abstract: While the risk factors for aspiration pneumonia are similar to those for aspiration pneumonitis, the 2 syndromes have different presentations. Aspiration pneumonia tends to occur in older patients or in those with neurological diseases, and the aspiration is not usually witnessed. Aspiration pneumonitis is more likely to occur in patients undergoing anesthesia or in those with acute drug and alcohol overdoses, and the aspiration is often witnessed. The workup may include bedside assessment of the cough and gag reflexes, chest radiography, videofluoroscopic imaging, or fiberoptic endoscopy. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be avoided in most patients with pneumonitis; however, antibiotics may be indicated for those at high risk for bacterial colonization of oropharyngeal and gastric contents who have fever, increasing sputum production, or new infiltrates or for those who fail to improve within 48 hours. (J Respir Dis. 2007;28(9):370-385)


Allegations of market power in wholesale electricity sales are typically tested using price-cost margins. Such tests are inherently suspect in markets - such as electricity - that are subject to capacity constraints. In such markets, prices can vary with demand while quantity, and thus cost measure, remain fixed. Erroneous conclusions are more likely when the proxy for marginal cost is the average operating cost of the marginal plant. Measured this way, Lerner indexes are consistent with competitive behavior. Using this proxy to cap wholesale prices, as the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has proposed, would discourage entry by making it impossible for peak power suppliers to recover capital costs. The wholesale electricity sector may be susceptible to market power. But a preferable (if not unproblematic) test for market power would look not at prices but output, i.e., whether individual generators withheld energy that would have been profitable to supply at prevailing prices.


Accelerated life test (ALT) has been widely used to accelerate the product reliability assessment process by testing product at higher than nominal stress conditions. For a system with multiple components, the tests can be performed at component-level or system-level. The data at these two levels require different amount of resources to collect and carry different values of information for system reliability assessment. Even though component-level tests are cheap to perform, they cannot account for the correlations between the failure time distributions of different components. While system-level tests can naturally account for the complicated dependence between component failure time distributions, the required testing efforts are much higher than that of component-level tests. This research proposes a novel resource allocation framework for ALT-based system reliability assessment. A physics-informed load model is first employed to bridge the gap between component-level tests and system-level tests. An optimization framework is then developed to effectively allocate testing resources to different types of tests. The information fusion of component-level and system-level tests allows us to accurately estimate the system reliability with a minimized requirement on the testing resources. Results of one numerical example demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.


This enquiry is motivated by a growing recognition of citizen participation by design disciplines and other disciplines outside of design (such as social science, science and business) in solving complex problems across society. Co-design is the approach that this research focuses on in particular. Codesign is a new field of collaborative practice that has emerged from the Scandinavian tradition of Participatory Design. Integral to the philosophy of both these practices is the decentralisation of the individual expert designer and the empowering of the end user as an active participant. Despite many studies that have provided useful frameworks and insights into the practice of co-design, conceptualisations and discussions around implications for participation and design deployment rarely include the voice of the co-design practitioner. This study uses a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the experience of practitioners, some trained in design and some not, facilitating co-design practice. Aligned with this approach, detailed interviews were conducted with six practitioners from Australia and New Zealand to understand what is unique or contingent to them personally, situated within their practices. Through a process of detailed and analytic exploration of these six individual descriptions of the phenomenon under investigation, the core constituents of the experience of co-design practice were distinguished for each participant. From these constituents, general structures representing the essences, or invariants common to all experiences under investigation were identified. Based on the careful analysis of the narrative descriptions from the interviewed practitioners, the core aspects of their practice in collaboration with end-user groups and other stakeholders are described. A visual framework is proposed that capture the complexity of their lived experiences of co-design practice.%%%%Masters by Research


Congenital Muscular Dystrophies (CMDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that
usually present in the first months of life with weakness and hypotonia. Extramuscular
manifestations are common and may include brain, skin and eye abnormalities. CMDs
are relatively rare disorders and despite the major progress made over the last 2
decades in identifying, mapping and investigating these conditions, there remains a lot
to be learned. Little is known about the relative frequency of the various forms of CMD
in the UK population. Experience had shown that founder mutations are common in
different ethnic populations and epidemiological studies performed in other countries
are of limited value in this regard. Since 2001, the Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre
(DNC) has been the National Commissioning Group UK Centre for CMD. As such we
are in the privileged position to have access to a large number of UK patients with
CMD. I analysed a cohort of 214 CMD referrals to the DNC between 2001 and 2008
with a view to reporting the diagnostic outcome and the frequency of the various forms
of CMD encountered in our patient population.
The second part of the thesis is concerned with the dystroglycanopathies, a recently
described group of CMDs associated with aberrant glycosylation of alpha dystroglycan.
To date, 7 genes have been identified, some of which give rise to multiple
dystroglycanopathy phenotypes. I studied the genotype-phenotype relationship in a
large group of dystroglycanopathy patients, reporting new clinical phenotypes and
establishing the mutation frequency in this group. I also report in detail the spectrum of
MRI brain changes seen in 27 dystroglycanopathy patients.
In summary, this work reports the diagnostic outcome in the largest cohort of UK CMD
cases studied and refines the genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with
dystroglycanopathies.


Author(s): Brown, R; Johnson, K; Vossos, E; Kloss, M; Robinson, G | Abstract: Cost effective zero net energy (ZNE) schemes exist for many types of residential and commercial buildings. Yet, today's alternating current (AC) based ZNE designs may be as much as 10% to 20% less efficient, more costly, and more complicated than a design based on direct current (DC) technologies. An increasing number of research organizations and manufacturers are just starting the process of developing products and conducting research and development (RaD) efforts. These early RaD efforts indicate that the use of DC technologies may deliver many energy and non-energy benefits relative to AC-based typologies. DC ZNE schemes may provide for an ideal integrating platform for natively DC-based onsite generation, storage, electric vehicle (EV) charging and end-use loads. Emerging empirical data suggest that DC end-use appliances are more efficient, simpler, more durable, and lower cost. DC technologies appear to provide ratepayers a lower cost pathway to achieve resilient ZNE buildings, and simultaneously yield a plethora of benefits. This paper draws from the current research effort entitled "Direct Current as an Integrating and Enabling Platform," co-led by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), the California Institute for Energy and the Environment (CIEE), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and funded under the California Energy Commission's Energy Program Investment Charge (CEC EPIC). The first phase of this EPIC research is focused on assembling and summarizing known global performance information on DC and DC-AC hybrid end-use appliances and power systems. This paper summarizes the information and insights gained from this research effort.


Academic discussions in the Netherlands about the nature and ambiguity of white‐collar and corporate crime have dragged on for years. Empirical research started relatively late. Studies that address explanations mostly focus on the criminology of the market or the corporation. Although major incidents of organizational crime stir punitiveness, most corporate lawbreaking is dealt with by a strategy of regulatory enforcement based on promoting compliance and stimulating self‐regulation. A typical Dutch manifestation of organizational crime is the high level of entanglement of business and public administration.


A cytotoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain that fails to produce toxin A but causes hemorrhage and bloody fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops of rabbits and hemorrhage and diarrhea in hamsters is described. The lack of reaction of DNA from this strain in hybridization studies with a toxin A gene-specific 4.5-kb probe and polymerase chain reaction studies with six toxin A-specific primers indicate the absence of the toxin A gene. The cytotoxin produced by this strain was not responsible for the enterotoxic or hemorrhagic activity and shared characteristics with toxin B, i.e., its cytotoxicity was neutralized by antibodies to toxigenic strains of C. difficile and Clostridium sordellii. Polymerase chain reaction studies with toxin B-specific primers showed that the DNA from this strain produced a 690-bp product in addition to the expected 591-bp product.


Fisheries are complex social-ecological systems, where managers struggle to balance the socio-economic interests of fishing communities with the biology and ecology of fisheries species. Spatial closures are a popular measure to address conservation and fisheries management goals, including the protection of shark populations. However, very little research has been published on the effectiveness of shark-specific closures to protect sharks, or their impacts on fisher behavior. Situated within the global center of tropical marine biodiversity, Indonesia's shark fishery contributes more to the international shark fin trade than any other nation. Here we evaluate the effect of shark-specific closures on sharks and other species of interest, as well as shark fishers' responses to losing access to their former fishing grounds. We assessed shark diversity and abundance in an open access zone (OAZ) and two No-Take Zones (NTZs) of a Marine Protected Area within the recently established shark sanctuary in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, where sharks have high monetary value as a tourism attraction. Shark abundance was significantly higher in the privately managed NTZs than in the OAZ. Across all management zones, neither zone size, depth nor reef complexity explained variations in shark abundance, suggesting that governance is the main driver of successful shark conservation areas. These trends were also reflected in species targeted by small-scale reef fisheries, including snappers, emperor, groupers, tunas, mackerels, and large-bodied wrasse and parrotfish. Interviews with shark fishers who lost access to their primary fishing grounds when the shark sanctuary was established showed that while most fishers (88%) knew that sharks were protected in Raja Ampat, many were unsure about the purpose of the sanctuary. Few fishers felt that the agencies implementing fishing bans understood their livelihood needs. We found that shark fishers adapted to the loss of former fishing grounds by shifting fishing effort to other locations or diversifying their livelihoods, including illegal petrol transport. While conserving sharks for tourism can be effective, it may inadvertently result in displacing fishing effort to unprotected regions. We propose that effective shark conservation in Indonesia will need to combine strategic spatial protection with efforts to support livelihood security and diversification.


Simulations of Controlled Fires Using the One-Dimensional Turbulence Model with Application to Fire Spread in Wildland Fires Elizabeth I. Monson Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Master of Science The mechanism of flame propagation in fuel beds of wildland fires is important to understand and quantify fire spread rates. Fires spread by radiative and convective heating and often require direct flame contact to achieve ignition. The flame interface in an advancing fire is unsteady and turbulent, making study of intermittent flames in complex fuels difficult. This thesis applies the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model to a study of flame propagation by simulating a lab-scale fire representative of the flame interface in a fuel bed and incorporating solid fuel particles into the ODT code. The ODT model is able to resolve individual flames (a unique property of this model) and provide realistic turbulent statistics. ODT solves diffusion-reaction equations on a line-of-sight that is advanced either in time or in one spatial direction (perpendicular to the line-of-sight). Turbulent advection is modeled through stochastic domain mapping processes. A vertical wall fire, in which ethylene fuel is slowly fed through a porous ceramic, is modeled to investigate an unsteady turbulent flame front in a controlled environment. Simulations of this configuration are performed using a spatial formulation of the ODT model, where the ODT line is perpendicular to the wall and is advanced up the wall. Simulations include radiation and soot effects and are compared to experimental temperature data taken over a range of fuel flow rates. Flame structure, velocities, and temperature statistics are reported. The ODT model is shown to capture the evolution of the flame and describe the intermittent properties at the flame edge, though temperature fluctuations are somewhat over predicted. A solid particle devolatilization model was included in the ODT code to study the convective heating of unburnt solid fuels through direct flame contact. Here the particles are treated as sweet gum hardwood and a single-reaction, first order decomposition model is used to simulate the devolatilization rates. Only preliminary results were presented for a simple case, but this extension of the ODT model presents new opportunities for future research.


Although rooted in ancient Persian beliefs, Sufism emerged as a tradition within Islam. so Sufi literature was written in both Persian and Arabic. In the selection of Arabic Sufi material for translation, first into Latin and later into other European languages, literature was excluded or downplayed in favour of philosophy and logic. Meanwhile, most Persian Sufi works selected for translation, particularly into English, revolved around the theme of Love, which has supported certain interpretations and representations of Sufism. One approach overemphasises abstract love of the divine, while another associates Sufi love with eroticism. Both ignore or play down the relationship between these two types of love and downplay Sufi practice as social behaviour, resulting in the repeated translation of certain writers and poets at the expense of others. This paper also argues that the Sufi concept of patience seems to have been misinterpreted in the West.


Local news media in Western countries are undergoing major changes, including cutbacks, centralisation and consolidation. In this study, Sweden has been scanned to map the presence of digital hyperlocal media and to investigate which online channels of communication they offer their readers, in order to determine their set-up for democratic functions. The results reveal that very few hyperlocals are positioned in rural areas; instead, the majority of them favour metropolitan or urban municipalities. The hyperlocal media presence on social networks is limited to a few platforms, and about half of the hyperlocals offer commentary fields on their news sites. As the democratic structure varies, coupled with the fact that hyperlocals favour high-density population municipalities where traditional media already exist, this study indicates that the democracy dialogue in the local public sphere may be at risk.


The Swedish CFC rules imply a taxation of Swedish partners of foreign legal persons subject to low income tax, which is based on a fictitious distribution. Thus, tax is levied even if the dividend has not been paid to the shareholder. The aim of the Swedish CFC legislation, which was put into force in 1990, was to prevent tax evasion and to protect the Swedish tax base. The reason was that the foreign exchange control was abolished, which made investments in foreign countries possible for Swedish companies. A CFC legislation was considered necessary for Sweden in order not to lose tax revenues.The legislation was strengthened on January 1st 2004 as a consequence of the abolished taxation of capital income of commercial shares. The most important change is that it is no longer possible to circumvent the rules by owning the CFC through a holding company in another country without CFC legislation.Due to Sweden's membership of the EU, Swedish tax rules must comply with EC law. Some of the fundamental principles of the common market are the free movement of workers, capital and goods and the freedom of establishment. The thesis contains an analysis of whether the Swedish CFC legislation is in line with EC law or not, especially as regards the freedom of establishment and the free movement of capital. In the first part of the analysis we investigate if the legislation constitutes a restriction of the mentioned freedoms and in the second part there is an assessment of the possibilities to justify such a restriction. Our conclusion is that the CFC legislation does constitute an obstacle to the freedom of establish-ment as well as to the free movement of capital, and that it cannot be justified.We present a proposal of how the lacking compatibility with EC law could be remedied. The options are either to abolish the CFC legislation completely or to reduce the scope of it. Our suggestion is that the double CFC taxation is abolished, that the legislation is applied only to holdings of a certain magnitude and that CFC taxation is limited to incomes arisen from transactions between companies within the same concern.


The current study investigated written corrective feedback (WCF) in the General Foundation Programme (GFP) in one of the Omani private universities. This paper, which is based on a doctoral research study, will focus only on three research questions: (a) what are the writing teachers' beliefs with regard to WCF? (b) What are their practices with regard to WCF? (c) To what extent do the teachers' beliefs and practices regarding the provision of WCF on the students' writing align? The participants of the study were a sample of writing teachers and some of their students. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, student focus groups and student text analysis were used as research instruments. The study revealed both congruence and incongruence between the teachers' beliefs and practices. Some implications, which might be useful for writing teachers and researchers in WCF and teacher cognition, are put forward.


Process safety has been practiced as a field of research and safety management in the oil and chemical industries since the 1960s. Over this period there have been many tragic incidents, which have resulted in fatalities as well as asset, environmental, and reputational damage. While standards have improved since then and much work has been done, particularly in inherently safer design and management systems, catastrophic incidents are still happening and will continue to do so until we tackle them head on. It appears as if we are not learning lessons from the past, because the causes of failures for current incidents are the same as past incidents, albeit in different environments. We must learn from these incidents. As an industry, our inability to learn from past incidents and demonstrate that process safety is improving has led to a project called "Process Safety in the 21st Century and Beyond". The aim of this project is to envision better process safety by outlining efforts that each stakeholder can take. This project was led by a steering committee convened to bring in academic, industrial, regulatory, and societal perspectives from around the world and across stakeholders. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jurgen Schmidt was part of the steering committee which identified the challenges in process safety and published their results in an informative brochure.


eHealth characterizes not only a technical development, but also a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve healthcare locally, regionally, and worldwide by using information and communication technology. This paper studies eHealth security from three interrelated angles: security as enabler of trust (empowering users and co-creating trust among EU-citizens); security as technological innovations (open security solutions); and security as regulatory mechanism (contribution towards a creation of a European open security systemic level nexus). To achieve the trust of users, measures of safety have to be taken into consideration in accordance with the "privacy by design" approach. This requires secure storage of information and guaranteeing safe exchange of data preventing unauthorized access, loss of data and cyber-attacks. From citizens' point of view, eHealth is wholeness in which sectors of information security (availability/confidentiality/integrity) hold true. Present procedures emphasize confidentiality at the expense of integrity and availability, and regulations/instructions are used as an excuse not to change even vital information. The mental-picture of cyber security should turn from "threat, crime, attack" to "trust". Creating confidence in safe digital future is truly needed in the integration of the digital and physical world's leading to a new digital revolution. Key-words: eHealth, health care, cyber security, cyber trust, cyber-physical system, information security, privacy, security threats, resilience


To prolong the network lifetime, various scheduling approaches that schedule wireless devices of nodes to switch between active and sleep states have been studied. Topology control schemes are one of the scheduling approaches that can extend the network lifetime and reduce the additional communication delays at the same time. However, they do not guarantee that all nodes have the same lifetime. They reduce the network coverage and prevent seamless communications. This paper proposes an adaptive duty-cycling (ADC) scheme to solve the unbalanced energy consumption generated from the conventional topology control schemes. Our scheme can be applied as a subprocess of them and enable well-balanced energy consumption among all nodes by applying a different duty-cycle to each group based on group size. Therefore, ADC scheme reduces the coverage reduction and maintains the communication delay as a constant throughout the network lifetime. Simulation results show that our scheme extends the network lifetime by at least 25%. This paper also proposes t-ADC scheme. It can be more effectively applied to various environments by adjusting the duty-cycle determined by the ADC scheme which is based on the network traffic amount. We show that t-ADC scheme prolongs the lifetime up to 17% compared to ADC scheme in a low traffic network.


Hanne Darboven's Kulturgeschichte 1880-1983 (Cultural History 1880-1983) (1980-1983) is an overwhelming and encyclopedic installation consisting of 1,590 works on paper and 19 sculptural objects. The work weaves together cultural, social, and historical references with autobiographical documents, postcards, pinups of film and rock stars, documentary references to the first and second world wars, geometric diagrams for textile weaving, a sampling of New York doorways, illustrated covers from news magazines, the contents of an exhibition catalogue devoted to postwar European and American art, a kitschy literary calendar, and extracts from some of Darboven's earlier works. The panels are sequenced and grouped, with the groups then juxtaposed in arrangements that often seem little more than chance associations. In his illustrated walk through Darboven's massive work, Dan Adler explores its visual and aesthetic complexities and considers the work in relation to various projects undertaken by European artists in the 1960s--including Gerhard Richter's ongoing Atlas. The work is now permanently installed at Dia: Beacon.


Soil moisture plays crucial role in influencing the components of hydrologic cycle and thus used for large range of applications such as climate predictions, agriculture management and flood/drought modelling. The current work focuses on establishing a measure to check the performance of passive microwave satellite soil moisture data using rainfall information over India. The measure is developed based on the concepts of information theory and copulas. Two soil moisture products developed by, VUA-NASA (jointly by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and NASA) and university of Montana are tested with the proposed measure using IMD rainfall data at 0.25° latitude-longitude spatial resolution. The measure conveyed that soil moisture product by university of Montana has outperformed over its counterpart. Further analysis concluded that under moderate climate conditions, Montana product could be used for analysis whereas for study in extreme weather conditions it may be necessary to check the usefulness of VUA-NASA product.


Basophils, a rare leukocyte population in peripheral circulation, are conventionally identified as CD45intCD49b+FcεRI+ cells. Here, we show that basophils from blood and several organs of naïve wild‐type mice express CD41, the α subunit of αIIbβ3 integrin. CD41 expression on basophils is upregulated after in vivo IL‐3 treatment and during infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). Moreover, CD41 can be used as a reliable marker for basophils, circumventing technical difficulties associated with FcεRI for basophil identification in a Nb infection model. In vitro anti‐IgE cross‐linking and IL‐3 basophil stimulation showed that CD41 upregulation positively correlates with augmented surface expression of CD200R and increased production of IL‐4/IL‐13, indicating that CD41 is a basophil activation marker. Furthermore, we found that infection with Plasmodium yoelii 17X (Py17x) induced a profound basophilia and using Mcpt8DTR reporter mice as a basophil‐specific depletion model, we verified that CD41 can be used as a marker to track basophils in the steady state and during infection. During malarial infection, CD41 expression on basophils is negatively regulated by IFN‐γ and positively correlates with increased basophil IL‐4 production. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CD41 can be used as both an identification and activation marker for basophils during homeostasis and immune challenge.


The Competence in Practice Assessment (CiPA) Tool was designed and developed to support student self-assessment in a social care or health setting. It is one of many artefacts created as part of the Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning called 'Assessment and Learning in Practice Settings'. Demonstration of competence is essential for courses leading to professional registration. This presentation will chart the development and evaluation of the CiPA tool into responsive software that students can self-complete at stages throughout their course: In doing this we demonstrate how a research project became the springboard for the development of student centred learning and teaching innovation. 14 students from a range of health and social work courses, who responded to a job advertisement, worked in multiprofessional collaborative groups to design feedback, reflective prompts and resource links in response to students' self assessment ratings. This was then built into a simple software package by a computing placement student. The result is that students complete the tool [with potential for PC, web or Mobile access] by assessing their perception of their own competency at their current stage in the course. The software provides them with feedback designed to support their own assessment and suggest actions: this is confidential and thus a safe activity, but linked to Personal Development Planning and so able to be incorporated into their record of professional growth, preparation for further placement experience and readiness for qualification. Taking responsibility for one's own learning, and developing self assessment skills are parts of becoming a competent practitioner in any profession; thus whilst the questions as they stand relate to health and social care professions, the design principles apply to any placement experience, leading to opportunities for creative development of the tool.


One-bit compressed sensing (1bCS) is a method of signal acquisition under extreme measurement quantization that gives important insights on the limits of signal compression and analog-to-digital conversion. The setting is also equivalent to the problem of learning a sparse hyperplane-classifier. In this paper, we propose a generic approach for signal recovery in nonadaptive 1bCS that leads to improved sample complexity for approximate recovery for a variety of signal models, including nonnegative signals and binary signals. We construct 1bCS matrices that are universal - i.e. work for all signals under a model - and at the same time recover very general random sparse signals with high probability. In our approach, we divide the set of samples (measurements) into two parts, and use the first part to recover the superset of the support of a sparse vector. The second set of measurements is then used to approximate the signal within the superset. While support recovery in 1bCS is well-studied, recovery of superset of the support requires fewer samples, which then leads to an overall reduction in sample complexity for approximate recovery.


In the present work, a rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Glimepiride in tablets dosage form [500/15/2mg] by selecting the various chromatographic parameters. A new method was developed using 250 mm x 4.6 mm, reverse phase C18 column, 5 µm (XBridge C18, 250 X 4.6 mm; 5 µ) with mobile phase of 40 volumes of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (Phosphate buffer pH 6.8) and 60 volumes of Methanol as mobile phase and Methanol as diluent run as isocratic elution. Flow rate was 1.0 mL -1 with UV detection at 257 nm and the injection volume was set at 20 µL with 20 minutes of runtime. The method was validated by using various validation parameters like accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and stability in analytical solution and robustness. All the validation parameters were found to be well within the acceptance criteria. Hence the method can be used for routine estimation of Metformin (as extended release), Pioglitazone and Glimepiride tablets [500/15/2 mg].


A new design of three-layer anti-reflection coating has been developed using a highly absorptive TiNxOy layer and a slightly absorptive SiNx layer together with a low refractive index SiO2 layer. It can cover the transmission range of from 40 to 70% with good anti-reflection property.


One-year-old plants of Datura innoxia growing in natural condition in the Hamdard University campus, New Delhi (normal site) and around the Badarpur thermal power plant, New Delhi (polluted site), were studied and compared for their vegetative growth and pollen viability. The power plant emits 1450 tonnes fly ash and 100 tonnes sulphur dioxide per day. Significant variation was found in plant growth, biomass and pollen viability of the two population. The shoot growth was reduced at the polluted site but the root length, the number of branches and the plant biomass were increased, compared to the control. Pollen viability declined by about 66 per cent at the polluted site. Rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were low while internal CO2 concentration was high in polluted site. Further, levels of chlorophyll a, b total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were reduced in polluted site.


Aims. Spectral lines of He-like ions are among the most prominent features in X-ray spectra from a large variety of astrophysical and high-temperature fusion plasmas. A reliable plasma modeling and interpretation of the spectra require a large amount of accurate atomic data related to various physical processes. In this paper, we focus on the electron-impact excitation (EIE) process. Methods. We adopted the independent process and isolated resonances approximation using distorted waves (IPIRDW). Resonant stabilizing transitions and decays to lower-lying autoionizing levels from the resonances are included as radiative damping. To verify the applicability of the IPIRDW approximation, an independent Dirac R-matrix calculation was also performed. The two sets of results show excellent agreement. Results. We report electron impact excitation collision strengths for transitions among the lowest 49 levels of the 1snl(n ≤ 5; l ≤ (n - 1)) configurations in He-like ions with 20 ≤ Z ≤ 42. The line ratios R and G are calculated for Fe XXV and Kr XXXV. Conclusions. Compared to previous theoretical calculations, our IPIRDWcalculation treats resonance excitation and radiative damping effects more comprehensively, and the resulting line emission cross sections show good agreement with the experimental observations. Our results should facilitate the modeling and diagnostics of various astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. (Less)


Over the past few decades a large number of new and emerging infectious diseases have been recognised in humans, partly because of improved diagnostic technologies and increased awareness and also, partly because of dynamic ecological changes between human hosts and their exposure to animals and the environment (Coker et al. 2011). Some 177 new pathogenic organisms have been recognised to be 'emerging', that is, have newly arisen or been newly introduced into human populations; almost three quarters of these, 130 (73%), have come from zoonotic origins (Cascio et al. 2011; Cutler, Fooks & Van Der Poel 2010; Taylor, Latham & Woolhouse 2001; Woolhouse & Gowtage-Sequeria 2005). One of the most prevalent and important human infectious disease is influenza, a disease responsible globally for a quarter million deaths annually. In the USA alone the toll from influenza is estimated at 36 000 deaths and 226 000 hospitalisations, and it ranks as the most important cause of vaccine preventable mortality in that country (CDC 2010). The epidemiological behaviour of human influenza clearly defines it as an emerging infectious disease and the recent understanding of its zoonotic origins has contributed much to the understanding of its behaviour in humans (Fauci 2006).


The thesis will attempt to measure the extent that the discount operation of the Federal Reserve System affect changes in the credit or money supply of the economy. An increase or decrease in the rate can influence the volume of discounts and advances requested through the discount window by member banks. It can also reflect some increase in the market interest rate passed on to consumers and affect the volume of consumer credit demanded from banks. The actual money and credit supply is affected to some degree, although it is not affected to a large enough extent that discount operations alone can influence a contraction or expansion of the quantity of money and credit available. Without a severe contraction or expansion of this supply, the economy will follow a deflationary or inflationary pattern established by market trends. The Federal Funds market is a competitor of the Federal Reserve's discount operation and is influential in the effectiveness of increasing the discount rate. As the discount rate is increased the market demand and volume of transactions in Federal Funds will increase, counteracting the increase in the discount rate. The other instruments of monetary policy-reserve requirements and open market operation must be integrated into the network of control to bring about the stabilization of money again. It is through the use of monetary policy as a whole that pressures are implemented; not by single factors applied individually. But changes in the open market operations, reserve requirements, and discount operations at one time, in varying degrees, can expand or contract the money supply and credit. The discount operation is to be considered a direct tool when used with the other two measures, but when used alone it is only a supportive tool regarding monetary policy. The discount operation, then, is a supportive tool of the Federal Reserve System, and must be utilized as such. Fluctuations in the discount rate and other variations in the discount operation alone will not result in any substantial influx or money or credit in the economy.


Models of communication strictly as a function of intention and control founder when confronted by variationist findings of perseveration at different levels of linguistic structure in use. When Poplack (1981) finds that Spanish [s] leads to more [s] and that "zeros lead to zeros," it is unclear how speaker intention is involved. But, it is clear that what a speaker says at one point will influence what this same speaker says next. Here we identify perseveration of pronominal and null subjects in three dialects of Spanish: Madrid, San Juan, and New York City. In null subject Spanish, expression of subject pronouns leads to more pronouns, and expression of null subjects leads to more nulls. We argue that a perspicuous account of perseveration may be found within Spreading-Activation Theory (Dell 1986), a psycholinguistic theory of production based on speech errors. Thus, this work integrates quantitative dialect description with psycholinguistic explanation.


The March 2011 Anti-Substance Summit in Durban continued the outdated approach to policy around illicit drugs in South Africa. It missed opportunities for discussing how to impact significantly on the health and social harms associated with problematic drug use and reduce the burden of drug-related cases in the criminal justice system. The government needs to move away from the political rhetoric of a 'drug-free society' and start the real work of formulating and implementing an evidence-based drug policy that learns from the experiences of other countries around decriminalising drug use; takes into account differences in the harms resulting from different classes of drug; adopts a rights-based, public health approach to policy; and identifies a single (accountable) agency that has the authority to oversee policy implementation. In addition, consensus is needed on he short-, medium- and long -term priorities for drug policy strategies identified by Babor et al. may serve as a useful starting point for policy development.


ABSTRACT The gusA gene, encoding a new β-glucuronidase enzyme, has been cloned from Lactobacillus gasseri ADH. This is the first report of a β-glucuronidase gene cloned from a bacterial source other than Escherichia coli. A plasmid library of L. gasseri chromosomal DNA was screened for complementation of an E. coli gus mutant. Two overlapping clones that restored β-glucuronidase activity in the mutant strain were sequenced and revealed three complete and two partial open reading frames. The largest open reading frame, spanning 1,797 bp, encodes a 597-amino-acid protein that shows 39% identity to β-glucuronidase (GusA) of E. coli K-12 (EC 184.108.40.206 ). The other two complete open reading frames, which are arranged to be separately transcribed, encode a putative bile salt hydrolase and a putative protein of unknown function with similarities to MerR-type regulatory proteins. Overexpression of GusA was achieved in a β-glucuronidase-negative L. gasseri strain by expressing the gusA gene, subcloned onto a low-copy-number shuttle vector, from the strong Lactobacillus P6 promoter. GusA was also expressed in E. coli from a pET expression system. Preliminary characterization of the GusA protein from crude cell extracts revealed that the enzyme was active across an acidic pH range and a broad temperature range. An analysis of other lactobacilli identified β-glucuronidase activity and gusA homologs in other L. gasseri isolates but not in otherLactobacillus species tested.


Abstract With the growing popularity of online social networks, a large amount of private or sensitive information has been posted online. In particular, studies show that users sometimes reveal too much information or unintentionally release regretful messages, especially when they are careless, emotional, or unaware of privacy risks. As such, there exist great needs to be able to identify potentially-sensitive online contents, so that users could be alerted with such findings. In this paper, we propose a context-aware, text-based quantitative model for private information assessment, namely PrivScore, which is expected to serve as the foundation of a privacy leakage alerting mechanism. We first solicit diverse opinions on the sensitiveness of private information from crowdsourcing workers, and examine the responses to discover a perceptual model behind the consensuses and disagreements. We then develop a computational scheme using deep neural networks to compute a context-free PrivScore (i.e., the "consensus" privacy score among average users). Finally, we integrate tweet histories, topic preferences and social contexts to generate a personalized context-aware PrivScore. This privacy scoring mechanism could be employed to identify potentially-private messages and alert users to think again before posting them to OSNs.


This paper contributes to the literature on tree automata (also known as algebra automata), which is providing new insights at the interface between automata theory and formal language theory—an interface which hopefully will show increasing relevance both to linguists and compiler writers. Formal language theory has long employed pushdown automata, linear bounded automata, etc., to process, parse, and recognize the strings of a formal language. Lurking in the background have been the derivation trees which show how such strings can be derived by various rewriting rules from some initial symbol. The new approach (spurred by the linguists' interest in transformational grammars which actually transform derivation trees, and by Buchi's observation—built upon by such workers as Mezei, Thatcher, Eilenberg, Wright, and Giveon in the pages of Information and Control—that ordinary automata may be viewed as a special kind of universal algebra) looks at automata that act directly on the trees, rather than on the strings they produce.


In this paper, we present a visualization system for the visual analysis of PET/CT scans of aortic arches of mice. The system has been designed in close collaboration between researchers from the areas of visualization and molecular imaging with the objective to get deeper insights into the structural and molecular processes which take place during plaque development. Understanding the development of plaques might lead to a better and earlier diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, which are still the main cause of death in the western world. After motivating our approach, we will briefly describe the multimodal data acquisition process before explaining the visualization techniques used. The main goal is to develop a system which supports visual comparison of the data of different species. Therefore, we have chosen a linked multi-view approach, which amongst others integrates a specialized straightened multipath curved planar reformation and a multimodal vessel flattening technique. We have applied the visualization concepts to multiple data sets, and we will present the results of this investigation.


Functionalmagnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is now a well-established technique for studying the brain. However, in many situations, such as when data are acquired in a resting state, it is difficult to know whether the data are truly stationary or if level shifts have occurred. To this end, change-point detection in sequences of functional data is examined where the functional observations are dependent and where the distributions of change-points from multiple subjects are required. Of particular interest is the case where the change-point is an epidemic change-a change occurs and then the observations return to baseline at a later time. The case where the covariance can be decomposed as a tensor product is considered with particular attention to the power analysis for detection. This is of interest in the application to fMRI, where the estimation of a full covariance structure for the three-dimensional image is not computationally feasible. Using the developed methods, a large study of resting state fMRI data is conducted to determine whether the subjects undertaking the resting scan have nonstationarities present in their time courses. It is found that a sizeable proportion of the subjects studied are not stationary. The change-point distribution for those subjects is empirically determined, as well as its theoretical properties examined.


The fate of undocumented youth recently overwhelmed political dialogue on immigration and its effect on those individuals remains largely unstudied. This paper extends the scope of political information analyses from potential voters to undocumented childhood arrivals. Quantitative observations come from in-depth qualitative interviews in Los Angeles County, California and the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas. It finds important regional differences in the ability of immigration status to motivate cognitive engagement of politics. It questions the threat hypothesis, as highly politically knowledgeable DREAMers appear to reside in supportive environments. Such places help equip them with the ability to attribute blame and channel anger or enthusiasm. Findings suggest profound dissimilarities in the potential for political participation if and when DREAMer Latinos gain access to citizenship.


This thesis is concerned with how the ecological approach to perception with the
inclusion of listening modes, informs the creation of sound art installation, or more
specifically as referred to in this thesis as constructed sound environments.
The basis for the thesis has been a practiced based research where the aim and
purpose of the written part of this PhD project has been to critically investigate the
area of sound art, in order to map various approaches towards participating in and
listening to a constructed sound environment. The main areas has been the notion of
affordance as coined by James J. Gibson (1986), listening modes as coined by Pierre
Schaeffer (1966) and further developed by Michel Chion (1994), aural architects as
coined by Blesser and Salter (2007) and the holistic approach towards understanding
sound art developed by Brandon LaBelle (2006).
The findings within the written part of the thesis, based on a qualitative analysis, have
informed the practice that has resulted in artefacts in the form of seven constructed
sound environments that also functions as case studies for further analysis.
The aim of the practice has been to exemplify the methodology, strategy and progress
behind the organisation and construction of sound environments
The research concerns points towards the acknowledgment of affordance as the
crucial factor in understanding a constructed sound environment. The affordance
approach govern the idea that perceiving a sound environment is a top-down process
where the autonomic quality of a constructed sound environment is based upon the
perception of structures of the sound material and its relationship with speaker
placement and surrounding space. This enables a researcher to side step the
conflicting poles of musical/abstract and non-musical/realistic classification of sound
elements and regard these poles as included, not separated elements in the analysis
of a constructed sound environment.


Since the turn of the Millennium, major changes in economic history practice such as the dominance of econometrics and the championing of "big data," as well as changes in how research is funded, have created new pressures for medieval economic historians to confront. In this article, it is suggested that one way of strengthening the field further is to more explicitly link up with hypotheses posed in other social sciences. The historical record is one "laboratory" in which hypotheses developed by sociologists, economists, and even natural scientists can be explicitly tested, especially using dual forms of geographical and chronological comparison. As one example to demonstrate this, a case is made for the stimulating effect of "disaster studies." Historians have failed to interact with ideas from disaster studies, not only because of the general drift away from the social sciences by the historical discipline, but also because of a twin conception that medieval disaster study bears no relation to the modern, and that medieval coping strategies were hindered by providence, superstition, fear, and panic. We use the medieval disasters context to demonstrate that medieval economic history can contribute to big narratives of our time, including climate change and inequality. This contribution can be in (1) investigating the root causes of vulnerability and resilience, and recovery of societies over the long term (moving disaster studies away from instant impact focus) and (2) providing the social context needed to interpret the massive amount of "big data" produced by historical climatologists, bioarchaeologists, economists, and so on.


Safeguarding the Ethical Conduct of Biomedical Research in Israel against Conflict of Interest Hadar Khazzam-Horovitz Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Anna Mastroianni School of Law The global entrepreneurialism of biomedical research and its close ties with the private sector have introduced strong financial incentives into the public arena. In Israel, powerful forces of privatization have strengthened the enterprise of competitive research. A pivotal concern is whether an increasingly competitive research environment will create conflicts of interest (COI) impacting researchers and research institutions' ability to protect research validity and research participants' health and safety. In Israel, scandals have raised concerns about whether those responsible for conducting and evaluating research are committed to ethical standards. In response, the government has introduced regulatory mechanisms aimed at limiting the negative influence of commercial COI. The regulatory scheme imposes upon the hospitals and the Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH) the responsibility to identify and eliminate COI arising from the relationships between commercial sponsors and investigators. The scheme also calls for screening to determine eligibility of government advisors used for scientific input in the review of new trial applications. This dissertation evaluates whether government-created mechanisms are adequate responses to commercial incentives in the otherwise self-regulated research landscape in Israel. The collection and analysis of empirical data reveals practical interpretations and implementation of the regulatory mechanisms. The U.S. regulatory model illuminates a comparative model for attending to similar COI challenges. This dissertation suggests that current Israeli regulatory safeguards are lacking crucial standards and norms. The lack of standardized objectives and responsibilities, and the substantial variations found in institutional interpretation and implementation, require further regulatory intervention by the Israeli government. The objectives of this dissertation are to promote transparency and accountability within the Israeli biomedical scheme. The analysis is premised on the assumption that the protection of human subjects and the preservation of integrity within the context of medical research must evolve in tandem with the changing world of innovation and creative technologies. Securing legitimate standards and norms will benefit not only the research community, but also the welfare of the general public and those who contribute to scientific inquiry as clinical trial participants.


As distribution shifts are inescapable in realistic clinical scenarios due to inconsistencies in imaging protocols, scanner vendors, and across different centers, well-trained deep models incur a domain generalization problem in unseen environments. Despite a myriad of model generalization techniques to circumvent this issue, their broad applicability is impeded as (i) source training data may not be accessible after deployment due to privacy regulations, (ii) the availability of adequate test domain samples is often impractical, and (iii) such model generalization methods are not well-calibrated, often making unreliable overconfident predictions. This paper proposes a novel learnable test-time augmentation, namely OptTTA, tailored specifically to alleviate large domain shifts for the source-free medical image segmentation task. OptTTA enables efficiently generating augmented views of test input, resembling the style of private source images and bridging a domain gap between training and test data. Our proposed method explores optimal learnable test-time augmentation sub-policies that provide lower predictive entropy and match the feature statistics stored in the BatchNorm layers of the pretrained source model without requiring access to training source samples. Thorough evaluation and ablation studies on challenging multi-center and multi-vendor MRI datasets of three anatomies have demonstrated the performance superiority of OptTTA over prior-arts test-time augmentation and model adaptation methods. Additionally, the generalization capabilities and effectiveness of OptTTA are evaluated in terms of aleatoric uncertainty and model calibration analyses. Our PyTorch code implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/devavratTomar/OptTTA .


The study was undertaken to study the nature and extent of indebtedness of the Class IV employees of Bangladesh Agricultural University. It was found that nearly two-thirds of them were indebted to one or more than one sources. Among the borrower-employees, about two-thirds borrowed from the University Provident Fund amounting to about one-third of the total loan amount. More than 50 percent of the loan amount was borrowed from private money lenders and the so called 'cooperative and welfare-societies,' charging an usurious interest rate ranging from 120 to 240 percent. The majority of the loanee-employees who borrowed from private money leaders and societies repaid only interest charges which amounted to more than 90 percent of their total borrowing. The overall loan repayment percentage was found to be less than 10 percent, thus piling an average amount of outstanding debt of more than Tk. 12,000. Lenders' characteristics show that about 60 percent of them were University employees operating money lending business mostly for the fellow employees of the University. Interest earning became their major source of income.


The Bălăciţa Piedmont represents the western subdivision of the Getic Piedmont, being located in south-western Romania. The unit under study is an early inhabited space and, at the same time, an area of active development of numerous geodynamic phenomena. The man-induced changes had significant influences upon the environment and especially upon the relief, the increased vulnerability of the terrains to the dangerous geomorphologic phenomena being one of the most important problems that the local communities have to face nowadays. The present study aims to assess the human influence upon the emergence of environmental unbalances and especially the human actions that influence the risk geomorphologic processes. A relevant means in the process of evaluating the type and dimension of the human intervention within a given territorial unit concerns the computation of certain synthetic indicators that characterize the degree of landscape transformation. The assessment has been realized through the analysis of statistical data at the level of the administrative-territorial units that overlap the Bălăciţa Piedmont. The general research regards an interval of thirty years (1977 - 2007), while the focus was laid upon the transition period (1992, 2002, and 2007).


"Despite being one of the most pervasive materials on the planet, plastic and its impact on human health is poorly understood. Human exposure to it grows with increasing plastic production and use. Research into the human health impacts of plastic to date have focused narrowly on specific moments in the plastic lifecycle, from wellhead to refinery, from store shelves to human bodies, and from disposal to ongoing impacts as air pollutants and ocean plastic. Individually, each stage of the plastic lifecycle poses significant risks to human health. Together, the lifecycle impacts of plastic paint an unequivocally toxic picture: plastic threatens human health on a global scale."


Skateboarding began in California over 50 years ago and has grown internationally. The purpose of this study was to assess the behavior of park visitors at Los Osos Skate Park. This park was fully supervised and this study can serve as a tool for park management. The researcher observed the skate park during operating hours throughout April 2011. The subjects of this study were park visitors actively skateboarding, or passively watching. The dominant demographic for skateboarders were adolescent males. This study found peak times were weekdays afterschool, adult park visitors display the most positive behavior, and middle school park visitors display the most negative behavior. This study also found that a supervised skate park may deter illegal behavior throughout park grounds. However, this study recommends that more observations be conducted both during and after operating hours, and the researcher should be unknown, all to ensure the most accurate observations.


Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which can cause vision loss by damaging the optic nerve. Early glaucoma detection is key to preventing vision loss yet there is a lack of noticeable early symptoms. Colour fundus photography allows the optic disc (OD) to be examined to diagnose glaucoma. Typically, this is done by measuring the vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR); however, glaucoma is characterised by thinning of the rim asymmetrically in the inferior-superior-temporal-nasal regions in increasing order. Automatic delineation of the OD features has potential to improve glaucoma management by allowing for this asymmetry to be considered in the measurements. Here, we propose a new deep-learning-based method to segment the OD and optic cup (OC). The core of the proposed method is DenseNet with a fully-convolutional network, whose symmetric U-shaped architecture allows pixel-wise classification. The predicted OD and OC boundaries are then used to estimate the CDR on two axes for glaucoma diagnosis. We assess the proposed method's performance using a large retinal colour fundus dataset, outperforming state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Furthermore, we generalise our method to segment four fundus datasets from different devices without further training, outperforming the state-of-the-art on two and achieving comparable results on the remaining two.


Although the exact mechanism that makes bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban®) effective as a smoking cessation aid has not been fully elucidated, studies have found that bupropion and nicotine share behavioural and neurophysiological properties suggesting that bupropion might serve as a substitute for nicotine. In fact, bupropion prompts nicotine-appropriate responding in operant and Pavlovian drug discrimination studies with rats. A majority of the literature examining this substitution pattern has been done with an operant paradigm. The present research extended this literature by further characterising the behavioural and neuropharmacological properties underlying the substitution for a nicotine conditioned stimulus (CS). Examination of the dose—effect function and temporal dynamics of this substitution pattern showed that bupropion (20 mg/kg) produced conditioned responding similar to nicotine (0.4 mg base/kg) (ED50 = 9.9 mg/kg) at 15 and 30 min after injection and partially substituted 5 and 60 min post-injection. Bupropion produced a pattern of conditioned responding similar to nicotine during a 60-min extinction test. Additionally, it has been hypothesised that bupropion and nicotine have an overlapping dopaminergic mechanism. We tested the effects of bupropion pretreatment, the nicotine dose—effect function and the ability of dopamine antagonist to block the substitution of bupropion for nicotine. Pretreatment with doses of bupropion that did not substitute for the nicotine stimulus (5 and 10 mg/kg) did not affect nicotine-conditioned responding; pretreatment with 20 mg/kg attenuated nicotine-evoked responding. Pretreatment with the dopamine antagonists SCH-23390 and eticlopride blocked the substitution. Finally, S,S-hydroxybupropion, the major metabolite of bupropion in humans, did not substitute for the nicotine CS.


Recent studies using comprehensive middle atmosphere models predict a strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in response to climate change. To gain confidence in the realism of this result it is important to quantify and understand the contributions from the different components of stratospheric wave drag that cause this increase. Such an analysis is performed here using three 150-yr transient simulations from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), a Chemistry-Climate Model that simulates climate change and ozone depletion and recovery. Resolved wave drag and parameterized orographic gravity wave drag account for 60% and 40%, respectively, of the long-term trend in annual mean net upward mass flux at 70 hPa, with planetary waves accounting for 60% of the resolved wave drag trend. Synoptic wave drag has the strongest impact in northern winter, where it accounts for nearly as much of the upward mass flux trend as planetary wave drag. Owing to differences in the latitudinal structure of the wave drag changes, the relative contribution of resolved and parameterized wave drag to the tropical upward mass flux trend over any particular latitude range is highly sensitive to the range of latitudes considered. An examination of the spatial structure of the climate change response reveals no straightforward connection between the low-latitude and high-latitude changes: while the model results show an increase in Arctic downwelling in winter, they also show a decrease in Antarctic downwelling in spring. Both changes are attributed to changes in the flux of stationary planetary wave activity into the stratosphere.


If pro se patent applicants are successful with their applications, they are likely to be inspired to become serial inventors and patentees. In contrast, a pro-se patent applicant, who is turned off by a nontransparent and arbitrary examination process at the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO"), may curtail his/her instinct to invent and patent. The USPTO does not collect data or publish statistical analyses of pro se patent applications. Therefore, the challenges faced by the pro se inventor applicants are hidden. The author subjected himself to the PTO's patent examination process as a pro se applicant for twenty-five months for a first-hand experience of the process, which resulted in an issued patent in December 2009 after four consecutive rejections of all claims. The author's first-hand experience as a pro se patent applicant is included as an illustrative case with a contributed section by a registered patent attorney, who provides a third-party evaluation of the examination. A tool proposed in this article to assess the quality of the patent examination process reveals many of the problems facing pro se applicants and, specifically, the failure of examiners to follow the requirements of Manual of Patent Examining Procedure ("MPEP") § 707.07(j). The paper reasons with some evidence that, at various stages in the examination process, the pro se applicant is pushed to the point of abandoning his/her application prematurely. Further, the case gives rise to a concern that examiners have become too dependent on patent attorneys representing inventors, and may engage in irrational rejection of pro se applications. Detailed recommendations for reforming the USPTO are offered to ensure that examiners comply with all the provisions of MPEP § 707.07(j).


Properties of modern semiconducting transistors and future electron or quantum devices are essentially determined by single dopant atoms. How to precisely control the individual dopant position is one of the key factors to advance these technologies. In this chapter, we first briefly introduce the research progress in single dopant devices. To fabricate single dopant devices at large scale, we then overview our previous propose to control the locations of single dopants by self-assembly of large molecules (polyglycerols) with each carrying one dopant atom. The synthesis process, doping properties, and challenges of the molecular doping technique will be thoroughly elaborated before we conclude this chapter.


By considering multiple perspectives on the problem of networking and networks in public policy circles, as well as the wider professional world, this article aims to both draw out and blur boundaries and definitions among multiple levels of networking as an analytic concept, a fieldwork method and a practice observed among policymakers. In making this distinction and explaining it in relation to theorisations of fieldwork rapport and 'complicity,' the article attempts to show that the distance and collegiality that defines professional networking is a viable and potentially quite insightful mode, means and method for conducting fieldwork, particularly for multisited anthropology of public policy projects. To that end, this article offers both conceptual ideas, as well as practical advice for conceiving and conducting fieldwork for an anthropology of public policy project.


We assessed the relationship between U.S. News and World Report 2008 rankings of clinical psychology doctoral programs and scores earned by graduates on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). For the top 25 programs, relationship between ranking and EPPP scores was not significant, [r.sub.s] = -.28. EPPP scores were computed by region (i.e., West, Midwest, South, and Northeast) to determine if geographic differences existed in terms of test performance, but none were found. The number of applications received and acceptance rates were computed for schools by region. Programs in the Midwest received significantly fewer applications, but reported significantly higher acceptance rates. The implications of this finding are discussed. ********** Professional psychologists are required to pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP; Professional Examination Service, 2005) before receiving licensure. Considering the significance of this examination, it is important to inspect potential sources of variation in scores. One variable that has been examined is whether the psychology doctoral program has a clinical or counseling orientation. Students graduating from clinical psychology programs score higher on the EPPP than students from counseling psychology programs (Tomeo, Arikawa, & Templer, 2000). A second variable that has been examined is whether the psychology doctoral program is traditional (PhD) or professional (PsyD). Students from Ph.D. programs generally score higher on the EPPP than students from Psy.D. programs (Templer, Stroup, Mancuso, & Tangen, 2008; Templer & Tomeo, 2000; Yu, et al., 1997). The present study examined a variable that has not been assessed: program prestige. Each year U.S. News and Worm Report publishes rankings of doctoral degree programs, including those in clinical psychology. Based on various criteria, a select group of schools are highly ranked and subsequently thought of as prestigious. This study attempted to identify trends or differences in EPPP scores among the top 25 clinical psychology programs. It was hypothesized that graduates of schools with higher ranks would have better scores on the EPPP then graduates of schools with lower rankings. Other variables examined were the geographic regions in which the institutions were located as well as the numbers of applications received and the acceptance rates. No specific hypotheses were proffered regarding these variables. Method The top 25 programs in clinical psychology were selected from the 2008 U.S. News and Worm Report annual listing of the top American colleges and universities. The rankings included private (n = 6) and publicly (n = 19) supported institutions. The names of the 25 programs are provided in Tables 1-4. Scores on the Examination for the Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) were obtained for each school from the 2005 listing published by the Professional Examination Service (Professional Examination Service, 2005). The geographic regions designated in this study were: West, Midwest, South, and Northeast. The numbers of applications received and acceptance rates for the selected institutions were taken from Graduate Study in Psychology; 2008 (American Psychological Association, 2008). Results A Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was computed to determine the degree of relationship between U.S. News and World Report rankings and EPPP scores. The resulting rank order correlation was not significant, [r.sub.s] = -.28, p = .181. A one-way ANOVA revealed no meaningful differences in EPPP scores when schools were divided by region, F(3,21) = 1.06, p = .387, r = .36. The number of applications, however, differed significantly by region, F(3,21) = 10.04, p


Full Title: Speech of the Hon. Daniel Webster, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, on the 14th January, 1814, on a bill making further provision for filling the ranks of the regular army, encouraging enlistments, and authorising the enlistments for longer periods of men whose terms of service are about to expire

Printed by Snowden and Simms


Exergetic analysis is derived from the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics is shown to be an excellent tool to analyse and characterize industrial processes. A coherent link to pinch technology is shown which allows the designer to extend design considerations to friction and equipment fabrication losses. Paths to extend the approach to other environmental factors are also indicated. Applications examples linked to Organic Rankine cycles, plaster drying or distillation of chemical products are briefly addressed. New perspectives opened by the so-called environomic optimization approach using recent progress in genetic algorithms are also briefly cited together with results from a cogeneration combined cycle case study.


This section provides very short summaries of some of the books sent to us by publishers that we believe may be of interest to our CS readers. A NOTE: BOOK does not preclude the possibility of a more substantial review of the following books appearing in a future issue of CS. Anyone wishing to review any of the titles below, or any other books we currently have in stock, are encouraged to contact the Toronto CS Book Review Collective. The NOTE: BOOKS are written by members of the Toronto CS collective.


Climate change results from an increased concentration of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane associated with economic activities, including energy, industry, transport, and land use patterns. Rich countries emit the majority of these gases, while poor countries are more vulnerable to their negative effects. Further, developing countries are more vulnerable and less able to adapt to these changing climatic conditions because of their locations; greater dependence on agriculture and natural resources; larger variations in weather and temperature conditions; and lower availability of critical resources like water, land, production inputs, capital, and public services. The inability of developing countries to respond and act immediately to lessen the impacts of climate change will have serious global economic consequences. Appropriate climate change policies, if adopted now, can stimulate pro-poor investment. More specifically, they can increase the profitability of environmentally sustainable practices even as they generate income for small producers and investment flows for rural communities. Climate mitigation through carbon offsets and carbon trading can increase income in rural areas in developing countries, directly improving livelihoods while enhancing adaptive capacity. In its recently released fourth assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that a portfolio of both adaptation and mitigation will be required. This brief supports this conclusion as it explores pro-poor adaptation, risk management, and mitigation strategies in response to climate change.


Passage of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973 set the stage for some of the nations most polemic environmental battles. One of these is in the Colorado River Basin which is home to four native and rare fish species. Acrimonious confrontation has characterized the consultations under the ESA regarding these fish species. In 1983, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) announced that no new water depletions from the Upper Colorado River Basin would be allowed. This created no small stir among basin states and water developers and a negotiated solution was sought. The result was the Recovery Implementation Program for Endangered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin (Recovery Program). Models of political negotiation indicate conceptually, that the Recovery Program with its decisions made by unanimity of consensus, its open process and sharing of information, its shared budget and users fees, is a vehicle of political compromise and cooperation.


Differences in labor rights and labor standards among countries at varying levels of development are growing in importance as a factor in international trade. The North American Free Trade Agreement nearly failed passage in the United States Congress because of concerns about worker rights violations in Mexico and fears that U.S. jobs would be lost as companies moved to Mexico to take advantage of lax labor standards.(1) After NAFTA's passage, worker right issues remain high on the agenda for monitoring the effects of the new trade agreement.(2) The Maastricht Treaty on further integration of the European economy was jeopardized by Great Britain's refusal to accept the Social Chapter guaranteeing worker rights.(3) British obstinacy has led to accusations that it is attempting to lure enterprises from the Continent with promises of low labor costs and weakened unions.(4) A stubborn recession in Europe has prompted calls for cutbacks in social benefits and trade union power.(5) Analogous to U.S. concern about job losses to Mexico, Europeans now see the newly-marketizing nations of Eastern Europe as likely prospects for "runaway shops" and attendant job losses.(6) Mindful of consumer sensibilities and their public images, several multinational corporations with subsidiary manufacturing operations in developing countries have begun elaborating codes of conduct on worker rights.(7) Even the new Euro Disney theme park outside Paris, a project hoped to bolster the big U.S. trade surplus in services and entertainment, got off to a rocky start when the Walt Disney Company sought to enforce its personal appearance code on French employees who claimed the code violated their rights.(8) Disparities in labor rights and labor standards clearly affect international trade and investment choices, as these examples show. But do highs standards and strong enforcement of worker rights act as a drag on trade and investment, slowing global economic development? Or do they enhance mass purchasing power and political stability, thus promoting development? From the standpoint of international investors seeking to maximize profits, strong worker protections curb the most efficient use of labor and create disincentives to invest. Minimum wage requirements, child labor law, occupational safety and health standards, job security rules, union organizing rights and collective bargaining obligations all interfere, to a greater or lesser degree, with pure market forces. They impose costs on companies trying to compete in the global economy. From the investor's standpoint, these costs could be minimized or avoided in countries with lower standards or less stringent enforcement of labor rights and labor standards. Such countries become tempting targets for new investment aimed cost-saving systems. Fed up with "burdensome" labor standards, many companies shift operations to countries with what they feel is a more favorable investment climate - lower wages, weaker unions and less regulations of industry.(9) Such movements are most noticed from developed to developing countries, but they also occur from one developed country to another, and between developing countries. For example, BMW is building a large manufacturing facility in South Carolina, citing lower wages and the prospect of operating without a union, in contrast to its costly labor contract with the powerful German Metalworkers Federation.(10) South Korea is concerned about job losses to other developing countries with even lower labor costs after its own long-repressed labor movement began demanding great freedoms.(11) Free market theorists would call such transfers beneficial, reflecting a comparatively advantageous use of labor. To the extent they discipline governments into easing burdensome labor regulations, such transfer may also promote more efficiency in the production process. While there may be short-term disruptions for affected workers or communities, in the long run transfers to more efficient operations make for a more dynamic, growing global economy. …


Introduction Speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') academic study of language is heavily influenced by linguistic and cognitive viewpoints. A majority of textbooks and writings familiar to SLPs explore in greater detail the linguistic and structural view of language and offer only a limited summary of the behavioral view whose concepts and implications are not carried throughout the text. Most SLPs are well versed in the phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, and pragmatic structures of language but are not equally well versed in the functional units that are basic to Skinner's (1957) analysis. Nonetheless, SLP's treatment methods are mostly behavioral (Hegde, 1998, 2008a). Inevitably, this has led to a conceptually inconsistent model of language and treatment of language disorders. Chomsky's (1959) critical review of Skinner's (1957) book--Verbal Behavior--is better known than the book itself. Most students and clinicians seem to be unaware of the invalidity of Chomsky's criticism or the competent responses given to his negative review (e.g., Anderson, 1991; MacCorquodale, 1969, 1970; McLeish & Martin, 1975; Palmer, 2006; Richelle, 1976). Rejoinders to his review have pointed out that Chomsky poorly understood Skinner's Verbal Behavior, behavioral methodology, and behaviorism. Chomsky's misunderstanding of Skinner's book and concepts was so severe that it "would prompt most examination graders to read no further" (Richelle, 1976, p. 209). Chomsky frequently attributed views of other psychologists to Skinner who had unequivocally repudiated them. In a questionable case of scholarship, Chomsky repeatedly misquoted Skinner (Adelman, 2007). More than four decades after he wrote the review, Chomsky was still a critic of Skinner, and with the same distorted understanding of Skinner's work (Virues-Ortega, 2006). A commonly held assumption among most linguists, and SLPs who follow them, is that Skinner's Verbal Behavior has faded into history. The fact, however, is that research on verbal behavior and treatment of verbal behavior disorders based on Skinnerian analysis are flourishing. Among several others in the Unites States, the journals of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, The Behavior Analyst, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Modification, and several international journals on behavior analysis regularly publish many articles on the Skinnerian verbal behavior analysis and treatment. This journal, Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis is devoted to bridging the gap between the two disciplines. As Schlinger (2008a) has ably demonstrated, Skinner's Verbal Behavior is alive and well. An interesting observation Schlinger makes is that although both Verbal Behavior and Chomsky's (1957) Syntactic Structures had their 50th anniversary in 2007, Skinner's book on Amazon.com, has been selling better than Chomsky's. The verbal behavior approach to treating children with autism is now recognized internationally as the most evidence-based approach. Teaching almost all forms of communication disorders is essentially behavioral (Hegde, 1998, 2006, 2007; Hegde & Maul, 2006; Pena-Brooks & Hegde, 2007), whether some SLPs acknowledge it or not. In fact, if any tide has turned against something, it is the tide against Chomsky's generative linguistics. While Skinner's experimental and applied behavior analysis is thriving worldwide, Chomsky's generative grammar notion has disappeared from linguistics (Harris, 1993; Leigland, 2007). Chomsky's own multiple revisions and qualifications of his 1957 theory have moved away from a cognitive, generative, rule-based theory of language (Schoneberger, 2000). Within just a few years of Chomsky's Syntactic Structures was published, there was the generative semantic "rebellion" that denied the supremacy of grammar in language. (Linguists often describe newer approaches as revolution, war, rebellion.) Soon came the "pragmatic revolution" which asserted in the 1970s that language should be understood as actions performed in social contexts--mostly an arm-chair philosophical view which was still structural in its orientation. …


After large-scale disasters, displaced or injured people can lose contact with their family and friends. In an effort to mitigate the effects of these events, the US National Library of Medicine has developed People Locator, a Web-based system that allows family members to search for missing persons. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of location in family reunification systems, in particular in People Locator, and the data input technologies that support it.


Background: Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 1 (SERK1) is a cell membrane receptor active in different plant tissues and involved in cell differentiation activities including somatic embryogenesis. The identification of promoter elements responsible for SERK1 expression during the onset of somatic embryogenesis can be useful to understand the molecular regulation of the cell-to embryo transition, and these promoter elements represent biotechnological tools in plant organ tissue culture. Results: A -1,620 bp DNA sequence located upstream of the Coffea canephora SERK1 gene homologue (CcSERK1) was isolated, and then, different segments containing key response elements (REs) for somatic embryogenesis onset and development were fused to the uidA (encoding a β-glucuronidase, GUS) reporter gene to evaluate its expression in transgenic leaf explants. DNA segments of -1,620 and -1048 bp in length directed uidA expression with patterns in leaf explants similar to those occurring during somatic embryogenesis. When a -792-bp fragment was used, uidA expression disappeared only in leaf explants and pro-embryogenic mass but persisted in developing embryos. No uidA expression was detected in any embryogenic stage when a -618-bp fragment was used. Conclusion: DNA deletions showed that a -1048-bp sequence located upstream of the CcSERK1 gene is sufficient to direct gene expression during the onset and the development of C. canephora somatic embryogenesis. The DNA segment located between -1048 and -792 bp (containing BBM and WUS REs) is needed for gene expression before embryogenesis onset but not during embryo development. The promoter segment between -792 and -618 bp (including GATA, ARR1AT, and ANT REs) regulates gene expression in developing embryos.


The fractal dimension has been employed as a useful parameter in the diagnosis of retinal disease. Avakian et al. (Curr Eye Res 2002; 24: 274-280), comparing the vascular pattern of normal patients with mild to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), found a significant difference between them only in the macular region. This significant difference in the box-counting fractal dimension of the macular region between normal and mild NPDR patients has been proposed as a method of precocious diagnosis of NPDR. The aim of the present study was to determine if fractal dimensions can really be used as a parameter for the early diagnosis of NPDR. Box-counting and information fractal dimensions were used to parameterize the vascular pattern of the human retina. The two methods were applied to the whole retina and to nine anatomical regions of the retina in 5 individuals with mild NPDR and in 28 diabetic but opthalmically normal individuals (controls), with age between 31 and 86 years. All images of retina were obtained from the Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE) database. The results showed that the fractal dimension parameter was not sensitive enough to be of use for an early diagnosis of NPDR.


This study aimed to investigate the curative effects of shikonin on Allergic Rhinitis (AR) in rats and explore the related mechanism. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, and low-, medium- and high-dose shikonin group, 10 rats in each group. In the later 4 groups, the AR model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection with ovalbumin suspension. In addition, the rats in low-, medium- and high-dose shikonin group received the intraperitoneal injection of shikonin with dose of 200, 400 and 600 μg/kg, respectively. On the 2, 4 and 6 d of experiment, the animal behavior score was measured. On the last day, the peripheral blood was taken, and the serum Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and OVA-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined using ELISA. The bilateral nasal mucosa tissues were taken. The Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in nasal mucosa tissue were determined, and the expression levels of T-bet and GATA-3 protein were detected. Results showed that, compared with model group, the AR features of rats in shikonin group was mitigated, the serum OVA-specific IgE and IL-4 level were decreased, and the serum IFN-γ level was increased. Compared with model group, the SOD and GSH-Px levels in nasal mucosa tissue in shikonin group was increased, and the MDA level was decreased. Compared with model group, the expression level of T-bet protein in nasal mucosa tissue in shikonin group was increased, and the GATA-3 expression level was decreased. In conclusion, shikonin can mitigate the AR in rats, which may be related to its anti-oxidative stress effects and regulation of T-bet and GATA-3 protein expression in nasal mucosa tissue.


Sheep are commonly used as a model for human spinal orthopaedic research due to their similarity in morphological and biomechanical features. This study aimed to document the volumes of vertebral bodies and compare the generated results as well as morphometry of the sheep lumbar spine to human published data. For this purpose, computed tomography scans were carried out on five adult Merino sheep under general anaesthesia. Transverse 5 mm thick images were acquired from L1 to L6 using a multi-detector-row helical CT scanner. Volume measurements were performed with dedicated software. Four spinal indices and Pavlov's ratio were calculated. Thereafter, the generated data were compared to published literature on humans. The mean vertebral body volume showed an increase towards the caudal vertebrae, but there were no significant differences between the vertebral levels (P>0.05). Compared to humans, sheep vertebral body volumes were 48.6% smaller. The comparison of absolute values between both species revealed that sheep had smaller, longer and narrower vertebral bodies, thinner intervertebral discs, narrower spinal canal, longer transverse processes, shorter dorsal spinous processes and narrower, higher pedicles with more lateral angulations. The comparison of the spinal indices showed a good similarity to human in terms of the vertebral endplates and spinal canal. The results of this study may be helpful for using the sheep as a model for human orthopaedic spinal research if anatomical differences are taken into account.


The purpose of this overview was to determine which local environmental factors had the best predictive capabilities of exercise and eating behavior, and also which ones could be used for possible intervention programs and research. There are too many undefined factors which have made it hard for researchers to know which one to implement; in addition it is hard to interpret the studies that have been conducted. There are promising factors that appear, such as accessibility to supermarkets, convenience of facilities, aesthetics and beach access. Nonetheless, it is not possible to draw any causal relationship between the local environmental factors and exercise- or eating behavior because there has not been carried out any good longitudinal studies with good definitions of the local environmental factors that control for confounding variables. For future research, it is important to have good definitions of the local environmental factors in order to determine the actual effects they have on exercise- and eating behavior.


The Philippine labor movement is a social movement of workers and farmers led by middle class illustrados and socialist intellectuals. The labor movement is composed of labor organisations like trade unions, farmers' associations, cooperatives, and other sectoral and people's organisations often called non-government organisations (NGOs). The trade union movement, while comprising only about 10% of the labor force, is the most organised and active component of the labor movement. The leaders of the trade union movement together with the intelligentsia form the middle class and the revolutionary intellectuals (communists, socialists, nationalists, etc.) are the traditional leaders of the labor movement.


Praise for Algorithmic Trading"Algorithmic Trading is an insightful book on quantitative trading written by a seasoned practitioner. What sets this book apart from many others in the space is the emphasis on real examples as opposed to just theory. Concepts are not only described, they are brought to life with actual trading strategies, which give the reader insight into how and why each strategy was developed, how it was implemented, and even how it was coded. This book is a valuable resource for anyone looking to create their own systematic trading strategies and those involved in manager selection, where the knowledge contained in this book will lead to a more informed and nuanced conversation with managers."DAREN SMITH, CFA, CAIA, FSA, Managing Director, Manager Selection & Portfolio Construction, University of Toronto Asset Management"Using an excellent selection of mean reversion and momentum strategies, Ernie explains the rationale behind each one, shows how to test it, how to improve it, and discusses implementation issues. His book is a careful, detailed exposition of the scientific method applied to strategy development. For serious retail traders, I know of no other book that provides this range of examples and level of detail. His discussions of how regime changes affect strategies, and of risk management, are invaluable bonuses."Roger Hunter, Mathematician and Algorithmic Trader


For assessment of safety, it is necessary to measure the maximum possible force exerted by a bone conduction device coupled to the human head. Calibration of bone conduction hearing aids and vibrators in the audiometric range is based on measurement of acceleration and force using an artificial mastoid. Extending the measurement to the high audio range was accomplished using a live head. To assess safety of the UltraQuiet tinnitus treatment system, as an example, acceleration was measured from 5 to 20 kHz on a live human head as compared with calibrated levels at 6 kHz on an artificial mastoid and the live head. Using head acceleration and anchoring it to established calibration levels is a means of establishing clinical safety. Stimulation in the high audio frequencies at low levels was found to be safe. In contrast, stimulation with ultrasound requires more energy (approximately 75-90 dB re 6 kHz), which may increase the risk of damage to the car.


INTRODUCTION: The role of modified ultrafiltration (MUF) in removing inflammatory mediators, reducing the need for homologous donor blood and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has already been established. Different types of MUF systems evaluated illustrated that none of the MUF techniques adhered to the normal venous to arterial blood flow dynamics. OBJECTIVES: This experimental study compared a conventional arteriovenous modified ultrafiltration (AVMUF) system to a custom designed venoarterial modified ultrafiltration (VAMUF) system. This technique of VAMUF was designed to mimic the pro-grade flow pattern of the body and cardiopulmonary bypass circuit as compared to the conventional retrograde AVMUF systems. METHODS: Sixty patients that underwent MUF were divided into two groups, the AVMUF (n = 30) and the VAMUF (n=30) groups. Modified ultrafiltration was performed for a mean time of 12 minutes in both groups. In AVMUF blood was removed from the aorta, haemoconcentrated and infused into the right atrium (RA). In VAMUF blood flow was from the RA through a haemoconcentrator and re-infused into the aorta. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in any of the demographic variables, CPB or crossclamping time. Results showed significant difference in the ventilation times, with the VAMUF requiring a shorter ventilation time than the AVMUF group. Intensive care unit (ICU) stay, Hospital stay and discharge days were all significantly lower in the VAMUF group as well. The VAMUF also showed a lower percentage fluid balance than the AVMUF. The systolic and mean blood pressure was significantly higher after VAMUF with a decrease in heart rate, and central venous pressure (CVP). The VAMUF group showed a significantly greater decrease of Creatinine, serum lactacte and uric acid over time with no significant differences in oximetry. CONCLUSION: Results prove that VAMUF is more effective compared to the conventional AVMUF regarding the haemodynamics and clinical parameters of the patient and is more physiological with regards to blood flow dynamics. The VAMUF is, therefore, a more physiological technique than AVMUF.


The cultural wealth of the classical Greek world was matched by its material wealth, and there is abundant textual and archaeological evidence for both. However, radically different theoretical and methodological approaches have been used to interpret this evidence, and conflicts continue to rage as these different starting points produce clashing views on the significance and distribution of money, labour and land. Money, Labour and Land reflects the current explosion in ideas and research by assembling case-studies from an international selection of renowned US, British and European scholars. Drawing on comparative historical and anthropological approaches, sociological, economic and cultural theory, and developments in epigraphy, legal history, numismatics and spatial archaeology, this volume will be of interest to all students and scholars of ancient economies.


An annotated list of the 63 species in 23 genera of carangid fishes known from Australian waters is presented. Included in these 63 are eight endemic species, eight new Australian records (Alepes vari, Carangoides equula, C. plagiotaenia, C. talamparoides, Caranx lugubris, Decapterus kurroides, D. tabl and Seriola rivoliana) and a new species in the genus Alepes. A generic key and specific keys to Alectis, Alepes, Carangoides, Scomberoides, Selar, Ulua and Uraspis are given. The systematics of the 32 Australian species of Alectis, Alepes, Atule, Carangoides, "Caranx", Elagatis, Gnathanodon,Megalaspis,Pantolabus, Scomberoides, Selar, Selaroides, Seriolina, Ulua and Uraspis are covered in detail. For each species a recommended common name, other common names, Australian secondary synonymy, diagnosis, colour notes, description, comparison with other species, maximum recorded size, ecological notes and distribution are given. Specific primary synonymies are listed when the type locality is Australia or Papua New Guinea.