Militancy continues to be characteristic of many supporters of the Russian far right, encompassing a belligerent rhetoric, a strong perception of participants as political warriors and often the use of physical violence. How serious a threat does Russian militant right-wing extremism pose to Russia and the World, and how has the level of threat changed over time? This book addresses this question by exploring right-wing extremism in Russia, its historical context and its resurgence over the past thirty years. Outlining the legacies and forms presented by current right-wing extremism, with a particular focus on militant extremism, it employs a historical, descriptive method to analyse the threats and risks posed. Presented within the framework of research on extremism and political violence related to the Russian political thought, the book outlines the key criteria of identifying threats, such as the level of violence, ability to gain supporters and penetration of governing elites. Primarily aimed at researchers and academics in political science, extremism, security studies and the history of Russia and Eastern, Central and South-East Europe, this book will also be of interest to political journalists and practitioners in international security.


The loading problem formulated by J. S. Judd seems to be a relevant model for supervised connectionist learning of the feedforward networks from the complexity point of view. It is known that loading general network architectures is NP-complete (intractable) when the (training) tasks are also general. Many strong restrictions on architectural design and/or on the tasks do not help to avoid the intractability of loading. Judd concentrated on the width expanding architectures with constant depth and found a polynomial time algorithm for loading restricted shallow architectures. He suppressed the effect of depth on loading complexity and left as an open prototypical computational problem the loading of easy regular triangular architectures that might capture the crux of depth difficulties. We have proven this problem to be NP-complete. This result does not give much hope for the existence of an efficient algorithm for loading deep networks.


Cut-leaved leaved teasel is an invasive, exotic, and noxious weed in Missouri. Biennial plant infest roadsides and undisturbed areas. Studies regarding seed biology, detection, and control measures were conducted to improve teasel management along a four mile section of Highway interstate 70 in central Missouri. Seed characteristic such as viability after flowering, emergence pattern and persistence were conducted. Hyperspectral images were collected using airplane along I-70 to assess teasel infestation levels. Chemical control together with grass establishment was utilized to reduce severity of infestations. Cut-leaved teasel produced germinable seed 12 days after flowering. Seed emerged primarily in April and October with 31%. After three years under field conditions, seed viability was only 6.1%. Cut-leaved teasel can be detected among other species in a highway environment with greater 80% accuracy. Application of the herbicide aminopyralid in both May and October, combined with sowing tall fescue, Canada wildrye and buffalograss resulted in reducing infestations levels of cut-leaved teasel by greater 90%. The integration of biology, detection and control techniques lead to conduct the optimum suitable cut-leaved management plan.


In 2001, Winnipeg's City Council approved the demolition of the 96 year-old Eaton's building to make way for a new sports arena in the heart of the city's downtown. In spite of a growing body of research showing that sports facilities do not act as generators of economic activity in failing downtown centres, the project was touted as a catalyst for downtown revitalization. A group of citizens organized to stop the arena deal, and instead put forth an alternate, mixed-use proposal for the Eaton's site known as Eaton Square. This paper examines both the Eaton Square and True North arena concepts in light of the City of Winnipeg's own long-term policy goals, as well as findings in the scholarly literature, in order to evaluate which of these proposals would have been more likely to have a beneficial and rejuvenating effect on the downtown. The paper concludes that Winnipeg had little to gain by building the arena downtown, and in light of this finding, asks why City Council would have chosen to make what appears to be the wrong decision. Two trends in the city's political history offer a clue: Historically, Winnipeg decision-makers have been dominated by a corporate elite, and citizen involvement in the political processes concerning controversial development projects (such as the True North Arena) has often been suppressed.


Since the Quebec Education Program came into effect in 2001, Quebec classrooms have again been teaching astronomy. Unfortunately, schools are ill-equipped to teach complex astronomical concepts, most of which occur outside school hours and over long periods of time. Furthermore, many astronomical phenomena involve celestial objects travelling through three-dimensional space, which we cannot access from our geocentric point of view. The lunar phases, a concept prescribed in secondary cycle one, fall into that category. Fortunately, schools can count on support from the planetarium, a science museum dedicated to presenting ultra-realistic simulations of astronomical phenomena in fast time and at any hour of the day. But what type of planetarium will support schools? Recently, planetariums also underwent their own revolution: they switched from analogue to digital, replacing geocentric opto-mechanical projectors with video projectors that offer the possibility of travelling virtually through a completely immersive simulation of the three-dimensional Universe. Although research into planetarium education has focused little on this new paradigm, certain of its conclusions, based on the study of analogue planetariums, can help us develop a rewarding teaching intervention in these new digital simulators. But other sources of inspiration will be cited, primarily the teaching of science, which views learning no longer as the transfer of knowledge, but rather as the construction of knowledge by the learners themselves, with and against their initial conceptions. The conception and use of constructivist learning environments, of which the digital planetarium is a fine example, and the use of simulations in astronomy will complete our theoretical framework and lead to the conception of a teaching intervention focusing on the lunar phases in a digital planetarium and targeting students aged 12 to 14. This teaching intervention was initially tested as part of development research (didactic engineering) aimed at improving it, both theoretically and practically, through multiple iterations in its "natural" environment, in this case an inflatable digital planetarium vi six metres in diameter. We are presenting the results of our first iteration, completed with help from six children aged 12 to 14 (four boys and two girls) whose conceptions about the lunar phases were noted before, during and after the intervention through group interviews, questionnaires, group exercises and recordings of the interventions throughout the activity. The evaluation was essentially qualitative, based on the traces obtained throughout the session, in particular within the planetarium itself. This material was then analyzed to validate the theoretical concepts that led to the conception of the teaching intervention and also to reveal possible ways to improve the intervention. We noted that the intervention indeed changed most participants' conceptions about the lunar phases, but also identified ways to boost its effectiveness in the future.


Concentrated solar energy provides thermal energy that can be utilised for thermochemical conversion of biomass to produce liquid fuel and gases. This creates an efficient and a carbon-free process. The fast pyrolysis of biomass is an endothermic thermal process that occurs within 400-550oC at fast heating rates of >300 oC/second in the absence of oxygen. This temperature is within the range produced in a parabolic trough arrangement. The process of biomass gasification is the conversion of biomass fuels to non-condensable gases usually for chemical feedstock or as fuel using a fluidising medium. Solar intermittence is a major issue; this can be resolved by proposing a continuous process from concentrated solar energy to fuels or chemical feedstock. Computational fluid dynamics has proven to be a tool for design and optimisation of reactors. The Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model using ANSYS Fluent has shown to be cost-effective at describing the characteristics of complex processes. The project entails using parabolic trough for fast pyrolysis of biomass; it is integrated with a gasification process with utilities produced entirely from solar energy. The scope of the project are: (i) A Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model analysis of the novel reactor is to be developed to model biomass pyrolysis (ii) Investigate the potentials of integrating the proposed solar reactor with a conventional circulating fluidised bed (CFB) gasifier to create a highly efficient and sustainable closed loop thermo-solar process (iii) Validate the circulating fluidised bed model with an experimental scale Circulating fluidised bed (CFB) gasifier at Aston University's European Bioenergy Research Institute. The report studied the use of CFD modelling to investigate fast pyrolysis of switch grass biomass using a solar parabolic trough receiver/reactor equipped with a novel gas-separation system. The separator controls the effect of tar-cracking reactions and achieves high separation efficiency compared to other gas-solid separation methods. The study assumes an average heat flux concentrated along the receiver/reactor. Pyrolysis reaction was represented as a single global first order Arrhenius type reaction with volatiles separated into condensable (bio-oil) and non-condensable products. The drying of moisture of the switch grass was represented as a mass transfer process. The separation efficiency achieved by the conical deflector was about 99%. The proposed reactor at the considered operating conditions can achieve overall energy efficiency of 42%; the product yield consist of 51.5% bio-oil, 43.7% char and 4.8% non-condensable gases. The average reactor temperature, gas residence time, and maximum devolatilisation efficiency were 450 °C, 1.5 s, and 60% respectively. There was good agreement in comparison with experimental findings from literature. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to study the effect of heat flux conditions, heat transfer, sweeping gas temperature, and particle size. The heat flux distribution showed that non-homogeneous provides a greater heating rate and temperature compared to the homogeneous flux. Radiation negligibly affects the final product composition; the radiation heats the biomass mainly rather than cause devolatilisation. The larger the biomass diameter the more bio-oil is produced, when a uniform particle temperature is assumed. An experimental study was conducted for the validation of the hydrodynamic model of a circulating fluidised bed. The experiment measured the pressure profiles and the solid recirculation rate. The experiment result showed that particle size has a negative correlation to the ease of fluidisation. High fluidising gas flowrate has a positive impact on the fluidising regime and pressure in the riser. The following parameters were compared with experimental results: grid size, turbulence model, drag laws, wall treatment, and wall shear properties (specularity coefficient and restitution coefficient). The results proved the optimum hydrodynamic model through comparison of pressure profiles of the model with experimental results. The gasification of char in a circulating fluidised was studied using the optimum hydrodynamic model validated from experiment. The model considered the effect of turbulence on the species evolution and tar reforming with char. Over the range of operating conditions, the results looked into the hydrodynamics and product yield of the gasifier. The product yields obtained for the base case was CO (12%), CO2 (19%), H2 (6%), CH4 (0.7%), and N2 (63%). The results proved that for smaller particles the evolution of species are dominated by kinetics. The catalytic effect of char showed improvement in tar yield and CGE to 15.12g/Nm3 and 67.74%. The product yields showed improvement with the compositions of CO2 and H2 due to reforming reactions. The yields and efficiency were in qualitative agreement with results from literature. The proposed models described will provide details on the procedures for future design of integrated solar biomass thermochemical conversion systems.


This multivolume work on the analysis of algorithms has long been recognized as the definitive description of classical computer science. The three complete volumes published to date already comprise a unique and invaluable resource in programming theory and practice. Countless readers have spoken about the profound personal influence of Knuths writings. Scientists have marveled at the beauty and elegance of his analysis, while practicing programmers have successfully applied his cookbook solutions to their day-to-day problems. All have admired Knuth for the breadth, clarity, accuracy, and good humor found in his books.To begin the fourth and later volumes of the set, and to update parts of the existing three, Knuth has created a series of small books called fascicles, which will be published at regular intervals. Each fascicle will encompass a section or more of wholly new or revised material. Ultimately, the content of these fascicles will be rolled up into the comprehensive, final versions of each volume, and the enormous undertaking that began in 1962 will be complete.Volume 4, Fascicle 0This fascicle introduces what will become by far the longest chapter in The Art of Computer Programming, a chapter on combinatorial algorithms that will itself fill three full-sized volumes. Combinatorial algorithms, informally, are techniques for the high-speed manipulation of extremely large quantities of objects, such as permutations or the elements of graphs. Combinatorial patterns or arrangements solve vast numbers of practical problems, and modern approaches to dealing with them often lead to methods that are more than a thousand times faster than the straightforward procedures of yesteryear. This fascicle primes the pump for everything that follows in the chapter, discussing first the essential ideas of combinatorics and then introducing fundamental ideas for dealing efficiently with 0s and 1s inside a machine, including Boolean basics and Boolean function evaluation. As always, the authors exposition is enhanced by hundreds of new exercises, arranged carefully for self-instruction, together with detailed answers.


Cycling Down The Mid-Pleistocene Transition, which lasted from approximately 1.25 million to 700 thousand years ago, was a period during which the dominant periodicity of Earth's climate cycles inexplicably changed from 41 thousand to 100 thousand years. This change is clearly apparent in the oxygen isotopic composition of many calcifying marine organisms, but changes in both ice volume and temperature affect the signal, and so exactly what the signal means has remained unclear. Elderfield et al. (p. 704; see the Perspective by Clark) separated these two effects by measuring both the oxygen isotopic makeup and the Mg/Ca (a proxy that reflects changes in temperature only) of certain benthic foraminifera. The findings reveal the contributions of ice volume and temperature to glacial cycles, suggest when and why the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition occurred, and clarify how carbon is lost from the ocean-atmosphere during deglaciations but also changes because of ocean circulation. The effects of changes in ice volume and ocean temperature during the mid-Pleistocene transition have now been resolved. Earth's climate underwent a fundamental change between 1250 and 700 thousand years ago, the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when the dominant periodicity of climate cycles changed from 41 thousand to 100 thousand years in the absence of substantial change in orbital forcing. Over this time, an increase occurred in the amplitude of change of deep-ocean foraminiferal oxygen isotopic ratios, traditionally interpreted as defining the main rhythm of ice ages although containing large effects of changes in deep-ocean temperature. We have separated the effects of decreasing temperature and increasing global ice volume on oxygen isotope ratios. Our results suggest that the MPT was initiated by an abrupt increase in Antarctic ice volume 900 thousand years ago. We see no evidence of a pattern of gradual cooling, but near-freezing temperatures occur at every glacial maximum.


Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is a phospholipid that controls a diverse set of physiological functions by modulating localization or activity of target proteins. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is formed by PI4P 5-kinases, which occur as 11 isoenzymes in Arabidopsis. In various eukaryotic models PI4P 5-kinases are regulated by posttranslational modification and it has been shown that different PI4P 5-kinases from other model systems, including Arabidopsis PIP5K1, can be phosphorylated. Based on the solved X-ray structure of the human PIPKIIβ it has been proposed that phosphorylation at the membrane-oriented face of the protein impairs electrostatical interactions with the substrate membrane and thus, inhibits catalytic activity. For plant PI4P 5-kinases only little information is available and so far it remained unclear whether other Arabidopsis PI4P 5-kinases can be phosphorylated, what amino acids are phosphorylated, and what consequences arise for localization and functionality of the enzymes in plants. In the context of this thesis, phosphorylation of two Arabidopsis PI4P 5-kinases, PIP5K2 and PIP5K3 was investigated. Recombinantly expressed and affinity-purified PIP5K2 and PIP5K3 were found to be phosphorylated in vitro by a commercially available PKA and also by complex Arabidopsis extracts containing protein kinase activity. Phosphorylation of PIP5K2 and PIP5K3 decreased catalytic activity in an ATP dependent manner. Interestingly, treatment of PIP5K3 with plant extract without added ATP increased activity, whereas the addition of ATP resulted in a decrease in activity, indicating the presence of both activating and inhibiting factors in the plant extract. The sites of phosphorylation were determined by computer aided prediction, MS-based analysis of tryptic peptides and by peptide array analysis, and several phosphorylation sites were determined for PIP5K2 and PIP5K3. The respective amino acids were changed to alanine or aspartate residues, mimicking the dephosphorylated or phosphorylated states, respectively. The recombinant variant proteins were characterized in vitro for catalytic function and their subcellular localization was analysed during heterologous expression as fluorescence-tagged fusions in tobacco pollen tubes. Variant proteins were also expressed in relevant Arabidopsis mutant backgrounds and tested for complementation of known phenotypes. The investigations revealed PIP5K2 T430, PIP5K2 T500 and PIP5K3 T472 as strong candidates for phosphorylation sites. The location of the phosphorylation sites on a 3D-model of plant PI4P 5-kinases indicates that the control of PI4P 5-kinases by phosphorylation not only occurs by controlling membrane association but also includes phosphorylation sites not located in the protein-membrane interface.


The advent of Social media has changed the manner in which perceptions about power and information can be influenced. Twitter is used as a fast‐paced vehicle to deliver short, succinct pieces of information, creating the perception of acceptance, popularity and authority. In the case of extremist groups, Twitter is one of several avenues to create the perception of endorsement of values that would otherwise gain less prominence through mainstream media. This study examines the use of Twitter in augmenting the status and reputation of anti‐Islam and anti‐immigration policy through the controlled release of social media information bursts. The paper demonstrates the use of new media by extremist groups using open source case study data from the associated Twitter traffic of Geert Wilders. The results indicate the pursuit of increased traction for controversial ideals that provoke and incite others towards extremism, violence, racism and Islamaphobia.


The period of time from the Greek Middle Ages to that which has been defined as the Greek Enlightenment of the fifth century, to which both Hippocrates and Plato belong, already encompasses, as far as the meaning of madness is concerned, both the irrational aspects expressed in a variety of ways by the culture of that society, and from a general point of view, the assumptions and rational conclusions reached by today's neuroscience and philosophy of mind. Regarding the irrational aspects, their attribution to the sacred and their narration in myths was the first of the solutions adopted, later evolving, as far as beliefs, evaluations, judgements, prejudices and behaviours were concerned, into a subsequent division between the sacred and the magical that still persists even today, with a distinction between positive madness which is that of the saints and clairvoyants and negative madness attributed instead to demons or evil. Regarding the rational aspects in the interpretation of madness, common to both yesterday and today, it is the reference to the more general problem of the mind (soul) – body relationship with dualism and monism that still has valid supporters. The examples quoted are texts from Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey, Hippocrates's On The Sacred Disease and Plato's Phaedrus, Ion and Timaeus.


A dominating set is a split dominating set in . If the induced subgraph is disconnected in The split domination number of is denoted by , is the minimum cardinality of a split dominating set in . In this paper, some results on were obtained in terms of vertices, blocks, and other different parameters of but not members of Further, we develop its relationship with other different domination parameters of


In her article "US-American New Women in Italy 1853-1870" Sirpa A. Salenius discusses the Italian experience of sculptors such as Harriet Hosmer and Edmonia Lewis, who were independent, career-oriented women studying and working in Rome in the mid-nineteenth century. They were among the most representative New Woman figures who started to challenge US-American society's male-dominant norm and gender-imposed limitations, while reinventing an identity for themselves. Other progressive women, who observed them in Italy, were impressed and influenced by the example of their lives and work. For instance, the influence of Frances Willard's visit to Italy became visible after her return to the U.S. where she became a distinguished lecturer, writer, and social reformer who dedicated her life to furthering women's rights within the temperance movement. The Italian experience changed the lives of many women who, in turn, influenced other women in the United States of the period. Sirpa A. Salenius, "US-American New Women in Italy 1853-1870" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.1 (2012):


This paper, concluding the trilogy, develops schemes for the stable solution of wave-dominated unsteady problems in general three-dimensional domains. The schemes utilize a spectral approximation in each subdomain and asymptotic stability of the semidiscrete schemes is established. The complex computational domains are constructed by using nonoverlapping quadrilaterals in the two-dimensional case and hexahedrals in the three-dimensional space.
To illustrate the ideas underlying the multidomain method, a stable scheme for the solution of the three-dimensional linear advection-diffusion equation in general curvilinear coordinates is developed. The analysis suggests a novel, yet simple, stable treatment of geometric singularities like edges and vertices. The theoretical results are supported by a two-dimensional implementation of the scheme.
The main part of the paper is devoted to the development of a spectral multidomain scheme for the compressible Navier--Stokes equations on conservation form and a unified approach for dealing with the open boundaries and subdomain boundaries is presented. Well posedness and asymptotic stability of the semidiscrete scheme is established in a general curvilinear volume, with special attention given to a hexahedral domain. The treatment includes a stable procedure for dealing with boundary conditions at a solid wall.
The efficacy of the scheme for the compressible Navier--Stokes equations is illustrated by obtaining solutions to subsonic and supersonic boundary layer flows with various types of boundary conditions. The results are found to agree with the solution of the compressible boundary layer equations.


Since the 1970s, microprocessor-based digital platforms have been riding Moores law, allowing for doubling of density for the same area roughly every two years. However, whereas microprocessor fabrication has focused on increasing instruction execution rate, memory fabrication technologies have focused primarily on an increase in capacity with negligible increase in speed. This divergent trend in performance between the processors and memory has led to a phenomenon referred to as the Memory Wall. To overcome the memory wall, designers have resorted to a hierarchy of cache memory levels, which rely on the principal of memory access locality to reduce the observed memory access time and the performance gap between processors and memory. Unfortunately, important workload classes exhibit adverse memory access patterns that baffle the simple policies built into modern cache hierarchies to move instructions and data across cache levels. As such, processors often spend much time idling upon a demand fetch of memory blocks that miss in higher cache levels. Prefetchingpredicting future memory accesses and issuing requests for the corresponding memory blocks in advance of explicit accessesis an effective approach to hide memory access latency. There have been a myriad of proposed prefetching techniques, and nearly every modern processor includes some hardware prefetching mechanisms targeting simple and regular memory access patterns. This primer offers an overview of the various classes of hardware prefetchers for instructions and data proposed in the research literature, and presents examples of techniques incorporated into modern microprocessors.


Molecular dynamics simulations of the cationic polyamine putrescine have been performed at T= 300 K. Partial charges of putrescine were calculated with both the HF/STO-3G and HF/6-3G* methods. Solvent was represented either explicitly or via a distance-dependent dielectric of the form Iµ=r. Simulations were performed either with no counterions or with two chloride counterions present. In the case of the distance-dependent dielectric, two different sets of ionic parameters were used to model either hydrated or unhydrated ions. All possible combinations of partial charge set, ionic strength and type and solvent representation were simulated, giving ten different simulations. In general the putrescine molecule was found to adopt a number of different conformations that could be broadly characterised by the ranges in which the backbone torsion angles fell. The conformational behaviour of putrescine was found to be not strongly affected by the partial charges used or the hydration of the ions, however, it was significantly dependent on the representation of the solvent. With the distance-dependent dielectric, the putrescine favoured the ttt state at low ionic strength and the g+tt and g+tg± states at high ionic strength. When water molecules were explicitly included the ttt state was rarely adopted and the g+tg+ state was the most favoured, however, the g+tt state was also represented.


This thesis entitled " Serat Wasita Dyah Utama : Suntingan Teks Disertai Ajaran Keutamaan Hidup " is based on the thought that Serat Wasita Dyah Utama is considered as one of our ancestor"s heritages of written culture containing the virtues of life. These virtues are very important for both people of the past and those who live in the present time. Therefore, a scientific study is needed in order to reveal the messages of the manuscript for the Indonesian people, especially the Javanese people.
The study is aimed at providing text editing and the manuscript"s translation into Indonesian so that the readers can easily understand the content even though they do not know anything about Javanese language and its letter. In order to have a total comprehension on the content of the manuscript, the writer applies philology method, translation method, and content analysis.
The writer applies the library research method by using the manuscript of Serat Wasita Dyah Utama, one of the Sanapustaka library"s collections at Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, with the catalogue number Ka 368. The aspects of the study include the description of the manuscript, text editing and the translation of the manuscript, and the presentation of the virtues of life. The results of the study are text editing and the translation of the manuscript and the virtues of life reflected in the manuscript of Serat Wasita Dyah Utama.


Recent research in AI Planning is focused on improving the quality of the generated plans. PDDL3 incorporates hard and soft constraints on goals and the plan trajectory. Plan trajectory constraints are conditions that need to be satisfied at various stages of the plan. Soft goals are goals, which need not necessarily be achieved but are desirable. An extension of Constraint Satisfaction Problem, called Optimal Constraint Satisfaction Problem (OCSP) has allowance for defining soft constraints and objective functions. Each soft constraint is associated with a penalty, which will be levied if the constraint is violated. The OCSP solver arrives at a solution that minimizes the total penalty (Objective function) and satisfies all hard constraints. In this paper, an OCSP encoding for the classical planning problems with plan trajectory constraints, soft and hard goals is proposed. Modal operators associated with hard goals and hard plan trajectory constraints are handled by preprocessing and imposing new constraints over the existing GP-CSP encoding. A new encoding for each of the modal operators associated with the soft goals and soft plan trajectory constraints is proposed. Also, a way of encoding conditional goal preference constraints into OCSP is discussed. Based on this research, we intend to submit a planner for the coming planning competition-IPC2006.


Multi-sectoral collaboration is an effective strategy to achieve societal learning and change, through addressing large development issues including economic, social or infrastructure development. The strategy requires collaboration between government (the public sector or the state), businesses (the private sector) and civil society organisations. This case study aims to explore and understand multi-sectoral collaboration in the Phalaborwa municipal area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The case study involves documenting and sharing the ways in which the Phelang Community Centre, acts as a synergistic agent by engaging in extensive multi-sectoral cooperation to prevent, manage and respond effectively to HIV and AIDS in the Phalaborwa  municipal area. This case study documents the rationale, development and process of working at a multi-sectoral level in responding to HIV and AIDS. In particular, the case study explores the process of engaging role players in each of the sectors; related challenges and successes from practice; the value of multi-sectoral engagement; and key lessons emerging from the community-based process. This document is one of a number of publications highlighting learning during the third phase of Joint Oxfam HIV and AIDS Program (JOHAP) 2007.


In school languages education in Australia at present there is an increasing diversity of languages and learners learning particular languages that results from a greater global movement of students. This diversity builds on a long-established profile of diversity that reflects the migration history of Australia. It stands in sharp contrast to the force of standardisation in education in general and in the history of the development of state and national frameworks for the learning of languages K-12 in Australia and indeed beyond. These frameworks have characteristically generalised across diverse languages, diverse learner groups and diverse program conditions, in particular, the amount of time made available for language learning. In addition, in the absence of empirical studies of learner achievements in learning particular languages over time, the development of such frameworks has drawn primarily on internationally available language proficiency descriptions [such as the American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), the International Second Language Proficiency Rating Scale (ISLPR), and more recently the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)] that were developed primarily to serve reporting and credentialing rather than learning purposes. Drawing on a description of the current context of linguistic and cultural diversity and on a brief characterisation of the history of curriculum and assessment framework development for the languages area, I provide a rationale for acknowledging in the development and use of frameworks (i.e. descriptions of achievements) the diversity of languages that comprise the languages learning area in Australia and, in particular, the diverse learner groups who come to their learning with diverse experiences of learning and using particular languages. The Student Achievement in Asian Languages Education (SAALE) study provides an example of the development of descriptions of achievement that are sensitive to these dimensions of context. I discuss the rationale for such context-sensitive descriptions in relation to their potential purposes and uses at the language policy and planning and educational systems level, at the teaching and learning level, and in ongoing research.


We report structural, magnetic, and transport properties of polycrystalline samples and single crystals of superconducting Sm1−xThxFeAsO with maximal Tc above 50 K, prepared under high pressure. Bulk superconducting samples do not undergo a structural phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic symmetry at low temperatures. The unit-cell parameters a and c shrink with Th substitution and the fractional atomic coordinate of the As site zAs remains almost unchanged while that of Sm/Th zSm/Th increases. Upon warming from 5 to 295 K the increase in the FeAs layer thickness is dominant, while the changes in the other structural building blocks are minor, and they compensate each other, since the As-Sm/Th distance contracts by about the same amount as the O-Sm/Th expands. The polycrystalline and single-crystalline samples are characterized by a full diamagnetic response in low magnetic field, by a high intergrain critical current density for polycrystalline samples, and by a critical current density on the order of 8×105 A/cm2 for single crystals at 2 K in fields up to 7 T. The magnetic penetration depth anisotropy γλ increases with decreasing temperature, in a similar way to that of SmFeAsO1−xFy single crystals. The upper critical field estimated from resistance measurements is anisotropic with slopes of ∼5.4 T/K (H∥ab plane) and ∼2.7 T/K (H∥c axis), at temperatures sufficiently far below Tc. The low-temperature upper critical field anisotropy γH is in the range of ∼2, consistent with the tendency of a decreasing γH with decreasing temperature, previously reported for SmFeAsO1−xFy single crystals.

© 2010 The American Physical Society


In 2007, OpenView Venture Partners decided to adopt Scrum as best practice in software development in its portfolio companies and Scrum as the standard practice in internal operations. It is one of the first high-performance non-software Scrums that delivers twice as much value in fewer working hours. The model at OpenView provides data and a working manual on how to do Scrum outside of software development. Their aggressive removal of impediments (take no prisoners!) distinguishes them from Scrum implementations that are unable to remove institutionalized waste.


A rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip designed using microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology recapitulates species-specific drug toxicities. Spotting species-specific toxicity Candidate drug testing using standard preclinical models cannot accurately predict which compounds are likely to cause drug-induced liver injury in humans. To improve selection of promising drug candidates, Jang et al. developed a Liver-Chip consisting of rat, dog, or human hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells. Using the microfluidic chips, the authors confirmed mechanism of action of several known hepatotoxic drugs and an experimental compound. A second experimental compound that induced fibrosis in a rat Liver-Chip did not alter hepatocyte function in human chips, whereas a third compound demonstrated increased toxicity in a dog Liver-Chip. Results support using multispecies chips to identify species-specific differences in drug metabolism and toxicity. Nonclinical rodent and nonrodent toxicity models used to support clinical trials of candidate drugs may produce discordant results or fail to predict complications in humans, contributing to drug failures in the clinic. Here, we applied microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology to design a rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip containing species-specific primary hepatocytes interfaced with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, with or without Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, cultured under physiological fluid flow. The Liver-Chip detected diverse phenotypes of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular injury, steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and species-specific toxicities when treated with tool compounds. A multispecies Liver-Chip may provide a useful platform for prediction of liver toxicity and inform human relevance of liver toxicities detected in animal studies to better determine safety and human risk.


The paper deals with the adoption of new approaches in the practice of rural development. Major attention is paid to the LEADER approach, with the objective of evaluating the implementation of the principles in the activities of actors associated with Czech LAGs. Techniques of content analysis and interviews with selected representatives, mainly with managers of LAGs, were used for sociological empirical research. The results analyse concrete clashes between the hierarchic structure and the principle of network co-operation, which is starting to develop successfully at state-wide and international levels. Next, the results point out the failures in the implementation of the LEADER approach in the Czech Republic which have been overcome (linked with the principles of recourse from locality, decentralised management and financing, partnership) and, on the contrary, those which are still ongoing (linked with principles of integration of sectors, innovativeness). In the Conclusion, research questions for further solution are formulated.


Positive organizational change is a paradox. On one hand, natural human inclinations toward the positive and heliotropic tendencies foster a proclivity toward positive change in human systems. On the other hand, human beings react more strongly to negative than to positive stimuli, so the presence of negative events overshadows positive events. Paradoxically, both tendencies—toward the positive and in response to the negative— are important enablers of positive change, but because the negative usually dominates, positive factors have to be given extra emphasis for positive change to occur. The concept of "positive" has created a great deal of controversy and confusion in organizational studies, spawning critics as well as promoters. The major connotations of this concept in organizational scholarship are clarified, and a way to reconcile the paradox of positive change is proposed. New investigations of positive organizational change are introduced that address various aspects of the positive change paradox.


Automatic aorta segmentation from three dimensional image data is very important for treatment planning and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in the developed countries. A number of techniques are available but most of them need user interaction and require very high contrast of input images that increase the patient exposure time inside the machine. In this paper, we have proposed a novel segmentation pipeline that can automatically segment the aorta from low contrast three-dimensional data. Input images are pre-processed using gradient and sigmoid techniques in order to identify real edges and increase contrast of the image. Hough transform is used for automatic detection of circular shape of aorta that is followed by a three dimensional connected threshold algorithm to delineate the aorta from other objects. The results show that our technique can automatically segment the aorta faster than existing techniques. The algorithm uses low contrast image data, requires no user interaction and no parameters tuning. The proposed technique, with minor modifications, can also be used for semi-automatic segmentation of other organs in the human body.


The targeting of metabolic pathways is emerging as an exciting new approach for modulating immune cell function and polarization states. In this study, carbon tracing and systems biology approaches integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling data were used to identify adaptations in human T cell metabolism important for fueling pro-inflammatory T cell function. Results of this study demonstrate that T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation leads to a significant increase in glucose and amino acid metabolism that trigger downstream biosynthetic processes. Specifically, increased expression of several enzymes such as CTPS1, IL4I1, and ASL results in the reprogramming of amino acid metabolism. Additionally, the strength of TCR signaling resulted in different metabolic enzymes utilized by T cells to facilitate similar biochemical endpoints. Furthermore, this study shows that cyclosporine represses the pathways involved in amino acid and glucose metabolism, providing novel insights on the immunosuppressive mechanisms of this drug. To explore the implications of the findings of this study in clinical settings, conventional immunosuppressants were tested in combination with drugs that target metabolic pathways. Results showed that such combinations increased efficacy of conventional immunosuppressants. Overall, the results of this study provide a comprehensive resource for identifying metabolic targets for novel combinatorial regimens in the treatment of intractable immune diseases.


In this paper we build up the analysis of La Porta et al. (1998), to investigate the importance of legal families in explaining the variations in pollution emissions in different countries. The main intuition behind our analysis is that the nations in which the rights of shareholders are more protected, promote real and financial investment; this increases the speed at which the per-capita income corresponding to the declining branch of the Environmental Kutznets Curve (EKC) is achieved. In econometrics different regressions analyses were performed using as dependent variables three different kinds of pollutants (CO2, fine suspended particulates and waste), including as an explanation some financial variables never before considered in this kind of study.


The safety of gas cylinders in domestic applications is of utmost importance. A crucial stage in the appraisal of the risk for failures and possible faults is occurring during the filling process. In Cyprus, this task is currently done by specialized workers who monitor the cylinders during filling. In order to explore the possibility for an automated risk appraisal and consequent screening, a system of fault identification using vibrational time series and neural network classification has been used. Two systems have been attempted. One using a multi-slab feedforward neural structure employing backpropagation-type learning, and a Kohonen self-organizing map. The results were also compared with different simple statistical methods. The feedforward net, proved to be slightly better responding than the Kohonen map for this particular problem.


An explosion in the number of available genome sequences obtained through metagenomics and single-cell genomics has enabled a new view of the diversity of microbial life, yet we know surprisingly little about how microbes interact with each other or their environment. In fact, the majority of microbial species remain uncultivated, while our perception of their ecological niches is based on reconstruction of their metabolic potential. In this work, we demonstrate how the "seed set framework", which computes the set of compounds that an organism must acquire from its environment (Borenstein et al., 2008), enables high-throughput, computational analysis of metabolic reconstructions, while providing new insights into a microbe9s metabolic capabilities, such as nutrient use and auxotrophies. We apply this framework to members of the ubiquitous freshwater Actinobacterial lineage acI, confirming and extending previous experimental and genomic observations implying that acI bacteria are heterotrophs reliant on peptides and saccharides. We also present the first metatranscriptomic study of the acI lineage, featuring high expression of transport proteins and the light-harvesting protein actinorhodopsin, and confirming predictions of nutrients and essential metabolites while providing additional support to the hypothesis that members of the acI are photoheterotrophs.


The richness of fauna diversity is seen on the Japanese Islands, which range through 3, 000 km. When and from where have theanimals immigrated to Japan? Also, for understanding natural history of the Japanese Islands, it is very importantto investigate evolutinary history and origin of animals distributed on each island. While the evolutionary questions have been paleontologically and geologically examined so far, some of them are still unclear. Recent development of molecular phylogenetic study provides a reliable sight to understanding evolutionary history and origin of species. Advantageously, molecular study can analyze phylogeny of living species without fossil data.In Japan, two wildcats, the Iriomote cat and the Tsushima cat, live on the Iriomote Island and the Tsushima Island, respectively, where land bridges between the Asian continent and the Japanese Islands were present in the past time. To know evolution of these wildcats gives us useful information for better understanding of natural history of the Japanese Islands. Moreover, because both the wildcats are now endangered, it is now strongly needed to understand phylogenetic status of them for conservation and management. For the reason, we investigated molecular phylongeny of the two wildcats based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, and revealed that both the wildcats are very closely related to the leopard cat Felis bengalensis, which is widespread throughout Asia. Furthermore, from the DNA data, the Iriomote cat and the Tsushima cat were estimated to have diverged from the continental leopard cat approximately 200, 000 and 100, 000 years before present, respectively. The dates estimated by molecular data were in concordance with formation dates of the Ryukyu Arc and the Tsushima Island, respectively. These results suggest that geographic barrier has led fixation of some unique morphological characters into each cat population, while the two Japanese wildcats are still genetically close to the continental leopard cat.


The thesis evaluates the Christian worldviews of two theologians, Jurgen Moltmann and Sergei Bulgakov, with the purpose of constructing a relevant theology of hope for the 21st century. The working definition of hope used in this thesis is that hope arises because there is some correspondence between the human will to live and the world that sustains and supports humanity. It follows that if humans can find no correspondence between the world and themselves then hopelessness arises. Increasing signs of alienation in society may stem from viewing the world as a meaningless place, or from viewing human life as meaningless, or both. Within these parameters of meaning, a theology of hope needs to encompass a purpose for both human life and the world. Jurgen Moltmann, a western Protestant theologian of the second half of the twentieth century, has based his life work on the theme of hope. Hope is to be found in God's promise to humanity of a future in which God will be all in all. God, and only God, may be relied upon to save sinful humanity come what may. In contrast, Sergei Bulgakov, an eastern Orthodox theologian of the first half of the twentieth century, rarely speaks of hope. Yet Bulgakov offers a worldview in which humanity has an ontological place in the world, which he calls God's divine Wisdom (Sophia). God's relationship to the world is based on providential interaction, not omnipotence, because God has created the world with its own being. Humanity's actions as coworkers with God have significance in the world's future. Because of the foundation of goodness in the world, these cumulative actions may be relied upon to contribute to the positive future of the world when God will, indeed, be all in all. I present Bulgakov's sophiology as a more relevant theology of hope in the world today because there is an intimate correspondence between the human will to live, and therefore hope, and the world which is created to support and sustain humanity.


On the basis of the normalization to phosphate, a significant amount of nitrate is missing from the deep Bering Sea (BS). Benthic denitrification has been suggested previously to be the dominant cause for the BS nitrate deficit. We measured water column nitrate 15N/14N and 18O/16O as integrative tracers of microbial denitrification, together with pore water‐derived benthic nitrate fluxes in the deep BS basin, in order to gain new constraints on the mechanism of fixed nitrogen loss in the BS. The lack of any nitrate isotope enrichment into the deep part of the BS supports the benthic denitrification hypothesis. On the basis of the nitrate deficit in the water column with respect to the adjacent North Pacific and a radiocarbon‐derived ventilation age of ∼50 years, we calculate an average deep BS (>2000 m water depth) sedimentary denitrification rate of ∼230 μmol N m−2 d−1 (or 1.27 Tg N yr−1), more than 3 times higher than high‐end estimates of the average global sedimentary denitrification rate for the same depth interval. Pore water‐derived estimates of benthic denitrification were variable, and uncertainties in estimates were large. A very high denitrification rate measured from the base of the steep northern slope of the basin suggests that the elevated average sedimentary denitrification rate of the deep Bering calculated from the nitrate deficit is driven by organic matter supply to the base of the continental slope, owing to a combination of high primary productivity in the surface waters along the shelf break and efficient down‐slope sediment focusing along the steep continental slopes that characterize the BS.


Is there a case for (further) harmonization of EC company law? Should the EC play a central role in company lawmaking? If, as is often the case among lawyers, one looks at company law harmonization as an ideal, perfect objective that by hypothesis can only make things better, the answer to these questions is a definitely yes. However, if one treats company law harmonization as a real-world phenomenon, looking at its record thus far and scrutinizing its various rationales with the help of basic intuitions from economics and public choice theory, then the picture changes and the initial questions should be answered in the negative other than with regard to initiatives merely aiming to facilitate the free movement of companies across the EU. This paper provides such a picture. First, it shows that the possible justifications for harmonization in the company law area do not stand close scrutiny. It argues that, with no European Delaware in sight, it is premature to impose rules aimed at preventing a race to the bottom among EU jurisdictions. While recognizing that harmonization can be justified in theory to correct market failures if Member States alone are unable or unwilling to correct them and if the proposed harmonized rules would make society better off than in their absence (also taking the costs arising from the harmonized rules into account), it argues that there is no reason to believe that EC institutions are any better positioned than national lawmakers in performing the task of tackling market failures. Further, the paper analyzes the rationales related to the market integration objective and argues that in the real world negative harmonization (i.e. harmonization removing barriers to the four freedoms) is most often bundled with positive harmonization, so that what can be gained in terms of greater freedom of establishment is usually lost in terms of lower flexibility of rules. It criticizes level playing field as a possible rationale for company law harmonization, and argues that, far from lowering transaction costs, real-world harmonization has thus far raised them and hardly can be expected to do otherwise in the future. Finally, the rationales relating to scale economies in law production and to the correction of national governments' failures are dismissed as either implausible with regard to company law or unconvincing due to the fact that the EC is also prone to producing excessively rigid company law rules and to change them over-frequently. The paper then highlights harmonization's drawbacks. Company law harmonization substitutes a single lawmaker for twenty-five different ones, or in other words a monopolist for twenty-five competitors, implying a higher risk of excessive regulation and innovation and a lower degree of experimentation in the company law field. A uniform law also rules out the possibility that divergent expectations and preferences at the national level are taken into account. Further, real-world harmonization turns out to increase the degree of complexity and uncertainty of national company laws. In addition, EC company law rules are hard to change and therefore little adaptable to new economic or technological developments. Finally, the harmonization process itself is costly in terms of lobbying expenditures and the rent extraction opportunities it grants EC officials and politicians. The paper concludes that, ideally, the EC should only engage in free-choice and contractual freedom enhancing harmonization, while recognizing that EC lawmakers cannot be expected to espouse such a programme and expressing the no more realistic hope that they will have the courage, in Gerard Hertig's words, "of doing nothing" instead of pursuing their ambitious harmonization agenda.


The phenomenon of marginal underdominance at a stable equilibrium in a two-locus-two-allele deterministic selection model is studied analytically using bifurcation theory. This technique and additional numerical studies indicate several new aspects of the phenomenon that are of biological importance. Marginal underdominance can occur at both loci simultaneously and can be present in a model with small fitness differentials. This can occur for a fitness scheme that is a one parameter generalization of the classical symmetric fitness model.


There is a current drive to reform the planning system in the UK to unlock the value of data and embed digital processes into the work of government and cities. It is recognised that existing data, in particular environment and utility datasets, are not fully utilised to inform planning decisions at a local and strategic level. Failure to consider the full suite of data for cities weakens the evidence base on which planning decisions are made and leads to inefficiencies and a late stage awareness of potential issues. This situation is most pronounced for underground development in cities.
The subsurface extent of our cities is gaining increased prominence in future cities thinking. Continued urban growth, demand for resources, city resilience and sustainability concerns bring increased pressures on subsurface space, facilities and services but also opportunities for more strategic subsurface utilisation. For example it is estimated that 76% of London's total heat demand could be met by secondary sources such as ground heat and re-using waste heat from the underground. In addition we are seeing a growing trend for subsurface living – 450 applications for basements submitted to Kensington and Chelsea in 2013 alone. However we must first address the constraints, the fact that unforeseen ground risks are one of the main causes of project delays and insurance claims on completed projects at a time when government is calling for a 33% reduction in project costs. Meanwhile there are over 680,000 properties at risk of flooding from heavy rainfall in London in a 1 in 200 year event. As a result cities want to increase the amount of urban green cover and infiltration of water into the ground through sustainable drainage systems is being prioritised and included in new planning policy.
There is currently no formal policy for integrating urban underground space and above ground city services within the planning framework and no one organisation with a mandate to take ownership of this issue. However there are a number of projects and initiatives underway which are beginning to address elements of the issue, such as city data management tools, infrastructure mapping, integrated city modelling, building information modelling systems and collation of good practice demonstrators. To capitalise on these initiatives and bring the subsurface into strategic city planning the workshop, hosted by the Future Cities Catapult at their Urban Innovation Centre drew together science expertise and city innovators that work across the boundary between surface and subsurface spatial planning and use, and city modelling. The aim was to demonstrate capability and share learning, identify commercial opportunities to address the challenges, and consider how we can advance this topic at a strategic level within UK cities.
The workshop had two main objectives, which were addressed over three sessions that covered, issues and ideas, tools for city planning and use case development. Short talks by industry experts were given at the start of each session to highlight key points for the attendees.
Workshop objectives:
i) Innovation and commercialisation: Highlight the innovation and commercial products & services needed to address city challenges around improved city modelling and spatial planning. Identify funding mechanisms for demonstrators and pilot projects.
ii) Policy and governance: Review the current policy framework for spatial planning, subsurface development and management. Identify opportunities for strategic policy/city-led initiatives which tackle the challenges around spatial planning.


In this thesis we study the effects of finite temperature (T ) on the singleelectron spectral function of doped magnetic insulators. First, we derive the low-temperature correction to the self-energy of a charge carrier injected with parallel spin into a ferromagnetic background which is modeled with both Heisenberg and Ising Hamiltonians so that differences due to gapless versus gapped magnons can be understood. Beside the expected thermal broadening of the T = 0 quasiparticle peak which becomes a resonance inside a continuum, we find that spectral weight is transferred to regions lying outside this continuum, because the carrier and a thermal magnon can bind into a spin-polaron. This work is valid in dimensions d ≥ 2, because it does not include the role of magnetic domains which are important in 1d. We then consider the role of these magnetic domains in 1d systems, for models where spin-polaron formation is impossible. We present Monte Carlo simulations for the spectral function of three related models of a charge carrier that is injected into an Ising chain. Both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling between the Ising spins are considered. The interaction between the carrier and the Ising spins is also of Ising type. In two of the models the charge carrier is hosted by a different band, while in the third model it is hosted by the same band as the Ising spins. We find that the carrier's spectral function exhibits a distinctive fine structure due to its temporary entrapping inside small magnetic domains, and use these results to construct an accurate (quasi)analytic approximation for low and medium T . While at T = 0, for ferromagnetic order all three models have identical, low-energy quasiparticles, at finite T the low-energy behavior of the first two models remains equivalent, but that of the third model is controlled by rare events due to thermal fluctuations, which transfer spectral weight below the T = 0 quasiparticle peak, generating a pseudogaplike phenomenology. Taken together, our results show that the temperature evolution of the spectral weight of weakly doped magnetic insulators can be very complex.


Using Jones's formalism, we prove three optical reversibility theorems that relate the polarization ellipticity at the output of an optical system to the polarization of the retroreflected light at the input. We describe how these theorems can be used to measure the ellipticity of a polarization remotely and thus to control it remotely. As an example, we use this method to create a linear or a circular polarization after a total internal reflection inside a prism, and the impurity of polarization is found to be better than 10−3. Finally we describe the use of this remote control to create polarization configurations that are useful for laser cooling of atoms.


Learning in individual study distance education programs can be enriched by enabling information sharing among students. Time, distance, and unsynchronized study schedules make information sharing among students difficult to implement. The evaluation of class participation in classroom or synchronized distance education programs is inherently unfair in that it is generally subjective and students who participate first have an advantage over students who participate later. This paper presents a system that creates virtual cohort study groups out of students enrolled in an unsynchronized individual study distance education program and provides a structured process for students to share information and for instructors to objectively evaluate class participation.


This work introduces a dataset for large-scale instance-level recognition in the domain of artworks. The proposed benchmark exhibits a number of different challenges such as large inter-class similarity, long tail distribution, and many classes. We rely on the open access collection of The Met museum to form a large training set of about 224k classes, where each class corresponds to a museum exhibit with photos taken under studio conditions. Testing is primarily performed on photos taken by museum guests depicting exhibits, which introduces a distribution shift between training and testing. Testing is additionally performed on a set of images not related to Met exhibits making the task resemble an out-of-distribution detection problem. The proposed benchmark follows the paradigm of other recent datasets for instance-level recognition on different domains to encourage research on domain independent approaches. A number of suitable approaches are evaluated to offer a testbed for future comparisons. Self-supervised and supervised contrastive learning are effectively combined to train the backbone which is used for non-parametric classification that is shown as a promising direction. Dataset webpage: http://cmp.felk.cvut.cz/met/


This thesis concerns the role of the Social Care Worker in interventions into unacceptable sexual behaviour in people who have a learning disability. It takes as point of departure ways in which support organisations and individual members of staff become aware that a service user's sexual behaviour needs to be addressed. This raises issues about the service user's human rights, confidentiality, and the concept of what it is to be 'professional' which can affect information sharing between support organisations and also between fellow support workers. In the case of the latter this relates to the workers status within the organisation, relations of power/knowledge which also has implications for the status of these workers as 'professionals'. The thesis goes on to determine the support workers' perceptions of what Bourdieu has termed, their 'field'. That is to say, those behaviours they feel they can address without consulting health professionals. In addition to this, criteria used to decide when it is appropriate to consult health professionals is also described which thus demarcates their 'field' as perceived by the social care workers. The subsequent roles of the SCW whether working with or without input of health professionals is then discussed in terms of the individual worker's 'proximity' or working relationship with the service user in question, and also their status within the support organisation. Findings suggest that some front-line workers who can claim closer 'proximity' to the service user may not have the same level of information about the behaviour as their managers who work off-site and do not have their direct care. Consideration is then given to accounts of situations in which input from health professionals is sought but is not forthcoming leaving SCWs and their organisations to deal with the behaviour in-house. Some of these such as sexual assault and rape are thus being treated in the community when otherwise the individuals concerned would be treated in locked NHS wards. Thus a new 'field' emerges requiring of the SCW a level of responsibility and skill that goes unacknowledged. The thesis ends by considering the feelings of workers involved in interventions into unacceptable sexual behaviour and concludes with recommendations on the education and support these workers require. Acknowledgement of the work they do and re-assessment of their status as workers is also recommended.


One in ten female graduate students at major research universities report being sexually harassed by a faculty member. Many universities face intense media scrutiny regarding faculty sexual harassment, and whether women are being harassed out of academic careers in scientific disciplines is currently a subject of significant public debate. However, to date, scholarship in this area is significantly constrained. Surveys cannot entirely mesh with the legal/policy definition of sexual harassment. Policymakers want to know about serial (repeat) sexual harassers, where answers provided by student surveys are least satisfactory. Strict confidentiality restrictions block most campus sexual harassment cases from public view.
Taking advantage of recent advances in data availability, this Article represents the most comprehensive effort to inventory and analyze actual faculty sexual harassment cases. This review includes over 300 cases obtained from: (1) media reports; (2) federal civil rights investigations by the U.S. Departments of Education and Justice; (3) lawsuits by students alleging sexual harassment; and (4) lawsuits by tenure-track faculty fired for sexual harassment. It also situates this review within the available and most relevant social science literature on sexual harassment and violence in education and the workplace, as well as on methodological limitations of litigated case data, which tend to contain a higher concentration of high-severity cases compared to a random sample.
Two key findings emerged from the data. First, contrary to popular assumptions, faculty sexual harassers are not engaged primarily in verbal behavior. Rather, most of the cases reviewed for this study (53%) involved faculty alleged to have engaged in unwelcome physical contact dominated by groping, sexual assault, and domestic abuse-like behaviors. Second, more than half (53%) of cases involved professors allegedly engaged in serial sexual harassment. Thus, this study adds to our understanding of sexual harassment in the university setting and informs a number of related policy and legal questions including academic freedom, prevention, sanctions, and the so-called "pass-the-harasser" phenomenon of serial sexual harassers relocating to new university positions.


The prime design considerations for modern nickel based superalloys for use in aero gas-turbine engines, are those of mechanical performance, namely good resistance to creep and fatigue with good toughness and microstructural phase stability. Design of the current generation of superalloys has attained these properties at the expense of environmental resistance. This design philosophy has lead to the widespread use of surface coatings technology to protect hot-section componentry from the harsh operating environment. The ongoing drive towards higher operating temperatures has lead to an interest, over the last few years, in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). TBCs are duplex coating systems consisting of a thin, insulating, ceramic layer over a metallic bondcoat. The bondcoat provides both environmental protection and the necessary adhesive interface to maintain the adherence of the ceramic during the rigours of operation. Central to the performance of a TBC system is the integrity and adherence of the alumina scale promoted by the bondcoat.
This study aimed to design and optimise a novel bondcoat system that was capable of out-performing the current generation of bondcoats and progress the resultant coating
into a production ready status.
This was achieved by comparing the performance of a range of bondcoats of both novel and standard compositions, using the modified scratch test in conjunction with hot isothermal and cyclic furnace tests. The down selected system was then analysed using a range of techniques including optical and electron microscopy, XRD, WDS and SIMS
in order to understand the failure mechanisms. The results of the testing programme lead to bondcoat chemistry changes and processing improvements that enabled better performance to be achieved. The bondcoat was optimised and taken to a production standard by using the Taguchi Method of fractional factorial experimental design.
The resultant coating system offered a higher TBC/bondcoat interface temperature
capability and extended the life of the system at more moderate temperatures, beyond that offered by systems currently available. The coating system has subsequently been run as a bondcoat for EB-PVD TBCs and has successfully completed the duty cycles on a number of development and test engines.


News websites struggle tailoring news stories to divergent needs of online news users. We examined a way to bridge these needs by representing sources in hypertext. News items were designed to be short and concise, with hyperlinks citing sources. Readers could either ignore hyperlinks or explore additional information from the hyperlinked sources. We expected that appreciation for these news stories would be moderated by personal characteristics, namely hypertext comfort and desirability of control. In a 2 (hyperlink presence) x 2 (directness of speech) experiment, two news stories were manipulated for a Dutch national news website (NOS.nl). For each story, four variants were developed: Text containing hyperlinks, plain text only, citing the sources directly, citing in the words of the journalist. Dependent variables were perceived control, appreciation, and absorption in the story. Results showed that news stories with hyperlinked sources affected perceived control positively, especially for those with a high desirability of control. Directness of speech did not have any effects. The relation between hypertext and appreciation was mediated by perceived control.


The nation is experiencing an opioid epidemic. As communities across the country feel the epidemic's impact, public health and human service organizations are implementing responses that include healthcare, education, law enforcement and the judicial system, emergency services, drug and addiction counseling, and community services. Public libraries around the country are choosing to be part of this response. With funding from a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, OCLC and the Public Library Association will identify, synthesize, and share knowledge and resources that will help public libraries and their community partners develop effective strategies and community-driven coalitions that work together to address the opioid epidemic in America. This project is called, "Public Libraries Respond to the Opioid Crisis with Their Communities." This article is the first of two about the project and it focuses on the issues and preliminary themes surfacing in interviews with library staff and the partners. A second article will focus on the data analysis and overall findings.


A Markov chain Monte Carlo method for estimating the relative effects of migration and isolation on genetic diversity in a pair of populations from DNA sequence data is developed and tested using simulations. The two populations are assumed to be descended from a panmictic ancestral population at some time in the past and may (or may not) after that be connected by migration. The use of a Markov chain Monte Carlo method allows the joint estimation of multiple demographic parameters in either a Bayesian or a likelihood framework. The parameters estimated include the migration rate for each population, the time since the two populations diverged from a common ancestral population, and the relative size of each of the two current populations and of the common ancestral population. The results show that even a single nonrecombining genetic locus can provide substantial power to test the hypothesis of no ongoing migration and/or to test models of symmetric migration between the two populations. The use of the method is illustrated in an application to mitochondrial DNA sequence data from a fish species: the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).


Background: Non-melanoma skin cancers including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common malignant diseases in human. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of the P63 marker in common skin cancers and non-tumoral skin lesions and compared the difference between them. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sampling was performed from the archive of sample blocks from patients admitted in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital during 2010-2011. Sixty samples (including 30 samples of non-tumoral skin lesions and 30 samples including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) were studied. The evaluation of p63 gene expression was performed using immunohistochemistry method. Student's T-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis of the data. Results : P63 gene were expressed in 4 cases (13.33 %) of non_tumoral lesions and all tumoral lesions (100%). In tumoral lesions, 5 cases (16.66 %) showed 1+ severity expression, 11 cases (36.66%) 2+severity expression and 14 cases (46.66 %) 3+severity expression. All 4 non-tumoral lesions showed 1+severity expression of P63gene. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the frequency and severity of gene expression of P63 could be used for differentiation between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as well as


This Article is an excerpt from a World Bank-sponsored Report, prepared in December 2006, to the Russian Federal Service on the Securities Market. We discuss the liability under company law of directors, senior company officials, and controlling shareholders of public companies in Canada, France, Germany, Korea, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (with a more limited look at Austria, the European Union, Italy, Japan, and Latvia), and recommend amendments to Russian Company Law. We propose measures to define the concepts of good faith and conflict of interest; establish duties of disclosure and confidentiality, extend duties under company law to controlling shareholders and de facto directors for conflict of interest transactions; and protect directors against liability for business decisions adopted without a conflict of interest. It includes an Introduction by Prof. Black which provides an overview of Russia's progress in creating a modern company law.A related Article, also excerpted from this Report, addresses procedural rules for shareholder lawsuits and administrative and criminal liability of directors and company officials. See Legal Liability of Directors and Company Officials Part 2: Court Procedures, Indemnification and Insurance, and Administrative and Criminal Liability (Report to the Russian Securities Agency), COLUM. BUS. L. REV. (forthcoming 2008), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1010307.The full Report is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001990 (English version) and http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001991 (Russian version). It also addresses duties of directors for a company in financial distress, duties of a managing organization, the role of labor law in governing the relationship between a company and its directors and officials, whether this relationship is contractual or legal in nature, and differences between public and nonpublic companies.


Background: This paper reviewed the benefits and negative impacts of alien species that are currently listed in the Alien and Invasive Species Regulations of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act no 10 of 2004) and certain alien species that are not yet listed in the regulations for which conflicts of interest complicate management. Objectives: Specifically, it identified conflict-generating species, evaluated the causes and driving forces of these conflicts and assessed how the conflicts have affected management. Method: A simple scoring system was used to classify the alien species according to their relative degree of benefits and negative impacts. Conflict-generating species were then identified and further evaluated using an integrated cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception framework to identify the value systems (intrinsic and economic) and risk perceptions associated with each conflict. Results: A total of 552 alien species were assessed. Most of the species were classified as inconsequential (55%) or destructive (29%). Beneficial (10%) and conflict-generating (6%) species made a minor contribution. The majority (46%) of the conflict cases were associated with more than one value system or both values and risk perception. The other conflicts cases were based on intrinsic (40%) and utilitarian (14%) value systems. Conclusions: Conflicts based on value and risk perceptions are inherently difficult to resolve because authorities need to balance the needs of different stakeholders while meeting the mandate of conserving the environment, ecosystem services and human well-being. This paper uses the identified conflict-generating species to highlight the challenges and trade-offs of managing invasive species in South Africa.


Abstract. After completing the qualification tests of the ITER cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC), the tests of samples from the series manufacture are running in the SULTAN test facility in Villigen, Switzerland. The key test for the conductor samples is the current sharing temperature, Tcs, at the nominal operating field and current, i.e. the maximum temperature at which the conductors operate before developing an electric field of 10 μV/m. All the TF samples fulfilled the ITER requirement of Tcs ≥ 5.8 K after 1000 load cycles. The Tcs results have a broad scattering among the suppliers, from 5.8 K up to 6.6 K. The assembly of the Nb3Sn based CICC samples (for TF and CS coils) is carried out at CRPP. The NbTi CICC samples (for PF, CC and bus bars) are assembled at the suppliers, with a U-bend replacing the bottom joint. The poor performance of some Main Busbar (MB) conductor samples, caused by poor sample assembly, triggered the effort to assemble a MB sample at CRPP with solder filled terminations and a bottom joint. The superior test results of the MB-CRPP sample, closely matching the performance assessment carried out using 3-D field distribution and n-index behavior was a successful achievement of the last year of operation. According to the Procurement Arrangement for the ITER coils, the winding companies must qualify the joint and termination manufacture by SULTAN samples. The first joint sample tested in SULTAN was a TF joint from EU, followed by a Correction Coil (CC) joint sample from China. Other joint samples are being assembled in USA (Central Solenoid), in Russia (PF1), in EU (PF2 - PF5) and in China (PF6). All the ITER coils use the "twin box" design for joints, except the Central Solenoid. At the first test in SULTAN of a twin-box TF joint sample in 2013, an unexpected resistance increase was observed after an accidental dump of the SULTAN field, causing a large field transient parallel to the joint contact surface, with large eddy currents and electromagnetic loads at the pressure-contact between strand bundle and copper plate of the twin box. The resistance requirement for the TF joint was still fulfilled after the dump. The initial performance of the joint sample for Correction Coil conductor was not satisfactory and a second qualification sample is being prepared.


Data distributions gained a considerable interest in the field of data parallel programming. In most cases they are key factors for the efficiency of the implementation. In this paper we analyze data distributions suited for parallel image processing and those defined by some of todays more popular parallel languages (HPF, Vienna Fortran, pC++) and libraries (ScaLAPACK). The majority of them belong to the class of bit permutations. These permutations can efficiently be realized on networks that are based on shuffle permutations. As a result we propose to widen the scope of data distributions tolerated by parallel languages and libraries towards classes of distributions. For the large class of the so called normal algorithms we demonstrate that it is possible to implement library functions that can handle a large subclass of distributions thereby avoiding redistribution. As the application level of programming data distributions are to be handled analogously to data types.


General practitioners (GPs) have a responsibility to provide prompt and effective care in an emergency and GPs in the UK are required to undertake annual basic life support (BLS) training. However, most emergencies are peri-arrest and this is an area where GPs lack confidence.1 This may be because life-threatening emergencies in the community are relatively infrequent and therefore provide a challenge for doctors in keeping up to date. The aim of this project was to upskill GPs in managing emergencies that could occur in general practice surgeries.

Classroom-based simulation has a track record for teaching and is often used for BLS courses. However, clinicians need to be able to use their own equipment and medication, and be confident managing emergencies within their surgeries. High-fidelity simulation-based training programmes for managing emergencies have been successfully used in hospital settings2 and have been shown to improve knowledge, including emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenarios.3 ,4 To the best of our knowledge, there is no research investigating its value in primary care settings. This highly innovative project brought simulation out of the classroom and into community environments where emergencies actually occur creating 'real-life' scenarios.

### Participants

Ten workshops were held in general practice surgeries across Dorset and …


Smith RG, Mortensen DA & Ryan MR (2009). A new hypothesis for the functional role of diversity in mediating resource pools and weed–crop competition in agroecosystems. Weed Research.50, 37–48.

Summary
We develop a new conceptual model we call the Resource Pool Diversity Hypothesis (RPDH) aimed at explaining how soil resource pool diversity may mediate competition for soil resources between weeds and crops. The primary tenets of the RPDH are that (i) in plant communities, the intensity of inter-specific competition can depend upon the degree to which niche differentiation and resource partitioning occur among species, (ii) agricultural systems are unique in that management practices, such as crop rotation, source of fertility and weed management, result in inputs to the soil and (iii) these inputs directly or indirectly become soil resource pools from which crops and weeds may partition resources. The RPDH leads to the novel prediction that along a gradient of increasing cropping system diversity, yield loss due to weed–crop competition (i.e. the impact on yield per unit weed density) for soil resources should decrease. Similarly, the degree to which crops and weeds overlap in soil resource niche breadth (which is determined by species-specific functional traits for resource acquisition), will determine the extent to which weed–crop competition weakens as resource pool diversity increases. While there have been no direct tests of the RPDH, we highlight evidence from the agricultural literature that provides strong support for components of the hypothesis. Validation of the RPDH would have important implications across a broad range of cropping systems for the development of management strategies that aim to reduce yield loss impact per unit weed plant density and the fundamental principles of integrated weed management, such as the concepts of weed thresholds and critical periods.


Efficient utilization of nutrients is a must on modern dairies. Most of the phosphorus arriving at the dairy will either be found in purchased feedstuffs or commercial fertilizer used to raise grain and forage for the dairy. In general, those dairies that purchase all feeds are more efficient with phosphorus utilization than those that grow forage and grain. This is likely due to increased inefficiencies associ-ated with feeding and crop enterprises. Care-ful evaluation of diets to reduce feeding ex-cess phosphorus can reduce phosphorus excre-tion in the manure by as much as 50%. This not only reduces input costs, but also reduces the total cost of land application. The most efficient way to manage dairy farm nutrients is to develop a comprehensive nutrient manage-ment plan that includes both the cropping and animal enterprises. This plan will help pro-ducers predict phosphorus requirements of cattle and crops, and then allow the producer to control phosphorus inputs to meet the re-quirements.; Dairy Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006;


One of the most exciting fashion designers in the United States, Cuban-born Isabel Toledo, has been honoured with a National Design award from the Cooper Hewitt Museum and a Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion, given by The Museum at FIT. Yet her name and work are recognized only by fashion insiders. This ravishing book brings Toledo's creations to a wider audience, places them within the context of contemporary fashion, and examines her creative process. Interviewing Toledo, her husband (fashion illustrator Ruben Toledo), and other colleagues, clients, and critics, Valerie Steele gives an account of Toledo's career and explains that while she has been heralded by leading fashion magazines and featured in stores in New York and Europe, she has not had the long-term financial backing to break out of the niche market. Patricia Mears investigates the artistic and cultural influences on Toledo's work and analyzes her unusual methods of construction, noting that she designs in three dimensions in her mind and then begins working directly with fabric. Displaying garments Toledo has created since her first show in 1985, this book is a revelatory exploration of a fashion innovator in a mass-market industry.


Development of information technology and the globalization require constant investment in people. New and emerging technologies such as autonomous systems, machine learning and AI radically re-contextualize the human dimension of the organization. Strategic changes have revealed new critical vulnerabilities such as social media-based election meddling and disinformation campaigning with impact on the human aspects at state, societal, organizational and individual levels. Education and training raise the level of expertise, skills and competences and ensure better performance in complex cyber situations. Researchers have addressed assumptions, models, concepts and cognitive aspects of human performance in the cyber domain. However, the theories and approaches of human learning in training and exercises are only partly touched. New techniques for enhancing organizational cyber resilience to cyber-attacks are needed and they still lack sound theoretical foundations. This article aims to advance the discussion suggesting viewpoints on training and exercises in the cyber domain, taking into consideration specifics of skills in cyber security. It provides overview of theories of learning to better support human performance. Our critical interpretation enhances the comprehensive understanding of decision-making, learning theories, and design of cyber security training and exercises. Furthermore, our intention is to constructively promote discussion on current issues about human learning in cyber training and education and thus boost multidisciplinary studies to enhance cyber awareness. A R T I C L E I N F O : RECEIVED: 10 MAY 2019 REVISED: 12 SEP 2019 ONLINE: 18 SEP 2019 K E Y W O R D S : cybersecurity, human factors, organizational learning, education and training, exercises Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 K. Aaltola & P. Taitto, ISIJ 43, no. 2 (2019): 123-133


Although percutaneous cholecystostomy historically is an alternative to cholecystec- tomy, it is typically performed as a bridge to gallbladder removal. As a low mortality procedure, it proves itself a valuable tool in morbid patients such as the elderly and the critically ill who present with acute cholecystitis and as an alternate route for biliary access. In high-risk patients, PC can be performed at the patient's bedside in patients who are too unstable to be transported outside the ICU. PC is performed using ultrasound, CT, or fluoroscopic guidance; however, bedside PC can only be performed using ultrasound. Ultrasound is readily available and portable and allows for real-time imaging. A 2010 study performed by Donkol et al. demonstrated success rates for CT (93%), US (46%), and fluoroscopy (62%). Though US had the lowest success rate, it remains the only option for those critically ill who cannot tolerate transportation or an imme- diate cholecystectomy. Contraindications of PC include hemorrhage, pericholecystic abscess, gallbladder tumor, etc. Complications include bile leak, hemorrhage, sepsis, bowel perforation, etc. The gallbladder is a small organ with much pathology. Having the knowledge and skill to adequately perform this procedure is essential, especially in patients with septic shock in need of source control.


Nanoscale chiral skyrmions in noncentrosymmetric helimagnets are promising binary state variables in high-density, low-energy nonvolatile memory. Skyrmions are ubiquitous as an ordered, single-domain lattice phase, which makes it difficult to write information unless they are spatially broken up into smaller units, each representing a bit. Thus, the formation and manipulation of skyrmion lattice domains is a prerequisite for memory applications. Here, using an imaging technique based on resonant magnetic x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate the mapping and manipulation of skyrmion lattice domains in Cu2OSeO3. The material is particularly interesting for applications owing to its insulating nature, allowing for electric field-driven domain manipulation.


Values affect humans' perception of situations and problems and guide our actions. The objective of this study was to explore the values of dairy farmers, and whether their values influenced their decisions to maintain dairy farming or to buy consultancy services. During late fall 2007 we visited and interviewed 90 farmers. First we did a qualitative analysis of the data and then we merged the interview data with the existing database of financial data from the year 2007 to do statistical analyses. We also checked whether the farmers still produced milk in 2013, six years after the interviews.  Most farmers had terminal values like keeping up the tradition and to have an interesting work. Value combinations with instrumental values such as to earn money and to produce milk were common. Realizing that many farmers prioritize terminal values over instrumental values has important consequences for dairy companies, dairy consultants and politicians.


Earthquake seismology requires an active, shallow, low-angle (∼20°) north-dipping normal fault beneath the western Corinth-Patras rift. However, extensional faults that crop out south of the gulf, in northern Peloponnesus, are steeper (40°–50°), and this difference of dip has remained unexplained. In this area, the geometry of successive synrift deposits that were controlled by the steeper faults indicates a chronology showing that these faults and the related depocenter of the gulf have shifted to the north with time. The southernmost and earliest fault is different: it is a low-angle detachment fault, more than 70 km long, that cuts obliquely to the north through the nappe pile of the Hellenides. This major detachment fault was active in the early rifting stage. Then, steeper faults formed successively northward, as southern parts of the detachment became inactive and stranded the shallow parts of its hanging wall. This may have resulted from uplift and backtilting of the southern part of the detachment. This northern Peloponnesus detachment probably connects north to the one that is still active under the gulf. It explains the successive steep faults that branch from it, and the northward migration of the gulf and of its depocenter.


Context: Germany is seen as one of the major players in developing what is known as "Industry 4.0." Especially in the manufacturing and the automotive sector, the vocational training is seen as a precondition and consequence alike for the global success of these sectors. Current research though characterizes production work, especially machine-related tasks, as dull routine work and therefore of high probability of computerization.Approach: Based on qualitative research perspectives and sociological results that reveal the importance of experience and implicit capabilities, this study quantifies what is mostly seen as "non-routine" work. To measure these dimensions of living labouring capacity, an index is introduced that is developed from 18 items of one of the biggest German task-based, representative surveys.Findings: The contribution challenges the widespread prognosis that production workers face high susceptibility. Comparing data on non-routine share in production and of vocational trained workers with those of Frey and Osborne, the findings stress the mostly neglected importance of non-routine work, even in production and especially with vocational trained, machine-related occupations.Conclusion: The results draw on how much more employees on the shop floor are apt to handle change, complexity, and imponderabilities than often assumed. If their work will or will not be susceptible to novel approaches in robotics or algorithms, therefore, is not a question of routine.


Multienvironment trials generally have highly unbalanced data structures in which a particular cultivar is only observed in a subset of all environments for which data are available. A very common approach to reporting data from such unbalanced data is to subset the data into balanced subsets and restrict comparisons within balanced subsets. Such an approach results in much information being ignored. We undertook an empirical study of 65 individual data sets from the Iowa Crop Performance Test for corn (Zea mays L.) to compare eight different mixed linear models to determine which features in the data need to be considered in developing approaches to make use of all available information. We used a model selection approach to identify the best model based on the presence or absence of heterogeneity of error variances among environments, heterogeneity of genotypic variances among environments, and heterogeneity of genotypic correlations between pairs of environments. The trait analyzed was grain yield. We found evidence of heterogeneity of error variances among locations in 58 of 65 data sets for two model selection criteria. Heterogeneity of genotypic variances and correlations between pairs of environments was found in about half of the sets we analyzed. A general recommendation for model selection cannot be made from this analysis. In general, we found that heterogeneity of variances and correlations was prominent in many data sets. Identifi cation of the best statistical model for a particular data set may be dependent on application of a model selection approach.