Purpose : This study aimed at analyzing the endodontic therapy versus dental implants as a contemporary study. Methods : This study discuss the various factors need to be considered, such as clinician's expertise, strategic location of the tooth, bone quality, soft-tissue quality and quantity, the patient's periodontal status, tooth restorability, and the patient's medical history when giving patients options for their restorations, an implant surgeon must address the possibility of endodontic therapy and general dentists/endodontists must discuss the ramifications of implant therapy. Discussion : When comparing these two treatment modalities, the clinician should be able to estimate both the endodontic and the restorative prognosis of a tooth. Clinical factors, such as the presence/size of a periapical lesion or the necessity of repetition of an older failing root canal treatment have been negatively related with prognosis of those teeth. Furthermore, the experience of the operator seems crucial since specialists in endodontics were reported to have higher success (up to 98% in a 5-year period) than general practitioners. Conclusion : A simple comparison of long-term survival or success rates of root filled teeth and implants does not fulfil the demand for a comprehensive decision-making process, which includes multiple factors to evaluate, individual case evaluation and a thorough treatment planning.


Abstract. To test hypotheses about glacial dynamics, the Mid-Brunhes event, and the stage 11 paradox, we evaluate the ability of a statistical model to simulate climate during the previous ~800 000 years. Throughout this period, the model simulates the timing and magnitude of glacial cycles, including the saw-tooth pattern in which ice accumulates gradually and ablates rapidly, without nonlinearities or threshold effects. This suggests that nonlinearities and/or threshold effects do not play a critical role in glacial cycles. Furthermore, model accuracy throughout the previous ~800 000 years suggest that changes in glacial cycles associated with the Mid-Brunhes event, which occurs near the division between the out-of-sample period and the in-sample period, are not caused by changes in the dynamics of the climate system. Conversely, poor model performance during MIS stage 11 and Termination V is consistent with arguments that the stage 11 paradox represents a mismatch between orbital geometry and climate. Statistical orderings of simulation errors indicate that periods of reduced accuracy start with significant reductions in the model's ability to simulate carbon dioxide, non-sea-salt sodium, and non-sea-salt calcium. Their importance suggests that the stage 11 paradox is generated by changes in atmospheric and/or oceanic circulation that affect ocean ventilation of carbon dioxide.


The growth of health care costs remains a serious concern in the United States. Slowing this growth involves understanding what drives health care costs and how to target those drivers effectively. In this brief, we review the relative importance of different health care cost drivers, including insurance benefits design, price inflation, provider incentives, technological growth, and inefficient system performance. We analyze the impact of these factors on the growth of health care spending in the last decade, which has been concentrated in hospitals and felt most acutely in the private market. We find that unit prices and technology remain the most important cost drivers of this recent growth. In reviewing public and private payer initiatives that target health care costs, we find that some have yielded modest results, but the evidence on most strategies is inconclusive or mixed. Designing and implementing effective interventions to slow cost growth remains a challenge, particularly in the privately insured market, where premiums have risen considerably in the last decade.


Two theoretical formalisms, the most widely used version of coupled-mode theory and a first-order boundary-perturbation theory, are used to analyze the interaction between optical guided waves and surface roughness on an asymmetric planar waveguide. Each formalism is applied to two distinct problems for both TE and TM guided waves: (1) the determination of the far-field radiation patterns from randomly rough surfaces (with explicit results for the case of a sinusoidal roughness); and (2) the determination of guided-wave reflectivities from waveguide diffraction gratings. In all cases, the theoretical predictions agree for the TE polarization but disagree significantly for the TM polarization.


Clinical data on 12 patients under 6 months of age are presented together with the necropsy evidence of truncus arteriosus. Five patients had normal truncal valves and seven had markedly deformed and incompetent valves. Among the group of infants with truncal valve insufficiency, the cause of death was refractory congestive heart failure in each instance, whereas the patients with normal truncal valves succumbed from other causes.Pathologic examination of the abnormal truncal valves revealed cusps which were thickened by fibrous nodules. Combined heart-lung weight in patients with deformed truncal valves had a mean increase of 85% above normal values, while in the group of patients with normal truncal valves the mean increase was 17%. Similar results were observed when liver weights were compared.The major clinical findings among the group of patients with truncal insufficiency were bounding peripheral arterial pulses, early diastolic decrescendo murmurs, and congestive heart failure which was refractory to medical treatment and, in one instance, surgical palliation. It is suggested from the data that deformities of the truncal valves are a primary cause of early mortality among infants with truncus arteriosus.


The President's new energy program, presented in his speech July 15, singled out mass transit as an area for special attention. In its current form, this program allocates nearly $13 billion more to the $27.5 billion that the federal government planned to spend over the next decade. Although Congress has not yet defined the energy program in detail, inclusion of this additional funding would represent another milestone in the recovery of an industry that had been declining through most of the past 60 years. With the introduction of the Model-T, a change began in the way the average American lived. One consequence was the start of a long decline in the use of public transit. The switch from street car to automobile was stopped and then even reversed by the Great Depression. From 1933 to 1941, the last year before the United States entered World War II, the number of riders actually increased at an average annual rate of nearly 3 percent. That was twice as fast as the growth of the adult population. 1


El Nino events are likely to affect maple syrup production since it is very sensitive to weather events. A statistically significant direct correlation has not been found in our preliminary analysis, however. This may be because many other factors affect production and because weather anomalies also occur in non-El Nino years. Few defensive activities are available to maple syrup producers to alleviate the negative impacts of weather anomalies on their production. Hence, the value of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts to them is likely to be low, even if a clear correlation between productivity and ENSO events was eventually found. Overall, small welfare impacts of El Nino weather events are expected from their impact on the maple syrup industry, even if a correction is found. This is mainly because the share of maple syrup production in the economy is very small. Also, only a portion of the exploitable trees is under production and hence some excess capacity exists. Furthermore, maple syrup has numerous substitutes (albeit imperfect) as sources of sugar and luxury food items; the impact on consumer welfare is hence likely to be small. The most unique feature of maple syrup production includes cultural and amenity values provided by the springtime sugaring off parties; this appears as the least substitutable characteristic of the maple syrup industry. Indeed, few forest-based activities exist at the time of maple sap harvest. In all likelihood, even if the development of the industry is slowed down because of ENSO events, this springtime ritual will remain as it does not involve great investment like the larger, more sophisticated activities do. The welfare impact, through the lack of substitute, would be greater if this tradition were to disappear altogether.


In this paper we make use of option pricing theory to infer about historical equity premiums. This we do by comparing the prices of an American perpetual put option computed using two different models: The first is the standard one with continuous, zero expectation, Gaussian noise, the second is a strikingly similar model, except that the zero expectation noise is of Poissonian type. The interesting fact that makes this comparison worthwhile, is that the probability distribution under the risk adjusted measure turns out to depend on the equity premium in the Poisson model, while this is not so for the standard, Brownian motion version. This difference is utilized to find the intertemporal, equilibrium equity premium. We apply this technique to the US equity data of the last century and find that, if the risk free short rate was around one per cent, this corresponds to a risk premium on equity about two and a half per cent. On the other hand, if the risk free rate was about four per cent, we find that this corresponds to an equity premium of around four and a half per cent. The advantage with our approach is that we only need equity data and option pricing theory, no consumption data was necessary to arrive at these conclusions. We round off the paper by investigating if the procedure also works for incomplete models.


Ionospheric modification by means of high-power electromagnetic (EM) waves can result in the excitation of a diverse range of plasma waves and instabilities. This thesis presents the development and application of a GPU-accelerated finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code designed to simulate the time-explicit response of an ionospheric plasma to incident EM waves. Validation tests are presented in which the code achieved good agreement with the predictions of plasma theory and the computations of benchmark software. The code was used to investigate the mechanisms behind several recent experimental observations which have not been fully understood, including the effect of 2D density inhomogeneity on the O-mode to Z-mode conversion process and thus the shape of the conversion window, and the influence of EM wave polarisation and frequency on the growth of density irregularities. The O-to-Z-mode conversion process was shown to be responsible for a strong dependence of artificially-induced plasma perturbation on both the EM wave inclination angle and the 2D characteristics of the background plasma. Allowing excited Z-mode waves to reflect back towards the interaction region was found to cause enhancement of the electric field and a substantial increase in electron temperature. Simulations of O-mode and X-mode polarised waves demonstrated that both are capable of exciting geomagnetic field-aligned density irregularities, particularly at altitudes where the background plasma frequency corresponds to an electron gyroharmonic. Inclusion of estimated electrostatic fields associated with irregularities in the simulation algorithm resulted in an enhanced electron temperature. Excitation of these density features could address an observed asymmetry in anomalous absorption and recent unexplained X-mode heating results reported at EISCAT. Comparing simulations with ion motion allowed or suppressed indicated that a parametric instability was responsible for irregularity production. Simulation of EM wave fields confirmed that X-mode waves are capable of exceeding the threshold for parametric instability excitation under certain conditions.


A new device, optical cross add drop multiplexer (OXADM), is proposed and analyzed. It uses the combination concept of optical add drop multiplexer (OADM) and optical cross connect (OXC). It enables a wavelength switch while implementing add and drop functions simultaneously. So, it expands the applications in fiber to the home (FTTH) and optical core networks. A very high isolation crosstalk level (~ 60 dB) is achieved. Also, a bidirectional OXADM and N×N OXADM are proposed. Finally, a multistage OXADM is presented making some sort of wavelength buffering. To make these devices operate more efficient, tunable fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) switches are used to control the operation mechanism.


Twenty-five to 30 per cent of hypotensive trauma patients require an emergent surgery, however, we have no reliable means to quickly determine that need. Our goal was to determine, via retrospective review, parameters available within minutes of arrival that predict the need for emergent surgery to control hemorrhage in hypotensive trauma patients. Inclusion criterion was initial systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mm Hg in the emergency department (ED). Patients who were dead on arrival or underwent ED thoracotomy were excluded. Emergent surgery was defined as sternotomy, thoracotomy, laparotomy, or major neck vascular repair on day of admission. Potential clinical predictors were analyzed in a binary logistic regression model. Six hundred and thirty-nine hypotensive patients were identified and 193 excluded, leaving 446 with a mean age of 33 ± 19 years and Injury Severity Score of 22 ± 17. Thirty-two per cent suffered penetrating trauma, 30 per cent needed emergent surgery, and 19 per cent died. Independent predictors were: prolonged extrication (odds ratio (OR) 2.3), no loss of consciousness (OR 2.8), intubation (OR 1.7), central line placement (OR 1.7), and blood transfusion (OR 2.1, all P < 0.05). We concluded that hypotensive trauma patients without head injuries who require prolonged extrication, intubation, central venous access, and blood transfusion in the ED are more likely to need emergent surgery.


This paper deals with the possibility to use locally produced tree chips for the heating of smaller population centres in Sweden. In this study we have used the town of Norrtalje as a case study. There are many reasons for investigating the requirements for an enlarged use of fuelwood. Not only does it exist large supplies of fuelwood in Sweden. We also have a large resource of competent farmers that may need an alternative occupation due to the fact that it is now difficult to find profitability in conventional farming. This is particularly applicable to smaller farms in the woodland areas of Sweden. It is also a fact that using fuelwood to produce thermal energy is associated with several positive side-effects, for instance increased employment as well as increased investments in the countryside. It also gives positive effects on the environment compared to the burning of fossil fuels. Another reason for considering the use of fuelchips for production of thermal energy is the present proposal for making emissions of S, NOX and CO2 a subject to a fee. This will strengthen the economical terms of fuelwood compared to fossil fuels. A business concept that includes the establishing of by farmers jointly owned companies or co-operatives, would make it possible to guarantee a continuous delivery of fuelchips to the heating plant. The heating plant is connected to a district heating system, or used to provide heating for schools, nursing homes etc., and may also be owned and run by the co-operative. This would make it possible for the farmers to convert the fuelchips into thermal energy and in that way be able to set aside all middlemen and themselves market the heat. The fuelwood situation in Norrtalje can be described as large quantities of fuelwood being obtainable from thinning and cleaning wastes in productive forests and from cleaning in thicket forests. However, from our survey among farmers regarding their interest in producing fuelchips, we arrived at the conclusion that very few farmers are interested, at least at the present price level of fuelchips. The survey was addressed to all farmers in eight parishes surrounding Norrtalje. From a total number of 471 farmers with a total acreage of 24 000 ha of forest land, there were only 33 farmers with a total acreage of 2 100 ha that stated an interest in fuelchip-production. The amount of fuelchips obtainable from the forests of the interested farmers, approximately 50 000 m3s (late thinning excluded), are enough to supply a furnace with an effect of 2 MW during a period of five years. The 33 farmers also stated a willingness to grow energy forest on a total acreage of approximately 120 ha. The amount of fuelchips obtainable from this acreage of energy forest can supply a 2 MW furnace. Our conclusion is that the lack of interest is a bigger obstruction to our business concept than the magnitude of the fuelwood supply in the area. The lack of interest among farmers in Norrtalje can partly be explained by the close distance to Stockholm and the great number of jobs available there. The farmers also express an uncertainty of the municipality's willingness to co-operate and the actual profitability in such a co-operative. We find it likely to assume that a survey among farmers in other areas of Sweden would result in a more positive answer. Finally, if the authorities are interested in a utilization of an energy supply based on a renewable and locally produced energy source such as treechips, they should also realize that the farmers need a financial stimulance to start the production. Without a resonable economical outcome from the performed hours of work, there will be no farmers willing to start producing fuelwood. It is quite possible to justify an increased price of fuelchips. This can be done by extending the financial base on which the planning of heating plants are made to include also the side effects associated with the burning of different fuels.


"In this paper we study the Black Death persecutions (1347-1352) against Jews inorder to shed light on the factors determining when a minority group will face perse-cution. We develop a theoretical framework which predicts that negative shocks in-crease the likelihood that minorities are scapegoated and persecuted. By contrast, as theshocks become more severe, persecution probability may actually decrease if there areeconomic complementarities between the majority and minority groups. We compilecity-level data on Black Death mortality and Jewish persecution. At an aggregate levelwe find that scapegoating led to an increase in the baseline probability of a persecution.However, at the city-level, locations which experienced higher plague mortality rateswere less likely to engage in persecutions. Furthermore, persecutions were more likelyin cities with a history of antisemitism (consistent with scapegoating) and less likelyin cities where Jews played an important economic role (consistent with inter-groupcomplementarities)."


Organized crime groups may or may not have some criteria for membership, but organized criminal activities seep into the legitimate spheres of society. We argue that it is at the boundaries of the underworld and the upper world where crime gets organized. Layers of embedded and multiplex relationships between criminals and non-criminals comprise Chicago's Prohibition era organized crime network. This study draws a sample from our unique relational "Capone Dataset" on early 1900s Chicago crime, which we began compiling in 2008 from six archival sources. Using formal social network analysis techniques, this study explores an organized crime network of more than 4,000 relationships between 1,400 individuals. Our stepwise analysis moves from a bounded group of members of Al Capone's Syndicate, to an embedded and multiplex network spanning criminal, personal, and legitimate spheres, to a small world graph test using simulated random and ERGM networks. We find that an organized crime network conceptualization that includes multiplex and embedded relationships beyond gang membership provides a more accurate and provocative picture of organized crime and has the properties of small world graphs. These findings have implications for future studies of organized crime networks, corruption, resilience, and vulnerability.


PURPOSE
To determine whether word learning problems associated with developmental language impairment (LI) reflect deficits in encoding or subsequent remembering of forms and meanings.

METHOD
Sixty-nine 18- to 25-year-olds with LI or without (the normal development [ND] group) took tests to measure learning of 16 word forms and meanings immediately after training (encoding) and 12 hr, 24 hr, and 1 week later (remembering). Half of the participants trained in the morning, and half trained in the evening.

RESULTS
At immediate posttest, participants with LI performed more poorly on form and meaning than those with ND. Poor performance was more likely among those with more severe LI. The LI-ND gap for word form recall widened over 1 week. In contrast, the LI and ND groups demonstrated no difference in remembering word meanings over the week. In both groups, participants who trained in the evening, and therefore slept shortly after training, demonstrated greater gains in meaning recall than those who trained in the morning.

CONCLUSIONS
Some adults with LI have encoding deficits that limit the addition of word forms and meanings to the lexicon. Similarities and differences in patterns of remembering in the LI and ND groups motivate the hypothesis that consolidation of declarative memory is a strength for adults with LI.


The 2003 review of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has introduced several new policy tools, among which cross-compliance. The introduction of this new policy entails production costs, along with other types of costs arising at the farm level: administrative, information, organisational costs, called transaction costs. The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature of transaction costs and to assess them. The literature on transaction costs in agriculture has, until now, mainly been devoted to the voluntary measures implemented within the framework of the European agri-environmental policy. The first part of the paper intends to use this literature to apply the private transaction costs analysis to the issue of cross compliance. The second part attempts to assess these costs. On the basis of a survey conducted in 2006 among a sample of 39 farmers from the Midi Pyrenees French region, a descriptive statistical analysis (Multiple Classification Analysis - MCA) permits to associate farmer profiles with different levels of incurred transaction costs. These profiles reveal the impact which the farmers' responsibilities (professional networks) and the role of voluntary commitments previously undertaken may have on the nature and importance of transaction costs. This paper opens up new perspectives on the adoption criteria that should be taken into account in the evolution of agri-environmental regulations. It appears that growing administrative requirements could prompt farmers to outsource tasks which most of them carry out on their own today.


MG63 cells cultured on regular arrays of point microstructures (posts and holes) are shown to preferentially align at certain angles to the pattern of the structures, at 0 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees in particular. The effect is found to be more pronounced for post rather than hole structures (although no significant difference is found for the angles the cells make to the holes or posts) and is thought to be due to the fact that the cells use the posts as anchorage points to hold themselves to the surface. It is also shown that cells preferentially align with the structures depending on the dimensions of the structures and the distance between neighboring structures. This is important when designing structured surfaces for cell-surface interaction studies for materials to be used in, for example, drug delivery or tissue engineering.


White Men Challenging Racism is a collection of first-person narratives chronicling the compelling experiences of thirty-five white men whose efforts to combat racism and fight for social justice are central to their lives. Based on interviews conducted by Cooper Thompson, Emmett Schaefer, and Harry Brod, these engaging oral histories tell the stories of the men's antiracist work. While these men discuss their accomplishments with pride, they also talk about their mistakes and regrets, their shortcomings and strategic blunders. A foreword by James W. Loewen, author of Lies My Teacher Told Me , provides historical context, describing antiracist efforts undertaken by white men in America during past centuries.

Ranging in age from twenty-six to eighty-six, the men whose stories are presented here include some of the elder statesmen of antiracism work as well as members of the newest generation of activists. They come from across the United States—from Denver, Nashville, and San Jose; rural North Carolina, Detroit, and Seattle. Some are straight; some are gay. A few—such as historian Herbert Aptheker, singer/songwriter Si Kahn, Stetson Kennedy (a Klan infiltrator in the 1940s), and Richard Lapchick (active in organizing the sports community against apartheid)—are relatively well known; most are not. Among them are academics, ministers, police officers, firefighters, teachers, journalists, union leaders, and full-time community organizers. They work with Latinos and African-, Asian-, and Native-Americans. Many ground their work in spiritual commitments. Their inspiring personal narratives—whether about researching right-wing groups, organizing Central American immigrants, or serving as pastor of an interracial congregation—connect these men with one another and with their allies in the fight against racism in the United States.

All authors' royalties go directly to fund antiracist work. To read excerpts from the book, please visit http://www.whitemenchallengingracism.com/


Imaging in low light is extremely challenging due to low photon counts. Using sensitive CMOS cameras, it is currently possible to take videos at night under moonlight (0.05-0.3 lux illumination). In this paper, we demonstrate photorealistic video under starlight (no moon present, <0.001 lux) for the first time. To enable this, we develop a GAN-tuned physics-based noise model to more accurately represent camera noise at the lowest light levels. Using this noise model, we train a video denoiser using a combination of simulated noisy video clips and real noisy still images. We capture a 5–10 fps video dataset with significant motion at approximately 0.6-0.7 millilux with no active illumination. Comparing against alternative methods, we achieve improved video quality at the lowest light levels, demonstrating photorealistic video denoising in starlight for the first time.


Counselor education programs strive to promote the personal development and wellness of counselors in addition to cognitive, skill, and professional competencies. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in self-reported levels of wellness of master's level counseling students. The cross-sectional study investigated the influence of time in a counselor education program on the wellness levels of counseling students. Students were surveyed at three points in their counselor education training: the beginning, middle, and end. Participants included 204 master's level counseling students enrolled in three CACREP-accredited counselor education programs located in the southeastern United States. Each participant completed the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (5F-Wel) and a demographic questionnaire. A monotonic trend analysis was conducted in SPSS Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to answer the question of whether master's level counseling students report higher levels of wellness as they advance through a counseling program. Additional univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed in order to answer questions related to the influence of demographic variables. Results of the study yielded no significant trends in self-reported levels of wellness by students as they progressed through their counselor training. Furthermore, gender, cultural background, and a requirement for personal counseling were not significant in accounting for differences in the wellness levels of students. However, those students who reported that their counselor education program offered a wellness course reported statistically significant higher levels of wellness. Responses to an open ended question on the demographic questionnaire, 'What, if anything, have you learned in your counseling coursework that has helped you develop knowledge and skills regarding your personal wellness?" were included in the discussion to provide insight into the results of the study. The findings suggested that, while counselor education programs may not increase levels of wellness in students, evidence from the demographic questionnaire indicated that personal development and wellness were emphasized.


Smartphones are becoming increasingly useful in disaster management both to provide useful information to victims and to coordinate relief operations. However, a lack of technological expertise as well as considerable amount of time and cost required to build mobile applications prevents the rapid deployment of useful applications by humanitarian organizations for different crises. In this paper, we describe a participatory design workshop that we conducted at the International Committee of Red Cross to identify challenges of adopting mobile technologies within relief organizations. Through this workshop, we identified major challenges associated with developing mobile applications: lengthy development and deployment cycle, costly budget, and frequent requirement changes. We then introduced our framework that enables non-programmers to quickly develop and deploy mobile applications in these situations. The workshop participants identified three areas where our framework improved upon existing mobile solutions: reducing data integration overhead, fast prototyping for app development, and customization of apps.


Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) turn your life upside down. Alone over 700 citizens experienced severe traumata accompanied with neurological deficits during the Roman-Gaulish confrontations in the Asterix illustrated series. While recovery did not last long in the comic books, real-life traumatic brain injuries pose long-lasting disabilities to patients. One's daily routine is no longer routine, but rather a series of complex tasks which need to be performed in the correct order. Besides experiencing motor deficits and partial loss of executive functioning, activities of daily life become challenging. Hence, brain injury patients have to endure long-lasting, often strenuous rehabilitative sessions. Their brains need to be re-wired, and patients have to be re-enabled to self-reliantly perform activities of daily living. The goal is to come back to a point of prior healthy functioning. This paper introduces a novel technology-enhanced rehabilitation approach with a specific focus on cognitive abilities. The act of autonomously making a cup of coffee serves as an example for a new proposed serious game. Feedback of therapists who actively participated in this research suggests great benefits and high potential for the proposed serious game.


This paper is derived from a larger scale project investigating consumer attitudes towards organic food in the UK. Presents focus group results on consumer perceptions, attitudes and behaviour in relation to two key interrelated food trends: organic food and animal welfare. The results indicate that consumers often confuse organic and free‐range products because they believe that "organic" is equivalent to "free‐range" food. Focus group discussions were conducted to identify the main beliefs and attitudes towards organic food of both organic and non‐organic food buyers. Results indicate that, although health and food safety concerns are the main motives for organic food purchases, ethical concerns, specifically in relation to standards of animal welfare, play a significant influencing role in the decision to purchase organic food. The results are consistent with parallel research into consumer concerns about animal welfare, which showed that consumers are primarily concerned about food safety issues. Furthermore, the research illustrates the central outcome that animal welfare is used by consumers as an indicator of other, more important product attributes, such as safety and the impact on health. Indeed, ethical considerations seem to motivate the purchase of organic food and free‐range products and, therefore, may be viewed as interrelated. However, such ethical frameworks are closely related, if not contingent upon, the quality of the product, which includes perceptions of higher standards of safety and healthiness. Based on the qualitative data, suggests that the organic market could take advantage of research on consumer motivation to buy free‐range products, by embodying ethical concerns as an indicator of product quality.


In mouse thymocyte development, signaling by the TCR through the ERK pathway is required for positive selection of conventional naive T cells. The Ets transcription factor ELK4 (SAP-1), an ERK-regulated cofactor of the SRF transcription factor, plays an important role in positive selection by activating immediate-early genes such as the Egr transcription factor family. The role of ELK4–SRF signaling in development of other T cell types dependent on ERK signaling has been unclear. In this article, we show that ELK4, and its close relative ELK1, act cell autonomously in the thymus to control the generation of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells with memory-like characteristics. Mice lacking ELK4 and ELK1 develop increased numbers of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells, which populate the periphery. These cells develop cell autonomously rather than through expansion of PLZF+ thymocytes and concomitantly increased IL-4 signaling. Their development is associated with reduced TCR-mediated activation of ELK4–SRF target genes and can be partially suppressed by overexpression of the ELK4–SRF target gene EGR2. Consistent with this, partial inhibition of ERK signaling in peripheral CD8+T cells promotes the generation of cells with innate-like characteristics. These data establish that low-level ERK signaling through ELK4 (and ELK1) promotes innate-like αβ CD8+ T cell differentiation, tuning conventional versus innate-like development.


Following the outcome of a European project for developing a new protocol for the monitoring of lead in drinking water, field experiments have been carried out in five supply zones in France in order to test and develop practical tools for assessing compliance/non-compliance for lead. A number of properties in each zone were randomly selected and random daytime (RDT), 30 minutes stagnation (30MS) and fully flushed (FF) samples taken. The results confirm that, at zone level, RDT or 30MS samples taken in a sufficient number of properties give almost identical results. RDT is more practical and acceptable to the consumer whereas 30MS is more reproducible and should be preferred for assessment at an individual consumer's tap. Random selection of properties appears to be a good solution for assessing the actual situation in a zone and help in the definition of priorities and type of actions to implement. Copper and nickel have also been controlled in three zones and the monitoring strategy for lead could also be used for these parameters.


Abstract Three replicate experiments each containing 24 diets in a 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design of four variables were conducted. Each diet was fed to nine male and nine female Large White turkeys from one day to seven weeks of age. Body weights were increased 6.6 and 8.4% from adding 2.5 and 5.0% corn fermentation solubles to the diets, respectively. In the presence of 0, 2.5, and 5.0% corn fermentation solubles, 2.5% menhaden fish meal increased body weights 17.2, 10.1, and 5.7%, respectively. These data indicate that a common unidentified growth factor is about three times more concentrated in menhaden fish meal than in corn fermentation solubles. From adding .05% DL-methionine to diets containing 0 and 2.5% menhaden fish meal, body weights were increased 5.7 and 2.9%, respectively. In contrast, body weights were increased 12.3 and 9.3% from adding 2.5% menhaden fish meal to diets containing 0 and .05% added DL-methionine, respectively. The addition of 2.5% menhaden fish meal supplied .02% more methionine and .01% less cystine to the diet by calculation. Therefore, fish meal increased body weights more than what could be accounted for by the methionine content of menhaden fish meal indicating that methionine is not the unidentified growth factor in menhaden fish meal. Body weights were decreased 1.7%, an amount approaching significance, from adding 5% hydrolyzed feather meal to the diets. The diets containing 5% hydrolyzed feather meal contained .01% less methionine and .11% more cystine than diets without hydrolyzed feather meal by calculation. The .05% added methionine increased body weights 3.0 and 5.5% when diets contained 0 and 5% hydrolyzed feather meal, respectively. Therefore, hydrolyzed feather meal as a source of cystine to substitute for methionine was not effective in increasing body weights.


This article presents two alternative methods to null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) for improving inferences from underpowered research designs. Post hoc design analysis (PHDA) assesses whether an NHST analysis generating null findings might otherwise have had sufficient power to detect effects of plausible magnitudes. Bayesian analysis with default priors offers advantages over NHST for assessing null findings and detecting signals in underpowered data. Both methods are illustrated by application to Pager and Quillian's influential study on attitude-behavior correspondence. PHDA results suggest the original study lacked sufficient power to detect strong associations between employers' attitudes and behaviors. Bayesian analysis confirms strong attitude–behavior associations cannot be ruled out given the data. Together, these results question a frequently cited conclusion about attitude–behavior incongruence in survey vignettes. Overall, the examples illustrate how these analytical tools can be useful for describing uncertainty surrounding estimates and for improving substantive and theoretical debates across sociology.


Nowadays, consumers are increasingly demanding more quality in the product rather than a variety of attributes such as nutritional balance, health, image, presentation and, in general convenience. The demand for olive oil, an important component of the Albanian diet, has also been changing in recent years. In recent years, olive tree stock has exhibited an approximately 5% increase per year, though annual olive oil production varied substantially, ranging from 3,454 to 8,979 tons of olive oil. The variations are due to changes in yield and importing olives from neighboring countries (Kapaj 2012). The objective of this study is to analyze the olive oil market in Albania especially related to the quality of the product. To reach this objective the study will focus in Albanians olive oil consumer so we can better understand their perceptions towards olive oil quality. A descriptive analysis for the olive oil market in Albania, giving more focus to what Albanian consumers like and don't like in this product, whether the consumers have an adequate knowledge of the specific qualities of olive oil and also the perceived quality with regard to origin, what they would like to be different, any improvements/changes they would like in the olive oil market, what is their reaction towards prices, packaging and origin of olive oil, what is their perception towards olive oil quality and how informed is the Albanian consumer on the olive oil quality, will be the method of analysis in this research. The study area is the center of Albania, Tirana (capital) and two of the other major cities (Fier and Durres) where the main markets and processing industries are located. Face to face interviews have been carried out with olive oil consumers.


Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is cleared spontaneously in only 20% of cases with the majority of individuals developing a chronic infection. This discrepancy in disease outcome is incompletely understood but current understanding of the immune response to HCV suggests that rapid induction of a broadly neutralising antibody (nAb) response leads to resolution of acute infection. The majority of nAb identified target the envelope glycoproteins, particularly E2, and most appear to inhibit binding of E2 to the cellular receptor CD81. Antibodies targeting other interactions, such as those with the receptor CLDN or the fusion determinant, are underrepresented in the repertoire of anti-HCV antibodies. However, the antibody discovery process may have been biased by the nature of the assays used. Therefore new assays are needed to enable the discovery and characterisation of antibodies in an unbiased manner. To facilitate this, a novel insect cell display library was developed for mapping antibody-binding epitopes. Cells expressing specific E2 mutants provided the necessary proof-of-principle that loss of antibody binding could be detected in this system before a library expressing randomly mutated E2 was developed. Sorting experiments demonstrated that single cells could be isolated and enriched based on loss of antibody binding. Secondly, a method for characterising the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of HCV infected patients was developed; Ig genes were isolated from small numbers of B cells and the sequences analysed. Finally, a patient cohort was studied with a view to investigating the evolution of the antibody response during early infection. The unreliable nature of the samples prevented such analysis; however a DNA fingerprinting method of testing the origin and relatedness of serum samples was developed. This will improve the reliability of future studies. Together these methods provide a work model for the assessment of samples and the isolation and characterisation of antibodies.


We examine the correlation in credit risk using credit default swap (CDS) data. We find that the observable risk factors at the firm, industry, and market levels and the macroeconomic variables cannot fully explain the correlation in CDS spread changes, leaving at least 30 percent of the correlation unaccounted for. This finding suggests that contagion is not only statistically but also economically significant in causing correlation in credit risk. Thus, it is important to incorporate an unobservable risk factor into credit risk models in future research. We also find, consistent with some theoretical predictions, that the correlation is countercyclical and is higher among firms with low credit ratings than among firms with high credit ratings.


BACKGROUND
This study evaluated the incidence of rebleeding and death at 6 weeks after a first episode of acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) treated by emergency endoscopic sclerotherapy in a large cohort of alcoholic cirrhotic patients.

METHODS
From January 1984 to December 2006, 310 alcoholic cirrhotic patients (242 men, 68 women; mean age 51.7 years) with AVH underwent 786 endoscopic variceal injection treatments (342 emergency, 444 elective) during 919 endoscopy sessions in the first 6 weeks after the first variceal bleed. Endoscopic control of initial bleeding, variceal rebleeding and survival at 6 weeks were recorded.

RESULTS
Endoscopic intervention controlled AVH in 304 of 310 patients (98.1%). Seventy-five patients (24.2%) rebled, 38 (12.3%) within 5 days and 37 (11.9%) within 6 weeks. No patient scored as Child-Pugh A died. Seventy-seven (24.8%) Child-Pugh B and C patients died, 29 (9.3%) within 5 days and 48 (15.4%) between 6 and 42 days. Mortality increased exponentially as the Child-Pugh score increased, reaching 80% when the score exceeded 13.

CONCLUSION
Despite initial control of variceal haemorrhage, 1 in 4 patients (24.2%) rebled within 6 weeks. Survival at 6 weeks was 75.2% and was influenced by the severity of liver failure, with most deaths occurring in Child-Pugh grade C patients.


Abstract The Manín Unit represents a transitional tectonic element between the Central Western Carpathians and the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The overall map-view structure of the Manín Unit is dominated by elliptical antiforms composed of comparatively competent Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata, surrounded by soft Upper Cretaceous shales, marls and sandstones. During layer-parallel shortening, the Manín sedimentary succession behaved as a multilayer reinforced by a variously thick rigid layer of massive Urgonian limestone. The multilayer deformed by flexural slip folding, but the fold wavelength was controlled by the rigid layer undergoing buckling. It is inferred that, besides the lateral thickness differences in the rigid layer, development of brachyfolds and particularly periclines such as the Butkov fold also resulted from the interference of two perpendicular macroscopic fold systems.


Signal models of machinery components are helpful to understand influence and character of various fault modes without conducting costly and timeconsuming experiments; it also brings convenience to validate new fault diagnosis methods for scientist and engineers. Researchers have built models such as lumped parameter model and finite element model to study problem of interest. However, these models are time-consuming to simulate faults in epicyclical gearbox, some of them could not implant fault on specified gear tooth. In this paper, a simplified fault implantable signal model is established considering meshing regularity between given sun gear tooth and planet gear, as well as amplitude modulation effect caused by rotating of carrier. Theoretical derivations are validated through spectrum analysis of simulation signal, moreover, experimental data collected from fault-seeded and baseline experiments are analysed to validate the model, computing time of new model and lumped parameter model are compared to show computational efficiency of the model. According to signal analysis and computing time comparison, the signal model proposed in this paper is effective and efficient.


This paper describes the design of and experimentation with the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML), a new language and protocol for exchanging information and knowledge. This work is part of a larger effort, the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort which is aimed at developing techniques and methodology for building large-scale knowledge bases which are sharable and reusable. KQML is both a message format and a message-handling protocol to support run-time knowledge sharing among agents. KQML focuses on an extensible set of performatives, which defines the permissible "speech acts" agents may use and comprise a substrate on which to develop higher-level models of interagent interaction such as contract nets and negotiation. In addition, KQML provides a basic architecture for knowledge sharing through a special class of agent called communication facilitors which coordinate the interactions of other agents. The ideas which underlie the evolving design of KQML are currently being explored through experimental prototype systems which are being used to support several testbeds in such areas as concurrent engineering, intelligent design and intelligent planning and scheduling.


Some interest groups are more successful than others in translating their policy preferences into policy outputs at the EU level. This study investigates why this is the case by testing an explanatory framework emphasizing the impact of the policy environment on interest groups' preference attainment during the policy formulation stage of EU legislation in the environmental policy. The findings show that preferences having a median positioning on the policy space and demands for no regulation are more likely to be translated into policy outcomes. The type of interest a group represents, as well as its organizational form, are also found to be strong predictors of preference attainment.


Presidents are uniquely positioned to promote themselves and their polices directly to the public. Using sympathetic crowds as a backdrop, a president can rally public opinion to his side, along the way delivering a subtle yet unmistakable message to his intended audience in Congress. Samuel Kernell shows how going public remains a potent weapon in the president's arsenal, both for advancing his own agenda and blocking initiatives from his political adversaries in Congress. In his highly anticipated fourth edition, Kernell delivers thorough analysis and detailed background on how this strategy continues to evolve given the intense polarization of Congress and the electorate as well as changes in communications technology. He considers the implications of both factors especially in combination on the future of presidential leadership and weighs the lessons of 9/11 on going public in foreign affairs.


Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety provides a critical assessment of the role of the Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) measurement in drinking water quality management. It was developed from an Expert workshop of 32 scientists convened by the World Health Organization and the WHO/NSF International Collaborating Centre for Drinking Water Safety and Treatment in Geneva, Switzerland.

Heterotrophs are organisms, including bacteria, yeasts and moulds, that require an external source of organic carbon for growth. The HPC test (or Standard Plate Count), applied in many variants, is the internationally accepted test for measuring the hetrotrophic microorganism population in drinking water, and also other media. It measures only a fraction of the microorganisms actually present and does not distinguish between pathogens and non-pathogens.

High levels of microbial growth can affect the taste and odor of drinking water and may indicate the presence of nutrients and biofilms which could harbor pathogens, as well as the possibility that some event has interfered with the normal production of the drinking water. HPC counts also routinely increase in water that has been treated by an in-line device such as a carbon filter or softener, in water-dispensing devices and in bottled waters and indeed in all water that has suitable nutrients, does not have a residual disinfectant, and is kept under sufficient conditions.

There is debate among health professionals as to the need, utility or quantitative basis for health-based standards or guidelines relating to HPC-measured regrowth in drinking water.

The issues that were addressed in this work include:

Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety provides valuable information on the utility and the limitations of HPC data in the management and operation of piped water systems as well as other means of providing drinking water to the public. It is of particular value to piped public water suppliers and bottled water suppliers, manufacturers and users of water treatment and transmission equipment and inline treatment devices, water engineers, sanitary and clinical microbiologists, and national and local public health officials and regulators of drinking water quality.

This title belongs to WHO Water Series .

This title belongs to WHO Emerging Issues in Water & Infectious Disease Series. .

ISBN: 9781780405940 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781843390251 (Print)


This thesis presents a Post-Foucauldian analysis of Australian controlled operations law. The purpose was to extend current doctrinal scholarship by exploring the discursive forces that shape this highly invasive and controversial investigative power. This thesis contends that the present doctrinal understanding is incomplete, and largely unaware of the epistemological forces operating within law and policy. By deploying a Post-Foucauldian analytic we can extend our understanding of the complex relationship between knowledge systems, discourse, power and law. Through the deployment of a nomadic, grounded genealogy in the analysis of controlled operations Second Reading Speeches, this research found that the governing rationalities of controlled operations law and policy is linked to an imperative logic dominated by discourses of risk, audit and exceptions. This dynamic explains why controlled operations legal architecture and policy is in its current form. Far from being a reaction to the decision in Ridgeway, controlled operations law is part of a legal and cultural shift in law enforcement, characterised by complex relationships between risk, rights, law and citizenship. The controlled operation is revealed as a form of apparatus: a technology of truth and power, facilitated by law. This insight allows us to reimagine the relationship between law, rights, citizenship and sovereignty in late modernity. In this environment the investigative apparatus of the controlled operation creates a field of governance within the private space of liberal citizenship, revealing the true character of citizenship in late modernity as a zone of impeachment – a location in which rights are fragile and open to perpetual potential derogation and modification. In this zone the rights attached to liberal conceptions of citizenship are increasingly the subject of subordination to a risk imperative and a logic of exception.


Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs presents the current state of knowledge of the ecology of important elements of southern Australian sub-tidal reef flora and fauna, and the underlying ecological principles.

Preliminary chapters describe the geological origin, oceanography and biogeography of southern Australia, including the transitional temperate regions toward the Abrolhos Islands in the west and to Sydney in the east. The book then explains the origin and evolution of the flora and fauna at geological time scales as Australia separated from Antarctica; the oceanography of the region, including principal currents, and interactions with on-shelf waters; and the ecology of particular species or species groups at different trophic levels, starting with algae, then the ecological principles on which communities are organised. Finally, conservation and management issues are discussed.

Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs is well illustrated with line drawings, figures and colour photographs showing the many species covered, and will be a much valued reference for biologists, undergraduates, and those interested and concerned with reef life and its natural history.

2014 Whitley Award Commendation for Marine Ecology.


There have been many droughts in China that have caused severe losses. Previous studies evaluating droughts were from meteorological and hydrological perspectives. We measure the Chinese drought of 2000 based on a static computable general equilibrium model of China's macroeconomy, which describes the relationships between drought, agricultural production, and rural households' welfare from an economic perspective. In the model, the irrigation water inputs of the 16 regions of China are estimated and combined with the same regions' cropland inputs. Thus, the drought is simulated as an external impact by reducing the productivity of different crops in different regions. The reductions in 10 crop outputs and the rural households' welfare, total consumption and food consumption from 16 regions are more severe than those from a perfect market reaction. The findings herein are also distinct in that the five rural households that suffer most as a result of drought are from southern areas. The results provide an available reference for the Chinese government's decision on what measures to take to prevent drought and its impacts. The model can be further improved by incorporating meteorological and hydrological models to identify droughts using more accurate indexes.


Student cohorts are become increasingly diverse in both their composition and background experiences. This diversity sees teachers needing to accommodate and devise strategies to assist the learning of students with a broad range of abilities and previous experiences. One way in which teachers can improve learning experiences for students and clarify expectations is through provision of constructive feedback and increased transparency of the assessment process. The implementation of criterion referenced assessment (CRA) at the University of Tasmania provides such an opportunity to both teaching staff and students in the School of Zoology. The use of assessment rubrics is being evaluated in all our undergraduate units. Student perception of the effect of CRA rubrics on clarification of assessment is being measured via Student Evaluation of Teaching and Learning (SETL) responses, and staff are being surveyed at the conclusion of each unit about their use of CRA rubrics as both assessment and feedback tools. Early results show that 3rd yr students perceive the use of CRA in the School of Zoology more positively than 1st yr students. I suggest that management of student expectations during this implementation phase will greatly influence student perceptions of the value of CRA.


235 Background: Meta-analysis data demonstrate a 5% absolute survival benefit for the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using cisplatin-based combination regimens in the radical treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, there is currently no randomized controlled trial data on the optimum regimen for this setting. Accelerated MVAC (AMVAC) is effective in advanced disease, and has the potential advantage over other NAC regimens of minimising delays to definitive, potentially curative therapy. We present data regarding its use as NAC in MIBC patients.

METHODS
Retrospective analysis was performed on all 80 consecutive patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, treated during a 50-month period at 2 U.K. centers. Patients received either 3 or 4 cycles of methotrexate 30mg/m2, vinblastine 3mg/m2, doxorubicin 30mg/m2 and 4-hour infusion of cisplatin 70mg/m2 at 2-week intervals, with G-CSF support, prior to definitive therapy with either radical surgery (RS) or radical radiotherapy (RT).

RESULTS
All planned cycles of chemotherapy were completed in 84% of patients. All 80 patients received their planned definitive therapy. Pathological complete response (pCR) was seen in 43% of 60 patients treated with surgery following chemotherapy. There were no chemotherapy-related deaths and grade 3 or 4 toxicities were seen in 11% of patients. Median duration of chemotherapy was 34 days. Dose reduction or delay was required in 7% and 9% of patients, respectively. Objective radiological local response was seen in 75% of patients. At a median follow-up of 27.5 months, 25 (32%) patients have relapsed and 11 (14%) died. Two-year disease-free survival was 65% overall, and was statistically significantly superior in patients who were radiologically node-negative prior to chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS
AMVAC is a safe, well-tolerated, and easily deliverable regimen with excellent treatment outcomes and minimizes delays to definitive treatment. It is an appropriate comparator for future randomized trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


IMPORTANCE
Nail psoriasis can be difficult to treat and has a significant effect on quality of life. Relatively few controlled trials evaluating treatments for nail psoriasis have been published. There is an unmet need for treatment recommendations to guide therapeutic decisions.

OBJECTIVE
To develop treatment recommendations for nail psoriasis from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation.

EVIDENCE REVIEW
A PubMed search for publications on nail psoriasis treatments was performed from January 1, 1947, through May 11, 2014, without language restrictions.

FINDINGS
Treatment recommendations for 4 clinical nail psoriasis scenarios were developed based on the evidence reviewed in this study and expert opinion of the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. Treatment of nail psoriasis should balance consideration of the extent of skin disease, psoriatic arthritis, and severity of nail disease with concomitant impairment of quality of life. All patients should be evaluated for onychomycosis because this may complicate psoriatic nail disease. For disease limited to the nails, high-potency topical corticosteroids with or without calcipotriol are initial options. For patients with significant nail disease for whom topical therapy has failed, treatment with adalimumab, etanercept, intralesional corticosteroids, ustekinumab, methotrexate sodium, and acitretin are recommended. For patients with significant skin and nail disease, adalimumab, etanercept, and ustekinumab are strongly recommended, and methotrexate, acitretin, infliximab, and apremilast are recommended. Finally, for a patient with significant nail, skin, and joint disease, adalimumab, etanercept, ustekinumab, infliximab, methotrexate, apremilast, and golimumab are recommended.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Treatment of nail psoriasis poses a clinical challenge. Clinical trial data are limited, and results are reported inconsistently, making comparisons among treatment options difficult. The treatment recommendations from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation will help guide treatment decisions for clinicians who are treating patients with nail psoriasis.


This article revisits the findings (published in this journal) of Jeffrey and Arnott, who reported that over 95% of active managers underperformed a capitalization-weighted index fund on an after-tax basis. The authors posit that much has changed in the quarter century since the publishing of that article, including increased tax awareness on the part of investors and advancements in the tax efficiency of some investment funds and vehicles; thus, investors may now have a better opportunity to generate alpha that is big enough to cover its taxes. The authors measure the degree to which fund characteristics affect a fund's tax burden and compare the tax efficiency of investing in exchange-traded funds and mutual funds. The authors calculate the after-tax returns of funds and examine whether new categories of funds (e.g., smart beta) are better at generating after-tax alpha than their active and passive fund peers.


Agriscience is an emerging field at the intersection of recently separate fields of agriculture and science. For meaningful communication with and engagement of public audiences around agriscience, researchers, educators, and the public must have a consensus definition. We used personal meaning mapping to collect public audience understandings of the individual terms agriculture and science to find spontaneous overlap. We qualitatively coded them and compared them to each other. Very few participants explicitly included "agriculture" on science maps and vice versa. However, many maps included terms that related to the other topic; for example, on agriculture maps, many participants included "biology." Agriculture maps used more terms related to tangible products, while science maps contained more terms related to intangible results and specific disciplinary areas. We found some overlap of categories with both sets of standards but in differing amounts, reflecting the career emphasis of agricultural programs. The lack of consensus definitions of agriculture and science confound our efforts to support both public engagement with agriscience and literacy efforts in both science education and agricultural education. This research could form the basis for larger, broader quantitative public surveys and comparisons across geographic areas.


During the late Maastrichtian to early Danian the Neuquén Basin of Argentina was adjacent to an active volcanic arc to the west and an extensive land area to the northeast. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of the Bajada del Jagüel in the Neuquén Basin indicate a generally warm climate with seasonal changes in humidity and an open seaway to the South Atlantic that maintained marine conditions. Biostratigraphic and quantitative foraminiferal and nannofossil analyses indicate that sediment deposition during the late Maastrichtian (zones CF4-CF2, N. frequens) occurred in relatively shallow middle neritic (w100 m) depths with largely dysaerobic bottom waters (abundant low O2 tolerant benthics) and fluctuating sea level. Calcareous nannofossils indicate a high stress marine environment dominated by Micula decussata. Planktic foraminifera mimic the post-K/T high stress environment with alternating blooms of the disaster opportunists Guembelitria and low oxygen tolerant Heterohelix groups, indicating nutrient-rich surface waters and an oxygen depleted water column. The high stress conditions were probably driven by high nutrient influx due to upwelling and terrestrial and volcanic influx. The K/T boundary is marked by an erosional surface that marks a hiatus at the base of a 15-25 cm thick volcaniclastic sandstone, which contains diverse planktic foraminiferal zone P1c assemblages and nannofossils of zone NP1b immediately above it. This indicates deposition of the sandstone occurred w500 ky after the K/T hiatus. No evidence of the Chicxulub impact or related tsunami deposition was detected. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The master metaphor in the national security dialogue is, indeed, "security or freedom". It dominates the counterterrorist discourse both in the United States and abroad. Transcripts from debates in Ireland's Dail Eireann, Turkey's Buyuk Millet Meclisi, and Australia's Parliament are filled with reference to the need to weigh the value of liberty against the threat posed by terrorism. Perhaps nowhere is this more pronounced than in the United Kingdom, where, for decades, counterterrorist debates have turned on this framing. Owing in part, though, to different constitutional structures, what "security or freedom" means in America differs from what it means in Britain. In the United States, we tend to treat "security" and "freedom" as distinct phenomena: policy considerations set against pre-existing, political rights. Security becomes linked to decisions taken by the executive to preserve life — e.g., heightening protection against terrorist attacks by restricting entitlements specified in the Bill of Rights. Thus, Judge Richard Posner argues that in dangerous times, we must adjust constitutional rights to meet the demands of security. Professors Adrian Vermeule and Eric Posner propose "a basic tradeoff between security and liberty." As Professor Holmes points out, the tradeoff framework is not limited to those who come down more heavily on the security side of the equation; civil libertarians also refer to the framework, arguing for the protection of rights in the face of security demands. In the United Kingdom, in contrast, scholars and policy makers tend to consider security versus freedom as a case of competing rights: the right to life or the right to freedom from fear set against the right to move freely. As Prime Minister Tony Blair announced on 9/11, the exercise of state power would be necessary to protect "the basic civil liberty that people have to go about their business free form [sic] terror." This framing — competing rights in tension — reflects Britain's constitutional structure. Measures introduced by Parliament do not have to conform to a written constitution. While some documents, such as the 1215 Magna Carta, or the 1689 Bill of Rights, carry special significance, they are part of a broader system that encompasses legal and non-legal rules. The multiplicity and fluidity of rights, and the constant effort to balance them, reflect Britain's relationship with Europe, where the European Convention on Human Rights (incorporated into British domestic law through the 1998 Human Rights Act) and European Communities law weave together to create a complex system of rights and rules protecting them. Despite the manner in which the United States and United Kingdom interpret "security or freedom," reflective of their respective constitutional differences, in both countries the dichotomy between rights and security dominates the counterterrorist discourse. And in both regions, because the dichotomy ignores in its narrow terms of reference the far-reaching effects of counterterrorism, it stifles the debate. The "hydraulic" assumption inherent in the "security or freedom" framework overlooks the possibility that rules — indeed, the rule of law itself — provide security. There are multiple types of securities and liberties at stake. And the framework distorts the "real tradeoffs" that are being made, such as the risks inevitably entailed in the allocation of limited resources. Most importantly, "security or freedom" fails to capture the single most important characteristic of counterterrorist law: increased executive power that shifts the balance of power between the branches of government. This article suggests that at each point where the legislature would be expected to push back against the executive's power — at the introduction of measures, at the renewal of temporary provisions, and in the exercise of oversight — its ability to do so is limited. The judiciary's role is similarly restricted: constitutional structure and cultural norms narrow the courts' ability to check the executive at anything but the margins. With the long-term political and economic effects of this expanded executive strength masked by the immediacy of the "security or freedom" dichotomy, the true costs of anti-terror legislation in the United States and in the United Kingdom have gone uncalculated. Over the past four decades, both countries have seen the relationship between governmental branches altered, individual rights narrowed, and the relationship of the citizens to the state changed. Counterterrorist law has alienated important domestic and international communities, created bureaucratic inefficiencies, and interrupted commercial activity. As these two countries set global counterterrorist norms through important multilateral and bilateral organizations, such as the United Nations ("UN"), the UN Security Council, the G7/G8, and the Financial Action Task Force, the risk increases that these detrimental effects will be transferred to other constitutional democracies. American and British provisions, moreover, have evolved outside the specter of terrorist groups actually using weapons of mass destruction to inflict mass casualties. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction — and I would add biological weapons to Professor Holmes's concern about fissile material — together with a growing willingness on the part of extremists to sacrifice themselves, may drive the two countries to take increasingly severe measures. Such provisions could lead to a shift in the basic constitutional structure of both countries.


This thesis investigates the growth of the natural cocycle introduced by Klingler for the Steinberg representation. When possible, we extend the framework of simple algebraic groups over a local field to arbitrary Euclidean buildings. In rank one, the growth of the cocycle is determined to be sublinear. In higher rank, the complexity of the problem leads us to study of the geometry of buildings of dimension two, where we describe in details the relative position of three points.


At present, I am involved in a three-year research and development project called Design of IT in Use; technologies for supporting services to the citizens (Design av IT i anvandning, or DitA for short). This project, which is being funded by the Swedish Council for Work Life, is about the use, design and continual support and development of computer support for public administration and information services offered by one-stop shops and call centers. The main focus is on the ongoing integration of such systems with public electronic information systems, and on new developments and design to meet the increasing complexity and diversity of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies). One of the aims of our research is thus to participate in the developing of new forms for citizens' access to public information and public services via Internet. Our work in the DitA project is based on previous and ongoing longitudinal close-up studies of work practices and uses of technological support in actual physical locations such as one-stop shops and call centers. In our research work, we are actively involved in inter-organizational cooperation aiming to coordinate information and services on-line across and beyond old sectorial boundaries, both on the local, municipal level, and on a regional and national level. We are participating in the analysis and design of prototypes for on-line public information and public services, including the process of establishing focus groups and reference groups for the further development and testing of ideas, scenarios and prototypes. Through and beyond the challenges these developments are posing to traditional public service bureaucracies and their roles vis-a-vis the citizens?, we see more profound challenges to ways of understanding the use and design of modern technologies. We have found, in our research work, that we are having to search for new ways to grasp from where, whom, and what situation, these service centers are being contacted. The ?global access? offered by www is accompanied by a growing need to localize the user/citizen/person ? and for the user to be able to localize her- or himself - i. e. a need to design for and manage the specificities of the situation of use of IT. One concept we have been exploring recently, as a way of focusing this seeming paradox, is ?genius loci?, a concept used by architects and artists in reference to ?the spirit of the place?.


The United States is in the middle of a fervent national debate over whether Internet intermediaries could do more to rein in the spread of Salafi-jihadist ideology. In the past, the impact of differences between countries in relation to hate speech was confined within the physical boundaries of these countries. Internet intermediaries and social media in particular however have extended Jihadists' reach by quantum leaps and thus have changed the rules of the game once and for all.
This article, offering novel and comprehensive contributions to the literature on the use of technology to counter violent extremism, will:
(1) examine the reasons behind the surge of Salafi-jihadist ideology and the use of 'religious branding' as a survival technique;
(2) investigate the use of social media by radical groups;
(3) identify Internet intermediaries' deficiency in general and Google's latest two pilot program initiative in particular to tackle the spread of Jihadi ideology;
(4) outline a strategic preventative framework including two promising technical approaches for curbing the use of social media by Jihadist.


Hops are told to promote sleep; manyfold efforts to detect the soporific principle have been unsuccessful so far. Preliminary pharmacological tests lead to the conclusion that the soporific activity of the exhalation of hops can be explained by its content of 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol (1) in the volatile fraction. It was found that 1, when given to mice i.p. (0.80 g/kg) produces narcosis for about 8 h; no abnormal behaviour was observed there upon. Due to its water-solubility the concentration of 1 in the essential oil obtained by steam-distillation is low; contrary to that, 1, is enriched in the more volatile fraction of hops.


West African manuscripts are numerous and varied in forms and contents. There are thousands of them across West Africa. A significant portion of them are documents written in Arabic and Ajami (African languages written in Arabic script). They deal with both religious and nonreligious subjects. The development of these manuscript traditions dates back to the early days of Islam in West Africa, in the 11th century. In addition to these Arabic and Ajami manuscripts, there have been others written in indigenous scripts. These include those in the Vai script invented in Liberia; Tifinagh, the traditional writing system of the Amazigh (Berber) people; and the N'KO script invented in Guinea for Mande languages. While the writings in indigenous scripts are rare less numerous and widespread, they nonetheless constitute an important component of West Africa's written heritage. Though the efforts devoted to the preservation of West African manuscripts are limited compared to other world regions, interest in preserving them has increased. Some of the initial preservation efforts of West African manuscripts are the collections of colonial officers. Academics later supplemented these collections. These efforts resulted in important print and digital repositories of West African manuscripts in Africa, Europe, and America. Until recently, most of the cataloguing and digital preservation efforts of West African manuscripts have focused on those written in Arabic. However, there has been an increasing interest in West African manuscripts written in Ajami and indigenous scripts. Important West African manuscripts in Arabic, Ajami, and indigenous scripts have now been digitized and preserved, though the bulk remain uncatalogued and unknown beyond the communities of their owners.


This paper provides an assessment of the potential for small-holder agro-forestry projects to be competitive in markets for carbon emission reduction credits, and explores the ways in which small-holder participation in such markets may be facilitated. The paper begins with an overview of the issue of global warming and the role of carbon sinks in mitigating climate change. Then an economic model of the carbon emission reduction (CER) market is presented, which includes the impact of transactions costs. An in-depth survey of the economic literature on transactions costs and their implications in the design of markets for CER follows. An assessment of the emission abatement and transaction costs likely to be associated with smallholder agro-forestry projects is presented, based on case study information from Latin America and Indonesia. The paper concludes with policy recommendations on how to design carbon sequestration projects to benefit small-holders and suggests institutional reforms which will be necessary for reducing the transactions costs associated with small-holder participation in the market. The paper also includes a detailed annex with information on carbon sequestration projects involving small-holders which are already under implementation.


This paper discusses the effects of attachment conditions of internal structural loading on sound scattering from cylindrical shells. The internal loading is modeled as circular elastic plates. It will be shown that strongest scattering results from attachment that constrains tangential motions in the shell, because this kind of attachment interacts with compressional and shear waves most strongly, which are dominant waves contributing to the scattered field and are essentially associated with tangential motions in the shell. This is in sharp contrast to sound scattering from structural joints in plane geometries, a flat plate, for example, where the scattered field is dominated by constraints that restrict motions normal to the plate. This suggests that sliding joints in shell like structures should be acoustically beneficial.


An experiment has shown that when single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are grown by chemical vapor deposition in the presence of an electric field of suitable strength, the nanotubes become aligned along the electric field. In an important class of contemplated applications, one would exploit this finding in fabricating nanotube transistors; one would grow SWNTs across gaps between electrodes that would serve, subsequently, as source and drain contacts during operation of the transistors. In preparation for the experiment, a multilayer catalyst comprising a 20-nmthick underlayer of iridium (platinum group), a 1-nm-thick middle layer of iron, and a 0.2-nm-thick outer layer of molybdenum was ion-beam sputtered onto a quartz substrate. A 25 micrometers-diameter iron wire was used as a shadow mask during the sputtering to create a 25 micrometers gap in the catalyst. Then electrical leads were connected to the catalyst areas separated by the gap so that these catalyst areas would also serve as electrodes. The substrate as thus prepared was placed in a growth chamber that consisted of a quartz tube of 1-in. (2.54-cm) diameter enclosed in a furnace. SWNTs of acceptably high quantity and quality were grown in 10 minutes with methane at atmospheric pressure flowing through the chamber at a rate of 1,000 standard cubic centimeters per minute at a temperature of 900 C. To prevent oxidation of the SWNTs, the chamber was purged with 99.999-percent pure argon before and after growth, and the chamber was cooled to less than 300 C before opening it to the atmosphere after growth. When no voltage was applied across the gap, the SWNTs grew in random directions extending out from the edges of the catalyst at the gap. When a potential of 10 V was applied between the catalyst/electrode areas to create an electric field across the gap, the SWNTs grew across the gap, as shown in the figure.


[1] We investigate the temporal variability and trends of pH and of the aragonite saturation state, Ωarag, in the southern California Current System on the basis of a 6 year time series from Santa Monica Bay, using biweekly observations of dissolved inorganic carbon and combined calculated and measured alkalinity. Median values of pH and Ωarag in the upper 20 m are comparable to observations from the subtropical gyres, but the temporal variability is at least a factor of 5 larger, primarily driven by short-term upwelling events and mesoscale processes. Ωarag and pH decrease rapidly with depth, such that the saturation horizon is reached already at 130 m, on average, but it occasionally shoals to as low as 30 m. No statistically significant linear trends emerge in the upper 100 m, but Ωarag and pH decrease, on average, at rates of −0.009±0.006 yr−1 and −0.004±0.003 yr−1 in the 100–250 m depth range. These are somewhat larger, but not statistically different from the expected trends based on the recent increase in atmospheric CO2. About half of the variability in the deseasonalized data can be explained by the El Nino Southern Oscillation, with warm phases (El Nino) being associated with above normal pH and Ωarag. The observed variability and trend in Ωarag and pH is well captured by a multiple linear regression model on the basis of a small number of readily observable independent variables. This permits the estimation of these variables for related sites in the region.


Non-Newtonian droplet dynamics commonly exist in microfluidic systems. We report simulations of viscoelastic (VE) droplets traveling in a two dimensional capillary bifurcation channel. A numerical system combining phase field method, VE rheology, and Stokes flow equations is built. As a generic microfluidic two-phase problem, we study how a non-Newtonian droplet that approaches a channel bifurcation will behave. We identify conditions for when a droplet will either split into two or be directed into one of the branches. In particular, we study the importance of the non-Newtonian properties. Our results reveal two different non-Newtonian mechanisms that can enhance splitting and non-splitting of droplets with respect to Newtonian droplets, depending on the size of droplet and capillary number.


Feed consumption, bodyweight gain and carcass evaluation of Holstein bulls fed either conventional (CON) or organic (ORG) diets were compared. Animals were randomly assigned to either CON (n = 15) or ORG (n = 15) treatments when 6 months old. Inclusion rates of the ingredients were similar in CON and ORG diets formulated for growing (6–12 months of age) and fattening (13–18 months of age) periods. Ingredients of organic origin were used to formulate ORG growing and fattening diets. The bulls on the CON diet were vaccinated, de-wormed and treated conventionally (with antibiotics) against any sign of illness. No dietary or implant growth promotant was used. The bulls on the ORG diet were vaccinated although they were not de-wormed or treated against illness using conventional methods. Instead they were allowed to recover naturally from illness for 3 days. However, if the illness persisted beyond 3 days, they were treated using conventional methods. Consumption of concentrate and rice straw during growing, fattening and overall periods (6–18 months of age) was the same in bulls fed the CON or ORG diets. Bodyweight gain, total dry matter (concentrate and straw) intake and feed to gain ratio during growing and fattening were not affected by the treatments. Daily feed cost and feed cost for unit gain were greater in bulls fed the ORG diet than those fed the CON diet. Weight of cold carcass and different carcass cuts of the bulls were not affected by the treatment. According to the Korean beef grading system, the carcasses from bulls fed either CON or ORG diets were graded similarly but were of lower quality. The Korean beef quality grade is primarily determined by marbling score. The bulls in this study were slaughtered earlier (at 18 months of age) than the conventional slaughtering age of beef cattle (~30 months) in Korea to produce highly marbled beef. It is concluded that the bulls fed ORG diets performed equally, and produced carcasses of similar quality, to those fed CON diets. However, feed costs for a unit bodyweight gain were significantly greater in the ORG diet compared with the CON diet.


Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is one of the largest areas of interest in wireless technology because it provides very wide variety of services in the field of transportation. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) provides a set of standards for Vehicular Communication networks. The vehicular network provides many useful applications and advantages. The multimedia applications, which are based on vehicular network, are considered to play a very vital role in the future of ITS, but now-a-days they are facing some big challenges on Quality of Services (QoS) issues due to high velocity, network scalability and limited communication range. In this paper, the evaluation of Quality of Videos and services has performed by using proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols under different network conditions, in various communication environment using QualNet simulator. Here, the authors have presented the combination of two results of this assessment. The results are consider that which routing protocol is more suitable and determines that which network condition is better in which vehicular network environment to provide efficient QoS and video streaming performance. Finally, the authors try to increase the performance of videos and improve the Quality of Services of ITS over vehicular networks in the future.


Are individuals entitled to notice of their constitutional rights or assistance in exercising those rights? In most contexts, the answer is no. Yet, there are some important exceptions, in which the Court has held that special circumstances call for notice and procedural protections designed to facilitate rights invocations. This Article refers to these entitlements as "meta rights" — rights that protect rights. The most famous of these is the Miranda warning, which notifies suspects of their Fifth Amendment rights to silence and an attorney. There are others as well — among them, the First Amendment right of individuals represented by public sector labor unions and bar associations to notice of their right not to subsidize certain union or bar association speech. Certain procedural due process rights also qualify as meta rights, including the notice of the right to litigate individually to which many class members are entitled. The reason for the Miranda warning, as well as for similar notice rights in the procedural due process context, is clear: each aids individuals in overcoming high external barriers to protecting their own rights through self-help. But what justifies meta rights that help union members and attorneys exercise their rights against compelled subsidization of political speech, where there are generally no significant barriers to self help? Alternatively, why aren't there meta rights in other compelled speech and subsidization contexts? And, if meta rights are appropriate, how robust should they be? This Article take up these questions, arguing that the self-help rationale offers a way to determine when meta rights are required in various constitutional contexts, including in the context of compelled speech and subsidization of speech. It then addresses the challenges inherent in structuring meta rights, which are accentuated where meta rights are owed by private associations — such as unions and bar associations — that have their own First Amendment rights. Ultimately, the Article argues that courts cannot ignore the competing interests of associational speakers and willing members when they determine the scope of compelled speech and subsidization meta rights. Thus, to the extent that courts conclude that meta rights themselves implicate the First Amendment, they should account for the possibility that some meta rights do more than just allow dissenters to avoid unwanted speech: they actually encourage opt-outs, and correspondingly discourage speech.


The performance of the construction industry in Japan has been high due to a lack of emphasis of price. Due to rapid change in the industry environment such as social requirement of fair implementation process of public works; however, there is a deep concern that the performance of the industry is being lowered due to more emphasis on the public works getting the low price contractor. Many efforts are being made to keep its high performance in a more cost competitive environment. A comparison between the essence of public bidding reforms in Japan and principles of the Best Value Approach shows some ideas on the future of the public bidding scheme. The critical areas needing to be addressed are the importance of various levels of feedback loops in social capital management and clarification of the position of supervision for appropriate risk sharing between the public client and the vendor. Additionally, in order for local governments with insufficient engineering resources to be truly accountable, it is worthwhile studying an alternative evaluation method of proposal and performance including non-technical one.


OBJECTIVE
To determine prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes, and accuracy of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to identify such patients.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING
Secondary data from 1999 to 2000. We linked all inpatient and outpatient administrative and clinical records of U.S. veterans with diabetes dually enrolled in Medicare and the Veterans Administration (VA) health care systems.

STUDY DESIGN
We used a cross-sectional, observational design to determine the sensitivity and specificity of renal-related ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes in identifying individuals with chronic kidney disease.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS
We estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from serum creatinine and defined CKD as Stage 3, 4, or 5 CKD by eGFR criterion according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. Renal-related ICD-9-CM codes were grouped by algorithm.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Prevalence of CKD was 31.6 percent in the veteran sample with diabetes. Depending on the detail of the algorithm, only 20.2 to 42.4 percent of individuals with CKD received a renal-related diagnosis code in either VA or Medicare records over 1 year. Specificity of renal codes for CKD ranged from 93.2 to 99.4 percent. Patients hospitalized in VA facilities were slightly more likely to be correctly coded for CKD than patients hospitalized in facilities reimbursed by Medicare (OR 5.4 versus 4.1, p=.0330)

CONCLUSIONS
CKD is a common comorbidity for patients with diabetes in the VA system. Diagnosis codes in administrative records from Medicare and VA systems are insensitive, but specific markers for patients with CKD.


Title of Dissertation: WHAT DO CHILDREN HAVE IN THEIR HEADS? FUNCTIONAL HEADS AND PARAMETER SETTING IN CHILD LANGUAGE Graciela Mariel Tesan, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by Professor Rosalind Thornton Department of Linguistics The aim of the present study is to revisit the old debate between rationalists and empiricists in relation to language development with new longitudinal data in hand. I show that when it comes to the development of a specific piece of linguistic knowledge, namely the distribution of the third person singular morpheme –s in child English, the generativist approach can satisfactorily account for the quirks observed in the longitudinal data presented herein. First, I argue that children are not conservative learners in the sense of Tomasello (2003), but they set parameters in the sense of Crain (1991). That is to say, child grammars may vary from the adult –significantly-, but the variation is conservatively limited by the hard-wired principles and parameters of Universal Grammar. I conclude that a parameter setting account of the development of functional categories is preferred as it attains explanatory adequacy with a minimal set of assumptions. I then adopt Lasnik's (1995a) parametric account of verbal morphology, which distinguishes two types of Infl(ectional) items: affixal Infl and featural Infl. Furthermore, I use the same distinction to account for the development of sentential Neg(ation), as well, arguing that there are two parametric values associated with the Neg(ation) category: affixal Neg and featural Neg. In natural languages, the intersection of these values defines different grammars (e.g. Swedish vs. English, Middle English vs. Modern English). Based on the Principles and Parameter theory, I show that at any given point in development, innately hard-wired UG principles and parameters can accurately define child grammars the same way they define any natural language. I argue that longitudinal evidence suggests that these parametric values are hard wired as those options are explored by four different English-speaking 2-year-old children. Thus, I conclude that language development is better understood as language change driven by parameter setting and re-setting. WHAT DO CHILDREN HAVE IN THEIR HEADS? FUNCTIONAL HEADS AND PARAMETER SETTING IN CHILD LANGUAGE


One of the biggest challenges facing organizations today is the ability to deliver the necessary change to sustain competitive advantage and adapt to economic and market environments. However, the gap between what organizations would like to deliver and their capabilities to do so is getting increasingly wide. Enterprise Change Management provides a practical roadmap for bridging this gap to help organizations build the sustainable capabilities to implement a portfolio of changes. Based on research on change performance from over 300 organizations and 400,000 data points over a 21-year period, Enterprise Change Management will help diagnose the root causes of the organizational change gap, manage demand for change and create the context for successful continuous change in the organization. This book introduces five core capabilities - adaptive leadership; executing single changes effectively; managing the demand for change; hiring resilient people and creating the context for successful change. Frameworks, processes and tools help readers assess change capabilities and then create a strategy to close the change gap and improve performance in their organization.


Over the last three decades, the number of children experiencing the incarceration of one or both parents has grown dramatically. Although the children of prisoners are not under legal sanction, they are nonetheless indirectly subject to the coercive apparatus of the state by virtue of their parent's status and they are directly subject to this apparatus during their visits to correctional facilities. In this ethnographic study of a mother–child visitation program in jail, we examine secondary prisonization among children of incarcerated mothers. Previous research on secondary prisonization has focused primarily on adults, finding that contact with the prison system alters their conception self, body, moral statuses, emotions, and relationships. Our ethnographic data demonstrate that the implications of this for children are considerable. Here, we analyze secondary prisonization as it impacts children across two domains: discipline of the body and regulation of emotion.