We address the problem of efficiently gathering correlated d ata from a wired or a wireless sensor network, with the aim of designing algorithms with provable optimality guarantees, and understanding how close we can get to the known theoretical lower bounds. Our proposed approach is based on finding an optimal or a near-optimal compression tree for a given sensor network: a compression tree is a directed tree over the sensor network nodes such that the value of a node is compressed using the value of its parent. We consider this problem under different communication models, including the broadcast communicationmodel that enables many new opportunities for energy-effici ent data collection. We draw connections between the data collection problem and a previously studied graph concept, called weakly connected dominating sets, and we use this to develop novel approximation algorithms for the problem. We present comparative results on several synthetic and real-world datasets showing that our algorithms construct near-optimal compression trees that yield a sign ificant reduction in the data collection cost.


When suspensions of Halobacterium halobium are exposed to bright light, the light-scattering properties of the bacteria change. This light- scattering response can produce a transmission decrease of about 1% throughout the red and near-infrared region. The action spectrum for the light-scattering response appropriately matches the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin. The response is eliminated by cyanide p- trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone, a proton ionophore, and by triphenylmethylphosphonium, a membrane permanent cation. A mild hypertonic shock induces a similar light-scattering change, suggesting that bright light causes the bacteria to shrink about 1% in volume, thereby producing the light-scattering response.


The exhumed Fiordland sector of Zealandia offers a deep-crustal view into the life cycle of a Cordilleran-type orogen from final magmatic construction to extensional orogenic collapse. We integrate U-Pb thermochronologic data from metamorphic zircon and titanite with structural observations from >2000 km 2 of central Fiordland to document the tempo and thermal evolution of the lower crust during the tectonic transition from arc construction and crustal thickening to crustal thinning and extensional collapse. Data reveal that garnet granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting in the lower crust partially overlapped with crustal thickening and batholith construction during emplacement of the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) from 118 to 115 Ma. Metamorphic zircons in metasedimentary rocks yield 206 Pb/ 238 U (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe–reverse geometry) dates of 116.3–112.0 Ma. Titanite laser ablation split stream inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry chronology from the same rocks yielded complex results, with relict Paleozoic 206 Pb/ 238 U dates preserved at the margins of the WFO. Within extensional shear zones that developed in the thermal aureole of the WFO, titanite dates range from 116.2 to 107.6 Ma and have zirconium-in-titanite temperatures of ∼900–750 °C. A minor population of metamorphic zircon rims and titanites in the Doubtful Sound region yield younger dates of 105.6–102.3 Ma with corresponding temperatures of 740–730 °C. Many samples record Cretaceous overdispersed dates with 5–10 m.y. ranges. Core-rim traverses and grain maps show complex chemical and temporal variations that cannot easily be attributed to thermally activated volume diffusion or simple core-rim crystallization. We interpret these Cretaceous titanites not as cooling ages, but rather as recording protracted growth and/or crystallization or recrystallization in response to fluid flow, deformation, and/or metamorphic reactions during the transition from garnet granulite to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism. We propose a thermotectonic model that integrates our results with structural observations. Our data reveal a clear tectonic break at 108–106 Ma that marks a change in processes deep within the arc. Prior to this break, arc construction processes dominated and involved (1) emplacement of mafic to intermediate magmas of the Malaspina and Misty plutons from 118 to 115 Ma, (2) contractional deformation at the roof of the Misty pluton in the Caswell Sound fold-thrust belt from 117 to 113 Ma, and (3) eclogite to garnet granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting over >8 m.y. from 116 to 108 Ma. These processes were accompanied by complex patterns of lower crustal flow involving both horizontal and vertical displacements. After this interval, extensional orogenic collapse initiated along upper amphibolite facies shear zones in the Doubtful Sound shear zone at 108–106 Ma. Zircon and titanite growth and/or crystallization or recrystallization at this time clearly link upper amphibolite facies metamorphism to mylonitic fabrics in shear zones. Our observations are significant in that they reveal the persistence of a hot and weak lower crust for ≥15 m.y. following arc magmatism in central Fiordland. We propose that the existence of a thermally weakened lower crust within the Median Batholith was a key factor in controlling the transition from crustal thickening to crustal thinning and extensional orogenic collapse of the Zealandia Cordillera.


This case study is about Patanjali Ayurved registered phenomenal growth in the last 5 years. The case tracks the different factors which worked for Patanjali Ayurved Ltd (PAL) in the hyper competitive Indian FMCG sector. Main driving force behind Patanjali Ayurved Ltd is Baba Ramdev, an ascetic and yoga guru of Indian origin. The case narrates the growth of Patanjali Ayurved Ltd and key role played by Baba Ramdev to bring it to its present stage. SWOT Analysis of case study is done t opportunities and threats of PAL and various USP that plays key role in success story of Patanjali Ayurved Ltd.


In 1944, in one of its more inspired moments, the British Ministry of Information dispatched Cecil Beaton-- self-dramatizing exquisite, darling of London society, chosen photographer to royalty, and later the world-famous designer of My Fair Lady and Gigi--to the Far East to take pictures of the British Empire and its allies at war. The result was not only a superb collection of photographs but a breathtakingly vivid written portrait of India, Burma, and China at a historic turning-point in their histories. These volumes integrate both elements fully for the first time, offering the complete text of Beaton's narrative and a truly comprehensive selection of over 200 photographs. Beaton was a great observer and, perhaps unexpectedly, a great describer. In remarkably few words, he can make you see, hear, smell, almost touch the dusty Burmese countryside, the shimmering, casual magnificence of a Bombay virtually untouched by war, or the rain-sodden, flea-bitten front lines in a China nearly destroyed by it. He was an acute observer of people, too, and these books offer revealing glimpses of representative wartime figures from Madame Sun Yat-sen and General Claire Chennault to anonymous British soldiers and Chinese peasants. There is mayhem, including an electrifying description of what it's like to live through a plane crash, and mordant social comedy that rivals (and explains much of) The Jewel in the Crown. Perhaps best of all are Beaton's accounts of the two great invariants of modern war--waiting for transport and enduring it--in all their exquisite variety. A magnificent record of some of Beaton's most austere and disciplined photography and a welcome reminder of his almost forgotten literary gifts, these books offer a uniquely real picture of one of the most heroic episodes of recent history.


Let us consider the following symmetric monoidal closed categories: -- (i) SM, the category of sets under the action of a commutative monoid M; in short, a category of M-sets; -- (ii) SG, the category of G-sets, where G is an abelian group; -- (iii) MK, the category of moduloids over a commutative semiring K (a moduloid is basically a monoid acted on by a semiring); -- (iv) ModK,thecategory of modules over a commutative ring K; -- (v) VF,the category of vector spaces over a field F. -- Let C be an arbitrary closed category. We are concerned with the following question: -- What conditions have to be imposed on C to ensure that it can be embedded (in some canonical way) into one or more of the above categories? -- The basic category theory needed in this thesis is provided in chapters I and II. In chapter I we have provided the details of how, in a category with biproducts, the set hom(A,B) can be given the structure of a commutative monoid (under addition). Chapter II gives a summary of the standard definitions and results leading up to the concept of a symmetric monoidal closed category. -- Since the properties of categories (i) and (iii) are not so well known, these categories are discussed in some detail in chapters III and IV. It is shown that each of the categories is in fact a symmetric monoidal closed category. -- In chapter V we answer our original question by establishing five embedding theorems. -- Each of these theorems gives sufficient conditions for a closed category to be embeddable in one of the above categories. Fairly elementary examples are given to illustrate each of the theorems. -- In the appendix a detailed example is given to show that these embeddings are not, in general, full embeddings.


Context. Circumstellar discs are the places where planets form, therefore knowledge of their evolution is crucial for our understanding of planet formation. The Herschel Space Observatory is providing valuable data for studying disc systems, thanks to its sensitivity and wavelength coverage. This paper is one of several devoted to analysing and modelling Herschel-PACS observations of various young stellar associations from the GASPS open time key programme.

Aims. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the gas and dust properties of circumstellar discs in the ~10 Myr TW Hya association (TWA) using new far-infrared (IR) imaging and spectroscopy from Herschel-PACS.

Methods. We obtained far-IR photometric data at 70, 100, and 160 μm of 14 TWA members; spectroscopic observations centred on the [OI] line at 63.18 μm were also obtained for 9 of the 14. The new photometry for each star was incorporated into its full spectral energy distribution.

Results. We detected excess IR emission that is characteristic of circumstellar discs from five TWA members, and computed upper limits for another nine. Two TWA members (TWA 01 and TWA 04B) also show [OI] emission at 63.18 μm. Discs in the TWA association display a variety of properties, with a wide range of dust masses and inner radii, based on modified blackbody modelling. Both transitional and debris discs are found in the sample. Models for sources with a detected IR excess give dust masses in the range from ~0.15 M_⊕ to ~63 M_⊕


Productive Responses to Failure for Future Learning Alison Lee For failure experiences to be productive for future performance or learning, students must be both willing to persist in the face of failure, and effective in gleaning information from their errors. While there have been extensive advances in understanding the motivational dispositions that drive resilience and persistence in the face of failure, less has been done to investigate what strategies and learning behaviors students can undertake to make those failure experiences productive. This dissertation investigates what kinds of behaviors expert learners (in the form of graduate students) employ when encountering failure that predict future performance (Study 1), and whether such effective behaviors can be provoked in less sophisticated learners (in the form of high school students) that would subsequently lead to deeper learning (Study 2). Study 1 showed that experiencing and responding to failures in an educational electrical circuit puzzle game prior to formal instruction led to deeper learning, and that one particular strategy, "information-seeking and fixing", was predictive of higher performance. This strategy was decomposed into three metacognitive components: error specification, where the subject made the realization that a knowledge gap or misunderstanding led to the failure; knowledge gap resolution, where the subject sought information to resolve the knowledge gap; and application, where subjects took their newly acquired information to fix their prior error. In Study 2, two types of prompts were added to the educational game: one that provoked students through these metacognitive steps of error specification, information seeking, and fixing, labelled the "Metacognitive Failure Response" (MFR) condition; and a second prompt that provoked students to make a global judgment of knowing, labelled the "Global Awareness" (GA) condition. The results indicated that although there were no significant condition differences between the three groups (MFR, GA, and control condition where participants received no prompt at all), more time spent on the MFR prompt predicted deeper and more robust learning. In contrast, more time spent on the "Global Awareness" prompt did not predict deeper learning, suggesting that individual factors (such as conscientiousness) did not alone account for the benefits of time spent on the MFR prompt on learning. These results suggest that while MFR participants who carefully attended to the metacognitive prompts to specify the source of their errors and seek information experienced learning benefits, not all MFR participants sufficiently attended to the prompts enough to experience learning gains. Altogether, this body of research suggests that using this "error specification, info-seeking, fixing" strategy can be effective for making failure productive, but other instructional techniques beyond system-delivered prompts must be employed for full adoption of this metacognitive response to failure. Implications for teaching students to respond effectively to failure, for games in the classroom, and for design and engineering processes are discussed.


Objectives: This study was designed to explore the awareness and attitude of the pharmacists working in the retail pharmacies toward the national adverse drug reactions (ADRs) system activities in Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a validated self-administered questionnaire was used in this study. The questionnaire was delivered to retail pharmacists (RPs) practicing in Baghdad during the study period (4 months). Results: Of the 200, only 176 pharmacists responded to the survey (response rate of 88%). The total number of usable responses was 123 (61.5%). The survey findings revealed that 79 pharmacists (64.2%) were not aware of the Iraqi spontaneous reporting system (SRS). The restriction factors which dropping the ADRs reporting among RPs were identified. These include lack of knowledge in the way of reporting (n = 41; 33.3%), the unavailability of reporting forms (n = 88; 71.6%), and unawareness of where these reports should be sent to (n = 88; 71.6%). Conclusions: The study showed that the RPs in Baghdad have a very positive attitude toward ADRs but unfortunately; they are not familiar with the Iraqi SRS. The study findings emphasize the serious need for special education programs to promote ADRs reporting among RPs.


Prediction and management of species responses to climate change is an urgent but relatively young research field. Therefore, climate change ecology must by necessity borrow from other fields. Invasion ecology is particularly well-suited to informing climate change ecology because both invasion ecology and climate change ecology address the trajectories of rapidly changing novel systems. Here we outline the broad range of active research questions in climate change ecology where research from invasion ecology can stimulate advances. We present ideas for how concepts, case-studies and methodology from invasion ecology can be adapted to improve prediction and management of species responses to climate change. A major challenge in this era of rapid climate change is to predict changes in species distributions and their impacts on ecosystems, and, if necessary, to recommend management strategies for maintenance of biodiversity or ecosystem services. Biological invasions, studied in most biomes of the world, can provide useful analogs for some of the ecological consequences of species distribution shifts in response to climate change. Invasions illustrate the adaptive and interactive responses that can occur when species are confronted with new environmental conditions. Invasion ecology complements climate change research and provides insights into the following questions: 1) how will species distributions respond to climate change? 2) how will species movement affect recipient ecosystems? And 3) should we, and if so how can we, manage species and ecosystems in the face of climate change? Invasion ecology demonstrates that a trait-based approach can help to predict spread speeds and impacts on ecosystems, and has the potential to predict climate change impacts on species ranges and recipient ecosystems. However, there is a need to analyse traits in the context of life-history and demography, the stage in the colonisation process (e.g. spread, establishment or impact), the distribution of suitable habitats in the landscape, and the novel abiotic and biotic conditions under which those traits are expressed. As is the case with climate change, invasion ecology is embedded within complex societal goals. Both disciplines converge on similar questions of 'when to intervene?' and 'what to do?' which call for a better understanding of the ecological processes and social values associated with changing ecosystems.


Daphnia ambigua, one of the most broadly distributed members of its genus, occurs in Europe as well as in North and South America. This investigation examines diversity in two mitochondrial genes, COI and 12S rDNA, to ascertain the geographical distribution of variation in this species. The results establish that North American D. ambigua are separable into four phylogroups with an average of 4% mtDNA sequence divergence. One of these groups is dominant, occupying Mexico and the central United States, whereas the other groups are restricted to the Atlantic or Pacific coasts. Their distributional centroids coincide with refugial areas identified in prior studies, reinforcing evidence that the Appalachian and West Coast ranges have been important in the isolation of zooplankton lineages. Gene exchange, mediated by migratory birds whose flyways are structured by these mountains, is likely instrumental in maintaining north‐south cohesion within each phylogroup. European populations of D. ambigua are closely allied to those from the eastern United States, a result concordant with their presumed recent introduction from North America. By contrast, South American populations last shared an ancestor with North American lineages approximately 2 million yr ago. The phylogeographic information now available suggests that topographic barriers generate predictable patterns of population divergence in zooplankton species and that allopatric speciation has played an important role in their diversification.


We take advantage of an array of hybrid baboons (Papio anubis × Papio hamadryas) living in the same social group to explore the causes and consequences of different male mating strategies. Male hamadryas hold one‐male units and exhibit a sustained, intense interest in adult females, regardless of the latter's reproductive state. Anubis baboons, by contrast, live in multi‐male, multi‐female groups where males compete for females only when the latter are estrous. These two taxa interbreed to form a hybrid zone in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia, where previous work has suggested that hybrid males have intermediate and ineffective behavior. Here, we first examine male mating strategies with respect to morphological and genetic measures of ancestry. We found significant relationships between behavioral measures and morphology; males with more hamadryas‐like morphology had more hamadryas‐like behavior. However, genetic ancestry was not related to behavior, and in both cases intermediates displayed a previously unreported level of behavioral variation. Furthermore, male behavior was unrelated to natal group. Second, we evaluated reproductive success by microsatellite‐based paternity testing. The highest reproductive success was found for individuals exhibiting intermediate behaviors. Moreover, over nine years, some genetically and morphologically intermediate males had high reproductive success. We conclude that the behavior of hybrid males is therefore unlikely to be an absolute barrier to admixture in the region. Am. J. Primatol. 70:136–147, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


In this article I attempt to analyse the pro-democratic appearances that have taken place in many countries in recent years, using the concept of performative democracy proposed by Elzbieta Matynia in her well-known book of the same name. I accept her argument that appearances that create a distanced performative democracy movement revive the emotions associated with democracy in countries that accepted it long ago, and therefore often treat it as something well known, or even boring, and use it to demonstrate the spectral and vampiric nature of democracy that is manifested in its representations. I perceive the former in the performances of democratic utopia on the "freedom squares" in Ukraine and Egypt, and the latter in the reactions to them from the representatives of "old democracies". I bring these out by combining Matynia's proposals with the understanding of performance as surrogation developed by Joseph Roach in his book Cities of the Dead. These analyses lead to problematisation of democracy as a complex construct based at least equally on sustaining and excluding, whereby every so often the hidden mechanisms of the latter threaten to disintegrate the whole system.


The characteristics of single chip microcomputer (SCM) technology are mainly manifested on its ability to covert the output signals collected by sensors efficiently, and correct the corresponding linear error at the same time so as to improve the measurement precision of sensors continuously. In this study, first, effective introduction to the working characteristics of the sensor is carried out, which demonstrates the function and value of sensors in the industrial production process clearly. Second, more intuitive diagrams and discussionsof the working principle of the sensors are utilized to make the basic working routes of sensors clear and effective. Third, specific research on the function of SCM in the sensor and its working principle is conductedthrough effective discussions of the specific application process, which further improves the application value of SCM technology in sensors. After that, a specific introduction mainly focused on the practical circuitis made, and effective investigation is conducted by combining the generation of correction data and the formation of an EPROM address. Eventually, based on specific application of SCM in the design of sensors, in-depth research is conducted, and the improvement of stability and anti-jam capability is studied specifically. The above is the basic technical route of the research process, which gives full expression to the main content of this study and contributes to the carefulness of the investigations and discussions in this study, and furthermore lay solid foundation of the embodiment of SCM technologyÂ's industrial value.


Abstract:This article applies Partha Chatterjee's concept of political society to the case of postwar urban Angola in order to draw attention to the everyday ways in which popular politics are practiced in Africa beyond episodic moments of popular revolt. It looks at the case of the Zango social-housing project, which was created to resettle evicted shack dwellers in Luanda. While in the initial stages of the project responses to resettlement were marked by bouts of protest and resistance against the state, over time these shifted to the emergence and formulation of informal strategies, arrangements, and understandings to claim, gain, and explain access to housing in the project, often in collaboration with state officials. Although the application of Chatterjee's work to Angola opens up useful avenues for comparative analysis, it also shows the particularities of the workings of popular politics under conditions of nondemocratic rule. It is by studying the daily workings of popular politics in relation to the actual and fragmented workings of the state that insight can be gained into the variegated nature of political practice and agency across the global south.


In the context of homeland security, one of the key challenges in such environment is achieving effective, timely and orderly collaboration and information sharing among various government agencies at the Federal, state, and local levels. These agencies are using the Web as one of the means for sharing related information that is of different forms. In case of a crisis, a virtual response team needs to be formed in an ad-hoc manner. Members of this virtual response team come from various government agencies and private organizations. Depending on various factors, including the location and the nature of the crisis, the composition of this virtual multi- agency response team may change from one crisis to another. Furthermore, during the course of a given crisis the membership of this virtual multi-agency response team (VMART) may change dynamically to accommodate various needs (e.g., public health versus fire) and to confirm to certain constraints, such as jurisdictions, e.g., as the crisis extended from only New York, initially to New Jersey.


Some people feel that "getting" object-oriented programming is a difficult, time-consuming process. Many of the cornerstones of OO programming benefit other programming paradigms as well. Even if we are writing shell scripts or batch files, we can use these techniques to great advantage. There are many aspects to writing good code, but most of these hinge on a single underlying quality: flexibility. Flexibility means that you can change the code easily, adapt it to new and revised circumstances, and use it in contexts other than those originally intended. Most of the important lessons to be learned about object technology - how to avoid many common mistakes and keep code flexible - can be summed up into one sentence: keep it DRY (don't repeat yourself), shy, and tell the other guy. We describe what that means and how we can apply these lessons to all good code, not just OO code.


Israel's industrial geography is unique. The continuing Arab-Israeli conflict has been a primary force behind government intervention in settlement patterns, and has led to a major effort to disperse industry. The geopolitical situation has also encouraged a policy of attempted self-reliance, especially for defence purposes. These factors, combined with an abundant human capital, have given Israeli high-technology industries a special place in the international division of labour. The absorption of waves of mass immigration has influenced industrial development. Rural industrialisation, mainly by the Kibbutz (communal settlement) movement, is another unique feature. The Industrial Geography of Israel presents a comprehensive overview of industrial spatial development of Israel from the Ottoman era to present times, evaluating industrial dispersal policy, corporate geography, high-technology industries, entrepreneurship and rural industrial development. The spatial development of Israeli industry is set within the broader context of Israel's political and economic development and of global economic change, as well as theories of industrial location and regional planning and development.


Nearest neighbor classification assumes locally constant class conditional probabilities. This assumption becomes invalid in high dimensions due to the curse-of-dimensionality. Severe bias can be introduced under these conditions when using the nearest neighbor rule. We propose an adaptive nearest neighbor classification method to try to minimize bias. We use quasiconformal transformed kernels to compute neighborhoods over which the class probabilities tend to be more homogeneous. As a result, better classification performance can be expected. The efficacy of our method is validated and compared against other competing techniques using a variety of data sets.


Gates and fences, sidewalks and driveways, alleys and parking lots--these ordinary features have an important architectural impact, influencing how a building relates to the spaces around it. As geographer Larry R. Ford argues, architectural histories and guidebooks tell us surprisingly little about the character of American cities because they concentrate on buildings taken out of context, buildings divorced from space. In The Spaces between Buildings , Ford focuses on the neglected "nooks and crannies" between structures, supplementing his analysis with three photographic essays. Long before Ford knew anything about geography or architecture, he was a connoisseur of front porches, alleys, and loading docks. As a kid in Columbus, Ohio, he knew where to find coal chutes to play in, which rooftops and fire escapes were ideally suited for watching parades, and which stoops were perfect for waiting for a bus. To him the spaces between buildings seemed wonderfully integrated and connected. The Spaces between Buildings is the result of Ford's preoccupation with the relationship of buildings to one another and how their means of access and boundaries organize the areas around us. As Ford observes, a city with friendly, permeable facades and a great variety of street-level doors is more conducive to civic life than a city characterized by fortresslike structures with blank walls and invisible doors. Life on the street is defined and guided by the nature of the surrounding buildings. Similarly, a residential neighborhood with front porches, small lawns or gardens, and houses with lots of windows and architectural details presents a more walkable and gregarious setting than a neighborhood where public space is surrounded by walls, three-car garage doors, blank facades, and concrete driveways. Ford begins by looking at the growth of four urban places, each representing a historical era as much as a geographic location: the Islamic medina; the city shaped by the Spanish renaissance; the nineteenth-century North American city; and the twentieth-century American city. His first essay also discusses the evolution of the free-standing structure as a basic urban building type and the problems encountered in beautifying the often work-a-day back and side yards that have helped to create the image of the untidy American city. The second essay examines the urban trend toward viewing lawns, gardens, hedges, and trees as an essential adjunct to architecture. The final essay focuses on pedestrian and vehicular spaces. Here the author includes the landscape of the garage, sidewalks, streets, and alleys. In its exploration of how spaces become places, The Spaces between Buildings invites readers to see anew the spaces they encounter every day and often take for granted.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate serum interferon-α (IFNα) activity in the context of autoantibody profiles in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM).

METHODS
Sera from 36 patients with JDM were analyzed. Autoantibody profiles were determined by probing microarrays, which were fabricated with ∼80 distinct autoantigens, with serum and a Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody. Arrays were scanned and analyzed to determine antigen reactivity. Serum IFNα activity was measured using a functional reporter cell assay. Sera were assayed alone or in combination with cellular material released from necrotic U937 cells to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors in vitro, and IFNα production in culture was measured by a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA).

RESULTS
Reactivity against at least 1 of 41 autoantigens on the microarray, including Ro 52, Ro 60, La, Sm, and RNP, was observed in 75% of the serum samples from patients with JDM. IFNα activity was detected in 7 samples by reporter cell assay. The reporter cell assay showed a significant association of reactivity against Ro, La, Sm, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen with serum IFNα activity (P = 0.005). Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) identified increased reactivity against Sm, RNP, Ro 52, U1-C, and Mi-2 in these sera. Sixteen samples induced IFNα production as measured by DELFIA, and there was a significant association of reactivity against Ro, La, Sm, and RNP with the induction of IFNα by serum and necrotic cell material (P = 0.034). SAM identified increased reactivity against Ro 60 in these sera.

CONCLUSION
These data support the hypothesis that nucleic acid-associated autoantibodies, including the Ro/La and Sm/RNP complexes, may stimulate the production of active IFNα in children with JDM.


In preparation of the equestrian competitions of the 18th Asian Games Jakarta, Indonesia has to set up an Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) with a core zone at the Jakarta International Equistrian Park Pulomas (JIEPP) venue and a surrounding surveillance zone covering the area of DKI Jakarta and a protection zone covering Greater Jakarta (DGLAHS 2018). EDFZ is a horse disease free zone defined by OIE to hold horse racing competitions at the Asian Games and is only valid temporarily. Vector surveillance is one of the biosecurity requirement in the monitoring of progress of EDFZ in control and eradication for various diseases, such as mosquito borne diseases. There are several mosquito-borne viral diseases that cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals that can have substantial welfare and economic ramifications (Durand et al. 2013). Periodic collection of local mosquito species is essential to inform vector control strategies and track their impact on mosquito borne diseases (Chapman et al. 2016). The study was done to describe the potential vector species in core zone, the habitats, the fluctuation dynamics and the potential disease spread. The result of this study will benefit in contributing the develompment of strategies to monitor and manage the risk.


Sport plays a significant role in local, national and community development. The power of sport as a universal activity has led to its recognition by the United Nations as an important tool for social development.The EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland and the Border Region of Ireland (2007-2013 is a distinctive European Union Structural Funds Programme) aimed at 'reinforcing progress towards a peaceful and stable society and promoting reconciliation'. This project was focused on reconciling communities and contributing towards a shared society using an innovative programme to engage and empower identified participants within the community, with a targeted focus on youth. This report seeks to examine the role of sport as a tool used for developing young people and as a tool for peace and reconciliation within the Southern Partnership of Armagh, Banbridge, Craigavon, Newry and Mourne, Louth and Monaghan.This review is based on a series of interviews with local stakeholders and a review of secondary sources focusing on local initiatives that involve young people in sport, in their communities. Examples of good practice are detailed.The report will examine international models of good practice for the development of youth in peace and reconciliation programmes. An alternative model for sport and recreation development will be introduced. Young people within the Southern Partnership faced a number of barriers; the most common themes are apathy, previous negative experiences, poor awareness aware of existing services, and parental assumptions.Organisations within the Southern Partnership experienced a number of barriers; the most common themes were perceptions on short-term funding, lack of funding due to the wider economic situation, a general scarcity of human resources, which in turn impacts on the ability for organisations to learn from their experiences. In addition to these other issues raised were a general concern about how the funding system worked to push local groups to the periphery and a mixed of beliefs about the role and type of sport in peace activities.The needs expressed centred around four themes, financial, human and physical resources and also the marketing and promotion of available services.The report then examines some models of international good practice before proposing model that is grounded in the barriers and needs to local people within the Southern Partnership.The report concludes with a series of recommendations for continued work in this area.


Abstract. Coastal hypoxia is a problem that is predicted to increase rapidly in the
future. At the same time, we are facing rising atmospheric CO2
concentrations, which are increasing the pCO2 and acidity of coastal
waters. These two drivers are well studied in isolation; however, the coupling
of low O2 and pH is likely to provide a more significant respiratory
challenge for slow moving and sessile invertebrates than is currently
predicted. The Gullmar Fjord in Sweden is home to a range of habitats, such as
sand and mud flats, seagrass beds, exposed and protected shorelines and
rocky bottoms. Moreover, it has a history of both natural and
anthropogenically enhanced hypoxia as well as North Sea upwelling, where
salty water reaches the surface towards the end of summer and early autumn. A
total of 11 species (Crustacean, Chordate, Echinoderm and Mollusc) of these
ecosystems were exposed to four different treatments (high or low oxygen and
low or high CO2; varying pCO2 of 450 and 1300 µatm and
O2 concentrations of 2–3.5 and 9–10 mg L−1) and respiration
measured after 3 and 6 days, respectively. This allowed us to evaluate
respiration responses of species of contrasting habitats to single and
multiple stressors. Results show that respiratory responses were highly
species specific as we observed both synergetic as well as antagonistic
responses, and neither phylum nor habitat explained trends in respiratory
responses. Management plans should avoid the generalized assumption that
combined stressors will result in multiplicative effects and focus attention
on alleviating hypoxia in the region.


Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease involving progressive motor, cognitive and behavioural decline, leading to death approximately 20 years after motor onset. The disease is characterised pathologically by an early and progressive striatal neuronal cell loss and atrophy, which has provided the rationale for first clinical trials of neural repair using fetal striatal cell transplantation. Between 2000 and 2003, the 'NEST-UK' consortium carried out bilateral striatal transplants of human fetal striatal tissue in five HD patients. This paper describes the long-term follow up over a 3–10-year postoperative period of the patients, grafted and non-grafted, recruited to this cohort using the 'Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations-HD' assessment protocol. No significant differences were found over time between the patients, grafted and non-grafted, on any subscore of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, nor on the Mini Mental State Examination. There was a trend towards a slowing of progression on some timed motor tasks in four of the five patients with transplants, but overall, the trial showed no significant benefit of striatal allografts in comparison with a reference cohort of patients without grafts. Importantly, no significant adverse or placebo effects were seen. Notably, the raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) signal in individuals with transplants, indicated that there was no obvious surviving striatal graft tissue. This study concludes that fetal striatal allografting in HD is safe. While no sustained functional benefit was seen, we conclude that this may relate to the small amount of tissue that was grafted in this safety study compared with other reports of more successful transplants in patients with HD.


We discuss the experimental verification of changes in the structure of a liquid water sample inserted in a special spiral "gradient" magnetic field. The magnetic flux components are characterized by a high degree of inhomogeneity; thus, a gradient is found in the monitored section of space. The relevant measurement of the modified, rearranged water sample pointed to a specific ion conductivity lower than that of the untreated water. The results of the experiment, where a sample of demineralized water was exposed to a spiral "gradient" magnetic field for the period of 5 min, show decreased ion conductivity in the examined samples.


In response to the growing call for authentic learning and content creation in the information literacy setting, librarians at Emporia State University have created assignments and activities that utilize an iOS app called Comic Life to create photo comics. Students in a for-credit course created photo comics as information literacy narratives, while First Year Seminar students worked to build library guides. These activities encourage honest, meaningful reflection by students and allow them to demonstrate metaliteracy skills in an engaging and creative manner and can allow for both individual and group-created content. Students at Emporia State University have expressed high levels of satisfaction and engagement when participating in these activities.


Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous group of different metabolic disorders, characterized by chronic increase of blood glucose and proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental investigation, 17 women patients with type 2 diabetes from the clinic of the Arak Petroleum Company were selected and divided into two groups: the strengthening (9 persons) and the controls (8 persons). The strengthening group performed selected exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week and 30-50 min/session). In this investigation we assessed metabolic factors (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, VLDL, LDL, FBS, HbA1c and Insulin Serum) and compared SF-36 and GHQ questionnaires. Data analyses was performed with SPSS.12 and we used of the paired samples T test. Confidence level was considered at 95% (P<0.05). Results: There were significant differences between means of pre-test and post-test measures of TC, FBS, HbA1C, insulin serum, quality of life (QOL) and mental health (MH) of the strengthening group, but no significant differences were found between means of pretest and post-test measures of HDL, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides in the strengthening group and factors of control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that strengthening exercises are an effective treatment for metabolic factors, QOL and MH in type 2 diabetic patients, and lead to improvement in the patient's status.


The events of February 1986 have been prominently billed as revolutionary so spectators believed that the government is revolutionary as well. But the Aquino government, which was hounded with issues of agrarian reform, the external debt obligations, and unreformed military, failed to deliver. It did not claim full control over military ranks. In 1986, the country paid more than $4 million in debt service, which is approximately 80% of the total foreign exchange earnings from commodity exports the previous year. The People's Power may not have led to meaningful changes in the Philippine social structure, but it definitely gave many Filipinos enough reason and courage to question the existing system of privilege, of power, and of property. A wellspring of a sustained campaign for an authentic agrarian reform and of the quest for a far-reaching democratization of Filipino life has been established.


We study how firms and industries adjust to increasing international trade in intermediate inputs. In particular, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of new imported inputs on wage dynamics, on the skill-composition of the labor force, on worker mobility, and on assortative matching between firms and workers. We employ matched employer-employee data for Italy, over 1995–2007. We complement these data with information on the arrival of new imported inputs at the industry level. We find new imported inputs to have a positive effect on average wage growth at the firm level. This effect is driven by two factors: (1) an increase in the white-collar/blue-collar ratio; and (2) an increase in the average wage growth of blue-collar workers, while the wage growth of white collars is not significantly affected. The individual-level analysis reveals that the increase in the average wage of blue collars is driven by the displacement of the lowest paid workers, while continuously employed individuals are not affected. We estimate the unobserved skills of workers. We find evidence that new imported inputs lead to a positive selection of higher-skilled workers, and to an increase in the degree of positive assortative matching between firms and workers.


Human cognition involves dynamic neural activities in distributed brain areas. For studying such neural mechanisms, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) are two important techniques, as they non-invasively detect neural activities with a high temporal resolution. Recordings by MEG/EEG sensors can be approximated as a linear transformation of the neural activities in the brain space (i.e., the source space). However, we only have a limited number sensors compared with the many possible locations in the brain space; therefore it is challenging to estimate the source neural activities from the sensor recordings, in that we need to solve the underdetermined inverse problem of the linear transformation. Moreover, estimating source activities is typically an intermediate step, whereas the ultimate goal is to understand what information is coded and how information flows in the brain. This requires further statistical analysis of source activities. For example, to study what information is coded in different brain regions and temporal stages, we often regress neural activities on some external covariates; to study dynamic interactions between brain regions, we often quantify the statistical dependence among the activities in those regions through "connectivity" analysis. Traditionally, these analyses are done in two steps: Step 1, solve the linear problem under some regularization or prior assumptions, (e.g., each source location being independent); Step 2, do the regression or connectivity analysis. However, biases induced in the regularization in Step 1 can not be adapted in Step 2 and thus may yield inaccurate regression or connectivity results. To tackle this issue, we present novel one-step methods of regression or connectivity analysis in the source space, where we explicitly modeled the dependence of source activities on the external covariates (in the regression analysis) or the cross-region dependence (in the connectivity analysis), jointly with the source-to-sensor linear transformation. In simulations, we observed better performance by our models than by commonly used two-step approaches, when our model assumptions are reasonably satisfied. Besides the methodological contribution, we also applied our methods in a real MEG/EEG experiment, studying the spatio-temporal neural dynamics in the visual cortex. The human visual cortex is hypothesized to have a hierarchical organization, where low-level regions extract low-level features such as local edges, and high-level regions extract semantic features such as object categories. However, details about the spatio-temporal dynamics are less understood. Here, using both the two-step and our one-step regression models in the source space, we correlated neural responses to naturalistic scene images with the low-level and high-level features extracted from a well-trained convolutional neural network. Additionally, we also studied the interaction between regions along the hierarchy using the two-step and our one-step connectivity models. The results from the two-step and the one-step methods were generally consistent; however, the one-step methods demonstrated some intriguing advantages in the regression analysis, and slightly different patterns in the connectivity analysis. In the consistent results, we not only observed an early-to-late shift from low-level to high-level features, which support feedforward information flow along the hierarchy, but also some novel evidence indicating non-feedforward information flow (e.g., topdown feedback). These results can help us better understand the neural computation in the visual cortex. Finally, we compared the empirical sensitivity between MEG and EEG in this experiment, in detecting dependence between neural responses and visual features. Our results show that the less costly EEG was able to achieve comparable sensitivity with that in MEG when the number of observations was about twice of that in MEG. These results can help researchers empirically choose between MEG and EEG when planning their experiments with limited budgets.


We have developed 65 GHz Wide Bandwidth InGaAs Photodiodes and Photoreceivers for optical fiber driven telecommunication applications. The Photodiode operates at a nominal reverse bias of -3V and has a minimum responsivity of 0.5 A/W at 1300 and 1550 nm wavelength. The Ripple Factor is less than ± dB for a wide band of frequencies, DC to 50 GHz. The salient feature of the PIN is an on-chip co-planar waveguide output for proper impedance matching. We have also designed Ultra Wide Bandwidth Amplifiers using InGaAs p-HEMT technology and monolithically integrated them with InGaAs Photodiodes. These Opto-electronic Integrated Circuits (OEIC s ) which combine optical, microwave, and digital functions on the same chip is a technology that has significant potential for commercial applications such as ethernet fiber local area networks and optical communications systems (Synchronized Optical Network SONET, ISDN, telephony and digital CATV). Important inter-service military applications are optically fed phased array systems and optically controlled microwave networks for airborne and spaceborne systems.


Abstract Personality disorders are among the most intriguing and fascinating mental disorders. As they are characterized by pathological traits, not signs and symptoms, they are unsuitable for treatment with psychotropic drugs or other biological treatments. A psychological understanding of these disorders is possible based on cognitive or psycho-dynamic explanations but the author argues that these theoretical models miss the essential point, as they Jack a foundational ground on what is specifically human in human beings, their humanitas. Any deviation from this ground might lead to the so called de-humanization of medicine or other clinical disciplines. This paper proposes an existential understanding of personality disorders grounded on the being of man. A clinical practice oriented towards the phenomenological method conceives human beings as an "opening of meaning" where the entities of the world can show themselves. The "opening" however is structured and if one revealed content (for instance a biographical event) is misunderstood as a structural component that might generate a set of interrelated pathological personality traits. A clinical case is presented to illustrate this process.


Development and implementation of ICT become the basis of world competitiveness of single European socio-economic space and this development is managed by highest level of socio-political decision making in European Union. Since the European geopolitical map has changed considerably in the last two decade, and became heterogeneous in levels of economic development and capabilities for research, development and implementation of ICT, the need for empowering of less developed regions (countries) has emerged on one side as well as fostering the leadership, excellence and collaboration of developed regions on the other side. Due to these goals, considerable funds were and are planned to be invest in ICT research and development in EU. Based on number of participants and leadership in some ICT projects of European research programs (subprograms), publically available in CORDIS database, the levels of ICT research and development capacities of European countries and some candidate countries are investigated. The results are analyzed in contextual framework of European ICT projects and some socio-economic factors of particular country in order to assess differences and future capacities for ICT research and development.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing has been recognised as a concern regarding respirator use and is related to symptoms of discomfort, fatigue, dizziness, headache, muscular weakness and drowsiness. Previous investigations are limited by small sample size and have not evaluated the relationship between CO2 inhalation and phonic respiration (breathing during speech) in respiratory protective devices (RPDs). A total of 40 workers trained in the use of RPDs performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergonometer that increased in workload every 5 min. During the third minute of each stage, participants read aloud a prepared text. Measures of mixed expired CO2 (PECO2), mixed inspired CO2 (PICO2) and respiration were monitored. The results showed that phonic respiration and low work rates contributed to significantly higher levels of CO2 rebreathing. Aiming to reduce CO2 exposure may result in improved wear time of RPDs. It is recommended that these findings be incorporated in technical specifications regarding human factors for RPDs. Practitioner Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing in respiratory protective devices (RPDs) has been highlighted as a key concern regarding respirator use. However, the problem is relatively under researched. This paper presents novel findings on the impact of phonic respiration (breathing during speech) and CO2 concentrations in RPDs.


Activation of an epigenetic switch causes stable cell transformation. The stable switch of normal cells to a transformed phenotype characterized by uncontrolled and invasive growth is central to the development of cancer. Iliopoulos et al. describe a mechanism for an epigenetic switch (that is, a stable phenotypic change, retained through multiple generations in proliferating cells, that is not mediated by alteration of DNA sequence) that promotes transformation in a cancer model based on human breast cancer cells. The cells can be induced to undergo transformation by overexpression of the Src oncogene, which encodes a protein tyrosine kinase. In fact, activation of a fusion protein of Src combined with the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (which can be precisely activated by treatment of cells with the estrogen receptor agonist tamoxifen) for just 5 minutes produced cells that adopted a transformed phenotype that was stable over at least 12 generations. The authors teased apart a mechanism that could explain this switchlike behavior through activation of an inflammatory signaling pathway that includes a positive feedback mechanism that allows it to remain active after removal of the original stimulus. This is particularly intriguing because inflammation is strongly associated with cancer formation in humans and other organisms. Activation of Src led to increased activity of the transcription factor NF-κB, a critical mediator of inflammatory responses. A key target of NF-κB in this system was lin-28B, an RNA-binding protein that transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally inhibits accumulation of the microRNA let-7. let-7 interacts with, and inhibits transcription of, mRNA encoding interleukin 6 (IL-6), a key inflammatory cytokine thought to contribute to various human cancers. IL-6 signals through its receptor to activate NF-κB, thus creating the positive feedback loop. Disruption of any step in the loop resulted in loss of transformation, and the loop could be started by stimulation of any one of the defined steps. Although acknowledging the possible limitations of the model, which uses an immortalized cell line and an engineered oncogene, the authors argue that the signaling events defined in the model are known to be associated with certain human cancers. Thus, the switch mechanism they describe could allow a transient event like inflammation or exposure to an environmental factor to produce a long-lasting cancerous effect analogous to mutation of a tumor suppressor gene or activation of an oncogene. D. Iliopoulos, H. A. Hirsch, K. Struhl, An epigenetic switch involving NF-κB, Lin28, Let-7 microRNA, and IL6 links inflammation to cell transformation. Cell 139, 693–706 (2009). [PubMed]


Volcanic ash is a product of explosive volcanic eruptions and refers to those particles < 2 mm in size that are ejected from a volcano. Once erupted into the atmosphere, ash can be transported vast distances. Satellite remote sensing has provided us with the tools to map and monitor these plumes. These methods are restricted in viewing only that portion that is optically transparent, due to the requirement to observe the interaction of ground upwelling radiation with the plume. For this study, methods have been developed to map not only the opaque portion of the plume, but in higher spatial resolution than has been attempted previously. This has been done by using the unique emissivity spectra that are produced by materials in the thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. By using an end-member linear unmixing model with a spectral emissivity library of different volcanic ash types, opaque plume bearing pixels of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data have been processed. These end-member results have shown the applicability of this technique, with sampled volcanoes mapped with very low root mean square (RMS) errors. Volcanoes with unknown composition were also mapped with the library with varying degrees of success. Further expansion of the laboratory spectral library will allow more accurate assessment of these volcanoes. The collection of per pixel emissivity spectra of opaque plumes was also attempted using an experimental multispectral FLIR thermal camera apparatus, in order to collect data on the rising volcanic ash column. These data showed that the camera can produce emissivity spectra, however further calibration and correction is required in order to make a volcanological assessment of the eruptive products. Finally, a method of better tracking disconnected ash plumes is assessed. In cases where a plume is detected disconnected from or distally from the source volcano, the application of geostatistical methods to backward trajectory model data can yield the source location. This could then be used to helped point the ASTER sensor off-axis towards erupting targets, thus providing a greater quantity of data to be analyzed.


Concerns about the breadth of the U.S. income distribution and limited intergenerational mobility have led to a focus on educational achievement gaps by socio-economic status (SES). Using intertemporally linked assessments from NAEP, TIMSS, and PISA, we trace the achievement of U.S. student cohorts born between 1954 and 2001. Achievement gaps between the top and bottom deciles and the top and bottom quartiles of the SES distribution have been large and remarkably constant for a near half century. These unwavering gaps have not been offset by overall improvements in achievement levels, which have risen at age 14 but remained unchanged at age 17 for the most recent quarter century. The long-term failure of major educational policies to alter SES gaps suggests a need to reconsider standard approaches to mitigating disparities.


Flood frequency analysis (FFA) aims at estimating quantiles with large return periods for an extreme discharge variable. Many FFA implementations are used in operational practice in France. These implementations range from the estimation of a pre-specified distribution to continuous simulation approaches using a rainfall simulator coupled with a rainfall–runoff model. This diversity of approaches raises questions regarding the limits of each implementation and calls for a nation-wide comparison of their predictive performances. This paper presents the results of a national comparison of the main FFA implementations used in France. More accurately, eight implementations are considered, corresponding to the local, regional and local-regional estimation of Gumbel and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions, as well as the local and regional versions of a continuous simulation approach. A data-based comparison framework is applied to these eight competitors to evaluate their predictive performances in terms of reliability and stability, using daily flow data from more than 1000 gauging stations in France. Results from this comparative exercise suggest that two implementations dominate their competitors in terms of predictive performances, namely the local version of the continuous simulation approach and the local-regional estimation of a GEV distribution. More specific conclusions include the following: (i) the Gumbel distribution is not suitable for Mediterranean catchments, since this distribution demonstrably leads to an underestimation of flood quantiles; (ii) the local estimation of a GEV distribution is not recommended, because the difficulty in estimating the shape parameter results in frequent predictive failures; (iii) all the purely regional implementations evaluated in this study displayed a quite poor reliability, suggesting that prediction in completely ungauged catchments remains a challenge.


A TEMPLATE-INDEPENDENT CONTENT EXTRACTION APPROACH FOR NEWS WEB PAGES Ahmet Yeniçağ M.S. in Computer Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Fazlı Can September, 2012 News web pages contain additional elements such as advertisements, hyperlinks, and reader comments. These elements make the extraction of news contents a challenging task. Current news content extraction (NCE) methods are usually template-dependent. They require regular maintenance, since news providers frequently change their web page templates. Therefore, there is a need for NCE methods that extract news contents accurately without depending on web page templates. In this thesis, a template-independent News content EXTraction approach, called N-EXT, is introduced. It first parses a web page into its blocks according to the HTML tags. Then, it examines all blocks to detect the one that contains the major part of the news content. For this purpose, it assigns weights to the blocks by considering both their textual sizes and similarities to the news title. For quantifying the importance of these two weight components, we use the k-fold cross validation approach; and for assessing the impact of different possible similarity measures, we use a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Scheffé comparison. The block with the highest weight is considered as the news block. Our approach eliminates the sentences in the news block that are not related to the news content by considering similarities of sentences to the news block. Finally, it also examines other blocks to detect the rest of the news content. The experimental results show the accuracy and robustness of our method by using two test collections whose web pages are obtained from several different news websites.


Attention is focused on the efficient application of optimal control methods with structural constraints to large power systems. A novel framework for linear-quadratic regulator problems is proposed which allows the use of matrix and vector sparsity techniques in the solution process. Results concerning the proposed method's computational performance as applied to a 750-bus, 40-machine power network are provided.


To the Editor: W e read with great interest the article by Bhandari et al recently published in Pancreas. They showed that galanin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitisYinduced hyperenzynemia in the plasma was approximately 50% to 60%, pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity was about 50%, and acinar cell necrosis was about 70% less in galanin gene knockout versus wild-type mice. In addition, administration of the galanin receptor antagonist, galantide, ameliorated acute pancreatitis. That exogenous galanin alone had no effect in wild-type mice with pancreatitis suggests that endogenous, but not exogenous, galanin exacerbates the disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the toxic effect of galanin during acute pancreatitis is unknown. It has been suggested that galanin can contribute to acute pancreatitis by decreasing pancreatic vascular perfusion, enhancing neurogenic inflammation, and inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion. We have shown earlier that galanin is a strong inhibitor of both endogenous and exogenous cholecystokininYstimulated pancreatic protein and volume secretion (20%Y30%) in vivo, whereas others have published that galanin inhibits ceruleininduced amylase secretion by 15% to 20% in vitro. However, it is almost completely forgotten that galanin inhibits basal pancreatic bicarbonate secretion in the innervated pancreas by approximately 90%. The data provided by Brodish et al8 suggest that in the innervated pancreas, galanin inhibits pancreatic ductal bicarbonate secretion much stronger than enzyme secretion (Fig. 1). However, in a chronic denervated pancreas model, the inhibitory effect of galanin was decreased by approximately 40%, suggesting an important role of neural factors on galanin-induced inhibition of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Galanin dose-dependently inhibited secretin-, cholecystokinin, and meal-induced bicarbonate outputs in both innervated and denervated pancreas. These data suggest that galanin inhibits bicarbonate secretion by different mechanisms such as inhibition of acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves and/or inhibition of insulin release from A cells and/or galanin release from sympathetic nerves. Furthermore, a direct effect of galanin on pancreatic ductal cells cannot be excluded. Taken together, the aforementioned data clearly suggest that galanin is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic ductal volume and bicarbonate secretion. Pancreatic ductal fluid and bicarbonate secretion have been shown to be crucially important for maintaining the integrity of the pancreas. The main function of this bicarbonate-rich isotonic solution is to transport digestive enzymes into the duodenum and to neutralize gastric acid. Of note, decreased ductal fluid secretion in patients with cystic fibrosis


This paper examines some of the current discussion in the literature of organizational learning theory and library evaluation, from which to derive a better understanding of how library evaluation can assist in the improvement of Libraries as learning organizations.
The theoretical work of Argyris and Schon (single-loop and double-loop learning) and Crossan, Lane and White (the cognitive processes of intuiting, interpreting, integrating and institutionalizing) was considered, together with that of later theorists. Emphasis in the literature is collectively placed on the role of individuals within organizations, and how the organizations themselves should be a product of the creativity of those individuals and the enabling organizational structures.
Library evaluation plays or should play a critical role in both enabling libraries to become learning organizations in this sense, and sustaining such continuing organizational development. In general there has been insufficient attention to how library evaluation can be effectively integrated in the library as a continuing planning and responding process. A more sophisticated approach must be taken, especially in view of the increased challenges and responsibilities which academic libraries are now facing.


Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with an elevated vaginal pH and the presence of abnormal offensive discharge. It is common, often recurrent, and the most effective treatment regimen is unknown. 'Metronidazole Versus lactic acId for Treating bacterial vAginosis' (VITA) is a UK-based randomised controlled trial assessing clinical and cost-effectiveness of topical lactic acid gel compared to oral metronidazole antibiotic for treating second and subsequent BV episodes. Few BV trials report on women's preferences for treatment in the context of their own experiences. Method This qualitative study investigated the acceptability and tolerability of the two treatments. During the trial, semi-structured telephone interviews were undertaken between January—May 2018. A total of 33 women diagnosed with BV were consecutively sampled then interviewed from six sites across England. Thematic analysis was guided by the acceptability of health interventions framework. Potential causes of BV and its impact on women's lives were explored in addition to women's treatment preference and perceived treatment effectiveness. Results Although women felt antibiotics treat BV effectively, and were associated with longer time periods between episodes, they generally preferred using the lactic acid gel because of ease of use, once daily application and less side-effects. Women would recommend the lactic acid gel to others for mild cases of BV but to take antibiotics when more severe. The risk of antibiotic drug resistance was a common concern. Self-help medicating or self-decision to not treat was also evident due to prior experience of poor outcomes from treatment. Triggers of BV were attributed to personal hygiene habits–soaps used to wash the vagina and sexual practices such as unprotected sex. Conclusion Acceptability and preference for topical lactic acid gel or oral metronidazole tablets in the treatment of recurrent BV was affected by personal choice relating to affective attitude, burden, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, and self-efficacy. These differed depending on ease of use, tolerability and past experiences, but not necessarily based on perceived drug effectiveness. Knowledge of a patient preference for topical lactic acid gel therapy despite lower perceived effectiveness may be useful for clinicians when making treatment decisions.


IOTA is a revolutionary new, next generation public distributed ledger that utilizes a novel invention, called a "Tangle", at its core. The Tangle is a new data structure based on a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). As such it has no Blocks, no Chain and also no Miners. Because of this radical new architecture, things in IOTA work quite differently compared to other Blockchains.


Recently electrically conducting SPM probes were used as read/write sensor of magneto-resistive nanopillars and ferroelectric domains in the development of >1 Tb/inch2 data storage. Since metal coated (platinum (Pt) or Pt/iridium) silicon (Si) probes are not suitable at high current densities, probes with an entire metallic tip and high electrical conductivity (i.e. low contact resistance) form a solution. We present the fabrication and characterization of hybrid SPM probes with full metallic cantilever and tip. The body of the probes consists of the photopolymer SU-8. Recently, we presented the fabrication and analysis of a SPM probe with full tungsten cantilever and tip, based on a back-side KOH release principle. Here, we present a probe with Pt as the cantilever-tip material, based on a top-side dry release. The Pt tip has a radius of curvature below 20 nm. A tip sharpness controlling method is presented. The process is based on a surface molding technique where a pyramidal mould made in KOH solution is used to form the tip. Oxidation sharpening of the mould yields very sharp tips. Sputter deposition guarantees with its good step coverage an excellent mould filling with Pt. Stress control in the metal layer is important for straight cantilevers and is done by adjustment of deposition parameters. After a dry structuring of the cantilever, a double layer of SU-8 is used to form the body of the probe, consisting of a 10-um-thick and a 200-um-thick layer, respectively. Proper surface treatment prior to SU-8 spinning ensures a good adhesion between the SU-8 and the metal. The use of SU-8 forms a substantial advantage over bonding or Si-etching techniques. The open honey-comb body structure of the body keeps the body rigid and enables a top-side dry etch release. AFM imaging has been shown and IV analysis of the probes on a gold sample was performed. The measured contact resistance between tip and substrate values around 10 Ohm. This is one order of magnitude lower than for metal coated probes. The Pt probe shows reproducible curves at currents higher than 10 mA, as needed for switching of magneto-resistive nanopillars. Due to the low contact resistance, Joule heating of the tip remains limited, preventing melting of the tip. Besides use in future data storage, the probes are promising in contact and non contact mode (e.g. Kelvin Probe Microscopy).


Numerical integration methods based on the Lie group theoretic geometrical approach are applied to articulated multibody systems with rigid body displacements, belonging to the special Euclidean group SE(3), as a part of generalized coordinates. Three Lie group integrators, the Crouch-Grossman method, commutator-free method, and Munthe-Kaas method, are formulated for the equations of motion of articulated multibody systems. The proposed methods provide singularity-free integration, unlike the Euler-angle method, while approximated solutions always evolve on the underlying manifold structure, unlike the quaternion method. In implementing the methods, the exact closed-form expression of the differential of the exponential map and its inverse on SE(3) are formulated in order to save computations for its approximation up to finite terms. Numerical simulation results validate and compare the methods by checking energy and momentum conservation at every integrated system state.


Museums, zoos and heritage sites increasingly rely on interpretation of their resources to provide distinctive experiences that attract and engage visitors. However, the practice of designing interpretation is little researched and ill-defined. Through interviews and case studies the research seeks to better understand the role of design in interpretation projects in an Australian context and articulates practitioner perspectives about the aims and issues of their work. The paper argues that interpretation design is a field of specialized yet interdisciplinary practice that exemplifies the highly collaborative and strategic nature of contemporary design practice. Often working outside traditional museum contexts, practitioners' challenges include limited understanding by many stakeholders and clients, unsuitable project structures and limited published research that integrates interpretation and design. This article is an early step in meeting these challenges.


Agreeing a new social contract is key to peace in Afghanistan. What are the priority issues that need to be addressed and what are the prospects for renegotiating these as part of a peace settlement? Ten priority issues include: the preservation of national unity and Afghan identity; international military forces; security, respect and basic needs for combatants and people affected by conflict; state-citizen relations and the role and privileges of elites; inclusive security reform; property, economic rights and the illicit economy; structure of government and consolidation of electoral democracy; promoting Islam and religious freedom; judiciary and legal system; and ethnicity, social inclusion and equality of opportunity. Fundamental challenges to renegotiating a renewed social contract in practice include a severe lack of trust in formal processes and agreements, a prevalent perception that national institutions are corrupt and partisan, and the dual system of governance in Afghanistan – with the government running the main population centres and the Taliban much of the countryside. A single, comprehensive peace agreement to agree a new social contract is unlikely to be achievable in Afghanistan. A more viable alternative model would involve an incremental, phased approach that builds confidence over time. A dialogue-driven programme of implemented reforms and carefully nurtured cooperative relations has potential to address the root causes of the conflict. The best way to shape the conditions conducive to such a sustained process of dialogue and reform would be to agree a pause in the fighting early on. Conflict parties wishing to participate in such a sustained peace process would need first to sign up to the suspension of violence.


Excerpt] Imagine that you have set out to buy a used car. You examine eight cars before making your choice, test driving some of them and rejecting others at first glance (due for example to excessive rust). A researcher asks you to rate each of the eight cars in terms of overall quality. The researcher proceeds to sharply criticize you for carrying out an unsystematic search process. Your failure to test-drive every car and to ask the same questions to the dealers about each car has caused you to do a poor job of rank-ordering the cars. You respond that, since you could only afford one car, you had no interest in rank-ordering or in assigning ratings to the entire set of cars. It seems unfair to be criticized for poor performance of a task which was unrelated to your original mission of buying the best used car available. This paper explores the possibility that a similar misspecification of the goals of employee selection has caused researchers to criticize selectors for behavior which may not adversely affect the goal of hiring the best individual from among a group of candidates.


College can be categorized as a service industries providing service activities of higher education, where quality of service and product have to give comittment to customer satisfaction orientation. Diponegoro of University as one of PTN which located in Semarang Central Java become research object at this final research about the quality of service education.
 This research uses Student Satisfaction Inventory method which was developed by Noel Levitz. This method measure service quality based on eleven dimension, there are Academic Advising, Campus Climate, Campus Life, Campus Support Services, Concern for the Individual, Instructional Effectiveness, Recruitment and Financial Aid Effectiveness, Registration Effectiveness, Campus Safety and Security, Service Excellence, dan Student Centredness.
Research is done by survey of student satisfaction. The sample are student of Technic Faculty UNDIP which is taken by propotional from 8 study program of Technic Faculty in UNDIP. There are two different score for each item on the survey, the importance score, and the satisfaction score. The assessment of quality service education based on the difference in the importance score and satisfaction score, so called with performace gap score.
Result of research show the highest importance score are campus supports service (4.65), the highest satisfaction score is campus climate (3.29) and the highest perfoemance gap is campus support services (1.61). Value of total mean performance gap is 1,44. According to the guidelines provided by Noel Levitz, a performance gap between zero and 1,50 indicates that the institution (UNDIP) is almost meeting students expectation. Looking from the prespective of techic student, result of research show Electro student feel most satisfied to service education given by UNDIP than student from other technic majors. Improving service quality is using Importance Satisfaction Matrix. The result from this research indicates that there are 14 variable from 66 variable need priority improvement.
Key word : customer satisfaction orientation, importance score, Importance-Satisfaction Matrix, performance gap, satisfaction score and Student Satisfaction Inventory


This study focuses on Ceaușescu's cult in painting. Its aim is to demonstrate that in spite of obvious similarities with the master cult of Stalin, the Romanian leader's cult was not a simple adaptation of Stalin's cult, but it had its own particularities which became apparent precisely in his painted representations. The cult of Ceaușescu in painting incorporated local artistic traditions and styles (precisely mediaeval art and folk art) and developed its own form from an early period. It also followed the evolution of Ceaușescu's cult, the shifts and the themes elaborated by Romanian propaganda. Chapter 1 attempts to determine the place of the visual image within Ceaușescu's cult. It investigates different forms of the Ceaușescu cult through which he tried to master time and to impose his image as an extraordinary leader, admirable continuer of the great Romanian rulers. Chapter 2 deals with the shaping of cultural policy at the beginning of Ceaușescu rule. It focuses on the tense relationship between Marxism-Leninism, nationalism and Westernisation and tries to see how the neo-Stalinist cultural policy emerged at the beginning of the seventies and further shaped Ceaușescu's cult. Chapter з analyses the mechanisms of cult production within the Romanian Artists' Union. It also tries to identify the relationships that existed between the Union's leadership, the rank-and-file members of the Union and the organisations in charge with commissioning Ceaușescu's paintings. Chapter 4 explores the coalescence of the discourse on national art by contrasting Ceaușescu's speeches and writings with the ideas circulated on this topic by art historians and art critics. The analysis demonstrates intellectuals' penchant for the discourse on national art and their contribution to its refinement. Furthermore, this chapter tries to establish the link between Ceaușescu's cult and the circulation of the discourse on national art. Chapter 5 deals with the painted representations of Ceausescu. It attempts to establish an iconography of the Romanian leader by investigating its main themes and the relationships between them.


The biomass of organisms of different sizes is increasingly being used to explore macroscale variation in food-web and community structure. Here we examine how invasive species and river flow regulation affect native fish biomass and fish community log10 biomass – body mass scaling relationships in Australia's largest river system, the Murray–Darling. The log10 biomass – body mass scaling exponent (scaling B) of invasive fishes (95% CI: −0.14 to −0.18) was less negative than for native fishes (95% CI: −0.20 to −0.25), meaning that invasive species attained a higher biomass in larger size-classes compared to native species. Flow alteration and invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) biomass were correlated with severe reductions in native fish biomass ranging from −47% to −68% (95% CI). Our study provides novel evidence suggesting that invasive and native communities have different biomass – body mass scaling patterns, which likely depend on differences in their trophic ecology and body size distributions. Our results suggest that restoration efforts using environmental flows and common carp control has potential to boost native fish biomass to more than double the current level.


Abstract. Schematic maps have been popularly employed to represent transport networks, particularly underground tube lines (or metro lines), since its adoption by the Official London Underground in early 1930s. Such maps employ straightened lines along horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. Recently, some researchers started to argue that the distortion in such a schematization may cause big distortion and some new designs are proposed. This project aims to make a comparative analysis of such a schematic design with a new design proposed by Mark Noad in 2011, which makes use of lines along 30o and 60o directions instead of the 45o direction. Tasks have been designed for evaluating the effect of schematic designs on route planning by travellers. The participant was asked to choose the route s/he would take among two or three possible route options and then read the name of the selected transfer station. Eye-tracking technique has been employed to track the map recognition process. Total travel time is used as criterion for effectiveness; completion time and mental work cost are used for efficiency evaluation. It has been found that (1) the design of map style has significant impact on users' travel decision making, especially map distance and transfer station symbol designs, and (2) the design style of a schematic map will have great impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of map recognition.


This paper investigates the effect of college merger on the probability of students dropping out of college. In addition we assess whether this effect persists over time and whether there is variation in the risk of drop out by programme area. To answer these questions we use a large administrative data set relating to the population of students enrolled in the further education sector for multiple cohorts of students (i.e. 2002-03 to 2007-08 cohorts). We employ the propensity score matching methods and difference-in-differences methods to overcome the fundamental evaluation problem and to remove the effect of unobserved student (and college) heterogeneity. Our evidence suggests that the risk of drop out has varied over time (by cohort), reducing the risk by about 1-2 percentage points for earlier cohorts, which contrasts with positive effects for later cohorts, which were as high as 5 percentage points. We also show that the effects of merger persisted for 1-2 years and that there was variation in the effect of a merger by programme area. Our results raise important implications for policy makers insofar as mergers cannot be unanimously assumed to be either negative or positive. The effect probably varies with the nature of the merger (voluntary versus involuntary) and by programme area regardless of the type of merger.


This is the first book that explains why assisting is valuable, how spotting can be developed methodically and what children spotting is supposed to look like. Spotting and securing are two essential safety constituents when it comes to teaching and training gymnastics. "Teaching Children's Gymnastics" takes a close look at what spotting and securing really means and how they must be done. It is a new, revolutionary teaching idea which gets even the youngest children to learn how to spot each other safely. Containing step-by-step instructions for teaching children to spot each other, as well as hundreds of examples and suggestions for interactive and spotting gymnastic exercises, "Teaching Children's Gymnastics" is an invaluable resource for all teachers, coaches, adventure playground leaders and others who work with children.


Recent Internet measurements have found pervasive evidence of some surprising scaling properties. The two we focus on in this paper are self-similar scaling in the burst patterns of Internet traffic and, in some contexts, scale-free structure in the network's interconnection topology. These findings have led to a number of proposed models or "explanations" of such "emergent" phenomena. Many of these explanations invoke concepts such as fractals, chaos, or self-organized criticality, mainly because these concepts are closely associated with scale invariance and power laws. We examine these criticality-based explanations of self-similar scaling behavior—of both traffic flows through the Internet and the Internet's topology—to see whether they indeed explain the observed phenomena. To do so, we bring to bear a simple validation framework that aims at testing whether a proposed model is merely evocative, in that it can reproduce the phenomenon of interest but does not necessarily capture and incorporate the true underlying cause, or indeed explanatory, in that it also captures the causal mechanisms (why and how, in addition to what). We argue that the framework can provide a basis for developing a useful, consistent, and verifiable theory of large networks such as the Internet. Applying the framework, we find that, whereas the proposed criticality-based models are able to produce the observed "emergent" phenomena, they unfortunately fail as sound explanations of why such scaling behavior arises in the Internet.


Ultramafic rocks that crop-out as fault-bounded blocks within Hili Manu, ∼50 km east of the capital Dili on the north coast of Timor Leste, have been a topic of considerable debate regarding their ophiolitic affiliation with the Banda Arc or Australian subcontinental lithosphere. Two discrete ultramafic massifs separated by amphibolite of undefined origin, Be Heda Hill and Kerogeol Hill in the east and Subao Highway in the west, have been identified and host tabular and vein-like chromitite morphologies, respectively. The chromitite bodies at Hili Manu occur as small lenses a few meters in size. This paper presents the first detailed investigation of the chromitites from the two massifs at Hili Manu, including their mineralogy, textures, and chemistry. Chemically, the primary chromites from the Hili Manu chromitites comprise both high-Cr type (Cr2O3 40.24–56.95 wt.% and Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al)] > 0.6) that occur at Kerogeol Hill and Subao Highway and high-Al type (Cr2O3 35.70–37.38 wt.% and #Cr < 0.56) that are restricted to Be Heda Hill. Similarly, the accessory spinels of the enclosing wall rocks also show high-Cr (#Cr = 0.60–0.82) and high-Al varieties (#Cr = 0.17–0.48). Platinum-group minerals (PGM) such as laurite and possible erlichmanite-series minerals, silicates, base metal sulfides (BMS), and arsenides are found as inclusions and within fractures in the chromite or the serpentinite matrix. The platinum-group element (PGE) concentration of the Hili Manu chromitites and its immediate host peridotite at the three localities varies, with total PGE (Os + Ir + Ru + Rh + Pt + Pd) in the ranges 73.1–1295 ppb and 28.5–364 ppb, respectively. The total PGE content is higher and the Pd/Ir ratio is lower in the Cr-rich chromitites compared to the Al-rich ones. Most of the PGM are 3–10 μm in size and occur as primary or composite inclusions in IPGE-bearing phases, particularly Os-rich laurite, within unaltered chromite grains. Host peridotite major- and trace-element geochemistry coupled with the chemistry of chrome-spinels for both the chromitites and host peridotites in this study show evidence of formation of the Hili Manu peridotite in an upper mantle in a supra-subduction zone setting, part of the young oceanic lithosphere from the Banda Arc.


Borders are where wars start, as Primo Levi once wrote. But they are also bridges - that is, sites for ongoing cultural exchange. Anyone studying how nations and states maintain distinct identities while adapting to new ideas and experiences knows that borders provide particularly revealing windows for the analysis of 'self' and 'other'. In representing invisible demarcations between nations and peoples who may have much or very little in common, borders exert a powerful influence and define how people think as well as what they do. Without borders, whether physical or symbolic, nationalism could not exist, nor could borders exist without nationalism. Surprisingly, there have been very few systematic or concerted efforts to review the experiences of nation and state at the local level of borders. Drawing on examples from the US and Mexico, Northern Ireland, Israel and Palestine, Spain and Morocco, as well as various parts of Southeast Asia and Africa, this timely book offers a comparative perspective on culture at state boundaries. The authors examine the role of the state, ethnicity, transnationalism, border symbols, rituals and identity in an effort to understand how nationalism informs attitudes and behaviour at local, national and international levels. Soldiers, customs agents, smugglers, tourists, athletes, shoppers, and prostitutes all provide telling insights into the power relations of everyday life and what these relations say about borders. This overview of the importance of borders to the construction of identity and culture will be an essential text for students and scholars in anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, nationalism and immigration studies.


We leverage innovative spatial modeling techniques and data on the precise geo-locations of more than 32,000 Constituency Development Fund (CDF) projects in Kenya to test whether Members of Parliament (MPs) reward their supporters. We find only weak evidence that MPs channel projects disproportionately to areas inhabited by their political allies, once we control for other factors that affect where projects are placed, such as population density, poverty rates, ethnic demographics, and distance to paved roads. Notwithstanding this result, we find evidence for cross-constituency variation in political targeting, driven in large part by the spatial segregation of the MP's supporters and opponents. Our findings challenge the conventional wisdom about the centrality of clientelistic transfers in Africa and underscore how local conditions generate particular incentives and opportunities for the strategic allocation of political goods. We also highlight the benefits and challenges of analyzing allocations at the project level rather than aggregated to the administrative unit.


Anthropogenic sea level rise (SLR) presents one of the greatest risks to human lives and infrastructures. Coastal vegetated ecosystems, that is, tidal marshes, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, elevate the seabed through soil accretion, providing a natural coastline protection against SLR. The soil accretion of these ecosystems has never been assessed in hot desert climate regions, where water runoff is negligible. However, tropical marine ecosystems are areas of intense calcification that may constitute an important source of sediment supporting seabed elevation, compensating for the lack of terrestrial inputs. We estimated the long‐term (14C‐centennial) and short‐term (210Pb‐20th century) soil accretion rates (SARs) and inorganic carbon (Cinorg) burial in coastal vegetated ecosystems of the Saudi coasts of the central Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. Short‐term SARs (±SE) in mangroves of the Red Sea (0.27 ± 0.22 cm/year) were twofold the SLR for that region since 1925 (0.13 cm/year). In the Arabian Gulf, only mangrove forest SAR is equivalent to local SLR estimates for the period 1979–2007 (0.21 ± 0.09 compared to 0.22 ± 0.05 cm/year, respectively). Long‐term SARs are comparable or higher than the global estimates of SLR for the late Holocene (0.01 cm/year). In all habitats of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, SARs are supported by high carbonate accretion rates, comprising 40% to 60% of the soil volume. Further studies on the role of carbonates in coastal vegetated ecosystems are required to understand their role in adaptation to SLR.


A choice experiment with real products was used to investigate consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for several low-input attributes of turfgrasses. The choice scenarios consisted of turfgrass plots, which varied in aesthetic quality characteristics and were labeled with differing levels of maintenance requirements (irrigation, fertilizer, etc.), shade adaptation, origin, and price. A mixed logit model was used to analyze the choice data and estimate consumer WTP. Our results suggest that low-input maintenance attributes significantly influence consumer choice behavior and identify a strong consumer preference for reduced irrigation and mowing requirements. The introduction of low-input turfgrasses could be a viable strategy for reducing the maintenance inputs and costs for residential lawn care.


Violence in healthcare is a prominent global concern. To prevent violence it is necessary to have an organized plan of action against violence. It is vital to learn where violence originates and then to develop an organized interventional plan to prevent violence. This article analyzes the origins [causes and risk factors] of violence and delineates the process and development of an evidence based violence prevention plan designed to negate violence risk factors and prevent violence. Specific techniques are presented for prevention and de-escalation of aggression to prevent violence. Strategies are determined for development and implementation of effective violence prevention plan utilizing holistic evidence based interventions to prevent/reduce healthcare violence for a safe and therapeutic environment for everyone. Implications for practice are strategies for best practice in safety and violence prevention. Environmental, patient and caregiver interventions for prevention of aggression and violence in healthcare facilities is delineated as well as psychosocial management of aggressive behavior for safety in the healthcare environment. An effective violence prevention educational plan is presented for holistic applications for decreasing healthcare violence promoting mental health, wellness and recovery.