This thesis has investigated how the energy consumption can be reduced in a mobile sensor unit by using a dynamic measurement scheme. This was done by developing a scheme based on inspiration from existing works in related areas and on techniques found in literature. The developed scheme was then implemented on a mobile sensor unit and tests were conducted where the energy consumed by the scheme was measured. This was compared to a static baseline approach in order to evaluate the efficiency of the scheme. The results showed that on the platform used in this thesis the developed scheme can reduce the energy consumption in a typical scenario by 4.7% or 6.7% depending on which sensors are used. A conclusion drawn is that the platform has a major impact on how effective the scheme can be.


Most studies on IS innovation have focused on explaining the adoption of IT by individuals or individual organizations. In contrast, only few studies have studied adoption of IS innovations by IS development (ISD) organizations. The current study extends the recent work of Lyytinen and Rose 2003 on the adoption of radical Internet innovations in system development organizations. In this paper we develop a causal model to explain the propensity of ISD organizations to innovate radically by integrating the existing literature in radical innovation into a parsimonious model. The model explains the propensity of development organizations to engage in radical IS innovation in integrating two critical capabilities: 1) technical sensing i.e. the extent to which IS development organizations are prone to identify and adopt radical computing capabilities and development process innovations, and 2) market opportunity seizing: i.e. the extent to which the ISD organization is capable to transform these capabilities to producing radical innovations in IS deploying organizations. We identify ten predictors for radical IS innovation behaviors where seven factors tap into features of technological sensing, and three factors measure organization's transformative capacity. We use time as a moderator to explain the decreasing radicalness of IS innovations over the technology lifecycle. We formulate an instrument to test the model and report of a planned sectoral study to validate the model. The study will also attempt to validate the findings about the disruptive nature of Internet computing across a broad sample of the ISD industry.


OBJECTIVE
In this study, the volume and neuronal number of the pulvinar thalamic nucleus in schizophrenia patients were measured.

METHOD
The authors examined medial and lateral pulvinar nuclei bilaterally in 27 patients with schizophrenia and 28 normal comparison subjects.

RESULTS
In the comparison subjects, the medial pulvinar was larger on the right. The right but not left pulvinar nuclei were smaller in the schizophrenia patients than in the comparison subjects. The number of neurons showed similar trends.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings confirm low pulvinar volume in schizophrenia and show that it affects both medial and lateral nuclei. The lateralized findings may reflect pulvinar connections with asymmetrical neocortical regions and their asymmetrical involvement in schizophrenia.


A comprehensive theory is developed for describing the nonlinear propagation of optical pulses through silicon waveguides with nanoscale dimensions. Our theory includes not only the vectorial nature of optical modes but also the coupling between the transverse electric and magnetic modes occurring for arbitrarily polarized optical fields. We have studied the dependence of relevant nonlinear parameters on waveguide dimensions and found a class of waveguide geometries for which self-phase modulation can have a dramatic impact on the polarization state of the optical field. Self-induced polarization changes are studied for both the continuous and pulsed optical fields propagating in silicon waveguides. We also discuss the possibility of using these effects for intensity discrimination and pulse compression.


Abstract in Undetermined
Why does it strike us as absurd to believe that it is raining and that one
doesn't believe that it is raining? Some argue that it strikes us as absurd because belief is
normative. The beliefs that it is raining and that one doesn't believe that it is are, it is
suggested, self-falsifying. But, so it is argued, it is essential to belief that beliefs ought
not, among other things, be self-falsifying. That is why the beliefs strike us as absurd. I
argue that while the absurdity may consist in and be explained by self-falsification, we
have no reasons to accept the further claim that self-falsifying beliefs are absurd because
violating norms.


Solid solutions of LixFePO4 are of tremendous interest because of a proposed increase in ion transport properties, but the formation of these solutions at high temperatures is difficult if not impossible and direct synthesis is difficult and rarely reported. Here we report modified polyol syntheses which produce nanocrystalline Li1−yFePO4 directly, where the maximum Li substoichiometry on the M1 site sustained at synthesis temperatures of 320 °C is about 10%. High target lithium vacancy concentrations promote the increase in anti-site disorder of Li+ and Fe2+, as this process is driven by vacancy stabilization. Combined neutron and X-ray diffraction on partial delithiated substoichiometric olivines reveals segregated defect-free (where Li is extracted) and defect-ridden (where Li remains) regions. This proves (1) that the anti-site defects obstruct Li+ diffusion explaining the detrimental electrochemistry and (2) that the anti-site defects form clusters. Finally, preferential anisotropic strain broadening in the bc-plane indicates the existence of a coherent interface between the Li-poor and Li-rich phases. Along with the size broadening upon delithiation this proves that in nano-sized LixFePO4 the two phases coexist within a single particle, which is not expected based on thermodynamics arguments due to the energy penalty associated with the coherent interface. Thereby, these results give important and unique insight and understanding in the properties of nano sized LiFePO4.


This study concerns the longitudinal dispersion of fluid particles which are initially distributed uninformly over one cross section of a uniform, steady, turbulent open channel flow. The primary focus is on developing a method to predict the rate of dispersion in a natural stream. Taylor's method of determining a dispersion coefficient, previously applied to flow in pipes and two-dimensional open channels, is extended to a class of three-dimensional flows which have large width-to-depth ratios, and in which the velocity varies continuously with lateral cross-sectional position. Most natural streams are included. The dispersion coefficient for a natural stream may be predicted from measurements of the channel cross-sectional geometry, the cross-sectional distribution of velocity, and the overall channel shear velocity. Tracer experiments are not required. Large values of the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D/rU* are explained by lateral variations in downstream velocity. In effect, the characteristic length of the cross section is shown to be proportional to the width, rather than the hydraulic radius. The dimensionless dispersion coefficient depends approximately on the square of the width to depth ratio. A numerical program is given which is capable of generating the entire dispersion pattern downstream from an instantaneous point or plane source of pollutant. The program is verified by the theory for two-dimensional flow, and gives results in good agreement with laboratory and field experiments. Both laboratory and field experiments are described. Twenty-one laboratory experiments were conducted: thirteen in two-dimensional flows, over both smooth and roughened bottoms; and eight in three-dimensional flows, formed by adding extreme side roughness to produce lateral velocity variations. Four field experiments were conducted in the Green-Duwamish River, Washington. Both laboratory and flume experiments prove that in three-dimensional flow the dominant mechanism for dispersion is lateral velocity variation. For instance, in one laboratory experiment the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D/rU* (where r is the hydraulic radius and U* the shear velocity) was increased by a factory of ten by roughening the channel banks. In three-dimensional laboratory flow, D/rU* varied from 190 to 640, a typical range for natural streams. For each experiment, the measured dispersion coefficient agreed with that predicted by the extension of Taylor's analysis within a maximum error of 15%. For the Green-Duwamish River, the average experimentally measured dispersion coefficient was within 5% of the prediction.


This paper replicates and extends experiments by Gruter (2006) and Gruter & Conradie (2006) to explore some of the learnability implications of Full Transfer at the initial state of L2A. L1 English-speaking learners' comprehension of L2 German questions and relative clauses is tested on the basis of a picture interpretation task. Patterns of (mis)interpretation of the German clauses suggest that lower-intermediate proficiency learners still access the L1 syntax in order to parse L2 input. This is taken to indicate that learners are influenced by L1 word order patterns in assigning thematic roles in L2 clauses. This is discussed in light of approaches to L2 parsing and processing which attribute different roles to L1 influence.


Title of thesis: THE RESTRICTIVE DETERRENT EFFECT OF WARNING MESSAGES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPUTER SYSTEM TRESPASSERS Harriet Mary Jones. Master of Arts. 2014 Thesis directed by: Dr David Maimon Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Computer system trespassing is a growing concern, but it has received little criminological attention. The present study discusses the results of an experiment which looked at system trespasser behavior after exposure to one of three warning messages (or no message) in the context of deterrence theory. One message consisted of an attempt at moral persuasion; the second a generic legal warning, and the third an ambiguous threat. Keystroke data was analyzed to assess how the type of message affected the employment of restrictive deterrent techniques designed to limit trespasser activity on a compromised system. It was found that moral persuasion generally reduces both the incidence and frequency of command entry by trespassers on an illegally accessed system, while legal and ambiguous warnings produce no significant differences from the control condition. This suggests that in order to reduce trespasser activity, system administrators should use moral persuasion instead of legal sanction threats.


With encouraging advancements in cell therapies, there is a requirement for an effective short-term cell preservation method, enabling time for quality assurance testing and transport to their clinical destination. This project aims to pause cells at ambient temperatures, whilst maintaining viability and function post-preservation. Ambient cell preservation bypasses ice crystal exposure and toxic solute concentrations experienced with cryogenic storage. Storage in ambient conditions also avoids use of toxic cryoprotectants and aims to greatly reduce costs and reliability on specialist machinery. Early work used HOS TE85 cells (derived from an osteosarcoma) as a model. When atmospheric factors were controlled, HOS TE85 cells demonstrated effective recovery in terms of morphology, membrane integrity (viability >90%) and fold growth expansion when paused at ambient temperature for up to 144 hours. Without atmospheric control, addition of the buffering agent HEPES (25mM) to cell medium was required to keep viability above 70%, as well as to maintain yield and continual
passage following 144 hours pausing. The pausing potential of therapeutically relevant human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from three individual donors (M2, M3 and M4) was tested by keeping cells in suspension for up to 72 hours. Using standard medium with the addition of 25mM HEPES, average membrane integrity was
maintained above 70%. Following pausing for between 24 72 hours, hMSC attachment efficiency, immunophenotype and tri-lineage differentiation capacity (osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis) remained similar to non-paused cells. Apart from a short lag phase on the first passage, hMSC fold growth expansion level was consistent with the control for all three donors over 3 x 6 day passages. The colony forming unit (CFU) efficiency of paused cells was significantly reduced when compared with non-paused M2 and M4 lines, whilst M3 retained a similar CFU efficiency to its non-paused counterpart. On return to normal culture conditions, hMSCs had comparable metabolic activity rates with non-paused cells for up to 9 hours. Stable pH is vital during pausing and additional antioxidants or apoptotic inhibiters may be required to keep average viability well-above the 70% threshold, set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Collectively, results have been encouraging and show potential for the movement towards using ambient temperature preservation as an option for the short-term storage and transport of cells for therapy.


We look to media as memory, and a place to memorialize, when we have lost. Hypermedia pioneers such as Ted Nelson and Vannevar Bush envisioned the ultimate media within the ultimate archivewith each element in continual flux, and with constant new addition. Dynamism without loss. Instead we have the Web, where Not Found is a daily message. Projects such as the Internet Archive and Afterlife dream of fixing this uncomfortable impermanence. Marketeers promise that agents (indentured information servants that may be the humans of About.com or the software of Ask Jeeves) will make the Web comfortable through filteringhiding the impermanence and overwhelming profluence that the Web's dynamism produces. The Impermanence Agenta programmatic, esthetic, and critical project created by the author, Brion Moss, a.c. chapman, and Duane Whitehurst operates differently. It begins as a storytelling agent, telling stories of impermanence, stories of preservation, memorial stories. It monitors each user's Web browsing, and starts customizing its storytelling by weaving in images and texts that the user has pulled from the Web. In time, the original stories are lost. New stories, collaboratively created, have taken their place.


In an analysis of the US, the UK and German stock market, we find a change in the behaviour based on the stocks' beta values. In the years 1995–2006, trades of stocks with high beta and large volume were concentrated in the IT and technology sector, whereas in 2006–2012 those trades are dominated by stocks from the financial sector. We show that an agent-based model can reproduce such a transition. We further show that the initial impulse for the transition might stem from the increase of high-frequency trading at that time.


Thatch is a layer of partially decomposed organic matter between green shoot tissue and the soil surface, and mat is thatch partially intermixed with topsoil. Excessive thatch-mat layering (>2.54 cm) is generally detrimental to turfgrass management, and numerous techniques including various mechanical and topdressing regimes, have been attempted to reduce its severity. This factorial experiment investigated the effectiveness of combining mechanical-biological and topdressing treatments for controlling thatch-mat levels in an established USGA-specified golf green planted with 'A -1 ' creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stoloniferous L. var. palustris (Huds.)]. Two levels of topdressing were used, and the mechanical-biological treatments included vertical mowing at two different depths and timings, core cultivation, grooming, a biological granular supplement (Thatch-X), and combinations of core cultivation with grooming and/or vertical mowing. Differences among the mechanical-biological treatments were detected following 2 consecutive yearly applications. Thatch-mat depth (mm) was 12 to 15% greater for Thatch-X and topdressing alone compared with other treatments. Organic matter content (g kg -1 ) increased 32% for the untreated and decreased 19% for core cultivation combined with vertical mowing and grooming, whereas all other treatments maintained pre-study levels. Compared with the untreated, surface hardness was reduced ∼9% for all treatments using core cultivation, while water infiltration rates increased 127 to 168%. Vertical mowing treatments improved water infiltration rates by 40 to 65%. Turfgrass quality was not greatly impacted by the mechanical-biological treatments as ratings ranged from 8.4 to 10.0. However, mower scalping and dry spots contributed to unacceptable or only marginally acceptable turfgrass quality (6.4-7.2) for the untreated by the end of the study. Compared with topdressing alone, ball roll distance was decreased 6% by vertical mowing 7 days after treatment (DAT) and 5 to 8% by core cultivation up to 14 DAT. Sand topdressing alone was insufficient for managing thatch-mat levels in an established creeping bentgrass golf green.


SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Dall' "aggiornamento" alla "societa aperta" - 3. Prospettive di una riflessione - 4. Il superamento della "dicotomia bioetica" nell'era di Papa Francesco - 5. Conclusione. From the "submerged schism" to the era of Pope Francis ABSTRACT: "The submerged schism" by Pietro Prini appears as a new research perspective that seems to overwhelm the distinction between "Catholic bioethics and lay bioethics" and, so, the existence of "two ethical models or paradigms". From the "upgrading", through the "open society", it is achieved to the "overcoming" of the "closed society" and to "the era of Pope Francis" on which the reflection does not seem to be focused yet.


Prostate cancer has emerged as the most frequently diagnosed cancer, except for non-melanoma skin cancer, among men in many Western countries in the last decade. In the United Kingdom (UK), prostate cancer accounts for nearly a quarter of all new male cancer diagnoses. Increasing age and some genetic and ethnic risk factors have been identified but few modifiable risk factors are known. The introduction of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing has increased the detection of previously undiagnosed disease but its contribution to the observed increases in prostate cancer incidence is not clear. Considerable variations in the incidence of prostate cancer have been observed in different geographic regions and socio-economic groups across the UK but it is not known whether, or to what extent, these may be attributed to differential uptakes of PSA testing. Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death in men but many cases do not progress. There is therefore an important clinical need for better prognostic markers so that the increasing numbers of men with prostate cancer can be appropriately managed.
This thesis begins with a descriptive epidemiological study using cancer registry incidence data from the West of Scotland from 1991 to 2007. The aim was to determine whether the incidence of prostate cancer was continuing to rise and to describe any demographic or socio-economic patterns that might suggest particular at-risk groups. To understand whether any socio-economic differentials in incidence might be due to PSA testing, I examined Gleason grade-specific prostate cancer incidence by socio-economic groups over time. Socio-economic circumstances were measured using census-derived Carstairs scores. Overall (age adjusted) prostate cancer incidence increased by 70% from 44 per 100,000 in 1991 to 75 per 100,000 in 2007, an average annual growth of 3.59%. This pattern was driven by significant increases in both low and high grade cancers with no convincing change in their proportions over time. Incidence was inversely associated with deprivation with the highest rates among the most affluent groups.
To explore the role of potentially modifiable risk factors on prostate cancer incidence, the Midspan and Collaborative prospective cohort studies were analysed. An analysis of the relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer incidence was conducted on the Midspan cohort, which comprises 12,926 men who were enrolled between 1970 and 1976 and followed up to 31st December 2007. Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to evaluate the association between baseline plasma cholesterol and Gleason grade-specific prostate cancer incidence. Following up to 37 years' follow-up, 650 men developed prostate cancer. Their baseline plasma cholesterol level was positively associated with hazard of high grade (Gleason score ≥8) prostate cancer incidence (n=119). The association was greatest among men in the 4th highest quintile for cholesterol, 6.1 to <6.69 mmol/l, Hazard Ratio 2.28, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.10, compared with the baseline of <5.05 mmol/l. This association remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking and socio-economic status.
Evidence on the possible role of tea and coffee consumption in the development of prostate cancer remains limited to a small number of studies with short follow-up and small numbers of cases. Therefore to understand the relationship of tea and coffee consumption with overall as well as grade-specific prostate cancer, a prospective cohort study of 6016 men was carried out, who were enrolled in the Collaborative cohort study between 1970 and 1973 and followed up to 31st December 2007. Three hundred and eighteen men developed prostate cancer in up to 37 years' follow-up. I found a positive association between consumption of tea and overall risk of prostate cancer incidence (p=0.02). The association was greatest among men who drank ≥7 cups of tea per day (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.12) compared with the baseline of 0-3 cups per day. However, I did not find any significant association between tea intake and low (Gleason < 7) or high grade (Gleason 8-10) prostate cancer incidence. Higher coffee consumption was inversely associated with risk of high grade disease (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.21-0.99) but not with overall risk of prostate cancer. These associations remained significant after adjustment for age, Body Mass Index, smoking, social class, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure and alcohol consumption.
Although survival of prostate cancer patients has improved over time, little is known about the major prognostic factors. To understand the socio-economic differences and major determinants of survival, an investigation was carried out using cancer registry incidence data from the West of Scotland from 1991 to 2007, linked with General Registrar Office (Scotland) death records up to 31st December 2008. Socio-economic circumstances were measured using the Scottish Index for Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). Age, sex and deprivation specific mortality rates were obtained from General Registrar Office for Scotland (GRO(S)). One, three and five year relative survival was estimated using the complete approach. Survival gradients across deprivation quintiles were estimated using linear regression, weighted by the variance of the relative survival estimate, using STATA software (StataCorp, version 11). Five year relative survival increased from 58.2% to 78.6% in men over the same period (an average deprivation adjusted increase of 10.2% between six years periods). Despite substantial improvements in survival of prostate cancer patients, there was a deprivation gap (that is, better survival for the least deprived compared with the most deprived) between the three time periods. The deprivation gap in five year relative survival widened from -4.76 in 1991-1996 to -10.08 in 2003-2007. Age, Gleason grade and socio-economic status appeared as significant determinants of survival.
There is some evidence that systemic inflammation may be associated with survival in patients with prostate cancer although its relationship to tumour grade and socio-economic circumstances has not been previously studied. I therefore investigated the association between inflammation-based prognostic scores and survival, using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as well as Gleason grade. The patient cohort within the Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study who had a diagnosis of prostate cancer was included in this study. The mGPS is a categorical score constructed by combining serum C-reactive protein and albumin levels, while the NLR is obtained by calculating the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. The relationship between mGPS and NLR and five-year relative survival was explored after adjusting for age, socio-economic circumstances and Gleason grade. Of the 897 prostate cancer patients in the Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study, 422 (47%) died during a maximum follow-up of 6.2 years. Systemic inflammation had a significant prognostic value. The mGPS predicted poorer 5-year overall and relative survival independent of age, socio-economic circumstances, disease grade and NLR. Raised mGPS also had a significant association with excess risk of death (mGPS 2: Relative Excess Risk = 2.08, 95% CI 1.13-3.81) among aggressive, clinically significant prostate cancer (Gleason score 8-10). Prostate cancer patients with a raised mGPS had significantly higher risks of death overall as well as for high grade disease. Inflammation-based prognostic scores can potentially predict patient outcome and a further prospective study is warranted to assess their clinical value.
Although the study of the epidemiology of prostate cancer is complicated by changing diagnostic sensitivity and disease grade definitions, the increasing number of men diagnosed with the disease demands continuing research into understanding risk factors, prognostic factors and more effective treatment. However, it seems unlikely that a simple, modifiable risk factor exists for prostate cancer and that PSA testing and an aging population will continue to drive increasing incidence.


Within the framework of ABCD matrix theory an exact analytical expression is derived for the space–time-lagged photocurrent covariance that is valid for arbitrary (complex) ABCD optical systems, i.e., systems that include Gaussian-shaped apertures and partially developed speckle. General expressions are derived for the mean spot size and both the mean speckle size and the temporal coherence length. Additionally, a general description of both speckle boiling and speckle translation in an arbitrary observation plane is given. Included in the analysis is the effect of a finite wave-front-curvature radius for the Gaussian-shaped laser beam illumination of the target. The effects of diffraction and wave-front-curvature radius are discussed for both imaging systems and a Fourier transform system. It is shown that, whereas diffraction affects the speckle dynamics in both cases, a finite wave-front curvature affects only the speckle dynamics in the Fourier transform system. Further, the effects of finite detector apertures are considered, in which the effects of speckle averaging are included and discussed. In contrast to previous work, the obtained analytical results are expressed in a relatively compact form yet fully contain all diffraction effects and apply to an arbitrary ABCD optical system.


BACKGROUND
Hypercalcemia is a common clinical problem; primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy is commonest causes of hypercalcemia. Aetiology of hypercalcemia are changing, causes that were diseases of the past like Vitamin-D toxicity and milk alkali syndrome are observed more often. Vitamin-D deficiency is an important problem and overzealous replacement of Vitamin-D has been observed, suspected to cause toxicity.

METHODS
This was a retrospective review of patients admitted at the Aga Khan University Hospital from January 2008 to December 2013 with hypercalcemia. We reviewed the electronic health records for laboratory and radiological studies, and discharge summaries to establish the cause of hypercalcemia. Patients with solid tumour malignancy were excluded from the analysis. The treatment records and hospital course of patients diagnosed with Vitamin-D toxicity were also reviewed.

RESULTS
Primary hyperparathyroidism was the most common cause of hypercalcemia comprising 41 (28.2 %) patients. Vitamin-D toxicity was present in 25 (17.3%) and probable Vitamin-D toxicity 11 (7.6 %) inpatients. Vitamin-D toxicity and probable Vitamin-D toxicity together comprised 36 (24.8%) cases. Other causes of hypercalcemia included multiple myeloma 18 (12.4%) patients, tuberculosis 6 (4.1%) patients, chronic kidney disease6 (4.1%) cases, sarcoidosis 4 (2.7%) and lymphoma 3 (2.0%) patients. In 29(20%) patients a cause of hypercalcemia could not be determined and were labelled as undiagnosed cases.

CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin-D toxicity was the second commonest cause of hypercalcemia after primary hyperparathyroidism. Knowledge of the prevalent and emerging causes of hypercalcemia is important for prompt diagnosis and treatment..


Ultimately there will be a limit on the amount of power from variable sources of renewable
energy which can be absorbed by the electricity supply system and continue to remain stable
and secure. New technical solutions are required.
The development of energy storage technology could provide a potential solution. However,
all the current methods involve either a significant loss of energy during the process or are
unsuitable for the bulk storage of power.
The research work reviews current methods of energy storage and examines the supply chain
in order to resolve where energy storage should best be located. Most benefits could be gained
if the energy storage units were placed adjacent to the final customers. The power lost during
transmission and distribution could be minimised and the capital invested in the infrastructure
would be more productive. It would require energy to be stored in relatively small quantities
using simple technology, be remotely controJled and offer a long operational life. Few current
methods match these requirements. In order to support the analysis of benefits which may be delivered by storing energy, the
performance of a modem CCGT power station was monitored while it was operating with a
number of different output profiles. The consequences were recorded and analysed for fuel
used, C02 emitted, operational costs and maintenance as the plant produced power below its
optimum performance.
The Flow Battery was identified as the technology likely to deliver most characteristics
required of an embedded energy store. However, the flow battery requires space to store the
electrolyte and can be expensive to employ in urban areas where land prices are high.
An enhancement of the hydraulic accumulator could be developed as an energy store. The
initial analysis suggests that it offers the potential technical characteristics required and could
be designed for minimum land requirements. Hence it could be located adjacent to existing
electricity sub-stations or even within domestic premises, industrial complexes and
commercial enterprises where land may already in the hands of the potential user.


We employ the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey–Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE), a survey of 6,000 individuals, and a difference-in-differences estimation strategy to examine the effect of the 2002 Moscow theatre siege on the level of self-reported expectations of life in the future of the Russian population. The longitudinal nature of the data allows us to explore both the short- and long-term effects of terrorism on this population as well as contribute to the limited number of quasi-experimental studies in this area. By focusing on expectations of life in the future, we broaden our understanding of the social consequences of terrorism. Controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables including self-assessed relative income, our findings suggest that the well-being effects of terrorism are complex and the net effect of a terrorism incident on well-being may not necessarily be negative. This can be explained, at least in part, by the theory of posttraumatic growth—a theory that refers to the positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, with terrorism incidents inadvertently promoting more meaningful interpersonal relationships, new views of the self and new views of the world. That is not to suggest that terrorism is a positive phenomenon—rather, that individuals have a lifelong plasticity rendering them capable of recovery from adversity. The primary objectives of terrorists, therefore, are unlikely to be fully achieved. It is hoped that our research allows for the development of more refined policies that aim to encourage posttraumatic growth while simultaneously attempting to minimize posttraumatic stress disorder. This may involve engaging with the psychological community to devise policies and programs that target those in the population who are most vulnerable and for these groups devise strategies to enhance their psychological resilience following a terrorist (or other traumatic) event.


Removal of SO₂ from the emissions of coal-fired boilers produces by-products that often consist of CaSO₄, residual alkalinity, and coalash. These by-products could be beneficial to acidic soils because of their alkalinity and the ability of gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) to reduce AI toxicity in acidic subsoils. A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the liming efficacy of a fluidized bed combustion boiler by-product (FBC) that contained 129 g Mg kg⁻¹ as CaMg(CO₃)₂ and MgO and its effects on surface and subsurface soil chemistry. The FBC was mixed in the surface 10 cm of two acidic soils (Wooster silt loam, an Oxyaquic Fragiudalf, and Coshocton silt loam, an Aquultic Hapludalf) at rates of 0,0.5,1, and 2 times each soil's lime requirement (LR). Soils were sampled in 10-cm increments to depths ranging from 20 to 110 cm, and corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown. Application of Mg-FBC increased alfalfa yields in all six site-years, whereas it had no effect on corn grain yield in five site-years and decreased grain yield in one site-year. Plant tissue concentrations of Mg, S, and Mo were increased by Mg-FBC, while most trace elements were either unaffected or decreased. Application of Mg-FBC at one or two times LR increased surface soil pH to near 7 within 1 wk. Although surface soil pH remained near 7 for 2 yr, there was minimal effect on subjacent soil pH. Application of Mg-FBC increased surface soil concentrations of Ca, Mg, and S, which promoted downward movement of Mg and SO₄. This had different effects on subsoil chemistry in the two soils: in the high-Ca-status Wooster subsoil, exchangeable Ca was decreased and exchangeable Al was increased, whereas in the high-Al-status Coshocton subsoil, exchangeable Al was decreased and exchangeable Mg was increased. The Mg-FBC was an effective liming material and, because of the presence of both Mg and SO₄, may be more effective than gypsum in ameliorating subsoil Al phytotoxicity. Salaries and research support provided by state and federal funds appropriated to the OARDC, Ohio State Univ. Manuscript no. 34-98.


Despite considerable recent interest in research related to wayfinding and navigation of pedestrians, the needs and preferences of people with disabilities (PWDs) are not yet fully addressed. Some of still unaddressed issues are related to understanding the different mobility challenges of PWDs, while others are related to the accessibility of routes and navigation systems/services. Emergence of advanced systems and services that can assist PWDs in wayfinding and navigation calls for the development of an accessible wayfinding platform facilitating the evaluation of accessibility of indoor and outdoor routes. In this paper, we propose and present an accessible wayfinding testbed which has three components: database, accessibility index, and visualization. The database component includes networks of sidewalks outdoors and building elements indoors with accessibility elements for PWDs. The accessibility index determines the level of accessibility of each element in a network as is perceived by PWDs. The visualization component visualizes the routes, accessible and others, in a simple form allowing PWDs, urban planners, and software developers, among others, to evaluate the accessibility of the travelling environment. The paper discusses the details of the testbed and a prototype accessible wayfinding testbed.


Taiwan average annual rainfall is approximately 2500 mm. In particular, 80% of the rainfall occurs in summer, and most of the heavy rainfall is caused by typhoons. The situation is worsening as climate change results in uneven rainfall, both in spatial and temporal terms. Moreover, climate change has resulted the variations in the seasonal rainfall pattern of Taiwan, thereby aggravating the problem of drought and flooding. The irrigation water distribution system is mostly manually operated, which produces difficulty with regard to the accurate calculation of conveyance losses of channels and fields. Therefore, making agricultural water usage more efficient in the fields and increasing operational accuracy by using modern irrigation systems can ensure appropriate irrigation and sufficient yield during droughts. If agricultural water, which accounts for 70% of the nation's total water usage, can be allocated more precisely and efficiently, it can improve the efficacy of water resource allocation. In this study, a system dynamic model was used to establish an irrigation water management model for a companion and intercropping field in Central Taiwan. Rainfall and irrigation water were considered for the water supply, and the model simulated two scenarios by reducing 30% and 50% of the planned irrigation water in year 2015. Results indicated that the field storage in the end block of the study area was lower than the wilting point under the 50% reduced irrigation water scenario. The original irrigation plan can be reduced to be more efficient in water usage, and a 50% reduction of irrigation can be applied as a solution of water shortage when drought occurs. However, every block should be irrigated in rotation, by adjusting all water gates more frequently to ensure that the downstream blocks can receive the allocated water to get through the drought event.


Every connected simple graph G has an acyclic orientation. Deflne a graph AO(G) whose vertices are the acyclic orientations of G and whose edges join orientations that difier by reversing the direction of a single edge. It was known previously that AO(G) is connected but not necessarily Hamiltonian. However, Squire [3] proved that the square AO(G) 2 is Hamiltonian. We prove the slightly stronger result that the prism AO(G)£e is Hamiltonian. If G is a mixed graph (some edges directed, but not necessarily all), then AO(G) can be deflned as before. The graph AO(G) is again connected but we give examples showing that the prism is not necessarily Hamiltonian.


Judicial deference to federal agency expertise is appropriate. What is not appropriate is the judicial tendency to give the military more deference than other agencies not only in cases that directly implicate military expertise, but also in administrative law cases raising constitutional, environmental, and employment issues. This article argues that the military should receive no greater deference than other agencies under the Administrative Procedure Act. The APA established a single standard of judicial review for all agencies. Recent empirical studies have confirmed, however, what the case law has long revealed: that courts often apply different standards of review to different agencies, and specifically a "super-deference" standard to the military. This article demonstrates that the APA's exception for "military authority exercised in the field in time of war," interpreted correctly, insulates core military functions from judicial review, thus removing any basis for giving the military heightened deference as a matter of course. That exception accommodates separation of powers concerns raised by judicial interference with the President's authority as Commander in Chief, and it removes concern about courts second-guessing military expertise in particular by making actions that directly implicate that expertise unreviewable.


After enjoying one week in the Swedish Lapland, the idea of providing energy to one of those isolated cabins in the far landscape caught our attention. Nowadays, there still exist many dwellings, usually located in rural isolated sites, which have no easy access or even no possibility to get connected to the distribution and transport electricity grids. This situation may cause some inconvenience to the owners, therefore, the interest in finding new alternatives for supplying electricity. Such a problem requires specific solutions, including the development of electrification programs in those countryside isolated spots. Thus, the present project intends to perform a study which would provide the proper electric system to a summerhouse in the North of Sweden. Regarding the current European environmental politics and considering the rural location of the dwelling of study, the project will focus on various renewable alternatives to reach the above mentioned goal. In fact, Sweden has the greatest share of renewable energies in all European Union countries with a fixed goal of reaching 50% of its total energy production by renewable sources by the year 2020. For the present moment, Sweden already accounts for 9.4 GWh on solar energy production and 3.5 TWh on wind power production by the end of 2010. Therefore, the study will build on these alternatives as they represent two of the most extensively developed renewable possibilities in the country. Thereby, the first objective of the project was to determine a concrete location considering both our initial idea and the possibility of obtaining the wind speed and solar radiation data. A plot located 20 km to the north of Lulea was finally chosen. Then, once having the necessary baseline data comes the sizing of the different alternative: stand alone wind turbine system, stand alone PV system and a hybrid system combining wind power with the support of an electric generator. No option including grid connection is taken into consideration due to the lack of accessibility. Finally, it is performed an economic study of each alternative that would lead to a clear conclusion of which is the most appropriate choice in the study case. Economic criteria will therefore be the most significant factor when choosing the optimum alternative. However, environmental issues would also be taken into account. As no traditional electrification is studied, the economic analysis will not refer to the obtained monetary savings regarding to the grid connected option but will be performed by comparing initial investments. After all, it is concluded that the studied dwelling will be electrified by a hybrid system combining wind power with an electric generator. The system includes a 20 kW wind turbine and a diesel fueled generator with 8 kW power service. The generator will provide the required energy to the house during those days when the wind resource is not capable to cover the demand. Therefore, the lack of electricity supply will be avoided. Regarding investment costs of the chosen alternative, the hybrid system accounts for 20,729€ investment, which corresponds to about 40% the total price of both solar and wind stand alone systems. . Considering environmental criteria, the hybrid system only requires 23 diesel liters to be burned during the six summer months. Therefore, emissions due to combustion are relatively low and not considered as damaging. So, the chosen alternative meets both economical and environmental requirements.


Aims Likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in genes encoding desmosomal proteins play an important role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). However, for a substantial proportion of ARVC patients, the genetic substrate remains unknown. We hypothesized that plectin, a cytolinker protein encoded by the PLEC gene, could play a role in ARVC because it has been proposed to link the desmosomal protein desmoplakin to the cytoskeleton and therefore has a potential function in the desmosomal structure. Methods We screened PLEC in 359 ARVC patients and compared the frequency of rare coding PLEC variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.001) between patients and controls. To assess the frequency of rare variants in the control population, we evaluated the rare coding variants (MAF <0.001) found in the European cohort of the Exome Aggregation Database. We further evaluated plectin localization by immunofluorescence in a subset of patients with and without a PLEC variant. Results Forty ARVC patients carried one or more rare PLEC variants (11%, 40/359). However, rare variants also seem to occur frequently in the control population (18%, 4754/26197 individuals). Nor did we find a difference in the prevalence of rare PLEC variants in ARVC patients with or without a desmosomal likely pathogenic/pathogenic variant (14% versus 8%, respectively). However, immunofluorescence analysis did show decreased plectin junctional localization in myocardial tissue from 5 ARVC patients with PLEC variants. Conclusions Although PLEC has been hypothesized as a promising candidate gene for ARVC, our current study did not show an enrichment of rare PLEC variants in ARVC patients compared to controls and therefore does not support a major role for PLEC in this disorder. Although rare PLEC variants were associated with abnormal localization in cardiac tissue, the confluence of data does not support a role for plectin abnormalities in ARVC development.


In this essay, I try to rebut some of the skepticism about the possibility of business narrative, not directly (by engaging the theory), but obliquely (by giving an example of the practice). I hope to illuminate a few aspects of the utility of business narrative by examining the telling of a prominent, though now largely forgotten, story from the 1920s and early 1930s. The lessons from this incident could not be remembered, or applied to parallel crises, by using theoretical models or statistical analyses. The only way to do it is by telling a story.Specifically, I describe some of the concerns animating Chapter 9 of my recent book The Match King: Ivar Kreuger, the Financial Genius Behind a Century of Wall Street Scandals. That chapter - entitled "Weekend in Germany" - is the climax of the story, and it acts as the fulcrum of a new interpretation of and perspective on Kreuger's life and death. It takes place during October 1929: while the markets collapsed, Kreuger negotiated his capstone deal: a $75 million loan to the German government in exchange for a monopoly on the production and sale of matches there.


In this article, the authors discuss the three most important strategic framing choices by political actors ("substantive emphasis choice," "oppositional emphasis choice," and "contest emphasis choice") of direct-democratic campaigns. The authors investigate these strategic framing choices in the media input and look at how the political actors change their choices in another communication channel (political advertisement) and over time. The results provide the following insights: First, political actors tend to emphasize one to two main frames in their media input. They generally also use their main frames in the political advertisements and stay on their main frames over time. Second, although political actors tend to emphasize their own frames, they do not exclusively revert to this behavior. The authors find that the political actors pay more attention to their opponents' frames in the media input than in the ads. With regard to variation over time, the authors can state that campaign dialogue does not disappear over the course of the campaign. Third, framing is primarily accomplished in substantive terms. In the advertisements and toward the end of the campaign, the authors do not find more contest frames.


We outline the problem of automatic video processing for the EcoGrid. This poses many challenges as there is a vast amount of raw data that needs to be analysed effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, ecological data are subject to environmental changes and are exception-prone, hence their qualities vary. As manual processing by humans can be time and labour intensive, video processing tools can go some way to addressing such problems since they are computationally fast. However, most video analyses that utilise a combination of these tools are still done manually. We propose a semantic-based hybrid workflow composition method that strives to provide automation to speed up this process. The requirements for such a system are presented, whereby we aim for a solution that best satisfies these requirements and that overcomes the limitations of existing Grid workflow systems that lack automation in their composition. This hybrid method uses Planning technology to decompose the video processing tasks, Case Based Reasoning to assist with performance-based selection and ontologies to provide contexts for the goals, domain description and IP tools available. Ideally, we aim to provide an approximate IP solution for naive image processing users, for instance video classification and fish detection in the ecological domain.


Parental religiosity has been shown to predict child and adolescent religiosity, but the role of parents in emerging adult religiosity is largely unknown. We explored associations among emerging adult religiosity, perceived parental religiosity, perceived similarity to mother's and to father's religious beliefs, parental faith support, and parental attachment. Participants were 481 alumni of two Christian colleges and completed surveys online. Emerging adult religiosity (measured by Christian orthodoxy and intrinsic religiosity) was high and similar to parents' religiosity. Perceived similarity to parents' religious beliefs, faith support, and attachment to fathers predicted emerging adult religiosity. However, parental religiosity alone was a weak predictor and functioned as a negative suppressor variable when combined with similarity to parents' beliefs and faith support. Findings underscore the importance of parental support and parent– child relationship dynamics more than the level of parental religiosity and point to possibly unique roles for mothers and fathers in emerging adult religiosity.


The aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of physical, sexual and emotional violence against women of reproductive age and the level of controlling behaviour in marriage on child health and survival in two different cultural settings: Bangladesh and Nicaragua. Data were acquired from four quantitative community-based studies. In two studies, a cohort including a prospective two year follow-up of 3164 mother-infant pairs in rural Bangladesh was investigated. A third study was a case-referent study in Nicaragua including mothers of 110 cases of under-five deaths and 203 referents, and in a forth study an other cohort of 1048 rural Bangladeshi women and their 2691 children was followed until 5 years of age. Maternal exposure to any form of violence, including physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behaviour was independently associated with lower body size at birth, increased risk of stunting and under-weight at 24 months of age, slower growth velocity during the first two years of life and a higher incidence of diarrhoeal episodes and respiratory tract infections. In the Nicaraguan setting, the children of women who experienced any history of physical violence had a two-fold increase in risk of death before the age of 5 years, and those whose mothers experienced both physical and sexual violence had a six-fold increase in risk of death. In Bangladesh, an association between violence against women and under-five mortality was found among daughters of educated mothers who were exposed to severe physical violence or a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage. In all four studies, lifetime violence experience among participating mothers was high (37-69%), and the timing was less relevant than the exposure to violence per se. In conclusion, this investigation revealed that violence against women severely affects child health and survival. The findings are especially relevant in a context of high level of child under-nutrition, morbidity and under-five mortality. Efforts for protecting women from all forms of violence are needed as part of the interventions for improved child health.


In periods of turbulence, the tendency to simplify messages and polarise debates is nothing new. In our hyper-mediated world of online technologies, where it seems that even national policy can be forged in the 140 characters of Twitter, it is more important than ever to retain spaces for in-depth debate of emergent phenomena that have disruptive and transformative potential. In this article, we follow this logic and argue that to fully understand the diverse range of practices and potential consequences of activities uncomfortably corralled under the ambiguous term 'the sharing economy' requires not a simplification of arguments, but an opening out of horizons to explore the many ways in which these phenomena have emerged and are evolving. It is argued that this will require attention to multiple terrains, from diverse intellectual traditions across many disciplines to the thus far largely reactive responses of government and regulation, and from the world of techno-innovation start-ups to the optics of media (including social media) reporting on what it means to 'share' in the 21st century. Building on this, we make the case for viewing 'the sharing economy' as a matrix of diverse economies with clear links to past practices. We propose that to build a grammar for understanding these diverse sharing economies requires further attention to: (1) The etymology of sharing and sharing economies; (2) The differentiated geographies to which sharing economies contribute; (3) What it means to labour, work and be employed in sharing economies; (4) The role of the state and others in governing, regulating and shaping the organisation and practice of sharing economies; and (5) the impacts of sharing economies. In conclusion, we suggest that while media interest may fade as their presence in everyday lives becomes less novel, understanding sharing economies remains an urgent activity if we are to ensure that the new ways of living and labouring, to which sharing economies are contributing, work to promote sustainable and inclusive development in this world that ultimately we all share.


There has been a widespread resurgence of rights talk in social and legal discourses pertaining to the regulation of family life, as well as an increase in the use of rights in family law cases, in the UK, the US, Canada and Australia. Rights, Gender and Family Law addresses the implications of these developments - and, in particular, the impact of rights-based approaches upon the idea of welfare and its practical application. There are now many areas of family law in which rights and welfare based approaches have been forced together. But whilst, to many, they are premised upon different ethics - respectively, of justice and of care - for others, they can nevertheless be reconciled. In this respect, a central concern is the "gender-blind" character of rights-based approaches, and the ontological and practical consequences of their employment in the gendered context of the family. Rights, Gender and Family Law explores the tensions between rights-based and welfare-based approaches: explaining their differences and connections; considering whether, if at all, they are reconcilable; and addressing the extent to which they can advantage or disadvantage the interests of women, children and men. It may be that rights-based discourses will dominate family law, at least in the way that social policy and legislation respond to calls of equality of rights between mothers and fathers. This collection, however, argues that rights cannot be given centre-stage without thinking through the ramifications for gendered power-relations, and the welfare of children. It will be of interest to researchers and scholars working in the fields of family law, gender studies and social welfare.


In today's economy, companies must work harder than ever to attract, retain and motivate talented employees in order to foster employee satisfaction, and in order to do so, CSR practices can provide a strategic tool. A green company no longer denotes solely the promotion of green products or reduction of energy consumption, as it has to incorporate proactive and innovative means of tracking sustainability while involving employees in such corporate behavior. This paper highlights an empirical study of responses from 10 multinational companies regarding their corporate social responsibility initiatives as a way to attract and retain good employees, while providing an appropriate environment for employee satisfaction, by constructing a structural equation model meant to expand HR literature and provide direct implications for organizations.


Government information systems are big business (costing over 1 per cent of GDP a year). They are critical to all aspects of public policy and governmental operations. Governments spend billions on them - for instance, the UK alone commits L14 billion a year to public sector IT operations. Yet governments do not generally develop or run their own systems, instead relying on private sector computer services providers to run large, long-run contracts to provide IT. Some of the biggest companies in the world (IBM, EDS, Lockheed Martin, etc) have made this a core market. The book shows how governments in some countries (the USA, Canada and Netherlands) have maintained much more effective policies than others (in the UK, Japan and Australia). It shows how public managers need to retain and develop their own IT expertise and to carefully maintain well-contested markets if they are to deliver value for money in their dealings with the very powerful global IT industry. This book describes how a critical aspect of the modern state is managed, or in some cases mismanaged. It will be vital reading for public managers, IT professionals, and business executives alike, as well as for students of modern government, business, and information studies.


(Oomycetes (Oomycota) from Maranhão State, Brazil). This study aimed at enhancing the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Oomycetes within Parque Natural Municipal Lagoa do Sambico, in Timon municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil as well as their geographical distribution in Brazil as a whole. Of the 98 isolates, 16 were identified as Oomycetes, which belong to six families: Achlyaceae, Leptolegniellaceae s. lat., Pythiaceae s. lat., Olpidiopsidaceae s. lat., Saprolegniaceae s. str. and Verrucalvaceae. We report herewith the first records of Olpidiopsis aphanomycis Cornu and Saprolegnia luxurians (Bhargava & G.C. Srivast) R.L. Seym. for Brazil, as well as Achlya aff. diffusa J.V. Harv. ex T.W. Johnson, Achlya proliferoides Coker, Aphanomyces helicoides Minden, Aplanopsis terrestris Höhnk, Dictyuchus monosporus Leitg., Globisporangium proliferum (Cornu) P.M. Kirk, and Pythiogeton uniforme A. Lund for the State of Maranhão.


Prior research has demonstrated a preference among partisans for like-minded news outlets, a key mechanism through which the media may be polarizing Americans. But in order for source reputations to cause widespread selective exposure, individuals must prioritize them above other competing attributes of news content. Evaluating the relative influence of various contributors to media choice is therefore critical. This study pits two such factors, source reputation and topic relevance, against one another in conjoint survey experiments offering randomly paired news items to partisans. Making a news source's reputation politically unfriendly lowers the probability that an individual chooses an item, but this negative effect is often eclipsed by the positive effect of making a news topic relevant to the individual. In many popular modern news consumption environments, where consumers encounter a diverse mixture of sources and topics, the ability of source reputations to contribute to polarization via partisan selective exposure is limited.


In the run-up to the 2001 federal election, Australia's national political radar
settled on a new, influential constituency: the upwardly mobile lower-middle
class, the up and coming, or, most simply, the aspirationals. As with all sizeable
demographic groups, the aspirationals were wooed by Australia's two major
political parties, both of which could legitimately claim them as a logical adjunct
to their core constituencies: while the aspirationals are the children of Labor's
industrial workers, they are now typically putting in long hours at the office in
order to service a mortgage in a marginal Liberal seat. Of course, such a group
could not please everyone; following the rush of enthusiasm for the aspirational
vote, several Australian political commentators denounced the phenomenon as
repugnant.1 Their gripe was predictable, but nevertheless an incisive one. They
railed against the ingratitude of the aspirationals, who were said to have betrayed
their working-class roots, and against the aspirational's vulgar desire for personal
advancement, which they viewed as an affront to their dream of an egalitarian
Australia. Although national debate has moved well beyond this relatively minor
outburst, the disparagement of the aspirationals is indicative of a deeper tension in
Australian political life over whether or not egalitarianism can endure into the
twenty-first century, and how such a project might best be achieved. While some
seek to redefine the scope and nature of egalitarianism and to refashion the
Australian egalitarian project in the light of changed national circumstances,
others view such reinvention as a renouncement of the core principles of the
Australian egalitarian project and instead have called for the reinvigoration of a
corporatist model of Australian governance.2
This article contributes to the national conversation about egalitarianism and
Australian governance by examining in greater detail some of the issues
surrounding the fissure between defenders of the egalitarian project and
aspirational workers. Rather than expressing further moral outrage at the
aspirationals, I present a critical review of the egalitarian project and a more
generous reading of the aspirationals, or rather upwardly mobile Australian
workers. As part of my review, I specify the key features of egalitarianism as
evoked by those who spoke out against the aspirationals and identify some of the
tensions and oversights within this principled stance on egalitarianism. These
include an incomplete understanding of the origins of contemporary inequalities,
the contradictory treatment of fraternity and equality by egalitarians, and an
uneasiness about the practical management of inequality. Drawing on interviews
with young people about their experiences of social mobility, I isolate the
pressures on young people to 'get ahead' and the problems that arise when people
try to distinguish themselves from one another. I conclude by noting that the
aspirationals are not the antithesis of egalitarianism but, rather, the aspirationals
are particularly well placed to contribute to debate over the reinvigoration of
Australian egalitarianism.


This paper presents a global-local methodology for predicting mechanical deformation and fatigue durability of solder joints in electronic packaging systems subject to cyclic thermal loading. It involves a global deformation analysis, a local critical solder-joint analysis, and a fatigue life analysis. The global deformation analysis includes a new optimization formulation for determining an equivalent model. The methodology developed was applied to fine pitch ball grid array (fpBGA) and super ball grid array (SBGA) packages. Selective experimental efforts were also undertaken to evaluate the predicted deformation characteristics of the fpBGA package. A good agreement was obtained between the simulated deformation results and experimental observations. For the durability analysis, the total fatigue life predicted using the energy-based method is larger than 2500 cycles-a trend observed experimentally for both packages entailing widely different designs. Based on proposed modeling and simulation results and package designs studied, the SBGA package is more durable than the fpBGA package.


Aim/Purpose: Adapting to the doctoral environment can be a difficult transition. This article emphasizes the importance of academic socialization as a means of integrating into the doctoral culture and persisting during the initial transition to doctoral study.

Background: To address the problem of doctoral attrition, I share a personal narrative of problems and persistence during the first year of doctoral coursework. By sharing my initial resistance to social learning and eventual appreciation of merging the social into the academic, this narrative demonstrates the positive impact of socialization on my first year, thus promoting socialization as a means of acclimating to the doctoral environment.

Methodology: This project utilizes the qualitative research method of autoethnography to examine my personal experiences adapting to the doctoral environment and connects those experiences to the larger higher education community.

Contribution: Since people often connect more with stories than with numbers, my narrative offers struggling doctoral students an opportunity to see possible aspects of themselves in the lived experiences of someone who persisted, to see that they are not alone with their struggles and understand that supplementing their independent studies with social experiences could be a good way for them to persist in their own doctoral studies.

Findings: Although I preferred independent work and significantly underestimated the value of social experiences when entering my first year of doctoral study, peer-to-peer interaction quickly became an essential element in my adaptation to the doctoral environment.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Results of this study suggest that even when new doctoral students typically prefer solitary work, they should still seek out social learning experiences as a means of acclimating to the doctoral environment. University faculty and staff should incorporate social learning activities into the first year of their programs to promote socialization of their first-year doctoral students and increase their chances of persistence.

Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers should use a variety of methods to examine the experiences of doctoral students and look at the data in new ways to better understand doctoral student needs and uncover new ideas to assist them.

Impact on Society: By sharing storied experiences of struggles and success, I hope to inspire doctoral students to work with their peers and support one another as they try to persist.

Future Research: More personal experiences of doctoral students are needed to give us a better understanding of the obstacles they encounter, so we can uncover additional strategies to combat those issues and improve persistence.


Small shear zones in granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada, California, and near Roses (Rosas), northeast Spain, display features which indicate that dilatant fracturing preceded the localization of ductile shear deformation. Many zones have sharp, nearly planar boundaries between their highly deformed interiors and the undeformed wall rock. The Roses shear zones narrow continuously to hairline fractures at their ends. Mineralized microcracks oriented parallel to the shear zones cluster near the zone boundaries and are interpreted as relicts of the earlier fracturing episode. Dynamic recrystallization of minerals filling these microcracks demonstrates that fracturing predated the ductile deformation. Gradients in ductile strain suggest that deformation spread laterally into the wall rocks after nucleation of the shear zones. We suggest that cracks enhance the wall rock ductility by increasing local fluid fluxes, thereby promoting chemical alteration and/or hydrolytic weakening.


Although higher education institutions (HEIs) tend to use traditional teaching formats,
such as Lectures, this teaching strategy clashed with our commitment to a studentcentred
approach. Using an action research approach, we sought to promote greater
student engagement via the implementation of collaborative learning activities. Previous
literature has found largely positive effects of collaborative learning on student
engagement and attainment, the present study therefore sought to extend on this prior
research to examine whether there were positive effects of collaborative learning on the
student experience. A qualitative and quantitative module evaluation was carried out
using a questionnaire designed specifically for the study. The sample consisted of 30,
second year, undergraduate students, enrolled on a particular psychology module. The
module evaluation was administered during the last class of the module. Data were
analysed through use of thematic analysis and t-tests. Results found collaborative
learning to have a positive effect on the student experience, the details of this effect will
be discussed further.


The accuracy of k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification depends significantly on the metric used to compute distances between different examples. In this paper, we show how to learn a Mahalanobis distance metric for kNN classification from labeled examples. The Mahalanobis metric can equivalently be viewed as a global linear transformation of the input space that precedes kNN classification using Euclidean distances. In our approach, the metric is trained with the goal that the k-nearest neighbors always belong to the same class while examples from different classes are separated by a large margin. As in support vector machines (SVMs), the margin criterion leads to a convex optimization based on the hinge loss. Unlike learning in SVMs, however, our approach requires no modification or extension for problems in multiway (as opposed to binary) classification. In our framework, the Mahalanobis distance metric is obtained as the solution to a semidefinite program. On several data sets of varying size and difficulty, we find that metrics trained in this way lead to significant improvements in kNN classification. Sometimes these results can be further improved by clustering the training examples and learning an individual metric within each cluster. We show how to learn and combine these local metrics in a globally integrated manner.


This study was to examine the results of agency-motivated projects,
particularly in terms of the role of village leaders and how leadership traits related to
the involvement of the villages. The agency in question was Redd Barna, a voluntary
organisation, which extended financial and expert assistance. The study focused at
three major projects viz., rice, water, and cow projects. Specific objectives of the
study were to examine the leadership qualities and the level of involvement of the
villages in community development projects. Further, the study examined the
relationship of the leadership traits (qualities and demographic characteristics) and
the involvement level of the villages, as perceived by the leaders themselves. The
sample of the study was 27 village headmen or chairmen of Village Development Committees (VDCs). Structured questionnaires formed the main instrument for data
collection supported by informal interviews, personal observations and secondary
sources.
The overall profile of leaders could be summed up as democratically oriented
with moderate to high leadership behaviour characteristics and high leadership
situation characteristics. The majority of the leaders fell into the group with a high
level of overall leadership qualities, while the rest belonged to the moderate level of
overall leadership qualities.
On the whole the level of involvement of the villages. in the three selected
projects was moderate. Among the non-focused projects, the latrine project
presented specific implication worth noting. There was a high degree of
willingness and involvement in construction, but the project failed because the
people abandoned the latrines. This implies the need to educate the people and
affect attitudinal changes.
Leadership qualities had some bearing on the leaders' own assessment of their
own villages' involvement in projects. Generally they indicated that the involvement
level was low and moderate in the various stages of the projects. However, the
democratic leaders, and those with high leadership situation were more favourable in
their assessment of their villages' level of involvement.The leaders with high overall leadership qualities perceived the villages'
involvement level to be mainly moderate, indicating that leaders who themselves were
categorically of high leadership quality did not necessarily place their villages at the
top level in terms of involvement. This in turn seemed to suggest that generally, very
good leaders tend to expect a higher standard of performance in their villages. Most
of them thought their villages as only moderately involved.
From the findings of the study, it was concluded that the Redd Barna projects
had attained a measurable success while the village leaders had proved to possess the
potentials to facilitate the programme of development of the villages with their
overall favourable leadership traits.
To enhance the success of the projects, a number of recommendations were
presented: (i) The decision on what projects are to be implemented in any village
should be made on the basis of a comprehensive study on many aspects including
people's needs, environmental suitability and organisational capability. (ii) To ensure
the successful involvement of the people in the projects, there is a need to accelerate
the existing non-formal education programme, particularly in the form of continuous
extension work. (iii) A co-ordinating committee should be formed in each district to
bring together government agency officials, the Redd Barna personnels and the
village leaders. This committee should serve as a linkage between the people and the
project sponsors.


The dynamic system of tectonics and erosion contains important feedback mechanisms such that orogenic systems tend toward a steady state. This concept is often invoked, but the nature of the steady state is commonly not specified. We identify four types of steady state that characterize the orogenic system and illustrate these cases by using numerical-model results and natural examples. These types are (1) flux steady state, (2) topographic steady state, (3) thermal steady state, and (4) exhumational steady state: they refer to the erosional flux, the topography, the subsurface temperature field, and the spatial pattern of cooling ages, respectively. Models suggest that the topography will reach a steady mean form at the scale of an orogenic belt, but perfect topographic steady state is unlikely to be achieved at shorter length scales. Thermal steady state is a precondition for exhumational steady state and in the case of temperature-dependent deformation, topographic steady state. Exhumational steady state is characterized by reset age zones spatially nested according to closure temperature, as illustrated in natural systems from New Zealand, the Cascadia accretionary margin, and Taiwan.


Automotive investment projects across borders have significantly intensified in recent years, as companies have attempted to cut costs via relocation of production, and to get closer to final customers in emerging markets. This chapter analyses the impacts of this global re-structuring process in three Central European countries: Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland. The Czech and Polish automotive industry has been privatised via 'brown-field' investment projects: foreign investors have simply taken over existing companies. In other words, these indigenous, long-established production complexes are being replaced and displaced by Western companies. The process inevitably entails conflicts between traditional and new management methods and work practice. In Hungary, by contrast, car assembly has been re-established via green-field investment projects: there was no 'old' industry to be replaced. Hence there was no room for conflicts between traditions and new practices either. It resembles the Japanese practice: all their transplants in the US and UK had been located in the 'desert', i.e. in regions with no automotive tradition – precisely in order to avoid the sorts of conflicts that are inevitable on a brown-field scenario. It is argued that Central European governments need to (i) provide adequate funds for education and training, (ii) promote R&D capabilities and (iii) offer investment incentives geared towards lean production so as to avoid being locked into a low-wage, low-tech, low-value-added 'development' path.


This paper proposes simple tests of error cross section dependence which are applicable to a variety of panel data models, including stationary and unit root dynamic heterogeneous panels with short T and large N . The proposed tests are based on average of pair-wise correlation coefficients of the OLS residuals from the individual regressions in the panel, and can be used to test for cross section dependence of any fixed order p , as well as the case where no a priori ordering of the cross section units is assumed, referred to as CD(p) and CD tests, respectively. Asymptotic distribution of these tests are derived and their power function analyzed under different alternatives. It is shown that these tests are correctly centred for fixed N and T , and are robust to single or multiple breaks in the slope coefficients and/or error variances. The small sample properties of the tests are investigated and compared to the Lagrange multiplier test of Breusch and Pagan using Monte Carlo experiments. It is shown that the tests have the correct size in very small samples and satisfactory power, and as predicted by the theory, quite robust to the presence of unit roots and structural breaks. The use of the CD test is illustrated by applying it to study the degree of dependence in per capita output innovations across countries within a given region and across countries in different regions. The results show significant evidence of cross dependence in output innovations across many countries and regions in the World. dynamic heterogeneous panels with (possibly) multiple breaks and unit roots, as well as for spatial panels. The tests are based on simple averages of pair-wise correlation coefficients of OLS residuals from individual regressions and is shown to be valid under fairly general conditions even when


Recent research has confirmed that only a minority of people who use emergency shelter beds are long-term users. Most shelter clients stay for short periods and do so relatively infrequently. These people use shelters as a temporary solution to problems that stem from poverty as opposed to problems arising from addiction or mental health problems. The implication is that addressing poverty may be an effective way of shrinking the need for emergency shelter beds. Our study uses information describing demographic characteristics and a measure of housing affordability in 51 Canadian cities to identify to what extent efforts at poverty reduction may enable the closing of emergency shelter beds. Across Canada in 2011, 15,493 permanent beds were available in 408 emergency shelters. The provision of emergency shelter beds varies widely across cities. Calgary, for example, provides more than twice as many beds per 100,000 people than does Vancouver or Toronto and more than four times the number provided in Montreal. The number of emergency beds provided is an indication not only of the number of homeless people but it is also a measure of the local response to the issue. We show that an effective strategy for shrinking the need for shelter beds is to provide improved income support to the very poor. Accounting for differences in climate, housing affordability, and demographics that may be associated with discrimination in housing markets, we show how a relatively modest increase in the incomes of those with very low incomes can shrink the need for emergency beds by nearly 20%. We also show that a modest increase in rent subsidies would have a similar impact. Still other policies that can prove effective are those that reduce the cost of building housing that can be profitably rented at prices those with low incomes can afford. These may involve tax incentives to builders and may call into question efforts at urban densification which makes low-cost construction difficult. The wide range of policy choices means that all levels of government have a role to play in increasing the affordability of housing for those with low incomes. Recognizing the broad range of effective policy options is important because the causes of homelessness vary by city and so policymakers need to be flexible in their responses to the issue. We continue to be perplexed why governments fail to index for inflation the income support provided to those in poverty. That policy alone would go some considerable way toward enabling those with low incomes to stay housed and so reduce the need for emergency shelter beds.


A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and pale-redpigmented bacterium, designated SAORIC-476, was isolated from deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SAORIC-476 was most closely related to Rubrivirga marina SAORIC-28 (96.8 % similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with Rubrivirga marina of the family Rhodothermaceae. Optimal growth of strain SAORIC-476 was observed at 25 C, pH 7.5 and in the presence of 3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain SAORIC-476 was 66.2 mol%, and the sole isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1!9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0), iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 1!8c and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids constituted phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and four unknown polar lipids. On the basis of taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain SAORIC-476 represents a novel species of the genus Rubrivirga, for which the name Rubrivirga profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rubrivirga profundi is SAORIC-476 (=NBRC 110607=KACC 18401).


A front-end instrument, the laser ablation ion funnel, was developed, which would ionize rock and soil samples in the ambient Martian atmosphere, and efficiently transport the product ions into a mass spectrometer for in situ analysis. Laser ablation creates elemental ions from a solid with a high-power pulse within ambient Mars atmospheric conditions. Ions are captured and focused with an ion funnel into a mass spectrometer for analysis. The electrodynamic ion funnel consists of a series of axially concentric ring-shaped electrodes whose inside diameters (IDs) decrease over the length of the funnel. DC potentials are applied to each electrode, producing a smooth potential slope along the axial direction. Two radio-frequency (RF) AC potentials, equal in amplitude and 180 out of phase, are applied alternately to the ring electrodes. This creates an effective potential barrier along the inner surface of the electrode stack. Ions entering the funnel drift axially under the influence of the DC potential while being restricted radially by the effective potential barrier created by the applied RF. The net result is to effectively focus the ions as they traverse the length of the funnel.


We investigate the local deterrence effect of immigration raids on Hispanic Head Start enrollment. Using a nationwide panel of raids from 2006 to 2008, a time of intensified immigration enforcement across communities in the US, we find robust evidence that raids decreased Hispanic Head Start enrollment by around 10 percent. We disentangle this impact and find evidence that this decrease is driven by a deterrence effect rather than a mobility effect, which suggests that families are staying in their communities but not enrolling their children in Head Start.


How many bugs have you missed that were clearly easy to spot? Testers approach all phases of testing hampered by their own biases in what to look for, how to go about setting up and executing tests, and how to interpret the results. These biases cause less than outstanding testing performance and data interpretation in an environment where test teams expect results to be cut and dried. The data is good by itself, but what we measure, and what decisions we make about the data, are driven by our own understandings and misunderstandings of the project and the goals of testing. This paper will give testers and their managers an understanding of how their own mindsets and biases influence their testing. Testers and test managers will learn how to use this understanding to develop ways of managing their thinking and improving their testing. Using principles from the social sciences, such as Kahneman's[7] framework for critical thinking and Chabris and Simons [2] findings on attention, perception and memory, we will demonstrate to you that you aren't as smart as you think. We'll show you how to improve your test results by understanding how you think and the role that biases play in testing. We'll discuss the balance between scripted and exploratory testing and how to use each effectively, and we'll show how test managers can help their teams maintain their focus individually and as a team. Finally, we'll provide tips for managing your biases and focusing your attention in the right places throughout the test process so you won't miss that obvious bug.


The CATRIONA II project was managed jointly by Strathclyde University (http://www.strath.ac.uk/) in Glasgow and Napier University (http://www.napier.ac.uk/) in Edinburgh, but all of the Scottish Universities supported the project, which also had the backing of SCURL (Scottish Confederation of University and Research Libraries - see http://bubl.ac.uk/org/scurl/ ). The project was funded by the UK Electronic Libraries Programme and investigated the creation and management of electronic teaching and research materials in Scottish universities, but from a UK-wide perspective, asking in particular whether universities should manage services offering institutional or extra-institutional access to locally-created electronic teaching and research resources, but looking also at a range of related issues such as policy, strategy, organisational infrastructure, service design, and the role of the University Library. It concluded that universities should manage services, that external funding should be provided to help encourage, direct, and co-ordinate development, but that if it is not, institutions should themselves investigate the value of setting up services without external help. The project began in May 1996 and ended in January 1999. The final report, detailed and summary information on project surveys, and various other resources such as draft Intellectual Property Rights Guidelines, service demonstrators, and articles on the project can be found on the project we-site at http://catriona2.lib.strath.ac.uk/catriona/


Georgia's lottery-funded HOPE Scholarship program provides free tuition to in-state students who can maintain a B average at state universities. However, roughly half of HOPE Scholars lose their support after their freshman year. This study employs student-level administrative data to identify the observed characteristics that systematically relate to scholarship attrition. Conditional on measures of student ability, there are not statistically significant differences between white, black, and Hispanic students. However, there are dramatic differences across academic disciplines. Students majoring in science, engineering, and computing are 21 to 51 percent more likely to lose their HOPE Scholarships than students in other disciplines.


Batteries and supercapacitors as electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are continuously serving for human life. The electrochemical performance of batteries and supercapacitors depends in large part on the active materials in electrodes. As an important family, Mn-based oxides have shown versatile applications in primary batteries, secondary batteries, metal-air batteries, and pseudocapacitors due to their high activity, high abundance, low price, and environmental friendliness. In order to meet future market demand, it is essential and urgent to make further improvements in energy and power densities of Mn-based electrode materials with the consideration of multiple electron reaction and low molecular weight of the active materials. Meanwhile, nanomaterials are favourable to achieve high performance by means of shortening the ionic diffusion length and providing large surface areas for electrode reactions. This article reviews the recent efforts made to apply nanostructured Mn-based oxides for batteries and pseudocapacitors. The influence of structure, morphology, and composition on electrochemical performance has been systematically summarized. Compared to bulk materials and notable metal catalysts, nanostructured Mn-based oxides can promote the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrochemical reactions occurring at the solid-liquid or the solid-liquid-gas interface. In particular, nanostructured Mn-based oxides such as one-dimensional MnO2 nanostructures, MnO2-conductive matrix nanocomposites, concentration-gradient structured layered Li-rich Mn-based oxides, porous LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods, core-shell structured LiMnSiO4@C nanocomposites, spinel-type Co-Mn-O nanoparticles, and perovskite-type CaMnO3 with micro-nano structures all display superior electrochemical performance. This review should shed light on the sustainable development of advanced batteries and pseudocapacitors with nanostructured Mn-based oxides.


In this paper, we investigate a full duplex (FD) multi-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NoMA) communication system based on the optimization of received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) per unit power. Since the communication system operates in the FD mode, co-channel interference (CCI) and self-interference (SI) dominate the system's performance. Accordingly, to combat the CCI, we adopt a game-theoretic approach and propose users' clustering algorithms and to suppress the SI, we formulate an optimization problem to maximize the power-normalized SINR (PN-SINR). While the user clustering optimization problem is constrained by: 1) the successive interference cancellation (SIC) constraint and 2) two binary constraints for the allocations of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) users, the PN-SINR problem is constrained by: 1) total transmit power budget at the base station and UL users; 2) the fundamental condition for the implementation of successive interference cancellation in the NoMA; and 3) the minimum fairness condition for the UL users. The original PN-SINR problem is non-convex and hence is converted into an equivalent subtractive-form problem, after which we propose an iterative algorithm to find the optimal power allocation policy. Properties of all the proposed algorithms are thoroughly investigated and the numerical results are provided. Based on the channel conditions and suppression level of SI and CCI, the superiority of the proposed FD-NoMA system over half-duplex NoMA and FD orthogonal multiple access systems is verified.


Aerobic exercise is typically associated with expansion of the mitochondrial protein pool and improvements in muscle oxidative capacity. The impact of aerobic exercise intensity on the synthesis of specific skeletal muscle protein subfractions is not known. We aimed to study the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on rates of myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis over an early (0.5-4.5 h) and late (24-28 h) period during postexercise recovery. Using a within-subject crossover design, eight males (21 ± 1 yr, Vo2peak 46.7 ± 2.0 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) performed two work-matched cycle ergometry exercise trials (LOW: 60 min at 30% Wmax; HIGH: 30 min at 60% Wmax) in the fasted state while undergoing a primed constant infusion of l-[ring-(13)C6]phenylalanine. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and 0.5, 4.5, 24, and 28 h postexercise to determine both the "early" and "late" response of MyoPS and MitoPS and the phosphorylation status of selected proteins within both the Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Over 24-28 h postexercise, MitoPS was significantly greater after the HIGH vs. LOW exercise trial (P < 0.05). Rates of MyoPS were increased equivalently over 0.5-4.5 h postexercise recovery (P < 0.05) but remained elevated at 24-28 h postexercise only following the HIGH trial. In conclusion, an acute bout of high- but not low-intensity aerobic exercise in the fasted state resulted in a sustained elevation of both MitoPS and MyoPS at 24-28 h postexercise recovery.


Ohio is frequently described as America's social and economic heartland, and its political bellwether. In the same vein, Trinity Episcopal Church, Columbus, typifies mainstream Anglicanism in the United States. At every step of its history, it has been the representative Episcopal church, naturally finding its place near the ever shifting center of Anglican belief, ministry, morality, and worship. In June 2006, while General Convention is housed three-quarters of a mile away, a visitor attends a Sunday morning eucharist at Trinity, and finds contemporary Episcopalianism in miniature. The congregation's historian is Lisa M. Klein, a former English professor, whose Be it remembered: the story of Trinity Episcopal Church on Capitol Square (Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2003) was subsidized in modest part by the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church. She has successfully resisted the dominant template of the parish history genre (a rosy narrative of the church's origins, thumbnail sketches of the clergy, a summary of building projects, a survey of congregational organizations, and appended lists of names) in favor of a serious and candid social history of the congregation. As she reports, Trinity began in 1817 when some prominent citizens assembled in a Columbus storekeeper's house. An itinerant missionary from the east coast led them in a prayer book service, and then produced a standard form which the men could sign as a declaration of their intent to create an Episcopal congregation. This scenario must have been repeated many hundreds of times in the American frontier. For several years Trinity was a small collection of families related by marriage and business, meeting in private homes for prayers led by lay readers, and known for their formal, lukewarm piety. (The Presbyterian church in town, meanwhile, was flourishing.) Attendance grew after 1829 when Trinity received its first resident rector, a fervent evangelical. A church was built in the Greek revival style so characteristic of public buildings in the young American republic; it was financed partly by the sale of pews. As in so many Episcopal churches, the lay leaders represented the local social elite, the Whig party, and the nation's Protestant evangelical consensus. Almost certainly, all faces were white. Children were catechized by the rector once a month during the service. As elsewhere in the era before public schooling, the Sunday school was administered mainly for the children of nonmembers, and it was racially segregated. Women's ministry developed at Trinity along the patterns familiar in other places. Women were teaching Sunday school and forming societies for missionary and charitable work in the 1820s, and holding prayer meetings in the 1830s. They were increasingly active in local ecumenical benevolent societies and welfare institutions. The Women's Auxiliary caught on quickly after 1876. Until the 1890s, women dominated the church's devotional life. In 1864, of 211 communicants at Trinity, 174 were women. As was common across the Episcopal Church, Trinity initially resisted all ritual innovations, but gradually accepted a few. In 1842 a rector had to resign after insisting on wearing a surplice; his few supporters left to form high church St. Paul's a few blocks away. In 1863 the people of Trinity decided to sell their old building and erect a new one in the style that the rest of the Anglican world was adopting, gothic revival. At first the decorations remained chaste, but soon polychrome painting and frescoes were replacing whitewashed interiors; embroideries, hangings, and embellishments were being provided by women's groups; and liturgical items and candlesticks were being donated as memorial gifts. Trinity vigorously resisted surpliced choirs in the 1880s, but accepted them in the 1890s. In 1912 a marble altar was installed, and a new ornate reredos replaced one displaying the Lord's Prayer and creed. …