I. INTRODUCTION A. Scope of the Issue Under the recent Meredith Supreme Court decision, there will likely be more cases brought before the Court concerning race and education in an attempt to invalidate educational policies that are not satisfactorily "race neutral." The Meredith decision, building in part on prior cases, puts race-based scholarships and admissions procedures in higher education at risk. Specific language in the majority opinion adheres to race neutral, color blind rhetoric, which in turn does not comport with higher education admissions procedures regarding either the use of race as a factor or the granting of scholarships designated specifically for minorities. B. Defining Minority The term "minority" in the context of race is commonly used to refer to anyone who is nonwhite; it is a blanket term for African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, et cetera. It is insufficient to group all minorities together as if their history and experiences are the same. The focus of this note will primarily be on the African American minority group. Historically, there is some commonality in how these various groups have been oppressed; thus, a note focusing specifically on one minority group can still be instructive as applied to others. C. Purpose of the Note This note suggests that a race neutral policy employs a strategic rhetoric with a discernable pattern that has particularly harmful implications in the context of higher education. It focuses specifically on the Meredith decision and its implications for future court decisions involving race and higher education. Also, this note examines the likelihood of a future reexamination of Gratz and Grutter, which currently control the standard of review for policies utilizing race in higher education. Lastly, this note proposes that the education and legal communities support a standard which mandates that race be used as a factor in admissions procedures and protects the designation of scholarship monies for minorities. Such a plan would likely not pass the strict standard of review advocated by Meredith. But under a more deferential standard of review that gives preference to state and university determinations, mandated use of race in admissions and scholarships designations would pass constitutional muster. II. EXPLANATION AND ANALYSIS A. The Current Standard Meredith states that racial classifications are only permissible when there is the strictest connection between the classification and the justification, that the Constitution and our laws are color blind, and that "reverse discrimination" will not end societal discrimination.1 Meredith somewhat reaffirms other cases such as Gratz, Grutter, and Bakke dealing with race and higher education, which, taken together, propose that race may be considered as one of many factors to maintain a specific definition of diversity on college campuses, but only if such plan is narrowly tailored to obtain a specific interest and includes a reasonable termination point.2 In addition, the Department of Education (DOE) dictates guidelines for race-exclusive scholarships. Permissible indicators are: (1) the scholarship is implemented to remedy past discrimination; (2) the scholarship is enacted by Congress; or (3) the scholarship is privately funded and does not limit scholarship opportunities for other students.3 The DOE has also applied the standards for admission, such as the race as "one factor" rule set forth in Bakke, to financial aid policies.4 B. Problems with Meredith, Gratz & Grutier & Other Alternatives Judicial standards articulated in Meredith create too high a barrier for race-based admissions practices in a society where racism has transformed from overt to covert. There are multiple problems with the standard of review and the rationale in Meredith resulting in a flawed and inadequate standard for addressing the use of racial quotas in education. …


Abstract The paper takes as a starting point a recent EU Commission report on scientific publishing in Europe (Dewatripont et al 2006). In Norway, where a new system of documentation of scientific publishing was introduced in 2005, several of the recommendations in this report have already been anticipated. The Norwegian documentation system which has already proven controversial in parts of the research community and lacks parallells in other Nordic countries like Denmark and Sweden, is expected to have considerable consequences on Norwegian publishing patterns, such as increased use of electronic journals and of open standards such as Open Access and Open Source (Vaagan 2005). As e-publishing grows as part of the process of globalization, there is increasing awareness in many countries of ethical concerns in science and in scientific publishing, including the need for public access to publicly-funded research results. In this perspective, the paper links open standards in scientific communication and publishing to the principle of universality of science and to information ethics priorities identified by Capurro (2004). Qualitative methodology is used with critical & typical case sampling (Patton 2002) of key policy documents as well as international articles on e-publishing 2000-2005, especially from DLib magazine. In conclusion, it is suggested that open standards such as Open Access and Open Source are likely to increase in scientific publishing in the future, both in Norway and in the EU.


Of the 2.3 million people currently behind bars in the United States, only 41,000 - a mere 1.7% - are doing LWOP. Based on these numbers, one might well regard LWOP as the anomaly, and certainly not emblematic of the system as a whole. In this essay, I argue that it is LWOP that most effectively captures the central motivating aim of the contemporary American carceral system: the permanent exclusion from the shared social space of the people marked as prisoners. This exclusionist system has no real investment in successful reentry. Instead, a variety of penal practices combine to ensure against any meaningful loosening of control over the people the state has imprisoned. This essay explores the exclusionary effects of several such practices, including the destructive character of prison conditions, the increasing official reluctance to grant parole, and the collateral consequences of felony convictions, which heavily burden the prospects of newly released offenders. This way of framing American penal policy may seem to inappropriately sideline the more legitimate penological purposes - retribution, deterrence, etc. But there is a strikingly poor fit between these more familiar penological justifications and the actual practices of the penal system. By contrast, the exclusionary account offered in this essay is not only consistent with current penal practice, but also helps to make sense of the pervasive normative conception of prisoners as both noncitizens and nonhumans. This normative construction is a key component of the exclusionary project. If this project is to be abandoned and its destructive effects reversed, the implicit assumption that individuals who have been subject to criminal punishment have thereby forfeited their status as fellow citizens and fellow human beings must be confronted and rejected.


Early visual perception and attention are impaired in schizophrenia, and these deficits can be observed on target detection tasks. These tasks activate distinct ventral and dorsal brain networks which support stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention, respectively. We used single and dual target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) tasks during fMRI with an ROI approach to examine regions within these networks associated with target detection and the attentional blink (AB) in 21 schizophrenia outpatients and 25 healthy controls. In both tasks, letters were targets and numbers were distractors. For the dual target task, the second target (T2) was presented at three different lags after the first target (T1) (lag1 = 100 ms, lag3 = 300 ms, lag7 = 700ms). For both single and dual target tasks, patients identified fewer targets than controls. For the dual target task, both groups showed the expected AB effect with poorer performance at lag 3 than at lags 1 or 7, and there was no group by lag interaction. During the single target task, patients showed abnormally increased deactivation of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), a key region of the ventral network. When attention demands were increased during the dual target task, patients showed overactivation of the posterior intraparietal cortex, a key dorsal network region, along with failure to deactivate TPJ. Results suggest inefficient and faulty suppression of salience-oriented processing regions, resulting in increased sensitivity to stimuli in general, and difficulty distinguishing targets from non-targets.


Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Hyperkeratosis, focal hypergranulosis, damage to the basal cell layer, and bandlike infiltrate are hallmarks of LP skin. Lichen sclerosus is a lymphocyte-mediated dermatosis that has a predilection for the genital skin in both sexes. Both pathologies are sharing a number of common characteristics. Previous studies have reported on involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and their capability of digesting extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. We report on the clinical examination of 11 lichen planus patients and 5 lichen sclerosus patients and the morphological evaluation of their skin biopsy samples. Clinical and routine light microscopy findings correlate with the literature data. By contrast, the expression of MMP-9 was greatly varying among clinical types of cutaneous lichen ruber planus. There was similarity in the MMP-9 expression observed between lichen planus pemphigoides and lichen sclerosus.


The main goal of this book is to help organizations improve their effort estimates and effort estimation processes by providing a step-by-step methodology that takes them through the creation and validation of models that are based on their own knowledge and experience. Such models, once validated, can then be used to obtain predictions, carry out risk analyses, enhance their estimation processes for new projects and generally advance them as learning organizations.Emilia Mendes presents the Expert-Based Knowledge Engineering of Bayesian Networks (EKEBNs) methodology, which she has used and adapted during the course of several industry collaborations with different companies world-wide over more than 6 years. The book itself consists of two major parts: first, the methodologys foundations in knowledge management, effort estimation (with special emphasis on the intricacies of software and Web development) and Bayesian networks are detailed; then six industry case studies are presented which illustrate the practical use of EKEBNs. Domain experts from each company participated in the elicitation of the bespoke models for effort estimation and all models were built employing the widely-used Netica tool. This part is rounded off with a chapter summarizing the experiences with the methodology and the derived models.Practitioners working on software project management, software process qualityor effort estimation and risk analysis in general will find a thorough introduction into an industry-proven methodology as well as numerous experiences, tips and possible pitfalls invaluable for their daily work.


This report presents the findings of a National Research and Development Project, undertaken by the Healthy Settings Development Unit at the University of Central Lancashire and funded by the Higher Education Academy Health Sciences and Practice Subject Centre and the Department of Health. The aim of the project was to scope and report on the potential for a national programme on Healthy Universities
that could contribute to health, well-being and sustainable development.

The project comprised four strands:
- Literature Review: A rapid review of relevant academic and policy-related literature conducted in order to clarify theory, scope practice and distil key contextual issues.
- HEI-level Research: Comprising an overview audit and follow-up mapping and consultative research, this strand of the project provided an overview of Healthy University activity across English HEIs, generated in-depth data from a purposive sample of universities and explored perspectives on the potential development of a national programme on Healthy Universities.
- National-Level Stakeholder Research: Using semi-structured interviews with nine key national stakeholder organisations, this strand of the project mapped current health-related roles and responsibilities and explored views regarding the potential development of a national programme on Healthy Universities.
- Joint Action Planning and Reporting: In addition to reporting interim findings at relevant conferences and events, an interactive workshop was held with members
of the English National Healthy Universities Network to present findings, validate data, inform the action planning process and secure further buy-in.

The project highlighted that higher education offers enormous potential to impact positively on the health and well-being of students, staff and the wider community
through education, research, knowledge exchange and institutional practice. It also suggested that investment for health within the sector will further contribute to core
agendas such as staff and student recruitment, experience and retention; and institutional and societal productivity and sustainability.

The research revealed the richness of activity taking place within HEIs and evidenced a rapid increase in interest in the Healthy University approach, pointing to a growing appreciation of the need for a comprehensive whole system approach that can map and understand interrelationships, interactions and synergies within higher education settings – with regard to different groups of the population, different components of the system and different health issues. There is a clear challenge involved in introducing and integrating 'health' within a sector that does not have this as its central aim, is characterised by 'initiative overload', is experiencing resource constraints and comprises fiercely autonomous institutions. However, there is also a widening recognition that such a system-based approach has significant added value – offering the potential to address health in a coherent and joined-up way and to forge connections to both health-related targets and core drivers within higher education.

The report concludes that there is clear demand for national-level stakeholder organisations to demonstrate leadership through championing and resourcing a Healthy Universities Programme that not only adds value within the higher education sector, but also helps to build consistency of approach across the entire spectrum of
education. It issues a number of recommendations with a view to responding to the findings and moving forward.


Justice Marshall's opinion in Johnson v. M'Intosh has long been a puzzle in both its doctrinal structure and in Marshall's manifest ambivalence and long, strange dicta that are both triumphal and elegiac. In this article, I show that the opinion becomes newly intelligible when read in the context of the law and theory of colonialism, concerned, which, like the case itself, was concerned with the expropriation of continents and relations between dominant and subject peoples. I examine several instances where the seeming incoherence of the opinion instead shows its debt imperial jurisprudence, which rested on a distinction between two bodies of law: one governing relations among "civilized" nations, the other for relations between "civilized" governments and the "imperfect sovereigns" of other nations. I then show how Marshall's long dicta reflect the then-prevalent view of the historical progress of societies: from hunter-gatherer to commercial orders, with each stage corresponding to a particular set of property institutions. This historical theory lent intelligibility to the legal distinctions among "civilized" and "lesser" or "imperfect" sovereigns by claiming that the latter occupied earlier stages of development, and that "civilized" nations were legally permitted to override the property institutions of "primitive" societies in order to induce progress. The dicta, then, provide the frame for the reasoning of the case just as the theory of historical progress framed the jurisprudence of colonialism in general.


It is assumed that language education can gain considerable profit when more attention is given to the process of language learning and processing. In other words, it is not enough to look at what pupils are doing, but also at how they are doing it. More attention to the process means a shift towards a strategic approach of language education which tries to enlarge the strategic competence of students: they must become aware of language strategies (directed at the communication process) and learning strategies (directed at the learning process) which can be applied for problem solving. Within such a strategic approach proper exercises must comply with at least three important features: an educational goal in which the function of the task is indicated, assignments for monitoring the problem solving process, and explicit criteria for evaluating task output. In this article we report the results of an analysis of exercises -in particular exercises for the oral skills- in Dutch textbooks for mother tongue and foreign language education pointed to the presence of these relevant features.


Type III self-mutilation is defined as deliberately inflicted and often
repetitive low lethality sell-injurious behaviour, of a socially unacceptable
nature, performed in the absence of conscious suicidal intent and at a tithe
of psychological crisis. It includes such behaviours as self-cutting, self-burning,
skin-abrading, self-hitting and wound excoriation. The behaviour is believed
to reflect severe psychopathology and alteration or extinction of the behaviour
is problematic.
This investigation examined aspects of self-mutilative behaviour in a
male incarcerated population. Comparisons were made with two control
groups: a group of male prisoners with no history of self-mutilation and a
normal control group with no history of self-mutilation or criminal
incarceration. Three studies were conducted. The first study examined those variables reported in the literature to be
concomitants of self-mutilative behaviour. As stated, self-mutilation is said
to reflect excessive psychopathology. However, incarceration also is associated
with elevated symptom levels. It was necessary to determine if a pattern of
psychopathology existed that effectively distinguished the self-mutilators
from non-mutilating prisoners as well as individuals with no history of
self-mutilation or incarceration.
A distinctive pattern of symptomatology emerged. Self-mutilators
evidenced a wide range of elevated scores on general measures of
psychological/psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression and hostility.
Aspects of hostility that distinguished self-mutilators from other groups included the urge to act out hostile feelings, critical feelings towards others,
paranoid feelings of hostility and guilt. Self-mutilators demonstrated
substantial problems with substance abuse, particularly alcohol. A pattern
of passive-aggressive, schizoid and avoidant personality styles distinguished
self-mutilators from other groups. Consideration also was made to some factors which may have led to
these elevated scores and have been associated with self-mutilation in the
literature. Generally, the family backgrounds of self-mutilators were
unremarkable. Although a history of sexual abuse did not differentiate the
groups, there was some evidence that the self-mutilators experienced more
severe physical punishment during childhood than control groups. The
patterns of these factors differed substantially from results reported in the
literature. It was concluded that the occurrence of self-mutilative behaviour
be viewed as the primary consideration in understanding the behaviour
with differing patterns of psychopathology being understood as secondary
and treated symptomatically. As a consequence of this conclusion, the
following question needed to be addressed. If self-mutilative behaviour is
not necessarily a symptom of a disorder, then what is it?
The second study was based on the notion that the act of self-mutilation
is an effective, although maladaptive, strategy for coping with stress. It was
hypothesised that self-mutilators would have deficient skills in coping and
problem-solving. These deficits would leave self-mutilators vulnerable to
the adoption of self-mutilative behaviour as a coping strategy.
Examination of the inherent resources which enable an individual to
cope adequately and effectively with stress demonstrated a depressed score for self-mutilators on the scale measuring self-worth, a positive approach to
others and a general optimism about life. In addition, assessment of the
strategies used to cope with real problems demonstrated that self-mutilators
engaged in more problem avoidance behaviours. Self-mutilators also
recorded less perceived control over problem-solving options. Consideration
also was given to a range of attitudes or beliefs that predispose an individual
to distress. Self-mutilators endorsed a range of irrational beliefs that indicated
they generally experienced feelings of little control over life events and a
desire to avoid problem situations. However, while these deficits existed for
this sample, many aspects of their coping and problem-solving repertoires
were adequate. The results suggested that there was a property of selfmutilation
that recommended its use to those who engaged in the behaviour.
The consistent theme in the literature suggested that this property was tension
reduction. There is much agreement in the literature with regard to the
consequences of the behaviour. Self-mutilation is used as a means of
alleviating unpleasant psychological states. In brief, the phenomenology of
an episode of self-cutting, for example, involves increasing tension and
distress as a result of a precipitating factor such as an adverse life event.
Negative affect escalates until a state of depersonalisation is experienced. At
this point the individual will engage in painless cutting. On the sight of
blood, repersonalisation occurs and tension is reduced. Clinical reports of
this process resulted in the development of the tension reduction model of
self-mutilation. The model postulates that self-mutilation operates as a
drive reduction mechanism. The reduction of tension following an act of self-mutilation is reinforcing, increasing the likelihood that when
experiencing a similar negative psychological state, the self-mutilator will
repeat the behaviour to gain relief. The third study tested the tension reduction model of self-mutilation
to determine if the behaviour was being maintained by its reinforcing qualities.
Self-mutilators' psychophysiological and subjective responses during a
visualised self-mutilative act were investigated. Arousal to three imaged
control events (neutral, accidental injury and aggression) were examined for
differences between self-mutilating prisoner, prisoner control and normal
control groups. Imagery scripts were presented in four stages: scene setting,
approach, incident, and consequence. Results demonstrated a decrease in
psychophysiological and subjective response during imagery of the act of
self-mutilation. A lag between psychophysiological and psychological
response to the self-mutilative act was demonstrated. Patterns of response
elicited during self-mutilation imagery were markedly different to those
during control imagery. Results were consistent with reports indicating that
self-mutilative behaviour is maintained by the reinforcing tension reducing
qualities of the act. The implications of the results of this research to the
management of self-mutilative behaviour are discussed.


Intraplate earthquakes are characterized by spatially isolated regions of persistent, diffuse earthquake activity with no general correlation with mapped surface geology. Various models have been proposed for their origin, but there has been no widely accepted explanation. Here I show a spatial correlation between surface streamflow attributes (mean annual streamflow, standard deviation of streamflow) and the geographic distribution of epicenters in Virginia, West Virginia, and New Madrid, Missouri, supporting the hypothesis that rainfall plays a key role in the generation of intraplate earthquakes. Fluctuations in the elevation of the earth-atmosphere interface (water table, reservoir-surface, river stage) are associated with pore-fluid pressure transients that are transmitted to hypocentral depths where they trigger earthquakes. Such a meteorologically and topographically driven model has been referred to as "hydroseismicity." The new results link flow in major rivers to the distribution of epicenters and reveal a clear correlation between the supply of water at the Earth's surface and the areal distribution of earthquake epicenters. In addition, the timing of three large intraplate earthquakes in Virginia and West Virginia with respect to hurricanes Camille and Agnes, together with the known or inferred values of crustal hydraulic diffusivity, suggests a causal relationship between the meteorologic impulses and the earthquakes. CONCEPTUAL MODEL


It has been reported that high-density planting of sugarcane can improve cane and sugar yield through promoting rapid canopy closure and increasing radiation interception earlier in crop growth. It is widely known that the control of adverse soil biota through fumigation (removes soil biological constraints and improves soil health) can improve cane and sugar yield. Whether the responses to high-density planting and improved soil health are additive or interactive has important implications for the sugarcane production system. Field experiments established at Bundaberg and Mackay, Queensland, Australia, involved all combinations of 2-row spacings (0.5 and 1.5 m), two planting densities (27 000 and 81 000 two-eyed setts/ha), and two soil fumigation treatments (fumigated and non-fumigated). The Bundaberg experiment had two cultivars (Q124, Q155), was fully irrigated, and harvested 15 months after planting. The Mackay experiment had one cultivar (Q117), was grown under rainfed conditions, and harvested 10 months after planting. High-density planting (81 000 setts/ha in 0.5-m rows) did not produce any more cane or sugar yield at harvest than low-density planting (27 000 setts/ha in 1.5-m rows) regardless of location, crop duration (15 v. 10 months), water supply (irrigated v. rainfed), or soil health (fumigated v. non-fumigated). Conversely, soil fumigation generally increased cane and sugar yields regardless of site, row spacing, and planting density. In the Bundaberg experiment there was a large fumigation x cultivar x density interaction (P<0.01). Cultivar Q155 responded positively to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but not in fumigated soil, while Q124 showed a negative response to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but no response in fumigated soil. In the Mackay experiment, Q117 showed a non-significant trend of increasing yield in response to increasing planting density in non-fumigated soil, similar to the Q155 response in non-fumigated soil at Bundaberg. The similarity in yield across the range of row spacings and planting densities within experiments was largely due to compensation between stalk number and stalk weight, particularly when fumigation was used to address soil health. Further, the different cultivars (Q124 and Q155 at Bundaberg and Q117 at Mackay) exhibited differing physiological responses to the fumigation, row spacing, and planting density treatments. These included the rate of tiller initiation and subsequent loss, changes in stalk weight, and propensity to lodging. These responses suggest that there may be potential for selecting cultivars suited to different planting configurations.


This thesis proposes a theoretic framework for the analysis of presence research in the context of Pepper's ghost. Pepper's ghost as a media platform offers new possibilities for performances, real-time communication and media art. The thesis gives an overview on the 150 year old history, as well as contemporary art creation on Pepper's ghost with a specific focus on telepresence. Telepresence, a concept that infused academic debate since 1980, discusses the topic of remote communication, perceived presence transmitted through networked environments. This discourse of telepresence revealed shortcomings in current analytical frameworks. This thesis presents a new model for presence in the context of my research. The standard telepresence model (STM) assumes a direct link between three fundamental components of presence and a measurable impact on the audience. Its three pillars are conceptualised as presence co-factors immersion, interactivity and realism, presented individually in the framework of my practice.

My research is firmly rooted in the field of media art and considers the effect of presence in the context of Pepper's ghost. This Victorian parlour trick serves as an interface, an intermediary for the discussion of live streaming experiences. Three case studies present pillars of the standard model, seeking answers to elemental questions of presence research. The hypothesis assumes a positive relationship between presence and its three co-factors. All case studies were developed as media art pieces in the context of Pepper's ghost. As exemplifiers, they illustrate the concept of presence in respect of my own creative practice.

KIMA, a real-time sound representation experience, proposes a form of telepresence that relies exclusively on immersive sound as a medium. Immersion as co-factor of presence is analysed and explored creatively on the Pepper's ghost canvas. Transmission, the second case study, investigates the effect of physical interaction on presence experiences. An experiment helps to draw inferences in a mixed method approach. The third case study, Aura, discusses variations of realism as presence co factor in the specific context of Pepper's ghost. The practical example is accompanied by an in-depth meta-analysis of realism factors, specifically focusing on the intricacies of Pepper's ghost creative production processes. Together, these three case studies help to shed light on new strategies to improve production methods with possible impact on presence in Pepper's ghost related virtual environments – and beyond.


Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small RNAs responsible for selective repression and degradation of mRNAs. Regulation by miRNAs during development facilitates the transition from one stage to the next and can control specialized characteristics of mature cells. When this regulation is disrupted, cancer can result through increases in proliferation and defects in differentiation.

Keywords:

microRNA;
Dicer;
development;
developmental transition


In the wake of the 1996 case of United States v. Larson, in which the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces held that a service member held a right to privacy in her workplace e-mail, the Department of Defense issued a DoD-wide policy requiring DoD employees to consent to e-mail monitoring, interception, and seizure for any purpose - including law enforcement. With military members deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan relying exclusively on government information systems to communicate daily with friends and family, the DoD policy arguably violates core Fourth Amendment privacy protections. Proceeding from a discussion of first principles in military privacy to the four seminal military cases involving communications privacy expectations, I address the constitutional implications of the DoD policy, exploring whether it unconstitutionally warrants searches for law enforcement purposes. I conclude with a normative appeal for military courts and the DoD to follow the Supreme Court's reasoning in O'Connor v. Ortega and distinguish work-related from law enforcement searches.With both civilian and military law in flux over the scope of privacy expectations in workplace electronic communications, my aim is to provide timely, considered guidance to courts, policy makers, and practitioners in determining what service members should expect from a normative perspective as they use government information systems to communicate with family and friends.


type="main"> Financial safety nets in Asia have come a long way since the Asian financial crisis (AFC) of 1997/1998. With Asian countries not wanting to rely solely on the IMF again, the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) was created in 2000. When the CMI also proved inadequate following the global financial crisis, it was first multilateralized (CMIM), and then doubled in size to US$240bn, while the IMF de-linked portion was increased to 30 percent of the available country quotas. A surveillance unit, the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, was set up in 2001. These are impressive developments, but are they enough to make the CMIM workable? Without clear and rapid-response procedures to handle a fast-developing financial emergency, we argue that it is unlikely that the CMIM will be used even as a complement to the IMF. To serve as a stand-alone option, however, its size or the IMF de-linked portion of funds needs to be further increased, as does its membership, to add diversity. Only if the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office can develop into an independent and credible surveillance authority would it then perhaps be in a position to lead the next rescue.


We introduce a pair of statistics, maj and sh, on Dyck paths and show that they are equidistributed. Then we prove that this maj is equivalent to the statistics $ls$ and $rb$ on non-crossing partitions. Based on non-crossing partitions, we give the most obvious $q$-analogue of the Narayana numbers and the Catalan numbers.


Article by Neil Faris (Solicitor and a former Commissioner at the Northern Ireland Law Commission) reflecting on the nature of law reform as carried out by law commissions. This is in the context of the author's experience in the Northern Ireland Law Commission. The paper assesses the importance of independence in any law reform body and the particular impact which law commissioners may bring to the law reform process. The paper looks at the history of law reform in Northern Ireland leading to the establishment of the Commission with a brief overview of the work of the Commission. The conclusion is that there is a role for effective law reform driven by commissioner led independent law commissions. The author makes a strong case for the need for independent law commissions to promote high quality law reform. His article gives an idea about how law reform works in practice with law commissions providing one route for reforming the law.


A focus of daily life in the UK now revolves around the adoption of technology and the impact of Internet based technology raises issues of the digital divide, knowledge divide, social empowerment and socio economic effects. This paper focuses on the impact of the UK government's policy, 'digital by default', on individuals with limited IT skills living in an area of deprivation. Following a review of prior research, the paper analyses data from semi structured interviews with progression support workers in their roles supporting individuals in their use of computers to find employment. Research results identify barriers inhibiting individuals from using IT and the discussion reflects whether the inclusion of concepts of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory into the design of the 'digital by default' policy has the potential to address the digital divide. The Conclusion draws on the research results to recommend a revised policy strategy.


The Dutch 'Female Board Index 2009' provides for the third year an overview of female representation on the Executive Boards and Supervisory Boards of 107 Dutch NV companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam. The study showed that in September 2009, 38 listed Dutch companies have one or more women on their Executive Board and/or Supervisory Board; this is 35.5% of all 107 Dutch listed companies. Still 69 companies have no women at all on their Executive Board or Supervisory Board. Of the 813 directors in the sample, 57 (7.0%) are female. This is the weighted average of the percentage female executive directors (2.4%) and the percentage female non-executive directors (9.5%). The research also indicates that the support by large listed companies for greater gender-diversity in the Board, yet only seems to be words and no deeds; of the 116 new appointments in the Executive Boards or Supervisory Boards only fourteen times this concerned a new female director, far too little to speak of a breakthrough.


This paper describes a novel and patented air-gap monitoring system for large low speed synchronous hydro-generators. This new system is based on inductive sensors, it is able to measure in real time a static or a dynamic rotor eccentricity, a stator or a rotor deformation, a partial short-circuit in the field winding. It determines also the unbalanced magnetic pulls in magnitude and direction by taking into account not only the saturation level in the magnetic main circuit but also the different damping effects due to the currents in parallel paths and equipotential connections of the stator winding and, in the case of a static eccentricity, due to the damper winding. Large low speed hydro-generators have a very small specific air-gap (25 - 30 mm) to stator bore diameter (up to 22 m) ratio making it virtually impossible to have a perfect centering of the rotor within the stator during the assembly process. Therefore the machines are operated with an eccentricity that, though small, is not negligible, and is the cause of undesirable effects: considerable unbalanced magnetic pulls, vibrations, additional losses. It is therefore important to assess the eccentricity and even more to check its trend in case of any stator or rotor deformations in order to guarantee a safe operation and to prevent any serious damage at an early stage. A series of tests on large machines as well as on a laboratory prototype machine have confirmed the advantages of this new monitoring system in terms of performances and costs compared to the capacitive air-gap monitoring solutions available these days on the market


In addition to technical and economic constraints, tidal energy leasing is generally governed by demand for sites which contain the highest tidal streams, and does not take into account the phase relationship (i.e. the time lag) between sites. Here, the outputs of a three-dimensional tidal model are analysed to demonstrate that there is minimal phase diversity among the high tidal stream regions of the NW European shelf seas. It is therefore possible, under the current leasing system, that the electricity produced by the fi rst generation of tidal stream arrays will similarly be in phase. Extending the analysis to lower tidal stream regions, we demonstrate that these lower energy sites offer more potential for phase diversity, with a mean phase difference of 1.25 h, compared to the phase of high energy sites, and hence more scope for supplying fi rm power to the electricity grid. We therefore suggest that a state-led leasing strategy, favouring the development of sites which are complementary in phase, and not simply sites which experience the highest current speeds, would encourage a sustainable tidal energy industry. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


The article essentially deals with the choice of law process associated with three principal aspects of applicable laws in international commercial arbitration, namely, the law governing arbitration agreements, the law governing arbitral procedure and the law governing the substantive merits of the dispute. This research is of significance as these different aspects of arbitration (the agreement, the procedure and merits of the dispute) are commonly subjected to different laws. As a precursor, the introductory part of this article discusses the evolution and present position of international commercial arbitration in the region. The following chapter sets out the basic interaction between private international law and international commercial arbitration, as well as an overview of the choice of law process, which by and large is treated as the essential stage of a conflict of laws methodology. This section of the article gives a brief sketch of the conflict of laws system in ascertaining the applicable laws relating to the three elements of an international arbitration process, placing a focus on different approaches adopted by some of the more important arbitral-legal systems in Asia. As a disclaimer, the other two important questions of private international law, jurisdiction and enforcement of foreign awards, are not part of this discussion.


A multi-zone model was used to predict the combustion behaviour of a single cylinder Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. Blow-by was considered to capture engine performance at the low operating speed of 700 rpm. The model was calibrated and verified by matching predicted and experimental pressure traces at two engine operating points. The calculated CO and Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions showed good agreement with experiments at both points. The onset of knock during HCCI was adequately reproduced using the Maximum Pressure Rise Rate (MPRR) criterion and another method based on the pressure equalisation rate within the charge.


Auction market users and operators were surveyed regarding their source and use of livestock auction price information. Although important for marketing and to a lesser extent production decisions, only 30 percent preferred publicly reported prices over reports from market operators or other sources. The small share of market users willing to pay for public price reports suggests acceptable substitutes are available. Based on these results it is unlikely that user fees will be able to replace the current level of public support for auction market price reporting.


ABSTRACT Chloroflexi are widespread in subsurface environments, and recent studies indicate that they represent a major fraction of the communities in subseafloor sediment. Here, we compare the abundance, diversity, metabolic potential and gene expression of Chloroflexi from three abyssal sediment cores from the western North Atlantic Gyre (water depth >5400 m) covering up to 15 million years of sediment deposition, where Chloroflexi were found to represent major components of the community at all sites. Chloroflexi communities die off in oxic red clay over 10–15 million years, and gene expression was below detection. In contrast, Chloroflexi abundance and gene expression at the anoxic abyssal clay site increase below the seafloor and peak in 2–3 million-year-old sediment, indicating a comparably higher activity. Metatranscriptomes from the anoxic site reveal increased expression of Chloroflexi genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, protein turnover, inorganic ion transport, defense mechanisms and prophages. Phylogenetic analysis shows that these Chloroflexi are closely related to homoacetogenic subseafloor clades and actively transcribe genes involved in sugar fermentations, gluconeogenesis and Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in the subseafloor. Concomitant expression of cell division genes indicates that these putative homoacetogenic Chloroflexi are actively growing in these million-year-old anoxic abyssal sediments.


La Desirade Island in the Guadeloupe archipelago is a keystone of the structural framework of the Lesser Antilles island arc. Hypothetical ophiolitic series and wide discrepancy in the radiometric datings of its igneous basement have raised considerable debate concerning the structural significance of this island and the geodynamic constraints for the Caribbean plate. Recent detailed field work leads to a reconsideration of the problem. The volcanic basement of La Desirade can be subdivided into three independent units. The cherts interbedded in the unit 2 basalts contain Hauterivian-Barremian radiolarians that represent the oldest biostratigraphic assemblage found in the Lesser Antilles. This affirms the Jurassic radiometric age of the unit 1 trondhjemite outcrop. Observations and analyses allow us to discard the concept of an ophiolitic origin for La Desirade, whose basement was generated, like the northern half of the Lesser Antilles arc, by island-arc processes during the Mesozoic.


How do consumers hold sellers accountable and enforce market norms? This Article contributes to our understanding of consumer markets in three ways. First, The Article identifies the role of a small subset of consumers — the titular 'nudniks' — as engines of market discipline. Nudniks are those who call to complain, speak with managers, post online reviews, and file lawsuits. Typified by an idiosyncratic utility function and personality traits, nudniks pursue action where most consumers remain passive. Although derided in courtrooms and the court of public opinion, we show that nudniks can solve consumer collective action problems, thereby leading to broad market improvements.

Second, the Article spotlights a disconcerting development: Sellers' growing usage of Big Data and predictive analytics allows them to identify specific consumers as potential nudniks and avoid selling to or disarm them before they can draw attention to sellers' misconduct. The Article therefore captures an understudied problem with Big Data tools: sellers can use these tools to shield themselves from market accountability.

Finally, the Article evaluates a menu of legal strategies that would preserve the benefits of nudnik-based activism in light of these technological developments. In the process, we revisit the conventional wisdom on the desirability of form contracts, mandatory arbitration clauses, defamation law, and standing doctrines.


New evidence points to an important role for the transcriptional repressor known as Pokemon in oncogenesis. Maeda et al. studied the effects of ablation or overexpression of Pokemon. The Pokemon (POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor, also called LRF, OCZF, or FBI-1) protein belongs to a family of proteins that contain a POZ domain (poxvirus and zinc finger, also called BTB domain) and a DNA-binding domain, through which they act as transcriptional repressors. Loss of Pokemon in mouse embryo fibroblasts made cells resistant to the effects of potent oncogene combinations. When expressed with various oncogenes, Pokemon enhanced transformation and protected cells from apoptosis or senescence. In vivo Pokemon promoted oncogenesis when overexpressed in T and B cells in a transgenic mouse model. The authors used a technique known as CAST (cyclic amplification and selection of targets) and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays to characterize a Pokemon binding sequence. A search of tumor suppressor genes with potential binding sites turned up ARF, a protein that works with the tumor suppressor p53 as a major defense mechanism against oncogenes. This repression of ARF expression appeared to be critical, as knockout of Arf in mouse embryo fibroblasts protected cells from the transforming effects of loss of Pokemon. Pokemon was overexpressed in certain human cancers, and the amount of Pokemon expression was a predictor of clinical outcome. Thus Pokemon has all the hallmarks of a critical regulator of transformation and oncogenesis and provides a likely target for effective use of transcriptional regulators for therapeutic effects against cancer. T. Maeda, R. M. Hobbs, T. Merghoub, I. Guernah, A. Zelent, C. Cordon-Cardo, J. Teruya-Feldstein, P. P. Pandolfi, Role of the proto-oncogene Pokemon in cellular transformation and ARF repression. Nature 433, 278-285 (2005). [PubMed]


The connection between the equatorial mean circulation and the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific is investigated through sensitivity experiments with a high-resolution coupled physical-biogeochemical model. A validation against in situ observations indicates a realistic simulation of the vertical and horizontal oxygen distribution by the model. Two sets of climatological open-boundary conditions for the physical variables, which differ slightly with respect to the intensity and vertical structure of the Equatorial Current System, are shown to lead to contrasting characteristics of the simulated OMZ dynamics. From a Lagrangian perspective, the mean differences near the coast originate to a large extent from the different transport of deoxygenated waters by the secondary Tsuchiya Jet (secondary Southern Subsurface Countercurrent, sSSCC). The O2 budget further indicates a large difference in the balance between tendency terms, with advection exhibiting the largest difference between both simulations, which is shown to result from both linear and nonlinear advection. At regional scale, we also find that the variability of the physical contribution to the rate of O2 change is one order of magnitude larger than the variability associated with the biogeochemical contribution, which originates from internal high-frequency variability. Overall our study illustrates the large sensitivity of the OMZ dynamics to the equatorial circulation.


This paper explores the many of the alternative and naturopathic options available for pregnancy, labor and delivery, and postpartum care and the advantages this type of care presents. The research discussed shows that many of these options can be very beneficial to the patient as well as being more accessible when travel restrictions are an issue, such as in the case of a patient living in a rural geographically isolated area. This paper discusses such therapy options as massage, music therapy, yoga, relaxation, acupuncture, acupressure, herbal remedies, hypnosis, and telecare as well as their implications for the healthcare team involved, focusing specifically on the role of the nurse in each type of therapy. Many research articles were examined and compared in order to suggest a medley of both modern medical techniques and alternative modalities of care to maximize the health status of both mother and fetus. Considerations for adapting a plan specific to a rural Alaskan setting are also reviewed. ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES FOR PERINATAL CARE 3 Alternative Therapies for Perinatal Care: A Holistic Approach to Pregnancy


BACKGROUND
Individuals with diabetes may develop diabetic foot ulcers due to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Multiple factors influence the ulcer healing process; oxygen helps in facilitating the different stages of wound healing.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the different levels of evidence available in the application of topical oxygen therapy, warm oxygen therapy, or other modes of topical oxygen delivery in the healing dynamics of diabetic foot ulcers.

METHODS
Databases searched included Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The eligibility criteria of studies included participants ≥18 years with chronic non-healing diabetic foot ulcer (duration ≥3 months) receiving warm oxygen or topical oxygen therapy (TOT), and other modes of topical oxygen administration, which were compared with standard care group. Randomized and non-randomized studies were included. The primary outcome measure assessed was the rate of wound healing or wound closure.

RESULTS
The review included 5 studies which used different modes of topical oxygen administration. The healing trajectory of the wounds was completely achieved in low-grade ulcers (grade 1), whereas all high-grade ulcers (grades 2, 3, and above) showed either 100% or 50% healing with a reduction in ulcer size and ulcer tissue depth.

CONCLUSION
Topical oxygen therapy facilitates wound healing dynamics among individuals with chronic diabetic foot ulcers.


The aim of the article is to conduct a multidimensional assessment of the diversification of economic development of Polish regions in the context of the progress made in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development in 2010 and 2017. The authors focused primarily on determining the position of Lubusz Province on the economic map of Poland. Given that economic development is a complex category, taxonomic (synthetic) measures developed on the basis of selected methods of multivariate comparative analysis were used in the research. The synthetic measures were constructed using the proposed partial indicators (explanatory variables), which, according to the authors, best illustrate economic development and the idea of sustainable development at regional level. Based on the constructed measures, a linear ordering of Polish regions by level of economic development in the context of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development was made, and the convergence of the orders was examined. In addition, the regions were grouped by level of economic development. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the obtained groupings was evaluated. The research shows that in 2017, compared to 2010, the overall level of economic development in all Polish regions increased. In what concerns Lubusz Province, a conclusion can be made that its position in the overall ranking is improving.Keywords: Linear ordering; Region; Sustainable development; Economic development; Polish regions


The main objective of this study is to examine empirically the relationship between commercial banking performance and economic growth in Qatar. This study aims at examining functional relationships between bank's profit, from one hand and between the real sectors such as GDP, foreign interest rates, govemment revenues, govemment expenditures' and bank's equity effect on the other hand. Different statistical exercises including stability tests for structural stability of the model and causality experiments were conducted. Granger causality tests were performed on all variables, and bank equities, variable was found to Granger cause banks profit, GDP Granger causes bank profit indirectly through bank equities. The other variables were insignificant at acceptable levels. The statistical findings indicated that the predictability of these models is highly accurate and could be applied to similar countries or institutions.


FROM THE FOOD UPRISINGS in the early 1700s to the notorious antibusing riots in the mid-1970s, incidents of communal social violence have played a significant role in Boston's history. The remarkable story of Boston's violent past is now told for the first time in this thorough exploration of the more than 100 riots that occurred in the city over a span of nearly three centuries. Drawing on exhaustive research in newspaper archives, Jack Tager revisits both well- and lesser-known episodes, including the grain, impressment, brothel, and Pope Day riots of the eighteenth century; the anti-Catholic, abolition, and draft riots of the nineteenth century; and the Kosher meat, police strike, ghetto, and busing riots of the twentieth century. Tager identifies the protagonists, highlights their motives and demands, and seeks to determine whether they realized their goals. He also examines how victims suffered at the hands of their fellow citizens, shows how law enforcement responded to the riots, and considers the complex social interactions and tensions that contributed to the uprisings. He finds that most incidents of violent civil disorder were initiated by the powerless lower classes who believed rioting was the only avenue for giving voice to their grievances over political, cultural, religious, or economic oppression. This vivid portrait of an ever-changing community over time provides a revealing glimpse into peoples' anger, aspirations, and frustrations. It sheds new light on why groups are provoked to take unlawful action in response to unjust conditions, and it opens a fresh vista on the social history of Boston.


Originally created as documents of the government surveys in the 1860s-1870s, Timothy O'Sullivan's photographs were rediscovered in the mid-twentieth century by museum curators, artists and scholars, many of whom argued for O'Sullivan's artistic genius, uniqueness and his proto-modernist compositions. His early champions were the artist Ansel Adams and curator Beaumont Newhall, but others argued for the aesthetic importance of his work at the end of the century, including scholars Joel Snyder, Robin Kelsey, and Museum of Modern Art curator Peter Galassi. In the early 1980s, Rosalind Krauss argued against the notion that O'Sullivan should be included in the photographic art canon in her 1982 article, "Photography's Discursive Spaces: Landscape/View" in Art Journal. This thesis focuses on the changing reception and the functions of O'Sullivan's photographs by an examination of different examples of one photograph, O'Sullivan's "Sioux Hot Springs", held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York), the National Archives Still Picture Unit (College Park, Maryland), and the George Eastman House (Rochester, New York).


In this article, the author demonstrates that, during their recent child contact campaign, UK women's groups concentrated on violence-based feminist critiques of child contact to the exclusion of autonomy-based critiques. While the author recognises that this focus had a clear rationale and led to concrete successes, she argues that it damaged mothers' interests by creating two mutually exclusive types of mothers involved in child contact disputes, the domestic violence victim and the unreasonable mother. The author suggests two explanations for women's groups' exclusive concentration on domestic violence: first, a search for consensus; and, secondly, a feminist definition of domestic violence. However, the author concludes that there is a tension between the women's groups' demand for the law to treat domestic violence as more determinative in contact disputes and their demand for the law to adopt a feminist interpretation of domestic violence: women's groups are using safety as a stand-in for autonomy, to the detriment of all mothers.


Male factor infertility contributes to half of all infertility cases, yet current knowledge remains unable to diagnose all but gross abnormalities in male reproductive physiology. In an effort to identify proteins involved in initiating epididymal sperm maturation, our lab identified the cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (CRES) gene based on its preferential expression in the initial epididymal segment. Cres represents a unique subgroup of the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors in that its expression is restricted to reproductive tissues and its sequence predicts specificity distinct from classic cystatins. CRES protein is localized to the caput epididymal lumen and the sperm acrosome. Both compartments contain active proteases responsible for protein processing events that are required for sperm function; however, the regulatory mechanisms controlling these processing events are poorly understood. These observations led to the proposal that CRES protein regulates protein processing in these tissues.

We hypothesized that CRES might also regulate proteolysis in the pituitary gland for two reasons: (1) the pituitary gland expresses a number of proteases involved in preprotein processing; and (2) the pituitary gland is functionally connected with the gonad via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Thus, the goal of these studies was to determine whether CRES is expressed in the pituitary gland and if so, to examine its regulation by hypothalamic and/or gonadal factors. These studies demonstrate that CRES is expressed in the anterior pituitary gland and is co-localized intracellularly with leutinizing hormone (LH) in gonadotrope secretory granules. To examine the regulation of Cres mRNA, we developed a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay and showed that, unlike steroid hormones, GnRH is the primary physiologic regulator of Cres gene expression. Specifically, GnRH administration causes a rapid decrease in Cres mRNA levels, an effect opposite from its potent stimulation of LHp mRNA expression. In contrast, intracellular CRES and LHP protein levels were regulated similarly by steroid hormones, consistent with their being packaged within the same subset of secretory granules. Taken together, these studies indicate that CRES function is influenced by subtle alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, suggesting it may regulate processing events important at specific times for gonadotrope secretory functions.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore reasons behind meat consumption. It aims to find out what motivates meat consumers and explore the opportunities of social marketing to counteract negative environmental and health trends.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory Australian survey of Sydney consumer red meat choices is used covering dietary preferences, meat eating patterns, reasons and levels of concern for economic and environmental issues. Analysis of dietary guidelines and marketing campaigns in relation to the survey findings is conducted.

Findings

The survey highlights: lack of awareness about the link between meat consumption and environmental well-being; widespread inaccuracy of health messages related to meat consumption; influence of the meat industry in promoting excessive meat consumption; pervasiveness of the link between red meat consumption and national identity, social status, prestige and masculinity; and urgent need for government-supported social marketing interventions and the demarketing of meat.

Originality/value

This is the first study to propose social marketing based on the health and environmental co-benefits of reduced red meat consumption.


This study presents art projects that reinforce scientific content presented in children's picture books about ecology. Ten K-6 students from varying socioeconomic classes, and different cultural and language backgrounds from the United States and Spain participated. Next Generation Science Standards were identified and addressed in these art projects. Students' understanding and engagement were evaluated through teacher observations, photographs, and a student attitude survey. Upperand lower-elementary students evidenced increased understanding of environmental issues, and high level of enjoyment and engagement through these art projects integrated with science content. Researchers encourage educators to incorporate picture books and art in science lessons to increase student engagement and scientific learning while meeting various standards. Citation Hageman, J. L., Martín, N. M., Montgomery, S. E., & Rule, A. C. (2019). Practical art projects related to children's picture books about ecology. Journal of STEM Arts, Crafts, and Constructions, 4(1), 16-51.  Download


The half-life in plasma of immunoreactive insulin was determined after the injection of eight units of unlabeled human insulin. Six juvenile diabetics and nine maturityonset diabetics as well as eight and six nondiabetics of comparable ages were investigated. The average T½ for the groups was respectively: 10.0 ± 2.8; 12.9 ± 1.7; 10.6 ± 1.9 and 13.0 ± 2.5 minutes. There is no tendency to any difference in T½ between diabetics and nondiabetics of comparable age. However, the T½ in the older group is significantly longer than T½ in the younger age group. Evidence from in vitro experiments, as well as from the literature, is presented which points to the fact that iodinated insulin cannot be used for the evaluation of the disappearance rate or secretion rate of endogenous insulin. Furthermore, it is emphasized that protein precipitation with TCA or Na2SO4 cannot be employed for the isolation of undestroyed iodinated insulin.


The geochemical model for Mo mineralization in the JEB Tailings Management Facility (JEB TMF), operated by AREVA Resources Canada at McClean Lake, Saskatchewan, was investigated using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES), an elemental-specific technique that is sensitive to low elemental concentrations. Twenty five samples collected during the 2013 sampling campaign from various locations and depths in the TMF were analyzed by XANES. Mo K-edge XANES analysis indicated that the tailings consisted primarily of Mo(6+) species: powellite (CaMoO4), ferrimolybdite (Fe2(MoO4)3·8H2O), and molybdate adsorbed on ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3 - MoO4). A minor concentration of a Mo(4+) species in the form of molybdenite (MoS2) was also present. Changes in the Mo mineralization over time were inferred by comparing the relative amounts of the Mo species in the tailings to the independently measured aqueous Mo pore water concentration. It was found that ferrimolybdite and molybdate adsorbed on ferrihydrite initially dissolves in the TMF and precipitates as powellite.


Disability, Obesity and Ageing offers an engaging account of a new area of pressing concern, analysing the way in which 'spurned' identities are depicted and reacted to in televisual genres and online forums. Examining the symbolic power of the media, this book presents case studies from drama, situation comedies, reality and documentary television programmes popular in the UK, USA and Australia to shed light on the representation of disability, obesity and ageing, and the manner in which their status as unwanted and unwelcome identities is perpetuated.

A theoretically sophisticated exploration of television as a translator of identity, and the exploration of identity categories in allied virtual spaces, this book will be of interest to sociologists, as well as scholars of popular culture, and cultural and media studies.


INTRODUCTION: This in vivo study assessed accuracy and reliability of tooth length measurements obtained from conventional panoramic radiographs and CBCT panoramic reconstructions to that of a digital caliper (gold standard). METHODS: The sample consisted of subjects who had CBCT and conventional panoramic radiographic imaging and who required maxillary premolar extraction for routine orthodontic treatment. A total of 48 teeth extracted from 26 subjects were measured directly with digital calipers. Radiographic images were scanned and digitally measured in Dolphin 3D software. Accuracy of tooth length measurements made by CBCT panoramic reconstructions, conventional panoramic radiographs and digital caliper (gold standard) were compared to each other by repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction and by single measures intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Repeated root length measures with digital calipers, panoramic radiographs and CBCT constructed panoramic-like images were all individually highly reliable. Compared to the caliper (gold standard), tooth measurements obtained from conventional panoramic radiographs were on average 6.3 mm (SD = 2.0 mm) longer, while tooth measurements from CBCT panoramic reconstructions were an average of 1.7 mm (SD = 1.2 mm) shorter. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to actual tooth lengths, conventional panoramic radiographs were relatively inaccurate, overestimating the lengths by 29%, while CBCT panoramic reconstructions underestimated the lengths by 4%.


Understanding the movement of animals in time and space, and its implications
for the abundance and distribution of populations, is a pivotal problem in ecology.
Animal migration is often interpreted as a response to environmental
heterogeneity, particularly in dynamic ocean environments where prey resources
tend to be patchily distributed. In juvenile animals, since migration is not
associated with travel to breeding sites, movement is expected to be more tightly
coupled to food resources.
This study is concerned with the migratory patterns of the juvenile animals of a
large, predatory, widely distributed temperate marine species, the southern bluefin
tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, hereafter SBT). The long-distance migrations of this
predator are investigated directly within the oceanographic context, with
environmental influences on movement and behaviour determined through the
integration, analysis and interpretation of telemetry-based and oceanographic data.
In this thesis I present data and analyses for: (1) Seasonal ocean processes — remotely sensed ocean data were used to identify
oceanographic features, and their cycle of development and/or productivity,
that may provide important seasonal feeding habitats.
(2) Plasticity in vertical behaviour — oceanographic habitats were characterised
on the basis of water column structure, using temperature-at-depth data from
archival tags, and vertical movements of SBT examined in response to habitat
type and other factors.
(3) Feeding and foraging ecology — temporal feeding patterns were determined
from visceral warming patterns and used to evaluate the relationship between
feeding success and time spent in an area.
(4) Factors predictive of feeding success — were investigated using an integration
of telemetry, environmental data and statistical modelling techniques.
General discussion — the integration of biological and oceanographic data provide
a significant advancement to our current knowledge on movement, habitat use and foraging ecology in migratory marine animals, and an increased appreciation for
the diversity and complexity of biological phenomena. In particular, the ability to
detect feeding events provided critical, and sometimes unexpected, insights into
the motivations for the observed movements and behaviours, challenging some
existing ecological concepts.


In recent years there has been an increasing interest in understanding parental participation in the processes that characterise statutory child protection intervention. In part, this reflects a shift in thinking across western child protection systems, which has recognised that active parental involvement in intervention is more likely to lead to better outcomes for children at risk of abuse and / or neglect and a repositioning of child protection practices within broader discourses of service user participation. In this paper we present the findings of a small scale qualitative study which explored the experiences of twelve parents who were, at the time of the study, subject to statutory child protection intervention measures in Scotland. Parents reported intervention experiences as simultaneously negative and positive. The early stages of intervention and child protection case conferences were experienced as particularly distressing and confusing. The importance of the client-worker relationship emerged as central to meaningful participation and positive outcomes.


The recent scholarly appreciation of the Book of the Twelve as a unified canonical structure may influence the reading of Malachi with respect to its eschatology. More particularly, the prophecy of Malachi comes straight after Zechariah 14, and in that passage the end-time nations recognize God as king. In this article I argue that the eschatology of Zechariah 14 should affect our reading of the prophecy of Malachi. As in Zechariah 14, the international recognition of Yhwh 's rule is an important theme in Malachi's picture of the future. Five key texts are considered (Mal 1:5, 11, 14; 3:4, 12), and each text is shown to be futuristic in orientation. The present cultic inadequacies exposed by the prophet are measured against an ideal past (3:4) and a glorious future (1:5, 11, 14; 3:4, 12). The proclamation of Malachi includes the eschatological hope of the renovation of the Jerusalemite cult and the universal worship of God among the nations.


In January 2005, China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO) announced it would join the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). At that time, COSCO initiated sustainability reporting practices in line with the UNGC, and over the next six years these efforts evolved into an information technology platform integrating all the company's sustainability processes and indicators. In fall 2011, the company's leadership considered the following strategic questions: To what extent should COSCO refer to international and domestic sustainability standards in the platform framework? How far should COSCO go in promoting the sustainability system as a stand-alone product? What were the next steps in sustainability reporting, and should COSCO try to attain even higher reporting standards in the future? Moreover, related issues facing the company included: What would be the value in reaching higher sustainability and reporting standards, and how would internal and external stakeholders react? What challenges lay ahead for the consistent implementation of higher standards across COSCO's subsidiaries?Learning Objective: To examine a company's sustainability management systems and implementation, and in particular its sustainability reporting design and compilation processes.


The ethnographic methods that anthropologists first developed to study other cultures fieldwork, participant observation, dialogue are now being adapted for a broad array of applications, such as business, conflict resolution and demobilization, wildlife conservation, education, and biomedicine. In "Transforming Ethnographic Knowledge," anthropologists trace the changes they have seen in ethnography as a method and as an intellectual approach, and they offer examples of ethnography s role in social change and its capacity to transform its practitioners. Senior scholars Mary Catherine Bateson, Sidney Mintz, and J. Lorand Matory look back at how thinking ethnographically shaped both their work and their lives, and George Marcus suggests that the methods for teaching and training anthropologists need rethinking and updating. The second part of the volume features anthropologists working in sectors where ethnography is finding or claiming new relevance: Kamari Maxine Clarke looks at ethnographers involvement (or non-involvement) in military conflict, Csilla Kalocsai employs ethnographic tools to understand the dynamics of corporate management, Rebecca Hardin and Melissa Remis take their own anthropological training into rainforests where wildlife conservation and research meet changing subsistence practices and gendered politics of social difference, and Marcia Inhorn shows how the interests in mobility and diasporic connection that characterize a new generation of ethnographic work also apply to medical technologies, as those mediate fertility and relate to social status in the Middle East."


In this conceptual analysis contribution to the special issue on radical embodied cognition, we discuss how embodied cognition can exist with and without representations. We explore this concept through the lens of judgment and decision-making in sports (JDMS). Embodied cognition has featured in many investigations of human behavior, but no single approach has emerged. Indeed, the very definitions of the concepts "embodiment" and "cognition" lack consensus, and consequently the degree of "radicalism" is not universally defined, either. In this paper, we address JDMS not from a rigid theoretical perspective but from two embodied cognition approaches: one that assumes there is mediation between the athlete and the environment through mental representation, and another that assumes direct contact between the athlete and the environment and thus no need for mental representation. Importantly, our aim was not to arrive at a theoretical consensus or set up a competition between approaches but rather to provide a legitimate scientific discussion about how to explain empirical results in JDMS from contrasting perspectives within embodied cognition. For this, we first outline the definitions and constructs of embodied cognition in JDMS. Second, we detail the theory underlying the mental representation and direct contact approaches. Third, we comment on two published research papers on JDMS, one selected by each of us: (1) Correia et al. (2012) and (2) Pizzera (2012). Fourth, following the interpretation of the empirical findings of these papers, we present a discussion on the commonalities and divergences of these two perspectives and the consequences of using one or the other approach in the study of JDMS.


Despite the history of settler colonisation and state control (Attwood, 1989), where Indigenous people and their knowledge has been 'classified, excluded, objectified, individualised, disciplined, and normalised' (Best and Kellner), it is important to recognise that this is not the complete story. Western science and knowledge systems have had a long history of interrelationship with Australian Indigenous cultural life and systems. As bell hooks (1992) put it when describing the influence of African-Americans on US culture (see also Todd Boyd, 1997), even in the worst circumstances of domination, blacks have an ability to manipulate, shape and open up exchanges with white knowledge systems.


Ethnic enclaves serve as segregated ghettos, negotiated spaces, tourist attractions, and vibrant shopping and residential districts for many of Los Angeles's diverse communities. The enclaves are products of both historical racial discrimination and self-segregation driven by mutual, ethnically-specific interests. Enclaves serve as negotiated spaces by offering social services and familiar sorts of businesses where transactions are conducted in familiar languages and manners. Increasingly, ethnic enclaves are also tourist attractions where cultural festivals, restaurants, and other experiences exist in part to appeal to visitors from the larger culture. As part of the process of exploring these neighborhoods in Los Angeles and Orange counties, Eric Brightwell paints and draws maps of them. Included in this article are hand-drawn and painted maps of Historic Filipinotown, The Byzantine-Latino Quarter, Little Tokyo, Koreatown, Chinatown, Little Italy, Little Armenia, The Far Eastside, Little Seoul, Little Arabia, and Little India.


Neural end-to-end (E2E) models have become a promising technique to realize practical automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. When realizing such a system, one important issue is the segmentation of audio to deal with streaming input or long recording. After audio segmentation, the ASR model with a small real-time factor (RTF) is preferable because the latency of the system can be faster. Recently, E2E ASR based on non-autoregressive models becomes a promising approach since it can decode an N -length token sequence with less than N iterations. We propose a system to concatenate audio segmentation and non-autoregressive ASR to realize high accuracy and low RTF ASR. As a non-autoregressive ASR, the insertion-based model is used. In addition, instead of concate-nating separated models for segmentation and ASR, we intro-duce a new architecture that realizes audio segmentation and non-autoregressive ASR by a single neural network. Experimental results on Japanese and English dataset show that the method achieved a reasonable trade-off between accuracy and RTF compared with baseline autoregressive Transformer and connectionist temporal classification.


We show that optimal monetary and fiscal policies are time consistent for a class of economies often used in applied work, economies appealing because they are consistent with the growth facts. We establish our results in two steps. We first show that for this class of economies, the Friedman rule of setting nominal interest rates to zero is optimal under commitment. We then show that optimal policies are time consistent if the Friedman rule is optimal. For our benchmark economy in which the time consistency problem is most severe, the converse also holds: if optimal policies are time consistent, then the Friedman rule is optimal.


Cities often host many colleges and universities; while the commuter student in suburban or rural areas may drive or be driven to school, students at colleges and universities in dense, urban settings rely predominantly on mass transit for their commute to class. The act of commuting to campus has been found by a number of researchers to define and shape the experiences of commuter students in college, though the literature on college students who commute is not extensive. A qualitative study of the academic culture and scholarly habits of undergraduate students at the City University of New York (CUNY) revealed much about the experiences of urban commuter students, and the impact of the commute on each student's ability to accomplish her academic work. In this article we will share the results of our study, and suggest strategies to help urban academic libraries direct resources, services, and policies to best serve their commuter students.


The multicell converter topology possesses a natural voltage balancing property. This paper uses models obtained previously to perform a stability analysis of multicell converters for the general case of p-cells. It uses a generic model in steady-state- and time constant analyses to determine the stability of multicell converters. In this paper stability refers to balanced cell capacitor voltages, whereas Instability refers to unbalanced cell capacitor voltages. The stability analysis is performed for both sinusoidal modulation as well as fixed duty-cycle modulation. The model used in the stability analyses in this paper Is valid for any modulation method. The conditions that lead to stability of the cell capacitor voltages as well as that leading to instability are presented. Theoretical results are included to verify the presented stability analyses and properties.


Body size affects the structure and function of all levels of biological organization. In ecological systems, body size strongly influences individuals (e.g. rates of individual growth, reproduction and mortality), populations (e.g. population growth rate, abundance and space use), communities (e.g. community abundance, food-web structure and interspecific interactions) and ecosystems (e.g. flux, storage and turnover of materials and energy). This is because individual metabolic rate – the rate at which an organism takes up and utilizes energy and materials – is largely controlled by body size. Here we review how body-size allometries at the individual level affect the structure and function of populations, communities and ecosystems. We use these results to identify and highlight exciting new applications of allometric theory in ecology.

Key concepts:

Body size sets an organism's metabolic rate and thereby controls its rates of growth, reproduction and mortality.

Body size is a key predictor of population growth rate, density and carrying capacity through its effects on individual-level rates of birth, death and resource use.

Body size influences community structure through its effects on individual-level resource demands, individual life histories and interspecific interactions.

Body size affects predator–prey dynamics and food-web interactions partially through its effects on metabolic rate.

The contribution of biota to the cycling of energy and materials in ecosystems is affected by species' size distributions, and by the flux, storage and turnover of energy and elements in individuals which, in turn, is controlled by metabolic rate.

Allometric models provide a baseline for understanding the structure and function of complex ecological systems, and a means to quantitatively link different levels of biological organization.

Keywords:

allometry;
body size;
scaling;
metabolic theory of ecology;
energetics


Free-form surfaces are defined with NURBS (non-uniform rational basis spline) for most computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications. The NURBS method requires the definition of parameters such as weights, knot vectors and degree of the curves which make the configuration of the surface computationally expensive and complex. When the control points are randomly spaced in the point cloud and the topology of the desired surface is unknown, surface configuration with NURBS method becomes a challenging task. Optimization attempts for such surfaces create enormous amounts of computing data when coupled with physics solvers such as finite element analysis (FEA) tools and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. In this paper, an adapted Delaunay triangulation (ADT) method for surface generation from the random points cloud is proposed and compared with widely used implicit functions based NURBS fitting method. The surface generated from ADT method can be simultaneously used with stochastic optimization algorithms (SOA) and CFD applications to search for the optimal results with minimum computational costs. It was observed while comparing ADT with NURBS-based geometry configuration that the computation time can be reduced by 3 folds. The corresponding deviation between both geometry configuration methods has been observed as low as 5% for all optimisation scenarios during the comparison. In addition, ADT method can provide light weight CFD approach as any instance of design iteration has at least half storage footprint as compared to corresponding NURBS surface. The proposed approach provides novel methodology towards establishing light weight CFD geometry, absence of which currently isolates methodologies for optimization and CFD analysis.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the key productivity constraints faced by New Zealand (NZ) road pavement maintenance and rehabilitation contractors (RPMRCs) and the associated mitigation measures.

Design/methodology/approach
Interview-based exploratory research strategy was used to survey senior managers and directors of medium- to large-sized road contracting firms in NZ. Empirical data were analyzed using the multi-attribute analytical technique.

Findings
Results revealed 70 productivity constraints faced by the RPMRCs in NZ; in diminishing order of influence, these constraints were aggregated into eight broad categories as follows: finance, workforce, technology/process, statutory/regulatory compliance, project characteristics, project management/project team characteristics, unforeseen circumstances and other/external factors. The most important constraints in each of the eight broad categories were presented.

Research limitations/implications
The key limitation of the research is that it was based on feedback from a limited number of participants which were less than the minimum required to represent the views of the potential participants in the sampling frame for the study. As a result, the findings may not be reliably generalized beyond the scope of the data used. Further research on the subject is recommended to ensure that the representation of the views of the individuals and companies that comprised the sampling frame is achieved. The current findings could be formulated as propositions or hypotheses to be tested in future confirmatory research.

Practical implications
At the industry level, the findings could provide the basis for the skill development programs of the NZ RPMRCs. The application of the research findings by the RPMRCs and consultants could result in significant improvement in the productivity of the NZ roading sector and the sector's enhanced contribution to the economy.

Originality/value
Currently, there is little research on the priority constraints to productivity and performance in the NZ roading sector. The findings contribute to knowledge by revealing critical factors constraining productivity performance of the NZ RMRCs and the associated improvement measures. New and more enriching viewpoints were provided on how contractors could leverage their limited resources to address the identified key constraints.


The translation features typically used in state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) model dependencies between the source and target phrases, but not among the phrases in the source language themselves. A swathe of research has demonstrated that integrating source context modelling directly into log-linear phrase-based SMT (PB-SMT) and hierarchical PB-SMT (HPB-SMT), and can positively
influence the weighting and selection of target phrases, and thus improve translation quality. In this thesis we present novel approaches to incorporate source-language contextual modelling into the state-of-the-art SMT models in order to enhance the quality of lexical selection. We investigate the effectiveness of use of a range of contextual features, including lexical features of neighbouring words, part-of-speech tags, supertags, sentence-similarity features, dependency information, and semantic roles. We explored a series of language pairs featuring typologically different languages, and examined the scalability of our research to larger amounts of training data.
While our results are mixed across feature selections, language pairs, and learning curves, we observe that including contextual features of the source sentence
in general produces improvements. The most significant improvements involve the integration of long-distance contextual features, such as dependency relations in
combination with part-of-speech tags in Dutch-to-English subtitle translation, the combination of dependency parse and semantic role information in English-to-Dutch parliamentary debate translation, supertag features in English-to-Chinese translation, or combination of supertag and lexical features in English-to-Dutch subtitle
translation. Furthermore, we investigate the applicability of our lexical contextual model in another closely related NLP problem, namely machine transliteration.


On 9 September 2007, Australian Ministers and the Indonesian President announced a $100 million Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP). This would involve protecting 70,000 hectares of peat forests, re-flooding 200,000 hectares of dried peatland, and planting 100 million trees in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Since then, the ambitions of KFCP have been quietly but drastically scaled back. The area expected to be re-flooded by the project is now just over 10 per cent of the original target. And little progress has been made on the ground. Four years on, blocking of the large canals required for re-flooding has yet to commence, and only 50,000 trees have been planted against the initial target of 100 million. What has happened to what was labelled at its launch as 'a very real and very practical contribution', one which would yield 'immediate and tangible results'? We analyze KFCP both as an aid 'announceable' and as a REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) demonstration project, and reach two main conclusions. First, KFCP illustrates the damage that an emphasis on announcing new projects and a lack of attention to reporting on project progress can cause aid. Not enough has been done to publicly reposition KFCP as a much smaller, demonstration project. Second, slow progress made in implementing KFCP (and other REDD projects), when juxtaposed against the continued rapid rate of land conversion in Indonesia, suggests that the current approach is not working. There is no easy solution. Reducing deforestation in Indonesia is a difficult task because the drivers of deforestation – which range from weak governance to a strong industry lobby and the attractive economics of palm oil – are strong and difficult to tackle. If it is worth continuing, then the focus on pilots and processes which has characterized Australia's engagement in Indonesia's forestry sector in recent years should be re-oriented towards a more ambitious engagement. This should be supported by a vigorous high-level policy dialogue and at least the realistic prospect of a large amount of public funds.


Correctness of software artefacts has become a major requirement in software development processes for all sorts of systems. For parallel programs, however, testing becomes insufficient as it cannot observer all possible interleavings of threads. Hence, we employ model checking to automatically explore all behaviours of a concurrent system and thus allow proving its correctness. Today, a core problem of model checking efforts is the dynamically evolving heap in presence of low-level memory operations that stem from explicit memory management as known from C. Most approaches presently employ thread-modularity to handle an unbounded number of threads. The scalability of this methodology, however, suffers severely in the presence of explicit memory management. To overcome this limitation, a novel approach has been proposed which introduces a concept of ownership for explicitly managed memory if certain kinds of programming bugs, so-called pointer races, are absent. In the present thesis we extend an existing thread-modular analysis for concurrent data structures to integrate the novel notion of pointer race free programs. We show that relying on those programs is reasonable in the sense that even performance-critical nonblocking algorithms can be handled. Moreover, we substantiate the usefulness of this novel notion by providing experimental evidence for a speed-up of two orders of magnitude compared to classical thread-modular reasoning for explicit memory management.


This paper addresses a formation problem for a network of autonomous agents with second-order dynamics and bounded disturbances. Coordination is achieved by having the agents asynchronously upload (download) data to (from) a shared repository, rather than directly exchanging data with other agents. Well-posedness of the closed-loop system is demonstrated by showing that there exists a lower bound for the time interval between two consecutive agent accesses to the repository. Numerical simulations corroborate the theoretical results.


The construction industry in Uganda is characterized by a high incidence rate of accidents. During the late 1990s, an annual average of 49 accidents were reported in the construction industry while during the period 2001 to 2005, the annual average for this sector was 103 cases. Between 2006 and 2010, more construction accidents were registered with a total of 49 fatalities reported in Kampala metropolitan area alone. This trend has continued up to the present date. Meanwhile, the demand for housing in Uganda exceeds supply resulting into a huge housing deficit. Rapid population growth without matching housing facilities has been cited as the main cause of the housing deficit. Land holding in Uganda is characterized by multiple rights of ownership, and high social costs including land conflicts and violent evictions. Reportedly, these developments are affecting the performance of the housing sector. Given the above background, the aim of this thesis is to propose policies and strategies for improvement of construction safety performance and the housing sector in Uganda.The thesis is based on two broad themes i.e. construction safety performance and housing markets. Although the research themes are unique in their own right, they both address pertinent issues concerning the construction industry in Uganda. Whereas the first theme investigates accidents as events that affect the production of construction infrastructure (including housing), the second theme handles topical issues which affect the demand and supply for housing in Uganda. The study area is Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. In addition to the overview chapter, this thesis contains four research papers. The first two papers relate to theme on construction safety performance whereas the last two papers relate to theme on housing markets.The first paper investigates the causes of construction accidents in Kampala, establishes the prevailing injury and fatality rates, examines spatial patterns in occurrence of accidents and thereafter, proposes strategies of mitigating accidents. The second paper investigates how undiscovered rework (defined as unnecessary effort of redoing a process or activity that is incorrectly implemented the first time) leads to accidents, develops a computer based model for simulating occurrence of accidents on projects and thereafter, proposes strategies of reducing rework related accidents. Evidently, the first paper is explorative investigating construction safety issues at industry level, whereas the second paper is more specific studying safety dynamics at project level. The third paper investigates how the choice of land tenure system affects housing values and thereafter, proposes strategies of mitigating the negative effects of land tenure on the housing market. Finally, the fourth paper examines how population changes affect the housing needs of a city, develops a computer based model for simulating the city population and housing needs, and experiments a plethora of housing policy proposals.Overall, findings of this thesis such as the concept of spatial dependence in occurrence of construction accidents, where accidents at one location were found to be associated with those which occur in the neighborhood; the phenomenon of congestion, defined in this thesis as the existence of high building density amidst many fulltime workers on site, and its significant association with accidents occurrence; and the uniqueness of private mailo land tenure system and the 12% premium it offers in housing values amidst high social costs, are unique contributions to the existing body of knowledge.


In this article we analyze totally periodic pseudo-Anosov flows in graph 3-manifolds. This means that in each Seifert fibered piece of the torus decomposition, the free homotopy class of regular fibers has a finite power which is also a finite power of the free homotopy class of a closed orbit of the flow. We show that each such flow is topologically equivalent to one of the model pseudo-Anosov flows which we previously constructed in Barbot and Fenley (Pseudo-Anosov flows in toroidal manifolds. Geom. Topol. 17 (2013), 1877–1954). A model pseudo-Anosov flow is obtained by glueing standard neighborhoods of Birkhoff annuli and perhaps doing Dehn surgery on certain orbits. We also show that two model flows on the same graph manifold are isotopically equivalent (i.e. there is a isotopy of $M$ mapping the oriented orbits of the first flow to the oriented orbits of the second flow) if and only if they have the same topological and dynamical data in the collection of standard neighborhoods of the Birkhoff annuli.