About the Editors. List of Abbreviations. Introduction (W. Verhoog). 1. Is fair value fair: Expert opinions on financial reporting from an international perspective: brief impressions (W. Verhoog). Part I The future of international accounting. The model of Black and Scholes is like Newtonian physics before Einstein was born (R. Elliott). Current US accounting issues (N. Strauss). Part II Regulations and regulators. We have to produce one set of unified high--quality global standards (D. Tweedie). EFRAG: a new force to be reckoned with in the reporting field (J. Van Helleman). Not partial, but full application of IAS (L. van der Tas). IAS and the European Union (K. van Hulle). IAS and legislation (J. Klaassen). Shifting towards an Anglo--Saxon perspective on rules (E. Eeftink). Uniform rules are important, but they must not block the view (J. den Hoed). Part III Supervision and compliance. Towards a new supervisory landscape (P. Koster). The Enterprise and Companies Court as supervisory body (J. Willems), &l t p> Globalisation is OK, as long as it takes account of Dutch culture (M. van Hoepen). Enforcement of IAS is crucial for the realisation of a global standard for financial reporting (R. Vergoossen). Part IV IAS and the users of financial statements. Unambiguous rules, timely reports and close supervision (P. de Vries). The supervisory director: striking the right balance (P. van den Hoek). Insurers are lagging behind (L. Traas). Double Dutch in financial reporting: highly flexible = extremely judgemental? (H. Langendijk). The auditor is gratefully back on his pedestal (P. Lakeman). Part V Fair Value Accounting. The irrepressible advance of Fair Value Accounting (M. Hoogendoorn). From profit smoothing to a true and fair presentation of profits at insurance companies and pension funds (A. Oosenbrug). Introduction of Fair Value Accounting: little if any haste (K. Storm). Fair Value Accounting will result in less transparency and more volatility in banksa financial reporting (B. Bruggink). Financial statements are a result of policy and not a factor informing policy (J. Groeneveld). Financial reporting and the search for truth (D. Swagerman). Warning signals about the application of fair value for financial instruments (T. Oa Malley and P. Hofste). Part VI Capita selecta: external financial reporting and law. IAS: right or wrong? (H. Beckman). Part VII External financial reporting and new--economy companies. The valuation of new--economy companies (A. de Bos). Part VIII International financial reporting by governments. IPSAS and financial reporting by the Dutch government (A. Bac). Part IX The relationship between management accounting and financial accounting. Interaction between internal and external reporting (E. Vosselman). Part X Business combination accounting. A creative approach to mergers and acquisitions (J. Blommaert). Epilogue: toward a single global reporting system. Index.


In this work, we present an enhanced design for a Brillouin Ring Laser (BRL) based on a doubly-resonant cavity (DRC) with short fiber length, paired with a heterodyne-based wavelength-locking system, to be employed as pump-probe source in Brillouin sensing applications. The enhanced source is compared with the long-cavity (LC) (~ 2 km) BRL pump-probe source that we recently demonstrated, showing a significantly lower relative intensity noise (~ -145 dB/Hz in the 0-800 MHz range), a narrower linewidth (10 kHz), combined with large tunability features and an excellent pumpprobe frequency stability (~200 Hz) which is uncommon for fiber lasers. The measurement of intensity noise on the novel BRL signal yielded an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of about 22 dB with respect to LC-BRL schemes that is expected to lead to a temperature/strain resolution enhancement in BOTDA applications up to 5.5 dB.


At present, asthma represents a substantial burden on health care resources in all countries so far studied. The costs of asthma are largely due to uncontrolled disease, and are likely to rise as its prevalence and severity increase. Costs could be significantly reduced if disease control is improved. A large proportion of the total cost of illness is derived from treating the consequences of poor asthma control-direct costs, such as emergency room use and hospitalizations. Indirect costs, which include time off work or school and early retirement, are incurred when the disease is not fully controlled and becomes severe enough to have an effect on daily life. In addition, quality of life assessments show that asthma has a significant socioeconomic impact, not only on the patients themselves, but on the whole family. Underuse of prescribed therapy, which includes poor compliance, significantly contributes towards the poor control of asthma. The consequences of poor compliance in asthma include increased morbidity and sometimes mortality, and increased health care expenditure. To improve asthma management, international guidelines have been introduced which recommend an increase in the use of prophylactic therapy. The resulting improvements in the control of asthma will reduce the number of hospitalizations associated with asthma, and may ultimately produce a shift within direct costs, with subsequent reductions in indirect costs. In addition, costs may be reduced by improving therapeutic interventions and through effective patient education programmes. This paper reviews current literature on the costs of asthma to assess how effectively money is spent and, by estimating the proportion of the cost attributable to uncontrolled disease, will identify where financial savings might be made.


Abstract. Airborne fungal spores are an important fraction of atmospheric particulate matter and are major causative agents of allergenic and infectious diseases. Predicting the variability and species of allergy-causing fungal spores requires detailed and reliable methods for identification and quantification. There are diverse methods for their detection in the atmosphere and in the indoor environments; yet, it is important to optimize suitable methods for characterization of fungal spores in atmospheric samples. In this study we sampled and characterized total and specific airborne fungal spores from PM10 samples collected in Rehovot, Israel over an entire year. The total fungal spore concentrations vary throughout the year although the species variability was nearly the same. Seasonal equivalent spore concentrations analyzed by real-time quantitative-PCR-based methods were fall > winter > spring > summer. Reported concentrations based on ergosterol analysis for the same samples were and fall > spring > winter > summer. Correlation between the two analytical methods was found only for the spring season. These poor associations may be due to the per-spore ergosterol variations that arise from both varying production rates, as well as molecular degradation of ergosterol. While conversion of genome copies to spore concentration is not yet straightforward, the potential for improving this conversion and the ability of qPCR to identify groups of fungi or specific species makes this method preferable for environmental spore quantification. Identifying tools for establishing the relation between the presence of species and the actual ability to induce allergies is still needed in order to predict the effect on human health.


Building environmental literacy (EL) in children and adolescents is critical to meeting current and emerging environmental challenges worldwide. Although environmental education (EE) efforts have begun to address this need, empirical research holistically evaluating drivers of EL is critical. This study begins to fill this gap with an examination of school-wide EE programs among middle schools in North Carolina, including the use of published EE curricula and time outdoors while controlling for teacher education level and experience, student attributes (age, gender, and ethnicity), and school attributes (socio-economic status, student-teacher ratio, and locale). Our sample included an EE group selected from schools with registered school-wide EE programs, and a control group randomly selected from NC middle schools that were not registered as EE schools. Students were given an EL survey at the beginning and end of the spring 2012 semester. Use of published EE curricula, time outdoors, and having teachers with advanced degrees and mid-level teaching experience (between 3 and 5 years) were positively related with EL whereas minority status (Hispanic and black) was negatively related with EL. Results suggest that school-wide EE programs were not associated with improved EL, but the use of published EE curricula paired with time outdoors represents a strategy that may improve all key components of student EL. Further, investments in teacher development and efforts to maintain enthusiasm for EE among teachers with more than 5 years of experience may help to boost student EL levels. Middle school represents a pivotal time for influencing EL, as improvement was slower among older students. Differences in EL levels based on gender suggest boys and girls may possess complementary skills sets when approaching environmental issues. Our findings suggest ethnicity related disparities in EL levels may be mitigated by time spent in nature, especially among black and Hispanic students.


Soil samples were washed with dilute solutions of the toxic anti-knock fuel additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in hexanes and commercial unleaded gasoline. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was then used to detect the v(CO) modes of MMT, and subsequently 13CO-enriched MMT, in the soil samples. The presence of MMT in the soils was further confirmed by mass spectrometry. Concentrations corresponding to ∼10 ppm Mn in soil could be detected by DRIFTS of the dry samples, and, most interestingly, there was no evidence of significant MMT decomposition over a period of eight months. Apparently, MMT is stabilized by physisorption onto the soils. In the absence of such stabilization, however, MMT undergoes photolytic and thermal decomposition in a matter of minutes. These results suggest the possibility of longer-term environmental problems associated with gasoline spills containing MMT than was previously suspected.


A simple all-optical switch based on photoinduced birefringence effect is demonstrated in azo dye (DR1) doped polymer (PMMA) thin films. The all-optical switching effect has been studied at different control beam power and different temperatures of the sample. With a control power of 30.7 mW and at 56 ?, the response time of the switching is less than 5 ms, and the depth of the modulation reaches 80%.


In 2011, two major instruments of European contract law were published: the 2011 Consumer Rights Directive (CRD) was enacted and the proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was launched. Both instruments aim at improving the internal market. Whereas the CRD aims at B2C contracts, the CESL may be applied, as an optional instrument, both to B2C and B2B contracts. In this book, both instruments are discussed. Decock and Chirita approach the CRD from an historical and a competition law perspective; Van Schagen argues that the way the CESL is drafted endangers its chances of being applied in practice. De Bruijn, Dang Vu, Kruisinga, Jansen and Keirse address several matters regarding the remedies for non-conformity under the CESL. The book opens, however, with three more general papers. Loos and Keirse first address the development of European private law, from the 1975 Consumer Policy Programme to the CRD and the CESL. Wouters addresses the relationship between private law, global governance and the European Union, and Boele-Woelki draws attention to the harmonisation of European matrimonial property law. This book thus represents the most important developments in the area of European private law. As such, it will provide important insights for the practitioner and academic interested in the course of these developments.


Modern art, reflecting and defining new intellectual, scientific and technological developments, has radically extended the conventional media of sculpture and painting. Following innovative ideas about representation and the free use of materials in Cubism, Futurism and Surrealism - particularly in the work of Duchamp - artists abandoned strict adherence to traditional hierarchies of media and embraced any means, including technological, which best served their purposes. In the last 50 years especially, ideas about time and duration have reinstated narrative in art, via film-making and video, the theatricality of Happenings, Performance and Installation art, digitally manipulated photography and Virtual Reality. This pioneering book, originally published under the title New Media in Late 20th-Century Art, discusses the most influential artists internationally - from Eadweard Muybridge to Robert Rauschenberg, Bill Viola and Pipilotti Rist - and those seminal works which have radically transformed the map of world art.


Objective: To demonstrate that high IQ children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD tend to suffer from executive function (EF) impairments that: a) can be identified with a combination of standardized measures and normed self-report data; and b) occur more frequently in this group than in the general population. Method: From charts of 117 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years with high IQ ( ≥ 120) who fully met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD, data on 8 normed measures of executive function (EF) were extracted: IQ index scores for working memory and processing speed, a standardized measure of auditory verbal memory, and 5 clusters of the Brown ADD Scale, a normed, age-graded rating scale for ADHD-related executive function impairments in daily life. Significant impairment was computed for each individual relative to age-appropriate norms for each measure and comparisons were made to base-line rates in the general population. Results: Sixty-two percent of participants were significantly impaired on at least 5 of these 8 markers of EF. Chi-square comparisons of scores from these high IQ participants were significantly different (p < 0.001) from standardization norms for each of the eight EF measures. Conclusions: High IQ children and adolescents with ADHD, despite their cognitive strengths, tend to suffer from significant impairments of executive functions that can be assessed with these measures; incidence of these impairments is significantly greater than in the general population. These results are fully consistent with data on high IQ adults diagnosed with ADHD.


Histidine triad (HIT) enzymes are an ancient superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that catalyse mechanistically similar but biologically distinct reactions on nucleotide-containing substrates in pathways important for cellular growth, apoptosis, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, vitamin and carbohydrate metabolism. Four branches of HIT enzymes function as nucleotide hydrolases. These enzymes include homologues and paralogues of histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein, fragile histidine triad protein, APRATAXIN and scavenger decapping protein, which act in various cellular compartments. One diverse branch of the HIT superfamily contains nucleotide transferases and phosphorylases related to galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, AppppA phosphorylase, adenylylsulfate: phosphate adenylyltransferase, adenosine diphosphate-glucose phosphorylase and VTC2, the guanosine diphosphate-l-galactose phosphorylase. This review provides tools to discern the identities and the probable functions of HIT enzymes from their sequences.

Key Concepts:

Histidine triad enzymes act on substrates containing a nucleoside monophosphate linked to distinct leaving groups.

HINT, FHIT, APRATAXIN and DCPS are HIT hydrolases.

GALT and VTC2 are HIT transferases.

Particular HIT enzymes are targeted to different cellular compartments to carry out their functions.

HIT enzymes remove nucleotide adducts from proteins and DNA and transform low-molecular-weight metabolites in cells.

Keywords:

HINT;
FHIT;
GALT;
VTC2;
APRATAXIN;
DCPS


In this paper I analyze and discuss Collins' Experimenters' Regress (Collins 1992) and offer an alternative explanation of how to break out of it. The strategy of the paper goes as follows. I will first show that two different, albeit related epistemic problems are confused in the Experimenters' Regress: (i) the replication regress that consists in the occurrence of an infinite regress when judging whether or not a proper replication of an experiment has been carried out, and (ii) general reciprocity, according to which the determination of the proper functioning of an experiment and the correctness of an experimental outcome are determined reciprocally. I claim that: (1) the soundness of the replication regress requires the soundness of the general reciprocity argument, so by showing the unsoundness of the second we also show the unsoundness of the first. (2) Reciprocity is not problematic on its own; what is problematic is Collins' explanation of how it is overcome, i.e., his claim that non-scientific criteria are required in order to break the circularity. Finally, I will show that (3) there is another possible explanation of the way out from general reciprocity, one that is extra-experimental but intra-scientific. In order to provide this alternative account, an analysis of how experimental outputs acquire representational content is required. The paper thus offers such an account, the semantics of experimental results.


Spatial patterns of vegetation arise from an interplay of functional traits, environmental characteristics and chance. The retreat of glaciers offers exposed substrates which are colonised by plants forming distinct patchy patterns. The aim of this study was to unravel whether patch-level landscape metrics of plants can be treated as functional traits. We sampled 46 plots, each 1 m × 1 m, distributed along a restricted range of terrain age and topsoil texture on the foreland of the Nardis glacier, located in the South-Eastern Alps, Italy. Nine quantitative functional traits were selected for 16 of the plant species present, and seven landscape metrics were measured to describe the spatial arrangement of the plant species' patches on the study plots, at a resolution of 1 cm × 1 cm. We studied the relationships among plant communities, landscape metrics, terrain age and topsoil texture. RLQ-analysis was used to examine trait-spatial configuration relationships. To assess the effect of terrain age and topsoil texture variation on trait performance, we applied a partial-RLQ analysis approach. Finally, we used the fourth-corner statistic to quantify and test relationships between traits, landscape metrics and RLQ axes. Floristically-defined relevé clusters differed significantly with regard to several landscape metrics. Diversity in patch types and size increased and patch size decreased with increasing canopy height, leaf size and weight. Moreover, more compact patch shapes were correlated with an increased capacity for the conservation of nutrients in leaves. Neither plant species composition nor any of the landscape metrics were found to differ amongst the three classes of terrain age or topsoil texture. We conclude that patch-level landscape metrics of plants can be treated as species-specific functional traits. We recommend that existing databases of functional traits should incorporate these type of data.


Recent research proposes accelerating processor microarchitecture simulation through statistical sampling. Prior simulation sampling approaches construct accurate model state for each measurement by continuously warming large microarchitectural structures (e.g., caches and the branch predictor) while emulating the billions of instructions between measurements. This approach, called functional warming, occupies hours of runtime while the detailed simulation that is measured requires mere minutes.To eliminate the functional warming bottleneck, we propose TurboSMARTS, a simulation framework that stores functionally-warmed state in a library of small, reusable checkpoints. TurboSMARTS enables the creation of the thousands of checkpoints necessary for accurate sampling by storing only the subset of warmed state accessed during simulation of each brief execution window. TurboSMARTS matches the accuracy of prior simulation sampling techniques (i.e., ±3% error with 99.7% confidence), while estimating the performance of an 8-way out-of-order super-scalar processor running SPEC CPU2000 in 91 seconds per benchmark, on average, using a 12 GB checkpoint library.


Sustainable development and environmental protection has become a major global concern. Biofuels are an alternative transport fuel that can reduce the consumption of non renewable carbon resources and greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel is a type of biofuel that is made from renewable lipid containing biological resources and is non toxic. Current feedstocks for biodiesel production include vegetable oils and animal fats, which are vital components of the human food chain, and this makes them less suitable for biofuel production. Lipid-containing microalgal biomass is another feedstock for biodiesel production and has the potential to replace the conventional sources. Microalgae could have many advantages over traditional feedstocks, such as fast photosynthetic growth rates and high lipid content, and these have triggered interest in microalgae bioprospecting. However, one of the main disadvantages of microalgae-to-biofuel process engineering is the high energy consumption and operational costs associated with the culture dewatering stage for biomass creation. This is due to the small size of microalgae cells and the extremely dilute nature of the microalgae culture even at the late exponential phase of the cultivation process. In order to make biodiesel production from microalgae sources commercially viable, the dewatering step must be technologically and economically effective. Current dewatering technologies such as centrifugal recovery and filtration are highly energy intensive. Cell aggregation induced by either flocculation or coagulation is another commonly used dewatering technique that has the advantage of using less energy under optimum conditions. These techniques have found numerous applications in industrial wastewater treatment, and hence could have a potential application for microalgae removal. The work conducted in this research investigated two dewatering techniques for microalgae under the umbrella of bioseparation by induced cell aggregation; flocculation and electrocoagulation. A series of batch experiments were carried out under varying experimental conditions using two marine microalgae species; Chlorococcum sp. and Tetraselmis sp. The key assessment criterion, the microalgae recovery, was quantified by determining the amount of microalgae recovered, that is, the amount of microalgae that settled due to flocculation or floated due to electrocoagulation. Two types of flocculants were used in this research; polyelectrolytes and aluminium sulphate (alum). All flocculants were able to achieve successful microalgae flocculation to varying degrees. Contrary to literature, the results from this research showed that anionic and non-ionic polyelectrolytes were able to adequately flocculate marine microalgae. It was also found that alum flocculation was possible at doses that were comparable to those used for freshwater microalgae flocculation, where previous literature had stated that the doses required for marine microalgae flocculation required were in the range of 5 to 10 times larger. The polyelectrolyte flocculants were able to achieve up to 90 % recovery at doses between 2 to 10 mg/L. Alum was able to achieve up to 99 % recovery at doses under 100 mg/L. Flocculation recovery was seen to increase with pH, and the zeta potential showed that the microalgae become more electropositive with decreasing pH. The recovery of microalgae was also seen to increase with increasing temperature. Electrocoagulation was carried out with two sacrificial anode materials; aluminium and ferritic stainless steel type 430, and a carbon inert anode. The maximum recovery obtained was 99, 90 and 38 % for electrocoagulation with the stainless steel 430, aluminium and carbon anodes, respectively. In order of efficiency, the optimum anode was aluminium, stainless steel 430 and then carbon. The microalgae recovery increased with increasing applied voltage and electrocoagulation time. The valencies of dissolved metal ions from the anode were investigated for multivalent species and confirmed with a metallic and ionic mass balance of the dissolution and electrocoagulation process. The pH of the solution did not appear to have a significant effect on recovery. The zeta potential of the microalgae after electrocoagulation was seen to become more electropositive with increasing experimental run time. An increase in temperature increased recovery whilst a reduction in salinity resulted in reduced microalgal recovery. The theory of the mechanism of electrocoagulation was proven with the results of the experimental work conducted in this research. Evidence was shown of the three main steps involved in the electrocoagulation mechanism; coagulation, charge neutralisation and flotation. The results demonstrated that coagulation of microalgae occurs in the bulk of solution, and not at a specific location such as in the vicinity of an electrode. The rate limiting step of the electrocoagulation process was found to be the rate of coagulation of microalgae cells, induced by the binding of metal ions onto the microalgae surface. A mathematical model was developed in order to predict the recovery of microalgae at predetermined electrocoagulation conditions such as the applied current, time, microalgae species and electrode material. The mathematical model was able to accurately predict microalgae recovery for all microalgae systems. This model made it possible to optimise the electrocoagulation process for conditions that required a low energy demand and accomplished high microalgae recovery. These optimum conditions enabled a comparison between alum flocculation and the aluminium anode electrocoagulation. Such a comparison is interesting as the two processes have a similar flocculation mechanism. A techno-economic and carbon assessment was performed on the unit operation of microalgal culture dewatering operation as part of the microalgal biodiesel production process. This involved estimating the operation costs, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. Three different dewatering technologies were investigated; centrifugation, electrocoagulation/centrifugation and alum flocculation/centrifugation. The analysis showed that both electrocoagulation and flocculation require significantly less energy to dewater in comparison to centrifugation. However, when the energy to produce the raw materials was taken into account, electrocoagulation was found require a greater energy demand. The operational cost of continual replacement of the anodic material significantly increased the overall economics of electrocoagulation compared to alum flocculation. In terms of energy requirements, carbon dioxide emissions and overall costs, alum flocculation showed to be the most promising dewatering technique with genuine potential to be used as the main dewatering technology in microalgae sourced biodiesel production. Future work may involve the investigation of electrocoagulation as a continuous process and also the combination of alum flocculation and electrocoagulation as a single dewatering method.


A large number of studies have now explicitly examined the relationship between species loss and ecosystem functions. The results from such "biodiversity experiments" have previously been collated and analyzed by two independent groups of authors. Both data sets show that reductions in species diversity generally result in reduced ecosystem functioning, even though the studies cover a wide range of ecosystems, diversity manipulations, and response variables. In this chapter, we analyze the two data sets in parallel to explain variation in the observed functional effects of biodiversity. The main conclusions are: 1) the functional effects of biodiversity differ among ecosystem types (but not between terrestrial and aquatic systems), 2) increases in species richness enhance community responses but negatively affect population responses, 3) stocks are more responsive than rates to biodiversity manipulations, 4) when diversity reductions at one trophic level affect a function at an adjacent trophic level (higher or lower), the function is often reduced 5) increased biodiversity results in increased invasion resistance. We also analyze the shape of the relationship between biodiversity and response variables, and discuss some consequences of different relationships.


Frameworks for metabolic engineering have been successfully applied in combination with preand post-processing algorithms on genome-wide metabolic models. However, genetic engineering methods with a particular focus on understanding results from multiple perspectives and combining automated and human design are still lacking. To this end, we adopt a multiobjective genetic design technique to find the optimal gene expression levels in genome-scale metabolic reconstructions. Then, we analyse the optimized network by introducing a new multi-omic, multi-level post-processing and visualization procedure, Metabex, which uses Cytoscape for network visualization. These two components are connected together to form a feedback loop that establishes a continual process of machine optimization and human analysis and guidance. To benchmark our framework, we optimize two species of Geobacter for electricity production and biomass synthesis; we achieve increases in electricity production for only a slight decrease in biomass. Many regulatory strategies contributed to this value, locally and globally. For instance, a direct, local strategy was a down-regulation of Cytochrome C Oxidase, while there was simultaneously a global reduction in cofactor and prosthetic group biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss multiple applications of our tool, including model exploration, model engineering, comparative modelling, meta-analysis and model refinement.


Empirical research suggests that gallery and museum audiences have a strong propensity to make sense of artworks by understanding what the artist 'means to say', or what the 'encoded message' of a work might be. Conversely, many contemporary artists subscribe to the idea that observers may (or even should) endow their work with their own meaning. In response to this situation, this thesis asks: How can one facilitate a more individual engagement by viewers in the meaning making process?

To approach this task, the concepts of meaning and meaning-making are re-assessed and new definitions suggested that endeavour to relate these terms to discussions of art appreciation. A great deal of attention has been given to processes of meaning-making as a collective, social process. In this work the main emphasis will be placed upon the individual viewer's encounter of a work of art. To develop the concept of meaning-making, arguments from post-structuralist discourses, literature theory, pragmatist aesthetics, and the psychology of art apprehension will be considered. The relation between meaning, verbalisation, and emotion, as well as between the viewer's constructive activity and the artist's intentions are discussed. This work also considers how the construction of meaning is influenced by contextual elements such as biological and social factors, the latter including the influence of the gallery environment. Existing theories, viewer testimonials, artists' statements, and both contemporary and art historical examples are examined in order to determine various approaches that facilitate meaning-making processes.

It will be argued that this interdisciplinary approach successfully brings together diverse and otherwise divided perspectives on the concept of meaning making and the meaning-making process. This research is ultimately aimed at developing a better understanding of the artist-audience relationship. It is anticipated this will proffer a resource for art educators and for other visual artists.


This review comprises the most extensive literature search and evidence evaluation to date on the most important international BLS interventions, diagnostics, and prognostic factors for cardiac arrest victims. It reemphasizes that the critical lifesaving steps of BLS are (1) prevention, (2) immediate recognition and activation of the emergency response system, (3) early high-quality CPR, and (4) rapid defibrillation for shockable rhythms. Highlights in prevention indicate the rational and judicious deployment of search-and-rescue operations in drowning victims and the importance of education on opioid-associated emergencies. Other 2015 highlights in recognition and activation include the critical role of dispatcher recognition and dispatch-assisted chest compressions, which has been demonstrated in multiple international jurisdictions with consistent improvements in cardiac arrest survival. Similar to the 2010 ILCOR BLS treatment recommendations, the importance of high quality was reemphasized across all measures of CPR quality: rate, depth, recoil, and minimal chest compression pauses, with a universal understanding that we all should be providing chest compressions to all victims of cardiac arrest. This review continued to focus on the interface of BLS sequencing and ensuring high-quality CPR with other important BLS interventions, such as ventilation and defibrillation. In addition, this consensus statement highlights the importance of EMS systems, which employ bundles of care focusing on providing high-quality chest compressions while extricating the patient from the scene to the next level of care. Highlights in defibrillation indicate the global importance of increasing the number of sites with public-access defibrillation programs. Whereas the 2010 ILCOR Consensus on Science provided important direction for the "what" in resuscitation (ie, what to do), the 2015 consensus has begun with the GRADE methodology to provide direction for the quality of resuscitation. We hope that resuscitation councils and other stakeholders will be able to translate this body of knowledge of international consensus statements to build their own effective resuscitation guidelines.


Ultra-endurance events are a growing area within the sport of cycling. The Race Around Ireland (RAI) is a non-stop event where cyclists must complete the 2,170km route in under 96 hours. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological, haematological and performance characteristics of members of a 4 man team before, during, and after the RAI.

Methods: Four trained male cyclists were tested on 2 separate occasions within a 14 day period, with the second bout of testing performed within 7 days of the start of the race, to determine baseline values. Each cyclist completed a maximal incremental test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer, commencing at 100W and increasing in intensity by 50W every 3 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Heart rate, VO2, power output and blood lactate were measured during the test. Following a standardized recovery period, each cyclist then completed a 20 minute maximal performance test (MPT) designed to mimic the demands of the RAI. Baseline blood samples were taken prior to each testing session to facilitate a detailed haematological analysis. Blood samples were also taken before the start of the race, at set intervals during the race, as well as on the race completion. Subjects were also weighed and urine samples collected at the same time points in order to assess hydration status using urine specific gravity (Usg). Further testing was carried out 7 days (haematology), and 14 days (haematology and MPT) post race.

Results: No significant differences were found between the MPT results pre and post race. Significant differences were found for white blood cells (WBC) and granulocyte count (p<0.01), haematocrit, haemoglobin, lymphocytes, and red blood cells (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed for changes in body mass or Usg.

Conclusions: Variations in WBC and other immune function markers showed initial decrease followed by a gradual elevation during the race. However this did not seem have an impact on the post race MPT. Although there appears to be a significant change in immune function during ultra endurance cycling, this may not lead to a subsequent performance decrement. However, analysis may be complicated by the specific race tactics adopted by the team during the race and the time course of post race assessment.


This article documents the emergence of social media, and specifically social network sites (SNS) and their impact on health information–seeking and health-related behaviors. We review surveys of user behavior on SNS to document how health information is being transformed into a social health experience rather than an individual or clinical endeavor. We then turn to the research evidence for how SNS may influence health behaviors. Although there is a substantial literature that provides support for the role of social variables in the genesis and management of health and disease, there is little scientific grounding for how to leverage these variables to improve health in either online or offline milieus. We conclude with recommendations for practice to optimize the use of social media and its contribution to improved health outcomes, and pose a series of questions that may guide the development of a research agenda in this area.

The technological innovations of blogs, podcasts, interactive media, and SNS have enabled many people to create, post, and share their own messages and content by using a variety of digital social communication tools and platforms. People and organizations can now quickly create and deliver content through more interactive Web sites and online communities where, for example, people with medical conditions can seek, give, and receive advice from other patients and healthcare providers.1,2 New communication technologies and the emergence of what has been dubbed Web 2.0 are providing the opportunity for health professionals and patients alike to engage with 1 another, their peers, friends, and families in ways unimaginable just a few years ago. The speed and scale of adoption of social media is changing the way we think about and communicate with people formerly known as audiences and the way doctors and patients interact,2,3 bringing about a …


An increasingly popular practice for student assignment to public schools in the U.S. is the use of school choice systems. The celebrated Gale-Shapley student-optimal stable mechanism (SOSM) has recently replaced two de…cient student assignment mechanisms that were in use in New York City and Boston. We provide theoretical evidence that the SOSM outcome may produce large welfare losses. Then we propose an e¢ ciency adjusted deferred acceptance mechanism (EADAM) that allows a student to consent to waive a certain priority that has no e¤ect on his assignment. Under EADAM a consenting student causes himself no harm, but may help many others bene…t as a consequence. We show that EADAM can recover any welfare losses due to SOSM while also preserving immunity against strategic behavior in a particular way. It is also possible to use EADAM to eliminate welfare losses due to randomly breaking ties in student priorities.


This article deals with theoretical and practical problems of discretionary power - what are the main factors that are likely to influence the decision–making process of the procesution offices. Two criterias that influence the dismissals of the cases on policy ground are analysed: 1. realistic prospect of conviction or the principle of evidential sufficiency (hinreichen der Tatverdacht) and 2. public interest (interet public; offentliches Interesse). It is wrong for a person to be prosecuted if the evidence is insufficient. The essence of the wrongness lies in the protection of the innocent: if this principle is taken seriously, it should mean not only that innocent people are not convicted, but also that innocent people should not be prosecuted. The reason for this may be found in the dictum that "the process is the punishment". A futher factor is the policy of diversion. Thus, even if a case satisfies the test of evidential sufficiency, there may be strong reasons of public policy or, as it is termed in many countries "public interest" in favour of dealing with the case by means other than prosecution. In practice, questions of evidential sufficiency and public interest often interact, but for clarity of exposition one part of the article is devoted to evidential sufficiency, and the other part of the article - to the issue of "public interest".


Stratification is a natural occurrence in deep lakes and reservoirs. This phenomenon results in two distinct layers, the warmer, less dense epilimnion on top and the colder, denser, hypolimnion on the bottom. The epilimnion remains saturated with dissolved oxygen (DO) from mass transfer with the atmosphere, while the hypolimnion continues to undergo oxygen-depleting processes. During seasons of high oxygen demand the hypolimnion often becomes anoxic and results in the release of compounds, such as Iron, Manganese, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Phosphorous from the sediment. Iron, Manganese, and Hydrogen Sulfide can require addition Chlorine for water treatment plants, thus increasing cost and the potential production of DBP's, while the release of phosphorous results in algal blooms the following year. Spring Hollow Reservoir, located in Roanoke County, Virginia is a deep reservoir that undergoes stratification during the summer months. During 1997 Roanoke County purchased a bubble-plume diffuser from Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to oxygenate the hypolimnion to maintain long-term water quality. Spring Hollow currently operates the diffuser, with compressed air, during late summer months when DO levels in the hypolimnion reach approximately 4 mg/L. Observations during oxygenation have identified changing DO addition rates during diffuser operation and changing DO depletion rates following termination of oxygenation. Future research should focus on developing a quantitative understanding of the changing rates as they are related to diffuser induced oxygen demand


1. The nature and scope of this thesis is the meaning and possibility of personal
autonomy for the contemporary self embedded in a complex of changing
organizations.
2. Its contribution is in relating philosophy to the study of complex organizations.
3. The research is based upon the relevant literature and empirical studies informed by
the writer's organizational experience.
4. The thesis is structured in two parts with the following arguments. Part I (The
Situated Self of Sensible Reasoning) sets out a checklist for personal autonomy as
positive freedom and rejects a universalist concept of autonomy as moral autonomy
for its neglect of the self s particularity - its situation, sentiments and contingency. A
midway position combines the principle of detachment with an evaluatory
understanding of the nested self of cognitive sensibility. The self's coherence and its
perspective are embodied in a unique narrative which governs the portfolio of the
individual as agent in its relations, roles and aims. The sells portfolio constitutes the
choices of its nestedness and its autonomy: it's not here, not there but where I choose
to locate it.
Part II (Managing Contingency)explores different types of organizations and their
members' behaviour to identify those which enable the individual to confront
contingency in its own terms. The final chapter examines how the current
organizationa disembedding process forces the individual to confront its autonomy in
a contemporary world of change.
5. The main conclusions of the thesis are:
(i) There is a workable concept of personal autonomy, understood sul generis, ie
in terms of its own particularity ;
(ii) Those organizations enabling the individual to confront contingency in its own
terms offer the best hope of autonomy ;
(iii) The architect and the entrepreneur are key in illustrating the role of autonomy in
a creative relating of order and contingency;
(iv) The demise of the metanarrative of permanent and full employment are Inter alla
forcing upon the individual the choices of heteronomy (captured in another's
metanarrative as consumer and viewer), anomie (whim or chance) or personal
autonomy.


RISC (reduced-instruction-set-computer) CPU design concepts are used as the basis for a more general design philosophy applicable to graphics. The 3D graphics subsystem for the Apollo DN10000 is based on applying a RISC philosophy to the rendering problem. All structure-walking and floating-point computations are handled in the general-purpose CPU(s), and a simple, fast-cycle-time drawing engine synthesizes pixels and writes them into the bitmap. In the control and pixel-addressing logic, RISC ideas are applied directly and effectively; in color synthesis, however, they did not prove as useful. Several RISC concepts were ultimately fundamental to achieving design simplifications and allowed a better utilization of VLSI CMOS technology.<<ETX>>


Weakly electric fish sense their surroundings in complete darkness by active electrolocation. In a biomimetic approach, we designed catheter-based technical sensor systems working according to the same biological principles that could be used for medical diagnostics of arteriosclerosis. Several measurements using artificial blood vessels, computer simulations, and a physical test bed showed that it is possible to detect and analyze vulnerable plaques in blood vessels and that our method of signal production and analysis is principally suitable for medical diagnostics.


The present study reported the water quality parameters in relation to growth of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in culture pond at Diamond Aqua Farm, Mallipattinam, Thanjavur District for the period of 135 days from the introduction of fingerlings (10.04.2014) to the harvest day (22.08.2014).The results clearly indicate that almost all the physicochemical parameters like water temperature, pH, carbon dioxide, salinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, ammonia and nitrite's average values were increased gradually from the month of April 2014 to August 2014 and remaining parameters like turbidity and dissolved oxygen were increased in the month of April 2014 to August 2014 in the cultured pond. However, they are within the normal range. The variations in the water quality parameters are due to seasonal changes, water exchange and shrimp culture.The growth of the shrimps was assessed from both length and weight parameters. The average length of the shrimp was gradually increased in culture ponds. The minimum and maximum lengths of the shrimp were 2.5 cm were observed in April 2014 and 14.9 cm in August 2014 in the culture pond. The weight of the shrimp was also gradually increased in culture pond from to August 2014. Based on the present investigation, it is concluded that to get the proper growth P. monodon and profit, proper water quality management and feed management is essential.


Perhaps the world's most distinctive tree, ginkgo has remained stubbornly unchanged for more than two hundred million years. A living link to the age of dinosaurs, it survived the great ice ages as a relic in China, but it earned its reprieve when people first found it useful about a thousand years ago. Today ginkgo is beloved for the elegance of its leaves, prized for its edible nuts, and revered for its longevity. This engaging book tells the rich and engaging story of a tree that people saved from extinction-a story that offers hope for other botanical biographies that are still being written. Inspired by the historic ginkgo that has thrived in London's Kew Gardens since the 1760s, renowned botanist Peter Crane explores the history of the ginkgo from its mysterious origin through its proliferation, drastic decline, and ultimate resurgence. Crane also highlights the cultural and social significance of the ginkgo: its medicinal and nutritional uses, its power as a source of artistic and religious inspiration, and its importance as one of the world's most popular street trees. Readers of this book will be drawn to the nearest ginkgo, where they can experience firsthand the timeless beauty of the oldest tree on Earth.


This study presents evidence of profound farm‐level transformation in parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, identifies major sources of dynamism in the sector, and proposes an updated typology of farms that reflects the evolving nature of African agriculture. Repeat waves of national survey data are used to examine changes in crop production and marketed output by farm size. Between the first and most recent surveys (generally covering 6 to 10 years), the share of national marketed crop output value accounted for by medium‐scale farms rose in Zambia from 23% to 42%, in Tanzania from 17% to 36%, and in Nigeria from 7% to 18%. The share of land under medium‐scale farms is not rising in densely populated countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda, where land scarcity is impeding the pace of medium‐scale farm acquisitions. Medium‐scale farmers are a diverse group, reflecting distinct entry pathways into agriculture, encouraged by the rapid development of land rental, purchase, and long‐term lease markets. The rise of medium‐scale farms is affecting the region in diverse ways that are difficult to generalize. Findings indicate that these farms can be a dynamic driver of agricultural transformation but this does not reduce the importance of maintaining a clear commitment to supporting smallholder farms. Strengthening land tenure security of local rural people to maintain land rights and support productivity investments by smallholder households remains crucial.


New FRCP 37(e) limits severe, case ending sanctions for lost electronically stored information (ESI) to situations where a party acted with "intent to deprive" other parties of the use of that information. But it makes no change in existing preservation duties and never explains how "intent" is to be determined for the corporation and other entities likely to be parties in such litigation. The question is – does this Rule make any sense? This Essay seeks to make sense of Rule 37(e) in terms of its language, the stated goals of its drafters, and its role in the regulation of current litigation practice. It argues that Rule 37(e) is best understood as an attempt to clarify the risk assessments made by corporate agents supervising ESI preservation and discovery efforts. The Rule seeks to provide assurance that their actions (and inactions), if they are reasonable and without malevolent intent, will not subject the company to severe sanctions. This Essay also shows, however, that to provide the proper incentives, the Rule must also be interpreted to permit courts to impose severe sanctions for egregious and systematic ESI loss, even if caused by managerial inaction and even if proven circumstantially without direct evidence of culpable intent. It contains an extended analysis of CAT3 LLC, an important case decided under the new Rule, which illustrates some of these points. Finally, drawing from analogous corporate law cases involving managerial duties to monitor employee misconduct, this Essay argues that federal courts can and should, consistent with Rule 37(e), find that there is a duty on many corporate parties to implement and maintain a reasonable system of information governance and ESI retention, and that a conscious decision not to do so can give rise to severe penalties under the new Rule.


The first collection of its kind to provide a comprehensive investigation of terrorism, suicide terrorism and martyrdom in an empirical study that spans continents and cultures from Northern Ireland to Tokyo, Japan, the Middle East, the UK, America, Israel and elsewhere throughout the world. This is a collection of empirical and theoretical studies dealing with terrorism, peace-making, peace keeping and post-traumatic treatment of those injured by violence through acts of terrorism and martyrdom. The research is world-wide in scope and multidisciplinary in content and focus. It illustrates that the combination of religion, politics and terrorism is not a new phenomenon and it is not confined to the Muslim world. The book goes to the heart of these issues, in particular focusing on the religious aspect of these questions, which is epitomized in the woeful lack of understanding in western society regarding Islam and the Islamic world.


Atmospheric water vapor is an important driver of cloud formation, precipitation, and cloud microphysical structure. Changes in the cloud microphysical structure due to the interaction of aerosols and water vapor can produce more reflective clouds, resulting in more incoming solar radiation being reflected back into space, leading to an overall negative radiative forcing. Water vapor also plays an important role in the atmospheric feedback process that acts to amplify the positive radiative forcing resulting from increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. In the troposphere, where the water vapor greenhouse effect is most important, the situation is harder to quantify. A need exists for tools that allow for high spatial resolution range resolved measurements of water vapor number density up to about 4 km. One approach to obtaining this data within the boundary layer is with the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) that is being developed at Montana State University. A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for automated profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere has been designed, tested, and is in routine operation. The laser transmitter for the DIAL instrument uses a widely tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to injection seed two cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) to produce a laser transmitter that accesses the 824-841 nm spectral range. The DIAL receiver utilizes a 28-cm-diameter Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, an avalanche photodiode (APD) detector, and a narrow band optical filter to collect, discriminate, and measure the scattered light. A technique of correcting for the wavelength-dependent incident angle upon the narrow band optical filter as a function of range has been developed to allow accurate water vapor profiles to be measured down to 225 m above the surface. Data comparisons using the DIAL instrument and co-located radiosonde measurements are presented demonstrating the capabilities of the DIAL instrument.


Abstract. The increasing commercialization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has opened the possibility of performing low-cost aerial image acquisition for the documentation of cultural heritage sites through UAV photogrammetry. The flying of UAVs in Canada is regulated through Transport Canada and requires a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) in order to fly. Various image acquisition techniques have been explored in this review, as well as well software used to register the data. A general workflow procedure has been formulated based off of the literature reviewed. A case study example of using UAV photogrammetry at Prince of Wales Fort is discussed, specifically in relation to the data acquisition and processing. Some gaps in the literature reviewed highlight the need for streamlining the SFOC application process, and incorporating UAVs into cultural heritage documentation courses.


The idea of the 'lifelong learner' has particular currency in Western economies, where citizens are expected to be work-ready at all times. Notwithstanding the "buzziness" of the term, the contemporary realities of engaging in higher education across the life-course are less well known and increasingly under pressure in the context of increasing fees, more limited student support, accessibility, and balancing study with the wider obligations of personal life. Enrolling as a part time, flexible lifelong learning student often requires major adjustments intellectually, socially, emotionally and financially. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the experiences of part-time mature adult students as lifelong learners in HE in Ireland (specifically in the IoT sector), in order to extend knowledge in this area and critically consider the extent to which the notion of the "lifelong learner" is being supported as part-time mature learners make sense of barriers and opportunities in HE. Indeed, whilst we have a considerable understanding of the benefits of adults participating in full-time higher education, far less information is available about what it means to study part-time and the particular challenges this mode of adult participation brings in the contemporary context. Ireland presents an important case study example because whilst it is performing well in relation to the numbers of young people continuing to tertiary level, it has much less reason to celebrate participation rates in lifelong learning. Ireland has only half the average rate of participation of the EU as a whole. Moreover, public policy is focused to encourage further participation and educators are increasingly responsible for finding ways to engage meaningfully with their part-time lifelong learning students. Taking these different issues as a jumping off point, using survey and interview data with existing part time students, this research examines the extent to which mature part-time students feel supported in becoming 'lifelong learners' in Ireland, and what this means in terms of the ways they position themselves, and are positioned by others, in this field. It will look specifically at the development of Lifelong Learning in HE and its current role in Irish education. The barriers to higher education are more numerous than might be imagined for part time mature students. It requires sensitivity and a real vocational commitment to help people to achieve their potential and embrace the opportunities HE brings. Research such as this can provide a roadmap in breaking down those barriers and it would be regrettable if it was not possible to carry this experience forward. The author hopes that the findings from this research will help to achieve this objective of improving the personal outcomes of part-time mature lifelong learning students and those of society more generally.


This article explores the idea of an affirmational republic which, both structurally and symbolically, affirms rather than rejects Australia's British history and heritage while equally celebrating the nation's Indigenous inheritance and multicultural achievements. Part II explores the history of republican advocacy to unpack the common, predominantly symbolic, justifications for republican reform. It then elucidates dual, separate but connected, purposes – one small and practical and one big and symbolic – to show that each purpose may entail a different solution. Part III discerns lessons from the failed 1999 referendum, to help guide what an affirmational republic could involve. The proposed approach is developed further in Part IV. Addressing the practical purpose, I suggest the title 'Governor-General' could be retained (instead of 'President') and provide arguments against direct election. Addressing the symbolic purpose, I suggest an inspiring national Declaration could be better achieved extra-constitutionally, as the Referendum Council recommended in 2017.


It has been well documented that the share of the working-age population employed in "middle-skill" occupations has been falling for some time, while the share in lower- and higher-skill jobs has been rising -- i.e. "polarization" of the labor market (e.g. Autor 2010). However, the dynamics and related mechanism behind these employment trends are not fully understood; nor is it well understood what happens to workers who are displaced from middle-skill jobs. In this paper, I use data from the matched monthly CPS, the March CPS supplement, and the Displaced Worker Survey to answer two primary questions. First, into what employment states or occupations do unemployed persons who were formerly employed in low-, middle-, or high-skill occupations transition? Second, how have transitions between job types and employment states changed over time, and how have these changes contributed to trends in employment shares by job-type? I find that the decline in the share of workers in middle-skill jobs is due both to a decline in inflows into these jobs (particularly from non-employment and for younger workers) and because of a rise in outflows from these jobs (to non-employment and to other jobs); the increase in the share of workers in lower-skill jobs appears due to an increase in worker transitions from other job types (evident within all demographic groups); and the increase in the share of workers in higher-skill jobs appears due to an increase in worker transitions from other job types and is also somewhat compositional in nature (because there are more college-educated workers).


During the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) deployment in October, 1997, multiyear ice near the center of the Beaufort Gyre was anomalously thin. The upper ocean was both warmer and less saline than in previous years. The salinity deficit in the upper 100 m, compared with the same region during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) in 1975, is equivalent to surface input of about 2.4 m of fresh water. Heat content has increased by 67 MJ m−2. During AIDJEX the change in salinity over the melt season implied melt equivalent to about 0.8 m of fresh water. As much as 2 m of freshwater input may have occurred during the 1997 summer, possibly resulting from decreased ice concentration from changes in atmospheric circulation early in the summer , in the classic albedo‐feedback scenario. Unchecked, the pattern could lead to a significantly different sea‐ice regime in the central Arctic.


The Candrive study aims to improve the current practices of screening elderly drivers in Canada by identifying predictors of motor vehicle collisions from monitoring their daily driving behaviours using in-vehicle sensors. The thesis objective was to characterize the baseline behaviour of stable-health older drivers by proposing parameters of interest for detecting changes in behaviour and methods to differentiate drivers using their maneuvers. The in-vehicle sensor data from 12 stable-health drivers were processed, and a turn-identification algorithm with 97.7% accuracy was created for extracting four maneuvers: accelerating from stop, decelerating to stop, right turns, and left turns on 40 to 60 km/h roadways. Most of the drivers exhibited relatively steady month-to-month acceleration behaviours and lower accelerations in adverse driving conditions, which represented their typical driving behaviours. Drivers can be differentiated by the driving patterns from their maneuvers using a multi-expert classifier, which may be applicable for detecting changes in driving behaviour.


Computerized tomographic analysis of physical models of fold-thrust structures permits nondestructive, systematic analysis of variations in displacement trajectories and variations in three-dimensional fold geometry as a function of thrust-fault geometry. The authors studied models in which sand layers with embedded transport-parallel marker lines were shortened incrementally up to a maximum of 24% over rigid, footwall fault templates. These templates simulated a right-stepping oblique ramp connecting two ramps perpendicular to the shortening direction. In response to movement over the oblique-ramp templates, overturned folds formed and marker-line deflections indicative of out-of-plane strains developed. Marker lines within layers originally truncated by fault templates were deflected leftward away from the right-stepping oblique ramp during deformation, whereas marker lines within sand layers that originally extended across the upper flat of the fault template were deflected in a more radial pattern. Differences in marker-line deflections imply that displacement trajectories within natural thrust sheets may vary as a function of overburden and structural position. Furthermore, their tomographic studies graphically demonstrate that out-of-plane strain and differential rotation of layers within thrust sheets occur in the vicinity of oblique ramps.


The Ik language (Ice-tod), spoken in northeast Uganda, forms the Kuliak
(Rub) subgroup along with So/Tepeth and Nyang'i. These latter two lects
have already succombed to assimilative pressures from neighboring Nilotic
pastoralists like the Karimojong, Turkana, and Pokot. Despite similar
sociolinguistic circumstances, Ik has so far held up and still remains vital as
the mother-tongue of hundreds of young children. Since Ik is the last
member of a waning subgroup, its documentation and description may
provide key pieces to the puzzle of East African linguistic and ethnic prehistory. The complexity
of this prehistory is embodied in Ik grammar which shows many traits shared with languages in both
Afroasistic and Nilo- Saharan language families. And so a full grammatical treatment of Ik can shed
some needed light on the classification of other language groups.

To that end, this study offers a comprehensive but balanced grammatical analysis of Ik. It covers
the basics of the Ik sociolinguistic milieu, genetic classification, phonology, morphology, syntax,
and lexicon. Of particular typological interest are Ik's unusual systems of vowel harmony, tone,
and case, as well as the syntax of subordinate clauses, the grammaticalization of case in the
verbal system, and sequential and simultaneous clause chains. Other fascinating topics include
pre-pause devoicing, frozen prefixes, tensed modifiers, non-canonical passives, and an
irrealis-realis modal distinction. Lastly, between the grammar and lexicon is provided a collection
of five culturally relevant Ik texts as holistic examples of Ik in its natural context.


There is and has been much debate about the issue of assisted suicide as physicians, lawyers and lay people argue the pros and cons of assisting in someone's death. The physician who agrees to participate in this endeavor points out that his or her concern is to alleviate suffering. Notwithstanding that, painkillers are notoriously prescribed in inadequate, understrength doses; people with serious illness who are depressed are considered unlikely candidates for treatment of their depression because, sayeth the physician: "It is only natural, understandable, to be depressed with that kind of terrible illness."


Background Advances in gene transfer techniques have provided long-term, safe and stable transduction of retinal cells following subretinal injection with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. In this study we investigated whether subretinal injection of AAV2-murine IL-27p28 vector was effective in inhibiting experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) induced in B10RIII mice. Methodology/Principal Findings An AAV2 vector encoding the murine IL-27p28 gene (rAAV2-CMV-mIL-27p28) was prepared and subretinally injected into B10RIII mice (4.35×108 vector genome (v.g.)). AAV2 vector mediating green fluorescent protein (rAAV2-CMV-GFP) served as a control (5×108 v.g.). The concentration of mIL-27p28 in homogenized eyes and serum was assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after subretinal injection. Human IRBP161–180 peptide and Complete Freund's Adjuvant were injected into mice receiving either the rAAV2-CMV-mIL-27p28 or rAAV2-CMV-GFP vector. EAU was evaluated clinically and pathologically. The level of IL-17 and IL-10 in homogenized eyes was measured on day 12 and day 21 following immunization. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and IRBP161–180–specific proliferation of lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes were assayed to examine the influence of the subretinal delivery of rAAV2-CMV-mIL-27p28 on the systemic immune response. IL-27p28 was detectable by ELISA within the eyes from two weeks following subretinal injection of the rAAV2-CMV-mIL-27p28 vector and showed a sustained high expression from day 14 to 9 months with a highest expression at 5 months. Subretinal injection of the vector significantly attenuated the severity of EAU disease clinically and pathologically in association with a significantly decreased IL-17 expression and an increased IL-10 expression. The IL-27p28 vector did not affect the systemic immune response, as determined by DTH and IRBP161–180–specific lymphocyte proliferation. Conclusions/Significance A high and stable expression of IL-27p28 was observed for at least 9 months following subretinal delivery of rAAV2-CMV-mIL-27p28. The amelioration of EAU disease severity was associated with a decreased IL-17 expression and an increased IL-10 expression.


One of the fastest-growing areas of finance research is the study of managerial biases and their implications for firm outcomes. Since the mid-2000s, this strand of behavioral corporate finance has provided theoretical and empirical evidence on the influence of biases in the corporate realm, such as overconfidence, experience effects, and the sunk-cost fallacy. The field has been a leading force in dismantling the argument that traditional economic mechanisms—selection, learning, and market discipline—would suffice to uphold the rational-manager paradigm. Instead, the evidence reveals that behavioral forces exert a significant influence at every stage of a chief executive officer's (CEO's) career. First, at the appointment stage, selection does not impede the promotion of behavioral managers. Instead, competitive environments oftentimes promote their advancement, even under value-maximizing selection mechanisms. Second, while at the helm of the company, learning opportunities are limited, since many managerial decisions occur at low frequency, and their causal effects are clouded by self-attribution bias and difficult to disentangle from those of concurrent events. Third, at the dismissal stage, market discipline does not ensure the firing of biased decision-makers as board members themselves are subject to biases in their evaluation of CEOs.
 By documenting how biases affect even the most educated and influential decision-makers, such as CEOs, the field has generated important insights into the hard-wiring of biases. Biases do not simply stem from a lack of education, nor are they restricted to low-ability agents. Instead, biases are significant elements of human decision-making at the highest levels of organizations.
 An important question for future research is how to limit, in each CEO career phase, the adverse effects of managerial biases. Potential approaches include refining selection mechanisms, designing and implementing corporate repairs, and reshaping corporate governance to account not only for incentive misalignments, but also for biased decision-making.


In traditional accounts of Hebrew morphology, the primary basis of word formation is an underlying consonantal root and vocalic/prosodic template. However, many words in Modern Hebrew containing reflexes of historical gutturals deviate from the canonical form with regard to syllable structure, the number of surface root consonants, and the number and quality of vowels in the template. These deviations can be characterized as deletion, vowel epenthesis, and vowel lowering, suggesting that the exceptional words can be explained via phonological approaches. Indeed, phonological explanations have been by proposed by previous generative and Optimality Theory (OT) accounts (Bar-Lev 1977, Bolozky 1978, Faust 2005), though these studies have been limited with regard to their explanatory scope. The present paper begins both by expanding on these treatments using a wider array of ordered rules and ranked constraints than was previously proposed and by exploring their limitations. To address their shortcomings, this paper then adopts an Evolutionary Phonology (EP) framework. Under an EP analysis, we can assess the extent to which the tools of phonology are appropriate for explaining patterns involving the modern reflexes of the gutturals by exploring multiple sources of explanation for these patterns: phonetic and historical factors, external factors such as language contact and prescriptive norms, and analogical change (Blevins 2004). The source of vowel lowering and epenthesis is posited to be the effects of the relatively high F1 associated with gutturals, which became phonological processes in Biblical Hebrew (McCarthy 1994). Incorporated into Hebrew orthography, these effects remained evident in Modern Hebrew, despite the fact that the guttural triggers themselves were not recovered in the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language in the late 1800s (Saenz-Badillos 1993) and therefore did not form part of the synchronic phonology. After considering non-phonological sources of explanation for vowel lowering and epenthesis, deletion alone is left as a strictly phonological process. This paper proposes that the synchronic effects associated with vowel lowering and epenthesis should be explored using the tools of morphology rather than those of phonology. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol20/iss1/25 U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20.1, 2014 Getting your Gutturals out of the Mind: An Assessment of the Role of Phonology in the Patterns of Historical Gutturals in Modern Hebrew


Personal initiative training is a promising way to increase entrepreneurial personal initiative, which is a key behavior for successful entrepreneurship. Although personal initiative training has been shown to promote personal initiative, little is known about how this proactive behavior can be maintained over time and what the consequences are. The training transfer literature suggests that training effects usually decline with time. It is not clear, however, which factors contribute to personal initiative maintenance and which benefits go along with it. In a randomized controlled field experiment with 912 microentrepreneurs in Lome, Togo, we investigate the influence of need for cognition—a cognitive factor driving proactive behavior—on personal initiative maintenance after training. In addition, we examine the effect of need for cognition on the well‐being consequences of personal initiative maintenance. We show that people high in need for cognition tend to maintain posttraining personal initiative longer than those low in need for cognition. However, contrary to our predictions, need for cognition has no effect on the level of well‐being that results from personal initiative maintenance. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of personal initiative and its maintenance and could be used to increase training effectiveness.


Atmospheric pollution of particulate matter (PM) is a major concern for its deleterious effects on human health and climate. Over the past 50 years, Equatorial Asia has experienced significant land-use change and urbanization, which have contributed to more intense and frequent extreme PM concentrations associated with increased anthropogenic and wildfire emissions. Recent advances in remote sensing instrumentation and retrieval protocols have enabled effective monitoring of PM from space in near real time with almost global coverage. In this study, long-term satellite-based observations of key chemical and physical parameters, integrated with ground-based concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) measured at 52 stations, are used to develop a machine learning approach for continuous PM10 monitoring. As PM atmospheric pollution, like most of environmental processes, is highly non-linear and influenced by numerous variables, machine learning approaches seem very suitable. Herein, deep neural networks are developed and tested over different temporal scales and used to map PM10 over Equatorial Asia during the period 2005–2015. The proposed model captures both PM10 seasonal variability and the occurrence of extreme episodes, which are found to impact air quality on the regional scale. The modeled annual mean fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations are used to estimate long-term premature mortality. This study indicates that the region is experiencing increasing mortality rates related to long-term exposure to PM2.5, with 150 000 (108 000–193 000) premature deaths in 2005 and 204 000 (145 000–260 000) in 2015. This is mostly due to air quality worsening and high population growth in urban areas, although the contribution of years of intense wildfires results as well significant.


In this paper, we summarize our investigation of nonuniform coverage of a planar region by a network of autonomous, mobile agents. We derive centralized nonuniform coverage control laws from uniform coverage algorithms using cartograms, transformations that map nonuniform metrics to a near Euclidean metric. We also investigate time-varying coverage metrics and the design of control algorithms to cover regions with slowly varying, nonuniform metrics. Our results are applicable to the design of mobile sensor networks, notably when the coverage metric varies as data is collected such as in the case of an information metric. The results apply also to the study of animal groups foraging for food that is nonuniformly distributed and possibly changing.


Massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing can precisely resolve cellular diversity in a high-throughput manner at low cost, but unbiased isolation of intact single cells from complex tissues, such as adult mammalian brains, is challenging. Here, we integrate sucrose-gradient assisted nuclear purification with droplet microfluidics to develop a highly scalable single-nucleus RNA-Seq approach (sNucDrop-Seq), which is free of enzymatic dissociation and nucleus sorting. By profiling ~11,000 nuclei isolated from adult mouse cerebral cortex, we demonstrate that sNucDrop-Seq not only accurately reveals neuronal and non-neuronal subtype composition with high sensitivity, but also enables analysis of long non-coding RNAs and transient states such as neuronal activity-dependent transcription at single-cell resolution in vivo.


The World Bank (WB) began to lend for health, nutrition, and population (HNP) in the late 1970s. Today, the Bank has become the single largest external source of HNP financing in low- and middle-income countries. The Bank's activities in the HNP sector are based on the rationale that investments in health, nutrition, and population constitute an investment in human capital that is necessary for enhanced welfare, reduced poverty and sustainable growth. During fiscal years (FY) 1999 to 2002, the World Bank approved 683 lending projects in all sectors, with a total lending amount of US$ 38,306 million (2001 prices). During the same period of time, the World Bank approved 65 HNP lending projects, with a total cumulative value of US$ 3,298 million (2001 prices). The Bank has been financing pharmaceutical activities within the HNP portfolio since 1983. In total, the Bank has provided financing for pharmaceuticals in over 100 HNP projects in all six regions. According to the results of the present research, contracts for the procurement of pharmaceuticals and medical products (PMP) under Bank financed projects from FY 1999 to FY 2002 accounted for almost 36 percent of the procurement of goods in HNP, and for 18 percent of the total HNP procurement activity including goods, civil works, consulting and other services. Despite the increased interest in pharmaceuticals, lending in this area has been conducted without the guidance of an explicit operational policy on pharmaceuticals. While the World Bank has produced a number of policy papers and reports on pharmaceuticals, these are not considered operational policy. In this situation, good practices and implicit policy guide the pharmaceutical activities of the HNP sector and the Bank's pharmaceutical activities.


Various biotic, abiotic and socio-economic factors negatively affect the productivity of the crop. Among these, a new disease known as Faba bean galls (Olpidium viciae) has become a serious threat to faba bean production and productivity in highland areas of central and northern Ethiopia. Thus, field experiment was conducted in Lay Gorebela and Mush to assess the efficacies of fungicides for the management of faba bean gall under natural infection. Six fungicides were evaluated alongside control in randomized complete block design in three replications. Fungicides showed different levels of efficiency at both locations in both seasons. In 2014/15, the highest percent severity index and area under disease progress curve were calculated from control plots at both locations. At Lay Gorebela, higher grain yields were recorded from Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP and Triadimefon 250 g/L sprayed plots whereas plots sprayed with Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP gave higher yield at Mush. Similar trends in percent severity index and grain yield were observed with control treatment in 2015/16. Percent severity index and area under disease progress curve were negatively correlated with grain yield and positively correlated with each other at both locations and seasons. Partial budget analysis indicated as Triadimefon 250 g/L and Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP were cost-effective. The chemical treatment could be used as a short-term control strategy, and a component in integrated management of faba bean galls.


In the standard model of corruption, the rich are more likely to pay bribes for their children's education, reflecting higher ability to pay. This prediction is, however, driven by the assumption that the probability of punishment for bribe-taking is invariant across households. In many developing countries lacking in rule of law, this assumption is untenable, because the enforcement of law is not impersonal or unbiased and the poor have little bargaining power. In a more realistic model where the probability of punishment depends on the household's economic status, bribes are likely to be regressive, both at the extensive and intensive margins. Using rainfall variations as an instrument for household income in rural Bangladesh, this paper finds strong evidence that corruption in schools is doubly regressive: (i) the poor are more likely to pay bribes, and (ii) among the bribe payers, the poor pay a higher share of their income. The results indicate that progressivity in bribes reported in the earlier literature may be due to identification challenges. The Ordinary Least Squares regressions show that bribes increase with household income, but the Instrumental Variables estimates suggest that the Ordinary Least Squares results are spurious, driven by selection on ability and preference. The evidence reported in this paper implies that"free schooling"is free only for the rich and corruption makes the playing field skewed against the poor. This may provide a partial explanation for the observed educational immobility in developing countries.


Background: Participation in physical activity (PA) is influenced by a multitude of factors. Traditionally, research has focused on several theoretical frameworks focusing on the individual ; however, they do not necessarily take into consideration other influencing factors such as the social environment or the physical or built environment. As such, a comprehensive socio-ecological model considering a multiplicity of factors is useful in explaining behaviour.

Aims: To 1) assess the prevalence of the individual level correlates and their association with PA and walking; 2) assess the prevalence of environmental determinants and neighbourhood characteristics and the association between these and PA and walking behaviours; 3) explore within a comprehensive and socio-ecological approach, the contribution of the individual, social, and environmental factors in predicting PA and walking.

Methods: The studies used in this thesis are national, random-digit dialling telephone-based surveys of a representative population sample within Canada. All research questions and procedures underwent ethics review at York University. The studies incorporated a two-stage probability selection process to select a survey respondent, and included a number of standard self-report measures across the data collection cycles. PA and all-domain walking were measured using the telephone-administered, short International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the neighbourhood environment was measured using an abbreviated version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS), and individual factors such as knowledge about amount of PA required for guidelines, beliefs about the benefits of PA, self-efficacy, intention, and initial behaviour changes. Walking for transport was measured through the Physical Activity Monitor and walking for recreation were measured through an adapted version of the Minnesota Leisure-Time PA questionnaire (for the 2007 collection only). Complex sampling methods were required to take into account stratification by province or territory within Canada. Complex samples cross-tabulation procedures were used to calculate the prevalence estimates of Canadians meeting the PA and walking guidelines and 95% confidence intervals. The relationship between factors predicting sufficient activity and sufficient walking were examined using complex samples logistic regression procedures that were reflect the sample design. This thesis explored associations and the relative strength of the factors as the independent measures predicting sufficient PA and sufficient walking as the dependent measures, using age, sex, and education as covariates for each of these models. Chapter Six expands this model by including walking for recreation and transportation, and examining sub-population groups.

Results: Individual factors (e.g., self-efficacy, intention, and some trial behaviours) and social factors were associated with sufficient PA and certain types of walking. Relatively few environmental factors were associated with sufficient walking (all domain and domain-specific) or sufficient PA. The relationship between high density neighbourhoods and higher rates of walking (generally and specific), and the availability of supportive walking facilities with various modes of walking were evident. Proximity of many shops and the presence of sidewalks were associated with the highest quartile of walking for transport. A greater number of the individual factors predicted walking and PA compared to the environmental/neighbourhood factors, within the context of a full socio-ecological model. Findings differed when stratified by age and sex of respondents.

Conclusions: The results suggest that individual factors may be more relevant for predicting activity and walking than environmental factors, or at least should be considered in their inter-relationship with environmental factors when developing environment-based interventions. Although the inter-relationship between individual factors, social factors and the built environment are important, understanding individual factors are critical for determining strategies and interventions to promote PA among certain populations with traditionally lower levels of activity. Findings suggest that within countries like Canada, with a relative abundance of supportive environments, more specific and detailed measures of the perceived and objective physical environment may be required in order to achieve sufficient variation.


Caves formed in soluble rocks such as limestone, anhydrite, or gypsum are efficient drainage paths for water moving through the aquifer from the surface of the host rock toward a resurgence. The formation of caves is controlled by the physical solution through dissociation of the host rock by water or by the chemical solution through reactions of the host rock with water enriched with carbon dioxide. Caves as large underground voids are simply the end‐member of secondary porosity and conductivity characterizing the aquifer. Caves and their relation to a present or past base level are found both close to a past or present water table (water table caves) and extending far below a past or present water table (bathy‐phreatic caves). One explanation for this different speleogenetic evolution is the structural control: fractures and bedding partings are preferentially enlarged around more prominent faults, thus the fracture density in the host rock controls the speleogenetic evolution. This widely accepted explanation can be extended by adding other controls, e.g., a hydraulic control: as temperature generally increases with depth, density and viscosity of water change, and particularly the reduction of viscosity due to the increase in temperature enhances flow. This hypothesis was proposed by Worthington (2001, 2004) as a major controlling factor for the evolution of deep bathy‐phreatic caves. We compare the efficiency of structural and hydraulic control on the evolution of a cave passage by numerical means, adding a third control, the chemical control to address the change in solubility of the circulating water with depth. Our results show that the increase in flow through deep bathy‐phreatic passages due to the decrease in viscosity is by far outweighted by effects such as the decrease in fracture width with depth due to lithostatic stress and the decrease in solubility with depth. Hence, the existence of deep bathy‐phreatic cave passages is more likely to be controlled by the structural effect of prominent faults.


The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) allied to analyze the impact of their investments in medical imaging research. The CFI funds capital and operating programs for research infrastructure, and CIHR's mandate concentrates its funding on research activity. It happens that CIHR-funded research consumes CFI-funded infrastructure as an input in the innovation process. Apart from a few partnered programs, by design there is no coordination between CFI and CIHR funding decisions. Together, these agencies invested $916 million over a 14-year-period. In this paper, we evaluate the economic and health benefits from advancements in one funded area, namely computed tomography perfusion (CTP). CTP is an imaging technique that uses computed tomography to measure blood flow in organs and tissues. It is mostly used to assess acute ischemic stroke. The net social benefits attributable to these investments are substantially positive: the benefit-to-cost ratio is estimated to be between 6.66-to-1 and 9.99-to-1. We review how public investments from multiple funders comingle in the innovation process to deliver social value and improved health outcomes.


Benford's Law asserts that the leading digit 1 appears more frequently than 9 in natural data. It has been widely used in forensic accounting and auditing to detect potential fraud, but its application to nonprofit data is limited. As the first academic study that applies Benford's Law to U.S. nonprofit data (Form 990), we assess its usefulness in prioritizing suspicious filings for further investigation. We find close conformity with Benford's Law for the whole sample, but at the individual organizational level, 34% of the organizations do not conform. Deviations from Benford's law are smaller for organizations that are more professional, that report positive fundraising and administration expenses, and that face stronger funder oversight. We suggest improved statistical methods and experiment with a new measure of the extent of deviation from Benford's Law that has promise as a more discriminating screening metric.


The aim of this paper is to assess the performance level of water distribution systems (WDS) in six areas located in four Mediterranean countries, and evaluate their common characteristics. The second modification of the IWA Standard International Water Balance was used to account for the fixed charge included in the customers' bills. Each WDS efficiency was annually assessed, although in particular cases, shorter time periods (6 and 4 months) were applied depending upon local conditions, data availability, etc. The main common characteristic found was that some data needed to perform water balance calculations were missing (e.g. regarding the level of unbilled authorized use, unauthorized use, and customer meter inaccuracies). Moreover, a fixed-charge billing policy was adopted by the local utilities in all six cases, underestimating the impact of the high non-revenue water (NRW) values. This policy results in misleading, low values of unrecoverable revenues, although water losses remain high. Thus, water utilities are not motivated to develop NRW reduction strategies. Nevertheless, the analysis revealed that real losses represent the main NRW component in all case studies, thus respective reduction strategies should focus on them. Wherever WDS monitoring, simulation and leakage reduction measures were established, lower NRW values occur.


Current political issues are often reflected in social media discussions, gathering politicians and voters on common platforms. As these can affect the public perception of politics, the inner dynamics and backgrounds of such debates are of great scientific interest. This thesis takes user generated messages from an up-to-date dataset of considerable relevance as Time Series, and applies a topic-based analysis of inspiration and agenda setting to it. The Institute for Web Science and Technologies of the University Koblenz-Landau has collected Twitter data generated beforehand by candidates of the European Parliament Election 2019. This work processes and analyzes the dataset for various properties, while focusing on the influence of politicians and media on online debates. An algorithm to cluster tweets into topical threads is introduced. Subsequently, Sequential Association Rules are mined, yielding wide array of potential influence relations between both actors and topics. The elaborated methodology can be configured with different parameters and is extensible in functionality and scope of application.


Students studying for a degree in social work in England are required to undertake one hundred and seventy days of direct practice with service users in social care settings, ordinarily divided into two practice placement blocks. Traditionally students on practice placements have produced a hard copy portfolio which compiles evidence to meet a range of educational and professional capabilities, as well as demonstrating key attributes such as critical thinking and reflection. Following a scoping exercise which demonstrated that there were significant advantages to using an electronic portfolio, the School of Health and Social Care at the University of Lincoln developed, piloted and introduced an e-portfolio on both its' undergraduate and Master's social work degree programmes. This paper provides a rationale and contextualisation for the introduction of this type of innovative digital technology and reviews the pedagogical, professional and practical opportunities and limitations presented by the e-portfolio. The e-portfolio has been well received both by students and staff responsible for their assessment on placement, and commended for its flexibility, interactivity and portability. This presentation will provide an opportunity for participants to view the e-portfolio in operation and to discuss how it contributes to the evaluation of learning and the assessment of student performance.


Internet has opened a window enabling retailers to sell to anyone, anywhere and at any time. E-commerce has completely changed the way of doing business and in this context appeared the "daily deals" or "group buying" web pages: a business model which attracts millions of customers through the online sale of experiences – like a dinner or a trip – or products with a high percentage of discount, possible due to the great number of buyers.
Motivated by this context of growth, in this project a benchmarking on web functionalities is done for the main group buying web pages and some general electronic marketplaces.
As a result of this benchmarking a web functionality is chosen to be analyzed and developed for an e-commerce deals web: recommender systems. This leads to a second part of this project, where the main techniques to implement a recommendation system are studied and then used to generate a proof of concept for a recommender engine to work in a group buying web environment.
The goal of using a recommendation system in this environment is to make the right information arrive to the right costumers. Recommender systems are valuable both for users and businesses. From a consumer perspective, they may help the users to manage the information overload of the e-commerce world. From a corporate point of view, they may contribute to the cross-sell and upsell of products.
In this project, an item-based collaborative filtering approach is used to generate the recommender engine for the group buying web environment. After the model is designed, a proof of concept focused in the recommender core is implemented. At the end, some evaluation techniques for the recommender system are described.


The New York Minute is a publication of Cornell University's Community & Regional Development Institute (CaRDI), produced in collaboration with the Program on Applied Demographics (PAD). These publications are free for public reproduction with proper accreditation. For more information on CaRDI, our program areas, and past publications, please visit: www.cardi.cornell.edu. For more information on PAD, please visit: pad.human.cornell.edu. Cornell University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action educator and employer. new york minute