James Q. Whitman, in his deeply comparative new article, describes the American criminal justice system, in contrast with continental and inquisitorial systems, as more focused on the danger of innocent persons being arrested and convicted. In this Response, I respond by questioning the comparison on both sides of the equation, not to disagree with its utility or its contours, but because I admire the project and seek to elaborate here on Whitman's deep concern with unpacking the status of the presumption of innocence and that of mercy. I describe how the American presumption of innocence is more of an ideal than real. Nor does the supposed and oft proclaimed focus in constitutional criminal procedure on the question of guilt or innocence translate into rights protective as against wrongful convictions. However, there is today the potential for a new kind of convergence, as systems on both sides of the Atlantic are responding to wrongful convictions with a rethinking of traditional procedural rules, including rules of finality that long resisted reopening convictions in a broad range of civil and common law systems. Continental systems are increasingly receptive to claims of new evidence of innocence, in part because of lessons drawn from research on wrongful convictions in the United States. And in a reverse irony, inquisitorial tools are influencing efforts to make criminal adjudication in the United States more reliable. As a result, in the years ahead, there is much that all systems can do to make the presumption of innocence far more than the vestigial "inaccurate, shorthand description" of a right that it has so often served as in the past, and instead a "corner stone" of criminal justice.


Are graduate students academic citizens?" This is the second question I asked myself after being invited to join the Committee for Professional Concerns panel on academic citizenship at accute. I am still not sure I have an answer. The first question, however, was "What is academic citizenship?" So my research began, right after I accepted the invitation. Unfortunately, the concept of "academic citizenship" isn't well-defined. Often, it's used as a synonym for service, and if it's only that, then its importance to me, as a graduate student, is as another aspect of professionalization. But this seems like a fairly limited interpretation. The idea of "citizenship" implies much more, invoking ideas of the university as communal and democratic rather than bureaucratic or corporate. So I read further about service communities, academic activism, and the importance of disciplinary socialization. However, all this did was deepen my concern that academic citizenship might not apply to me and that I might have little to contribute to the panel. And then, frankly, I got a little anxious. I'd never been to ACCUTE and already had another paper to write. Like most students, I had a list of various commitments and deadlines to meet, academic and otherwise (and topping this list were two approaching summer classes, as well as the need to find further employment in order to pay for rent, food, and school, where I still had a dissertation to write). Really, I wanted to care about academic citizenship, but it struck me as a concern that may place me, despite my best efforts, at a remove. And that's troubling. So I asked other graduate students for their thoughts on academic citizenship. Like me, none of them had a clear idea of what it meant. When I offered my limited understanding, most agreed that it was an important issue. Some even said that they'd get back to me with their thoughts. They didn't. If students are reticent to speak on the topic, and if I remain uncertain even after my research, then perhaps it's because there's no satisfactory answer to the primary question: "Is a graduate student an academic citizen?" The only answer I've come up with is "kinda." Basically, a graduate student is a provisional citizen, one whose status isn't guaranteed. The ambivalence around graduate students' status as academic citizens isn't only felt by students but is reflected in the scholarship. For example, in his book The Academic Citizen, Bruce Macfarlane identifies the five communities served by academics as "students, colleagues, their institution, their discipline or profession, and the public" (70). These communities are envisioned as a "service pyramid," with student service forming the base of the pyramid and the public its peak, since "institutional reward and recognition and the ingrained practice of academic life places a higher premium on service contributions to other communities" (72). Macfarlane's study shows that academics hold student service in the least esteem. Moreover, opportunities for service are limited in some of these communities, while graduate students themselves are actually part of the pyramid. The bottom part. Samuel Long also points to the academy's ambivalence toward graduate students, identifying them as "quasi-citizen[s] within the university political system" (221). What's not clear from the literature, then, is the extent to which citizenship applies to graduate students; we seem to exist in a liminal space between citizens and the communities they serve. The deeper considerations about academic citizenship are many: for example, how can we view service not just as professionalization but as a contribution to a community? How do we quantify the difference between a "good" and a "bad" academic citizen? How might we engender a classroom which reflects the concerns of social justice? All important questions, but it's difficult to consider their implications when your continued status as an academic citizen is uncertain, and unless your citizenship is confirmed they remain more or less theoretical. …


Different library departments must work together, both formally and informally, in implementing encoded archival description and in repackaging descriptive information about archival collections to other formats, particularly machine-readable cataloging. The authors, one a technical services librarian and the other a special collections archivist, describe their experiences collaborating in these processes at The Ohio State University. Although other institutions may differ in their organizational structure, the authors hope to provide technical guidance, as well as a model of collaboration between archivists and technical services personnel. Careful dialogue and planning are essential to transcend the traditional divide between archival and library descriptive practices and systems.


Over the past forty years, Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned
to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) has become an icon that suggests the
dangers of nuclear holocaust. Stanley Kubrick adapted Peter George's Red Alert (1958)
from a suspense novel into a "nightmare comedy," a satire about the threat of an
accidental nuclear war. Dr. Strangelove mocked the military officials, politicians, and
scientists who formed US policies for the war on communism and the machines they
utilized in that war. Kubrick hoped that, amid their laughter, audiences would realize that
the scenario was not far- fetched. He hoped that audiences would recognize the dangers of
US nuclear policies and the risks taken by the nation's leaders. Although the film
received mixed reactions and reviews, it inspired a debate about the worth of its message,
the realism of Kubrick's celluloid world, and the soundness of US nuclear policies. Since
the Reagan administration, Dr. Strangelove has enjoyed new life. Historians have utilized
the film in their discussions and about cold war history. Critics of US nuclear policies,
particularly the Strategic Defense Initiative, have invoked the film to conjure up images
of a world driven to the brink of the apocalypse by men similar to the film's characters.
Dr. Strangelove, which began as expression of a young director's concern about the
possibility of nuclear war, has become a point of reference for the cold war and the
nuclear dangers that have not subsided with its end.


The authors provide an overview of the main accomplishments of private equity since the emergence of leveraged buyouts in the 1980s, and of the challenges now facing the industry?challenges that have been encountered before during three major growth waves and two full boom-and-bust cycles In so doing, the authors review a large and growing body of academic studies responding to questions like these: (1) How have PE buyout companies performed relative to their public counterparts? And to the extent there have been improvements in operating performance and productivity gains, how have such gains been achieved? What role have PE firms played in this process? (2) Especially in light of the large fees and profit shares paid to the PE firms, or GPs, and the significant ?control? premiums over market paid to the selling companies, how have the returns to the LPs that provide the bulk of the funding for PE funds compared to the returns earned by the shareholders of comparable public companies? (3) Apart from the high fees earned by its GPs, why is PE so controversial? Beyond their effects on productivity and benefits for investors, what are the employment and other social effects of buyouts and PE? (4) What are the prospects for future PE returns to their LPs, especially in light of the volume of capital commitments and high purchase multiples that were being paid, at least until the onset of the COVID pandemic? And what role, if any, should PE activity be expected to play in the recovery from the pandemic?


While the rapid development of ultrasound elastography techniques in recent decades has sparked its prompt implementation in the clinical setting adding new diagnostic information to conventional imaging techniques, questions still remain as to its full potential and efficacy in the hospital environment. A limited number of technical studies have objectively assessed the full capabilities of the different elastography approaches, perhaps due, in part, to the scarcity of suitable tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) and appropriately designed phantoms available. Few commercially available elastography phantoms possess the necessary test target characteristics or mechanical properties observed clinically, or indeed reflect the lesion-to-background elasticity ratio encountered during clinical scanning. Thus, while some phantoms may prove useful, they may not fully challenge the capabilities of the different elastography techniques, proving limited when it comes to quality control (QC) and/or training purposes. Although a variety of elastography TMMs, such as agar and gelatine dispersions, co-polymer in oil and poly(vinyl) alcohol cryogel, have been developed for specific research purposes, such work is yet to produce appropriately designed phantoms to adequately challenge the variety of current commercially available elastography applications. Accordingly, there is a clear need for the further development of elastography TMMs and phantoms to keep pace with the rapid developments in elastography technology, to ensure that the performance of these new diagnostic approaches are validated, and for clinical training purposes.


Trees are being established on substantial areas of Australian farmland for both land conservation (salinity and erosion control) and profit. It is essential that site constraints are identified prior to planting, so that the trees are planted where they will survive and grow well. Both the environmental benefits of high water use and commercial viability depend on adequate growth.

This paper describes the application of soil survey to farm forestry. Soil survey has advantages in that it can provide information in a relatively cheap and timely manner. Whereas in the past it has mainly been used for the prediction of tree performance it can be extended to form the basis for site-specific management. Management decisions can be made on the basis of actual crop requirement rather than general prescription. Sites with un-manageable constraints (e.g. with shallow or saline soils) can be avoided; those with manageable constraints (e.g. poor fertility, poor drainage, root constraints from shallow pans) can be treated as required.

Much Australian soil survey has relied on observations and interpretations of soil morphology, on the basis that this provides surrogates of underlying factors. In some cases this assumption does not hold and here site assessment procedures should incorporate field and laboratory measurements of pertinent chemical and physical attributes. A pragmatic approach to field survey is required, with data gathering (whether morphological or analytical) being based on demonstrated benefit rather than routine prescription or tradition. Calibration of soil morphological, physical and chemical attributes with tree performance provides considerable research opportunities.


This article investigates the use of 11 refined Gestalt laws as the layout rules for instructional multimedia screen design by way of the redesign of the interface of a multimedia computer application and the subsequent evaluation of this redesigned interface. These layout rules are suitable for designing interfaces for complex learning materials in order to achieve more effective learning environments. To test the usefulness of these layout methodologies in visual screen design, they were applied to the redesign of an instructional multimedia application. Three different user groups evaluated the new screen design by comparing the designs. The evaluation results were overwhelmingly positive. Overall, 85% of the evaluators rated positively both the new design and the value of applying the 11 layout rules to improve the learning. This set of layout rules may also be successfully applied to design many different instructional multimedia applications.


Since its discovery in 1969, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a serious worldwide health threat. This human pathogen of the picornavirus family causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, and also has the capacity to invade the central nervous system to cause severe disease and death. Upon binding to a host receptor on the cell surface, the virus begins a two-step uncoating process, first forming an expanded, altered "A-particle", which is primed for genome release. In a second step after endocytosis, an unknown trigger leads to RNA expulsion, generating an intact, empty capsid. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of these two capsid states provide insight into the mechanics of genome release. The EV71 A-particle capsid interacts with the genome near the icosahedral two-fold axis of symmetry, which opens to the external environment via a channel ∼10 Å in diameter that is lined with patches of negatively charged residues. After the EV71 genome has been released, the two-fold channel shrinks, though the overall capsid dimensions are conserved. These structural characteristics identify the two-fold channel as the site where a gateway forms and regulates the process of genome release.


The objective of the cruise was to undertake comprehensive TOBI 30 kHz sidescan sonar and 7.5 kHz profiler surveys of several blocks of seafloor to the north and west of the UK which were released for hydrocarbon exploration in 1997 (Fig. 1). All of the license areas with water depth >200 m was to be surveyed. Surface towed 3.5 kHz high resolution profiles were also to be collected along all survey lines. The Research Vessel Colonel Templer was chartered by Geotek Ltd. to undertake the survey work. Although TOBI has a nominal swath width of 6 km, survey lines were typically spaced 4 to 5 km apart to allow for overlap between adjacent swaths, and for some reduction in range in the shallower water areas (typically < 1000 m waterdepth) in the northern survey blocks. This range reduction occurs because of severe temperature stratification in the water column, where warm North Atlantic Water (typically 8-9°C) immediately overlies cold water originating in the Norwegian Sea (typically < 0°C), causing refraction and reflection of the sonar energy.

Processing of data and interpretation of results It was planned that a preliminary interpretation of the data would be undertaken during the survey, so that results could be transmitted to a related sampling cruise being carried out on the RRS Charles Darwin. This sampling cruise partly overlapped the sidescan surveys in time, necessitating a rapid turn round in data processing and interpretation. To this end, preliminary image processing was carried out on board, producing sidescan mosaics at a scale of 1:50,000. Sidescan and profile data were then combined into an integrated interpretation which was transmitted in digital form either to Geotek Ltd. or directly to the RRS Charles Darwin.Data annotation All data were recorded with reference to GMT and Julian day numbers.

This report was originally issued as part of the AFEN 17th Round Atlantic Margins Environmental Survey data CD-ROM.


miR-33 in Cholesterol Control With the well-established link between serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease and the availability of effective cholesterol-lowering drugs, cholesterol screening has rapidly become a routine part of health care. Yet, much remains to be learned about how cholesterol levels are regulated at the cellular level (see the Perspective by Brown et al.). Now, Najafi-Shoushtari et al. (p. 1566, published online 13 May) and Rayner et al. (p. 1570, published online 13 May) have discovered a new molecular player in cholesterol control—a small noncoding RNA that, intriguingly, is embedded within the genes coding for sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), transcription factors already known to regulate cholesterol levels. This microRNA, called miR-33, represses expression of the adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter A1, a protein that regulates synthesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good" cholesterol) and that helps to remove "bad" cholesterol from the blood. Reducing the levels of miR-33 in mice boosted serum HDL levels, suggesting that manipulation of this regulatory circuit might be therapeutically useful. A small noncoding RNA helps regulate cholesterol levels in mice. Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated at the cellular level. Here we show that miR-33, an intronic microRNA (miRNA) located within the gene encoding sterol-regulatory element–binding factor–2 (SREBF-2), a transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis, modulates the expression of genes involved in cellular cholesterol transport. In mouse and human cells, miR-33 inhibits the expression of the adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCA1, thereby attenuating cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1. In mouse macrophages, miR-33 also targets ABCG1, reducing cholesterol efflux to nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lentiviral delivery of miR-33 to mice represses ABCA1 expression in the liver, reducing circulating HDL levels. Conversely, silencing of miR-33 in vivo increases hepatic expression of ABCA1 and plasma HDL levels. Thus, miR-33 appears to regulate both HDL biogenesis in the liver and cellular cholesterol efflux.


We study the compatibility of large quasar groups with the concordance cosmological model. Large quasar groups are very large spatial associations of quasars in the cosmic web, with sizes of 50–250 h^(−1) Mpc. In particular, the largest large quasar group known, named Huge-LQG, has a longest axis of ∼860 h^(−1) Mpc, larger than the scale of homogeneity (∼260 Mpc), which has been noted as a possible violation of the cosmological principle. Using mock catalogues constructed from the Horizon Run 2 cosmological simulation, we found that large quasar groups size, quasar member number and mean overdensity distributions in the mocks agree with observations. The Huge-LQG is found to be a rare group with a probability of 0.3 per cent of finding a group as large or larger than the observed, but an extreme value analysis shows that it is an expected maximum in the sample volume with a probability of 19 per cent of observing a largest quasar group as large or larger than Huge-LQG. The Huge-LQG is expected to be the largest structure in a volume at least 5.3 ± 1 times larger than the one currently studied.


The aim of this research was to identify psychological factors associated with outcomes of coronary heart disease (CHD) among patients in Malaysia. The research tested whether a model of psychological factors found to predict recovery from CHD in the West would be applicable in a collectivistic society such as Malaysia. Among the research questions posed were whether self-referent beliefs, coping styles and locus of control constructs would predict affective status for patients at the time of hospitalisation, and whether these psychological constructs would predict patients' affective status, functional status and quality of life up to nine months posthospitalisation. The research also looked at whether behavioural intentions assessed at the time of hospitalisation predict attendance at cardiac rehabilitation programmes (CRP) and the use of complementary medicine after hospital discharge. A series of studies were conducted to answer the research questions formulated based on the model developed for each study. Study 1 assessed the reliability and validity of measures developed in the West when used on a healthy Malaysian sample (N = 97). Study 2 examined the concurrent relationships among psychological variables assessed at the time of hospitalisation for 97 cardiac patients. Study 3 examined the longitudinal relationships among variables assessed in patients at the hospital and outcome variables assessed up to six months post-hospitalisation (n = 26). Study 4 (N = 77) determined the concurrent relationships among psychological variables assessed in posthospitalisation patients, and compared the psychological characteristics between posthospitalisation patients and the in-hospital patients in Study 2. A notable feature of the findings obtained from Studies 2, 3 and 4 was that whilst some psychological variables were predictive of outcome variables, others failed to support findings obtained in the West. Self-referent beliefs, for example, significantly predicted intention to attend CRP but did not significantly predict actual attendance. In addition, negative affect was relatively low for patients at in- and post-hospital assessments. Accordingly, Study 5 (N = 300) was conducted to explore possible origins of the lack of consistent findings of the studies on Malaysian cardiac samples. It assessed perceptions of illness constructs in healthy individuals. The findings of this study revealed that perceptions of illness constructs were predictive of healthful behaviors. The findings also revealed the importance of looking at specific cultural factors such as spiritual beliefs in explaining treatment-seeking behaviours in non-Western societies such as Malaysia. In conclusion, the findings of this research project highlighted the importance of studying health and illness-related behaviors within the socio-cultural contexts in which the illness occurs. Although models developed in the West may be applicable in these non-Western, collectivistic societies, the constructs assessed may not be sufficient in accounting for the variance in explaining psychological and behavioral outcomes of illness. Thus, in addition to the constructs found to be predictive of these outcomes on Western patients, psychological studies done in Malaysia should also assess mental representations of illness that are specific to Malaysians.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate tuberculosis cases occurring in the greater metropolitan area of the Distrito Federal (MADF, encompassing the Federal District, i.e., the national capital of Brasília, located in the state of Goiás) but reported in Brasília itself and to analyze the influence that this has on the effectiveness of the tuberculosis control program, as well as on the collection of socioeconomic and demographic data related to tuberculosis incidence rates.

METHODS
Rates of tuberculosis incidence, cure, noncompliance, treatment failure, mortality, and referral, as well as socioeconomic and demographic data, were reviewed for patients from ten MADF cities.

RESULTS
From 2000 to 2004, 714 new cases of tuberculosis were reported in the cities studied, 436 (61%) of which were treated in Brasília and were therefore not included in the Goiás database. Among patients treated only in the MADF cities studied, the mean incidence of tuberculosis ranged from 4.40 to 10.02/100,000 inhabitants. When those treated in Brasília were included, the incidence significantly increased, ranging from 15.16 to 20.54/100,000 inhabitants (p < 0.001). The rate at which contacts of tuberculosis patients were investigated was low, and treatment outcomes were unsatisfactory in the MADF cities studied and in Brasília. Socioeconomic and demographic data were consistent with the tuberculosis incidence.

CONCLUSION
The number of tuberculosis patients treated in the city in which they resided was lower than expected. Treatment in another city might impair tuberculosis control. The recalculated tuberculosis incidence is consistent with the socioeconomic and demographic profile of the region. A federal surveillance system could be efficiently optimized, improving the control of this disease.


Accurate color image reproduction under arbitrary illumination can be realized if the spectral reflectance functions in a scene are obtained. Although multispectral imaging is one of the promising methods to obtain the reflectance of a scene, it is expected to reduce the number of color channels without significant loss of accuracy. This paper presents what we believe to be a new method for estimating spectral reflectance functions from color image and multipoint spectral measurements based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. Multipoint spectral measurements are utilized as auxiliary information to improve the accuracy of spectral reflectance estimated from image data. Through simulations, it is confirmed that the proposed method improves the estimation accuracy, particularly when a scene includes subjects that belong to various categories.


Objectives To determine the incidence of WHO clinical stage 3 and 4 conditions during early anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in resource limited settings (RLS). Design/Setting A descriptive analysis of routine program data collected prospectively from 25 Médecins Sans Frontières supported HIV treatment programs in eight countries between 2002 and 2010. Subjects/Participants 35,349 study participants with median follow-up on ART of 1.33 years (IQR 0.51–2.41). Outcome Measures Incidence in 100 person-years of WHO stage 3 or 4 conditions during 5 periods after ART initiation. Diagnoses of conditions were made according to WHO criteria and relied upon clinical assessments supported by basic laboratory investigations. Results The incidence of any WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 condition over 3 years was 40.02 per 100 person-years (31.77 for stage 3 and 8.25 for stage 4). The incidence of stage 3 and 4 conditions fell by over 97% between months 0–3 and months 25–36 (77.81 to 2.40 for stage 3 and 28.70 to 0.64 for stage 4). During months 0–3 pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common condition diagnosed in adults (incidence 22.24 per 100 person-years) and children aged 5–14 years (25.76) and oral candidiasis was the most common in children <5 years (25.79). Overall incidences were higher in Africa compared with Asia (43.98 versus 12.97 for stage 3 and 8.98 versus 7.05 for stage 4 conditions, p<0.001). Pulmonary tuberculosis, weight loss, oral and oesophageal candidiasis, chronic diarrhoea, HIV wasting syndrome and severe bacterial infections were more common in Africa. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, cryptococcosis, penicilliosis and toxoplasmosis were more common in Asia. Conclusions The incidence of WHO stage 3 and 4 conditions during the early period after ART initiation in RLS is high, but greatly reduces over time. This is likely due to both the benefits of ART and deaths of the sickest patients occurring shortly after ART initiation. Access to appropriate disease prevention tools prior to ART, and early initiation of ART, are important for their prevention.


In this report we illustrate how a number of data analysis methods can be used to monitor data from a sensor network. Analysis is made in the forms of visualization, dependency analysis, and anomaly detection. The sensor network is monitored with respect to both the measurements made by the sensors and the operation of the network itself.


Development policy affects human rights in manifold ways. For example, trade agreements can have an adverse impact on the rights to health or food by making essential medicines or goods less accessible or available. Or large-scale investment projects influence indigenous rights when they entail resettlement programs or the expropriation of traditional lands. Policy-makers have tried to tackle these issues by employing various impact assessment tools. These include, inter alia, the Sustainability Impact Assessments of EU trade agreements, and the impact assessments of projects by development finance institutions, which are commonly based upon the IFC Performance Standards. Traditionally, economic and environmental effects are at the centre of the existing tools, while social effects are only included to a lesser extent. This paper argues that the existing tools are insufficient for reasons that concern their legal status, their methodology and, in particular, their effectiveness. Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA) promise to cure some of these shortcomings. In the paper, the specific added-value of HRIAs, methodological approaches and challenges, and potential fields of application of HRIAs in development policy will be addressed.


The density matrices are positively semi-definite Hermitian matrices of unit trace that describe the state of a quantum system. The goal of the paper is to develop minimax lower bounds on error rates of estimation of low rank density matrices in trace regression models used in quantum state tomography (in particular, in the case of Pauli measurements) with explicit dependence of the bounds on the rank and other complexity parameters. Such bounds are established for several statistically relevant distances, including quantum versions of Kullback-Leibler divergence (relative entropy distance) and of Hellinger distance (so called Bures distance), and Schatten $p$-norm distances. Sharp upper bounds and oracle inequalities for least squares estimator with von Neumann entropy penalization are obtained showing that minimax lower bounds are attained (up to logarithmic factors) for these distances.


This article focuses on the ways in which a small group consisting mostly of Black queer youth makes sense of their use of language to assert agency in a world that is often heterosexist, homophobic, ageist, and racist. The author draws from the work of Gee and Anzaldúa to identify what youth call "Gaybonics," as a Borderland Discourse that is intertwined with Ebonics. The author and youth worked together in a youth-run center for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth to analyze the ways that these youth engaged in Gaybonics to elicit pleasure and subvert oppression, and, when their borders were violated, they shifted from this discourse to another to retaliate against hatred. When youth analyzed their use of Borderland Discourses, they came to understand the ways that they engage in such discourses to position themselves as agents and the power they can (and cannot) access by engaging in various discourses. The author asserts that youth need opportunities to explore such access to power through language, particularly in the margins, as conceptualized by hooks. Finally, the author calls for work with youth that not only supports their assertion of agency but also their efforts at activism.


Background Cortisol concentrations in plasma display a circadian rhythm in adults and children older than one year. Earlier studies report divergent results regarding when cortisol circadian rhythm is established. The present study aims to investigate at what age infants develop a circadian rhythm, as well as the possible influences of behavioral regularity and daily life trauma on when the rhythm is established. Furthermore, we determine age-related reference intervals for cortisol concentrations in saliva during the first year of life. Methods 130 healthy full-term infants were included in a prospective, longitudinal study with saliva sampling on two consecutive days, in the morning (07:30-09:30), noon (10:00-12:00) and evening (19:30-21:30), each month from birth until the infant was twelve months old. Information about development of behavioral regularity and potential exposure to trauma was obtained from the parents through the Baby Behavior Questionnaire and the Life Incidence of Traumatic Events checklist. Results A significant group-level circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol secretion was established at one month, and remained throughout the first year of life, although there was considerable individual variability. No correlation was found between development of cortisol circadian rhythm and the results from either the Baby Behavior Questionnaire or the Life Incidence of Traumatic Events checklist. The study presents salivary cortisol reference intervals for infants during the first twelve months of life. Conclusions Cortisol circadian rhythm in infants is already established by one month of age, earlier than previous studies have shown. The current study also provides first year age-related reference intervals for salivary cortisol levels in healthy, full-term infants.


We present a new theoretical method, based on a layer-peeling algorithm, for extracting the spatial distribution of the birefringence parameters of an optical emulator. The method enables one to extract the spatial dependence of both the refractive index difference and the orientation angle of the birefringence axes. The layer-peeling algorithm is designed to minimize the accumulated error, and it enables one to accurately reconstruct the birefringence parameters even when a strong noise is added to the input data.


textabstractThere is growing recognition within local and regional studies regarding the importance of institutions. A 'soft institutionalism' predominates, which is criticised here for leaving out the explicit role of the State and for having a bias towards synergies and positive externalities. We seek to contribute to an institutional political economic theory of local development. We bring together social and political conceptions of 'old institutional economics' and evolutionary economics, and the State is explicitly brought back into the analysis. The construction of new institutions is explored as a path dependent process in which institutions (re)shape the development path of an area in a particular direction. Using different kinds of power resources, different social groups struggle for control. We use the framework to analyze the divergent stories of two cases of local development in Brazil based on tourism. Prainha do Canto Verde developed community-based tourism, while in Jericoacoara local development culminated in mass tourism.


The role of the territorial state has changed in recent decades in the wake of the communications revolution; the explosion of transnational social, political, and economic formations; accelerated mobility across international boundaries; and the inability of states to address pressing socioeconomic and environmental issues. Yet in the rush to document and assess the networks, flows, and relational spaces that are part of this shift, it is important not to overlook the continuing hold of modernist territorial ideas on the geographical imagination. Geographical writings on territoriality, spatial socialization, state-driven knowledge production, and regimes of territorial legitimation provide tools for understanding the power and inertia of modernist territorial ideas, which continue to influence patterns of identity and state practice in wide-ranging and significant ways. Contemporary interpretations of the doctrine of self-determination and its application in the Western Sahara case demonstrate that modernist ideas about territory continue to have far-reaching political and social consequences. It follows that any balanced assessment of the contemporary political–geographic order should not ignore the ways in which the continuing allure of territory articulates with the material and functional shifts that are challenging traditional political–territorial arrangements.


Among the recent experimental studies focusing on the stochastic nature of bedload transport, some results are particularly intriguing: in experiments in which tagged particles (tracers) are tracked, the statistical moments of the time evolution of particle positions show anomalous scaling. Diffusion of tracer particles is described as super-diffusive on short time scales while on longer time scales, behavior is sub-diffusive, probably because the distribution of rest times is heavy tailed (as particles may be buried in the bed for relatively long times). We propose here a different perspective based on the statistics of bedload rate discharge. Experimental studies were conducted on a steep slope erodible bed made up of particles with a narrow size distribution. The flow conditions were typical of mountain rivers flows, characterized by a low submersion ratio and supercritical Froude numbers. Fluctuations of the solid discharge records reveal a self-similar behaviour over a wide range of time scales. Wherever this scaling holds, the solid discharge records exhibit a Hurst exponent approximately equal to 0.8. Consequently, bedload rate discharge is a self-similar stochastic process that lies in-between the random walk and white noise. This anomalous behavior is found to be mainly due to long range time correlations in the data series. Finally, we propose plausible physical explanations and their translation within a stochastic bedload transport model.


Marc DeGirolami's searching recent essay in this Journal is — appropriately enough — hard to categorize, or even to summarize. It aims to criticize the rise of "theory" in the academic study of criminal punishment, but it does not stop at merely being critical. Rather, it attempts to revive the thought of James Fitzjames Stephen, and also to urge a better way of looking at the study of punishment: one that is more historically oriented as well as more pluralist. Stephen's thought, DeGirolami complains, has been misunderstood and flattened, and it is our loss. We have lost not only the views of a surprising, and surprisingly relevant, historical figure, but more importantly we have lost a kind of sensitivity that is missing in much of contemporary philosophy of punishment.I want to resist DeGirolami's praise of Stephen, but more than this, I want to register an objection to his near-universal panning of theory. Theory in any case is poorly defined by DeGirolami, which ironically prevents him from seeing how Stephen himself was a theoretician, and how DeGirolami's own pluralism is a theory, albeit an incomplete one (at best). Moreover, it is theory itself that shows us how Stephen is mistaken on several key substantive issues and why we are right to leave Stephen largely behind.My paper divides into three parts. The first part is heavily critical of DeGirolami's case against theory: the brickbats he throws at theory are poorly developed and for the most part misfire. What we need is not to get rid of theory (supposing this is even possible), but to have a better understanding of what theory is. The second part, more positive, aims to develop in a little more detail Stephen's positions on various issues. Stephen had theories about criminal law and how to think about it, theories worth taking seriously. But at the same time, they were theories we should ultimately reject. I briefly conclude on the relevance of history to contemporary punishment theory and expand a little more on what I've said earlier about what punishment theory should become. Pace DeGirolami, we need punishment theory more than ever but punishment theory of the right kind.


The Arctic freshwater (FW) has been the focus of many modeling studies, due to the potential impact of Arctic FW on the deep water formation in the North Atlantic. A comparison of the hindcasts from ten ocean-sea ice models shows that the simulation of the Arctic FW budget is quite different in the investigated models. While they agree on the general sink and source terms of the Arctic FW budget, the long-term means as well as the variability of the FW export vary among models. The best model-to-model agreement is found for the interannual and seasonal variability of the solid FW export and the solid FW storage, which also agree well with observations. For the interannual and seasonal variability of the liquid FW export, the agreement among models is better for the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) than for Fram Strait. The reason for this is that models are more consistent in simulating volume flux anomalies than salinity anomalies and volume-flux anomalies dominate the liquid FW export variability in the CAA but not in Fram Strait. The seasonal cycle of the liquid FW export generally shows a better agreement among models than the interannual variability, and compared to observations the models capture the seasonality of the liquid FW export rather well. In order to improve future simulations of the Arctic FW budget, the simulation of the salinity field needs to be improved, so that model results on the variability of the liquid FW export and storage become more robust.


Tree
rubbing by bears is a well-known behavior, but the behavior has not been
investigated systematically in Asian black bears. We installed automatic cameras
at trees in planted conifer forests to visually document rubbing behavior and
to compare the findings with the results of earlier studies. All trees with
bear hair attached had bark damaged from antler sharpening by deer and had
secreted resin. Between 2011 and 2015, tree rubbing was observed at five of the
16 trees at which automatic cameras had been installed, with a total of 22
visits by multiple bears. Rubbing was observed from May to October. In the 22
visits, several bears with several attributes (adult male, another male, and mother
with cub) visited the same trees to rub them. In our survey, the number of
observational confirmations was limited, therefore in order to investigate the
factors of Asian black bear's tree-rubbing behavior and determine whether it is
the same as in other bears or not, it is desirable to collect further examples
of rubbing behavior as well as genetic information of the rubbing individual.


This is an eight-scene drama portraying black women reliving their journey through higher education and work-based learning. Black women's voices are the focus, reflecting on the complexities and dynamics of institutional power, professional exploitation, silencing, subordination and non-transformative education. A black feminist standpoint theoretical approach with an autoethnographic presentation invites the reader into the camaraderie, emotions, tears and laughter of a cohort of mature black healthcare workers engaging in a foundation degree with a promise of promotion. The author captures the voices of the women, weaves in her own account and sets the stories in fictional locations. Using cultural sayings, black philosophy and black music in a creative way, this work offers a platform from which to start discussions on black women's labour in the NHS.


Dynamic analysis of malware is widely used to obtain a better understanding of unknown software. While existing systems mainly focus on host-level activities of malware and limit the analysis period to a few minutes, we concentrate on the network behavior of malware over longer periods. We provide a comprehensive overview of typical malware network behavior by discussing the results that we obtained during the analysis of more than 100,000 malware samples. The resulting network behavior was dissected in our new analysis environment called Sandnet that complements existing systems by focusing on network traffic analysis. Our in-depth analysis of the two protocols that are most popular among malware authors, DNS and HTTP, helps to understand and characterize the usage of these prevalent protocols.


This report represents the next step of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)related research at the Department of Information Business at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Adminstration following previous work on the selection process. Based on 209 datasets originating from a primary, national and industry independent survey, it provides a descriptive oriented overview of main characteristics of ERP in all stages of the system's lifecycle, emphasising differences between small-to-medium sized and large enterprises (SMEs and LEs). The given research topics in particular comprise software diffusion, resources allocated, strategic project guidance, investment drivers, considered and chosen solutions, team structures, selection criteria, information gathering, methodical support, implementation approaches, acompanying business strategies, implementation problems, perceived utilisation of ERP benefits, firm level ERP impact, and the role of ERP systems as technology enabler. Future work based on the gathered data will document analytical projects undertaken in particular focusing on ERP success, enterprise integration, organisational fit of ERP, and BPR/BPI related questions.


Abstract Introduction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem that often goes unrecognized until late-stage disease. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face with uremic toxins and hyperkalemia. Also fluid overload in CKD patients is associated with rapid decline in kidney function. Lactulose is a hyper osmotic agent and as a prebiotic could reduce serum urea and potassium levels and have some effects on fluid overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of lactulose on serum levels of biochemical products in patients with CKD. Materials and Methods. In this prospective before-after intervention study 17 patients with end stage of CKD ( 76.47 % men; mean age 65.88 ± 13.4) were evaluated. All patients received lactulose, 10 ml, 3 times per day for 3 months. Blood samples from all participants were collected before and at the end of intervention to examine changes in biochemical parameters, including potassium, urea, creatinine and uric acid. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results. Lactulose significantly decreased urea levels (p=0.001), blood potassium (0.001) and fluid overload (with due attention to patient's weight p=0.001) in patients with end-stage renal failure. The decrease in serum creatinin and uric acid were not significant. Conclusions. Lactulose administration in CKD patients could decrease levels of various deleterious elements especially urea and blood potassium, The daily use of lactulose in CKD patients e suggested in order to receive better therapeutic results.


| As the nation's largest mass housing project of the country, the Mehr Housing Project was initiated using the experience of the mass housing in the Western countries after World War II through modeling cheap and fast-building projects to provide housing for the poor and the middle class in large volumes. This massive volume of buildings at large scale gave rise to emerging urban textures that, despite their physical distinctions, had many similarities in their semantic and spatial dimensions. These new urban textures emerged mainly from the physical conception of the concept of housing and limiting its concept to shelter. As a result, ignoring the social life of the residents as the primary users of space rendered housing lack any sociophysical interaction and coexistence and itself began to cause a great deal of damage. This study aimed to provide a solution for overcoming the current situation through examining the pathological aspects of Mehr Housing Project and its long experience over a decade and conforming it to the study sample from the perspective of landscape knowledge and its practical measures. A life that tries to promote environmental, social issues through providing the appropriate context for optimal and maximum interaction and reliance on it from the view of landscape knowledge and paying attention to putting on the agenda a quality called urban landscape. This is achieved through taking into account the principle of diversity-plurality in order to reinforce the social spirit of the place and to create spaces for strengthening human communication with the environment and to break the created rigid and uniform structures. This study seeks to answer the question of how to learn from Mehr Housing Project's ten years of housing experience and what is behind the architecture of this project, focusing on formulating landscape solutions as one of the main options ahead to get out of the current situation and benefit from creating conditions of favorable macro-social housing? An approach that is focused on its conceptual model to address all aspects of the pathological dimensions based on holism.


In co-located meetings, participants create and share content to establish a common understanding. In this paper, we present a collaborative environment that enables group members to create and share content simultaneously by providing them with different kinds of individual input devices and a shared workspace. We also report on an exploratory study to investigate the influence of the input device used on the shared knowledge produced by the group. The results suggest that driven by the affordances, various input devices complement each other. We thus recommend groups to be equipped with multitude of them to support diverse meeting task demands. Additionally, we observed that groupware usage differs across various phases of the problem-solving activity. This provides implications for the design of collaborative environments to assist each of the respective phases of the task, in order to extend their usefulness for the group.


Among drug classes, substance use disorder (SUD) consequent to using inhalants (SUD-I) has perhaps the smallest evidence base. This study compared DSM-IV versus DSM-5 nomenclatures, testing whether 4 traditional categories of inhalants (aerosols, gases, nitrites, solvents) are manifestations of a single pathology, obtaining item parameters of SUD-I criteria, and presenting evidence that SUD can result from using nitrites. An urban, Midwestern, community sample of 162 inhalant users was recruited. Participants were 2/3 male, nearly 85% White, and had a mean age of 20.3 years (SD = 2.4 years), spanning the ages of greatest incidence of SUD and slightly older than the primary ages of inhalants use initiation. Analyses consisted of bivariate associations, principle components analysis, and item response theory analysis. Validity was demonstrated for SUD-I consequent to each inhalant type as well as for aggregating all inhalant types into a single drug class. Results supported DSM-5 nomenclature over DSM-IV in multiple ways except that occurrence of diagnostic orphans was not statistically smaller using DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record


An HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of ofloxacin and tinidazole was developed using SS wakosil II. C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm column. With mobile phase composition of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer 3 : 1 (pH 5), flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 295 nm linearity was observed over concentration range of 10-50 μg/ mL for ofloxacin and 10-80 μg/ mL for tinidazole. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by recovery studies and found to be 95-105% for ofloxacin and 101-103% for tinidazole, the proposed method was validated and results conformed with the ICH parameters.


For the past decade or so, public housing policies have focused on moving residents from concentrated housing developments into newly designed mixed-income developments or, through housing choice vouchers, into neighborhoods with lower concentrations of poor. These newer programs are driven by research that suggests public housing residents will have greater opportunity for financial self-sufficiency and, although not openly discussed, will better appreciate the importance of work when they live among higher income working residents. Using panel data collected from public housing residents relocated following the closure of a public housing development, this study explores the relationship between individual characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, and work attitudes, aspirations, and actions. The findings reveal that public housing residents are no different from the non-poor in their attitudes about work, but that when residents move into high income neighborhoods, their dreams of satisfying careers become more solid.


Abstract. Improved management of nitrogen (N) in agriculture is necessary to achieve a sustainable balance between the production of food and other biomass, and the unwanted effects of N on water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity deterioration and human health. To analyse farm N-losses and the complex interactions within farming systems, efficient methods for identifying emissions hotspots and evaluating mitigation measures are therefore needed. The present paper aims to fill this gap at the farm and landscape scales. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm N balances, N surpluses and for evaluating uncertainty for the 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland included in the study. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. All landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with large-scale landless poultry farming. Overall, the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep and cattle grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but was similar to the N surplus of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry farming was included. We found farm N balances to be a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate concentrations in soils and groundwater, measured during the period of N management data collection in the landscapes from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. No significant correlation was found with N measured in surface waters, probably because of spatial and temporal variations in groundwater buffering and biogeochemical reactions affecting N flows from farm to surface waters. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22% reduction related to measures targeted at N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences in N surplus between average N management farms and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that additional N-surplus reductions of 25–50%, as compared to the present level, were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective for comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options. It is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N source and N sink hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.


Chylous ascites refers to the accumulation of lipid-rich lymph in the peritoneal cavity due to disruption of the lymphatic system secondary to traumatic injury or obstruction. Worldwide, abdominal malignancy, cirrhosis, and tuberculosis are the commonest causes of CA in adults, the latter being most prevalent in developing countries, whereas congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system and trauma are commonest in children. The presence of a milky, creamy appearing ascitic fluid with triglyceride content above 200mg/dL is diagnostic, and, in the majority of cases, unless there is a strong suspicion of malignancy, further investigations are not required in patients with cirrhosis. If an underlying cause is identified, targeted therapy is possible, but most cases will be treated conservatively, with dietary support including high-protein and low-fat diets supplemented with medium-chain triglycerides, therapeutic paracentesis, total parenteral nutrition, and somatostatins. Rarely, resistant cases have been treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, surgical exploration, or peritoneovenous shunt.


This paper describes the data collection and annotation carried out within the DBOX project ( Eureka project, number E! 7152). This project aims to develop interactive games based on spoken natural language human-computer dialogues, in 3 European languages: English, German and French. We collect the DBOX data continuously. We first start with human-human Wizard of Oz experiments to collect human-human data in order to model natural human dialogue behaviour, for better understanding of phenomena of human interactions and predicting interlocutors actions, and then replace the human Wizard by an increasingly advanced dialogue system, using evaluation data for system improvement. The designed dialogue system relies on a Question-Answering (QA) approach, but showing truly interactive gaming behaviour, e.g., by providing feedback, managing turns and contact, producing social signals and acts, e.g., encouraging vs. downplaying, polite vs. rude, positive vs. negative attitude towards players or their actions, etc. The DBOX dialogue corpus has required substantial investment. We expect it to have a great impact on the rest of the project. The DBOX project consortium will continue to maintain the corpus and to take an interest in its growth, e.g., expand to other languages. The resulting corpus will be publicly released.


Following the murder of Rachel Morningstar Hoffman, a 23-year-old college graduate, Florida passed "Rachel's Law," which established new guidelines for the police when dealing with confidential informants. Immediately prior to its enactment, Rachel's law was stripped of key provisions. These provisions required the police to provide the potential informant with an attorney before she agrees to any deal, and put limitations on the ability of the police to employ as informants people in drug rehabilitation programs. Opponents of these provisions argue that they will hamstring law enforcement agencies in their efforts to prosecute drug crimes. This note suggests that the attorney provision be restored to Rachel's Law, and encourages other states to enact similar statutes. Rather that serving as an obstacle to effective law enforcement, this note argues that the attorney provision in the original version of Rachel's Law enables more efficient prosecution of crimes, while also protecting those minor drug offenders who may be unsuited to potentially dangerous undercover informant work.


Michael Dorris has crafted a fierce saga of three generations of Indian women, beset by hardships and torn by angry secrets, yet inextricably joined by the bonds of kinship. Starting in the present day and moving backward, the novel is told in the voices of the three women: fifteen-year-old part-black Rayona; her American Indian mother, Christine, consumed by tenderness and resentment toward those she loves; and the fierce and mysterious Ida, mother and grandmother whose haunting secrets, betrayals, and dreams echo through the years, braiding together the strands of the shared past.


Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most frequent genetic lesions so far found in familial as well as sporadic forms of PD (Parkinson's disease), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dysfunction and degeneration of dopaminergic and other neuronal types. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying LRRK2 action remain poorly defined. Synaptic dysfunction has been increasingly recognized as an early event in the pathogenesis of major neurological disorders. Using Drosophila as a model system, we have shown that LRRK2 controls synaptic morphogenesis. Loss of dLRRK (Drosophila LRRK2) results in synaptic overgrowth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction synapse, whereas overexpression of wild-type dLRRK, hLRRK2 (human LRRK2) or the pathogenic hLRRK2-G2019S mutant has the opposite effect. Alteration of LRRK2 activity also affects synaptic transmission in a complex manner. LRRK2 exerts its effects on synaptic morphology by interacting with distinct downstream effectors at the preand postsynaptic compartments. At the postsynapse, LRRK2 functionally interacts with 4E-BP (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein) and the microRNA machinery, both of which negatively regulate protein synthesis. At the presynapse, LRRK2 phosphorylates and negatively regulates the microtubule-binding protein Futsch and functionally interacts with the mitochondrial transport machinery. These results implicate compartmentspecific synaptic dysfunction caused by altered protein synthesis, cytoskeletal dynamics and mitochondrial transport in LRRK2 pathogenesis and offer a new paradigm for understanding and ultimately treating


Measuring root biomass is time consuming and prone to sampling error. We compared three different methods of measuring root biomass in six northern hardwood stands at the Bartlett Experimental Forest. We found that root coring, the most common method of root sampling, yields estimates of fine root biomass about 27% greater than the estimates based on roots sampled in soil pits. Soil compaction contributes about 10% to this difference; the other contributing factor is that cores cannot be taken through obstructions such as rocks and coarse roots. Pits are the only method allowing characterization of root distribution by depth in rocky soil. If the depth and diameter distribution of roots are not required, allometric equations, if available, provide the easiest method of estimating total root biomass. Equations developed at the nearby Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest predicted root mass measured in soil pits with a mean absolute error of 32%. Allometric equations systematically underpredicted observed soil pit root mass in the young stands, presumably because of mature root systems remaining from the previous cohort, and systematically overpredicted observed root mass in the oldest stands. Soil pits can accurately characterize roots up to about 2 cm; coarser roots are encountered too rarely to be estimated by this method. Soil cores sample only fine roots (up to 1-2-mm diameter) but are much less work than excavating soil pits. Root mass estimates made using cores are more accurate if larger diameter corers are used (5 cm rather than 2.5 cm); subsampling before picking roots can help to control labor costs in the face of larger sample sizes.


The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is a strong inhibitor of cell proliferation. We found that C/EBPalpha directly interacts with cdk2 and cdk4 and arrests cell proliferation by inhibiting these kinases. We mapped a short growth inhibitory region of C/EBPalpha between amino acids 175 and 187. This portion of C/EBPalpha is responsible for direct inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases and causes growth arrest in cultured cells. C/EBPalpha inhibits cdk2 activity by blocking the association of cdk2 with cyclins. Importantly, the activities of cdk4 and cdk2 are increased in C/EBPalpha knockout livers, leading to increased proliferation. Our data demonstrate that the liver-specific transcription factor C/EBPalpha brings about growth arrest through direct inhibition of cdk2 and cdk4.


A Mobile Ad hoc Network (manet) is a wireless network that does not rely on a fixed infrastructure. These characteristics make algorithms that route network traffic particularly vulnerable to attack. Mechanisms used to protect against such attacks often depend on cryptographic keys. Since the nodes in a manet have limited resources, designing methods for cryptographic key management is particularly challenging. Because the network infrastructure is unstable, assuming that authorities used in key management are implemented using any single node is not realistic. Threshold cryptography can be used to distribute an authority, such that it is implemented by multiple nodes. This makes the authority more robust against network failures and harder to compromise. However, the bandwidth limitations in a manet result in that public key distribution becomes very challenging. Identity-based cryptography (IBC), where any identity may serve as a public key, makes public keys and their certificates superfluous. The authority issuing private keys corresponding to an identity is called a Private Key Generator (PKG). This thesis considers the issue of distributing a PKG to the nodes in a manet. It gives a description of a generic distributed PKG, including a definition of security. An example of a distributed PKG is also given. This distributed PKG is compatible with some of the most prevalent IBC systems. It is shown that the security properties of the base IBC systems are preserved when this distributed PKG is used instead of the original one. Threshold cryptography and identity-based cryptography are found to result in very efficient key management systems, compared to other methods. It is however important to consider which security properties a distributed authority has, especially with respect to any leakage of information on the authority's secret key. However, the main challenge in connection with key management in a manet is to authenticate nodes without requiring preestablished trust.


We present a collaborative coding environment that helps the teaching of introductory computer
graphics courses, with the goal of to do teaching graphics fundamentals more effectively and lowering the
excessive difficult of initiate into 3D graphics programming. Traditionally, the OpenGL Library is used for
teaching computer graphics courses, since there are bindings for the most popular languages, including Python,
Ruby, Java and the web (WebGL). In particular, our proposed framework provides a web IDE for collaborative
coding, between classmates or workgroups, and the professor can help them or interact on it. The second
component is the use of the Emscripten library, which allows the program with OpenGL on the web in the same
way as it is done in a local mode. Compared with WebGL, our proposal has better benefits since the code could
be used in any computer with OpenGL support, which has greatly benefited our students. It also was proposed
to diminish the complexity of creating websites with 3D graphics support and better online games, which has
been motivating students to learn 3D computer graphics, build educational graphical applications and articles,
host them online. Compared to other online coding platforms, oriented to mainstream graphics educational
materials and graphics in general, the collaborative IDE for programming computer graphics that we have
developed offers the possibility of students could learn OpenGL in a fast way for both inside and outside our
classrooms with the C++ language.


Poster presentation:Presented at the 2018 Solstice and CLT Conference, Edge Hill University, Orsmkirk, UKAbstractWith a growing number of conferences including poster presentations
within their programmes, research posters are an increasingly popular
way for scholars from a range of academic disciplines to disseminate
their research.
When presented in an effective visual format, the academic research
poster has the potential to draw interested parties to engage directly
with the work under consideration, creating a platform for informal
academic discourse between researcher and delegate. Hence communication
of research in this way is a powerful method for scholars to share and
gain perspectives on their work in real time.
Typically, an academic poster is a combination of text, charts, and
images, with the most effective academic posters being those that
summarise the important aspects of the research concisely, and that
present findings in a visually stimulating way, one that is both easy to
 read and understand.
However often, because of poor design practices, ideas and concepts are
not always conveyed successfully and as a result opportunities for
effective dissemination are reduced or lost.
Considering the formal elements of design, and software, printing,
copyright and permissions, irrespective of the academic discipline, this
 poster is designed to facilitate researchers with basic design
knowledge which they can use as a tool to support and guide them in
their ability to produce visually appealing academic research posters. Dawne Irving-Bell,
Centre for Learning and Teaching


This paper investigates the problem of forgetting in description logics with nominals. In particular, we develop a practical method for forgetting concept and role names from ontologies specified in the description logic ALCO, extending the basic ALC with nominals. The method always terminates, and is sound in the sense that the forgetting solution computed by the method has the same logical consequences with the original ontology. The method is so far the only approach to deductive forgetting in description logics with nominals. An evaluation of a prototype implementation shows that the method achieves a significant speed-up and notably better success rates than the Lethe tool which performs deductive forgetting for ALC-ontologies. Compared to Fame, a semantic forgetting tool for ALCOIH-ontologies, better success rates are attained. From the perspective of ontology engineering this is very useful, as it provides ontology curators with a powerful tool to produce views of ontologies.


For diasporic communities created through violence or forcible resettlement, home transcends physical boundaries and becomes a blend of past experience and future imagination. Iranians displaced after the 1979 Revolution have imagined home through various cultural mediums, such as, television, film, and literature. Three cultural texts produced by Iranian women, (Persepolis, Shahs of Sunset, and A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night), in particular, offer illuminating glimpses into the diaspora experience. I propose to engage in a close textual reading of the aforementioned works across methodological boundaries to show that despite their portrayal of varied diaspora life experiences, the diaspora paradigm reduces these experiences to a figurative return to the homeland. I argue that the diaspora paradigm, by offering a highly romanticized and homogenizing understanding of home and foreign land, flattens the diversity of identity and experience. Furthermore, the diaspora paradigm denies the role of intersection of class and gender on the lived experiences of the actual diaspora population. Through an alternative reading of these texts, I hope to challenge the prevalent paradigm through which Iranian diaspora identity is understood. I focus on autobiographical textual trends as a method of story-telling and self-formation, comparing this narrative structure to the theory of identity as 'infinitely postponed' in exile. I specifically highlight crucial interactions of local and global forces that shape diaspora experiences otherwise elided in the existing scholarship, complicating romantic understandings of both home and abroad.


Abstract Objectives: Diabetes mellitus has been linked with specific morphological and metabolic abnormalities of skeletal muscle in a fiber specific manner. Aim: The present study was designed to compare the contractile functions of slow and fast skeletal muscles in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Material and methods: Thirty healthy Sprague Dawley rats (15 male and 15 female) were divided into two groups and studied after four weeks following diabetes induction. The rats in group I (male diabetic; n = 15) and group II (female diabetic; n = 15) were fed on normal pellet diet and water ad libitum and rendered diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 65 mg/kg body weight at the start of study (day 1). At the end of four weeks, the contractile parameters of slow soleus and fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were recorded by iWorx advanced animal/human physiology data acquisition unit (AHK/214). Results: At the end of four weeks, the weight of isolated soleus and EDL muscles in the male diabetic rats was significantly higher (p < 0.001) as compared to the female diabetic rats. However, no significant difference was found in any of the contractile functions of isolated soleus and EDL muscles when compared between the male and female diabetic rats. Conclusion: No gender differences exist in the contractile functions of slow and fast skeletal muscles in streptozotocin induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats.


In the paper by Wapenaar et al ( see page 10.1136/gut.2007.133132 ) the authors have taken a fascinating approach to identifying shared mechanisms involved in the genesis of either coeliac disease or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).1 They argue that in these two prototypical inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa there exists reasonable evidence for a defect in barrier function that appears to be required before the development of disease. Furthermore, as both diseases have strong genetic components they speculated that these syndromes might share common genetic defects in the control of intestinal barrier function. They used a genetic association analysis approach and through this identified two adapter protein coding genes that were associated with coeliac disease in patients from both Great Britain and The Netherlands. They went on to demonstrate that one of these genes was also associated with ulcerative colitis in a Dutch patient cohort.

These observations are important not only for the conclusions reached in the paper but also in the broader context. Until recently, it was believed that IBD, such as Crohn's disease, represented dysregulation of the adaptive immune system. Over the past decade, however, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of both epithelial barrier function and innate immunity in the genesis of intestinal inflammation. In the broadest sense these two factors could be argued to be different aspects of the same basic system. Within the gastrointestinal tract there is significant exposure to foreign compounds that can drive systemic inflammation through a variety of mechanisms. The gut has a tremendous number of defence mechanisms that have evolved to manage this ever-changing threat (fig 1). In general terms these include the ability to manage commensal flora in preference to pathogenic organisms, the secretion of toxic molecules such as defensins, the scavenging and binding of luminal organisms by …


This study examined the practice of folk medicine among a group of African Americans living on the coast of the Sea Islands, the Gullah/Geechee. The Gullah/Geechee are descendants of enslaved Africans, transported from Western and West-Central Africa, who have preserved their African influenced culture consisting of language, food ways, rituals, and folk beliefs. Twenty members of the Gullah/Geechee community, including three nurses, participated in this study consisting of semi-structured interviews relating to the use of folk medicine. The findings revealed folk medicine use was linked to family influence and traditions, spirituality, mistrust of the medical community, dual health care, lack of access to health care, socioeconomic status, and easy access to herbal medicine. The findings indicate that the use of folk medicine is still practiced within the Gullah communities and efforts should be made to integrate folk medicine into the healthcare system.


Piperazine appended naphthalimide-BODIPYs (NPB1-NPB4) exhibiting solvatochromism and aggregation-induced emission with a large Stokes shift (up to 146 nm) have been described. Separation of naphthalimide and BODIPY fluorophores by piperazine in these conjugates creates a donor-acceptor system and induces twisted intramolecular charge transfer, in addition to photoinduced electron transfer. The crucial role of naphthalimide, the alkyl chain length, the piperazine ring, and the solid-state packing on AIE has been extensively investigated by various studies. Superior cell permeability coupled with bio-compatibility of these conjugates offers a unique opportunity for their potential applications in live cell lysosomal tracking.


Introduction Part I: Getting Started Chapter 1: You Already Know a Little Latin Chapter 2: The Nitty Gritty: Basic Latin Grammar Chapter 3: Salve! Hello! Greetings and Introductions Part II: Latin in Action Chapter 4: The Roman Family and Social Structure Chapter 5: Food and Housing in Roman Life Chapter 6: The Roman Calendar Chapter 7: The Roman Army Chapter 8: Roman Entertainment and Sports Chapter 9: Roman Government Chapter 10: More Lasting Than Bronze: Latin Literature Part III: Latin in the Modern World Chapter 11: Latin in Law Chapter 12: Latin in Medicine Chapter 13: Latin in the Church Chapter 14: Latin in Zoology and Botany Chapter 15: Translating and Reading Latin Chapter 16: Mottoes, Sayings, and Quotes: Cocktail Party Latin Part IV: The Part of Tens Chapter 17: Ten Loanwords from Latin Chapter 18: Ten False Friends: Common Mistakes in Latin Chapter 19: Ten Helpful Latin-Related Web Sites Chapter 20: Ten Common Latin Abbreviations Chapter 21: Ten Common Latin Prefixes Chapter 22: Ten Important Latin Suffixes Part V: Appendixes Appendix A: Verb and Noun Tables Appendix B: Mini-Dictionary Appendix C: Fun & Games Answers Index.


This book provides an interdisciplinary collection of views on the ethical challenges and opportunities of workplaces in the Internet of things. Current developments within Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) systems designed for the workplace are introduced and philosophical, organizational and socio-ethical considerations of ubicomp in workplaces are provided. Suggestions regarding the rules that should be respected in order to favor an adequate implementation of ubicomp in the workplace are offered, considering both intra-organizational but also wider societal concerns. The interdisciplinary collection of contributions invites the reader to engage in the discussion of ubicomp in everyday working environments.


PURPOSE
In glaucoma, the optic nerve head (ONH) is the likely site of initial injury and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the best-known risk factor. This study determines global gene expression changes in the pressure-injured ONH.

METHODS
Unilateral sustained IOP elevation (glaucoma, n = 46) or optic nerve transection (n = 10) was produced in rats. ONHs were removed, and the retrobulbar optic nerves were graded for degeneration. Gene expression in the glaucomatous ONH with extensive injury was compared with that in the fellow ONH (n = 6/group), by using cDNA microarrays. Data from 12 arrays were normalized, significant differences in gene expression determined, and significantly affected gene classes identified. For the remaining ONH, grouped by experimental condition and degree of injury, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qPCR) and ANOVA were used to compare selected message levels.

RESULTS
Microarray analysis identified more than 2000 significantly regulated genes. For 225 of these genes, the changes were greater than twofold. The most significantly affected gene classes were cell proliferation, immune response, lysosome, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and ribosome. A 2.7-fold increase in ONH cellularity confirmed glaucoma model cell proliferation. By qPCR, increases in levels of periostin, collagen VI, and transforming growth factor beta1 were linearly correlated to the degree of IOP-induced injury. For cyclinD1, fibulin 2, tenascin C, TIMP1, and aquaporin-4, correlations were significantly nonlinear, displaying maximum change with focal injury.

CONCLUSIONS
In the ONH, pressure-induced injury results in cell proliferation and dramatically altered gene expression. For specific genes, expression levels were most altered by focal injury, suggesting that further array studies may identify initial, and potentially injurious, altered processes.


Introduction With its intensive animal production, New Zealand relies heavily on legume and ryegrass dominated pastures. Legumes in association with their rhizobial symbionts fix nitrogen and provide high quality forage. Little is known about naturalised rhizobia strains in New Zealand soils except that they are noted to be at reasonably high levels (Lowther and Kerr 2011). It is well established that some rhizobial strains nodulate multiple genera and species of legumes, while others might nodulate only one plant species. This work sets out to determine whether naturalised rhizobia resident in a pasture soil will nodulate the two different annual legume species tested. ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) PCR is a method used to determine bacterial strain diversity (Versalovic et al. 1991). It can be used to distinguish even closely related Rhizobium strains and has been used in numerous studies to determine nodule occupancy (Nangul et al. 2013; Youseif et al. 2014). The aim of this work was to discern if two different annual legume species were nodulated by naturalised strains and whether they were selective for a particular rhizobia strain.


Collective pension schemes are the dominant form of saving for retirement in the Netherlands. We investigate the introduction of individual choices into a collective pension system without affecting the generally accepted advantages of a collective agreement. Increasing individual choices can be beneficial, as it prevents pension plans from making decisions for the average plan participant that may not be optimal for individual participants. We argue for a system in which individuals choose from a set of low-cost balanced index funds, together with a level of intergenerational guarantees that are exchange-traded. This system maintains the two primary advantages of collective agreements: risk sharing and low implementation costs, while facilitating different risk taking behavior at the individual level. To facilitate individual choices within collective pension schemes, it is important to enhance the transparency associated with intergenerational guarantees to all participants in the scheme, both in terms of their price and quantity. We argue that the current system, in which long-term guarantees are given by the young to the old within a specific fund but not across pension funds, is not transparent and we argue that it can be suboptimal. We propose a system of Pension Guarantee Exchanges (PGEs) that increase transparency and allow pension funds with different age distributions to trade with each other. Knowing the price of such guarantees facilitates the introduction of individual portfolio choices within collective pension schemes.


I once had a conversation with a high-ranking member of the CPUSA ... who said that gay people should stay in the closet because it sets a bad example for the 'working class'. ' US gay activist, in conversation: 'The NSW-based Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby recently knocked back a push by bisexuals and transsexuals to be accepted as part of its overall charter for lobbying ... Those who resisted most strongly were AIDS Council of NSW (ACON) president Peter Grogan, former Mardi Gras president Richard Cobden, gay NSW parliamentary member Paul O'Grady and interim head of the Australian Council for Lesbian and Gay Rights, Carole Ruthchild ... Those against the inclusion ... said that bisexuals could have lovers of the same sex but still resort to the 'safety' net of a heterosexual lifestyle ... The Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby had earlier expelled Norrie May Welby under the premise that May Welby's constant 'queer' arguments in committee meetings had delayed work on important rights issues.' Campaign 207/June '93 This journal article is available in Law Text Culture: http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol2/iss1/3


The report analyses India's approach towards the mechanism on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), with particular attention to India's handling of both carbon and biodiversity matters. The evolution of REDD+ under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is reviewed. Based on a conceptual section on the meaning of 'safeguards' the report then provides an overview of the policy measures that the REDD+ debate has triggered from various transnational actors in response to concerns that its implementation might impact adversely on biodiversity. After a discussion of India's positioning in these international debates, the second part of the report analyses the country's institutional, legislative, financial and operational assets and challenges as regards realizing REDD+ along with biodiversity safeguarding on the ground. Internationally, India has been a leading country in expanding the scope of a forest-based mitigation instrument in developing countries from carbon sinks to wider concerns, including biodiversity. Domestically, India has repeatedly stated that it has much to gain from REDD+, carbon benefits and other ecosystem services alike. Still, it is found that India has not moved far in bringing REDD+ into function on the ground and thus has not reaped the potential benefits for biodiversity of REDD+ The report points to a degree of ambiguity in India's position on REDD + both nationally and internationally. While it has supported a multi-purpose REDD+, India has also supported the inclusion of industrial/short rotation plantations in a definition of forests eligible for REDD+ funding. Such plantations are known to have potentially adverse effects on biodiversity. While this corresponds to India's own ambitious target of doubling the area for afforestation and forest restoration, it also opens the door for transformation of biodiversity-rich areas.


Coastal fish populations are typically threatened by multiple human activities, including fishing pressure and run-off of terrestrial pollution. Linking multiple threats to their impacts on fish populations is challenging because the threats may influence a species directly, or indirectly, via its habitats and its interactions with other species. Here we examine spatial variation in abundance of coral reef fish across gradients of fishing pressure and turbidity in Fiji. We explicitly account for multiple pathways of influence to test the alternative hypotheses that (1) habitat moderates predation by providing shelter, so habitat loss only affects prey fish populations if there are abundant predators, (2) habitat change co-drives biomass of both prey and predator functional groups. We examined responses of 7 fish functional groups and found that habitat change co-drives both predator and prey responses to turbidity. Abundances of all functional groups were associated with changes in habitat cover; however, the responses of their habitats to turbidity were mixed. Planktivore and piscivore abundance were lower in areas of high turbidity, because cover of their preferred habitats was lower. Invertivore, browser and grazer abundance did not change strongly over the turbidity gradient, because different components of their habitats exhibited both increases and decreases with turbidity. The effects of turbidity on fish populations were minor in areas where fish populations were already depleted by fishing. These findings suggest that terrestrial run-off modifies the composition of reef fish communities indirectly by affecting the benthic habitats that reef fish use.


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how QFD can enhance a healthcare organisation's strategic operational alignment, by synchronising the infrastructure design with the service intention. In this empirical paper, a case study of a £15 million infrastructure development has been used as the unique context to assess and test the experimental findings. QFD was utilised in order to capture and transform the requirements of decision-makers, providers, patients and local communities into both service and building design for Project K, a healthcare infrastructure, in the U.K. Two full iterations of the QFD results are presented. Using QFD generated effectiveness and efficiency by creating an information exchange platform and providing the stakeholders with a framework to optimise the decision-making. This paper makes a practical contribution by empirically testing the QFD modelling and providing evidence of its implementation within the complex, dynamic and evolving nature of the healthcare built environment sector.


In this Section: 1. Brief Table of Contents 2. Full Table of Contents 1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Prehistoric Past and the Earliest Civilizations Chapter 2 The Greek World Chapter 3 Empire Chapter 4 The Flowering of Religion Chapter 5 Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade Chapter 6 The Gothic and the Rebirth of Naturalism Chapter 7 The Renaissance Chapter 8 Renaissance and Reformation in the North Chapter 9 Encounter and Confrontation Chapter 10 The Counter-Reformation and the Baroque Chapter 11 Enlightenment and Rococo Chapter 12 The Age of Revolution Chapter 13 The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie Chapter 14 The Modernist World Chapter 15 Decades of Change 2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: The Prehistoric Past and the Earliest Civilizations The Beginnings of Culture The Role of Myth in Prehistoric Cultural Life Mesopotamia: Power and Social Order in the Early Middle East The Stability of Ancient Egypt: Flood and Sun Chapter 2: The Greek World Bronze Age Culture in the Aegean The Rise of the Greek City-States The Golden Age The Hellenistic World Chapter 3: Empire Rome China Ancient India Chapter 4: The Flowering of Religion Faith and the Power of Belief in the Early First Millennium Developments in Judaic Culture The Rise of Christianity The Byzantine Empire and Its Church The Rise and Spread of Islam The Spread of Buddhism Chapter 5: Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade The Early Medieval World in Europe Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and Culture Carolingian Culture Pilgrimage Churches and Romanesque The Crusades and the Culture of Romance Chapter 6: The Gothic and the Rebirth of Naturalism Civic and Religious Life in an Age of Inquiry The Gothic Cathedral The Rise of the University The Radiant Style and the Court of Louis IX The Gothic in Italy Civic and Religious Life in Siena and Florence The Spread of Vernacular Literature in Europe Chapter 7: The Renaissance The State as a Work of Art: Florence and the Medici Beyond Florence: The Ducal Courts and the Arts From Florence to Rome and Venice: The High Renaissance The High Renaissance in Venice Women in Italian Humanist Society Chapter 8: Renaissance and Reformation in the North Art, Commerce, and Merchant Patronage The German Tradition Humanism and Reformation in the North Chapter 9: Encounter and Confrontation The Spanish in the Americas West African Culture and the Portuguese India and Europe: Cross-Cultural Connections China and Its Influence Japan: Court Patronage and Spiritual Practice Chapter 10: The Counter-Reformation and the Baroque Mannerism and the Early Counter-Reformation The Baroque in Italy The Secular Baroque in the North Absolutism and the Baroque Court Chapter 11: Enlightenment and Rococo The English Enlightenment The Enlightenment in France Cross-Cultural Contact Chapter 12: The Age of Revolution The American and French Revolutions The Neoclassical Spirit The Romantic Imagination From Classical to Romantic Music Chapter 13: The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie The New Realism In Pursuit of Modernity: Paris in the 1850s and 1860s Impressionist Paris The American Self The Challenge to Cultural Identity Chapter 14: The Modernist World The Rise of Modernism in the Arts The Great War and Its Impact Chapter 15: Decades of Change Europe after the War: The Existential Quest America after the War: Triumph and Doubt The Winds of Change The Postmodern Era


The degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s in homo- and heterogeneous mixtures with selected salts of organic and mineral acids was investigated. Nonvolatile degradation products, of processes conducted at moderate temperatures (150–170 °C), were analyzed using 1H NMR. Analysis of results revealed a significant decrease in poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) thermal stability in the presence of acetic acid and carbonic acid salts of alkali metals (Cs, K, Li) as well as a less substantial effect with respect to bivalent metal (Ca, Mg, Zn) salts. This significant decrease in PHB thermal stability in the presence of salts of weak Bronsted-Lowry acids can be explained in terms of an anionic degradation reaction proceeding via an E1cB mechanism. Furthermore, continuous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) controlled degradation was developed by a moderate-temperature process using carbonic acid salts as "initiators" of anionic degradation. Foamed PHB macromonomers, bearing one crotonate terminal group, were obtainable via a reactive extrusion process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010


The high degree of spatial variability in climate conditions, and a lack of meteorological data for East Asia, present challenges to conducting surface water research in the context of the hydrological cycle. In addition, East Asia is facing pressure from both water resource scarcity and water pollution. The consequences of water pollution have attracted public concern in recent years. The low frequency and difficulty of monitoring water quality present challenges to understanding the continuous spatial distributions of non-point source pollution mechanisms in East Asia. The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model (CMADS) was developed to provide high-resolution, high-quality meteorological data for use by the scientific community. Applying CMADS can significantly reduce the meteorological input uncertainty and improve the performance of non-point source pollution models, since water resources and non-point source pollution can be more accurately localised. In addition, researchers can make use of high-resolution time series data from CMADS to conduct spatial- and temporal-scale analyses of meteorological data. This Special Issue, "Application of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS) in East Asia", provides a platform to introduce recent advances in the modelling of water quality and quantity in watersheds using CMADS and hydrological models, and underscores its application to a wide range of topics.


Over the last 10 years, various screens of small molecules have been conducted to find long sought interventions in aging. Most of these studies were performed in invertebrates but the demonstration of pharmacological lifespan extension in the mouse has created considerable excitement. Since aging is a common risk factor for several chronic diseases, there is a reasonable expectation that some compounds capable of extending lifespan will be useful for preventing a range of age‐related diseases. One of the potential targets is protein aggregation which is associated with several age‐related diseases. Genetic studies have long indicated that protein homeostasis is a critical component of longevity but recently a series of chemicals have been identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that lead to the maintenance of the homeostatic network and extend lifespan. Herein we review these interventions in C. elegans and consider the potential of improving health by enhancing protein homeostasis.


Ellavut / Our Yup'ik World and Weather is a result of nearly ten years of gatherings among Yup'ik elders to document the qanruyutet (words of wisdom) that guide their interactions with the environment. In an effort to educate their own young people as well as people outside the community, the elders discussed the practical skills necessary to live in a harsh environment, stressing the ethical and philosophical aspects of the Yup'ik relationship with the land, ocean, snow, weather, and environmental change, among many other elements of the natural world. At every gathering, at least one elder repeated the Yup'ik adage, "The world is changing following its people." The Yup'ik see environmental change as directly related not just to human actions, such as overfishing or burning fossil fuels, but also to human interactions. The elders encourage young people to learn traditional rules and proper behavior--to act with compassion and restraint--in order to reverse negative impacts on their world. They speak not only to educate young people on the practical skills they need to survive but also on the knowing and responsive nature of the world in which they live.