Industrial energy systems channel fuels and power into a variety of energy types such as steam, direct heat, hot fluids and gases, and shaft power for compressors, fans, pumps, and other machine-driven equipment. All of these processes impact the environment and are impacted by external energy and environmental policies and regulations. Therefore many environmental management issues are closely related to energy use and efficiency. Applied Industrial Energy and Environmental Management provides a comprehensive and application oriented approach to the technical and managerial challenges of efficient energy performance in industrial plants. Written by leading practitioners in the field with extensive experience of working with development banks, international aid organizations, and multinational companies, the authors are able to offer real case studies as a basis to their method. The book is divided into three main parts: * Part one describes Energy and Environmental Management Systems (EEMS) in current use and management techniques for energy and environmental performance improvement. * Part two focuses on the engineering aspects of industrial energy management, describing main industrial energy systems and how to analyse and improve their energy performance. * Part three is the TOOLBOX on an accompanying website, which contains data, analytical methods and questionnaires as well as software programs, to support the practical application of the methods elaborated on in the first two parts of the book. This book will be a valuable resource to practising energy and environmental management engineers, plant managers and consultants in the energy and manufacturing industries. It will also be of interest to graduate engineering and science students taking courses in industrial energy and environmental management


This article reports on a research project investigating the professional identity of linguists as experts in legal and forensic settings. It reveals how they construct that identity discursively and intersubjectively. The analysis adopts a social constructionist perspective whereby the ways in which the experts talk and make sense of their professional experience are seen as identity building. Using interview data and the combined methodologies of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) and thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006), we identify a number of discursive resources the experts draw on. These include knowledge and expertise, professional and social duty, and aspects of their professional practice. At the same time, the experts construe their professional experience by reference to what they do not, and should not, do. We suggest that 'forensic linguist' is a shared identity with its own set of competencies, practices and obligations, although the profession is potentially still in development and/or is auxiliary to law enforcement.


Using coalgebraic methods, we extend Conway's theory of games to possibly
non-terminating, i.e. non-wellfounded games (hypergames). We take the view that
a play which goes on forever is a draw, and hence rather than focussing on
winning strategies, we focus on non-losing strategies. Hypergames are a
fruitful metaphor for non-terminating processes, Conway's sum being similar to
shuffling. We develop a theory of hypergames, which extends in a non-trivial
way Conway's theory; in particular, we generalize Conway's results on game
determinacy and characterization of strategies. Hypergames have a rather
interesting theory, already in the case of impartial hypergames, for which we
give a compositional semantics, in terms of a generalized Grundy-Sprague
function and a system of generalized Nim games. Equivalences and congruences on
games and hypergames are discussed. We indicate a number of intriguing
directions for future work. We briefly compare hypergames with other notions of
games used in computer science.


In contrast to sagittal plane spine biomechanics, little is known about the response of the cervical spine to axial compression with lateral eccentricity of the applied force. This study evaluated the effect of lateral eccentricity on kinetics, kinematics, canal occlusion, injuries and flexibility of the cervical spine in translationally-constrained axial impacts. Eighteen functional spinal units were subjected to flexibility tests before and after an impact. Impact axial compression was applied at one of three lateral eccentricity levels based on percentage of vertebral body width (low = 5%, medium = 50%, high = 150%). Injuries were graded by dissection. Correlations between intrinsic specimen properties and injury scores were examined for each eccentricity group. Low lateral force eccentricity produced predominantly bone injuries, clinically recognised as compression injuries, while medium and high eccentricity produced mostly contralateral ligament and/or disc injuries, an asymmetric pattern typical of lateral loading. Mean compression force at injury decreased with increasing lateral eccentricity (low = 3098 N, medium = 2337 N and high = 683 N). Mean ipsilateral bending moments at injury were higher at medium (28.3 Nm) and high (22.9 Nm) eccentricity compared to low eccentricity specimens (0.1 Nm), p<0.05. Ipsilateral bony injury was related to vertebral body area (r = -0.974, p = 0.001) and disc degeneration (r = 0.851, p = 0.032) at medium eccentricity. Facet degeneration was correlated with central bony injury at high eccentricity (r = 0.834, p = 0.036). These results deepen cervical spine biomechanics knowledge in circumstances with coronal plane loads.


In this paper, we calculate the luminescence of the dilute quaternary InAs1-x-yNxSby semiconductor using a microscopic approach. The theory starts with the band anticrossing model applied to both conduction and the valence band to generate input for analytical approximations that lead to luminescence spectra, including relevant many body effects. Direct application of the equations leads to good agreement with recently measured experimental data.


In brief
The Aurora protein kinases have critical functions in controlling oocyte meiotic maturation. In this study, we describe an assay for examining their activation state in oocytes and establish the best working doses of three commonly used inhibitors.

Abstract
Several small molecule inhibitors exist for targeting Aurora kinase proteins in somatic cells. From this point of view, we evaluate the specificity of these inhibitors in mouse oocytes, and we demonstrate that MLN 8237 and AZD 1152 are specific for Aurora kinase A and Aurora kinase C, respectively, only when used at low concentrations.


The Ebola outbreak in West Africa has exposed the limits of the current approach to the global governance of infectious diseases, which mixes public health and security interests. International efforts to strengthen 'health security' quickly faltered when confronted with weak national health systems. Costly attempts by Western governments to strengthen global health security by developing new medical countermeasures, though important, did not yield a single, effective, widely available treatment or vaccine before the outbreak occurred. The World Health Organization (WHO), which had made strengthening global health security a strategic objective, was unable to marshal a rapid international response to the epidemic due to its institutional structure and recent cutbacks in its outbreak and emergency response department. In the end, governments could only try to get 'ahead' of the disease via a heavily militarised response that came too late for the thousands who have already died, that remains of uncertain sustainability, and that raises profound challenges for already stretched armed forces. The time has come to move from a focus on health security and international crisis response, to a system of global governance capable of addressing infectious disease outbreaks in an orderly, organised and sustainable manner. PRACTICE PAPER IN BRIEF 17 FEBRUARY 2015


In its discourse, the EU places democracy and the rule of law as number one. This paper examines the extent to which the EU is a coherent actor in pursuing this goal in practice, especially in its wider neighbourhood. Case studies are presented, covering much of the neighbourhood: Balkans, Turkey, Russia and Ukraine, Maghreb and Israel-Palestine.


In 2009, hostilities were brought to an end in Burundi when the FNL rebel group laid down weapons. In exchange for peace, ex-rebels benefited from a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) program to finance their return to civilian life. A few years earlier, another rebel group (CNDD-FDD) had gone through the same program. In this paper, we assess the impact of this complex program from a theoretical and an empirical viewpoint. First, we develop an agricultural model in order to predict the impact of demobilization cash transfers on beneficiary and non-beneficiary households. Then, we test the theoretical model by using a household panel dataset collected in rural Burundi. We find that, in the short run, the cash payments received by ex-combatants had a positive direct impact on purchases and investments of beneficiaries, as well as an indirect positive impact on non-beneficiaries. We also find that the direct and indirect impacts on purchases vanish in the long run. These results suggest that reinsertion grants may favour the acceptation of ex-combatants in their local communities in the short run, but are most likely not sufficient for peace to hold. More generally, it emphasizes the importance of considering spillovers in the evaluation of development programs.


Three peroxiredoxins (Prxs) were identified in Thermotoga maritima, which possesses neither glutathione nor typical thioredoxins: one of the Prx6 class; one 2-Cys PrxBCP; and a unique hybrid protein containing an N-terminal 1-Cys PrxBCP domain fused to a flavin mononucleotide-containing nitroreductase (Ntr) domain. No peroxidase activity was detected for Prx6, whereas both bacterioferritin comigratory proteins (BCPs) were regenerated by a NADH/thioredoxin reductase/glutaredoxin (Grx)-like system, constituting a unique peroxide removal system. Only two of the three Grx-like proteins were able to support peroxidase activity. The inability of TmGrx1 to regenerate oxidized 2-Cys PrxBCP probably results from the thermodynamically unfavorable difference in their disulfide/dithiol E(m) values, -150 and -315 mV, respectively. Mutagenesis of the Prx-Ntr fusion, combined with kinetic and structural analyses, indicated that electrons are not transferred between its two domains. However, their separate activities could function in a complementary manner, with peroxide originating from the chromate reductase activity of the Ntr domain reduced by the Prx domain.


Flood risks and damages due to natural phenomena are becoming more frequent in Mexican coastal zones. Given this condition, the critical infrastructure of cities must be prepared and protected for such disasters, particularly in the health sector. To face this challenge, during the World Conference on Disasters Risk Reduction in 2005, the United Nations launched the global campaign 'Hospitals Safe from Disasters'. This campaign was based on the commitment that hospitals must be safe in order to mitigate disasters damages and hospitals must continue functioning after a disaster. Mexico together with other 168 countries became part of the compromise. In 2015, said goals and objectives were ratified in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Under the leadership of the National System for Civil Defense Mexico ́s, the 'Safe Hospital Program' has been a mechanism to evaluate and certify the safety of hospitals located on disaster risk areas. Such a program broadly speaking comprises a Hospital Safety Index, an Evaluation Process, and the corresponding Evaluators Committee. Against this background, the main goal of this paper is to show the results of a long-term project that has been documenting the limits, challenges and strategies that some hospitals pose in Mexican coastal zones in order to reach the goals of the said Program. This analysis bases on semi-structured interviews with key informants in hospitals exposed to hydrometeorological hazards as hurricanes and heavy rains. Results show that in spite of a very precise developed Safety Index and detailed evaluation tools, hospitals lack in many cases of the financial resources and a 'risk reduction culture', or have serious technical constraints imposed by the age of the buildings. Nevertheless, they have developed strategies that could be useful for other health care facilities in the same situation.


As a part of an effort to roll back malaria in Nigeria, exploring the use of geographically related tools triggered the use of modern approaches of knowing the spatial distribution of target populations to attain significant malaria elimination intervention. GIS tool was used for geographical reconnaissance (GR), providing demographic data on respondents' household and spatial information on the distribution of households in the selected location. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect spatial data in the two locations, while a quantitative questionnaire was used to collect the household data. The analysis of field data indicated that 49,500 unique households were enumerated and thus included in the Indoor Residual Spraying to prevent malaria infection, covering 424 towns in the two Local Government Areas (LGAs). 383,301 persons were recorded during the GR exercise in Doma and Nassarawa Eggon LGAs out of which 79,339 were children of agesless than five years, with 13,526 pregnant women. Further data analysis revealed that the average number of persons per household in both LGAs was approximately eight. The spatial information from the GR provides a foundation for an updateable database for any future survey for developmental activities in Nigeria. The use of modern GR approach has proved to be accurate, reliable and more cost effective and less cumbersome than the traditional approach in the collection and geo-positioning of household data. Use of Garmin e-Trex GPS handheld instruments to collect household data in the designated areas removed the constraints of expensive Personal Digital Assistants and reduced errors of wrong location coordinates. Several African countries which did not use GR or applied the use of Geospatial tool appropriately had setbacks. The previous study in other countries showed limitations which was characterized by substantial inherent logistical and technical challenges culminating in missed targets. This setback was addressed in our study.


Stable carbon-isotope compositions of pedogenic carbonate occurring in three clay-rich vertic paleosols within Paleozoic red-bed successions in central Pennsylvania provide a record of past pedogenic environments and can be used to estimate CO{sub 2} pressure (P{sub CO{sub 2}}) of the Paleozoic atmosphere. The {delta}{sup 13}C values of carbonate nodules from paleosols in the deltaic lower Bloomsburg Formation (Upper Silurian) reflect the contribution of carbon from marine groundwater or fossils, coupled with low biological activity. The {delta}{sup 13}C values of carbonate rhizocretions from stratigraphically high paleosols in the Bloomsburg Formation, and in the alluvial Catskill (Upper Devonian) and Mauch Chunk (Upper Mississippian) Formations, suggest an extensive C{sub 3} flora and significant contribution of atmospheric CO{sub 2}. Paleozoic atmospheric CO{sub 2} levels inferred from {delta}{sup 13}C of pedogenic carbonate are significantly higher than present levels.


The Indian diaspora has now more than ever before exported the inhabitants of the sub-continent to very many countries in the world. They are presently to be found settled in far-off places like Alaska, Norway, Denmark, New Zealand, the Unites States of America, England, Canada and elsewhere. By far the largest group that had emigrated under the tri-partite patronage of South Africa, India and Britain between 1860 and 1911 to South Africa were a mixture of Hindus, Christians and Muslims representing the four major Indian language groups of Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Gujarati. The indentured, in no small measure, played a significant part in drastically uplifting the economy of Natal as efficient and hardworking labourers in the sugarcane farms, the coalfields of Northern Natal and in the wattle farms of the mist belt of the Midlands of Natal. No doubt in some cases their working conditions were extremely trying and painfully difficult; but they triumphed. They were not willing to remain in their immigrant servitude. After their contract, as is now, patently well known that in about 140 years they have reached against all odds. They are world recognized in nearly all fields where human endeavour calls for the best. They have produced renounced academics and artisans and are visible wherever excellence is the benchmark. After 1994 they have integrated with ease within the South African plural society without abandoning their language, culture, traditions, belief systems, dietary habits and the distinct dress of the women in particular and the men in general. Undoubtedly their inborn patience and tolerance and the ability to change and adapt within a multi-religious and multi-ethical milieu is a humble credit to their forbearance.


We demonstrate that CNN deep neural networks can not only be used for making predictions based on multivariate time series data, but also for explaining these predictions.
This is important for a number of applications where predictions are the basis for decisions and actions. Hence, confidence in the prediction result is crucial.
We design a two stage convolutional neural network architecture which uses particular kernel sizes.
This allows us to utilise gradient based techniques for generating saliency maps for both the time dimension and the features.
These are then used for explaining which features during which time interval are responsible for a given prediction, as well as explaining during which time intervals was the joint contribution of all features most important for that prediction.
We demonstrate our approach for predicting the average energy production of photovoltaic power plants and for explaining these predictions.


Aim: Pregnancy-onset hypertension and proteinuria is defined as preeclampsia (PE). PE affects 2% to 8% of all pregnancies and causes both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to compare the nutritional status of women with PE with healthy pregnant. Methods: This research was carried out at local women health care, education and research hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Thirty pregnant women who were being followed up with the diagnosis of preeclampsia and 30 healthy pregnant women as a control group involved in the study. All participants were given an introduction to the research and a questionnaire regarding their nutritional status and habits. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were taken. Results: Weight gain during pregnancy, gestational age and fetal birth weight were found to be significantly lower in preeclamptic pregnant women than healthy pregnant women (p<0.001). On the other hand, pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly higher in the preeclamptic group (p<0.001). Women with PE had higher blood pressure, fasting blood glucose concentration, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and homocystein levels compared to healthy pregnant women (p<0.05). Average daily energy, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin B6 intakes were significantly different between preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups of the micronutrients except for vitamin B6. Conclusion: Further research that examines the effects of nutritional habits and nutritional supplementation on development of preeclampsia is needed in order to prevent hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.


The influence of aeration on algal growth and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) production in a bubble column photobioreactor was investigated. Studies were performed in a 20-L reactor at different aeration rates (0.2– 2.5 vvm). Static, continuous, and periodic operation of air resulted in 41.9%, 88.4%, and 108% air saturation of dissolved oxygen, for which the corresponding values of GLA were 2.3, 6.5, and 7.5 mg·g-1 dry cell weight, respectively. An increase in the aeration rate from 0.2 to 2.5 vvm enhanced both the specific growth rate and GLA content under periodic sparging in the bicarbonate medium. With a 6-fold increase in the aeration rate, the GLA content of the alga increased by 69.64% (5.6–9.5 mg· g-1 dry cell weight). In addition, the total fatty acid (TFA) content in dry biomass increased from 2.22% to 4.41%, whereas the algae maintained a constant GLA to TFA ratio within the aeration rate tested. The dependence of GLA production on the aeration rate was explained by interrelating the GLA production rate with the specific growth rate using the Luedeking and Piret mixed growth model.


This dissertation is concerned with the problem of determining the dynamic characteristics of complicated engineering systems and structures from the measurements made during dynamic tests or natural excitations. Particular attention is given to the identification and modeling of the behavior of structural dynamic systems in the nonlinear hysteretic response regime. Once a model for the system has been identified, it is intended to use this model to assess the condition of the system and to predict the response to future excitations.

A new identification methodology based upon a generalization of the method of modal identification for multi-degree-of-freedom dyna1mcal systems subjected to base motion is developed. The situation considered herein is that in which only the base input and the response of a small number of degrees-of-freedom of the system are measured. In this method, called the generalized modal identification method, the response is separated into "modes" which are analogous to those of a linear system. Both parametric and nonparametric models can be employed to extract the unknown nature, hysteretic or nonhysteretic, of the generalized restoring force for each mode.

In this study, a simple four-term nonparametric model is used first to provide a nonhysteretic estimate of the nonlinear stiffness and energy dissipation behavior. To extract the hysteretic nature of nonlinear systems, a two-parameter distributed element model is then employed. This model exploits the results of the nonparametric identification as an initial estimate for the model parameters. This approach greatly improves the convergence of the subsequent optimization process.

The capability of the new method is verified using simulated response data from a three-degree-of-freedom system. The new method is also applied to the analysis of response data obtained from the U.S.-Japan cooperative pseudo-dynamic test of a full-scale six-story steel-frame structure.

The new system identification method described has been found to be both accurate and computationally efficient. It is believed that it will provide a useful tool for the analysis of structural response data.


Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly being used in clinical practice. As a result, various healthcare professionals now encounter ethical dilemmas that were formerly confined within the genetics clinic. In addition to autonomy and well-being of both patients and their family members, which need to be balanced carefully, a societal perspective is also vital to ensure the ethically sound introduction of whole genome sequencing into daily practice. Important choices to be made are: who is eligible for whole genome sequencing; how can informed consent be sensibly obtained, when dealing with such vast quantities of genomic information; which type of information should be offered to patients; should professionals actively search for pathogenic mutations. The rise of WGS has an impact on the moral responsibilities incumbent on healthcare professionals and necessitates a comprehensive societal debate on the advent of personalized medicine.


Abstract. We have created a cross-platform web-map CGIS for collaborative Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) workshops, called Baltic Explorer [1]. MSP requires simple and easy to use tools for facilitating discussion and managing spatial data in collaborative workshops (Pinarbasi et al. 2017). Yet, according to reports from real-world MSP workshops, digital spatial tools are used scarcely, with planners preferring paper maps and pens to handle the geospatial interaction. Collaborative GIS (CGIS) offers tools for structuring participation in group spatial decision processes (Balram & Dragicevic 2006). Therefore, CGIS can have potential to improve many aspects of MSP workshops. Baltic Explorer offers multi-user map workspaces for collaborative geospatial data exploration, spatial analysis and collaborative map drawing, Figure 1. In MSP workshops the workflow with Baltic Explorer starts with organisers creating workspaces for the participants. During the workshop participants can explore the large amount of MSP related geospatial data overlays provided by multiple SDIs. This offers overall and detailed insight for the workshop task. Participants can contribute by sharing features they have drawn on the workspace map. These features can be viewed and edited by other participants to allow for a more interactive way of collaborating. Baltic Explorer was demonstrated and evaluated in two real-word MSP workshops as well as in a gamified user test. The first workshop was a cross-border meeting where various stakeholders discussed planning objectives and available data. The evaluation focused on exploration of geospatial data and collaborative map drawing tools. The second workshop was a cross-sector event where participants were tasked to identify a new suitable wind park site using the on-the-fly spatial analysis tool which was also the focus of the evaluation. In the gamified user test participants were tasked to play a game that simulated common MSP workshop tasks using Baltic Explorer with personal and shared device setups. The evaluation focused on the device setup to be used with CGIS tools in MSP. In all three demonstrations evaluation was carried out via naturalistic observation and questionnaires. The new way of working with spatial data in MSP workshops was well received by participants. According to the questionnaire and observations in the first workshop, participants found the geospatial data exploration and collaborative map drawing tools helpful for various tasks. The same applied in the second evaluation while also the analysis tool was considered useful. The gamified user test revealed that multiple device types, such as laptops and large screens, are recommended for MSP workshops. Access to geospatial data was considered important in all the workshops. The observation, feedback, results from questionnaires and requirements from literature were used to refine the concept of Baltic Explorer, as well as to design, enhance and add utility to the system (e.g. spatial analysis). The conducted research adds to the knowledge about interaction with spatial data in collaborative workshops, which can enhance future CGIS.


This Department of Health funded study is the first to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribing (IP) in England. We found: found that:
Patients and healthcare professionals were generally positive about physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribing. A majority of patients agreed that physiotherapists and podiatrists should be able to prescribe medicine, although a minority of patients would prefer a doctor to prescribe their medicine.
Physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribers were more active than non-prescribers in most aspects of medicines management, including providing medicine and giving advice or information to patients about medicine. Among physiotherapists, the predominant activity was pain/movement control. Among podiatrists, the predominant medications used were antibiotics, antifungal/microbial topical creams, emollients and pain medication.
Perceived benefits included: reduced patient journey, fewer GP appointments, streamlining service, enabling services to continue when a doctor was not available, increased choice and enhanced quality of advice and information given. Benefits for physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribers included: improved knowledge around medicine management and safety, enhanced professional reputation, facilitation of advanced practice roles, and improved clarity over legality of medicines management activity practice.
 Barriers to independent prescribing included: finding a suitable Designated Medical Practitioner, access to a prescribing budget and patient medical records, clinical governance support for monitoring and auditing prescribing practice. 
 Patients of physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribers received more information about how often to take medicines and more often intended to follow the advice of the physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribers than patients of non-prescribers. Additional benefits differed between the professions.
Patients of physiotherapist independent prescribers received more information about their medicines, were more satisfied, able to understand and inclined to take their medicine than patients of physiotherapist non-prescribers. Patients of podiatrist independent prescribers were more satisfied with aspects of access to services than those of non-prescribing podiatrists.
Health related quality of life, as measured by the EQ-5D-L, improved equally for patients in both independent prescriber and non-prescriber groups between baseline and two-month follow-up.
Care delivery by physiotherapist and podiatrist independent prescribers was more resource intensive and costly than physiotherapist and podiatrist non-prescribers due to longer consultation duration and more frequent medicines management activities, however there are many limitations to the economic analysis so findings should be treated with caution.


I would like to thank the editors of the Public Administration Review (PAR) for this opportunity to respond to Professor Howard Frant's (in this issue) critical review of my article, "Administrative Leadership, Neo-Managerialism and the Public Management Movement" (PAR, May/June, 1998). I also wish to thank Professor Frant for accepting the public invitation to engage in a constructive and meaningful dialogue on the New Public Management and its implications for democratic governance. Professor Frant is a thoughtful scholar, and I respect his unwavering commitment to organizational economics and public choice theory. I also acknowledge and appreciate the important contributions that organizational economics and public choice theory have made to the literature of public administration, political science, management and organization theory. All theoretical perspectives have value. I take to heart Laurence O'Toole's (1995) sage admonition that "we should be critical of much that has been accepted, but we should treat as serious -- and at a minimum as a source of insights -- much of what we criticize and question ... " (294). Professor Frant raises several issues that are useful in moving the New Public Management conversation forward. While I do not agree with his interpretation of my work, I am indebted to him for advancing my thinking on a subject of utmost theoretical and practical importance. In the pages that follow, I challenge Professor Frant's assertion that the neo-managerialist ideology described in my article "does not exist." I also take issue with the contention that I have misinterpreted the managerialist ideology and microeconomic theories underpinning the New Public Management. I argue that Professor Frant's steadfast defense of economic agency theory, public choice theory, and public entrepreneurship has created a blindspot. Unfortunately, this blind-spot has prompted him to ignore or downplay some troublesome aspects of microeconomic theory and public entrepreneurship that are widely recognized in the scholarly literature. After briefly summarizing my article to reacquaint PAR readers with its central arguments, I review Professor Frant's critical commentary. This discussion establishes the context and a basis of my response. I then address specific criticisms outlined in Professor Frant's essay. I make the case that his pertinacious commitment to organizational economics and public entrepreneurship has clouded his vision, prompting him to pursue a line of argument filled with puzzling assertions and contradictions. Neo-Managerialism and the New Public Management: The Argument Revisited In "Administrative Leadership, Neo-Managerialism, and the Public Management Movement" (1998), I argued that scholars in the public policy community used several different approaches to advance the understanding of public management research, theory, and practice. I classified these approaches broadly as quantitative/analytic management, political management, liberation management, and market-driven management (194-196). I suggested that while they differed in their basic orientation, these approaches had at least one thing in common: Each was influenced by the managerialist ideology. Drawing on the widely cited work of Christopher Pollitt (1990), I contended that the managerialist ideology (or "managerialism" as it often called) consists of a set of beliefs, values, and ideas about how the world is and how it ought to be. In brief, the managerialist ideology suggests that "management is important and good"; public managers would do well if they adopted "good business practices" found in the private sector (Pollitt, 1990, 7). I indicated that the managerialism discussed by Pollitt was an "updated version of the older tradition rooted in the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor" (196). I also asserted that the Neo-Taylorist managerialism described by Pollitt has been combined with organizational economics (agency theory and transaction-cost economics) and public choice theory. …


Background Edoxaban recently proved non-inferior to warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). We conducted an imputed-placebo analysis with estimates of the proportion of warfarin effect preserved by each non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) and indirect comparisons between edoxaban and different NOACs. Methods and Findings We performed a literature search (up to January 2014), clinical trials registers, conference proceedings, and websites of regulatory agencies. We selected non-inferiority randomised controlled phase III trials of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban compared with adjusted-dose warfarin in non-valvular AF. Compared to imputed placebo, all NOACs reduced the risk of stroke (ORs between 0.24 and 0.42, all p<0.001) and all-cause mortality (ORs between 0.55 and 0.59, all p<0.05). Edoxaban 30 mg and 60 mg preserved 87% and 112%, respectively, of the protective effect of warfarin on stroke, and 133% and 121%, respectively, of the protective effect of warfarin on all-cause mortality. The risk of primary outcome (stroke/systemic embolism), all strokes and ischemic strokes was significantly higher with edoxaban 30 mg than dabigatran 150 mg and apixaban. There were no significant differences between edoxaban 60 mg and other NOACs for all efficacy outcomes except stroke, which was higher with edoxaban 60 mg than dabigatran 150 mg. The risk of major bleedings was lower with edoxaban 30 mg than any other NOAC, odds ratios (ORs) ranging between 0.45 and 0.67 (all p<0.001). Conclusions This study suggests that all NOACs preserve a substantial or even larger proportion of the protective warfarin effect on stroke and all-cause mortality. Edoxaban 30 mg is associated with a definitely lower risk of major bleedings than other NOACs. This is counterbalanced by a lower efficacy in the prevention of thromboembolism, although with a final benefit on all-cause mortality.


In illumination systems, it is often necessary to get a structure that can have good performance on uniformity. Although light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are replacing conventional light sources in illumination systems, they have nonuniformity and a large view angle. In this paper, an LED illumination system has been designed that can use color sequential to replace the color wheel for projector and also can mix color to get the color you want. An optical element tapered light pipe is also used in this structure, and we investigate the mechanism of irradiance distribution. It assists in the design of light pipe for different applications. The efficiency is above 80% and the uniformity is better than 60%. The formation of irradiance distribution in the tapered light pipe is discussed, both analytically and numerically. The result of the simulation verifies that efficiency of this structure is well enough for the illumination of both car headlights and interior lighting. This illumination system also provides a good color-mixing effect that can replace arc lamps or fluorescent lamps.


The storage coefficient for a confined aquifer in lower Cambrian sandstone has been calculated, partly from pumping tests and partly from correlations of water-level fluctuations with changes in atmospheric pressure. The different methods of calculation were in close agreement, although the values differed slightly depending on drawdown or recovery and on the horizontal distance to the border of the confining bed. In the pumping tests, the aquifer was undergoing conversion from confined to unconfined condition, which made it possible to calculate the specific yield of the sandstone too.


Green Granulation Technology (GGT) is a leading provider of fertilizer related process technologies, offering urea granulation and other fertilizer-related technologies. It is also the owner and developer of the state-of-the art Cold Recycle Fluid-Bed Urea Granulation Technology (CRG) process. The first CRG process was successfully applied in one of GGT's projects in China in 2013 (3000MTPD). Since then, over 11.000MT of daily capacity are under construction of which 1000MTPD has is being commissioned today. The Cold Recycle Granulation (CRG) process is modernizing the Urea Granulation world. This is state-of-the-art Granulation Technology, where energy saving, low investment costs and high product quality are combined in a ground shaking new layout and a revolutionary production process. GGT introduces the CRG process and present its characteristics and advantages.


This is a study of distributed leadership in the context of elementary schools' adoption of comprehensive school reforms (CSR). Most CSRs are designed to configure school leadership by defining formal roles, and we hypothesized that such programs activate those roles by defining expectations for and socializing (e.g., through professional development) role incumbents. Configuration and activation were further hypothesized to influence the performance of leadership functions in schools. Using data from a study of three of the most widely adopted CSR models, support was found for the configuration and activation hypotheses. Leadership configuration in CSR schools differed from that of nonCSR schools in part because of the addition of model-specific roles. Model participation was also related to the performance of leadership functions as principals in CSR schools and CSR-related role incumbents were found to provide significant amounts of instructional leadership. Further support for the activation hypothesis is suggested by positive relationships between leaders' professional development experiences and their performance of instructional leadership.


The Little Pebbles series retells classic fairy tales with bright, inviting illustrations and a clever tone. Small format, with a game page at the end. In this story, mother goat leaves her seven kids at home; a hungry wolf disguises himself as their mother and gobbles up whole all but the youngest. But mother goat returns...Ages 6+


Learn how to combine different technologies to create sophisticated, database-driven Web sitesThis text allows readers to gain the core programming knowledge needed to build a database-driven Web site using a step-by-step approach. Each stage of Web site development is carefully explained, from installation to production of the site. The book, based on a course developed by the author, features a carefully constructed organization that shows readers how to begin creating Web pages, and then incrementally add greater functionality as they progress through the text.A key strength of this book is its use of multiple programming languages and applications. By selecting among the best options from HTML, JavaScript, MySQL, PHP, Apache, and Linux/UNIX, readers learn to develop Web sites that are specifically tailored to meet their needs. Brief chapters, each focusing on one core theme, are designed to allow readers to learn at their own pace. Among the key chapters is one dedicated to teaching how to install a Web server with all the required modules to run the scripts presented in the book. Examples are used extensively throughout, illustrating key concepts and techniques Author draws from his own extensive experience to offer expert tips and point out pitfalls to avoid Exercises help readers put their knowledge into practice The examples, as well as sample solutions to the exercises, are posted online to give readers more opportunity to work with the scriptsWith its step-by-step approach, this book is ideally suited for anyone who wants to learn how to create complete Web sites. No previous knowledge of any programming language is needed. For experienced Web designers, the book will bring their programming skills to a higher level by enabling them to create dynamic pages linked to a database.


The paper traces the development of the use of blood quantum, or fractional amounts of Indian blood to define Indian in federal law up to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The paper shows that blood quantum was not widely used in federal law until the twentieth century, as the branches of the federal government used matrilineal or patrilineal descent or tribal membership to define Indian, for various legal purposes, including during the allotment era of federal Indian policy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the varied uses of blood quantum reflect the changing policies of the federal government towards Indians through time and the continued failure to resolve two interlocking foundational contradictions of Indian legal status: 1) Indian as race and as political group, and 2) Indian as sovereign and as ward.


We report the synthesis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and thermal, dielectric, Raman and infrared studies of a novel heterometallic formate [C2H5NH3][Na0.5Fe0.5(HCOO)3] (EtANaFe). The thermal studies show that EtANaFe undergoes a second-order phase transition at about 360 K. X-ray diffraction data revealed that the high-temperature structure is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, with dynamically disordered ethylammonium (EtA(+)) cations. EtANaFe possesses a polar low-temperature structure with the space group Pn and, in principle, is ferroelectric below 360 K. Dielectric data show that the reciprocal of the real part of dielectric permittivity above and below the phase transition temperature follows the Curie-Weiss, as expected for a ferroelectric phase transition. Based on theoretical calculations, we estimated the polarization as (0.2, 0, 0.8) μC cm(-2), i.e., lying within the ac plane. The obtained data also indicate that the driving force of the phase transition is ordering of EtA(+) cations. However, this ordering is accompanied by significant distortion of the metal formate framework.


This paper provides a new explanation for China's extremely low consumption-to-GDP ratio, highlighting the constraints of the "household registration system" (Hukou) on China's household consumption. Our baseline results show that the consumption of migrants without an urban Hukou is 30.7% lower than that of urban residents. Moreover, consumption heterogeneity cannot be explained by migration effects, culture, social norms, habits or some other forms of household heterogeneity. Further studies on the composition of household consumption have shown that the gaps are largest in areas such as education and culture, durable goods and health. As both the number and income level of migrants are rising, the constraining effects of Hukou on household consumption will continue to increase.


A wiki provides opportunities for "real" social constructivism with teachers and learners co-editing, co-creating and co-constructing content. A wiki can be used as a resource to shift the emphasis from the teacher to the learner as a tool for collaborative learning whilst at the same time personalising the student learning experience. The workshop aims to enable participants feel empowered to set up student-directed activities, and use a wiki to manage computer supported collaborative learning in their practice that empowers students to engage in active learning. Workshop participants will be provided with personalised, contextual material that can be integrated into their daily teaching and learning practice by: • Sharing experiences of using a wiki to support collaborative learning. • Hearing the experiences of others, assess the risks and barriers to overcome in using a wiki. • Helping participants decide on ways in which wikis could be used with learners in their own practice. • Providing an opportunity for participants to collaborate and share in small teams; working with colleagues, to facilitate exploration of an aspect of teaching suitable for a wiki.


Current standard management of a cut digital nerve is end-to-end microsurgical nerve coaptation where possible. A recent systematic review of adult digital nerve injuries that were either repaired or left unrepaired showed that the evidence for good nerve recovery or improved function following nerve repair is poor. In the 30 studies included, only 24% of repaired nerves regained sensory recovery close to or equivalent to estimated pre-injury levels. Neuroma rates were the same in those nerves repaired (4.6%) and those not repaired (5%). Questions under debate include proper assessment methods of outcomes, decision making for repair or no repair to different fingers or the thumb, levels of injury, age, and hand dominance. This review summarizes the major evidence available and debates the surgical dogma that surrounds this injury.


The microstructure of the solid-PbI2 precursor thin film plays an important role in the intercalation crystallization of the formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite (α-HC(NH2)2PbI3). It is shown that microstructurally engineered PbI2 thin films with porosity and low crystallinity are the most favorable for conversion into uniform-coverage, phase-pure α-HC(NH2)2PbI3 perovskite thin films. Planar perovskite solar cells fabricated using these thin films deliver power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 13.8%.


The research described in this thesis is an attempt to understand
the changing nature of redundancy, chequered working lives and
unemployment in modern Britain. It focuses in particular on the ways in
which a specific group of industrial workers and their families have
perceived, mediated and reacted to the upheavals redundancy has caused
in their lives. Section I deals with the history of the research; the problems
associated with qualitative work and argues the case for a critical neo-
Veberian methodology, as opposed to a general reliance on neo-Marxist
perspectives in sociology. Section II examines economic and social
change in contemporary Britain, paying particular attention to the
recent histories of B. S. C. and South Yorkshire. Section III analyses the various effects of redundancy and
unemployment on the nation, the local area, the family and the
individual and those factors which can assist in pro-active responses to
job loss. Some suggestions for the development of a social-psychology
of redundancy et alia are made. The main findings deal with the experiences of these families, which
are discussed within a life course perspective and include an
examination of the many variables which can influence people's behaviour
in these situations such as: class; age; occupation; gender; and
political and religious consciousness. Family level variables are
critically important, in particular the differing degrees of equality
within particular marriages and households. The final section makes a conscious effort to link together the
'public issues' and 'private troubles' of redundancy et; alia. These are
qualitatively different from those of earlier periods in the Twentieth
Century and provide a challenge to sociologists and policy makers, who
have not come to terms with their impact. This research indicates that
neo-Marxism cannot adequately explain these phenomena. Some suggestions
are made for a Critical Humanism, drawing on the best of sociology's
diverse images of the social world, as a means of understanding the
macro and micro-social realities of redundancy, chequered working lives
and unemployment in the 1930's.


POSTER SUMMARY A model was developed that can be used to estimate the probability of achieving regeneration at a variety of specified stem density levels. The model was fitted to shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) regeneration data, and can be used to estimate the probability of achieving desired levels of regeneration between 300 and 700 stems per acre 9-l 0 years after thinning to a specified level of overstory basal area per acre. The level of regeneration to be achieved was used to modify a logistic model to estimate probability of obtaining regeneration at the desired level. Variables used in the model to predict probability of achieving the desired regeneration level were site index for shortleaf pine (base age 50), overstory basal area, age at time of thinning and a dummy (0 or 1) variable representing year of plot establishment.


Jules Verne (1828-1905) was the first author to popularize the literary genre of science fiction. Written in 1898 and part of the author s famous series Voyages Extraordinaires, The Mighty Orinoco tells the story of a young man s search for his father along the then-uncharted Orinoco River of Venezuela. The text contains all the ingredients of a classic Verne scientific-adventure tale: exploration and discovery, humor and drama, dastardly villains and intrepid heroes, and a host of near-fatal encounters with crocodiles, jungle fever, Indians and outlaws all set in a wonderfully exotic locale. The Mighty Orinoco also includes a unique twist that will appeal to feminists readers will need to discover it for themselves. This Wesleyan edition features notes, and a critical introduction by renowned Verne scholar Walter James Miller, as well as reproductions of the illustrations from the original French edition. CONTRIBUTORS: Walter James Miller, Stanford Luce, Arthur B. Evans."


This chapter examines the management of public information since 1844 in the light of Pat Joyce's engagement with liberalism not as a set of principles but as a culture and practice of governance embodied in the lives of citizens over time. It moves between contemporary debates over the application of the 2000 Freedom of Information Act and the sequence of modernisation and reform which accompanied the growth of the modern bureaucratic state since the Great Reform Act. It uses the issue of public secrecy to stress three dimensions of the debates inherent in Pat's endeavour: firstly the question of whether the transparency invoked by commentators from Bentham to the current Information Commissioner is the inevitable concomitant of the liberal enterprise; secondly the extent to which the opposition between formal legal constraints and informal cultural discipline is not given but always negotiated and unstable; and thirdly the sheer instability of the liberal compromises and their constant exposure to challenge and reformulation. The paper endorses Nick Rose's observation 'links between the political apparatus and the activities of governing are less stable and durable than often suggested: they are tenuous reversible, heterogeneous.' It concludes that after a prolonged period of decline in the nineteenth century settlement of the management of official information, what is now being attempted is a kind of reversal. Rather than the values and traditions of a governing elite standing in for formal regulation and justifying its absence, now a complex formal bureaucracy is attempting to create the conditions within which a new or revived set of ethical standards can flourish. Critics of reform have tended to overlook the significance of the construction of a new kind of administrative infrastructure to police the flow of information. The Information Commissioner now runs an office of 270 staff which oversees no less than 115,000 public bodies covering not only central government but also schools, universities, health trusts, local councils and the police. The changes reflect the transformation of what is meant by the public sector, and in particular the changing balance between the central bureaucracy and the manifold local institutions which impact directly on the lives of citizens.


A flexible tool, based on the finite-element method, for the computational simulation of vortex phenomena in type-II superconductors has been developed. These simulations use refined or newly developed phenomenological models including a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model, a variable-thickness thin-film model, simplified models valid for high values of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter, models that account for normal inclusions and Josephson effects, and the Lawrence-Doniach model for layered superconductors. Here, sample results are provided for the case of constant applied magnetic fields. Included in the results are cases of flux pinning by impurities and by thin regions in films.


Abstract This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a "military" or a "spiritual" struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.


Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) for harvesting electrical energy from mechanical work have been demonstrated but the energy densities achieved are still small compared with theoretical predictions. In this study, significant improvements in energy density (560 J/kg with a power density of 280 W/kg and an efficiency of 27%) are achieved using equi‐biaxial stretching, a mechanical loading configuration that maximizes the capacitance changes. The capacitance of dielectric elastomers subjected to equi‐biaxial stretches is demonstrated to be proportional to the fourth power of the stretch. Quantification of the individual energy contributions indicates that attaining higher conversion efficiencies is limited by viscous losses within the acrylic elastomer, suggesting that still higher conversion efficiencies with other elastomers should be attainable with our novel mechanical loading design.


Summary Approaches to labour‐market policy and to workfare are conditioned by different perspectives on the causes of and prospects for unemployment and social exclusion. There appears to be a high level of correlation between advocates of workfare and those who use terms like the 'culture of dependency' and the 'underclass'. At this end of the debate, assumptions about the values and behaviour of people who are unemployed or who are lone parents lead to a belief that compulsion is necessary to break that behaviour and change those values. Advocates of active labour‐market policy might be more uncomfortable with assumptions that the values and behaviour of these groups are different from those of mainstream society. For them, there are constraints and incentives which affect everyone, and the policy issues relate to relaxing those constraints and changing those incentives. The Labour Government reflects the tensions between these two broad approaches. Some senior ministers are happy to talk about the 'underclass' and welfare dependency. Others stress the vital need for further growth in regular employment as the fundamental pre‐requisite for any work or training programme to succeed.


Globally, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are considered to be one of the major threats to native biodiversity, with the World Conservation Union (IUCN) citing their impacts as 'immense, insidious, and usually irreversible'. It is estimated that 11% of the c. 12,000 alien species in Europe are invasive, causing environmental, economic and social damage; and it is reasonable to expect that the rate of biological invasions into Europe will increase in the coming years. In order to assess the current position regarding IAS in Europe and to determine the issues that were deemed to be most important or critical regarding these damaging species, the international Freshwater Invasives - Networking for Strategy (FINS) conference was convened in Ireland in April 2013. Delegates from throughout Europe and invited speakers from around the world were brought together for the conference. These comprised academics, applied scientists, policy makers, politicians, practitioners and representative stakeholder groups. A horizon scanning and issue prioritization approach was used by in excess of 100 expert delegates in a workshop setting to elucidate the Top 20 IAS issues in Europe. These issues do not focus solely on freshwater habitats and taxa but relate also to marine and terrestrial situations. The Top 20 issues that resulted represent a tool for IAS management and should also be used to support policy makers as they prepare European IAS legislation.


Climate change is a problem which many farmers had observed over the past few years. In this study, the authors analyzed perception on climate change and the factors influencing access to climate change information. The data were collected from randomly selected farmers and analyses were carried out with descriptive and probit regression. The results showed that 97.92 percent of the farmers already noticed climate change with 79.17 percent experienced floo-ding, 61.46 percent experienced some losses on their farms as a result of flooding. Also, 87.5 percent indicated that seasonal temperature had increased over time, while 83.3 percent claimed that seasonal precipitation had decreased and 91.7 percent hinted that seasonal timing of rain was early. The factors that influenced access to climate information were livestock/crop farming, use of hired labor, awareness of climate change, water scarcity, change in level of inputs, lack of climate and adaptation not cost effective (p < 0.10). It was recommended that efforts to enhance farm households' adaptation to climate should be strengthened with commitments to integrate adaptation mechanisms into the extension service delivery systems.


Successful telemetry monitoring relies on timely clinician response to potentially life-threatening cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Breakdowns in the processes and procedures associated with telemetry monitoring, as well as improperly functioning telemetry monitoring equipment, may lead to events that compromise patient safety. An analysis of reports submitted to the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System (PA-PSRS) from January 2014 through December 2018 identified 558 events specifically involving interruptions or failures associated with telemetry monitoring equipment or with the healthcare providers responsible for setting up and maintaining proper functioning of that equipment. The analysis highlighted a steady increase in the quantity of event reports associated with telemetry monitoring submitted to PA-PSRS. User errors accounted for nearly half (47.1%, 263 of 558) of events in the analysis. The most common event subtypes included: errors involving batteries in telemetry monitoring equipment (14.0%); errors in which patients were not connected to telemetry monitoring equipment as ordered (12.9%); errors involving broken, damaged, or malfunctioning telemetry monitoring equipment (10.9%); and errors in which patients were connected to the wrong telemetry monitoring equipment (9.0%).


Monetary policy has significant but overlooked effects on entry and exit of firms. We study optimal monetary stabilization policy in a DSGE model with microfounded money demand and endogenous firm entry. Due to a congestion externality affecting firm entry, the optimal policy deviates from the Friedman rule in all states even though all prices are fully flexible. In contrast to previous Ramsey model with flexible price, our calibration exercises suggest that the model can generate a high volatility of the nominal interest rate which is a direct consequence of policy actions to control entry.


This article, written by Fiona Hallett, pathway leader for the inclusion and special educational needs masters programmes at Edge Hill University, Graham Hallett, senior lecturer for special educational needs and inclusion at the University of Cumbria, and Mary McAteer, programme leader for an M level professional development programme at Edge Hill University, presents the findings of an evaluative report on the review of residential provision at an identified community special school. Within this review, a consultation was undertaken with parents and pupils to assist in shaping policy and practice, and the main focus of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of that process. By using an evaluative case study approach, it was hoped to document the chronological narrative of the consultation process and offer recommendations as to the effectiveness of participation in this instance. The authors conclude that the qualitative features seen by pupils and parents as having the greatest value suggest a need for high quality, accessible social care, rather than for curricular led, educational residential provision. Fiona Hallett, Graham Hallett and Mary McAteer's critique of the consultation process raises issues relating to the complexities of eliciting a valid pupil perspective. In addition, the authors express concerns about the general conduct of the review regarding bias, validity and the absence of staff voice.


Anticipating load characteristics on low voltage circuits is an area of increased concern for Distribution Network Operators with uncertainty stemming primarily from the validity of domestic load profiles. Identifying customer behavior makeup on a LV feeder ascertains the thermal and voltage constraints imposed on the network infrastructure; modeling this highly dynamic behavior requires a means of accommodating noise incurred through variations in lifestyle and meteorological conditions. Increased penetration of distributed generation may further worsen this situation with the risk of reversed power flows on a network with no transformer automation. Smart Meter roll-out is opening up the previously obscured view of domestic electricity use by providing high resolution advance data; while in most cases this is provided historically, rather than real-time, it permits a level of detail that could not have previously been achieved. Generating a data driven profile of domestic energy use would add to the accuracy of the monitoring and configuration activities undertaken by DNOs at LV level and higher which would afford greater realism than static load profiles that are in existing use. In this paper, a linear Gaussian load profile is developed that allows stratification to a finer level of detail while preserving a deterministic representation.


Several properties of the cerebral cortex, including its columnar and laminar organization, as well as the topographic organization of cortical areas, can only be properly understood in the context of the intrinsic two-dimensional structure of the cortical surface. In order to study such cortical properties in humans, it is necessary to obtain an accurate and explicit representation of the cortical surface in individual subjects. Here we describe a set of automated procedures for obtaining accurate reconstructions of the cortical surface, which have been applied to data from more than 100 subjects, requiring little or no manual intervention. Automated routines for unfolding and flattening the cortical surface are described in a companion paper. These procedures allow for the routine use of cortical surface-based analysis and visualization methods in functional brain imaging.


The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is one of the first multicolor photometric and spectroscopic surveys designed to measure the statistical properties of galaxies within the local universe. In this paper we present some of the initial results on the angular two-point correlation function measured from the early SDSS galaxy data. The form of the correlation function, over the magnitude interval 18 < r* < 22, is shown to be consistent with results from existing wide-field, photographic-based surveys and narrower CCD galaxy surveys. On scales between 1' and 1° the correlation function is well described by a power law with an exponent of ≈-0.7. The amplitude of the correlation function, within this angular interval, decreases with fainter magnitudes in good agreement with analysis from existing galaxy surveys. There is a characteristic break in the correlation function on scales of approximately 1°-2°. On small scales, θ < 1′, the SDSS correlation function does not appear to be consistent with the power-law form fitted to the 1′ < θ < 0.°5 data. With a data set that is less than 2% of the full SDSS survey area, we have obtained high-precision measurements of the power-law angular correlation function on angular scales 1′ < θ < 1°, which are robust to systematic uncertainties. Because of the limited area and the highly correlated nature of the error covariance matrix, these initial results do not yet provide a definitive characterization of departures from the power-law form at smaller and larger angles. In the near future, however, the area of the SDSS imaging survey will be sufficient to allow detailed analysis of the small- and large-scale regimes, measurements of higher order correlations, and studies of angular clustering as a function of redshift and galaxy type.


Patients of all ages with an epilepsy are at an increased risk of a premature death. The standardised mortality rate in all patients with an epilepsy is between 1.6 and 4.1 but considerably higher (up to 10) in those with a medically-refractory epilepsy and with additional childhood-onset comorbid problems including learning difficulties and severe four-limb spastic cerebral palsy. Mortality in epilepsy may be seizure-related (eg, resulting in an accident, including submersion1 or in convulsive status epilepticus) or associated with an underlying neurological disorder. Only a few of the factors associated with the increased mortality risk are outside the patient's (or the family's, in the case of children) control and largely non-preventable, notably sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and complications of the underlying neurological disorder responsible for the epilepsy. Most other factors are under some degree of control, which, although not certain to prevent premature death, may substantially reduce the risk. These include the optimisation of seizure control to prevent or at least reduce the risk of frequent tonic-clonic or tonic seizures, the recognition and appropriate management of convulsive status epilepticus and the provision of appropriate advice and action on safety and lifestyle; the latter includes specific advice on water-related activities, both in and outside the home.

The retrospective study by Franklin et al 2 identified epilepsy as a risk factor in childhood drowning deaths, with a prevalence of 4.1% of drowning fatalities, compared with 0.7%–1.7% among the general, 0–14 years population (relative risk: 2.4–5.8). There was no increased risk associated with other pre-existing medical conditions, including asthma and intellectual disabilities. The study would seem to confirm the well-recognised association between drowning and epilepsy and that drowning remains the most common …


Purpose: The aim of this study was to predict the mean corneal power change preoperatively for simultaneous pterygium excision and cataract extraction. Methods: This study was performed in 2 stages. First, 66 eyes undergoing pterygium excision were recruited, and the subjects were divided into 2 groups based on a pterygium length of 2.0 mm (group 1: <2.0 mm, group 2: ≥2.0 mm). Keratometric values (K) were measured before, 1 month after, and 3 months after surgery. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict the postoperative mean K using preoperative K and morphological factors that significantly affect corneal power change. In the second stage, the regression equation was applied to 50 eyes (23 with pterygium <2.0 mm and 27 with pterygium ≥2.0 mm) in several clinics. Prediction accuracy was graded based on the difference between the calculated mean K and the postoperative mean K. Results: In group 1, the mean Ks did not change significantly after the surgery, and therefore, the predicted mean K was not statistically different from the preoperative mean K. In group 2, the horizontal and mean Ks steepened significantly, and the regression analysis predicted the mean K within the range of 0.5 diopter difference in 22 of 31 eyes, showing a better approximation compared with the preoperative mean K (P < 0.001). The prediction accuracy was verified similarly in other clinics, and the regression analysis was useful for pterygium exceeding a length of 2.0 mm. Conclusions: Pterygium exceeding a length of 2.0 mm induced a significant corneal power change after surgery. The mean K predicted from the regression analysis could be used as an approximation for a simultaneous pterygium and cataract surgery.


Memory testing commonly faces two issues: the characterization of detailed and realistic fault models and the definition of time-efficient test algorithms. Among the different types of algorithms proposed for testing static random access memories, march tests have proven to be faster, simpler, and regularly structured. The majority of the published march tests have been manually generated. Unfortunately, the continuous evolution of the memory technology introduces new classes of faults such as dynamic and linked faults and makes the task of handwriting test algorithms harder and not always leading to optimal results. Although some researchers published handmade march tests able to deal with new fault models, the problem of a comprehensive methodology to automatically generate march tests addressing both classic and new fault models is still an open issue. This paper proposes a new polynomial algorithm to automatically generate march tests. The formal model adopted to represent memory faults allows the definition of a general methodology to deal with static, dynamic, and linked faults. Experimental results show that the new automatically generated march tests reduce the test complexity and, therefore, the test time, compared to the well-known state of the art in memory testing.


Chronic and acute graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD and aGVHD) result from donor cells responding to host disparate MHC alleles. In cGVHD (H-2d-->H-2bd), heightened polyclonal immunoglobulin production is due to the interaction of donor allospecific helper T cells (Th) and the host B cells. In vivo administration of antibody to the ligand for CD40, gp39, blocked cGVHD-induced serum anti-DNA autoantibodies, IgE production, spontaneous immunoglobulin production in vitro, and associated splenomegaly. Antibody production remained inhibited for extended periods of time after termination of anti-gp39 administration. Antiallogeneic CTL responses induced in a GVHD were also prevented by the in vivo administration of anti-gp39 as was the associated splenomegaly. These data suggest that CD40-gp39 interactions are critical in GVHD and that CD40-gp39 may be a valuable ligand-receptor pair for targeting immunotherapeutic agents to control GVHD.


What is the interrelation between film museums and film history writing? This question
formed the starting point for this research into the history of film museum practice. Focusing
on the history of the Amsterdam Film Museum (1946 - 1996), this study examines the ways in
which the history of film museum practice parallels film-historical debates, and how museums
participated in the (re)production of film-historical discourse.
The historical practice of film museums can be divided into three main areas of activity:
collection, restoration and presentation. Collection is a process of choices, selection and thus of
in- and exclusion. In that sense, collection or acquisition is the fundamental activity of the
musealisation of film. What has been archived, collected and preserved automatically becomes
part of the film museums' film-historical discourse. Collection practice includes taxonomical
practices like categorizing and prioritising, both leading factors in the shaping of a collection.
The collecting of films - especially the silent films this research focuses on - often occurred
outside of official film-archival institutions like the Film Museum in Amsterdam. In almost
every case, silent films reached film museums as part of an already existent collection, brought
together by distributors or plain cinephiles. The choices and categories of these first collectors
form the starting points of most official archives. In addition to this extra-museological factor,
film museums formulated specific collection policies and goals themselves, which largely
influenced the shaping of the archives. These policies were often greatly influenced by
prevalent film-historical discourses. The last collection shaping activity is the selection of films
for preservation and restoration, which entails making films projectable and thus visible again.
This is accomplished by making a duplicate of the already present (nitrate) prints. As such,
preservation can be conceived as an act of acquisition.
The second aspect of film museum practice that actively shapes discourse is the way films are
preserved and restored. Film restoration makes use of the fact that film is a medium that can be
reproduced: it makes duplicates, and turns those into new and restored versions. From this
perspective, a discussion of film as a material object is a necessity, especially because it has
become a more and more prominent issue on film museums' and film historians' agendas.
Furthermore, there is an interplay between film museums' activities and film historiography
where restoration ethics and aesthetics are concerned. For example, questions on restoration
techniques and how to use them are of major interest. By changing colours, grading, shading
and other factors of image quality, film images can be made to resemble their 'original' state.
This means film museums produce historical interpretations of the film image even before film
historians see these reproductions. This of course implies an influence of museum practice on
film historiography. In the case of the reconstruction of editing structure, the same mechanism
applies. However, film-historical debate and opinions on which parameters make a film into an
important one - a work of art if you wish - also form an important factor in the shaping of new
restoration versions of archival films. By these restoration and preservation activities, film
museums shape film-historical discourse.
Finally, it is the film museums' presentation that makes the collected and restored films visible.
Therefore this is a very important last step in the musealisation of film, and in the shaping of
film-historical discourse on a film museum level. Screening rooms and their furnishings are of
major importance when it comes to the shaping of meaning. Film museums differ from
commercial cinema theatres in their shaping of screening spaces and thus of cinema audiences'
expectations and production of meaning. This implies that they are part of the film-historical
discourse film museums tend to shape. Also, the way films are combined into programmes is
essential in film museums' shaping of discourse. The main difference between film museum
programming and film historiography is that for the latter, the survival of a film is less of an
obligation, whereas film museums cannot make programmes without collected films. A final
element of film display is its performativity. The way films are musically or otherwise
accompanied or not, can make a huge difference in either presenting them as a modern 'art' in
itself, or as a socio-historical performance art.
This research will give the reader insight into film-historical discourse production within film
museum practice and the way this has influenced film historiography or has been influenced
by it.


This research presents a bottom-up methodology for assessing biogas potentials applied in a local community in Croatia. The research is based on analysing the flow of resources on a local level and capability of local actors to innovate and cooperate. Our method grades the local actors – in this case, owners of family farms in Gundinci municipality in Croatia – based on their farms' biogas potential (or the amount and quality of manure they produce) and an indicator which we refer to as innovative-cooperation capacity. This methodology builds upon the biogas potential analysis by identifying farmers who are willing to improve their farms manure management system and cooperate in the field of biogas production in Gundinci. The replication of this methodology could stimulate rural development, through pinpointing realizable biogas projects, which could generate new money flows for the local economies and help farmers meet the norms of the European Union Nitrates Directive which regulates manure management, in order to control nitrogen flows in agriculture.


At the roots of African American Christian life is a powerful force of soul, a dynamic spirituality that provides joy and hope. This African American spirituality empowers a celebration of life that transforms culture. The dynamic experience of African American churches establishes a new kind of freedom that sets an example for all other peoples in their struggles for liberation from the world's shackles. Soul Survivors is a stirring call to celebrate the depths and diversity of spirituality found among African American Christians.


No matter how approachable you may be as a manager, chances are good that your employees are withholding valuable intelligence from you. Research shows that many people are more likely to keep mum than to raise important questions or suggest new ideas. Companies use a variety of tactics to get people to open up, like "climate" surveys and all-staff feedback sessions. But they usually fall short for two key reasons: a fear of consequences and a sense of futility. In this article, two professors look at how leaders' misguided attempts to promote candid expression fail to address—and sometimes stir up—those feelings. For example, if you ask for anonymous input, you may be signaling that it's not safe to speak openly in your organization. And if you don't act on feedback, employees will quickly come to believe that providing it is pointless. But there are several ways to create a much more vocal culture, say the authors. To make idea sharing less intimidating, tone down the power cues with employees, and gather feedback in regular, casual exchanges. Be transparent about the processes for gathering and following up on ideas. And if you really want to know what people think, go ask them. Research shows that when employees do speak up, organizations see increased performance. So getting all this right pays off—both for workers eager to make contributions and for their firms


Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) in ITER Q = 10 H-mode plasmas are likely to lead to large transient heat loads to the divertor. To avoid an ELM induced reduction of the divertor lifetime, the large ELM energy losses need to be controlled. In ITER, ELM control is foreseen using magnetic field perturbations created by in-vessel coils and the injection of small D2 pellets. ITER plasmas are characterised by low collisionality at a high density (high fraction of the Greenwald density limit). These parameters cannot simultaneously be achieved in current experiments. Therefore, the extrapolation of the ELM properties and the requirements for ELM control in ITER relies on the development of validated physics models and numerical simulations. In this paper, we describe the modelling of ELMs and ELM control methods in ITER. The aim of this paper is not a complete review on the subject of ELM and ELM control modelling but rather to describe the current status and discuss open issues.


Entering the twenty-first century, China has been the site of many serious environmental disasters and accidents. These have strengthened the call for the establishment of an environmental risk management system and for the development of new policies to effectively manage risk. Among the new policies in China's environmental risk management strategy are pollution insurance and information disclosure. This paper explores information disclosure policies through the implementation of the Environmental Information Disclosure Decree by governmental authorities and companies. In both 2008 and 2010, we reviewed the websites of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and all 31 provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus, conducted experiments in requesting information disclosure, and held interviews with all provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus. We conclude that the implementation of the Environmental Information Disclosure Decree is improving but still far from widespread, full and effective. The lack of enforcement and the ambiguity of some clauses in the decree give provincial environmental agencies great discretion to avoid disclosure and discourages enforcement of company environmental information disclosure. Implementation shortcomings of the decree are also related to the longstanding closeness, secrecy and monopoly of information in China's political system.


Massive Porites colonies develop a bumpy growth surface as they increase in size. Development of a bumpy growth surface occurs when skeletal growth no longer provides the necessary increase in surface area to accommodate tissue growth. A massive Porites colony becomes bumpy when it reaches a critical size determined by the ratio of its tissue growth to its skeletal growth. This ratio also determines the degree of bumpiness which develops at the growth surface. X-radiographs of skeletal slices cut from the vertical growth axis of massive Porites colonies display annual density banding and skeletal architecture associated with corallites, that is, skeleton deposited by individual polyps. Density bands outline former positions of the growth surface. Examination of X-radiographs of Porites shows that new corallites are initiated on, or towards, the summit of bumps, whilst older corallites are compressed and ultimately occluded at the bottom of valleys formed between bumps. X-radiographs show that it takes 4 to 7 years from the formation of a corallite to its occlusion. Polyps on the growth surface of a bumpy Porites colony must, therefore, be continually lost. All polyps are lost and replaced during a 4 to 7 year period. Consequently, tissue covering the growth surface of a massive Porites colony can be no older than 7 years, even though the colony may have been growing for several centuries. Computer models designed to simulate growth of a massive Porites colony indicated that the growth form displayed by a Porites colony is determined by the ratio of tissue growth to skeletal growth. Models having a relatively faster tissue growth compared with skeletal growth developed a bumpy surface sooner, and the amount of bumpiness developed was greater, than for models having a relatively slower tissue growth compared with skeletal growth. Predictions from computer models accorded with observations and measurements made on actual colonies and on X-radiographs of skeletal slices cut from colonies. Thus, the ratio of tissue growth to skeletal growth determines important aspects of the growth form displayed by massive Porites colonies. The ratio of tissue growth to skeletal growth was shown to significantly affect the rate of polyp loss and replacement in Porites colonies. The longevity of polyps is less in Porites colonies displaying a well developed bumpy growth surface than in colonies displaying a smoother growth surface. Hence, the age of polyps, and therefore the tissue, covering a bumpy growth surface is less than polyps and tissue covering a smooth growth surface. Skeletal surface area in massive Porites colonies was shown to be a useful indicator of tissue biomass. Measurements of change in surface area of Porites colonies with increasing size show that the rate of tissue growth must decrease as the colony grows. Development of a bumpy growth surface alleviates this geometric restriction for only months to a couple of years. Development of a bumpy growth surface is an indication that tissue growth is becoming constrained by skeletal growth. Once a colony becomes bumpy, the tissue growth is almost totally constrained by the rate by skeletal extension. Significant differences in growth and growth form characterised massive Porites colonies collected from different reef environments. Measurements made on the colonies suggested that differences in environmental conditions probably altered the ratio of tissue growth to skeletal growth and caused the colonies to grow in different ways. Differences in growth were reflected in the resulting growth form. Information about relative rates of tissue and skeletal growth within a massive Porites colony gained from observations and measurements of the growth form can be used to provide further information about coral growth and details of environmental conditions obtaining during growth.


A novel [Pb2(m-atrz)2(m-CH3COO)(CH3COO)]n (atrz = 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) complex was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular structure shows that the complex is a coordination polymer in which there are 2 different lead(II) ions with coordination number of 5, Pb(2), and, with a coordination number of 4, Pb(1). Each atrz acts as a bridging ligand between 2 Pb(II) ions through the 2 adjacent nitrogen atoms of the triazole ring. The acetate anions show different types of coordination mode: one acts as a bridge by coordination of the same oxygen atom with Pb(II) ions and the other as a monodentate coordination by one of the oxygen atoms with Pb(2).


The adverse-selection literature has only considered the case in which competing sellers' costs of supply are independent and privately known by the individual sellers. In contrast, the auction literature has ignored adverse selection by implicitly assuming that a bid-taker is indifferent between suppliers at a given price. We show that competition in auctions with common-value elements serves to magnify the impact of adverse selection, as a bidder supplying a higher-cost product rationally makes a heightened winner's curse correction in a procurement auction. Hence lower-cost suppliers are disproportionately likely to win the auction, potentially creating a more serious quality problem for the procurer than mainstream adverse-selection models suggest.


The Asia-Pacific healthcare industry is expected to grow at 11.1% in 2018. This has been considered one of the fastest growing regions in the world. The positive growth occurring in the Asia-Pacific region is due to the increasing adoption of technology. While it is understood that technology drives advances in nursing and the health sciences, would it be possible that nursing can or will also drive technological advancements in human caring? All too often, nurses are employed in health care as simply the end-users of technologies. It is the purpose of this paper to engage a discourse towards advancing nursing as driving technological improvements aimed for human caring. How can nursing facilitate this powerful dynamic, and what will it take for nursing as a discipline and a profession to occupy a primary role in this all too often unrecognized view, that nursing can and will drive technological advancements for human caring?


We propose and study a new continuous model named the Marshall-Olkin exponentiated Burr XII (MOEBXII) distribution. It contains several special cases, namely the Marshall-Olkin exponentiated log-logistic, Marshall-Olkin exponentiated Lomax, Marshall-Olkin Burr XII, Marshall-Olkin log-logistic, Marshall-Olkin Lomax distributions, among others, and most importantly includes all four of the most common types of hazard function: monotonically increasing or decreasing, bathtub and arc-shaped hazard functions. Some of its structural properties are obtained such as the ordinary and incomplete moments, quantile and generating functions, order statistics and probability weighted moments. The maximum likelihood and least square methods are used to estimate the model parameters. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the precision of the estimates from both methods. The usefulness of the new model is illustrated by means of two real data sets.


In Sanctified Vision John J. O'Keefe and R. R. Reno explain the structure and logic of the early Church fathers' interpretations of the Bible. These interpretations are considered foundational to the development of Christianity as a religion and offer insight into how the early church fathers thought about Christian doctrine and practice. By analyzing selected portions of patristic exegesis, the authors illustrate specific reading techniques employed by the church fathers to expound the meaning they believed intrinsic to biblical texts. This approach is organized around three basic analytic strategies: literal, typological, and allegorical. The literal strategy is an intensive and broad analysis that identifies particular word associations that intensify scriptural meaning. The typological strategy interprets distinct patterns of events within scripture and applies those patterns to other events in scripture and the history of the church. The allegorical approach to biblical reading, like the topological strategy, seeks patterns in the text, but these patterns are more diverse and represent larger themes or beliefs of the early church. Within this analytic framework, the authors explain the larger structure of patristic exegesis and argue for the importance of this structure in the emergence of Christian orthodoxy.


With a lidar system that was installed in Lindenberg/Germany, we observed in June 2003, an extended aerosol layer at 13 km altitude in the lowermost stratosphere. This layer created an inelastic backscatter signal which we interpret as laser induced fluorescence from aerosol particles. Also, we find evidence for inelastic scattering in a 5 smoke plume from a forest fire that we observed in the troposphere. Fluorescence from ambient aerosol had not yet been considered detectable by lidar. However, organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sticking to the aerosol particles, or bioaerosol such as bacteria, spores or pollen fluoresce when excited with UV-radiation in a way that is detectable by our lidar system. Therefore, we conclude 10 that fluorescence from organic material released by biomass burning creates the inelastic backscatter signal that we measured with our instrument and thus demonstrate a new and powerful way to characterize aerosols by a remote sensing technique. The stratospheric aerosol layer that we have observed in Lindenberg for three consecutive days is likely to be a remnant from Siberian forest fire plumes lifted across the 15 tropopause and transported around the globe.


1 Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2 Hospital Daher Lago Sul, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Conflicts of interest: none. Introduction: Despite the many published techniques, there are difficulties in satisfactorily achieving a nipple areola complex (NAC) with long-lasting results. The objective is to demonstrate results using the triangular cutaneous flap technique in nipple reconstructions and compare it with previously published techniques. Methods: A prospective study of nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique from January 1, 2015, to March 1, 2016. Surgical technique: Marking of an equilateral triangle; decortication of the three points of the triangle that are united in the form of an envelope, with the central area adhered to the neo-breast; total skin grafting for construction of the areola. The patients were evaluated and results classified as fully satisfactory, satisfactory, partially satisfactory, or unsatisfactory. Primary type of breast reconstruction, postoperative or neoadjuvant chemoor radiotherapy complications, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Statistical evaluation was performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and post hoc analysis (significance p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-one patients underwent nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique, 17 unilateral and 14 bilateral, totaling 45 reconstructions. Mean age was 50 years, mean body mass index was 24.95 kg/m2, and mean follow-up period was 14 months. Rated: demographic data, complications of patients versus the type of primary breast reconstruction and completion of chemoand/or radiotherapy, types of breast reconstruction performed, evaluation of the nipples versus reconstruction, evaluation of the nipple reconstruction technique versus satisfaction of evaluators, and nipple complications versus reconstruction technique. Conclusion: The original triangular cutaneous flap technique presents the advantages of easy execution and safety in reconstruction of the NAC. ■ ABSTRACT


ABSTRACT Combinations of neuronal determinants and/or small-molecules such as Forskolin (Fk) can be used to convert different cell types into neurons. As Fk is known to activate cAMP-dependent pathways including CREB-activity, we aimed here to determine the role of CREB in reprogramming – including its temporal profile. We show that transient expression of the dominant-positive CREB-VP16 followed by its inactivation mediated by the dominant-negative ICER improves neuronal conversion of astrocytes mediated by the neurogenic determinant Ascl1. Contrarily, persistent over-activation by CREB-VP16 or persistent inhibition by ICER interferes with neuronal reprogramming, with the latter enhancing cell death. Taken together our work shows transient CREB activation as a key effector in neuronal reprogramming.


The mechanisms of exercise-induced fatigue have not been investigated using proteomic techniques, an approach that could improve our understanding and generate novel information regarding the effects of exercise. In this study, the proteom alterations of rat skeletal muscle were investigated during exercise-induced fatigue. The proteins were extracted from the skeletal muscle of SD rat thigh, and then analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and PDQuest software. Compared to control samples, 10 significantly altered proteins were found in exercise samples, two of them were upregulated and eight of them were downregulated. These proteins were identified by MALDI TOF-MS. The two upregulated proteins were identified as MLC1 and myosin L2 (DTNB) regulatory light-chain precursors. The eight decreased proteins are Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenas (GAPDH); Beta enolase; Creatine kinase M chain (M-CK); ATP-AMP Transphosphorylase (AK1); myosin heavy chain (MHC); actin; Troponin I, fast-skeletal muscle (Troponin I fast-twitch isoform), fsTnI; Troponin T, fast-skeletal muscle isoforms (TnTF). In these proteins, four of the eight decreased proteins are related directly or indirectly to exercise induced fatigue. The other proteins represent diverse sets of proteins including enzymyes related to energy metabolism, skeletal muscle fabric protein and protein with unknown functions. They did not exhibit evident relationship with exercise-induced fatigue. Whereas the two identified increased proteins exhibit evident relationship with fatigue. These findings will help in understanding the mechanisms involved in exercise-induced fatigue.