This is a dialogue conducted over email by Mark Fisher, author of the widely-read Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative and Jeremy Gilbert, editor of New Formations. The discussion touches on issues raised by Fisher's book, by some of Gilbert's work as a theorist and analyst, by some of the political commentary in which each has engaged at various times (online and in print), as well as by the recent prevalence of a certain identification with anarchist ideas and methods amongst activists and online commentators whose intellectual and political reference points are otherwise very close to those of the Fisher and Gilbert. It considers the concept of 'capitalist realism' as a way of understanding neoliberal ideology and hegemony; the role of bureaucracy in neoliberal culture and the 'societies of control'; the types of political and cultural strategy that might be required to challenge their hegemonic position; the relationship between political strategies which do and do not focus on conventional party politics; the general condition of politics in the UK today. Although largely concerned with a specifically British (and, arguably, English) political context, its consideration of abstract issues around the theorisation of ideology and neoliberalism and the nature of political strategy have far wider applicability.


This thesis investigates and demonstrates the value of using Derrida's "two interpretations of interpretation" (the Rousseaui"tic and the Nietzschean) to enrich the reading ofliterature in Religious Education with reference to I.e Guin's A Wizard of Earthsea. Religious Education has responded in recent decades to developments in pedagogy, theology, and various other disciplines such as psychology and sociology. However, religious educators do not seem to have considered the question of the impact of modern literary theory on Religious Education. Such theories have influenced the way in which literature is read and studied in the English classroom. Such developments should be of interest not only to the English teacher but also to the Religious Education teacher. The hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the Derridean common ground of the Rousseauistic and Nietzschean interpretations will broaden and enhance the reading of literature in Religious Education by facilitating both the search for the centre (search for finite meaning) and the free play of signifiers (pursuit of infinitely deferred and pluralistic meaning). Generally, Post-Structuralism, with its emphasis on the impossibility of absolute meaning, seems antithetical to Religious Education, with its emphasis on the search for meaning. However, Dzrrida's common ground of the two interpretative positions suggests a reading of literature that allows for both the Rousseauistic concern with centre and definitive meantng and the Nietzschean concern with free play and provisional meaning. 'rhis thesis, then, establishes that the value of 'story' in Religious Education is considerably enriched by the adoption of Derrida's "two interpretations of interpretation" as an approach for reading literature, whether secular or sacred, in Religious Education.


We report the simultaneous measurement of temperature and humidity by analysing square wave voltammetric responses of two ferrocene derivatives, decamethylferrocene (DmFc) and 1,2-diferrocenylethylene (bisferrocene, BisFc) in 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([Moepyrr][FAP]). These two molecules produce three peaks in square wave voltammetry. Through study of the peak potentials of BisFc/BisFc(+) (vs. DmFc/DmFc(+)) and BisFc(+)/BisFc(2+) (vs. DmFc/DmFc(+)) over a temperature range of 298 K to 318 K and humidity range of 1% to 50% using square wave voltammetry, the temperature and humidity dependences of the relative peak potentials were investigated. A reliable method to calculate the humidity and temperature based on the voltammetric experiment is characterised and demonstrated.


The aim of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of state capture from a political perspective. In the literature, discussions around state capture areprincipally done from an economic context, not from a political perspective. The viewpoint in the article is that a more multi-faceted political approach is necessary, because the eroding of the role of the state is essentially a political problem. The phenomenon of state capture should therefore receive more scholarly attention within the political sciences, so the focus of this article is on addressing the problem of state capture within a political context. Here, the link between corruption and state capture is outlined and the difference between the two concepts is shown to be only a matter of degree.In the case of corruption the outcome is uncertain, while in the event of state capture the outcome is more definite as a result of the control an external agent exerts over a political functionary. The article also addresses the important tipping point, when a weak state – with high levels of corruption – lapses into a dysfunctional state. The finding is that the degradation from a weak to a dysfunctional state occurs during state capture when resource allocation – a core function of government – is controlled by outside agents. In the concluding section reference is made to the Public Protector's report and its alignment with the theoretical features of state capture.


This article examines the social experience of belonging to the British section of the international Socialist Zionist youth movement, Hashomer Hatzair. The study is based on interviews conducted with 10 former activists across four generations and focuses primarily on the movement in London. It will be argued that Hashomer Hatzair represented a unique alternative youth culture based on a model developed by the movement's founders in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This model synthesized Robert Baden-Powell's Scouting, the Jugendkultur of the German youth movements, Socialist Zionism and Marxism. Imported to Britain by young German and Austrian refugees from Nazism, this youth culture was reproduced initially in the English countryside, and after the war plugged into the pre-existing politics of Jewish radicalism in London and the general Zionist fervour that anticipated the establishment of Israel. Hashomer Hatzair emphasized autonomy from adult society. By creating autonomous youth spaces, the movement opened a portal for young Jews to shape their own identities. Through a process of politicization and education, the movement's adherents would identify life on Israeli kibbutzim as an ideal future in adulthood. In tandem with the projection of heroic Jewish role models, this process encouraged Hashomer Hatzair's followers to define their Jewishness in secular and existential terms, in opposition both to contemporary consumerist and urbanized capitalism, and to the traditional communal associations of the past.


: Beliefs have changed enormously regarding sexual desire and pleasure on the part of men and women. The idea that men have a stronger sex drive emerged over the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, and became established in the Twentieth; but before that, a conviction quite to the contrary had dominated. On the other hand, data from sex surveys conducted in many Western countries in the last half-century show that, in certain respects, the difference in sexual feelings and behaviours between men and women has indeed diminished and that in others it has disappeared entirely. One of the most important factors that favoured the diminution has been the decline of the double moral standard.


The rapid rise of the "Chaco phenomenon" in northern New Mexico in the ninth century AD invites a search for either historical precursors or generative processes that might have explanatory utility. We analyze one candidate system, the well-known Basketmaker III and Pueblo I communities investigated by the Dolores Archaeological Program in southwestern Colorado, to determine whether there is evidence of change through time in the direction of more inequality of households. We use the Gini index to quantify concentration in the distributions of living space, storage space, and total household space. We see no prominent trend toward increasing inequality in these data, but we do note possible evidence for leveling, in that inequality in an "income" measure is higher than in a "total wealth" measure. These leveling processes seem to be stronger for households in villages than for those in dispersed settings. Comparably produced Gini coefficients for other ancient settings would greatly enhance the comparative search for the causes of higher levels of household inequality frequently manifested in agricultural societies.


Many hospitals have not implemented the baby care hospital program. One of the program's goals is to decrease Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Until now, IMR in Indonesia is still high. According to estimation of Indonesia Health Baseline Survey in 2007, IMR was 20 per 1000 life-birth. High rate of infant mortality could be avoided by providing a breast feeding. Dr.R. Koesma Public Hospital had not implemented the program of baby care in which there was no integrated care services. This situation was accounted for overloaded work burden, unimplemented policy, and insufficient room. Aim of this research was to analyze the quality management of Dr.R. Koesma Public Hospital in District of Tuban in implanting the baby care hospital program.
This was observational research using qualitative method and cross-sectional approach. Data were collected from in-depth interview towards six persons who were a director, a head of nursing section, a head of room and nurses.
The result of this research shows that work guideline and specific regulations has been made by the director in accordance with the forms of hospital accreditation. Nevertheless, some items of the work procedure and the policy have not been performed. Planning of equipment maintenance has been included in the Regional Expenditure and Income Budget. Planning of human resources has been made but the implementation is still unscheduled. Monitoring and evaluation is conducted if there is any report from medical record. Supervision has not focused on the baby care hospital. A correction activity is performed during three weeks after evaluation. The change of system is conducted in form of procedure review, improvement of knowledge, and improvement of a planning.

Sumber Utama : www.mikm.undip.ac.id


Agglomeration can generate gains. If it does, how does it work and how are those gains distributed across agglomerated firms? Despite the existence of an important body of research on this topic, the evidence is inconclusive. We examine the effect of localization externalities on a firm's innovativeness. By analyzing a large dataset of 6,697 firms integrated with another regional agglomeration-related dataset, we obtain results which show that (i) location in an agglomeration has a positive influence on a firm's absorptive capacity and innovativeness, and, (ii) firms benefit heterogeneously from being located in agglomerations, with benefits being distributed asymmetrically. Agglomeration gains exist but not all firms benefit equally: the least innovative firms gain the most.


Our ability to see meaningful actions when presented with point-light traces of human movement is commonly referred to as the perception of biological motion. While traditional explanations have emphasized the spontaneous and automatic nature of this ability, more recent findings suggest that attention may play a larger role than is typically assumed. In two studies we show that the speed and accuracy of responding to point-light stimuli is highly correlated with the ability to control selective attention. In our first experiment we measured thresholds for determining the walking direction of a masked point-light figure, and performance on a range of attention-related tasks in the same set of observers. Mask-density thresholds for the direction discrimination task varied quite considerably from observer to observer and this variation was highly correlated with performance on both Stroop and flanker interference tasks. Other components of attention, such as orienting, alerting and visual search efficiency, showed no such relationship. In a second experiment, we examined the relationship between the ability to determine the orientation of unmasked point-light actions and Stroop interference, again finding a strong correlation. Our results are consistent with previous research suggesting that biological motion processing may requite attention, and specifically implicate networks of attention related to executive control and selection.


Most of the literature on multi-sided platforms (MSP) is descriptive and examines the mature or declining stage of the company life cycle. This thesis seeks to increase our understanding of MSP startups during the growth stage - defined to start when external funding is secured. Nineteen MSP startups that were launched and funded from 2012 to 2017 were examined against a model that is developed to interpret the mathematical formulations advanced in the literature to explain affiliations among independent suppliers, customers, and MSP operators. The results suggest that funded MSP startups affiliate with four agents: third-parties, catalysts, affiliates, and sides-on-demand to strengthen their affiliations with independent suppliers and customers. The results add knowledge to the theory of new firm growth and are relevant to founders and top management teams of MSP startups because affiliations with agents may increase their likelihood of attracting resources to grow and affect MSP startups outcomes.


In this expanded new edition of Living with Earthquakes, Robert Yeats, a leading authority on earthquakes in California and the Pacific Northwest, describes the threat posed by the Cascadia Subduction Zone, a great earthquake fault which runs for hundreds of miles offshore from British Columbia to northern California. New research reveals subtle movements on the deepest part of this fault every 14-15 months — building up strain toward the next major earthquake.

Combining cutting-edge research with practical safety information, Living with Earthquakes:

introduces new information about the danger from faults beneath major Northwest cities: the Seattle Fault, Tacoma Fault, and Portland Hills Fault
explores such topics as earthquake forecasting, catastrophe insurance, tsunamis, soil liquefaction, and seismic waves in Northwest lakes caused by Alaskan earthquakes
reviews earthquake preparedness and disaster response in the aftermath of the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, the worst natural disaster in Washington's history
suggests actions that citizens can take to protect their families and homes
An essential guide for anyone interested in understanding earthquake science or in preparing for the next earthquake, this book is also a call to action. Vivid descriptions of recent disasters — including the great tsunami that swept down the Northwest coast in 1964, the 1993 Oregon earthquakes, and the 2001 Nisqually earthquake — underscore the urgent need for better earthquake planning and awareness.


Self-organized GaN/AlN stacked quantum dots (QDs) have been studied by means of cathodoluminescence (CL), near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), photoluminescence, mu-Raman, and transmission electron microscopy. Assignment of the optical emissions was made on the basis of the structural parameters, power-dependent optical studies and depth-resolved CL. Power-dependent studies allowed us to distinguish between quantum confined and buffer emissions. On increasing the power injection conditions, a QD-size-dependent blue shift due to the screening of the internal electric fields was found together with a trend to saturation observed in the high injection limit. The possible evidence of excited states has also been shown by power-dependent photoluminescence and CL. Different blue shifts in specimens with different numbers of stacked layers suggested possible different residual strain values as confirmed by mu-Raman studies. Depth-resolved CL investigations performed at constant power injection per unit volume allowed us to distinguish between QD layers with different nominal GaN coverages and a linear dependence of peak energy versus GaN monolayer number has also been found. Adding 1 ML of GaN resulted in an average shift of about 150 meV. The existence of QDs with different size distributions along the growth axis was also found. The observations were confirmed by NSOM spectroscopy.


This paper analyses the duration of child poverty in Germany. In our sample, we observe the entire income history from the individuals' birth to their coming of age at age 18. Therefore we are able to analyze dynamics in and out of poverty for the entire population of children, whether they become poor at least once or not. Using duration models, we allow poverty exit and re-entry to be correlated even after controlling for observable characteristics and also account for correlations with initial conditions. Our results indicate that household composition, most importantly single parenthood, and the labour market status as well as level of education of the household head are the main driving forces behind exit from and re-entry into poverty and thus determine the (long-term) experience of child poverty. However, unobserved heterogeneity seems to play an important role as well. JEL-Classification: C41, D31, I32.


Received: September 2011, Accepted: September 2012 Background: Some researchers have argued that job satisfaction has been vaguely defined in the organizational literature. Also, there is a lack of consensus over the meaning of job satisfaction in literature. The aim of this study was to clarify dimensions of job satisfaction's concept based on a systematic review study. Materials and Methods: The present study used a systematic review to clarify job satisfaction's concept. Some databases including Pubmed and Medline were searched, carefully using proper keywords. A total of 38 articles were reviewed, all were published between 1986 and 2009, with the majority being of quantitative nature and design. Data on the following items were extracted: country, setting, subjects, the definition of job satisfaction, theoretical background for measuring job satisfaction and the dimensions of job satisfaction. Results: The results of this study showed that job satisfaction has been born in mind both conceptually and operationally. In both aspects, job satisfaction was assumed to be influenced by personal and organizational dimensions. The main focus was on identifying and controlling different factors to provide job satisfaction for individuals. Yet, individuals' contributions to satisfy themselves were ignored. Conclusions: We explored that job satisfaction is a multi dimensional concept. This contains individual abilities, attitudes, beliefs and value system. To achieve job satisfaction, it is important that the staff have the characteristics of positive feelings and attitudes, commitment, and responsibility.


Intelligent Building System (IBS) is a concept that elaborate architectural de-sign, interior design, mechanical and electrical in order to provide the mobility and ease of control and access from any direction and any time. The system is highly related to automation, where all the utility system in the building still can be operating without any people's intervention, even if there are no people in-side of the building, the system will run in accordance with the program that we have created. IBS is not a new thing in Indonesia, it is a concept that has developed since a few years ago. The term of IBS is more popular as Smart Building System (SBS), where the concept has been applied in several buildings in Indonesia. But unfor-tunately, this concept was limited to office and commercial buildings, and only focused on a few major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta. In general, the concept of IBS in Indonesia is to help customers create within their projects an environment that maximizes the efficiency of its occupants while at the same time allow effective management of resources with minimum lifetime cost. With the benefits: 1) Capex and Opex Cost Efficiency, 2) Interac-tion of Systems, 3) End User and System Management Benefits, 4) Streamlined Design and Construction. But in reality, IBS is still rarely applied in Indonesia due to several factors, such as: 1) Lack of understanding of the importance of IBS system, 2) The high cost of IBS, 3) The system is still limited in big cities, especially Jakarta, 4) The opera-tional method and maintenance which is hard to do, 5) IBS is viewed by many stakeholders as a tool of commercial use only. Viewed from its benefits, the IBS is very useful and provides a high value, not only the matter of cost, but also environment and technology. These problems could be solved if the stakeholders of development sector in Indonesia can col-laborate to implement this system. Those mentioned could be the building own-ers, tenants, government, design consultants (including architects), contractors, and others. This paper discusses about the IBS within the context of green programs in In-donesia, also discusses about the benefits, problems and challenges through-out the implementation of this system in Indonesia.


The petrochemicals industry in South Africa has grown significantly over the past two decades, largely as a result of the expansion and diversification of the premier petrochemical producer - Sasol. This working paper examines the role that producer services have played in this growth. It finds that due to Sasol's unique processes (the use of coal instead of crude as a primary input) and continued pressure to cut costs (from the collapse of the oil price to reduced protection), it has developed significant in-house expertise in technology and engineering services. It has also actively promoted an efficient supplier network for components of these services through a shift to greater outsourcing. These services have then played a key role in enabling Sasol to both reduce costs significantly and diversify into new product streams, allowing growth in the sector. It does find that although independent suppliers have been developed, most of the spillovers from such a process have been internalised within Sasol, enabling the company to grow faster than the industry. Also, the growing liberalisation of trade in South Africa has had an effect on the organisation and performance of these producer services. There is now greater global outsourcing coupled with trade in Sasol's own services through international acquisitions and joint ventures.


The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of warm up exercises on flexibility and torque development of elderly subjects submitted to a protocol of hamstring muscles stretching. 28 subjects (9 men and 19 women), aged 66.4±6 years, volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 protocols: a stretching protocol (group A) and a warm up and stretching protocol (group B). Both groups received the intervention for 4 weeks, with three sessions per week, consisting of 6 bouts of active stretching lasting 30 seconds. Subjects were evaluated on selection (T1), immediately before the intervention (T2), immediately after (T3) and a month after (T4) the intervention period for measures of knee extension range of motion (ROM) and angle with a goniometer and for active and passive peak torque (Nm s-1) at 60°/s and 2°/s respectively using a isokinetic dynamometer. Anova Two-Way and a post hoc analysis using the Tukey's test were applied to test the differences between and within groups. Both groups presented reduction of the knee extension range of motion deficit (p=0.001), increase of the active peak torque flexor in eccentric (p=0.003) and concentric (p=0.015) phases, and reduction of the peak torque angle of the knee flexors in the eccentric phase (p=0.046) when comparing T3 with T2 for both groups, without significant difference between groups. The passive peak torque did not vary significantly (p>0.05) between the evaluations. The pre-exercise warm up was unable to elicit differences in flexibility and torque development of the hamstrings in elderly subjects.


Cytological biodosimetry methodology has been widely used for determining and estimating the precise irradiation dose received by victims in the situation of emergency irradiation exposure. The aim of this study was to assess the gamma-ray induced dicentric chromosomes and micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes for preliminary reconstruction of cytogenetic biodosimetry. The study was performed by exposing blood samples taken from seven healthy donors to gamma rays at dose range of 0.1 to 4.0 Gy, followed by culturing them for 48-72 hours at 37 °C by the standard technique. After being harvested, the chromosome spread at metaphase and MN were stained with Giemsa's solution. The results showed that the frequency of both dicentrics and MN of samples were increased with the increase of radiation dose. Considerable increases of both cytologic damages were found in the samples exposed to higher doses (>2 Gy). Significant differences (p>0.05) only found in mean frequencies of MN for all doses tested. Reconstruction of the relationship of these frequencies with doses was found to follow linear-quadratic curve lines and was consistent with that of other studies. Due to the aforementioned advantages namely the dependence of radiation dose and dose rate on the frequency of of both dicentric and MN, despite some limitations, these assays have been found to be suitable to be used as biological dosimetry.  It is concluded that in order for this cytogenetic biodosimety method by means of scoring/assessing the radiation-induced dicentrics and MN could be used in radiation emergency and protection, and further studies with larger numbers of samples need to be done. Received:  12 November 2015 ; Revised:  18 Mei 2016 ; Accepted:  08 December 2016


The coupled Schrodinger equation for three-body atomic systems such as Ps - (e + e - e - ), Mu(μ + e - e - ), p + μ - μ - , d + μ - μ - , and t + μ - μ - is solved by using the hyperspherical harmonic-generalized Laguerre polynomial expansion method (HHGLP). Ground-state eigenenergies are calculated for the certain number of basis functions. The eigenenergies of the first excited states are obtained for both pure Coulomb, V(r, Ω) = Z(Ω)/r, and Fues-Kratzer-type (FK-type) potential, V(r,Ω) = Z(Ω)/r + Â(Ω)/r 2 . As an example, to illustrate the effect of FK-type interaction on the lowest excited states, the eigenenergies of the Mu - ion are given together as a function of the certain number of basis functions for both potentials. Our results were compared with the other theoretical calculations. Ground-state eigenenergies of atoms such as X + Y - Y - as a function of the reduced mass were investigated. The potential curves of the ground and first excited states of Ps - (e + e - e - ), Mu - (μ + e - e - ), p + μ - μ - systems were obtained by a diagonalization process. It is pointed out that the FK-type potential makes the HH method more useful and more extended for atomic calculations.


Stochasticity in time series explains concave responses of per capita growth rate to population size. The gradients with the natural log of population size have more biological importance because they measure strength of density compensation. Its weakening with increasing body size across taxa (Sibly et al., Reports, 22 July 2005, p. 607) is consistent with slower responses in ascent than descent toward carrying capacity. Time series therefore suggest that populations of large-bodied animals underfill their environments.


Background The aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is still unknown. The identification of risk factors for CFS/ME is of great importance to practitioners. Method A systematic scoping review was conducted to locate studies that analysed risk factors for CFS/ME using multiple predictors. We searched for published and unpublished literature in 11 electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles and guideline stakeholder submissions in conjunction with the development of a forthcoming national UK guideline. Risk factors and findings were extracted in a concise tabular overview and studies synthesized narratively. Results Eleven studies were identified that met inclusion criteria: two case-control studies, four cohort studies, three studies combining a cohort with a case-control study design, one case-control and twin study and one cross-sectional survey. The studies looked at a variety of demographic, medical, psychological, social and environmental factors to predict the development of CFS/ME. The existing body of evidence is characterized by factors that were analysed in several studies but without replication of a significant association in more than two studies, and by studies demonstrating significant associations of specific factors that were not assessed in other studies. None of the identified factors appear suitable for the timely identification of patients at risk of developing CFS/ME within clinical practice. Conclusions Various potential risk factors for the development of CFS/ME have been assessed but definitive evidence that appears meaningful for clinicians is lacking.


The Base Isolation technique and its benefits in reducing the transmitted earthquake energy into a structure has gained increasing recognition during the last two decades. This recognition is indicated by the application of Base Isolation systems to a large number of bridges, several multistorey buildings and some power plants in countries which have high seismic risk. Unfortunately, the currently available design procedures, especially for multistorey structures, seem inadequate and too restrictive and as a result present practice still relies upon a series of deterministic time history analyses which are not only impractical for design purposes but appear unable to give the designer a clear insight into the seismic behaviour of the multistorey structure. This research is carried out to investigate in more detail the effects of various structural parameters and ground motion characteristics on the seismic response of Base Isolated multistorey structures. It also reviews the shortcomings of the current design methods. The results are then used to develop two simplified analysis methods for practical design. The first method which is called the Code-Type approach can be used to accurately estimate the inertia forces, not only at the level of the isolation devices but throughout the height of the multistorey structure. It is recommended for use as a preliminary design tool or even a final design tool for simple Base Isolated multistorey structures. The second procedure which is based on the Component Mode Synthesis method is suggested for final design purposes of more complex Base Isolated multistorey structures. This method enables the designer to evaluate the effects of the isolation devices on the contribution of each mode of vibration to the total response of the structure.


Telemetry is a fundamentally important tool for studying animal movements. Traditional telemetry systems have provided time-specific information on locations of individuals; however, recent developments in instruments allow for the tracking of networks of interactions among individuals. Currently, these devices rely on very high frequency (VHF) radio technology, and cannot precisely gauge where interactions occurred without on-site triangulation. Furthermore, although commercially available devices can log successful communication attempts between collars as little as 1 m apart, researchers cannot accurately determine distances within the pre-set detection (contact) threshold of these units. Data loss from proximity-logging devices, and even traditional telemetry devices that are lost or damaged in the field, poses another obstacle to monitoring wildlife social networks. We have developed a prototype proximity-logging Global Positioning System (GPS) collar that offers greater spatial resolution of social interactions, and reduces probability of data loss. In this study, we used captive bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to test the GPS capabilities, contact rates, and contact distance error of our prototype collars. The GPS fix success rate of our collars was >97.93% (n = 95,041; 95% CI = 97.84–98.02%). The collars were communicating with each other about 98% (n = 22,253; 95% CI = 98.50–98.81%) of the time and reciprocal communication occurred 9% of the time. Contact distance error was 9.5 m, which is what would be expected taking into account a baseline GPS spatial error of ±5 m in open environments. The high GPS fix success, low GPS error, and ability to log accurate social interactions with low contact distance error by our prototype collars suggest that the implementation of GPS with proximity-logging technology has the potential to improve currently available social network data. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.


This study analyzes the effects of financial liberalization on the lending behavior of banks and non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) before and after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, using panel regressions on Republic of Korea firm-level and industry-level data of the period 1991–2007. It also develops a financial liberalization index to incorporate the multifaceted nature of financial reform. Findings show that financial liberalization has led banks and NBFIs to allocate more of their loans to small and medium-sized firms with good performance histories, thereby helping these entities to improve their total factor productivity growth. This paper does not find similar effects of financial liberalization on efficiency at large firms or at the industry level. Heavier reliance on direct financing after the crisis has not improved the productivity of large firms.


In this paper we propose a general framework for pedestrian walking behavior, based on discrete choice modeling. Two main behaviors are identified: emphunconstrained and emphconstrained. The constrained patterns are further classified into emphattractive interactions and emphrepulsive interactions. The formers are captured by a emphleader-follower model while the latters through a emphcollision avoidance model. The spatial correlation between the alternatives is taken into account defining a cross nested logit model. Quantitative analysis is performed by maximum likelihood estimation on a real dataset of pedestrian trajectories, manually tracked from video sequences.


Quaker Pagans are a relatively new phenomenon. Since no detailed description of the spirituality of Quaker Pagans has yet been done, to make a modest beginning this paper situates Quaker Pagans within the contexts of British Quakerism and contemporary paganism. It extends Pink Dandelion's concept of a 'behavioural creed' (1996) by arguing that Quaker Pagans have a 'practical belief' system and a performative theology, and outlines how Quaker Pagans hold together their dual religious identity. Building upon Peter Collins' (2008) work on Quaker narratives, the paper looks particularly at the way in which Quaker Pagans utilise story and metaphor. Finally, it draws parallels between the emphasis on experiential seeking in both Quaker and Pagan ritual.


At the conclusion of every class action lawsuit, a judge must hold a fairness hearing and assess the reasonableness of the outcome. The fairness hearing contains the promise of providing real monitoring of class counsel, but in practice, it has not fulfilled this promise. In this Article, I provide a sustained investigation of the fairness hearing, arguing that since it will inevitably take place, we ought to perfect not abandon it. To that end, I explore four mechanisms that might assist the judge at the fairness hearing: a devil's advocate, employed by the court to argue against the settlement; bonds, posted by the settling parties and used to pay the attorneys' fees of private objectors who raise valid concerns; labels, like the food nutrition labels, compelled by a public agency to provide more transparency to the elements and quality of the settlement; certification marks, like the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval, created by an independent private group to signal class members and judges as to the adequacy of the settlement terms. Examining this new set of disparate proposals enables an assessment of the underlying question of institutional design: namely, whether adversarial or regulatory, public or private, approaches are likely to be most efficacious at identifying and curtailing problematic settlements and hence controlling class counsel. Given that at a fairness hearing the judge reviews two distinct sets of concerns - the process by which the settlement was achieved and the content of the settlement in light of the strengths or weaknesses of the plaintiffs' claims - I conclude that the proposed settlement of a class action should trigger a two-part process involving both a judicial assessment of the value of the claims and a regulatory assessment of the process of settlement.


An axon self-destruction program may underlie neurodegeneration in injury and diseased states. Plucked from the tree, a leaf withers. Such a loss of vitality upon removal from the whole appears so natural that one may take it for granted as a passive and unstoppable process. But is it? Although cell death was long thought to be a passive process, we now know that at least one form of cell death, apoptosis (from Greek "falling away"), is an active process that can be blocked by inhibiting a specific signaling pathway (1). On page 481 of this issue, Osterloh et al. (2) find that the death of a portion of a nerve cell, the axon, after it is severed from the cell body, can be dramatically slowed by the inactivation of just one gene. The discovery has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms of axon degeneration, as well as for developing drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.


The experimental fast reactor JOYO at the O-arai Engineering Center of the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute is the first liquid sodium fast reactor in Japan. The purpose of constructing JOYO was to obtain technical information about liquid-metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs) through experience with their design, construction, and operation and to use the reactor as a fast neutron irradiation facility for the development of fuels, materials, and other components required for the LMFBR program. Through design, construction, testing, operation, and maintenance experience, JOYO has contributed much to the LMFBR development program. In addition to providing operating experience, many kinds of irradiation tests have been conducted for the development of fuels and materials under the conditions of higher fast neutron flux and temperature than those in light water reactors. JOYO has been operated successfully for a quarter-century without any serious problem, and this operation demonstrated the safety and reliability of the sodium-cooled fast reactor. The reactor has just been upgraded to the MK-III core to increase irradiation capability for playing a greater role in providing an irradiation field as a fast reactor. Given the worldwide trend of fast reactor shutdowns, JOYO is an increasingly valuable world resource for current and future reactor development.


Most biochemical transformations involve more than one substrate. Bisubstrate enzymes catalyze multiple chemical reactions in living systems and include members of the transferase, oxidoreductase, and ligase enzyme classes. Working knowledge of bisubstrate enzyme kinetic models is thus of clear importance to the practicing biochemist. However, such models are infrequently explored in the undergraduate biochemistry laboratory. This deficiency suggests the need for well-defined, tractable, and economical methods for characterization of bisubstrate enzyme activity. The application of an established real-time colorimetric assay to investigate kinetic parameters of glutathione transfer by glutathione S-transferase is described. The reported method relies on commercially available materials and uses experimental conditions that are suited to application in the introductory biochemistry laboratory. Investigation of bisubstrate kinetic parameters was performed as part of a three-week laboratory experiment that em...


Our First Amendment rights are bedrock principles of our nation's constitutional structure. (1) Because public universities and schools are operated by the state, "[i]t can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." (2) The Supreme Court has also said that the First Amendment freedom of association guarantee includes a right for groups to set membership standards. (3) In a limited public forum, however, the state may impose reasonable restrictions on speakers and content so long as the restrictions are viewpoint neutral and reasonable. (4) Last term, in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (CLS), (5) the Court held that, as conditions for recognition as a registered student organization (RSO), a public university may require a Christian group to accept as members non-Christians and individuals who engage in homosexual conduct. (6) Because an organization that cannot control its membership cannot control its message, the state discriminates against the content of such an organization's message when it attempts to control the organization's membership requirements as a condition for entrance into a limited public forum. Applying an all-comers rule does not cure this defect because such a rule discriminates against the viewpoint that membership criteria is part of the message. (7) Such a policy is invalid, not only because it discriminates against a particular viewpoint, but also because it discriminates against a viewpoint that is specifically and uniquely protected by the First Amendment's freedom of association. The Court's opinion in CLS dramatically undercuts the freedom of association. The Court unjustifiably departed from precedent and merged the speech and association rights of the Christian Legal Society (CLS). Hastings College of the Law requires student groups desiring financial assistance from the law school and access to school channels of communication and facilities to become RSOs. (8) To become an RSO, an organization must abide by Hastings's nondiscrimination policy, which the school interprets to mean that student organizations must accept any student who wishes to be a member. (9) In 2004, a preexisting student organization at Hastings became affiliated with a national group, the CLS. The national CLS requires that members of local chapters sign a statement of faith confirming their belief in the tenets of Christianity and a pledge to not participate in sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage, (10) When CLS submitted its application for RSO status, the law school rejected the application. The school explained that, by barring students based on religion and sexual orientation, CLS was not in compliance with the school's nondiscrimination policy. (11) CLS filed suit against various law school officers and administrators alleging that the school's refusal to grant RSO status to CLS violated its rights to free speech, expressive association, and free exercise of religion. (12) The district court granted the law school summary judgment, finding the law school's policy both reasonable and viewpoint neutral (13) On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court in a short, unpublished decision. (14) The Supreme Court affirmed. (15) Writing for the Court, Justice Ginsburg first rejected CLS's request to consider the nondiscrimination policy as written, rather than as interpreted by the law school, because CLS had stipulated at the summary judgment stage that the school's policy was an all-comers policy. (16) Litigants are entitled to have their case tried upon the assumption that stipulated facts have been established, Justice Ginsburg said, and CLS therefore could not escape from the consequences of its stipulation. (17) CLS argued that Hastings's policy violated both CLS's freedom of speech and freedom of association. Applying the Court's limited public forum precedents to the freedom of speech claim, Justice Ginsburg stated that any restriction on access to such a forum "must be reasonable and viewpoint neutral. …


This study looks at how short sales constraints affect the stock price adjustment to the release of public information in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange for a sample of 4,757 firm-event observations over the period 1994-2011. Using a unique feature of this market that allows us to directly investigate the impact of the imposition of short sales restriction, we find following results. First, nonshortable stocks react more strongly to negative information than shortable stocks. Second, nonshortable stocks are overpriced before the negative earnings announcement. Hence, part of the strong market reaction of nonshortable stocks on announcement day could be due to the correction of such overpricing. Third, prices of nonshortable stocks reverse following the announcement of negative information, suggesting that investors overreact to the negative information on the announcement day. Fourth, it takes longer time for the prices of nonshortable stocks to fully adjust to the negative earnings information. On the whole, our results are supportive of the stream of research that finds the imposition of short sales restrictions reduce the efficiency of stock markets.


This article presents technical approaches and innovations in digital library design developed during the design and implementation of the Chinese Text Project, a widely-used, large-scale full-text digital library of premodern Chinese writing. By leveraging a combination of domain-optimized Optical Character Recognition, a purpose-designed crowdsourcing system, and an Application Programming Interface (API), this project simultaneously provides a sustainable transcription system, search interface and reading environment, as well as an extensible platform for transcribing and working with premodern Chinese textual materials. By means of the API, intentionally loosely integrated text mining tools are used to extend the platform, while also being reusable independently with materials from other sources and in other languages.


Accelerating and decelerating turbulent channel flows are investigated to study the response of the turbulence dynamics. The objective of these investigations is to further enhance the understanding on the behaviour of turbulence and wall friction under transient conditions. Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) are carried out for step-like accelerating flows with significantly higher ratios of Reynolds number than previously covered. An experimental investigation is carried out for ramp-like accelerating flows using Particle-Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Constant-Temperature Anemometry (CTA) techniques to reproduce and validate the findings in numerical simulations. Step- and ramp-like decelerating flows are studied using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), the results of which are compared with observations in accelerating flows.
Step-like high Re-ratio and ramp-like accelerating flows are shown to exhibit essentially the same three-stage laminar-turbulent transitional response as that described in He & Seddighi (J. Fluid Mech. 715:60-102, 2013), resembling bypass transition of boundary layer flows. The first stage is characterised by elongation and enhancement of streaks. The growing instabilities of the streak structures lead to breakdown and formation of isolated turbulent patches in the second stage, which grow in time and eventually merge with each other. The third stage is marked by the entire wall surface being covered by the newly generated turbulence. It is shown in the present study that the features of transition become more striking when the Re-ratio increases ― the elongated streaks in the pre-transitional period become increasingly longer and stronger, and the turbulent spots generated at the initial stage at the onset of transition become increasingly sparse. In a slower ramp-like flow excursion, on the other hand, the onset of transition is delayed making the flow development slower. In a step-like acceleration, a new boundary layer is formed instantly over the wall which develops into the flow with time. In a ramp-like case, however, the boundary layer development is shown to be described as an integral consequence of a continuous change of the flow. During the pre-transition stage, the time-development of the boundary layer in the step- and ramp-like accelerating flows bears strong resemblance to a time-developing laminar boundary layer described by the solution to Stokes' first problem and can be represented by its analytical solution with a small correction.
The streamwise fluctuation velocity profile in a high Re-ratio accelerating flow is shown to exhibit two peaks immediately following the onset of transition. A conditional sampling technique, based on a λ_2-criterion, is used to show that the two peaks are separate contributions of the active and inactive regions of turbulence generation. The peak closer to the wall is attributed to the 'newly' generated turbulence in the active region; while the peak farther from the wall is attributed to the enhanced streaks in the inactive region.
Decelerating flows are shown to be also characterised by a time-developing boundary layer, similar to that in accelerating flows, bearing strong resemblance to the time-developing laminar boundary layer. The mean flow and wall friction in the early stages of the transient can be represented by the laminar analytical solution of the Stokes' first problem. The streamwise fluctuations are shown to respond immediately following the commencement of the transient, while the response of the 'real' turbulence is shown to respond after a delay. Although the decay of turbulence and flow structures appear to be a gradual development herein, the decelerating flows may also undergo a transition process. However, the mechanism and stages of any such process are not clear in the present investigation.
In addition, a brief investigation on the performance of the low-Reynolds number Launder-Sharma k-e model in predicting unsteady turbulent flows is undertaken using different CFD codes. It is shown that the model performance itself is robust and insensitive to the numerical/coding framework, while slight changes in the formulation of the model have significant effect on the performance of the model.


A 20-year dataset of weekly precipitation observations in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, was analysed to assess atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen. Mean annual total nitrogen deposition was 74 mg N/(m2 yr) but exhibited large interannual variability and was dominated by highly episodic "strong" events, probably caused by rapid transport from European sources. The majority (90%) of precipitation samples were defined as "weak" (<2 mg N/m2) and contributed an annual baseline of ∼17 mg N/(m2 yr), whereas 10% of precipitation samples were defined as "strong" (>2 mg N/m2) and additionally contributed up to 225 mg N/(m2 yr). Nitrate deposition largely occurred in samples within the solid-precipitation season (16 September–2 June), and ammonium deposition occurred equally in both solid and liquid seasons. Trends of reactive nitrogen emissions from Europe are uncertain, and increasing cyclonic activity over the North Atlantic caused by a changing climate might lead to more strong deposition events in Svalbard.


The class of programming languages commonly known as functional includes Lisp, Scheme, ML, and Miranda TM. This book explores a subclass known as lazy functional languages, beginning with the theoretical issues and continuing through abstract interpretation and offering improved techniques for implementation.Now that advanced compiler technology has made it possible for lazy functional languages to compare favorably in run-time with more traditional languages such as C and Pascal, this monograph tackles problems of implementation such as time and memory overheads and restrictions on parallelism. Specifically, it describes a more efficient implementation model, the evaluation transformer model, that can be used when information is known about how functions use their arguments, develops a semantically sound analysis technique called abstract interpretation, which can determine this information, and shows how to use the information to compile more efficient code for sequential and parallel machines.Geoffrey Burn is Lecturer at Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London.Contents: Introduction. Operational and Denotational Semantics of the Typed Lambda Calculus. A Framework for the Abstract Interpretation of Functional Languages. Some Example Abstract Interpretations. Evaluation Transformers. Implementing Functional Languages on Sequential and Parallel Machines. Relationship to Other Work. Epilogue. Appendixes: Additional Proofs. The Spineless G-Machine.


What is distinctive about Scandinavian participatory design approaches? What can we learn from Scandinavian participatory design approaches that we can take into our own design practices, collaborations in design, and design pedagogy? The discussion argues that three principles distinguish Scandinavian approaches to participatory design: striving for democracy and demo-cratisation; explicit discussions of values in design and imagined futures; and ways that conflicts and contradictions are regarded as resources in design. The author draws on recent experiences in Norway, in multi-disciplinary and international collaborations in health informatics. Background on Scandinavian approaches to participatory design is provided to give a sense of their distinctive history and critiques reflecting on problems and limits encountered. An instance of information systems interface design is presented in order to talk concretely about Scandinavian participatory design principles in contrast to mainstream systems design traditions in the United States.


This article outlines the origins, development and historical dynamics of Arabs in Indonesia and discusses responses of Indonesians, particularly Muslims, towards this group. It sketches a variety of Indonesia's Arabs—sadah and non-sadah alike— and their contributions to the shape of Indonesian Islam, Islamic cultures and Muslim politics. It also traces the roots of—and depicts the historical dynamics and changes—social relations and interactions between Arabs and local populations. The relations between Arabs and non-Arabs in the country have always been marked with conflict and tensions on the one hand, and peace and cooperation on the other. Some Muslims in the country "have admired" and built a strong relationship with the Arabs and "Indo-Arabs" while others have denounced them as the destroyers of Indonesia's local traditions, civic pluralism, social stability and interreligious tolerance. This article tries to portray this paradox, discuss factors contributing to the damaging image of Arabs in contemporary Indonesia, and explain the rationales behind it. Lastly, it discusses prospects and the possibilities of the constructive relationships between Arabs, Indo-Arabs, and other nationals, social groupings, and ethnicities in the country.


This paper presents the household energy consumption trends and alternatives for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study shows that, during the decade that the study was conducted, household energy consumption per capita increased by 17% from 6GJ. Traditional fuels accounted for about 80% of the consumption. Household energy expenditure per person tripled from $10 to $30. The energy consumption trend is highly correlated with fuel price; in 1995, charcoal was the most expensive fuel ($7 per GJ), followed by LPG and electricity ($5 per GJ). Kerosene was sold at about half the price of charcoal, while fuelwood was the least expensive ($1 per GJ). In 2005, charcoal prices increased by about 20%, while fuelwood price declined by more than 10%. The price of electricity doubled while that of kerosene tripled and LPG quadrupled. Despite the rise in price, electricity consumption shot up by a factor of twenty, and kerosene declined by half. During the decade, traditional fuel use increased by 10% while modern energy use increased by 50%. The paper also considers the potential explanations and policy implications of the trends in the data.


Months before the Opening Ceremonies, in August 2008, it is clear that the Beijing Olympics are a significant media event. However, in contrast to traditional media events as defined by Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz in their classic study, "Media Events", the Beijing Olympics are taking place in a very different global media environment. The dramatic expansion of media outlets and the growth of mobile technology have both changed the collective nature of media events and made it increasingly difficult to regulate and control their meaning. This is exemplified by the controversies that have defined the run-up to Beijing 2008. As many Western commentators have observed, the People's Republic of China is seizing the Olympics as an opportunity to reinvent itself as the "New China," a global leader distinguished by economic power, a sophisticated technological infrastructure, environmental stewardship, and an improving human-rights record.But China's efforts to use the Olympics to position itself in the new century have been hotly contested by many global actors, including prominent human rights advocates.

The essays in this collection survey these efforts to define the meaning of the Beijing Olympics from a variety of disciplinary and thematic perspectives. Bringing together a distinguished group of scholars from architecture, Chinese studies, human rights, sports studies, information policy and media studies, law, and political science, "Owning the Olympics" offers an accessible and sophisticated framework with which to understand the ongoing struggles by which multiple entities such as the International Olympic Committee, the Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG), corporate sponsors, media organizations, human rights organizations, and the Chinese Communist Party itself are seeking to influence and control the narratives through which these Games will be understood."Owning the Olympics" will be appeal to media professionals, policy analysts, and scholars from a variety of disciplines, including communications, East Asian studies, politics, and cultural studies.


Problem definition: We study the combined value of observing future demand realizations (partial demand visibility) and flexible capacity, two hedging mechanisms against demand uncertainty, when signing capacity contracts with short temporal commitment. Academic/practical relevance: With new technological innovations, short commitment contracts are found in dynamic environments like distribution, processing, and manufacturing, a trend likely to grow in the future. In contrast to classic procurement, where commitments are long, short commitments lead to new dynamics in which demand visibility allows companies to use flexible resources more efficiently by adapting to demand observations. Methodology: We incorporate flexible capacity and demand visibility simultaneously using a multiperiod newsvendor network model with two nodes that are supplied using dedicated and flexible capacity contracts with short temporal commitment. Results: The optimal commitment to capacity contracts adapts within bounds to the observed demand at each node. The ability to adapt to visible demand becomes more valuable when flexible capacity contracts are available. This allows us to show that demand visibility and flexible capacity can act as complements. Managerial implications: In contrast to conventional wisdom, when contracts have short commitment, companies can enhance the value of demand visibility if flexible capacity is also available as an option.


In developing poverty reduction strategies, poverty and welfare maps are made based on estimated values for use in decision making. Targeting public resources is better achieved with information derived from these maps. This use of poverty and welfare maps in shaping policy practically illustrates information use for development. On poverty maps, for example, poverty estimates are depicted as graphic symbols through which information is transferred to the map user. This paper investigates how effective these maps are as graphic communication media. A cartographic approach is adopted to examine the symbolization of poverty and welfare maps with the aim of enhancing their design. Eight criteria were developed and used to infer map communication effectiveness in the context of poverty mapping. These criteria are interpreted as map defects and major ones are overlapping class value, problems with symbol type, choice of color scheme and class differentiation which are all related to map symbolization. Map symbolization challenges within the poverty mapping context are related to the need to visually perceive shared spatial patterns between two related variables, highlight units with high poverty levels as well as emphasize high and low points in a poverty or welfare data. This paper illustrates how to address these by applying basic cartographic principles. These principles are generic to all kinds of maps, but it is their applicability to poverty and welfare maps that is paper's focus.


Multi-target and continuous monitoring by wireless implantable devices is of increasing interest for personalized therapy. In this work an implantable system is presented which is capable of measuring different drugs with Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) method. The wireless microsystem consists of four modules, namely (i) The inductive coil; (ii) Power management IC; (iii) Readout and control IC; (iv) Biosensor array. The power management IC provides 1.8 V with as high as 2 mW power for the readout IC. The configurable readout IC is able to control the biosensor array and measure the sensor current in CV method. CV experiments performed with this microsystem well agree with a commercial equipment for two well known anti-cancer drugs, Etoposide and Mitoxantrone, detection.


The timing of onset of modern plate tectonics is currently in conflict. Some believe that it began in the Archaean whereas others prefer a Neoproterozoic onset. At issue is the lack of reliable recorders of changing styles of subduction. Whilst high-pressure rocks (eclogite and high-P granulites) are present in the rock record from Archaean times, low-temperature, high-pressure and ultrahigh- pressure rocks only appear in the Neoproterozoic. This latter association is the hallmark of steep subduction of cold oceanic crust and is central to the argument. Their disappearance from the rock record older than c.600 Ma may be real or it may be a matter of preservation potential. The scope of this project is to investigate this question by the novel use of detrital rutile, which shows great potential as a provenance indicator for high-pressure metamorphism and tectonic settings.

The best recorders of subduction are blueschists, which are present in the rock record only to ca. 600 Ma ago. Rutiles in blueschist-facies mafic rocks from Syros and pelitic samples from the Sesia Lanzo Zone have been investigated and results show that the Nb vs. Cr diagram is a reliable tool for high-pressure/low temperature conditions, regardless of the lithology of the source rock. Further, rutiles in ultrahigh-pressure/high temperature rocks from the Dora Maira Massif and the Western Gneiss Complex have been analysed. Grains from the first location plot on the correct area of the chart, but do not correlate with the detrital record, whereas grains from the second location show a mixed Nb/Cr signatures, with eclogites plotting along the metamafic – metapelitic borderline, or even on the pelitic region. This indicates that the discrimination diagram requires special care when using it on high grade rutiles.

Provenance studies on Syros and the Sesia Lanzo showed a good host rock – detrital record correlation. Moreover, in the Western Alps, Po River contains a higher percentage of low-temperature rutiles (97%) compared to high temperature grains (3%), that might suggest that the rivers could control this concentration or most likely that the source rocks supply more rutile thus biasing the final population. These results further demonstrate the capability of detrital rutile to provenance highpressure/ low-temperature source rocks, mafic or pelitic, in large riverine systems.

The Zr-in-rutile thermometer gives values consistent with previous estimations for both Syros and the Sesia Lanzo samples, using the calibration with a silica activity of 1. The pressure-dependant calibration has a too big correction for lower pressure and temperature conditions. Moreover, quartz-bearing rocks give almost identical temperatures with quartz-free rocks, suggesting that the silica activity does not have a major effect on the thermometer. This latter thermometer has been used for ultrahigh-pressure/high temperature rutiles from Dora Maira and the Western Gneiss Complex, giving slightly lower results for the first location and considerable higher values for most of the samples from the second location. In the first case, a partial re-setting of the zirconium concentration could be the explanation, whereas in the second case, the study concludes that the Zr-in-rutile thermometer gives more consistent results than any exchange geothermometers. Therefore, this thermometer can be safely applied to rocks from blueschist- to granulite-facies rocks, giving good estimations where diffusion did not took place.


textabstractIn the early 2000s, hardware manufacturers shifted their attention from manufacturing faster---yet purely sequential---unicore processors to manufacturing slower---yet increasingly parallel---multicore processors. In the wake of this shift, parallel programming became essential for writing scalable programs on general hardware. Conceptually, every parallel program consists of workers, which implement primary units of sequential computation, and protocols, which implement the rules of interaction that workers must abide by. As programmers have been writing sequential code for decades, programming workers poses no new fundamental challenges. What is new---and notoriously difficult---is programming of protocols.

In this thesis, I study an approach to protocol programming where programmers implement their workers in an existing general-purpose language (GPL), while they implement their protocols in a complementary domain-specific language (DSL). DSLs for protocols enable programmers to express interaction among workers at a higher level of abstraction than the level of abstraction supported by today's GPLs, thereby addressing a number of protocol programming issues with today's GPLs. In particular, in this thesis, I develop a DSL for protocols based on a theory of formal automata and their languages. The specific automata that I consider, called constraint automata, have transition labels with a richer structure than alphabet symbols in classical automata theory. Exactly these richer transition labels make constraint automata suitable for modeling protocols.

Constraint automata constitute the (denotational) semantics of the DSL presented in this thesis. On top of this semantics, I use two complementary syntaxes: an existing graphical syntax (based on the coordination language Reo) and a novel textual syntax. The main contribution of this thesis, then, consists of a compiler and four of its optimizations, all formalized and proven correct at the semantic level of constraint automata, using bisimulation. In addition to these theoretical contributions, I also present an implementation of the compiler and its optimizations, which supports Java as the complementary GPL, as plugins for Eclipse. Nothing in the theory developed in this thesis depends on Java, though; any language that supports some form of threading and mutual exclusion may serve as a target for compilation. To demonstrate the practical feasibility of the GPL+DSL approach to protocol programming, I study the performance of the implemented compiler and its optimizations through a number of experiments, including the Java version of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. The experimental results in these benchmarks show that, with all four optimizations in place, compiler-generated protocol code can compete with hand-crafted protocol code.


In the context of Human Resource Management (HRM), organisations have been increasingly encouraged to implement a range of practices which, it is argued, will improve their competitiveness in the global market place. Thus, change initiatives within organisations follow one after the other. Yet, although there is apparent acceptance among practitioners and academics that evaluation is a crucial step in any process of continual improvement the reality is often that little has been done to assess the impact and degree of success of each initiative before organisations progress to the next. However, despite wide acknowledgement within the literature that is a significant problem there are few explanations offered and little evidence of any in-depth empirical exploration of the issues involved.

This thesis reports on a study which sought to identify and explain the factors which created barriers to evaluation. Using a case study approach the research explored the reality of the evaluation process as it occurred in three UK public sector organisations, each of which was seeking to evaluate a Human Resource Management (HRM) change initiative. Two distinct types of barrier were found to exist which were labelled primary and secondary. As anticipated, there were barriers (secondary) that arose during an evaluation process that related to the choices made about purpose, process and responsibility and which made it difficult for 'good' (thorough, unbiased, relevant) evaluation to occur. However, of greater significance was the discovery in all three organisations of other factors (primary barriers) which, in combination, created a context in which the failure to undertake formal evaluation could be justified as a reasoned, and reasonable, action on the part of managers thereby offering an explanation for why such evaluations are rare. These primary barriers relate to the organisational and individual value placed on the act of evaluating and the learning that occurs as a result of any findings, including the way that it informs the change. Among those responsible for the initiation and implementation of the initiative (normally those who have control of the resources necessary to enable formal evaluation to take place), informal evaluation of the initiative and the context in which it occurred determined the perceived degree of need for formal evaluation to take place. Past experience, observation and shared perceptions suggested that formal evaluation activity was neither valued nor required by the organisation and was likely to have negative personal consequences. Matters are further clouded by an academic and practitioner literature which actively promotes the benefits of HRM strategies, supported by simplistic prescriptions for success, while the majority of empirical studies offer examples which substantiate these claims. In each of the cases reported here the nature of the chosen HRM initiative was assumed to be inherently good, something which would inevitably benefit the organisation in some way, by those responsible for its adoption and implementation thus making formal assessment unnecessary.

The research clearly identifies the complexity of the barriers; each type having its roots in different factors that need to be addressed in a variety of ways if they are to be overcome and thus enable the organisation is to achieve the collective, and productive, learning from experience increasingly called for by the management literature. Until evaluation is valued at senior levels and accompanied by the necessary incentives, responsibilities, resources and rewards, wider perception of it as an important and valued activity is unlikely to become an active reality. Thus, the failure to learn from experience, to share understanding and to achieve both continuous improvement and greater levels of success in the management of change will continue. It is also clear that the same academic literature which is currently advocating a key role for HR and evaluation in the context of change needs to offer more in the way of information, guidance and support to make a positive contribution to the changes in perception that are required.


Helices are the most extensively studied secondary structures formed by β-peptide foldamers. Among the five known β-peptide helices, the 12-helix is particularly interesting because the internal hydrogen bond orientation and macrodipole are analogous to those of α-peptide helices (α-helix and 3(10)-helix). The β-peptide 12-helix is defined by i, i+3 C═O···H-N backbone hydrogen bonds and promoted by β-residues with a five-membered ring constraint. The 12-helical scaffold has been used to generate β-peptides with specific biological functions, for which diverse side chains must be properly placed along the backbone and, upon folding, properly arranged in space. Only two crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides have previously been reported, both for homooligomers of trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC). Here we report five additional crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides, all containing residues that bear side chains. Four of the crystallized β-peptides include trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (dm-ACPC) residues, and the fifth contains a β(3)-hPhe residue. These five β-peptides adopt fully folded 12-helical conformations in the solid state. The new crystal structures, along with previously reported data, allow a detailed characterization of the 12-helical conformation; average backbone torsion angles of β-residues and helical parameters are derived. These structural parameters are found to be similar to those for i, i+3 C═O···H-N hydrogen-bonded helices formed by other peptide backbones generated from α- and/or β-amino acids. The similarity between the conformational behavior of dm-ACPC and ACPC is consistent with previous NMR-based conclusions that 4,4-disubstituted ACPC derivatives are compatible with 12-helical folding. In addition, our data show how a β(3)-residue is accommodated in the 12-helix, thus enhancing understanding of the diverse conformational behavior of this flexible class of β-amino acids.


To examine the importance of hunting mortality in the population dynamics of waterfowl in southwestern Australia, we estimated survival and recovery rates of 19,523 Pacific black ducks (Anas super-ciliosa) and 2,487 grey teal (A. gibberifrons) banded in 1968-76 and recovered by 1978. Both species showed strong evidence of year-to-year variation in survival rates, which averaged 63 +/- 4(SE)% and 56 +/- 6% for adult and young Pacific black ducks, respectively, and 55 +/-17% for adult grey teal. First-year recovery rates indicated the average annual hunting mortality over 6 years for Pacific black ducks and grey teal exposed to heavy hunting pressure was 23 +/-2% and 17 +/-2%, respectively. Hunting mortality was 9% in 1 year for Pacific black ducks exposed to light hunting. Estimates of mortality rate on opening day of hunting seasons at a site of intense hunting varied between 7 and 20% for Pacific black ducks and 5 and 16% for grey teal. In an intensively hunted waterfowl population in southwestern Australia, nearly 60% of all mortality of Pacific black ducks and 40% of grey teal mortality resulted from hunting. Hunting probably caused <25% of mortality in most parts of southwestern Australia, however, and there was no evidence of hunting reducing survival rates.


Although atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as the preeminent experimental tool for real-time in situ measurements of crystal growth processes in solution, relatively little is known about the mass transfer limitations that may impact these measurements. We present a continuum analysis of flow and mass transfer in an atomic force microscope fluid cell during crystal growth, using data acquired from calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal growth measurements as a comparison. Steady-state flows and solute concentration fields are computed using a three-dimensional, finite element method implemented on a parallel supercomputer. Steady-state flow results are compared with flow visualization experiments to validate the model. Computations of the flow field demonstrate how nonlinear momentum transport alters the spatial structure of the flow with increasing flow volume, altering mass transport conditions near the AFM cantilever and tip. The simulations demonstrate that the combination of solute depletion from crystal growth and mass transfer resistance lowers the solute concentration in the region between the tip and the crystal compared with the solute concentration at the inlet of the AFM cell. For example, using experimentally measured growth rates for COM, the solute concentration in this region is 3.1% lower than the inlet value because the solute consumed by crystal growth beneath the AFM tip cannot be replenished fully due to mass transport limitations. The simulations also reveal that increasing the flow rate through the cell does not affect this difference significantly because of the inherent shielding by the AFM tip in proximity with the crystal surface. Models such as the one presented here, used in conjunction with AFM measurements, promise more precise interpretations of measurement data.


As cloud computing has become a mature technology broadly being adopted by companies across all industries, cloud service providers are increasingly turning their attention to retaining their customers. However, only little research has been conducted on investigating the antecedents of service continuance in an organizational context. To address this gap in research, we carried out a quantitative-empirical study. We developed a conceptual model that builds on previous research on organizational level continuance. We tested this model, using survey data gathered from IT decision makers of companies which have adopted cloud enterprise systems. The data was analyzed using PLS. The results show that continuance intention can be predicted both by socio-organizational and technology-related factors, explaining 55.9 % of the dependent variable's variance. Besides cloud specific findings, the study also enhances knowledge in the area of organizational level system continuance as well as its connection to IS success.


Oxides with the cubic fluorite structure, e.g., ceria (CeO2), are known to be good solid electrolytes when they are doped with cations of lower valence than the host cations. The high ionic conductivity of doped ceria makes it an attractive electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells, whose prospects as an environmentally friendly power source are very promising. In these electrolytes, the current is carried by oxygen ions that are transported by oxygen vacancies, present to compensate for the lower charge of the dopant cations. Ionic conductivity in ceria is closely related to oxygen-vacancy formation and migration properties. A clear physical picture of the connection between the choice of a dopant and the improvement of ionic conductivity in ceria is still lacking. Here we present quantum-mechanical first-principles study of the influence of different trivalent impurities on these properties. Our results reveal a remarkable correspondence between vacancy properties at the atomic level and the macroscopic ionic conductivity. The key parameters comprise migration barriers for bulk diffusion and vacancy–dopant interactions, represented by association (binding) energies of vacancy–dopant clusters. The interactions can be divided into repulsive elastic and attractive electronic parts. In the optimal electrolyte, these parts should balance. This finding offers a simple and clear way to narrow the search for superior dopants and combinations of dopants. The ideal dopant should have an effective atomic number between 61 (Pm) and 62 (Sm), and we elaborate that combinations of Nd/Sm and Pr/Gd show enhanced ionic conductivity, as compared with that for each element separately.


This Comment supports the preliminary injunction decision in Brown v. Giuliani, and demonstrates why judicial intervention is appropriate in welfare litigation to protect the constitutional rights of welfare recipients. It describes the New York City welfare administration system and its statutory framework, detailing the bureaucratic problems facing the system. It also describes "bureaucratic disentitlement," whereby largely obscure administrative proceedings function to effectively delay of deny welfare payments to eligible recipients. It examines the traditional judicial remedies and their general impotence in combating bureaucratic disentitlement, and the preliminary injunction decision granted in Brown and the justiciability of separation of powers issues posed by the decision. Finally, the Note demonstrates Brown's effect on the bureaucratic problems plaguing local welfare system, and explains its implications for future welfare litigation.


A multi-analyte sensor was developed that enables simultaneous detection of rocket engine combustion-product molecules in a launch-vehicle ground test stand. The sensor was developed using a pin-printing method by incorporating multiple sensor elements on a single chip. It demonstrated accurate and sensitive detection of analytes such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, kerosene, isopropanol, and ethylene from a single measurement. The use of pin-printing technology enables high-volume fabrication of the sensor chip, which will ultimately eliminate the need for individual sensor calibration since many identical sensors are made in one batch. Tests were performed using a single-sensor chip attached to a fiber-optic bundle. The use of a fiber bundle allows placement of the opto-electronic readout device at a place remote from the test stand. The sensors are rugged for operation in harsh environments.


Polarimetry is an useful tool in chemical identification and characterisation both inside and outside the lab. It is a modality where the effects of chiral molecules, water impurities and cancerous cells are noticeable through changes in light polarisation as it passes through these samples. In the case of chiral molecules, like glucose, this change in polarisation manifests as a rotation in polarisation. The amount of rotation that occurs is governed by Boits Law; however, without large optical path lengths, or high concentrations of solution, these rotations are typically very small, requiring elaborate, large and costly apparatus. These devices ensure accuracy by performing complex optical procedures or time-averaging point measurements. This ensures that any intensity variation in the measurements is a result of rotation and not from inherent error in the system or from noise, such as sensor or shot noise. Time Averaging is a lengthy process and does not utilizes all the information from the incident light beam. To this end, we propose, design and build a novel inexpensive, compact computational polarimetric measurement system. This system computationally enhances polarimetric measurements by utilising the full spot size observed on a spatial detector array. This allows the system to need only a single acquisition to enhance the polarimetric measurements by recognizing that the full CMOS detector is a spatial array of photosensitive areas. By using the full spot, it can mimic temporal acquisitions, but through space rather than time. To ensure accuracy in computational enhancement, detector noise and system error are characterized for their effect on both pixel intensity and polarimetric measurement accuracy, given the entire acquisition system. All the while, this device achieves a spatial footprint of less than 245 cm and costs 68% less than the state-of-the-art lab polarimeters. Two experiments are performed to validate this system. The first experiment is a synthetic experiment meant to demonstrate the performance and robustness of this device in determining the concentration of chiral molecules in a solution. The second experiment validates the real life capability of this system by determining the concentration of Maltodextrin in water. Through these experiments, it is shown that the spatial enhancement methods are capable of improving the estimate of chiral molecule concentrations. We also demonstrate that through the use of a model based spatial enhancement method, we can estimate with more accuracy and precision than the state-of-the-art enhancement method of Temporal Averaging. This system demonstrates that an inexpensive, compact polarimetry device can report accurate measurements of chiral molecule concentrations through a priori knowledge of the imperfections in the optical elements used and through computational enhancement methods that utilise the entire light beam's spot incident on a spatial detector array. This iii system acts as a proof of concept that the polarimetry modality can be taken outside the lab and into the field for chiral molecule concentration identification. It also demonstrates that spatial enhancement methods can be used for polarimetric measurement enhancement, potentially reducing overall acquisition time which is advantageous in dynamic conditions.


SUMMARY A significant problem in seismic imaging is seismically seeing below salt structures: large velocity contrasts and the irregular geometry of the salt-sediment interface strongly defocus both the downgoing and upgoing seismic wavefields. This can result in severely defocused migration images so as to seismically render some subsalt reserves invisible. The potential cure is a good estimate of the subsalt and salt velocity distributions, but that is also the problem: severe velocity contrasts prevent the appearance of coherent subsalt reflections in the surface records so that MVA or tomographic methods can become ineffective. We now present an interferometric method for extracting the diffraction signals that emanate from diffractors, also denoted as seismic guide stars. The signal-to-noise ratio of these interferometric diffractions is enhanced by √ N, where N is the number of source points coincident with the receiver points. Thus, diffractions from subsalt guide stars can then be rendered visible and so can be used for velocity analysis, migration, and focusing of subsalt reflections. Both synthetic and field data records are used to demonstrate the benefits and limitations of this method.


This paper presents the design and implementation of an L1/L2 dual-band global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Dual-conversion with a low-IF architecture was used for dual-band operation. The receiver is composed of an RF preamplifier, down-conversion mixers, a variable-gain channel filter, a 2-bit analog-to-digital converter, and the full phase-locked-loop synthesizer including an on-chip voltage controlled oscillator. Fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the receiver exhibits maximum gain of 95 dB and noise figures of 8.5 and 7.5 dB for L1 and L2, respectively. An on-chip variable-gain channel filter provides IF image rejection of 20 dB and gain control range over 60 dB. The receiver consumes 19 mW from a 1.8-V supply while occupying a 2.6-mm/sup 2/ die area including the ESD I/O pads.


Small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) is a nuclear orphan receptor without endogenous ligands. Due to its crucial inhibitory role in liver cancer, it is of importance to identify small molecule agonists of SHP. As such, we initiated a probe discovery effort to identify compounds capable of modulating SHP function. First, we performed binding assays using small molecule microarrays (SMM) and discovered 5-(diethylsulfamoyl)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (DSHN) as a novel activator of SHP. DSHN transcriptionally activated Shp mRNA, but also stabilized the SHP protein by preventing its ubiquitination and degradation. Second, we identified Ccl2 as a new SHP target gene by RNA-seq. We showed that activation of SHP by DSHN repressed Ccl2 expression and secretion by inhibiting p65 activation of CCL2 promoter activity, as demonstrated in vivo in Shp−/− mice and in vitro in HCC cells with SHP overexpression and knockdown. Third, we elucidated a strong inhibitory effect of SHP and DSHN on HCC cell migration and invasion by antagonizing the effect of CCL2. Lastly, by interrogating a publicly available database to retrieve SHP expression profiles from multiple types of human cancers, we established a negative association of SHP expression with human cancer metastasis and patient survival. In summary, the discovery of a novel small molecule activator of SHP provides a therapeutic perspective for future translational and preclinical studies to inhibit HCC metastasis by blocking Ccl2 signaling. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2294–301. ©2016 AACR.


To determine whether infection with a Helicobacter pylori strain possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of development of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, we used a nested case-control study based on a cohort of 5443 Japanese-American men in Oahu, Hawaii, who had a physical examination and a phlebotomy during 1967 to 1970. We matched 103 H. pylori-infected men who developed gastric cancer during a 21-year surveillence period with 103 H. pylori-infected men who did not develop gastric cancer and tested stored serum specimens from patients and controls for the presence of serum IgG to the cagA product of H. pylori using an ELISA. The serum IgG assay using a recombinant CagA fragment had a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 92.5% when used in a clinically defined population; serological results were stable for more than 7 years. For men with antibodies to CagA, the odds ratio of developing gastric cancer was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.9-4.0); for intestinal type cancer of the distal stomach, the odds ratio was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-5.2). Age < 72 years and advanced tumor stage at diagnosis were significantly associated with CagA seropositivity. We conclude that infection with a cagA-positive H. pylori strain in comparison with a cagA-negative strain somewhat increases the risk for development of gastric cancer, especially intestinal type affecting the distal stomach.


Description and Constituents Bromelain is a general name for a family of sulfhydryl-containing proteolytic enzymes obtained from Ananas comosus, the pineapple plant. Although bromelain's primary constituent is a sulfhydryl proteolytic fraction, it also contains escharase (a non-proteolytic component in bromelain thought to be important in the action of topical bromelain), peroxidase, acid phosphatase, several protease inhibitors, and organically-bound calcium.1 The beneficial effects of bromelain are due to multiple constituents apart from its proteolytic fraction. A variety of designations have been used to indicate the activity of bromelain, with published research varying in the designation utilized. Rorer units (r.u.), gelatin dissolving units (g.d.u.), and milk clotting units (m.c.u.) are the most commonly used measures of activity. One gram of bromelain standardized to 2,000 m.c.u is approximately equal to 1 gram with 1,200 g.d.u. activity or 8 grams with 100,000 r.u. activity.


The objective of this work is to study the vegetation composition and variety of weeds in olive (Olea europaea L.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) orchard trees in Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. The current study revealed the registration of 53 species affiliating to 51 genera in 17 families. A large number of species were registered in the family (Poaceae) that is represented by 13 species, while 11, 8 and 4 species registered in families Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Amaranthaceae respectively. The TWINSPAN classification applied in the 40 stands resulted in 4 vegetation categories (A, B, C & D). Each vegetation category represented a group of stands. In this study, the therophytes are the most abundant life form which represented 64% of the collected species, followed by chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes are each represented by 13%, Geophytes by 8%, and phanerophytes by 2% of species. Three indicators of diversity were calculated, the species richness for vegetation group B shows a significant higher (14.04 species/stand) than the other vegetation groups, while no significant differences were interpreted by Shannon index among the different vegetation groups. On the other hand, the evenness index for vegetation group B was significantly higher than the other vegetation groups. The present study provides essential information about the ecology of weeds in olive and dates palm agroecosystem and it acts as a driving force to monitor the weedy vegetation changes in Aljouf region.


The past several years have seen an evolution in the obligations of pharmaceutical companies conducting clinical trials abroad. Key players, such as international human rights organizations, multinational pharmaceutical companies, the United States government and courts, and the media, have played a significant role in defining these obligations. This article examines how such obligations have developed through the lens of past, present, and future recommendations for informed consent protections. In doing so, this article suggests that, no matter how robust obligations appear, they will continue to fall short of providing meaningful protection until they are accompanied by a substantive enforcement mechanism that holds multinational pharmaceutical companies accountable for their conduct. Issues of national sovereignty, particularly in the United States, will continue to prevent meaningful enforcement by an international tribunal or through one universally adopted code of ethics. This article argues that, rather than continuing to pursue an untenable international approach, the Alien Torts Statute (ATS) offers a viable enforcement mechanism, at least for US-based pharmaceutical companies. Recent federal appellate court precedent interpreting the ATS provides the mechanism for granting victims redress and enforcing accountability of sponsors (usually pharmaceutical companies and research and academic institutions) for informed consent misconduct. Substantive human rights protections are vital in order to ensure that every person can realize the "right to health." This article concludes that by building on the federal appellate court's ATS analysis, which grants foreign trial participants the right to pursue claims of human rights violations in US courts, a mechanism can be created for enforcing not only substantive informed consent, but also human rights protections.


In this paper we develop a continuous time factor model of commodity prices that allows for higher order autoregression and moving average components. The need for these components is documented by analyzing the convenience yield's time series dynamics. Making use of the affine model structure, closed-form pricing formulas for futures and options are derived. Empirically, a parsimonious version of the general model is estimated for the crude oil market using futures data. We demonstrate the model's superior performance in pricing nearby futures contracts in- and out-of-sample. Most notably, the model improves the pricing of long horizon contracts with information from the short end of the futures curve substantially.


The Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago is located at 80 degrees N near the continental shelf break, between the Kara and Laptev seas. Sedimentary successions of Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic age dominate the bedrock geology. Together with Northern Tajmyr, Severnaya Zemlya constitutes the main land areas of the North Kara Terrane (NKT), which is inferred here to have been a part of the Timanide margin of Baltica, i.e. an integral part of Baltica at least since the Vendian. Vendian turbidites derived from the Timanide Orogen are inferred to have been deposited on Neoproterozoic greenschist facies, granite-intruded basement. Shallow-water siliclastic deposition in the Early to Mid-Cambrian was followed by highly organic-rich shales in the Late Cambrian and influx of more turbidites. An episode of folding, the Kan'on River deformation, separates these formations from the overlying Tremadocian conglomerates and sandstones. In the Early Ordovician, rift-related magmatic rocks accompanied the deposition of variegated marls, sandstones, carbonates and evaporites. Dark shales and gypsiferous limestones characterise the Mid-Ordovician. Late Ordovician quartz-sandstones mark a hiatus, followed by carbonate rocks that extend up into and through most of the Silurian. The latter give way upwards into Old Red Sandstones, which are inferred to have been deposited in a Caledonian foreland basin. Deformation, reaching the area in the latest Devonian or earliest Carboniferous and referred to as the Severnaya Zemlya episode, is thought to be Caledonian-related. The dominating E-vergent structure was controlled by decollement zones in Ordovician evaporite-bearing strata; detachment folds and thrusts developed in the west and were apparently impeded by a barrier of Ordovician igneous rocks in the east. Below the decollement zones, the Neoproterozoic to Early Ordovician succession was deformed into open to close folds. The exposed strata in the lower structural level have been juxtaposed with those in the upper structural level along the major N-trending Fiordovoe Lake Fault Zone, which involved several kilometres of dextral strike-slip movement and downthrow to the west. A major Early Carboniferous unconformity separates the folded Mid-Palaeozoic and older rocks from overlying Carboniferous formations, as on Franz Joseph Land and Svalbard. Subsequent latest Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic orogeny, as on Taimyr, apparently had little influence on the Severnaya Zemlya successions.