Sustainable biofuel production from renewable biomass will require the efficient and complete use of all abundant sugars in the plant cell wall. Using the cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa as a model, we identified a xylodextrin transport and consumption pathway required for its growth on hemicellulose. Successful reconstitution of this xylodextrin utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that fungal xylose reductases act as xylodextrin reductases, and together with two hydrolases, generate intracellular xylose and xylitol. Xylodextrin consumption using xylodextrin reductases and tandem intracellular hydrolases greatly expands the capacity of yeasts to use plant cell wall-derived sugars, and should be adaptable to increase the efficiency of both first-generation and next-generation biofuel production.


These Guidelines are intended to help improve the conservation and management of geoheritage and geodiversity in protected and conserved areas and recognition of the interrelationships and interactions with biological features and processes. They are not a textbook on geoconservation management practice, but rather set out the essential background, context and principles. The use of best practice examples from around the world will hopefully give users renewed confidence in looking after geoheritage and in connecting geoconservation with biodiversity conservation.


AT THE END OF NOVEMBER 2000, a group of 25 archaeologists convened at the Richard Gump Research Station of the University of California, Berkeley, for an international conference on "The Archaeology of Eastern Polynesia: Retrospect and Prospect." The conference was co-organized by us, with financial support from the France-Berkeley Fund of the University of California, and from the Ministry of Culture, Territory of French Polynesia. (1) The participants were a truly international group, with representatives from Australia, Chile, France, French Polynesia, Hawai'i, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and the continental United States. Over the course of a week, in the relaxed setting of the Gump Station, situated on the shores of Cook's Bay, Mo`orea Island, the conferees presented a series of papers reviewing past and present work throughout various islands and archipelagoes of Eastern Polynesia, and engaged in stimulating discussions of current theoretical and methodological issues. This issue of Asian Perspectives offers revised versions of seven papers presented at the Mo'orea conference, largely focusing on the results of new and often cutting-edge research in Eastern Polynesia. The nature of early Eastern Polynesian voyaging and interaction spheres has been a topic of considerable debate and discussion in recent years, in part stimulated by advances in geochemical sourcing of basalt artifacts, allowing archaeologists to track inter-island and inter-archipelago exchanges through direct material evidence. In his paper, Barry Rolett considers the processes that may have led to a subsequent decline in such voyaging after about A.D. 1450. Fishing is another aspect of Eastern Polynesian prehistory with a long history of archaeological research, originally centered on the analysis of fishhooks and other fishing gear, and later expanded to include zooarchaeological analyses of fishbone assemblages. In her contribution, Melinda Allen builds upon these traditional approaches with the application of new methods such as sequencing of mtDNA from archaeological fishbones to develop fine-grained identifications. In particular, she examines a model of resource depression with respect to certain fish faunal assemblages from the Cook Islands. The Mangareva group of islands was one of the first to be investigated by modern archaeological techniques, in 1959 by Roger Green. Reanalyzing the Asian Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 2 [c] 2002 by University of Hawai'i Press. materials uncovered in that pioneering study, Green and Weisler have produced a new culture-historical sequence for Mangareva, which they then proceed to integrate with Weisler's more recent work on the Pitcairn and Henderson Islands to the east. Bringing in as well considerations from historical linguistics, Green and Weisler argue that Mangareva was probably first settled ca. A.D. 700-800, and played a key role in the geographic expansion of Polynesians into the southeastern parts of the triangle. As readers familiar with recent debates in Polynesian prehistory will be aware, one of the most contentious issues has centered around the timing of early settlement--the so-called "long vs. short chronology" debate. Critical to resolving this debate are good series of well-controlled radiocarbon dates from key sites. …


Correspondence or non-correspondence is one of the early space syntax concepts, originally proposed by Hillier and Hanson in 1984 in 'The Social Logic of Space'. Describing the overlap between spatial and transpatial solidarities, Hillier and Hanson argued that socio-spatial systems with high degrees of correspondence are systems in which the transpatial category of people (kinship, gender, profession, beliefs, etc.) tightly overlap with their ordering in space, hence similar people occupy proximate spaces. This creates an exclusive system with strong boundaries. The opposite case, a non-correspondence system thrives on openness, is inclusive and brings people together across multiple scales. We maintain that this essential description of socio-spatial relations has received relatively little scholarly attention over the last decades. Reviewing the literature, we argue that the theory of non-correspondence can unlock why and how organizations are able to innovate and enable the emergence of new ideas. Thus, in this paper we provide a fresh perspective on correspondence by examining organizations occupying office space. On the basis of an odds ratio, we propose a way to calculate the degree of correspondence or non-correspondence in the socio-spatial system of organisational workplace accommodation using various data sets including the office layout of an organisation, the organization chart, the seating plan, visitor counts, observed space usage and observed interaction data within and across transpatial groupings. Bringing detailed data on two case studies to bear – a law firm and a research organisation – we highlight different interaction profiles of correspondence or non-correspondence. We use this quantitative analysis in conjunction with qualitative data identifying organisational cultures and operational contexts those organisations were placed in, so that we can judge innovative potential and the propensity for new ideas to emerge in these organisations. Findings suggest that the law firm operated predominantly as a correspondence system and the research organisation showed high degrees of non-correspondence, particular towards visitors. In both cases, however, subgroups with the contrasting organising principles of correspondence and non-correspondence were found nested inside at the group level. In both organisations correspondence offers the key to understanding how and why innovation emerged or did not emerge. Therefore, we provide a new way of understanding organisational innovations arising from spatial and social conditioning. Rather than treating spatial and social factors in separation, we bring them together. Embedding spatial thinking in management theory and management thinking in spatial theory allows us to make a truly novel and interdisciplinary contribution, which is valuable for further theory development, but also to practitioners in both domains. By developing a rigorous and repeatable method for quantifying the degree of correspondence or non-correspondence in the socio-spatial system of an organization's workplace accommodation, we can highlight the contribution an office layout makes to the emergence of new ideas in organizations.


In this paper, we study the expressive power of first-order disjunctive logic programming (DLP) and normal logic programming (NLP) under the stable model semantics. We show that, unlike the propositional case, first-order DLP is strictly more expressive than NLP. This result still holds even if auxiliary predicates are allowed, assuming NP ≠ coNP. On the other side, we propose a partial translation from first-order DLP to NLP via unfolding and shifting, which suggests a sound yet incomplete approach to implement DLP via NLP solvers. We also identify some NLP definable subclasses, and conjecture to exactly capture NLP definability by unfolding and shifting.


Panic Online (PO) is a well-established evidence-based internet intervention program for panic disorder (PD) (with or without agoraphobia), when supported by a therapist (email or face-to-face). However, there has been no exploration to date as to whether PO is also effective when administered in a selfguided format (i.e., with no therapist assistance provided). The objective of this pilot trial was to examine whether PO as a self-guided program was effective at reducing panic symptomatology and furthermore, whether participants found the program format satisfactory. Pre- and post-treatment clinical interviews were conducted by telephone with six participants and experience of using the self-guided PO program was also explored. Paired samples t-tests revealed that PD and agoraphobia were significantly reduced by posttreatment, but panic frequency (over the previous month) did not significantly change. Qualitatively, all participants reported being satisfied with the program, however all participants reported that access to human support during the intervention (e.g., to answer questions, to be heard, to help motivate) was preferable. Initial pilot data suggests that PO self-guided works effectively as a stand-alone clinical internet-based treatment program for PD, however additional research is required to definitively establish its efficacy. Keyword s: Computer-aided psychotherapy; panic disorder and agoraphobia; self-help; CBT


This paper proposes a continuously-variable MEMS solenoid inductor with resonating frequency of over 8 GHz. This inductor allows high-tuning capability for resonance adjustment purpose in reconfigurable radio-frequency circuit devices. To achieve this goal, a channel is contrived to bypass the turns of the coil through the injection of a conductive liquid (here, Galinstan). Once the number of turns decreases, the inductance value falls according to the injection level. The proposed solenoid inductor is simulated using a full-wave three-dimensional electromagnetic analysis tool, HFSS, for silicon substrate with copper metallic coil for different level of conductive liquid injection. Beside the cost-effective and easy manufacturing process, the simulation results demonstrate the 150% tuning range. The EM simulation results show a maximum quality factor of 85 at 3 GHz for proposed inductor. The minimum and maximum inductance values are 1.5 and 4 nH at 4 GHz for low-resistivity Silicon. This tunable inductor can be applied into reconfigurable radio-frequency circuits and matching networks to tune the operating frequency of the system.


Background and Objectives: Whereas studies have indicated the interaction between NMDA and cholinergic systems, this study was performed with the aim of determining the role of NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Methods: In this study, at first rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine, and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannulas were placed 2mm above nucleus accumbens shell. All animals were allowed to recover for one week, before beginning the behavioral testing. Then, animals were trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task. The drugs were injected after successful training and before testing. The animals were tested 24h after training, and the step-through latency time was measured as the memory criterion in male Wistar rats. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for analysis of the data. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Intra-nucleus accumbens (intra-NAc) injection of scopolamine or NMDA caused impairment in memory in rats. Although, co-administration of an ineffective dose of NMDA with an ineffective dose of scopolamine had no significant effect on memory performance, effective doses of NMDA prevented the amnesic effect of scopolamine on inhibitory avoidance memory. On the other hand, intra-NAc injection of NMDA receptor antagonist, i.e., MK-801 caused no change in memory performance by itself, and its co-administration with an effective dose of scopolamine could not prevent the impairing effect of the latter drug. Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated that NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens are involved in the modulation of scopolamine-induced amnesia.


Earthquake ruptures along tectonically active faults nucleate predominantly at depths of 5 to 12km in the crust, so the portions of faults that slip in these events cannot be directly observed. The geometry and composition of seismogenic faults controls the nucleation, propagation and termination of the earthquake rupture process. This study aims to place constraints on the geometry and composition of seismogenic faults by examining ancient faults exhumed from the depths at which earthquakes are observed to nucleate.

Faults exposed in the Sierra Nevada, California, show that the internal architecture of earthquake faults is heterogeneous at a variety of scales. Field and microstructural observations are used to describe in detail the architecture of two pseudotachylyte-bearing fault systems in the Granite Pass region of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park; the Granite Pass fault (GPF) and associated faults, and the Glacier Lakes fault (GLF) and faults that splay from the GLF. The GPF and sub-parallel faults are 1 to 6.7km long with left-lateral strike-slip displacements up to 80m. The GPF and GPF-parallel faults have architectures that are heterogeneous along strike. They are composed of one to four fault core strands containing cataclasites and ultracataclasites that cross-cut early localized crystal-plastic deformation. Slip surfaces developed at the edges of, within and between fault cores are defined by pseudotachylytes and cataclasites with thicknesses of ~0.01 to 20mm. Fault-related subsidiary structures are developed on either side of fault cores, and comprise damage zones with widths orthogonal to the fault of up to 30m. The GLF and splay faults have architectures that are more homogeneous along strike. These faults are composed of a tabular volume of heavily fractured and altered host rock between approximately planar fault core strands. The fault cores are centimetres wide and contain cataclasites and foliated cataclasites that are cross-cut by pseudotachylytes. Fault-related damage is limited in extent to several metres beyond the bounding fault cores. The GLF contains additional cataclasites, ultracataclasites and pseudotachylytes in a fault core strand within the tabular zone of fractured rock.

Thermochronologic analyses of the host rock granodiorite, combined with previously published palaeogeobarometry and apatite fission track data, define the temperature and pressure changes associated with cooling and exhumation of the pluton. The P-T conditions prevalent during the deformation history of the GPF fault system are evaluated by relating recrystallisation mechanisms in quartz to temperature, showing that the early stages of deformation occurred at temperatures of 450 to 600oC. Dating of pseudotachylytes by the K-Ar isotopic method suggests subsequent brittle deformation took place at temperatures <350oC and pressures ≤150MPa. A model for the architecture of the GPF architecture therefore has well constrained environmental controls, and should be transferrable to faults with comparable deformation histories.

Small faults (cumulative displacements <1m) in the Mount Abbot Quadrangle, 55km north of Granite Pass, have been examined to illustrate the processes associated with the earliest stages of slip in the Sierra Nevada faults. The faults have branched or straight fault traces. Pseudotachylytes in branching faults show that these faults accumulated displacement in high velocity slip events, rather than by quasi-static fault growth. Branching faults without pseudotachylytes contain chlorite breccias interpreted to have formed in response to slip along faults with elevated pore fluid pressure. Straight faults also likely underwent slip events, but contain cataclased chlorite and epidote, suggesting low fluid pressures during slip. The small faults show that fluid-rock interactions are critical to fault geometry, and that lateral structural heterogeneity is established after small finite displacements. Field and thin section observations of exhumed seismogenic faults show that fault architecture and fault rock assemblage are critical to the earthquake rupture process. The heterogeneous composition of slip surfaces in the GPF faults imply that melt lubrication cannot account for all of the dynamic slip weakening as there are no continuous pseudotachylyte generation surfaces through the fault zones. Multiple slip weakening mechanisms must have been active during single rupture events. Slip weakening mechanisms also change at a given point on the fault in response to continued deformation. Splay faults at the GLF termination suggest that structural complexity observed at the terminations of fault surface traces can also be expected at depth. The off-fault damage at the termination of the GLF will change the bulk elastic properties of the host rock and must be accounted for in models of rupture propagation beyond fault terminations, or across geometrical discontinuities. Additionally, aftershock distributions and focal mechanisms may be controlled by the geometry of structures present at fault terminations.


This paper explores the political dimensions of policing in post-conflict societies, and makes the case that the reluctance to engage more fully in the politics of post-conflict security provision has been a serious impediment to the success of international police reform efforts in post-conflict societies. Too often, post-conflict police reform has been treated solely as a technical exercise in training and bureaucratic re-organization, rather than as an inherently political process of reorganizing power relations within specific societies. The failure to tackle the politics of post-conflict policing head-on stems in large part from the structure of international policing missions, which are not sufficiently coherent nor coordinated to take on the complex challenges of fundamentally re-orienting the role of local police forces in societies emerging from conflict. Since rule of law questions are increasingly crucial to the success of post-conflict peacebuilding processes, more attention needs to be focused on strengthening international police assistance capacities, and the paper concludes by examining specific policy options and recommendations. ********** From Iraq to Afghanistan and from Haiti to Liberia, the ongoing struggle to achieve post-conflict stability underlines the extent to which the distinction between war and peace in contemporary conflict zones is increasingly difficult to sustain. In each case, the 'post-conflict' environment has been characterized by chronic and often extreme levels of public insecurity, even if the post-conflict state itself has been 'secured' through external military intervention. The persistence of high levels of public insecurity not only presents a major obstacle to building sustainable peace in war-torn societies, it also reveals the inadequacies of current mechanisms for the provision of security in states recovering from conflict. Given the often profound implications of ongoing public insecurity for all aspects of the peacebuilding process, it is no exaggeration to suggest that public insecurity currently represents the Achilles' Heel of international peacebuilding efforts. In states that have collapsed, experienced serious internal strife, or been subject to regime overthrow, so-called 'security gaps' emerge from the absence of authoritative domestic institutions possessing both the legitimacy and capacity to monopolize the use of force within a given territory. This, of course, echoes the classic Weberian definition of the state, and indeed the foremost task of post-conflict peacebuilding is to facilitate the establishment of functioning, legitimate, and sustainable institutions of governance through which social relations can be managed in a non-violent manner. Given the unstable and violent environments from which post-conflict states emerge, the most important post-war institutions are those responsible for security and order, without which neither social nor economic reconstruction is possible. As Annika Hansen (2000) has suggested, "security is the key to a 'new social contract' between the population and its government or society in which the population is willing to surrender the responsibility for its physical safety into government hands" (p. 35). Since the security threats facing most post-conflict states are largely internal rather than external, and since one of the primary goals of international peacekeeping efforts is to isolate, contain, and remove domestic military forces from the political process (eventually re-directing their energies towards external rather than internal security tasks), (1) it therefore follows that a core peacebuilding challenge is the restoration of legitimate and effective policing capacity. The argument that domestic order and stability is key to sustainable peace is not particularly novel, since Thomas Hobbes argued more than three centuries ago that Leviathan, capable of imposing domestic order, was a prerequisite of civilized society. …


Obtaining a home loan is the most significant, complex, and long-term economic transaction in which many Americans will ever engage. Yet despite the importance of the transaction to the individuals involved and their households and communities, many Americans are not obtaining home loans at competitive price terms, prices that a market of borrowers engaged in effective price-shopping would produce.Current federal law governing home lending requires that borrowers be given an avalanche of disclosures, but has few substantive requirements for home loans. My thesis is that for significant borrower segments shopping in today's market, the disclosures currently mandated by federal law for home loans do not effectively facilitate price shopping.To understand what drives borrower decisions, I take the literature on decisionmaking from the psychology and behavioral economics fields and apply it in depth for the first time to the problem of predatory lending. To do that requires an understanding of how the home loan marketplace has historically operated, a history that continues to "frame" home loan decisions for borrowers in that marketplace, and how that marketplace has, unbeknownst to many, changed. Therefore, in Part I of this Article, I explain how the twentieth-century market of standardized home loans at uniform low prices rationed to low risk borrowers was largely replaced in the 1990s with risk-based pricing of a broadened supply of creatively structured home loans. Next, I provide evidence that loans at prices beyond what the cost and credit risk presented by the borrower would garner from a competitive market are flourishing in today's market. Part II explains that the current legal regime of disclosure fails to effectively facilitate price shopping because it is based on an unrealistic, rational actor model of borrower behavior. In Part III, I set forth a more realistic picture of consumer decisionmaking, one that recognizes the influence of intangible cognitive and emotional costs on internal decisionmaking processes, and the influence of socioeconomic context on external decisionmaking outputs. Next, I show how sellers of home loans exploit widespread cognitive heuristics, biases, and emotional coping mechanisms to sell overpriced home loans to a significant segment of the borrowing population. Here, I work both the cognitive and the emotional sides of the decisionmaking aisle, and I delve deeply into the data on how people really make decisions about their loans. Implicit in my methodology is a critique of those legal scholars who attempt to apply the decisionmaking literature to legal problems at a theoretical level, without checking their claims against real-world data.Part IV explains why the home loan market has not fixed the problem. I then offer a proposal for using the law to restructure the marketplace, to increase price competition, and to reduce the prevalence of predatory overpricing of home loans.Although this Article is thus focused on the problem of predatory home lending, it contains valuable lessons about when and how disclosure can realistically be used in legal regulation more generally. Substantive regulation of contract terms or product or service attributes can create inefficiencies and can be a drag on innovation, both of which can hurt consumers. But giving consumers more information in today's information-saturated economy is not enough to assure good or even truly autonomous decisionmaking. We may at times have to intervene in the market to create the conditions necessary for consumers to use disclosures to arrive at decisions that are efficient, autonomous, and good for them, their households, and their communities.


Given the energy expended within dominant Cartesian epistemologies constructing and policing conceptual boundaries between the natural and the cultural - energies joined, paradoxically, to the pragmatic Baconian colonisation of nature - the terms environment and technology have come to share an interesting convergence. First, both have become amorphous and diffuse, referring to ubiquitous conditions in human experience. Langdon Winner's pronouncement in 1977 that technology "has come to mean everything and anything; it therefore threatens to mean nothing" is relevant still. It is increasingly true also of the functioning of the term environment, an observation that goes some way in explaining the centrifugal forces currently disintegrating and dispersing environmental discourses.


During the years between 1861 and 1893 six banks were authorized to issue notes redeemable in gold or silver — though with frequent episodes of suspension — and accepted at par in Italy. Because of the existence of several issuing banks the Italian experience was often referred to as an example of competition in money issuance; as a result, the regime of competition was blamed for the financial crisis which took place at the end of the period. This article challenges the idea that note issuance in Italy was carried out under competition. The theoretical framework used to analyse the Italian experience from the viewpoint of competition is free-banking; the theory provides a model to analyse competition between notes issued by unrestricted banks which are changed at par and redeemable in some standard good on a fractional reserve basis. Although the Italian case cannot be considered an example of freebanking, this framework can help explain whether — and under which circumstances — note issuance conditions in Italy came close to a situation of competition. According to the model, redeemability and the absence of any role by Government are essential conditions for competition between currencies to take place. Judged on these basis, Italian experience has been on the whole a far cry from competition, not only because of the frequent suspensions of redeemability but because Government interventions distorted competitive decision-making by banks and on some occasions prevented the clearing process to take place. In addition to the direct support granted to single banks — in exchange for loans or for political purposes — and to several forms of regulation on the issuing activities, competition was hampered by the willingness of Government to suspend redeemability in time of crises. On several occasions banks were given the opportunity to be exempted from the rules of competition instead of maximizing their profit subject to those constraints.


Summary form only given. Optical fibre Bragg gratings are the most significant new fibre device since the EDFA and will have a major impact on the design and implementation of future optical networks. Applications include single and multichannel add/drop filters, EDFA gain stabilising and spectrum flattening filters, dispersion compensation, as well as wavelength stable sources for WDM networks. This tutorial will cover the key aspects of fibre gratings relevant to telecommunications applications. These include fabrication and processing, the pros and cons of the different host fibres as well as hydrogenation and their effect on stability. The design and performance of apodised, chirped and multistage gratings will be covered. Finally, significant emphasis will be given to the key applications of fibre gratings.


Global public health agreements are heralded as a success for the affirmation of the right to health within a complex and contested political landscape. However, the practical implementation of such agreements at the national level is often overlooked. This article outlines two radically different global health agreements: The Doha Declaration on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and Public Health; and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). We identify significant challenges in their implementation, particularly for low and middle income countries. Shifts in the policy network constellations around these two agreements have allowed for some positive influence by civil society. Yet industry influence at the national level constrains effective implementation and those affected by these policies have largely been left on the periphery. The broader provisions of these two agreements have been watered down by vested interests and donor conditions. We advocate for both activist and academic actors to play a significant role in highlighting the consequences of these power asymmetries. Deliberative democracy may be the key to addressing these challenges in a way that empowers those presently excluded from effective participation in the policy process.


Several different surgical and endovascular interventions are used in the secondary prevention of stroke, the most frequent of which is carotid endarterectomy. Endarterectomy is beneficial in patients with 50–99% recently symptomatic carotid stenosis. Recent research has gone further in identifying exactly which such patients are likely to benefit most from carotid endarterectomy and when the intervention is most effective. Individual risk modelling is useful in selecting patients for endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosis, although timely surgery and optimal medical treatment are of equal importance. Although data on comparative procedural risks outside randomized trials are difficult to interpret, the techniques involved in both carotid endarterectomy and stenting are evolving and continued audit of performance is essential. Ongoing randomized trials will determine whether or not the procedural risks of stroke and death are definitely lower with endarterectomy, but continued efforts to reduce the procedural risks of both approaches will still be important. The other key issue is how the procedural risks of stenting vary with patient characteristics – perhaps the most important question being not whether endarterectomy is better than stenting or vice versa, but for whom is one technique likely to be better than the other.


Maggie Wilson trained to teach at Jordanhill College, Glasgow. She taught in Scotland, Saudi Arabia, London and then in Bradford, West Yorkshire, where she became a history specialist in a middle school (aged 8-13). She specialised in history and discusses the teaching of history to younger children. She found the National Curriculum helpful and has picked up ideas from the Schools History Project approach of using 'enquiries' and artefacts in the classroom. She discusses the topics taught and impact of 'cross-curriuclar' approaches to history. Finally she reflects on the needs of children in a multi-cultural school in terms of identity and heritage and its implications for the history curriculum. Interviewed by Nicola Sheldon


This book is a result of a ten-year-long program sponsored by Lilly Endowment, Inc. through Auburn Theological Seminary in New York to study the history of various phases of theological education in the United States. It presents the major themes involved in the development of Protestant theological education in the U.S. between 1740 and 1875. It was during these years that most of the institutional structure of contemporary theological education was built. This study of the schooling of the preachers focuses on six major changes or crises in these institutions. This text presents a selection of examples which describe the general pattern of development in the institutions, formal and informal, devoted to the training of future ministers.


We investigate matter-induced (or extrinsic) CPT violation effects in neutrino oscillations in matter. Especially, we present approximate analytical formulas for the CPT-violating probability differences for three flavor neutrino oscillations in matter with an arbitrary matter density profile. Note that we assume that the CPT invariance theorem holds, which means that the CPT violation effects arise entirely because of the presence of matter. As special cases of matter density profiles, we consider constant and step-function matter density profiles, which are relevant for neutrino oscillation physics in accelerator and reactor long baseline experiments as well as neutrino factories. Finally, the implications of extrinsic CPT violation on neutrino oscillations in matter for several past, present, and future long baseline experiments are estimated.


Over the last few decades, researchers have developed a number of empirical and theoretical models for the correlation and prediction of the thermophysical properties of pure fluids and mixtures treated as pseudo-pure fluids. In this paper, a survey of all the state-of-the-art formulations of thermophysical properties is presented. The most-accurate thermodynamic properties are obtained from multiparameter Helmholtz-energy-explicit-type formulations. For the transport properties, a wider range of methods has been employed, including the extended corresponding states method. All of the thermophysical property correlations described here have been implemented into CoolProp, an open-source thermophysical property library. This library is written in C++, with wrappers available for the majority of programming languages and platforms of technical interest. As of publication, 110 pure and pseudo-pure fluids are included in the library, as well as properties of 40 incompressible fluids and humid air. The source code for the CoolProp library is included as an electronic annex.


Several variants of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with orthogonal or unitary recurrent matrices have recently been developed to mitigate the vanishing/exploding gradient problem and to model long-term dependencies of sequences. However, with the eigenvalues of the recurrent matrix on the unit circle, the recurrent state retains all input information which may unnecessarily consume model capacity. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing an architecture that expands upon an orthogonal/unitary RNN with a state that is generated by a recurrent matrix with eigenvalues in the unit disc. Any input to this state dissipates in time and is replaced with new inputs, simulating short-term memory. A gradient descent algorithm is derived for learning such a recurrent matrix. The resulting method, called the Eigenvalue Normalized RNN (ENRNN), is shown to be highly competitive in several experiments.


Semantic specialization methods fine-tune distributional word vectors using lexical knowledge from external resources (e.g. WordNet) to accentuate a particular relation between words. However, such post-processing methods suffer from limited coverage as they affect only vectors of words seen in the external resources. We present the first post-processing method that specializes vectors of all vocabulary words – including those unseen in the resources – for the asymmetric relation of lexical entailment (LE) (i.e., hyponymy-hypernymy relation). Leveraging a partially LE-specialized distributional space, our POSTLE (i.e., post-specialization for LE) model learns an explicit global specialization function, allowing for specialization of vectors of unseen words, as well as word vectors from other languages via cross-lingual transfer. We capture the function as a deep feed-forward neural network: its objective re-scales vector norms to reflect the concept hierarchy while simultaneously attracting hyponymy-hypernymy pairs to better reflect semantic similarity. An extended model variant augments the basic architecture with an adversarial discriminator. We demonstrate the usefulness and versatility of POSTLE models with different input distributional spaces in different scenarios (monolingual LE and zero-shot cross-lingual LE transfer) and tasks (binary and graded LE). We report consistent gains over state-of-the-art LE-specialization methods, and successfully LE-specialize word vectors for languages without any external lexical knowledge.


ABSTRACT This study examined psychological, behavioral, environmental, and sociodemographic predictors of health status in 87 mid-life women participating in a longitudinal investigation. Correlates of good health were found to be an optimistic disposition, internal locus of control, education, income, employment outside the home, moderate exercise, and adequate sleep. Variables negatively related to health were stress, external locus of control, packyears of smoking, post-menopausal status, body mass index, and anger symptomatology. Age and social support variables were not related to health status, nor were the anger-in, anger-out, and anger-discuss modes of expressing anger. The regression model accounted for 56% of the variance in health status. The majority of subjects reported severe daily hassles. High stress and anger somatization were significantly correlated. The findings suggest that a segment of women in mid-life enjoy less than optimal health while experiencing high levels of stress and expressing anger in ways which not only fail to accomplish problem resolution, but which also may alienate significant others. These results have implications for counseling and for future research. References and tables are included. (Author/NB)


We propose a framework for estimation of spillovers between funding costs of individual banks. The estimation proceeds in three steps: First, using data from liquidity auctions of the European Central Bank, we estimate the funding costs in a given week for each individual bank. In the second step, we apply the adaptive elastic net (a LASSO type estimator) to this panel to estimate the financial network. Finally, using the estimated network we propose new measures of the systemicness and vulnerability of each bank. Our measure of systemicness has quite a natural interpretation, since it can roughly be viewed as the total externality a bank would impose on the funding costs of all other banks in the system. We estimate that most of the banks have fairly weak links and, therefore, if one were to suffer an adverse shock there would likely be a rather limited effect on the other ones. On the other hand, there are a few banks that are quite central: an increase in their funding costs would result in a very significant increase (up to 95 bp per 100 bp shock) in the funding costs of the other banks. Our vulnerability scores estimated using data from 2007-2008 are positively correlated with the probability of a bank being bailed out later.


Public rhetoric in the United States has always laid heavy stress on the obligations of citizenship. Bill Clinton praised the idea of service, and so does George W. Bush. Since September 11, the debate over service and the obligations of citizenship has become even more urgent. United We Serve gathers many diverse voices on civic life and civic obligation to explore the idea of national service as it relates to citizenship. Activists and practitioners discuss the rise of the service movement, its practical successes, and its challenges. Policymakers and political leaders explore the links between service and problem solving. Political scientists and philosophers connect the service debate to larger concerns about democratic participation. The book also includes a lively debate over whether the U.S. should reconsider compulsory national service. The discussion about service is a debate over how Americans think of themselves and their nation --and about what the "new patriotism" means. Contributors include: Daniel Blumenthal, Harry Boyte, John M. Bridgeland, Louis Caldera, Bruce Chapman, former President Bill Clinton, Charles Cobb Jr., Jane Eisner, Jean Bethke Elshtain, William Galston, Stephen Goldsmith, Robert D. Haas, Stephen Hess, Peter D. Hart and Mario A. Brossard, Alan Khazei, John Lehman, Leslie Lenkowsky, Paul C. Light, Michael Lind, Tod Lindberg, Will Marshall and Marc Magee, Senator John McCain, Charles Moskos, Robert Putnam, Representative Charles Rangel, Alice M. Rivlin, Michael Schudson, Mark Shields, Carmen Sirianni, Theda Skocpol, Andrew L. Stern, Jeff Swartz, Steven Waldman, Caspar Weinberger, David Winston, Harris Wofford, and Robert Wuthnow.


> "The customer does not have to understand. The customer is the customer."
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> Philip Crosby 19801
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> "Quality isn't asserted by the supplier; its perceived by the customer."
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> John Guaspari 19882
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> "Make a habit of discussing a problem on the basis of the data and respecting the facts shown by them."
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> Kaoru Ishikawa 19923
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> "We must trust to nothing but facts. These are presented to us by Nature and cannot deceive. We ought in every instance to submit our reasoning to the test of experiment."
>
> Antoine Lavoisier 1743–17944
>
> "The truth is that medicine … is sensitive to outside influences." [… including politics.]
>
> Oliver Wendell Holmes 1809–18945

These five quotations relate to four forces that can shape medical care and its quality: the marketplace (voice of the customer), the scientific facts (two quotes), politics and provider perceptions.

To understand the reality of healthcare delivery, we need to look for the interplay of root cause, social forces at work. These include patient choice in the marketplace, politics, data about the actual process and outcomes of care and provider perceptions. This series of articles has focused on individual martyrs and heroes. In this story there is no such person—and that is one of the points we want to make. It is rare that the often hidden forces of patient choice, politics, data and provider perception can be clearly seen. A century of hindsight helps us to understand what went on at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, USA, which provided homeopathic and regular medicine services. Data from this hospital and modern statistical analysis allow for a unique comparison of these two forms of treatment in the 1880s.

Homeopathy originated in Germany with the writings of Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843). The basic work is his Principles of Rational Medicine , published in …


The political economy of toxic waste was summed up by Lawrence Summersthen chief economist at the World Bank, later U.S. Treasury Secretaryin his notorious claim that poor people live in environments that are, from an economic point of view, not sufficiently polluted. The toxic waste industry came to prominence in the United States after 1945. In its ceaseless search for profit, it now routinely endangers the health of people around the worlds and the planet itself. Smith and Girdner's Killing Me Softlyexamines the growth of the toxic waste industry and the economic logic behind its expansion. It gives a hard-hitting account of the damage it has done throughout the United States. It focuses in particular on the struggle of the people of Mercer County, Missouri, against the plans of Amoco Waste-Tech to establish a huge toxic waste landfill in the county. It shows how the persistence of ordinary people in a poor and politically marginalized area could prevail against the predations of corporate power. Although race and ethnicity play a crucial role in deciding which communities are targeted for toxic waste dumps, Smith and Girdner argue that the critical cleavage within the United States and globally is that of class. The struggle for environmental justice has an important role to play in empowering poor communities and bringing them into a larger movement for social justice.


Based on data from long-term experimental fields with Norway spruce ( (L.) H. Karst.), we developed new stem taper and bark functions for Norway. Data was collected from 477 trees in stands across Norway. Three candidate functions which have shown good performance in previous studies (Kozak 02, Kozak 97 and Bi) were fitted to the data as fixed-effects models. The function with the smallest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was then chosen for additional analyses, fitting 1) site index-dependent and 2) age-dependent versions of the model, and 3) fitting a mixed-effects model with tree-specific random parameters. Kozak 97 was found to be the function with the smallest AIC, but all three tested taper functions resulted in fairly similar predictions of stem taper. The site index-dependent function reduced AIC and residual standard error and showed that the effect of site index on stem taper is different in small and large trees. The predictions of the age-independent and age-dependent models were very close to each other. Adding tree-specific random parameters to the model clearly reduced AIC and residual variation. However, the results suggest that the mixed-effects model should be used only when it is possible to calibrate it for each tree, otherwise the fixed-effects Kozak 97 model should be used. A model for double bark thickness was also fitted as fixed-effects Kozak 97 model. The model behaved logically, predicting larger relative but smaller absolute bark thickness for small trees.Picea abies


BACKGROUND:Elderly patients are at risk of increased length of hospital stay (LOS), postoperative complications, readmission, and discharge to destinations other than home after elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Recent studies have found that enhanced recovery protocols or fast-track surgery can be safe for elderly patients undergoing these procedures and may result in reduced LOS. However, detailed studies on preoperative comorbidity and differentiation between medical and surgical postoperative morbidity in elderly patients are scarce. The aim of this study was to provide detailed information on postoperative morbidity resulting in LOS >4 days or readmissions <90 days after fast-track THA and TKA in patients ≥85 years. METHODS:This is a descriptive, observational study in consecutive unselected patients ≥85 years undergoing fast-track THA/TKA. The primary outcome was the causes of postoperative morbidity leading to an LOS of >4 days. Secondary outcomes were 90-day surgically related readmissions, discharge destination, 90-day mortality, and role of disposing factors for LOS >4 days and 90-day readmissions. Data on preoperative characteristics were prospectively gathered using patient-reported questionnaires. Data on all admissions were collected using the Danish National Health Registry, ensuring complete follow-up. Any cases of LOS >4 days or readmissions were investigated through review of discharge forms or medical records. Backward stepwise logistic regression was used for analysis of association between disposing factors and LOS >4 days and 90-day readmission. RESULTS:Of 13,775 procedures, 549 were performed in 522 patients ≥85 years. Median age was 87 years (interquartile range, 85–88) and median LOS of 3 days (interquartile range, 2–5). In 27.3% procedures, LOS was >4 days, with 82.7% due to medical causes, most often related to anemia requiring blood transfusion and mobilization issues. Use of walking aids was associated with LOS >4 days (odds ratio [OR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–3.15; P = 0.003), whereas preoperative anemia showed borderline significance (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.99–2.32; P = 0.057). Thirty-eight patients (6.9%) were not discharged directly home, of which 68.4% had LOS >4 days. Readmission rates were 14.2% and 17.9% within 30 and 90 days, respectively, and 75.5% of readmissions within 90 days were medical, mainly due to falls and suspected but disproved venous thromboembolic events. Preoperative anemia was associated with increased (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.13–2.91; P = 0.014) and living alone with decreased (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31–0.80; P = 0.004) risk of 90-day readmissions. Ninety-day mortality was 2.0%, with 1.0% occurring during primary admission. CONCLUSIONS:Fast-track THA and TKA with an LOS of median 3 days and discharge to home are feasible in most patients ≥85 years. However, further attention to pre- and postoperative anemia and the pathogenesis of medical complications is needed to improve postoperative outcomes and reduce readmissions.


: In summary, the AChRs on BC3H-1 cells behave in a fashion consistent with the major properties expected of muscle nicotinic AChRs. The results we have discussed here provide a quantitative description of some of the steps in receptor activation, and give a general picture of the functional states the AChR adopts. The results provide a framework for biochemical and ultrastructural studies of the AChR as well. One clear problem is that the receptor with an open channel is a very low probability state at equilibrium, at any concentration. A second problem is the postulated existence of closed channel states associated with brief-duration openings. It is not known what the probability is that a receptor is in such a state, so even "resting" receptors at low agonist concentrations may be in several functional states. At high agonist concentrations the receptor population goes through several transient states before reaching the final equilibrium state. At 11 degrees C, with a high concentration of ACh (greater than 0.3 mM) receptors with open channels appear rapidly (rate approximately 500 sec-1). Initially, there is a high probability that a receptor is both doubly liganded and has an open channel (0.9, Fig. 6). However, the predesensitized state develops rapidly (approximately 30 sec-1), and eventually the probability reaches about 0.4 that doubly liganded receptors are predesensitized. The short-lived desensitized state develops at a rate of about 3 sec-1. After a second or so, the distribution is about 0.3:0.2:0.5 for AChRs between receptors with open channels, predesensitized receptors, and short-lived desensitized receptors. Long-lived desensitization develops at a rate of about 0.5 sec-1, but at equilibrium the probability that a receptor is in this state is above 0.99. For AChRs on BC3H-1 cells, and most likely all AChRs, biochemical and structural studies need to be made in a narrow time window to catch an appreciable fraction of the receptors in any of the transient functional states described. Only time-resolved biochemical studies will provide the structural information necessary to work out the relationship between structure and function for the ACh receptor and give some substance to the ghostly kinetic states necessary to describe channel function.


Urbanisation in Xinjiang in the last two decades has been accompanied by immigration, a real-estate construction boom and changing residential patterns. This paper discusses how the construction of new residential compounds occurs simultaneously to the construction of social, spatial and ethnic belongings in oasis towns in southern Xinjiang with a particular focus on the city of Aksu. While investment considerations and the promise of a modernised urban lifestyle motivate citizens to purchase housing, the market-oriented real-estate business since the end of the 1990s also offers opportunities for Han and Uyghur residents to draw ethnic boundaries. The choice of a neighbourhood as well as the preference of interior design are frequently used to mark ethnicity. However, ethnic residential choices are restricted by work unit affiliation and the available socio-economic means. Thus, although discourses of Han and Uyghur residents display clear tendencies of ethnic segregation, urban residential spaces are in fact often ethnically mixed.


The concept of career self-management gained currency in the early 1980s. It proposed that individuals could use career strategies to influence their career progress. Empirical support for this proposition has been low or mixed. The present study examines the relationship of use of career strategies and work and well-being outcomes in a sample of 143 women managers and professionals working in Istanbul Turkey. The vast majority worked in the public sector. Respondents indicated only limited use of these career strategies. Hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for both personal demographics and work situation characteristics were undertaken to determine the relationship of use of various career strategies and these outcomes. Use of career strategies had no relationship with any of our outcome measures. It may be that use of career strategies is more likely to be associated with work and well-being outcomes among women who are career oriented and work in organizational cultures more supportive of women and their career prospects.


Abstract We have known since Trueman's classic work of 1922 that the Lower Jurassic Gryphaea of Britain exhibit phyletic size increase and heterochronic change in shape. Since Hallam's revisionary work in the 1960s, we have recognized that pronounced and generalized juvenilization of form accompanied this increasing size. This extensive literature provides invertebrate paleontology's most famous example of a biometrically documented, continuous anagenetic trend within a discrete lineage. But Gryphaea has also provoked great frustration because a key datum, required for a full solution, had been theoretically recognized but practically unavailable. We could identify the evolution of shape as paedomorphic, but could not specify the mode of heterochrony for this paedomorphic result because we could not standardize samples by common age or developmental stage. In this paper, we provide sclerochronological data on sizes and shapes at specified ages marked by annual growth bands in two Jurassic sequences of Gryphaea: the classic Lower Jurassic series showing phyletic size increase with paedomorphosis, and an independent Middle–Upper Jurassic series illustrating neither size increase nor heterochrony. We prove that size increase in the classic series occurs entirely by faster growth (larger descendant sizes at the same ages as ancestors), and not by extended age (for descendants lived no longer than ancestors). The well-marked paedomorphosis of form probably arose as a correlated consequence of growing larger by extending and maintaining rapid juvenile growth rates—thus marking the heterochronic mode as a case of neoteny. The independent upper sequence, acting as a different replicate in a natural experiment, shows neither size increase nor heterochrony but does exhibit (in contrast with the classic sequence) evolution toward greater longevity. Hallam's flow tank experiments indicated a strong adaptive advantage in shell stability for both larger size and paedomorphic form. Neotenous development provides an evolutionary pathway to the simultaneous acquisition of both favored traits—thus showing that "constraints" due to "correlations of growth" (Darwin's own phrase for the phenomenon) may be positive in promoting joint evolutionary advantages, and not only neutral (in carrying spandrels along with primary adaptations), or negative (by imposing inadaptive "baggage" upon trends in form through developmental correlation with selected traits).


Trematode infection was studied in sympatric populations of the periwinkles Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata in 2 regions of Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea to assess host-parasite interactions at the population level. Twenty-seven spatially separated populations were each surveyed in 1984-1994; 2 heavily infected populations were investigated annually over a 16 yr period. Ten trematode species were found in the periwinkle populations. The closest association in spatial distribution and temporal dynamics was observed between 3 ecologically and morphologically similar trematodes of the 'pygmaeus' group: Microphallus piriformes, M. pygmaeus and M. pseudopygmaeus. For these 3 species, the prevalences were closely associated in the 2 host species when spatially separated sites from the 2 studied regions were considered, while in the 2 populations studied over the 16 yr period, a correlation was only observed between the infection levels of L. saxatilis and L. obtusata by either M. piriformes and immature microphallids. Likewise, within each host species, significant correlations were revealed between the prevalence of the different microphallids of the 'pygmaeus' groups. However, they were fewer and weaker when the long-term dynamics of infection in the 2 heavily infected populations were considered. Most other trematodes did not show significant association in prevalence either within or between the 2 host species on spatial and temporal scales.


Music is everywhere in the world, and its applications in commerce are extremely versatile. Generally speaking, in order to create some music for background music, it is necessary to engage sound recordists and instrumental performers. However, the process is very time-consuming and costly. In this paper, a real-time emotion-based music accompaniment system is proposed to solve this issue. For different emotions, a fuzzy logic controller is designed to adjust the tempo of the music, and an adaptive partition evolutionary genetic algorithm is developed to create corresponding melodies. The chord progressions are generated via music theory, and the instrumentation is disposed by the conception of the probability. What is noteworthy is that all the processes can be output by Virtual Studio Technology in real time so that users can listen directly to the composing results from any emotions. From the experimental results, the proposed adaptive partition evolutionary genetic algorithm performs better than other optimal algorithms in such topics.


In 2011, through regular surveillance of more than 100 English-language research journals, a group of seven clinicians identified approximately 250 studies with the potential to improve the practice of primary care physicians and the outcomes of patients (designated as POEMs [patient-oriented evidence that matters]). Using a validated tool, Canadian primary care physicians have been rating the relevance of each POEM as they receive it in their e-mail. This article summarizes 20 of the most relevant, practice-changing POEMs from 2011 as determined by these raters. We believe this approach has greater relevance and validity than a subjective list of studies selected by experts or editors, because it is based on the actual ratings of practicing primary care physicians. These POEMs address topics that include how to best measure blood pressure, the lack of benefit of intensive glucose control, quantification of the benefit of statins for prevention of cardiac events, treatments for functional abdominal disorders, and management of low back pain.


Final laryngeal distinctions in the speech of two Eastern Wisconsin Germans provide insight into the German dialects spoken in Eastern Wisconsin, and how Wisconsin English has apparently begun to develop patterns of final fortition (Auslautverhartung). The speech samples show that both speakers differ from standard German and each other, with regard to laryngeally neutral consonants. In Manitowoc county, some voicing is present on underlying /s/ consonants, while underlying /b,d,g/ consonants remain almost exclusively laryngeally neutral. The Ozaukee county speaker shows neutralization across /b,d,g,z/ consonants with predictable exceptions. Looking at Wisconsin German also helps to understand American English as spoken in Eastern Wisconsin. Thus, final laryngeal distinctions are important for obtaining a clear picture of speech patterns used by bilingual Germans in Eastern Wisconsin.


The aim of this paper is to analyse how materials supply systems can be evaluated during product development projects in a concurrent engineering context. The focus is on performance assessment of materials supply systems and the input data required. A case study was conducted in close cooperation with a company and two performance measures were assessed during the concept definition phase and recalculated during the product and process validation phase. The results show that preliminary input data can be used to calculate performance measures by means of the following approaches: indicators, standards or scenarios. Furthermore, it is discussed how performance assessment can assist the materials supply systems design process in a concurrent engineering context by facilitating early problem discovery, early decision-making, and common understanding.


Reaching-for-yield--investors' propensity to buy riskier assets in order to achieve higher yields--is believed to be an important factor contributing to the credit cycle. This paper presents a detailed study of this phenomenon in the corporate bond market. We show that insurance companies, the largest institutional holders of corporate bonds, reach for yield in choosing their investments. Consistent with lower rated bonds bearing higher capital requirement, insurance firms' prefer to hold higher rated bonds. However, conditional on credit ratings, insurance portfolios are systematically biased toward higher yield, higher CDS bonds. Reaching-for-yield exists both in the primary and the secondary market, and is robust to a series of bond and issuer controls, including bond liquidity and duration, and issuer fixed effects. This behavior is related to the business cycle, being most pronounced during economic expansions. It is also more pronounced for firms with poor corporate governance and for which regulatory capital requirement is more binding. A comparison of the ex-post performance of bonds acquired by insurance companies shows no outperformance, but higher systematic risk and volatility.


This study provides comprehensive publications performance data over a twenty-five-year period for finance doctorates. These data indicate that publishing one article per year in any finance journal (or finance, accounting, economics, or business journal) over any prolonged period of time is a truly remarkable feat, met by only 5 percent of the graduates. Tenure screens combining various quantity and quality requirements are examined to assess their ability to predict future publication productivity. Faculty and administrators seeking defensible benchmarks for evaluating faculty research productivity in finance will find that these data and results are particularly useful. Copyright 1992 by American Finance Association.


Background: Alterations in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) signaling have been associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies on the association between IGF-I levels and dementia risk have been inconclusive. We reported earlier that higher levels of IGF-I receptor stimulating activity are associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of dementia. Objective: In the present study, we test the robustness of the association between IGF-I receptor stimulating activity and dementia by extending the follow-up period to 16 years and investigate possible effect modification by apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Methods: At baseline, circulating IGF-I receptor stimulating activity was determined by the IGF-I kinase receptor activation (KIRA) assay in 1,014 elderly from the Rotterdam Study. Dementia was assessed from baseline (1997–1999) to follow-up in January 2015. Associations of IGF-I receptor stimulating activity and incident dementia were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During 10,752 person-years of follow-up, 174 people developed dementia. In the extended follow-up we no longer observed a dose-response relationship between IGF-I receptor stimulating activity and risk of dementia [adjusted odds ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97–1.28]. Interestingly, we found evidence of an interaction between ApoE-ε4 and tertiles of IGF-I receptor stimulating activity. IGF-I receptor stimulating activity in the median and top tertiles was related to increased dementia incidence in hetero- and homozygotes of the ApoE-ε4 allele, but did not show any association with dementia risk in people without the ApoE-ε4 allele (adjusted odds ratio medium vs. low IGF-I receptor stimulating activity in ApoE-ε4 carriers: 1.45; 95% CI 1.00–2.12). These findings suggest a threshold effect in ApoE-ε4 carriers. In line with the hypothesis that downregulation of IGF-I signaling is associated with increased dementia risk, ApoE-ε4 homozygotes without prevalent dementia displayed lower levels of IGF-I receptor stimulating activity than heterozygotes and non-carriers. Conclusion: The findings shed new light on the association between IGF-I signaling and the neuropathology of dementia and ask for replication in other cohorts, using measures of IGF-I receptor stimulating activity rather than total serum levels as putative markers of dementia risk.


This article examines the use of personal narratives in two tabloid newspaper campaigns against a controversial welfare reform popularly known as the 'bedroom tax'. It aims first to evaluate whether the personal narratives operate as political testimony to challenge government accounts of welfare reform and dominant stereotypes of benefits claimants, and second to assess the potential for and limits to progressive advocacy in popular journalism. The study uses content analysis of 473 articles over the course of a year in the Daily Mirror and Sunday People newspapers, and qualitative analysis of a sub-set of 113 articles to analyse the extent to which the campaign articles extrapolated from the personal to the general, and the role of 'victim–witnesses' in articulating their own subjectivity and political agency. The analysis indicates that both newspapers allowed affected individuals to express their own subjectivity to challenge stereotypes, but it was civil society organisations and opinion columnists who most explicitly extrapolated from the personal to the political. Collectively organised benefits claimants were rarely quoted, and there was some evidence of ventriloquisation of the editorial voice in the political criticisms of victim–witnesses. However, a campaigning columnist in the Mirror more actively empowered some of those affected to speak directly to politicians. This indicates the value of campaigning journalism when it is truly engaged in solidarity with those affected, rather than instrumentalising victim–witnesses to further the newspapers' campaign goals.


Concepts for adaptive protective relaying of transmission lines are presented. These include changes in online relay settings, relay characteristics, or logic in response to power system or environmental changes, or as a result of operating experience. Such changes as line-out or generator-out contingencies, which affect fault current distributions and degrade the system's security level, initiate adaptive protection system responses. Adaptive relaying is shown to be capable of improving relaying reliability and power system security and of achieving better utilization of transmission facilities. Most of the concepts require a hierarchical computer system, involving front-line parallel processors, a substation host, and remote central processors, all linked by channels that transmit data or relaying changes prior to or after a disturbance. It is suggested that maximum value from adaptive relaying will result from integration with existing or planned substation control and data acquisition functions and interfacing with the central energy management system (EMS). Emphasis is placed on use of interim hardware approaches to allow evolutionary development. >


In theory bringing a diverse range of the public together into a locality in a city and satisfying a broad spectrum of expectations is what public spaces are designed to satisfy. However, in reality this has proven to be a challenging task for both designers and planners. There are predominant factors that determine who would spend their time in a public space and to what extents they would be satisfied with their time spent. Those include age, gender, ethnicity, social class, needs, wants and personal preferences to just name a few.Having encompassed a wide range of activities, all-inclusive urban spaces may impose substantial costs to the city from inception through to the completion stages. However, such spaces can successfully be launched, and reimburse their costs, if they are carefully set up to absorb the mass of their peripheral communities and inhabitants on a regular basis. Offering relief for senior citizens, amusement for the youngsters and toddlers, entertainment for the teenagers, all in chorus, provide interactive atmospheres that resonate with the initial purposes of all-inclusive public spaces.This paper aims to investigate Niruye-Havaei, an established urban square, in Tehran as one of the most successful exemplars in provision of an overarching urban public space, overcoming the aforementioned problem. The paper begins with general background information of the place and the space, and the communities in the surrounding vicinities, and how they have been formed over the years and how they are in a dynamic interaction with each other, leading to introduction of such successful pattern. Utilising overt and covert participant observation (ethnography) methods, it will then contemplate on the potentials of place and space, and explores how the entire urban district has been 'orbitalised' around this featured space and why it has found such a prominent role in the area. Finally, it concludes with a framework model for all-inclusive public spaces and suggests its application to similar situations for acquiring a record of success in urban developments.


The post-World War II Eurasian Exodus from Malaysia and Singapore to Australia was part of a global migration of communities of mixed-descent peoples, displaced by the slow death of colonialism in their respective countries. Despite the existence of extensive literature on the migration of the Anglo-Indian, Sri Lankan Burgher and Dutch Indo communities, little has been written about the migration of the Eurasian community. Seeking to define the Eurasian Exodus, this study also sets out to determine its extent and the rationale behind it. Analysis of migration case files from the Australian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur (1967-1985) contained in National Archives of Australia series number A8096 illustrates the impact the changing nature of Australia's mixed descent immigration policy had on the migration of Eurasians from Malaysia and Singapore to Australia. Qualitative interviews with Eurasian migrants provide insight into their migration rationale and the challenges they faced once they arrived in Australia. This thesis asserts that the extent of the Eurasian Exodus was more significant than previously thought. While many migrated, it is open to debate whether life was 'better' for Eurasians in Australia or in Malaysia or Singapore. For many it was, and still is, a matter of perspective. The manner in which migrants chose which elements of their Eurasian culture to maintain has had a lasting impact on whether their children and grandchildren identify as Eurasian or not. Filling a void in the existing scholarship on mixed-descent migration to Australia under the White Australia Policy, this study provides a greater understanding of the Eurasian Exodus and the impact on that Exodus of the Australian government's changing policy on mixed-descent migration. It also raises awareness in readers of the sacrifices made, challenges faced and obstacles overcome by Eurasian immigrants to Australia in the post-World War II period.


Providing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education in schools is a cost-effective way of reaching young people. This policy brief describes the current state of SRH education in schools in Egypt and presents the rationale and recommendations for improvements. It highlights portions of UNESCOs guidelines related to SRH education and describes the pioneering work of some nongovernmental organizations working in this field in the country.


Water in soil is known to be a key factor for controlling N2O emissions because N2O is mainly produced by denitrification in anoxic environments. In this study, we proposed a methodology to image the water and soil structure of a soil sample with X‐ray computed tomography while controlling the hydric state and monitoring N2O fluxes. We used a multistep outflow system to apply two wetting–drying cycles to an undisturbed soil. The soil core was scanned with coarse‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography, one time during wetting and several times during drying, to measure quantitative and qualitative indicators of the pore network. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher during the first (C1) than during the second (C2) wetting–drying cycle for both the wetting and the drying phases. Fluxes increased quickly after the beginning of the drying phase to reach a peak after 5 h. Differences in the intensity of N2O emissions between the two cycles were attributed to differences in the water saturation, air‐phase connectivity, and relative gas diffusion coefficient, which led to more or less N2O production, consumption, and entrapment in the soil. The speed of the N2O emissions at the beginning of the drying phase depended on the rate of increase of the air‐filled pore volume and connectivity, and was especially well described by the estimated relative gas diffusion coefficient. Parameters of the soil structure were not able to explain completely the intensity of N2O emissions during drying; N2O production and consumption factors were also involved.


Model-based pre-processing has become wide spread in spectroscopy and is the standard procedure in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It has also been shown to give valuable contributions in Raman spectroscopy. Extended multiplicative signal correction is flexible enough to handle varying fluorescence background and take into account individual variations in baselines while still keeping enough rigidity through reference spectra and model fitting to avoid degenerate solutions and overfitting, when used correctly. We demonstrate the basic extended multiplicative signal correction method and some extensions, including a novel shift correction, on real Raman data to demonstrate effects on visual appearance, replicate variation and prediction. Comparisons with other standard correction methods are also shown and discussed. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Bill Dunmire previously collaborated with Gail Tierney in two delightful books on the plants and people of the southwestern United States (1995. Wild Plants of the Pueblo Province; 1997. Wild Plants and Native Peoples of the Four Corners). Alone Bill has written this engaging and information-packed volume on the arrival and impact of plants that the Europeans brought to the New World. Much previously has been written of New World contributions to Old World lives. Now that has been balanced with details of the other part of the story. This book outlines the history of Spanish colonization in the New World and the arrival with them of their favorite plants. The story begins with the status of life in Spain on the cusp of American exploration and contrasts that with foods and worldviews in Mexico and what became the southwestern United States. Chapters 4–6 tell of the ''pathways'' to the New World between 1492 and 1521, with discussions of Spanish agricultural arrival and the associated trade systems and livestock. Then, it explains how the Spanish first brought their culture, religion, and plants into Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas before discussing either Florida or California. There is a Master Plant List (pp. 315–324), a Glossary, a Sources providing data supporting each chapter (pp. 329–342), a Selected Bibliography (pp. 343–362) of ca. 400 titles, and an Index. Most chapters are introduced with a map (13 total) showing the points needed for orientation and understanding movements by people. Also scattered throughout are sketches of tools and other items of the period, and many chapters end in discussions of individual cultivated plants, with drawings of each. All illustrations were created by Bill's wife, Evangeline L. Dunmire. Most of the black-and-white photographs were taken by the author. The only color in the book is on the cover, featuring photos of the courtyard garden at the Parroquia de San Luis Obispo in Texcoco, grapes, plums, and a traditional farmer harvesting her safflower. The quality of these makes me wish that all pictures were in color. There are 12 tables providing various information on the plants pertinent to the individual chapters. The data packed into these tables on the 158 Old World species in the master list is wonderful. Nowhere else is there as much information about so many topics on these species and their arrival in the New World. Dunmire clearly worked long and hard on compiling these data and presents them in a lucid, compact format. Since the New and Old World plants became intermingled in indigenous and European-derived cultures, he has included pertinent New World species in the second part of the master list (57 spp.). Bill has a delightful twist that brings the history of these plants into the modern world in the Epilogue (pp. 309–314). He highlights two individuals, Anita Chavez and Rudy Perea, as representatives of traditional agriculture who continue growing many of the Mediterranean and American plants together in modern New Mexico. This is a thoroughly researched and readable book that will interest all readers of this journal. I strongly recommend it!


This paper explores existing literature and linguistic research on German as spoken in South Africa from a language contact perspective. Following a brief overview of the situation of German speakers in South Africa, this paper presents a survey of various linguistic features of South African German, by drawing extensively on data from the study of German in South Africa by Stielau (1980). Structural changes in the morpho-syntax and syntax will be discussed in detail. I will conclude by briefly considering possessive pronoun constructions in South African German thereby reviewing the issue of explaining language change in language contact situations.


This paper analyses the possibility of arbitrarily interpreted null subjects in Hungarian with 3PL agreement on the finite and infinitival verb. With the help of numerous types of empirical data, the possible interpretations of arbitrary null subjects are examined and characterized. It is shown that syntactic, semantic, lexical and pragmatic factors interact to determine the available readings. It is proposed that non-referential null subjects should be considered as indefinites contributing a variable to the logical interpretation of the sentence. The problem of default and dummy verbal agreement in constructions with non-referentially interpreted null subjects is also discussed. Finally, the cross-linguistic distribution and typology of non-referential null subjects is discussed and further refined.


Some hours after a psychological examination that showed no disquieting signs, a teenager who had been placed in a group home tried to commit suicide with her boyfriend. After this passage to the suicidal act, we wanted to rethink this case in the light of works linking suicidal vulnerability and depression. Having hoped to find in the protocols of the projective tests (Rorschach, TAT), clinical signs of the acting out, we noticed instead an inclination toward the bleaching of affects and feelings, just as had appeared during the gathering of anamnesic data and experienced within the clinical relation. A finer reading of protocols reveals under the appearance of a white depression a vulnerability which required individual psychotherapy.


The overall aim of this research was to examine aesthetic response to façade colour. Drawing on a range of theories and studies from environment-behaviour studies (EBS), Nasar's (1994) probabilistic model of aesthetic response to building attributes provided a theoretical framework within which to examine patterns of response. Prompted by the Development Control Plan for Sydney Regional Environmental Plan: Sydney Harbour Catchment (NSWDOP, 2005), this research also linked its aims and methods to planning policy in Sydney. The main research questions focussed on whether changes in aesthetic response are associated with variations in façade colour; and whether changes in judgements about building size, congruity and preference are associated with differences in façade colour. A quasi-experimental research design was used to examine patterns of aesthetic response. The independent variable was represented by four façade colours in two classifications. An existing process, environmental colour mapping, was augmented with digital technology and used to isolate, identify and manipulate the independent variable and for preparation of visual stimuli (Foote, 1983; Iijima, 1995; Lenclos, 1977; Porter, 1997). Façade colour classifications were created from extant colour theories (including those of Albers, 1963; Hard & Sivik, 2001 and Itten, 1961). The façade colour classifications were further developed using F-sort and Q-sort methodology (Amin, 2000; Miller, Wiley & Wolfe, 1986; Stephenson, 1953). Ten dependent variables, linked to overall aesthetic response, were drawn from studies relating to environmental evaluation, building congruity and preference (Groat, 1992; Janssens, 2001; Russell, 1988; Russell, 2003; Russell, Ward & Pratt, 1981; Wohlwill & Harris, 1980). The dependent variables were presented in the form of a semantic differential rating scale and a sample group of 288 evaluated the visual stimuli. The Latin-square technique was used for the controlled presentation of visual stimuli. Factor analysis, correlation analysis and analysis of variance were applied to the data. The findings indicate that variations in aesthetic response are associated with differences in façade colour. Judgements about building size varied by up to 5% and buildings featuring contrasting façade colours were judged to be larger and more dominant. Judgements about a building's congruity varied by up to 13% and buildings that featured harmonious colours were considered to be more congruous. Preference varied and harmonious façade colours were not necessarily preferred over contrasting façade colours. The outcomes from this research suggest that a new approach to façade colour within the context of planning policy may be appropriate. A model of façade colour evaluation is presented and, unlike current planning guidelines, the model allows for a participatory approach to façade colour evaluation and specification. The model allows for factors that may influence aesthetic response to façade colour (such as contextual, perceptual and idiographic factors) as well as variation in architectural expression with respect to façade colour.


Abstract Recommendations for ABA for children with Autism have exponentially increased, creating a shortage of qualified ABA consultants. The increase in demand, lack of financial support for in-home programs and difficulty of maintaining in-home staff create a need for alternative delivery models for Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI). We present a preliminary analysis of learning rates and psychometric outcomes for children in 3 different delivery models--Home based EIBI, only; and Home and School EIBI; Home Based EIBI with alternative school methods. ********** An impressive body of research exists that supports the effectiveness of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) programs based on principles of applied behavior analysis (ABA) implemented with preschool age children diagnosed with autism and PDD-NOS (see New York State Department of Health Early Intervention Program, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). Traditionally, these programs have included 40+ hours per week of programming conducted by trained therapists in home settings over a period of 2-3 years. Given the daunting financial and logistical demands inherent in organizing and implementing programs of this type, it is often necessary to implement different service delivery models. Some of these models have included school-based programs (often housed in special needs schools), combined home/school programs, and partial home programs - among others. Relatively little research has been done comparing the outcomes and relative effectiveness of these program variants. Effective EIBI programs can significantly increase the quality of life of children and families, and can significantly reduce costs to society (Jacobson, Mulick, & Green, 1998). Increased knowledge of the comparative efficacy of EIBI program variants can be of benefit to school districts and parents of autistic children attempting to balance limited resources with effective intervention. This study is viewed as a pilot project. Data are presented for children in 3 different service delivery models: Home based EIBI, only; Home based and School EIBI; and Home based EIBI and alternative school program. The intent of the study is to obtain initial data to be used in formulating follow-up studies of the efficacy of alternative EIBI service delivery models. Method Participants This study was conducted with children of preschool age (N = 5) initially diagnosed with autism or PDD-NOS currently in EIBI programs followed by the psychology department of Columbus Children's Hospital. Participants were between 3 and 6 years of age, who received a comprehensive psychological evaluation at least twice by the Psychology Department, have received at least 10 hours per week of EIBI intervention over the past 18 months (or more), and have tutors other than parents. Exclusionary criteria included diagnoses of Asperger's, Rett's, Fragile X without Mental Retardation, Mental Retardation without Autism, and Tuberous Sclerosis. See Table 1 for a brief description of each participant. Materials Because of age and skill differences, children received a variety of standardized cognitive and language measures. These measures included: Cognitive measures: 1. Bayley Scales of Infant Development Second Edition (Bayley; Bayley, 1993) The Bayley was designed to assist professionals in early identification of developmental delays. Standardized scores for cognitive, motor, and behavioral development are available. Correlations with measures of cognitive ability (e. g. IQ tests) are adequate for estimates of developmental delay (correlation with WPPSI-R Full Scale IQ = .73). Test-retest reliability for the mental scale was also adequate (.87). 2. Mullen Scales of Early Learning Manual (Mullen; Mullen, 1995) The Mullen was designed to provide estimates of cognitive development for young children. …


"Mutant Message Down Under" is the gripping fictional account of the spiritual odyssey of an American woman in Australia. Summoned by a remote tribe of nomadic Aboriginals to accompany them on a walkabout through the outback, she makes a four month long journey with the 'Real People', as the tribe calls itself. During this time she learns how they live and thrive in natural harmony with the plants and animals that exist in the rugged geography of the desert region. She faces daily tests of her endurance, and these challenges ultimately contribute to a profound personal transformation. "Mutant Message Down Under", an underground bestseller in its self-published edition, recounts a unique, timely and powerful message for all humankind: that it is not too late to save our world from destruction, if we learn to respect all living beings and to live in harmony with the earth. "The story of a courageous woman who walked with the Aboriginals and learned the wonderful secrets and wisdom of an old, old tribe. Things we all need to learn in our modern society: to get back in touch with nature, to trust and have faith in our inner knowledge and guidance." - Elisabeth Ka Bler-Ross "A powerful message for all of us. I was hypnotised by the simple truths and spiritual lessons. Read it and tell everyone you know to do the same." - Wayne Dyer.


Humans have long been drawn to the study of nonhuman animal cognitive and emotional intelligence, but have long come up short. Cognitive scientists look for signs of a sense of self, the ability to solve problems, and the capacity for communication in a vast array of nonhuman species, from cephalopods to primates. In this particular search, science has been increasingly successful as researchers report that New Caledonian crows can use tools to solve rather complex problems; that dolphins and songbirds can identify themselves in mirrors; and that dogs can "turn off' survival drives in order to engage in play behavior. In fact, nonhuman animal intelligence research is exploding rather wildly onto the scene. Other scientists aren't as fortunate. They have a much more difficult time identifying with any certainty that nonhuman animals experience emotion, but the answers are approaching illumination. Mice show signs of empathy. Rats laugh when they play...and when intrepid researchers tickle them. Anxious dogs respond identically to humans when fed meat-flavored Prozac. No matter what these behaviors look like, however, emotional experience is subjective and thus still just beyond of scientific reach. As long as subjective experience of nonhuman animals is brushed off by science, the search for evidence of cognitive and emotional intelligence in these creatures is at a hard-headed stand-still. Wrought with fears of anthropomorphism and crushed reputations, these research areas are perpetually at risk for withering away into scientific obscurity. A transformation of thought, a readjustment of methods is deeply needed. A revolution is likely close around the corner, and with it will come a move away from anthropocentric science, as well as some difficult ethical and moral questions.


DAVID TEMPERLEY HAS INTERPRETED INTUITION-BASED theories in music cognition, such as GTTM and his own theories, along introspectionist lines. Perception is a better model for such theories than introspection. It is obscure what introspective mechanism would make unconscious representations conscious while reliably preserving their content. The analyses that furnish data for intuition-based theories, moreover, must be in a public language for which there is a satisfactory account of meaning and understanding. It is unclear how this requirement is satisfied on an introspectionist model. A construal of intuition as perceptual judgment avoids these objections. The introspectionist model misleads us into thinking that intuition-based theories warrant conclusions about non-analytical listening. Limiting the data of intuition-based theories to appearances limits their scope and explanatory power, warranting complementation by other approaches in cognitive science.


Abstract Boris Schwarz once characterized Brahms9s Violin Concerto, op. 77, as an "intangible interplay between the art of Brahms and that of Joachim." The celebrated violinist was not only the inspiration for this concerto; he also played a crucial role in its compositional genesis and early performance history. But while Joachim9s compositional contributions to the concerto have been well documented, his importance as a performer is usually acknowledged only in vague terms. We sense that Joachim the performer is somehow "in" this concerto without being able to articulate how. This article examines the intersections between Joachim9s style and persona as a performer, the cultural meanings ascribed to performance, and specific formal and expressive features of the Violin Concerto. Particularly important was Joachim9s perceived ability to present composed musical works as though they were being improvised, created on the spot through a mysterious fusion of Joachim himself with the mind and spirit of the composer. In the later nineteenth century, as the practice of improvisation began to disappear from the concert stage, improvisation could represent a lost ideal of spontaneous, unmediated subjective expression. An analysis of the concerto9s first movement shows that it thematizes tensions between two contrasting visions of creativity—one involving spontaneous inspiration and improvisation at an instrument, the other, the rigors of logical, planned out, and written composition. These expressive features take on additional meanings when considered in the context of Joachim9s performances of the concerto, and they allow for a recovery of some of its historical meanings that resided not only in the notated score, but also in performed events.


Measurements with persons are those in which human perception and interpretation are used for measuring complex, holistic quantities and qualities, which are perceived by the human brain and mind. Providing means for reproducible measurement of parameters such as pleasure and pain has important implications in evaluating all kinds of products, services and conditions. This book inaugurates a new era for this subject: a multi- and inter-disciplinary volume in which world-renowned scientists from the psychological, physical, biological, and social sciences reach a common understanding of measurement theory and methods. In the first section, generic theoretical and methodological issues are treated, including the perceptual basis of measurement in the various fields involved; the development of formal, representational, and probabilistic theories; the approach to experimentation; and the theories, models and methods for multidimensional problems. In the second section, several implementation areas are presented, including sound, visual, skin , and odor perception, functional brain imaging, body language and emotions , and, finally the use of measurements in decision making. The book covers topics relevant to a range of sciences, including general psychology and psychophysics, measurement theory, metrology and instrumentation, neurophysiology, engineering, biology and chemistry.


Models of research systems increasingly emphasize collaborations between networks of heterogeneous actors, to both produce knowledge and formulate interdisciplinary responses to societal challenges and market needs. In this context, researchers' goals and practices are required to satisfy professional requirements for new scientific findings and societal demand for relevant knowledge. Researchers may need also to find ways to reconcile tensions between these two missions. This article proposes an analytical and operational framework that incorporates individual, organizational and process-context factors to explain distinct configurations of scientific and societal impacts from research. The framework emphasises the role of productive interactions with different nonacademic actors as a mechanism for reconciling the scientific and societal missions of research.