardens at Harewood House, a heritage site (where this film was also exhibited alongside drawings by J.W.Turner and E.Lear). 'Birdsong', is a film tableau in which the domestic interior, dressed with many of the same artefacts as used by English Heritage in advertising paint-swatches, drew from an English lanscape-genre painting by George Stubbs (c.1759). The drawings were hung in the gallery entrance - an "anti-chamber". Resembling collected museum artefacts, they reference 'exotic' trading cards found free in packets of English tea, circa 1970.


An amperometric glutamate biosensor was developed using screen-printed carbon electrodes bulk-modified with MnO2 (5%, m:m) onto which glutamate oxidase was immobilized via Nafion(R) film entrapment. The analytical performance of the biosensor was assessed in a flow injection mode and peak heights of the current response were used to evaluate results. Best responses were recorded at an applied potential of 440 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) a flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1, and a pH of 7.75 of the carrier (0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer). The calibration curve exhibited linearity in the concentration range 10-160 mg L-1, with a detection limit (as 3s value) of 1.7mg L-1, and a relative standard deviation 3.3% (c=20 mg L-1, n=10). This biosensor was used for the determination of monosodium glutamate in food seasonings, and the values obtained were similar to those obtained with spectrophotometry. The biosensor exhibited extraordinary stability when left on the FI system at a flow rate of 0.1 mL min-1 at room temperature retaining 50% of the original response towards glutamate even after 65 days. Stored in the working buffer for more than 60 days, the same biosensor showed extended linear range, 20-710 mg L-1. This 'aged' (stored) biosensor was used to determine monosodium glutamate in food seasonings and gave similar result to those obtained with a freshly prepared biosensor.
(South African Journal of Chemistry: 2003 56: 54-59)


Background and objectives In total intravenous anaesthesia, two different application modes for propofol are widely used: infusion by means of manually controlled infusion pumps, and infusion by means of microprocessor-controlled infusion pumps operating according to pharmacokinetic algorithms (target controlled infusion, TCI). The parallel use of these two methods in our department by various anaesthetists offered the opportunity to retrospectively compare both application patterns regarding clinical effects and drug consumption. Methods Ninety-six anaesthesia records from general anaesthesias with propofol and opioids from gynaecological laparoscopic operations were retrospectively evaluated. Forty-eight records were derived from six anaesthetists using manual propofol infusion (retrospective allocation to group C) and 48 other records from six anaesthetists using TCI infusion (retrospective allocation to group M). We assessed the intraoperative haemodynamic course, drug consumption, awakening time and postoperative side effects. Results The awakening time after TCI was significantly shorter than after manual propofol infusion (M: 4.9 ± 3.1 min vs. C: 9.9 ± 5.7 min). We observed a nonsignificantly rarer occurrence of postoperative side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain. Only insignificant differences in drug consumption could be found. Conclusion Both observed application patterns for propofol showed similar clinical profiles. Using TCI, awakening time was 5 min earlier than with manual infusion mode, thus showing a potential pharmaco-economical advantage in anaesthesias for gynaecological laparoscopy. The detected differences did not have a statistically significant influence on the early postoperative outcome.


Excerpt] This is the seventh update of The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints. Since the first of these studies was published nearly 20 years ago, U.S. tariff rates have fallen, nontariff measures on imports have been removed, and trade has expanded markedly. This period has also seen increasing U.S. integration into global supply chains, the subject of a special topic in this report. The United States is one of the world's most open economies. In 2010, the average U.S. tariff on all goods remained near its historic low of 1.3 percent, on an import-weighted basis, essentially unchanged from the previous update in 2009. Nonetheless, significant restraints on trade remain in certain sectors. The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) estimates that U.S. economic welfare, as defined by total public and private consumption, would increase by about $2.6 billion annually by 2015 if the United States unilaterally ended ("liberalized") all significant restraints quantified in this report. Exports would expand by $9.0 billion and imports by $11.5 billion. These changes would result from removing import barriers in the following sectors: sugar, ethanol, canned tuna, dairy products, tobacco, textiles and apparel, and other hightariff manufacturing sectors. As in previous updates, the simulations presented in this report measure the effects of unilateral liberalization of U.S. import restraints (i.e., the simulations assume that U.S. trading partners do not engage in any reciprocal liberalization). However, the effects on the U.S. economy can differ significantly when both the United States and its trading partners engage in reciprocal liberalization.


This documentary is the first in our sequence of LGBTQI-Jewish 'ritual year' films. The film consists of a series of short discussions with the two people participating in the ritual service of remembrance (Surat-Shaan Knan a trans man and community activist and Rabbi Janet Darley, a progressive Jewish Rabbi who is a member of Liberal Judaism, the community partner faith organisation which has collaborated on the Ritual Reconstructed project) and contains footage of elements of the actual ritual. The film takes place within a specifically interfaith ritual space which has been created in a London church for the purposes of this event. The film includes a pre-enactment (occurring in advance of the service which took place later that day) of the specifically Jewish elements within a unique Inter-faith Transgender Day of Remembrance. The ritual shown on film has never before taken place in an inter-faith setting and is a clear example of the blending of both age-old Jewish ritual practice and commemoration of Trans people's history and past and present traumas.


Nonlinear phase noise (Gordon-Mollenauer phase noise) can limit the transmission distance for phase-shift-keyed modulation formats. In this paper, the compensation of nonlinear phase noise by a midlink optical phase conjugation (OPC) is studied. A proof-of-principle experiment is presented showing an over 4-dB improvement in Q factor when OPC is employed in a differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK) system. Also, an ultra long-haul OPC-based differential quadrature phase-shift-keying (DQPSK) transmission experiment is studied to show the impact of self-phase modulation (SPM)-induced impairments, including nonlinear phase noise, in a transmission line. OPC results in a 44% increase in transmission distance when compared to a "conventional" transmission system using dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) for chromatic dispersion compensation.


Films have come to not only entertain modern minds but also inform and shape them. Many of the best cinematic works have profound religious elements -- some obvious, some more subtle. In "Catching Light" Roy Anker examines nineteen popular films, showing how they convey a range of striking perspectives on the human encounter with God. These selected films portray God showing up in different, surprising ways amid the messy circumstances of life. Anker looks closely at the plot of each film, especially at how characters, through their experiences, ultimately move "toward Light," toward recognition of a loving, redemptive deity. The first section of "Catching Light" looks at classic 1970s films that inspect personal, social, and cultural evil: "The Godfather" trilogy, "Chinatown, " and "The Deer Hunter." The second group of films depicts the ways and depths of specifically Christian notions of redemption: "Tender Mercies, The Mission, Places in the Heart, " and "Babette's Feast." Some of the most successful films of our time have come as fairy-tale fantasies: the "Star Wars" saga, "Superman, " and three of Steven Spielberg's "lost boy" stories ("Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, " and "A.I.: Artificial Intelligence"), each of which Anker interprets as a fable of search and redemption. The films in the last section of the book feature characters who, to their great surprise, are ambushed by a wholly unexpected God: "Grand Canyon, American Beauty, " and "Three Colors: Blue." In addition to focusing on the theological dimension of each film, Anker comments on its merits both as story and as cinema. Also included are sidebars that discuss each film's history and significance as well as the quality and special features of DVD editions. For anyone interested in the intersection of religion, art, and culture, "Catching Light" offers a unique view of contemporary faith.


Mid-level roles in education have been widely explored, primarily in schools, but little research has been conducted during the systemic reform that involves creating a mid-level role between end units and the system. The present study explores the sense-making of early childhood leaders (ECLs) at the initial stage of their new role as mid-level managers. The new role was established as a result of a national administrative reform that, among others, made the systemic hierarchy more vertical by establishing a new mid-level layer between superintendents and early childhood teachers. This qualitative research included semi-structured interviews with 47 mid-level preschool managers. The study sought to uncover their views of the main challenges associated with assuming a new mid-level managerial role, and their coping styles in this role. The analysis revealed that the new mid-level management role raises three challenges concerning the ambiguity of identity: power base, voice, and interpersonal loyalty. ECLs cope with these challenges by assuming different types of leader identities, those of the representative, the companion, and the mediator. The implications of the findings for the limited knowledge on ECLs and for the introduction of the new mid-level roles are discussed.


Multi-species heronry at Soor Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Agra was studied for some breeding and ecological aspects. This is an established heronry in semi-arid region with less than 600 mm rainfall and temperature range of 2 o C to 48 o C. Two near threatened (Black-headed Ibis and Darter) and twelve least concerned species nested in colony during late summer and rainy season. They were categorized as the early arrivers (Black-crowned Night Heron, Little Egret, Cattle Egret, Darter and Grey Heron), late arrivers (Intermediate Egret, Indian Pond Heron, Great Egret, Black-headed Ibis, Purple Heron and Asian Openbill) and very late arrivers (Eurasian Spoonbill, Little Cormorant and Indian Cormorant). Total Nest occupancy at a time followed the rainfall pattern of the locality. Nest occupancy calendar was recorded in the form of pre-egg laying, egg laying and chick rearing dates for all the species. Nesting height-bird size hypothesis was checked as mixed results as the stratum specific birds proved the hypothesis right, while stratum interface birds suggested relook of the hypothesis. Heronry threat, disturbance behavior of the birds and disturbance distance were recorded. Buffer establishment and heronry protection measures are recommended for conservation of the source population. The breeding phenology data could be used as baseline as indicator tool for climate change impact.


This book brings together many important recent developments in the analysis of singular perturbation and hysteresis phenomena in an accessible and reasonably comprehensive fashion. To bridge a gap between practitioners of these phenomena, the editors conducted a workshop in April 2002 at University College Cork to provide a forum for experts in both fields to share their interests and knowledge. For this book, the editors have compiled research from those practitioners in areas such as reacting systems, semiconductor lasers, shock phenomena in economic modeling, and fluid mechanics, all with an emphasis on hysteresis and singular perturbations. The book begins with a basic introduction to hysteresis and singular perturbations theory, including simple examples from both physics and mathematics. Later chapters address applications of hysteresis to economics, various aspects of the asymptotic theory of singularly perturbed systems, typical problems of the asymptotic theory of contrast structures, and the geometrical approach to an investigation of models with singular perturbations and hysteresis. The editors intend for this text not only to be a useful and accessible introduction to techniques and the research literature but also to generate new ideas for researchers and to attract new researchers into this vibrant and dynamic field. Audience This is a book for applied mathematicians, engineers, and physicists curious about the important nonlinear phenomena of singular perturbations and hysteresis. Contents List of Contributors; Preface; Chapter 1: A Naive View of Time Relaxation and Hysteresis, A. Pokrovskii, V. Sobolev; Chapter 2: Frustration Minimization, Hysteresis and the El Farol Problem, R. Cross, M. Grinfeld, H. Lamba, A. Pittock; Chapter 3: Hysteresis in Singularly Perturbed Problems, P. Krej-i; Chapter 4: Combined Asymptotic Expansions, E. Benoit, A. Fruchard, A. El Hamidi; Chapter 5: Contrast Structures of Alternating Type, A. Vasilieva; Chapter 6: Multi-Dimensional Internal Layers, N. Nefedov; Chapter 7: Geometry of Singular Perturbations: Critical Cases, V. Sobolev; Chapter 8: Black Swans and Canards in Laser and Combustion Models, E. Shchepakina, V. Sobolev; Chapter 9: Multi-Scale Analysis of Pressure Driven Flames, V. Bykov, I. Goldfarb, V. Gol'dshtein; Chapter 10: Split-Hyperbolicity, Hysteresis and Lang-Kobayashi Equations, A. Pokrovskii, O. Rasskazov, R. Studdert; Index.


Optical wireless communications (OWC) and its potential to solve physical layer security (PLS) issues are becoming important research areas in 6G communications systems. In this paper, an overview of PLS in visible light communications (VLC), is presented. Then, two new PLS techniques based on generalized space shift keying (GSSK) modulation with spatial constellation design (SCD) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) cooperative relaying are introduced. In the first technique, the PLS of the system is enhanced by the appropriate selection of a precoding matrix for randomly activated light emitting diodes (LEDs). With the aid of a legitimate user's (Bob's) channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter (CSIT), the bit error ratio (BER) of Bob is minimized while the BER performance of the potential eavesdroppers (Eves) is significantly degraded. In the second technique, superposition coding with uniform signaling is used at the transmitter and relays. The design of secure beamforming vectors at the relay nodes along with NOMA techniques is used to enhance PLS in a VLC system. Insights gained from the improved security levels of the proposed techniques are used to discuss how PLS can be further improved in future generation communication systems by using VLC.


The circular harmonic expansion technique has been applied to the quantized amplitude-compensated matched filter for rotation-invariant recognition. The filter is an amplitude filter with three discrete grey levels. The performance of the proposed filter is compared with the circular harmonic binary filter which has amplitude values of zero and unity. Three different circular harmonic components, namely the zero-order, first-order and second-order, were used in the investigation. Computer simulations show that there is a trade-off between the Horner efficiency and the signal-to-noise ratio with the amplitude compensation technique. With the second-order circular harmonic, an improvement of 45 % in the signal-to-noise ratio was achieved with only a 12% loss in the Horner efficiency.


The current account is an endogenous variable that contains information about the behaviors of the economics agents. Thus, it is important for economic policymaking as it gives a broad reflection of the stance of macroeconomics policies. This dissertation empirically analyzed the anatomy of the dynamic current account behavior for the ASEAN-5 countries using three closely related elements. These includes evaluating the dynamic current account behavior using the present value model, the sustainability of current account imbalances and the interconnection between twin deficits phenomenon in the ASEAN-5 economies.
Several important results are summarized from this study. First, the statistical estimation from the present value model suggests that the agents behave as the forward-looking rational agents in the face of the shocks in the three out of five economies. This implies that the current account acts as a buffer to smooth the consumption in the presence of shock and optimally smoothing its consumption path for these countries.
Second, the sustainability analysis clearly indicates that for all countries, (except Malaysia and Singapore), current account deficits were not on the long-run steady state in the pre-crisis (1961-1997) era. An important lesson from this result is that the large and persistent external imbalances can trigger a financial crisis. The policy action to correct the widening of current account deficits should have taken place prior to 1997 when the external imbalances were on the unsustainable path. In other words, the external imbalances may be used as an indicator (or early warning signal) for a forthcoming crisis.
Third, we found two channel of causal relationship between budget and current account deficits which (i) directly transmitted between budget and current account deficit and (ii) budget deficit is the driving force for interest rate, exchange rate and current account.
Solving and managing the current account problem had been the center of international economic policymaking in many countries around the globe. As such, the issues presented in this study would serve as important guidelines for the understanding of the co-movements of the current account behavior and provide a platform for debate on the experiences of developing countries in promoting macroeconomic stability and sustainability in their countries.


Over 150 million people in South and Southeast Asia consume unsafe drinking water from arsenic-rich Holocene aquifers. Although use of As-free water from Pleistocene aquifers is a potential mitigation strategy, such aquifers are vulnerable to geogenic As pollution, placing millions more people at potential risk. The goal of this research was to define chemical controls on abiotic and biotic release of geogenic As to groundwater. Batch incubations of sediments with natural chemical variability from a Pleistocene aquifer in Cambodia were conducted to evaluate how interactions among arsenic, manganese and iron oxides, and dissolved and sedimentary organic carbon influenced As mobilization from sediments. The addition of labile dissolved organic carbon produced the highest concentrations of dissolved As after >7 months, as compared to sediment samples incubated with sodium azide or without added carbon, and the extent of As release was positively correlated with the percent of initial extractable Mn released from the sediments. The mode of As release was impacted by the source of DOC supplied to the sediments, with biological processes responsible for 81% to 85% of the total As release following incubations with lactate and acetate but only up to 43% to 61% of the total As release following incubations with humic and fulvic acids. Overall, cycling of key redox-active elements and organic-carbon reactivity govern the potential for geogenic As release to groundwater, and results here may be used to formulate better predictions of the arsenic pollution potential of aquifers in South and Southeast Asia.


Standard ordinary linear model cannot handle grouping structure data. This induces a correlation structure through the error term in this model. Therefore mixed effect models often allow the modeling of such structural data setting. This study proposes different estimation algorithms in linear and nonlinear mixed effects models when the grouping structure data are available. I in fact prove a consistency and oracle optimality result in these grounds, and develop algorithms with provable numerical convergence. Further, I demonstrate the performance of the different proposed algorithms on the Landsat ETM+ scene data set.


Functional and logic programming are the most important declarative programming paradigms, and interest in combining them has grown over the last decade. Early research concentrated on the definition and improvement of execution principles for such integrated languages, while more recently efficient implementations of these execution principles have been developed so that these languages became relevant for practical applications. In this paper we survey the development of the operational semantics as well as the improvement of the implementation of functional logic languages.


Innovation is needed to develop rural water supply to support sub-Saharan Africa communities that are hard to reach. The purpose of this study was to critically review rope and washer pumps that have been installed on manually drilled boreholes in 48 communities as part of a pilot project in Rumphi District, Malawi, and which serve as a sustainable source of drinking water from both technical (water quality and functionality) and social (user satisfaction) perspectives. At each water source, an infrastructure checklist was used (n = 48); 10 users were interviewed (n = 472); and, if the pump had water, water quality samples were collected (n = 24). The results show that use of a professional driller does not guarantee a functioning rope and washer pump that produces safe water. Where the pumps were functional, most provided safe drinking water. However, only 8% (4/48) of pumps had good water quality, a flow rate of >20 L/min and a full consensus of positive satisfaction among users. Pumps are not necessarily working better or worse in more remote areas. A process of introducing and creating evaluative guidelines for new (approved) technologies for rural water supply has not been established in Malawi. Sub-Saharan African governments need to be open to innovative solutions while making sure that standards, including those for functionality, water quality, user satisfaction, private operators, and human capacity for local government regulators, are being followed to ensure safe water for rural communities.


For more than a hundred years, archaeologists have investigated the function of earthen platform mounds in the American Southwest. Built by the Hohokam groups between A.D. 1150 and 1350, these mounds are among the few monumental structures in the Southwest, yet their use and the nature of the groups who built them remain unresolved. Mark Elson now takes a fresh look at these monuments and sheds new light on their significance. He goes beyond previous studies by examining platform mound function and social group organization through a cross-cultural study of historic mound-using groups in the Pacific Ocean region, South America, and the southeastern United States. Using this information, he develops a number of important new generalizations about how people used mounds. Elson then applies these data to the study of a prehistoric settlement system in the eastern Tonto Basin of Arizona that contained five platform mounds. He argues that the mounds were used variously as residences and ceremonial facilities by competing descent groups and were an indication of hereditary leadership. They were important in group integration and resource management; after abandonment they served as ancestral shrines. Elson's study provides a fresh approach to an old puzzle and offers new suggestions regarding variability among Hohokam populations. Its innovative use of comparative data and analyses enriches our understanding of both Hohokam culture and other ancient societies.


ABSTRACT Chlorophyll content at leaf level is an important variable because of its crucial role in photosynthesis and in understanding plant functioning. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the ratio of a vegetation index (VI) for estimating canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and one for estimating leaf area index (LAI) can be used to derive chlorophyll content at the leaf level. This hypothesis for estimating chlorophyll content at the leaf level was tested using simulations with the PROSAIL radiative transfer model and field spectroradiometry measurements in five consecutive years (2010–2014) for potato crops on experimental fields. During the growing season, in-situ field measurements of LAI and leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) were performed. Results showed that good estimates of LCC were feasible using ratio vegetation indices (VIs). This was tested at satellite level using RapidEye images. This letter presents a proof of concept for estimating LCC using Sentinel-2 data. Results confirm the importance of the red-edge bands for agricultural applications, but also showed that indices using the red-edge bands may be replaced by indices using green bands. It should now be tested with real Sentinel-2 data whether its spectral bands at 10 m spatial resolution are suitable for estimating LCC, avoiding the need for red-edge bands that only are available at 20 m.


The Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack is one of the most common attacks employed in the network hacking. MITM attackers can successfully invoke attacks such as denial of service (DoS) and port stealing, and lead to surprisingly harmful consequences for users in terms of both financial loss and security issues. The conventional defense approaches mainly consider how to detect and eliminate those attacks or how to prevent those attacks from being launched in the first place. This paper proposes a game-theoretic defense strategy from a different perspective, which aims at minimizing the loss that the whole system sustains given that the MITM attacks are inevitable. We model the interaction between the attacker and the defender as a Stackelberg security game and adopt the Strong Stackelberg Equilibrium (SSE) as the defender's strategy. Since the defender's strategy space is infinite in our model, we employ a novel method to reduce the searching space of computing the optimal defense strategy. Finally, we empirically evaluate our optimal defense strategy by comparing it with non-strategic defense strategies. The results indicate that our game-theoretic defense strategy significantly outperforms other non-strategic defense strategies in terms of decreasing the total losses against MITM attacks.


Solomon Islands has a population of just over half a million people, most of whom are rural-based subsistence farmers and fishers who rely heavily on fish as their main animal-source food and for income. The nation is one of the Pacific Island Counties and Territories; future shortfalls in fish production are projected to be serious, and government policy identifies inland aquaculture development as one of the options to meet future demand for fish. In Solomon Islands, inland aquaculture has also been identified as a way to improve ood and nutrition security for people with poor access to marine fish. This report undertaken by a Worldfish study under the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems explores the e potential role of land-based aquaculture of Mozambique tilapia in Solomon Islands as it relates to household food and nutrition security. This nutrition survey aimed to benchmark the foods and diets of households newly involved in small homestead tilapia ponds and their neighboring households in the central region of Malaita, the most populous island of all the provinces in Solomon Islands. Focus group discussions and semistructured interviews were employed in 10 communities (five inland and five coastal), four clinics, and five schools.