Two studies were conducted to test the hypotheses that: (1) news reports of anti-gay attacks would use fewer and vaguer referents to the violence than similar stories about attacks against straight persons; and (2) this milder use of referents would cause readers to perceive less harm done and to blame the perpetrator less. A content analysis of two newspapers found that one used far fewer, less specific nominals to refer to anti-gay than to anti-straight violence, whereas the other, based in a more gay-friendly community, did not differentiate significantly by sexual orientation. An experimental study in which frequency and specificity of referents were systematically varied in mock newspaper stories found that greater referent frequency, but not specificity, caused readers to perceive greater harm to victims. The results are interpreted in terms of cognitive processing and within the context of the use of linguistic variation to encode and enforce power differences.


Theology in the South African context finds itself in turmoil. At the heart of this theological storm lies the diversity among theologians about how the Word of God should be proclaimed in the postmodern era, as postmodernism poses a challenge to all sciences to re-formulate their claims. So far, the pastorate has met this challenge by making use of the so-called narrative approach to therapy. Specific attention to the narrative approach shows that it operates from a postmodernist epistemology where truth becomes relational and socially constructed. The critical question stemming from this, however, is whether pastoral theology can make use of the narrative approach and still claim theological validity. Pastoral theologians are heeded to proceed with caution during this period of theological turmoil to avoid the pitfalls of either fundamentalism or liberalism.


The majority of scholarly opinion has long held that Celtic influence on English has been minimal on all levels of language. This is usually put down to the socially and politically inferior status of the Celts vis-a-vis their Anglo-Saxon conquerors, which then explains the small number of Celtic loanwords in English. In this article, I join the voice of those scholars who have challenged the prevailing view and called for a fresh examination of the 'Celtic Hypothesis'. I argue, first, that the nature of the contact situation was such that linguistic influences from Celtic on English were inevitable. Secondly, the paucity of Celtic loanwords in English does not constitute evidence against contact effects at other levels of language but is the expected development. Thirdly, many features of English grammar have characteristics that cannot be satisfactorily explained as independent developments. Fourthly, the modern-era 'Celtic Englishes' provide yet another source of indirect evidence supporting the Celtic Hypothesis.


Single-Display Groupware (SDG) applications use a single display shared by multiple people. This kind of interaction has proven very useful for children, who often share a computer for games and educational software, and also for co-located meetings, where multiple people are in the same room discussing, annotating and editing a design or presentation which is shown on a computer screen. We have developed a number of SDG applications that use multiple 3Com PalmPilots and Windows CE devices to emulate a PC's mouse and keyboard. All users can take turns sharing a single cursor to use existing applications like PowerPoint. We have also created other new applications where all users have their own independent cursors. This paper describes the architectural additions to the Amulet toolkit that make it easy for programmers to develop applications with multiple input streams from multiple users. Amulet supports shared or independent editing, and shared or independent undo streams. The implementation differs from other Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) architectures in that others have one Model and multiple Views and Controllers (one for each user), whereas we have one Model and one View, and multiple Controllers. Copyright © 1999 — Carnegie Mellon University This research was partially sponsored by Microsoft, and partially by NCCOSC under Contract No. N66001-94-C6037, Arpa Order No. B326. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.


Network packet classification is the central building block for important services such as QoS routing and firewalling. Accordingly, a wide range of classification schemes has been proposed, each with its own specific set of characteristics. But while novel algorithms keep being developed at a high pace, there barely exists tool support for proper benchmarking, which makes it hard for researchers and engineers to evaluate and compare those algorithms in changing scenarios. In this paper, we present the Classification Algorithm Testing Environment (CATE). CATE consistently and reproducibly extracts the key performance characteristics, such as memory footprint and matching speed, for a predefined set of classification algorithms from a highly customizable set of benchmarks. In addition, we demonstrate that CATE can be used to gain new insights on both the input parameter sensitivity and the scalability of even well-studied algorithms.


IRAS 13224−3809 was observed in 2011 for 500 ks with the XMM-Newton observatory. We detect highly significant X-ray lags between soft (0.3-1 keV) and hard (1.2-5 keV) energies. The hard band lags the soft at low frequencies (i.e. hard lag), while the opposite (i.e. soft lag) is observed at high frequencies. In this paper, we study the lag during flaring and quiescent periods. We find that the frequency and absolute amplitude of the soft lag are different during high-flux and low-flux periods. During the low-flux intervals, the soft lag is detected at higher frequencies and with smaller amplitude. Assuming that the soft lag is associated with the light travel time between primary and reprocessed emission, this behaviour suggests that the X-ray source is more compact during low-flux intervals, and irradiates smaller radii of the accretion disc (likely because of light bending effects). We continue with an investigation of the lag dependence on energy, and find that isolating the low-flux periods reveals a strong lag signature at the Fe Kα line energy, similar to results found using 1.3 Ms of data on another well-known narrow-line Seyfert I galaxy, 1H0707−495.


Dasheng qixin lun大乘起信論, or the Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith, has been one of the most important texts of East Asian Buddhism since it first appeared in sixth-century China. It outlines the initial steps a Mahāyāna Buddhist needs to take to reach enlightenment, beginning with the conviction that the Mahāyāna path is correct and worth pursuing. The Treatise addresses many of the doctrines central to various Buddhist teachings in China between the fifth and seventh centuries, attempting to reconcile seemingly contradictory ideas in Buddhist texts introduced from India. It provided a model for later schools to harmonize teachings and sustain the idea that, despite different approaches, there was only one doctrine, or Dharma. It profoundly shaped the doctrines and practices of the major schools of Chinese Buddhism: Chan, Tiantai, Huayan, and to a lesser extent Pure Land. It quickly became a shared resource for East Asian philosophers and students of Buddhist thought. Drawing on the historical and intellectual contexts of Treatise's composition and paying sustained attention to its interpretation in early commentaries, this new annotated translation of the classic makes its ideas available to English readers like never before. The introduction orients readers to the main topics taken up in the Treatise and gives a comprehensive historical and intellectual grounding to the text. This volume marks a major advance in studies of the Treatise, bringing to light new interpretations and themes of the text.


This study uses data-driven methods to detect and interpret differences between the High German used as standard language of written communication in Switzerland, and German High German. The comparison is based on a comparable web corpus of two million sentences, one million from Switzerland and one million from Germany. We describe differences at the levels of lexis, morphosyntax, and syntax, and compare to previously described differences. We show that data-driven methods manage to detect a wide range of differences.


Fresh water quality and supply, particularly for domestic and industrial purposes, are deteriorating with contamination threats on water resources. Multiple technologies in the conventional wastewater treatment (WWT) settings have been adopted to purify water to a desirable quality. However, the design and selection of a suitable cost-effective treatment scheme for a catchment area are essential and have many considerations including land availability, energy, effluent quality and operational simplicity. Three emerging technologies are discussed, including anaerobic digestion, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane technology, which holds great promise to provide integrational alternatives for manifold WWT process and distribution systems to mitigate contaminants and meet accept-able limitations. The main applications, basic principles, merits and demerits of the aforementioned technologies are addressed in relation to their current limitations and future research needs in terms of renewable energy. Hence, the advancement in manufacturing industry along with WWT blueprints will enhance the application of these technologies for the sustainable management and conservation of water.


The first serious ethnomusicological study of Malagasy music, Recollecting from the Past evokes the complex sound and performative aesthetic in Madagascar called maresaka. Maresaka pertains not only to musical expression but extends into ways of remembering the past, aesthetics of everyday life, and Malagasy concepts of self and community. Ron Emoff focuses on tromba spirit possession ceremonies in which Malagasy use devotional practice as an occasion to expressively re-figure worlds often impeded by colonialism and postcolonial phenomena, extreme material poverty, and widespread illness. Malagasy not only preserve the past, but they interpret, revalue and transform it to their own ends. Music is crucial to these performances since powerful ancestral spirits will not enter into the present if not enticed by masterful musical performances, and so music itself provides a complex symbolic system with which Malagasy can recall and reconstruct the past. This groundbreaking study will be of interest to readers in the fields of anthropology, ethnomusicology, cultural studies, African studies, postcolonial and performance studies.


Excerpt] The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides broad nondiscrimination protection for individuals with disabilities. However, to be covered under the statute, an individual must first meet the definition of an individual with a disability. Questions have been raised as to whether and to what extent obesity is a disability under the ADA and whether the ADA protects obese individuals from discrimination. This report provides background regarding how obesity is covered under the ADA and its supporting regulations. It also discusses some of the ways in which courts have applied the ADA to obesity discrimination claims.


Though Chief Justice Roberts ultimately provided the fifth vote upholding the Affordable Care Act (ACA) under the Tax Power, his was also one of five votes finding the ACA exceeded Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. The doctrinal basis for Roberts' Commerce Clause analysis was hotly contested. While Roberts argued that the ACA's purported exercise of Commerce power "finds no support in our precedent," Justice Ginsburg accused the Chief Justice of failing to "evaluat[e] the constitutionality of the minimum coverage provision in the manner established by our precedents." These diametrically opposed perspectives on "precedent" might prompt observers to ask whether Roberts and Ginsburg considered the same cases as controlling. This Visual Guide shows that though the justices agreed on relevant cases, they disagreed on which opinions within those cases properly stated the law. Both Roberts and Ginsburg implicitly adopted the reasoning of prior dissents and concurrences as well as majority opinions. The map illustrates how competing lines of Commerce Clause opinions constitute a long-running doctrinal dialectic that culminated – for now – in NFIB v. Sebelius. This Visual Guide is a single-page PDF "poster" designed to serve as quick reference to the doctrinal debate.


Research has established a link between young firms and job creation. This has generated great levels of interest about entrepreneurship in local areas and questions about where are startups located in the United States. That is, what city is the most entrepreneurial? Is it Silicon Valley? New York? Boston? Seattle? Perhaps Austin? These cities are the common answers. In truth, up until now we haven't really known the answer, because the hard data were not available. Startup data were available for the U.S. states, but for cities, we had to use proxies like self-employment or data on small businesses. Data about startups at the local level did not have an empirical signature - there simply has not been data about firms and their age to this point. However, available to the public for the first time, federal government data now allows us to look at startups at the metropolitan area level. In this paper, we identify forty metropolitan areas, each some of the largest of their type, with high startup densities, and discuss their trends over the past two decades. Some of the metros are the usual suspects, like parts of Silicon Valley and New York, but we wager there are many areas in the United States that many have overlooked. The measure we use makes it difficult to identify high-impact startups, or the popular high-tech sectoral focus. There is other work we point to for these sorts of analyses, mainly work with the Inc. 500 and recent work on startup density in the tech sectors. For our purposes, though, this data gives us a broad picture of startups and a look at entrepreneurship at a level of granularity never before available.


Environmental education in schools has a critical part to play in the reorientation of social attitudes and behaviours that address the perception of a looming environmental crisis. Many believe there is a need for a debate about the purpose of education. In the UK, government imposed educational change by introducing the Education Reform Act in 1988. There was a clear opportunity to address environmental education within this reform. In 1992 government made a commitment to Agenda 21 (UNCED) that included the proposal that, within 3 years, governments should prepare or update strategies to integrate environment and development into all areas of education. This thesis considers whether any of the rhetoric has been realised. It recognises the crucial role of teachers in implementing reform and it uses a Grounded Theory methodology to `give teachers a voice' in an attempt to understand the impact of teachers' beliefs on environmental education development in English secondary schools. The study was carried out in 3 schools that were participating in an environmental education pilot project in Cumbria and also in 3 schools in Merseyside. Interviews took place with 27 teachers, with one external consultant and with the co-ordinator for the Cumbria project. The key finding is that the limitations on environmental education provision at its most profound, socially reforming level are beyond the locus of control of teachers. The outcomes of the ERA (1988) with its imposition of a restorationist curriculum and the accompanying myths about the nature of knowledge are such that the role of teachers as experts-in-knowledge and a didactic mode of teaching have been reinforced. Neither of these promotes the collaborative endeavour of knowledge construction that would be prerequisite for reforming education to meet the needs of a complex, rapidly changing world. Within these constraints, environmental education is likely to remain in its infancy with provision being limited to the knowledge and skills defined in conventional subject areas.


An Er(3+):Yb(3+):LuAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystal doped with 24.1 at.% Yb(3+) and 1.1 at.% Er(3+) ions was grown by the flux method. The polarized spectroscopic properties related to the operation of 1.5-1.6 microm laser of the crystal were evaluated at room temperature. The laser properties of a 0.7-mm-thick, c-cut crystal were investigated in diode-end-pumped hemispherical and plano-plano cavities, respectively. Compared with those of Er(3+):Yb(3+):YAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystal obtained under similar experimental conditions, higher maximum output peak power, higher slope efficiency, and lower threshold were achieved in the Er(3+):Yb(3+):LuAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystal.


Images of environmental disaster and degradation have become part of our everyday media diet. This visual culture focusing on environmental deterioration represents a wider recognition of the political, economic, and cultural forces that are responsible for our ongoing environmental crisis. And yet efforts to raise awareness about environmental issues through digital and visual media are riddled with irony, because the resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, and waste associated with digital devices contribute to environmental damage and climate change. Screen Ecologies examines the relationship of media, art, and climate change in the Asia-Pacific region -- a key site of both environmental degradation and the production and consumption of climate-aware screen art and media. Screen Ecologies shows how new media and visual artists provide alternative ways for understanding the entanglements of media and the environment in the Asia-Pacific. It investigates such topics as artists' exploration of alternative ways to represent the environment; regional stories of media innovation and climate change; the tensions between amateur and professional art; the emergence of biennials, triennials, and new arts organizations; the theme of water in regional art; new models for networked collaboration; and social media's move from private to public realms. A generous selection of illustrations shows a range of artist's projects.


Job shop scheduling is one of the most explored areas in the last few decades. Although it is very commonly witnessed in real-life situations, very less investigation has been carried out in scheduling operations of multi-level jobs, which undergo serial, parallel, and assembly operations in an assembly job shop. In this work, some of the dispatch rules, which have best performances in scheduling multilevel jobs in dynamic assembly job shop, are tested in static assembly job shop environment. A new optimization heuristic based on Ant Colony Algorithm is proposed and its performance is compared with the dispatch rules.


This information is current as of June 24, 2009 Supplementary material at http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1675/DC1 translated abstracts are available for this article. This information can be accessed Commentary and Perspective, data tables, additional images, video clips and/orReprints and Permissions Permissions] link. article, or locate the article citation on jbjs.org and click on the [Reprints andClick here to order reprints or request permission to use material from thisPublisher Information www.jbjs.org 20 Pickering Street, Needham, MA 02492-3157The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery


Information retrieval (IR) techniques become a challenge to researchers due to huge growth of digital and information retrieval. As a wide variety of Hindi Data and Literature is now available on web, we have developed information retrieval system for Hindi documents. This paper presents a new searching technique that has promising results in terms of F-measure. Historically, there have been two major approaches to IR - keyword based search and concept based search. We have introduced new relation inclusive search which performs searching of documents using case role relation, spatial relation and temporal relation of query terms and gives results better than previously used approaches. In this method we have used new indexing technique which stores information about relation between terms along with its position. We have compared four types of searching: Keyword Based search without Relation Inclusive, Keyword Based search with Relation Inclusive, Concept Based search without Relation Inclusive and Concept Based search with Relation Inclusive. Our proposed searching method gave significant improvement in terms of F-measure. For experiments we have used Hindi document corpus, Gyannidhi from C-DAC. This technique effectively improves search performance for documents in English as well.


Depriving hormone-dependent breast cancer cells of estrogens has been shown to be a beneficial strategy in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of estrogens include: 17[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17[beta]-HSD), aromatase (AR) and estrone sulfatase (ES). The latter two have been the target of intensive research within our group. Within the current project, we report the synthesis of various types of compounds as potential inhibitors of AR in an effort to determine detailed information regarding the active site of this enzyme; we have also attempted to combine our knowledge of AR and ES in the development of compounds which are able to ihhibit both enzymes.
In the first series of compounds to be investigated, compounds were synthesised based on enantiomerically pure forms of the "Evans chiral auxiliary", which is commercially available in both the R and S forms. The oxazolidinone and the phenyl ring systems were derivatised so as to produce N-alkylated compounds which contained a phenylamine moiety for ligating to the Fe of the cytochrome P-450 haem. The compounds were evaluated using a standard literature assay and were, in general, found to be equipotent or more potent than the standard compound aminoglutethimide (AG), with the most potent inhibitor being the pentyi derivative of the R-form (IC50=0.B3±O.05i..tM). An interesting and different trend was observed 'within the inhibitors based on the S-enantiomer, which were found to be weak inhibitors of AR in comparison to AG - the most potent compound (55) was found to possess an IC50 value of 16.82±0.20i..tM. The inhibitory activities of both the R- and S-forms were rationalised using the novel substrate-haem complex (SHC) approach.
'From the rationalisation of the inhibitory activity of the oxazolidinone based compounds, the importance of the C(17) position of the steroid backbone was highlighted. As such, we undertook the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a series of esters based on testosterone. On undertaking the biochemical evaluation of these compounds it was discovered that testosterone possessed potent inhibitory activity (IC50=20.6±O.15i..tM), and that of the esters, testosterone acetate was shown to have an IC50 value of 4B.7±O.07i..tM, whereas testosterone decanoate possessed an IC50 value of 164.1±O.5i..tM. However, the derivatisatian of the alkyl to an aryl carboxylate moiety resulted in one compound which was found to possess highly potent inhibitory activity. That is, testosterone 4-nitrobenzoate was found to possess an IC50 value of B.5±0.05i..tM.
In an effort to synthesise dual inhibitors of AR and ES, we undertook the synthesis of compounds based on the results of our previous studies into ES and the inhibitory activities observed within the testosterone and oxazolidinone based compounds. 'In particular, an attempt was made to incorporate the structural aspects of anastrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) together with a sulfonated phenyl moiety. We synthesised a series of azole based compounds and as expected, these compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of AR, the most potent [1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-1 H-imidazole (BO)] was found to possess an IC50 value of 70±0.5nM. However, the synthesis of the sulfonated compounds proved troublesome and as such no inhibitory data was obtained for these compounds.


In this work, John Kotter contends that the powerful economic aftershock of the oil crisis of 1973 - the globalization of markets and competition - has permanently changed the rules for success at work. He describes how this unexpected shift in the world economy is altering career paths, wage levels, the structure and function of corporations, and the very nature of work itself. He shows that conventional career paths through large corporations no longer lead to success as they once did. But at the same time, globalism is creating larger markets and enormous new opportunities for those with the education, motivation and talent - and equally large hazards for those who fear competition and over-value security. Based on a year-by-year analysis of the graduates of the class of 74's choices, actions, successes and failures, Kotter documents that the greatest opportunities have shifted away from large bureaucratic companies to smaller or more entrepreneurial ones, and away from professional management in manufacturing for consulting and other service industries, leadership and financial deal-making. In conclusion, he shows how the successful use of these new strategies requires high personal standards and a strong desire to win, and a willingness to continue to learn over an entire lifetime.


VHDL programs are often tested by means of simulations, relying on test benches written intuitively. In this paper, we propose a formal approach to construct test benches from system specification. To consider the real-time properties of VHDL programs, we first transform them to timed automata and then perform model checking against the properties designated from the specification. Counterexamples returned from the model checker serve as a basis of test cases, i.e. they are used to form a test bench. The approach is demonstrated and complemented by a simple case study.


PURPOSE
Recently, several expression-profiling experiments have shown that adenocarcinoma can be classified into subgroups that also reflect patient survival. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 44 genes selected by these studies to test whether their expression patterns were relevant to prognosis in our cohort as well, and to create a prognostic model applicable to clinical practice.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Expression levels were determined in 85 adenocarcinoma patients by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cluster analysis was performed, and a prognostic model was created by the proportional hazards model using a stepwise method.

RESULTS
Hierarchical clustering divided the cases into three major groups, and group B, comprising 21 cases, had significantly poor survival (P =.0297). Next, we tried to identify a smaller number of genes of particular predictive value, and eight genes (PTK7, CIT, SCNN1A, PGES, ERO1L, ZWINT, and two ESTs) were selected. We then calculated a risk index that was defined as a linear combination of gene expression values weighted by their estimated regression coefficients. The risk index was a significant independent prognostic factor (P =.0021) by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the robustness of this model was confirmed using an independent set of 21 patients (P =.0085).

CONCLUSION
By analyzing a reasonably small number of genes, patients with adenocarcinoma could be stratified according to their prognosis. The prognostic model could be applicable to future decisions concerning treatment.


John Milton's Paradise Lost has long been celebrated for its epic subject matter and the poet's rhetorical fireworks. In Between Worlds, William Pallister analyses the rhetorical methods that Milton uses throughout the poem and examines the effects of the three distinct rhetorical registers observed in each of the poem's major settings: Heaven, Hell, and Paradise. Providing insights into Milton's relationship with the history of rhetoric as well as rhetorical conventions and traditions, this rigorous study shows how rhetorical forms are used to highlight and enhance some of the poem's most important themes including free will, contingency and probability. Pallister also provides an authoritative discussion of how the omniscience of God in Paradise Lost affects Milton's verse, and considers how God's speech applies to the concept of the perfect rhetorician. An erudite and detailed study of both Paradise Lost and the history of rhetoric, Between Worlds is essential reading that will help to unravel many of the complexities of Milton's enduring masterpiece.


This article presents an approach for retrofitting existing Web applications with run-time protection against known, as well as unseen, SQL injection attacks SQLIAs without the involvement of application developers. The precision of the approach is also enhanced with a method for reducing the rate of false positives in the SQLIA detection logic, via runtime discovery of the developers' intention for individual SQL statements made by Web applications. The proposed approach is implemented in the form of protection mechanisms for J2EE, ASP.NET, and ASP applications. Named SQLPrevent, these mechanisms intercept HTTP requests and SQL statements, mark and track parameter values originating from HTTP requests, and perform SQLIA detection and prevention on the intercepted SQL statements. The AMNESIA testbed is extended to contain false-positive testing traces, and is used to evaluate SQLPrevent. In our experiments, SQLPrevent produced no false positives or false negatives, and imposed a maximum 3.6% performance overhead with 30 milliseconds response time for the tested applications.


Since 2008, the Australian Government has increased the tempo on investigating and understanding these crimes, and the Australian Institute of Criminology's research and monitoring program is part of this effort. The Government has introduced new legislation to crack down on trafficking slavery and servile marriages. Human trafficking is a serious but underreported problem as victims are unwilling to come forward. Since 2004 only 14 people have been convicted of people trafficking-related offences (nine of the 14 defendants were convicted of slavery offences, three of sexual servitude, one of people trafficking and one of labour exploitation). Between January 2009 and June 2011 there were 73 police investigations in Australia and 145 trafficked people entering the government's victim support program—slightly more than in the previous period. Victims continue to be overwhelmingly from south-east Asia, one-third from Thailand alone. Authored by Jacqueline Joudo Larsen, Lauren Renshaw, Samantha Gray-Barry, Hannah Andrevski, and Toby Corsbie.


When the Open University (UK) established a Technology Faculty in 1970 the founding Dean created a structure comprising disciplines of analysis and disciplines of synthesis, the latter being design and systems (based largely on general systems theory or GST). Newly appointed academics had to create what has become known as 'supported open learning' as well as establishing curricula in this mode for design and systems. In this paper, following Schon and Rein, I will argue that policy positions rest on underlying structures of belief, perception and appreciation which they call 'frames' and that framing choices apply as much to course/module developers as they do to researchers and/or policy makers. Framing choices create initial starting conditions that become conserved as lineages (pathway dependencies). I firstly examine the framing choices made by design and systems academics as they developed new supported open learning curricula in the 1970s and ask: what has been conserved with what implications? Manners of explaining, epistemological commitments and tribal (academic) controversies are touched upon.
In the first design course the claim was made that: "'design problems' are not like scientific, mathematical or logical problems, ..not like crosswords or guessing games, ..not like the problems of an artist or composer …they contain aspects of all these whilst remaining distinct". Further, that in design: "..goals change, problem finding (not solving) …values pertain (i.e. what is meaningful to whom?), conscious and subconscious effort (i.e. not just rational), requires a strategy (or purposefulness) and spontaneity." Thus "these aspects of design problems make them akin to what Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber called 'wicked problems'. 'There are only satisfactory solutions …not correct solutions'…. satisficing." In contrast the first systems course, 'Systems Behaviour' was framed or designed around a set of 'systems' in the world, (giving systems an ontological status: e.g., deep sea container ports; air traffic control; local government; structure and management of ecosystems etc. In 1980 a second course, T243 (Systems Organization: the management of complexity) adopted the work of Ackoff and Checkland, and unlike the design courses focused on Ackoffian messes and difficulties rather than Rittel and Webber's wicked and tame problem distinctions used in the design courses.
Examining this history, and the interplay of cybersystemic thinking and practice with design thinking and practice, suggests a need to recapture some of the ethos of the 1970s so as to address contemporary imperatives. The following questions are addressed: (i) What does contemporary systems and design course and student praxis look like? (ii) What research and scholarship – synergies exist between systems and design? (iii) What could a praxis of innovating and social transformation look like in the next decade based on systems and design understandings? and (iv) what does it mean for a systems practitioner to 'take a design turn'?


In the light of increasing concerns about climate change, greenhouse gas mitigation technologies have gained growing attention. Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle (IRCC) is one of the processes for reducing CO2 emissions from natural gas (NG) power plants, which could help attenuate the rise in atmospheric temperature. The reforming process, an important part of an IRCC, is a chemical process for fuel conversion and the process model involves chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetics. A first principles model of this process in an optimization framework will be very complex and may involve solving of hundreds (or thousands) of nonlinear equations and therefore is computationally expensive. A so-called surrogate model (or metamodel) is a multivariable general purpose mapping that can be used in an optimization framework to reduce the model complexity and thus reduce computational load in the optimization to something that is manageable. There are many different methods for developing surrogate models varying from "simple" polynomial models to complicated models such a Kriging etc. Objectives for the thesis work were development of Kriging and Polynomial surrogate models for two configurations of IRCC process: air blown and oxygen blown ATR. The figure below gives a brief overview of possible alternatives in the design of an IRCC with CO2 capture. A total of 30 cases were considered for metamodel building with different sample sizes and different number of inputs to metamodels. The built metamodels were compared based on their accuracy in predicting the outputs. Kriging models yield results that are equal or slightly better than Polynomial models in accuracy. One Polynomial and Kriging model were tested in an existing optimization framework to identify a model with best computational cost-accuracy trade-off. The Polynomial model demonstrated faster performance than the Kriging model. Polynomial models with a predictive accuracy close to Kriging models but with an advantage of less computational time will most likely be used for optimization of IRCC plants. The contribution that this thesis has made is better understanding of the process and metamodel building.


This paper presents a general equivalent approach to solve the stiffness modeling, or load-deformation problem of parallel mechanisms. Based on the principal axes decomposition of structure compliance matrices, an equivalent 6-DOF serial mechanism is established to approximate the load-deformation behavior of each flexible link in the mechanism. Hence, each limb of the parallel mech-anism can be equivalent to a serial redundant rigid body mechanism with passive elastic joints, and the load-deformation problem can be transformed to the equilibrium configuration calculation of the equivalent mechanism. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the robotic kinematics and statics, rather than the elastic mechanics, can be directly adopted to solve the equilibrium configura-tion of the parallel mechanism under external load. Besides, a closed form solution of the corre-sponding deformation can be obtained, which can be solved by the gradient-based searching algo-rithm. Therefore, the final deformation will no longer be linear to the external load, which makes this method more accurate and more suitable for the deformation prediction and compensation in real industrial working conditions. In order to verify the effectiveness and correctness of this method, a 3PRRU parallel manipulator will be introduced as an example, to compare the load-deformation results with the FEA simulation and matrix calculation methods, so the nonlinearity feature can be shown in an intuitive manner.


As software becomes increasingly complex and difficult to analyze, it is more and more common for developers to use high-level, type-safe, object-oriented (OO) programming languages and to architect systems that comprise multiple components. Different components are often implemented in different programming languages. In state-of-the-art multicomponent, multi-language systems, cross-component communication relies on remote procedure calls (RPC) and message passing. As components are increasingly co-located on the same physical machine to ensure high utilization of multi-core systems, there is a growing potential for using shared memory for cross-language cross-runtime communication. We present the design and implementation of Co-Located Runtime Sharing (CoLoRS), a system that enables cross-language, cross-runtime type-safe, transparent shared memory. CoLoRS provides object sharing for co-located OO runtimes for both static and dynamic languages. CoLoRS defines a language-neutral object/classmodel,which is a static-dynamic hybrid and enables class evolution while maintaining the space/time efficiency of a static model. CoLoRS uses type mapping and class versioning to transparently map shared types to private types. CoLoRS also contributes a synchronization mechanism and a parallel, concurrent, on-the-fly GC algorithm, both designed to facilitate cross-language cross-runtime object sharing. We implement CoLoRS in open-source, production-quality runtimes for Python and Java. Our empirical evaluation shows that CoLoRS extensions impose low overhead. We also investigate RPC over CoLoRS and find that using shared memory to implement co-located RPC significantly improves both communication throughput and latency by avoiding data structure serialization.


In our series of twenty-six patients treated with the special concentrated antistreptococcus serum of the laboratory of the New York State Department of Health there were five patients with generalized or metastatic infection without a clinically recognizable entry portal. These patients were brought under observation in the hospital after invasion of the blood stream had taken place. It is uncertain whether the site of the initial invasion could or could not have been recognized at an earlier time by a competent observer. All five of these patients were children, aged 2 weeks, 27 months, 31 months, 43 months and 5 years, respectively. REPORT OF CASES Case 1 (chart 1). —A. M., a boy, born on April 5, 1933, breast fed, had a high fever fourteen days after birth accompanied by swelling of the left thigh. On admission to the hospital five days later, on April 24, there was a marked


The present study was concerned with how the discourses used in cognitive behaviour therapy' (CBT), theory and practice construct the identity categories of gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). This study also focused on whether CBT practitioners view CBT as a psychothefapy that is designed and aimed more toward obtaining individual client change and adaptation to distress than focusing on social causation of client distress and social change awareness. The research aims were executed using both Potter and Wetherell's (1987) approach to discourse analysis and a feminist poststructuralist framework. Ten clinical psychologists, participated. They were interviewed about the identity categories of gender, ethnicity and SES in relation to CBT theory and practice. An open ended unstructured approach to interviewing was undertaken. Transcripts from the interviews were analyzed. Analysis resulted in the identification of three main discourses: the assessment discourse, the individual practitioner discourse and the empowerment advocacy discourse. Overall analysis-of the discourses revealed how they_ acted to construct CBT as a beneficial psychotherapy to use with clients from ethnic minority groups, low socioeconomic groups and for women, despite the overall consensus that CBT is not specifically designed to assess the effect of gender, ethnicity and SES factors. Analysis of transcripts also revealed that participants view CBT as psychotherapy that is designed more towar.d obtaining individual client change, though participants stated that CBT has the potential to design social change initiatives. The key issues arising from the findings are discussed and some general conclusions are presented. Limitations and future directions for research are also discussed. TI


This study conceptually develops and analytically examines the role and function of diasporas as audiences in the securitization process by examining the American Jewish Diaspora in Israel's securitization of Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS). It argues that Israel's use of antisemitism as a metanarrative for the securitization of the BDS movement incorporates diasporic Jews as internal audiences in the securitization process. Audiences, however, are not monolithic. While homeland Jews, including both elites and the public, tend to support Israel's securitization process, American Jews are split; the elite support the process but public opinion is far less sympathetic to Israeli constructions of BDS as a threat. The disparity between audiences' reactions weakens the support for Israel's counter-BDS policies and undermines its securitization process.


This thesis reports on a design-research study on recontextualising biological concepts. The term 'recontextualising' is based in socio-cultural activity theory and was proposed by van Oers in 1998 as a change of perspective on the idea of knowledge-transfer. Within this view concepts are tools to be used in activities or contexts. A possible explanation for disappointing results from previous transfer-research is the idea that concepts are used – and described – differently by participants in different contexts. This means that knowledge cannot be easily transferred from one context to another, but needs to be re-evaluated and adapted for each new use in another context. This process of re-evaluation and adjustment of a concept to fit context-specific needs is termed 'recontextualising'. A learning-and-teaching (LT) strategy was designed for upper general secondary education. The aim of the LT-strategy was to allow students to develop the concept "cellular respiration" in such a way, that they would be able to recontextualise the concept for use in other contexts. The initial (α) design of the LT-strategy was based on design criteria associated with recontextualising biological concepts, and with learning and teaching the concept "cellular respiration". These criteria were based on available literature and two empirical case studies of context-based lesson modules for upper general secondary education. After the explorative research-phase, an LT-strategy was designed in a cyclic design-research process that incorporated two cycles. In each design-research cycle, the LT-strategy was tested in two different classes for upper general secondary education in different schools. Results from enactment of the LT-strategy in the first design-research cycle prompted a redesign of the LT-strategy, which led to the β-version of the LT-strategy. During the β-cycle, learning effects of the LT-strategy for students were assessed using a combination of classroom-observations and audio-recordings, students' written answers from LT-activities, pre- and post-test concept-mapping assignments, and a final 'recontextualising-test'. The recontextualising-test consisted of a number context-based question items set in biological contexts that students had not encountered during the lesson module. An analysis instrument for determining how students used and explicated cellular respiration in their concept-maps and the recontextualising-test was developed. The qualitative analysis of data from enactment of LT-strategy shows that it allows students to develop the concept of cellular respiration in a step-wise way, and compare its use in different contexts. The results from the recontextualising-test show that students' use and explication of cellular respiration differs between contexts, with differing degrees of success. These differences can be partially explained by students' available knowledge of cellular respiration by the end of the lesson module. Other promising explanations can be found by comparing the use of the concept in each context. The findings indicate promising, new routes for explaining differences between students' use of cellular respiration in different contexts. The findings from this study provide a more detailed perspective on the transfer and recontextualising of biological concepts. Additional research is needed for further validation of the proposed explanations.


An AB2 monomer, dimethyl 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)isophthalate was prepared on a scale of 3kg. It was successfully polymerised in the melt and the influence of reaction conditions and catalysts was studied. Structural and physical characterisation of these materials was performed using variety of analytical techniques, including SEC and MALDI-TOF MS. The polymerisations yielded high molecular weight materials with a broad polydispersity. All polymers were cyclised, the proportion of cyclised species increased with time, generally until complete cyclisation was achieved. The polymerisation process conditions were varied and a reaction protocol establishing a degree of reproducibility was achieved. Catalysts were found to promote polycondensation, cyclisation and transesterification reactions. The trends of increase in molecular weights were similar to those observed in uncatalysed reactions. Catalysts based on divalent metals showed a higher activity compared to those based on tri- and tetravalent metals. Qualitatively alcoholysis and cyclisation occurred at about the same rate whether catalysed or uncatalysed and ester-ester interchange was significantly slower under all circumstances. There were only relatively small differences between the effects of the catalysts investigated, apart from Vertec 400AC, which caused very fast reaction and yielded an insoluble product of unidentified structure. A new route to the synthesis of an A(_2)B monomer, methyl 3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoate, was also reported. The monomer was synthesised on a 10g scale and successfully polymerised. The polymer samples were functionalised with acetoxy groups and characterised by SEC and MALDI-TOF MS. Evidences for the presence of polycondensation, cyclisation and ester-ester interchange reactions were observed. Growth in molecular weights and in cyclisation for poly(methyl 3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoate)s was faster than that for poly(dimethyl 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)isophthalate)s prepared under same conditions.


End-user software is executed billions of times daily, but the corresponding execution details ("by-products") are discarded. We hypothesize that, if suitably captured and aggregated, these by-products could substantially speed up the process of testing programs and proving them correct. Ironically, both testing and debugging involve simulating real-world conditions and executions, in essence trying to recreate in the lab some of these (previously available, but discarded) execution details. This position paper proposes a way to recoup the execution information that is lost during everyday software use, aggregate it, and automatically turn it into bug fixes and proofs. The goal is to enable software to improve itself by "learning" from past failures and successes, leveraging the information-rich execution by-products that today are being wasted. We view every execution of a program as a test run and aggregate executions across the lifetime of a program into one gigantic test suite — i.e., we remove the distinction between software use and software testing and verification — with the purpose of substantially reducing software bug density.


Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) has been successfully employed as the encoding technique in a number of small U. S. Earth satellites where reduction of power and weight are prime considerations. This paper is concerned with the introduction of some of the more basic principles of PFM. Rather than presenting a rigorous proof on the orthogonality of this type of modulation, a comparison is made to the better-known characteristics of coded binary sequences. It is shown that PFM with quantized frequencies has the same communication efficiency in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise as a corresponding set of coded binary sequences with an equal number of quantized levels


PURPOSE: The open-source Perk Tutor training platform has been shown to improve trainee performance in interventions that require ultrasound guidance. Our goal was to determine if needle coordination of medical trainees can be improved by training with Perk Tutor compared to training with ultrasound only. METHODS: Twenty participants with no previous experience were randomized into two groups; the Perk Tutor group and the Control group. The Perk Tutor group had access to the 3D visualization while the Control group used ultrasound only during their training. Performance was analyzed, measured and compared by Perk Tutor with regards to four needle coordination metrics. None of the groups had access to 3D visualization during performance testing. RESULTS: The needle tracking measurements showed, for the Perk Tutor group, lower average distance between the needle tip and ultrasound (1.2 [0.9 – 2.8] mm vs 2.7 [2.3 – 4.0] mm, respectively; P = 0.023) and lower maximum distance between the needle tip and ultrasound (2.2 [1.9 – 3.2] mm vs 4.6 [3.9 – 6.2] mm, respectively; P = 0.013). There was no significant difference in average needle to ultrasound plane angle and maximum needle to ultrasound plane distance. All participants were successful in the procedure. CONCLUSION: The Perk Tutor group had significantly reduced distance from the needle tip to the ultrasound plane. Training with Perk Tutor can improve trainees' needle and ultrasound coordination.


Every year, during the month of October, hundreds of Christian churches throughout the United States open the doors of their Hell House to surrounding communities. Hell Houses are Christian haunted houses designed to literally scare the Hell out of visitors so they will accept Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior. In the place of vampires or zombies, Hell Houses portray the sins Satan is mostly likely to tempt teenagers to commit. Scenes include young girls receiving abortions, young men believing lies that they were born gay, and careless individuals drinking and driving. As para-theatrical performances, Hell Houses lead guests from one vignette to the next until they reach Heaven and Hell to show the eternal consequences of one's behavior. A Hell House is a medium of proselytization. Believers within the larger USAmerican Evangelical Christian community organize these events to facilitate the conversion of others. In this thesis, I explore how the use of Hell Houses and other mediums of proselytization are justified within religious-based communities through the implementation of what I refer to as a discourse of neutrality. According to religious-based communities because mediums of proselytization simply convey spiritual truth and reality to those outside of the community, they depict "how things really are."  However, I argue that the use of each medium both reflects a perception of reality and contributes to the creation of that reality. Describing and discussing the mediums as "neutral"  to the processes of creating reality and meaning generates an authoritative power to legitimately define the politics and boundaries of the religious community's identity. Furthermore, it masks the role each medium plays in the creation of reality as well as the tensions within the community to authoritatively define the "Evangelical Christian"  identity. In this thesis, I explore Hell Houses as mediums of proselytization where Evangelical Christians perform their identity politics. To conduct this analysis, I examine how other mediums of proselytization associated with Hell Houses (i.e., the physical body, conversation-based evangelism, and the Internet) each depend upon their own discourse of neutrality to thrive in the community. Because each medium is seen as neutral, those who champion its usage garner an authoritative legitimacy to define the community's identity and Christianity along the lines of reality as informed by the supposedly neutral medium. Here, I detail the dynamics of the tensions within a significant and complex religious group in contemporary America and how performative practices within the community inform its identity politics. Degree MA College and Department Fine Arts and Communications; Theatre and Media Arts Rights http://lib.byu.edu/about/copyright/ BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Davis, Allan N., "A Hell House Divided: Performing Identity Politics through Christian Mediums of Proselytization" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 2514. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2514 Date Submitted 2011-07-15 Document Type Thesis Handle http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/etd4691


Abstract. The hygroscopic growth of atmospheric particles affects atmospheric chemistry and Earth's climate. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) constitutes a significant fraction of the dry submicron mass of atmospheric aerosols, thus affecting their water uptake properties. Although the WSOC fraction is comprised of many compounds, a set of model substances can be used to describe its behavior. For this study, mixtures of Nordic aquatic fulvic acid reference (NAFA) and Fluka humic acid (HA), with various combinations of inorganic salts (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and other representative organic compounds (levoglucosan and succinic acid), were studied. We measured the equilibrium water vapor pressure over bulk solutions of these mixtures as a function of temperature and solute concentration. New water activity ( a w ) parameterizations and hygroscopic growth curves at 25 °C were calculated from these data for particles of equivalent composition. We examined the effect of temperature on the water activity and found a maximum variation of 9% in the 0–30 °C range, and 2% in the 20–30 °C range. Five two-component mixtures were studied to understand the effect of adding a humic substance (HS), such as NAFA and HA, to an inorganic salt or a saccharide. The deliquescence point at 25 °C for HS-inorganic mixtures did not change significantly from that of the pure inorganic species. However, the hygroscopic growth of HA / inorganic mixtures was lower than that exhibited by the pure salt, in proportion to the added mass of HA. The addition of NAFA to a highly soluble solute (ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride or levoglucosan) in water had the same effect as the addition of HA to the inorganic species for most of the water activity range studied. Yet, the water uptake of these NAFA mixtures transitioned to match the growth of the pure salt or saccharide at high a w values. The remaining four mixtures were based on chemical composition data for different aerosol types. As expected, the two solutions representing organic aerosols (40% HS/40% succinic acid/20% levoglucosan) showed lower water uptake than the two solutions representing biomass burning aerosols (25% HS/27% succinic acid/18% levoglucosan/30% ammonium sulfate). However, interactions in multicomponent solutions may be responsible for the large variation of the relative water uptake of identical mixtures containing different HSs above a water activity of 0.95. The ZSR (Zdanovskii, Stokes, and Robinson) model was able to predict reasonably well the hygroscopic growth of all the mixtures below a w = 0.95, but produced large deviations for some multicomponent mixtures at higher values.


We investigate the efficiency of transmission through photonic crystal Y junctions and show the importance of matching mode symmetries. Furthermore, we show that by adding tuning holes to the input waveguide it is possible to achieve almost perfect impedance matching, leading ideally to unitary transmission through the junction. The model system is based on a triangular photonic lattice of holes in dielectrics to reflect experimental reality.


Hario Kecik's diary is without peer in Indonesian literature as a portrait of talented and brave young revolutionaries during the first days of the Republic which followed a brutal Japanese occupation and finally led to the November 1945 Battle for Surabaya, the longest, bloodiest and most decisive warfare in the Republic's history.

More than one hundred thousand young men and women - the majority under twenty years of age - took up weapons against the modern British-Indian Army and arriving Dutch forces intending to re-establish Dutch colonial rule in the Indies.

For Indonesian readers, no period of Indonesian history will better repay study than the events in Surabaya in the last months of 1945, when the August 17 Proclamation of Independence seemed had become almost a dead letter as the British and Japanese forces to combined to put down Merdeka! movements in Bandung, Bogor, Cirebon and Semarang. Young readers, especially, will take courage and marvel at the bravery of school-aged boys taking up arms, while Indonesian readers in general will finally understand that while August 17 was the date of the Proclamation, independence was by no means guaranteed as city after city fell post-war to the British.

Surabaya and Hario's Kecik's generation changed all that.


In this book, Phillip Cary argues that Augustine invented the concept of the self as a private inner space-a space into which one can enter and in which one can find God. Although it has often been suggested that Augustine in some way inaugurated the Western tradition of inwardness, this is the first study to pinpoint what was new about Augustine's philosophy of inwardness and situate it within a narrative of his intellectual development and his relationship to the Platonist tradition. Augustine invents the inner self, Cary argues, in order to solve a particular conceptual problem. Augustine is attracted to the Neoplatonist inward turn, which located God within the soul, yet remains loyal to the orthodox Catholic teaching that the soul is not divine. He combines the two emphases by urging us to turn "in then up"-to enter the inner world of the self before gazing at the divine Light above the human mind. Cary situates Augustine's idea of the self historically in both the Platonist and the Christian traditions. The concept of private inner self, he shows, is a development within the history of the Platonist concept of intelligibility or intellectual vision, which establishes a kind of kinship between the human intellect and the divine things it sees. Though not the only Platonist in the Christian tradition, Augustine stands out for his devotion to this concept of intelligibility and his willingness to apply it even to God. This leads him to downplay the doctrine that God is incomprehensible, as he is convinced that it is natural for the mind's eye, when cleansed of sin, to see and understand God. In describing Augustine's invention of the inner self, Cary's fascinating book sheds new light on Augustine's life and thought, and shows how Augustine's position developed into the more orthodox Augustine we know from his later writings.


Summary

The spatial and temporal dynamics of landscape structure yield ecological constraints that may limit or promote the recovery of functioning habitat within human-modified ecosystems. In planning restoration and conservation measures to optimize outcomes for biodiversity, such constraints should be evaluated at multiple scales.
This study presents a multi-scale methodology based on the concept of triage that incorporates landscape and regional spatial context and temporal dynamics to prioritize restoration and conservation.
In applying the framework to a large Brazilian Atlantic forest study site that underwent substantial forest cover changes between 1990 and 2002, our results demonstrate the utility of this framework for navigating between different trade-offs inherent to biodiversity conservation.
Landscapes are ranked in accordance with indicators that evaluate the relative urgency of intervention, feasibility of recovery and importance for broader-scale biotic flows.
Synthesis and applications. Efforts to enhance biodiversity through restoration and/or conservation may be hampered when decisions are based exclusively on contemporary landscape structure, and not made through a historical perspective. In making such trade-offs explicit, this framework can aid practitioners in defining the most appropriate set of restoration or conservation strategies given the ecological constraints, biodiversity goals and available budget.


Abstract Two new insect-related ichnogenera are reported in fossil dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous continental strata in Madagascar and Utah. Cubiculum ornatus n. igen. and isp. is described from numerous fossil bones in the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar, and consists of hollow, ovoid chambers with concave flanks excavated into both spongy and compact bone. Traces similar in morphology to Cubiculum ornatus have been reported elsewhere in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa in bones ranging in age from Jurassic to Pleistocene, and have been interpreted as pupal chambers constructed by carrion beetle larvae. Osteocallis mandibulus n. igen. and isp. is described in dinosaur bones from continental deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar and the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. O. mandibulus consists of shallow, meandering surface trails, composed of numerous arcuate grooves, bored into compact (cortical) bone surfaces, and is tentatively interpreted as a feeding trace. Based on similar patterns of bioglyph preserved in both Cubiculum ornatus and Osteocallis mandibulus, the tracemaker is interpreted to be the same or similar for both borings. Given the recurrent association with animal remains, the tracemaker is furthermore presumed to be a necrophagous or osteophagous insect that used bone as a substrate for both reproduction (C. ornatus) and feeding (O. mandibulus).


Abstract While past research in answer-set programming (ASP) mainly focused on theory, ASP solver technology, and applications, the present work situates itself in the context of a quite recent research trend: development support for ASP. In particular, we propose to augment answer-set programs with additional meta-information formulated in a dedicated annotation language, called Lana. This language allows the grouping of rules into coherent blocks and to specify language signatures, types, pre- and postconditions, as well as unit tests for such blocks. While these annotations are invisible to an ASP solver, as they take the form of program comments, they can be interpreted by tools for documentation, testing, and verification purposes, as well as to eliminate sources of common programming errors by realising syntax checking or code completion features. To demonstrate its versatility, we introduce two such tools, viz. (i) ASPDoc, for generating an HTML documentation for a program based on the annotated information, and (ii) ASPUnit, for running and monitoring unit tests on program blocks. Lana is also exploited in the SeaLion system, an integrated development environment for ASP based on Eclipse.


Background GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) was recently proposed to function as a tumor suppressor gene in some types of human cancer. This study aims to investigate GATA3 expression and its prognostic significance in primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Methodology/Principal Findings Using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining methods, GATA3 expression was analyzed in tissue samples from a consecutive series of 402 gastric adenocarcinoma patients who underwent resections between 2003 and 2006. The relationship between GATA3 expression, clinicopathological factors, and patient survival was investigated. The expression status of GATA3 was shown to be clearly reduced in the tumor tissue samples compared with that in the matched adjacent non-tumor tissue samples by RT-qPCR (P = 0.0014). Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that GATA3 expression was significantly decreased in 225 of the 402 (56%) gastric adenocarcinoma cases. Reduced GATA3 expression was also observed in patients with large tumors (P = 0.017), signet ring cell carcinoma or mucinous carcinoma (P = 0.005) and tumors with lymphatic or venous invasion (P = 0.040). Additionally, reduced expression of GATA3 was more commonly observed in tumors that were staged as T4a/b (P<0.001), N3 (P<0.001), or M1 (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that reduced expression of GATA3 was associated with poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis identified GATA3 expression as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 5.375, 95% CI = 3.647–7.921, P<0.001). To investigate the predictive ability of the models with and without containing GATA3 gene expression, Harrell's c-index was calculated as a measure of predictive accuracy of survival outcome. The c-index values revealed that model containing GATA3 expression (c-index = 0.897) had superior discrimination ability to the model without containg it (c-index = 0.811). Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that GATA3 plays an important role in tumor progression and that reduced GATA3 expression independently predicts an unfavorable prognosis in primary gastric adenocarcinoma patients.


Companies need to constantly innovate and improve in order to remain profitable and keep up with competition. But innovation can be costly and knowledge and new ideas hard to find. Therefore companies outsource innovation and do so increasingly even though it is difficult to successfully decide when and how. When should companies try to come up with new ideas themselves, and when should they give the job to outside experts? Does outsourcing of innovation work in established markets, new markets, for incremental or disruptive innovations, for product or process types of innovations? Research involving small companies and outsourcing of innovation has not been widely addressed in the literature, this thesis intend to give a better understanding of this area. After conducting a literature review we went looking for specific answers to the questions what effect does the business newness and size of a company have on the success of outsourcing and is there a difference in the outcome of outsourcing of innovation regarding the areas product, process, market and organization. A survey among decision makers and decision influencers showed: 1. Outsourcing of product and market innovation in new business compared to established business was considered equally successful. 2. Outsourcing of process and organisation innovation in new business was considered significantly less successful compared to established business. 3. The perceived benefit from outsourcing product innovation is higher than perceived benefit from outsourcing of processes, markets or organizations innovation. 4. Market leaders (including those who were runner up) believes that outsourcing of organization innovation in established business is more successful compared to none market leaders same goes for outsourcing of process innovation. This thesis tries to explain these and other findings concerning outsourcing of innovation.


INTRODUCTION
Hyperemesis gravidarum affects 0.3%-3% of pregnant women each year and is the leading cause of hospitalization in early pregnancy. Previous systematic reviews of available treatments have found a lack of consistent evidence, and few studies of high quality. Since 2016, no systematic review has been conducted and an up-to date review is requested. In a recent James Lind Alliance collaboration, it was clear that research on effective treatments is a high priority for both patients and clinicians.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Searches without time limits were performed in the AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases until June 26, 2023. Studies published before October 1, 2014 were identified from the review by O'Donnell et al., 2016. Selection criteria were randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies of interventions comparing treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with another treatment or placebo. Outcome variables included were: degree of nausea; vomiting; inability to tolerate oral fluids or food; hospital treatment; health-related quality of life, small-for-gestational-age infant; and preterm birth. Abstracts and full texts were screened, and risk of bias of the studies was assessed independently by two authors. Synthesis without meta-analysis was performed, and certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. PROSPERO (CRD42022303150).

RESULTS
Twenty treatments were included in 25 studies with low or moderate risk of bias. The certainty of evidence was very low for all treatments except for acupressure in addition to standard care, which showed a possible moderate decrease in nausea and vomiting, with low certainty of evidence.

CONCLUSIONS
Several scientific knowledge gaps were identified. Studies on treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum are few, and the certainty of evidence for different treatments is either low or very low. To establish more robust evidence, it is essential to use validated scoring systems, the recently established diagnostic criteria, clear descriptions and measurements of core outcomes and to perform larger studies.


U bulk diffusion in Nb was measured by mean α-spectrometry in the temperature range 1533 to 1673 K (1260 to 1400°C). Measurements obey the Arrhenius law with diffusion parameters Q = 423 ± 10 KJ/mol and D0 = (2.5 ± 1)×10−4 m2/s very close to the Nb self-diffusion ones found in the literature. This behaviour is compatible with the hypothesis that U diffuses in the Nb lattice via a vacancy mechanism, at the same time it is in disagreement with previous measurements of U diffusion performed at higher temperatures, where the activation energy is significant lower.


This paper reviews the main current social cognitive explanations of the effects of acute alcohol consumption on aggression: the cognitive disruption model, the attributional model, and model of automaticity. The cognitive disruption model posits that intoxication affects controlled processing arising from the impairment of executive cognitive functions by alcohol's pharmacological properties. The individual consequently focuses on the most salient and proximal situational factors, thereby spoiling self-regulatory processes. According to the attributional model, drinkers expect alcohol to mitigate social sanctions following aggression by shifting blame to alcohol. These explicit expectations represent an extrapharmacological cause of the alcohol–aggression link. Finally, the model of automaticity implies that alcohol meanings stored in long-term memory and activated in drinking contexts automatically trigger aggressive thoughts and behavior without the individual's awareness. The explanation of intoxicated aggression should integrate these co-etiological social cognitive models that take into account pharmacological as well as extrapharmacological consequences of alcohol consumption.


The present study was designed to investigate the role of the academic institution on the self-identification of Division I student-athletes. While acknowledging the importance of various forms of socialization for the development of the self, this study focuses on the importance of the academic institution as an external force on the studentathlete experience. A voluntary online survey, powered by Qualtrics, was administered to all 410 student-athletes at the University of Maine. A basic analysis of the survey results revealed that particular conduits of the academic institution may play an important role in the balance between "student" and "athlete," including professors' and coaches' academic expectations, school-sanctioned organizations and peer interaction, and Honors College enrollment. Also, future plans to attend graduate school were highly correlated with student-athlete self-identification. The use of this information has the potential to enhance the balance between the dual roles of "student" and "athlete" so as to best achieve the athletic and academic goals of the Athletic Department.


Preliminary studies of a concept consisting of a monolithic concrete SPAR platform were presented in 2014. The studies were performed in the framework of the AFOSP KIC-InnoEnergy project (Alternative Floating Platform Designs for Offshore Wind Towers using Low Cost Materials) showing significant costs reduction. The experimental phase of the project was developed during 2014.
The experiments comprised a set of hydrodynamic tests performed in the CIEM wave flume facility at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), with a 1:100 scale model assuming Froude similitude. The complete experimental campaign included free decay tests, a set of 22 regular wave trains of different periods to determine the RAO's and another set of 21 regular and irregular wave trains in conjunction with a mechanical wind device, simulating the mean thrust force exerted by the wind turbine.
To adjust the weight of the whole system, a set of adjustable weights inside de scale model were designed assuring such properties, particularly the
pitch/roll inertia. The scaled model of the mooring system was carefully studied because the constraints in width of the flume facility. A mechanical wind device
was also specifically designed to ensure an averaged force at the top of the model, simulating the effect of the mean rotor thrust force.
A detailed description of the methodology for the experimental campaign and a summary of the experimental results are presented.


Kenya has great potential for enhancing education for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The fact that it has recognized the need to care for learners with special needs is commendable. In comparison to many African countries, Kenya and Nigeria are ahead in developing programs for special education in institutions of higher learning, and in starting schools and units for special education. However, a legal mandate is still required as it would seal many loopholes that currently exist. Without it, the assessment of individual with intellectual disabilities cannot be administered correctly and professionally. In this article, the authors present a coherent account on various aspects related to learners with intellectual disabilities in Kenya. No doubt, the issues and challenges identified call for attention by not only the government of Kenya but also those interested in improving the status of learners with intellectual disabilities.


Abstract A common denominator in the criticism of modern African literature would appear to be the recognition of the essentially historical orientation of the literature itself. This is in the sense that the vast majority of significant African writers are, in various ways and to varying degrees, preoccupied with a creative interrogation of the African experience, especially since the contact with the West. But critical discourse of African literature, if it is to acquire the identity of a rigorous discipline, must begin to address itself to the rather crucial relationship between the socio-historical determinants of the literature in question and the inner formal categories generated by those determinants. In other words, it is no longer sufficient to perceive and comment on Ngugi's commitment to a socialist reconstruction of modern Kenya in Petals of Blood or Achebe's concern with the morality of neo-colonial African politics in A Man of the People or even Armah's disturbingly stark depiction of contemporary Ghanaian reality in The Beautyful Ones. Germane as such observations may be, the revelations which they contain are becoming increasingly obvious as the world gets to know more about Africa. Consequently, critical discourse of modern African literature must delve deeper into the ontological configurations of the very literary works in order to decipher the truth value of the texts as systems of aesthetic signification of meanings that ultimately derive from history. This need becomes even more compelling in the realm of the African novel, for the novel in particular is generically amenable to historical conditioning.


Objective: to describe the experience of sexuality and other everyday life aspects for people with intestinal ostomy. Methods: qualitative, descriptive study with ten participants of the Specialized Reference Unit who gave interviews with inductive content analysis. Results: the established themes were Physical, emotional and socio-cultural changes, Changes in the exercise of sexuality of people with intestinal ostomy and Importance of the interdisciplinary support of the new sexuality. These changes are linked to body image, the self-esteem and interpersonal relationships with the partner, family and friends, going beyond the visible with the emergence of fear, rejection, difficulty with new relationships, body shame, embarrassment by the collector equipment, fear of the sexual act causes damage to the stoma and difficult to talk about the condition. Conclusion: the ostomy condition requires adaptation process, requiring trained interdisciplinary team in physiological and psychosocial problems resulting from surgical and therapeutic adjuvant treatment, which hinder the sexuality of these individuals.


As an academic discipline, Linguistics – the scientific study of language – is associated with a range of concepts. Students of Linguistics are traditionally introduced to these concepts in their first year of study, and everything that follows builds on knowledge of these concepts. But language, as Blommaert (2011) notes, is the most visible sign of social change. Currently, much critical thinking is said to be philosophical outflows of a late or post-modern era, characterized by an intensification of three characteristics that have been part of human history for some time: globalization, migration and the dominant position of English, accompanied by the growth of new hybrid languages in urban spaces. In terms of the ongoing vitality of other languages and the influence of a number of dominant language ideologies (Weber and Horner 2012), these three characteristics have sparked discourses of endangerment, revitalization, commodification and carnivalisation (Duchêne en Heller, 2007; Heller, 2010). At the same time, there has been a steady evolution in our understanding of many linguistic concepts, particularly those emanating from particular language ideologies and hierarchical political powers. This paper addresses this issue and its implications for the study and treatment of the colloquial variety of Afrikaans known as Kaaps.


Many critical applications today, in electronics, optics and aerospace fields, among others, demand advanced thermal management solutions for the acquisition of high heat loads they generate in order to operate reliably and efficiently. Current competing technologies for this challenging task include several single and two-phase cooling options. When these cooling schemes are compared based on the high heat flux removal (100-1000 W/cm2) and isothermal operation (within several oC across the cooled device) aspects, as well as system mass, volume and power consumption, spray cooling appears to be the best choice. The current study focused on high heat flux spray cooling with ammonia on enhanced surfaces. Compared to some other commonly used coolants, ammonia possesses important advantages such as low saturation temperature, and high heat absorbing capability. Moreover, enhanced surfaces offer potential to greatly improve heat transfer performance. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of surface enhancement on spray cooling performance, and contribute to the current understanding of spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms. These objectives were pursued through a two stage experimental study. While the first stage investigated enhanced surfaces for the highest heat transfer coefficient at heat fluxes of up to 500 W/cm2, the second stage investigated the optimized enhanced surfaces for critical heat flux (CHF). Surface modification techniques were utilized to obtain micro scale indentations and protrusions, macro (mm) scale pyramids, triangular grooves, straight fins and pin fins. A third group, multi-scale structured surfaces, combined macro and micro scale structures. Experimental results indicated that micro and macro structured surfaces can provide heat transfer coefficients of up to 534,000 and 426,000 W/m2oC at 500 W/cm2, respectively. Multi-scale structured surfaces offered even a better performance, with heat transfer coefficients of up to 772,000 W/m2oC at 500 W/cm2, corresponding to a 161% increase over the reference smooth surface. In CHF tests, the optimized multi-scale structured surface helped increase maximum heat flux limit by 18%, to 910 W/cm2 at nominal liquid flow rate. During the additional CHF testing at higher flow rates, most heaters experienced failures before reaching CHF at heat fluxes above 950 W/cm2. However, the effect of flow rate was still characterized, suggesting that enhanced surfaces can achieve CHF values of up to ≈1,100 W/cm2 with ≈67% spray cooling efficiency. The results also helped shed some light on the current understanding of the spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms. Data clearly proved that in addition to fairly well established mechanisms of forced convection in the single phase regime, and free surface evaporation and boiling through secondary nucleation in the two phase regime, enhanced surfaces can substantially improve boiling through surface nucleation, which can also be supported by the concept of three phase contact lines, the regions where solid, liquid and vapor phases meet. Furthermore, enhanced surfaces are capable of retaining more liquid compared to a smooth surface, and efficiently spread the liquid film via capillary force within the structures. This unique advantage delays the occurrence of dry patches at high heat fluxes, and leads to higher CHF.


By Indonesian doings limited company system, since WVK concordation used in Hindia - BeJanda on Mei 1st 1848, further the Independent Proclamation RepUblic of Indonesia based on 1945 constitution temporary provision of chafter's
. WVK has been translated to be a code of law merchant used to all Republic of Indonesia jurisdiction. On the law, lst 1995 is limited company established before, limited company system in the code of law merchant has a few change's only. On chafter 54 st it's about speech of right from share conducted on Mei, 29 st 1971 with used the law, 4 st 1971 further sheet of state' 20 st 1971. In the code of law merchant, limited company has 20 chafter's only, begin from 36 to 56 chafter's, even though in the limited company law's has 129 chafter's. It's a greatest development more than code of law merchant.
In 1995 of limited company law's there many system of change's and also about new things from limited company there's no in the code of law mechant before, because it has not lit with the economic development and world trade in the National or International
In the process making of company, there're many right ways by legality to do persOns, the first, making of act, further legalization by Minister of Justice then proclamation and list of act.
Now, the legalization of act by Minister of Justice can do it dirrectly by Internet. It's called SISMINBAKUM (legal form administration system). It's begin on July' 200!, its a greatest development in the process making of a company because sisminbakum do it on time not last it even happened on the manual system, so its very loss to every one to do a company.


The third-party e-commerce platform is now widely adopted by small and medium sized retailers. For the retailer, commission fee and service level provided by the platform are two key factors influencing the pricing strategy and sales profit. However, these two factors are rarely considered in previous operations models. Taking both factors into consideration, we formulate the decision-making problem of third-party e-commerce as a Stackelberg game where the platform is the leader and the retailer is the follower. Given the platform's commission fee, we derive optimal sales price for the retailer and optimal service level for the platform. Our result shows that the platform's service level must be high enough to guarantee a positive profit and the effect of commission fee is dependent. Precisely, when the commission fee is small (or large) enough, the retailer and the platform can reach a consensus to increase (or to decrease) it. When it is moderate, they will bargain with each other, i.e., the retailer wants to decrease commission fee but the platform wants to increase it. Based on these observations, retailers are able to choose sales channel with more profit by comparing online store and offline shop.


Summary To support the interpretation of measured molecular facts, like gene expression experiments or EST sequencing, the functional or the system biological context has to be considered. Doing so, the relationship to existing biological knowledge has to be discovered. In general, biological knowledge is worldwide represented in a network of databases. In this paper we present a method for knowledge extraction in life science databases, which prevents the scientists from screen scraping and web clicking approaches. We developed a method for extraction of knowledge networks from distributed, heterogeneous life science databases. To meet the requirement of the very large data volume, the method used is based on the concept of data linkage graphs (DLG).We present an efficient software which enables the joining of millions of data points over hundreds of databases. In order to motivate possible applications, we computed networks of protein knowledge, which interconnect metabolic, disease, enzyme and gene function data. The computed networks enabled a holistic relationship among measured experimental facts and the combined biological knowledge. This was successfully applied for a high throughput functional classification of barley EST and gene expression experiments with the perspective of an automated pipeline for the provisioning of controlled annotation of plant gene arrays and chips. Availability: The data linkage graphs (XML or TGF format), the schema integrated database schema (GML or GRAPH-ML) and the graph computation software may be downloaded from the following URL: http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/dlg/


Ecotoxicological studies have indicated the reprotoxicity of uranium (U) in zebrafish, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the non-covalent nature of U-protein complexes, canonical proteomics approaches are often not relevant as they usually use denaturating reagents or solvents. In this study, non-denaturating (ND) methods were used to obtain insight into the nature of U potential targets in ovaries of reproduced and non-reproduced zebrafish after 20 days of exposure to an environmentally relevant U concentration (20 μg L-1). After the ND sample preparation, 1-dimensional (SEC) and 2-dimensional (OGE × SEC) separations followed by ICP-sector-field MS measurements (U, P, Fe, Cu, and Zn) enabled the determination of chemical characteristics (MW, pI) of the metal-protein complexes. Phosphorus and U coelution confirmed the affinity of U for P-containing proteins. In addition, 2D separation allowed the discrimination of Fe-metalloproteins as potential U targets. Finally, 20 protein candidates for U complexation were identified after tryptic digestion conditions by LC-ESI FT MS and a database search. Potential U targets were mainly involved in three biological processes: oxidative stress regulation (SOD, GST), cytoskeleton structure (actin) and embryo early development (vtg, initiation factor).


Emerging 3D virtual worlds such as Second Life can offer students with opportunities to enhance learning using rich collaborative asynchronous media. Virtual worlds are believed to impact the future of higher education and therefore, universities across the world are immersing themselves inside virtual worlds to establish a unique learning and research environments. This research examines the viability of Second Life as an educational platform from the perspective of a group of students in an Islamic society context. The students were attending one of the universities in the United Arab Emirates. The analysis indicates that students experienced both positive and negative aspects of Second Life. The results do encourage further experimentation in this positive novel way for learning.


The peak concentration and rate of clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft are important determinants of synaptic function, yet the neurotransmitter concentration time course is unknown at synapses in the brain. The time course of free glutamate in the cleft was estimated by kinetic analysis of the displacement of a rapidly dissociating competitive antagonist from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors during synaptic transmission. Glutamate peaked at 1.1 millimolar and decayed with a time constant of 1.2 milliseconds at cultured hippocampal synapses. This time course implies that transmitter saturates postsynaptic NMDA receptors. However, glutamate dissociates much more rapidly from alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Thus, the time course of free glutamate predicts that dissociation contributes to the decay of the AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic current.


Visual neurons respond to static images with specific dynamics: neuronal responses sum sub-additively over time, reduce in amplitude with repeated or sustained stimuli (neuronal adaptation), and are slower at low stimulus contrast. Here, we propose a simple model that predicts these seemingly disparate response patterns observed in a diverse set of measurements–intracranial electrodes in patients, fMRI, and macaque single unit spiking. The model takes a time-varying contrast time course of a stimulus as input, and produces predicted neuronal dynamics as output. Model computation consists of linear filtering, expansive exponentiation, and a divisive gain control. The gain control signal relates to but is slower than the linear signal, and this delay is critical in giving rise to predictions matched to the observed dynamics. Our model is simpler than previously proposed related models, and fitting the model to intracranial EEG data uncovers two regularities across human visual field maps: estimated linear filters (temporal receptive fields) systematically differ across and within visual field maps, and later areas exhibit more rapid and substantial gain control. The model is further generalizable to account for dynamics of contrast-dependent spike rates in macaque V1, and amplitudes of fMRI BOLD in human V1.


The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of lyrical and non-lyrical music on reading comprehension in college students, especially when tempo was taken into consideration. There were several major research questions approached. First, the current study examined a main effect of lyrics, assessing whether lyrical music hinders reading comprehension scores compared to non-lyrical music. Second, it was predicted that there would be a main effect of tempo, such that music with a fast tempo would also hinder reading comprehension scores compared to slow tempo music. Finally, it was predicted that there would be an interaction of lyrics, and tempo with passage difficulty, such that music with lyrics and a fast tempo would hinder reading comprehension the most in the presence of a difficult passage. An experiment was conducted involving 80 college students who completed a reading comprehension task, in conditions involving lyrics with slow tempo, lyrics with a fast tempo, no lyrics with a slow tempo, and no lyrics with a fast tempo, while reading passages at easy and difficult levels. The measured variables included reading comprehension and speed. Results showed that lyrical music was more detrimental to reading comprehension than non-lyrical music, and that harder passage difficulty was more detrimental than easy passage difficulty, however, music with a fast tempo was not more detrimental than music with a slow tempo. Implications of these findings suggest that language and reading comprehension processes of working memory are affected by the language component of lyrical music. These results could aid in launching more research into the study habits of young adults at the collegiate level, and help to create a more successful, healthy learning environment.


The average flow model proposed by Patir and Cheng offers a great convenience for the mixed-lubrication analysis of rough surfaces. The pressure flow factor introduced by Patir and Cheng helps to analyze the influence of roughness on the average pressure and average flow of a lubricant between surfaces. This paper reports how to reasonably choose initial pressure in computing the pressure flow factor. The numerical results show that the pressure distribution and further pressure flow factor value are sensitive to an initial pressure in solving the pressure flow factor, and the initial pressure of a constant value is not suitable for the pressure flow factor calculation for a measured surface with many sample points. Meanwhile, the pressure flow code is demonstrated by the comparison of the pressure obtained numerically with the analytical solution of pressure.