The chapter will summarize and critically review metabolic responses to environmental stress and stress effects on energy budgets in mollusks. Metabolic adaptations to environmental stress will be analyzed including alternative energy conserving pathways, aerobic/anaerobic transitions and metabolic arrest. Their role in the efficient use of energy substrates and in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and redox status will be discussed. General stress effects on energy budget at different organization levels (from the cell to the whole-organism) will be analyzed including energy uptake, assimilation, conversion and expenditure, as well as the metabolic costs associated with stress resistance (including antioxidant protection, chaperone function and damage repair). We will compare metabolic responses to moderate and extreme levels of environmental stressors using temperature, ocean acidification, salinity, oxygen deficiency and toxic metal stress as examples. This chapter will also outline the future research directions to improve our understanding of the stress effects on bioenergetics in mollusks and other invertebrates.
Keywords: Stress, metabolic adaptation, metabolic arrest, bioenergetics, cellular defense, energy trade-offs


Scholars and observers often explain or interpret Supreme Court decisions based on the ideology of the sitting Justices. Many offer a similarly political account of the Court's decisions in actions brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"). Certain events in the history of Title VII do suggest ideological decision-making by the Supreme Court. Dozens of the Court's Title VII opinions are split between the conservative and liberal Justices. On three separate occasions, including most recently the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, a more liberal Congress amended Title VII in order to override the Supreme Court's conservative interpretation of the statute. Yet subsequent to each of these amendments, the conservative Justices continued to vote to restrict Title VII, apparently following their political preference over Congressional intent. The full history of Title VII, however, does not conclusively establish that the Supreme Court is deciding cases according to ideological viewpoint. Although numerous split decisions fall along ideological lines, other cases, including a number of unanimous decisions, reflect votes contrary to political viewpoint and potentially indicate a different dynamic. The fifty years of Title VII jurisprudence therefore present the opportunity to assess whether Justices' votes on issues of employment discrimination are determined by their respective ideology. To answer this question, this article turns to the work of political science scholars, specifically, the models of judicial decision-making developed by political theorists over the past two decades. These models use sophisticated empirical techniques to test whether the Justices of the Supreme Court vote according to their ideology and to explain the circumstances when Justices vote contrary to their viewpoint. Their work can be divided into three predominant models, attitudinal, strategic and integrated, all of which agree that that ideology influences Supreme Court decisions, but offer different explanations for the exceptions when the Court's ideological pursuit is apparently constrained. The political science models therefore offer the potential to explain Title VII's varied jurisprudence. This potential, however, is not fully realized. The strategic and integrated models fail to effectively explain a significant portion of the Supreme Court's Title VII decisions because these models have generally failed to study the effect of statutory overrides on the Court's decision-making. This article therefore draws on the few studies of overrides that are available, and some of the more context-specific analyses, to draw a more nuanced model for Title VII and to account for the apparent exceptions to ideological decision-making. Ultimately, this article asserts that the history of Title VII is not only political, but particularly so, with the Supreme Court exhibiting strong resistance to any restraint on their ideological voting in the area of employment discrimination.


Preserving types through compilation guarantees safety of the compiler output without trusting the compiler: the compiler output is annotated with types and can be verified. Type inference can make this technique more practical by inferring most of the needed type information. Existential types, however, are difficult to infer, especially those with implicit pack and unpack operations. This paper proposes a framework for type inference with existential quantification and demonstrates the framework on a small object-oriented typed assembly language. The framework is flexible enough to support language features such as downward casts, arrays, and interfaces. The framework is based on category theory, the first such application of category theory to type inference to the best of our knowledge.


Varying indoor environmental conditions is known to affect office worker's performance; wherein past research studies have reported the effects of unfavorable indoor temperature and air quality causing sick building syndrome (SBS) among office workers. Thus, investigating factors that can predict performance in changing indoor environments have become a highly important research topic bearing significant impact in our society. While past research studies have attempted to determine predictors for performance, they do not provide satisfactory prediction ability. Therefore, in this preliminary study, we attempt to predict performance during office-work tasks triggered by different indoor room temperatures (22.2 °C and 30 °C) from human brain signals recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Seven participants were recruited, from whom EEG, skin temperature, heart rate and thermal survey questionnaires were collected. Regression analyses were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of using EEG power spectral densities (PSD) as predictors of performance. Our results indicate EEG PSDs as predictors provide the highest R2 (> 0.70), that is 17 times higher than using other physiological signals as predictors and is more robust. Finally, the paper provides insight on the selected predictors based on brain activity patterns for low- and high-performance levels under different indoor-temperatures.


Nowadays, many industrial SAT instances can be solved efficiently by modern SAT solvers. However, the number of real-world instances is finite. Therefore, the process of development and test of SAT solving techniques can benefit of new models of random formulas that capture more realistically the features of real-world problems. In many works, the structure of industrial instances has been analyzed representing them as graphs and studying some of their properties, like modularity. In this paper, we use modularity, or community structure, to define a new model of pseudoindustrial random SAT instances, called Community Attachment. We prove that the phase transition point, if exists, is independent on the modularity. We evaluate the adequacy of this model to real industrial problems in terms of SAT solvers performance, and show that modern solvers do actually exploit this community structure.


The balance between rates of protein synthesis (measured by incorporation of radio- actively labeled leucine) and rates of DNA synthesis (measured by incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine) has been used to evaluate growth state in marine bacterioplankton. Our objective was to determine if variability in leucine and thymidine incorporation could further elucidate ecolog- ical differences in the role of high nucleic acid (HNA) and low nucleic acid (LNA) cells in marine ecosystems. We report here the first data set in which cell-specific rates of leucine and thymidine incorporation have been compared for HNA and LNA bacterial cells in the open ocean. In general, HNA cells had higher cell-specific incorporation rates of both leucine and thymidine, and had higher leucine:thymidine (Leu:TdR) incorporation ratios than LNA cells. The higher Leu:TdR ratios for HNA cells suggest that increases in the ratio may be associated with increased metabolic activity by marine bacterioplankton. Leu:TdR incorporation ratios were significantly positively correlated to tempera- ture, but not to chlorophyll a concentrations or phytoplankton biomass calculated from specific car- bon:chlorophyll a ratios, indicating that in this region temperature had a greater effect on bacterial growth state than did substrate supply. The proportion of total heterotrophic bacterial activity attrib- utable to LNA cells was significantly greater at slope and basin stations compared to the mesotrophic shelf station. Finally, the difference in incorporation rates between HNA and LNA cells was greater for protein synthesis than for DNA synthesis.


Traditionally, most international tax disputes among jurisdictions have been resolved through the mechanism of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). A long-standing concern with MAPs is that competent authorities might pursue a so-called package deal, whereby a certain taxpayer's interests would be sacrificed as part of a larger trade-off between the competent authorities. This article argues that, contrary to this common belief, a package deal under the MAP is not necessarily a bad deal; indeed, it even has the potential to strengthen the MAP mechanism. Specifically, this package deal method helps to reduce the average costs of handling MAP cases; expands the space for cooperation between competent authorities; and, if properly devised, helps to foster a stable fiscal climate. In a broader sense, the method of package negotiation also has implications for the mechanism of international tax mediation. This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, combining the topic of the MAP with transaction cost theory.


Our understanding of sedimentary basins, orogens and links between deep and surface processes has greatly benefited from recent improvement of imagery techniques, including crustal scale reflection seismic and mantle tomography. ECORS profiles across the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Paris Basin for instance provide a unique control on the crustal architecture of both Cenozoic and Paleozoic orogens in western Europe. Alternatively, mantle tomography and deep focal mechanisms in the southeastern Carpathians and the western and central Mediterranean outline the progressive delamination at the Moho level of the continental lithosphere of Moesia and Adria, only its mantle part being actually recycled into the asthenosphere during the roll-back of the subduction associated with the southeastward shift of the Carpathians and Apenninic-Maghrebian arcs. This paper describes also, using various case studies from the Apennines, Albania and Venezuela, the integrated workflow developed at IFP-EN to reconstruct the kinematic and thermal evolution of fold-and-thrust belts (foothills) and adjacent forelands, and the way numerical modelling and analytical work can improve our predictions in terms of energy resources, hydrocarbon potential and reservoir risk assessment. Ultimately, key examples from the North American Cordillera, from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, are used to document the controls of mantle dynamics on lithosphere thickness and thermicity, continental topography, post-orogenic unroofing and foreland unflexing, and the related changes observed in drainage areas and petroleum systems. Lateral changes observed in the lithosphere thickness between the Canadian Rockies and their foreland are also compared further with similar changes observed across the Tornquist-Teisseyre Line in the architecture, thermicity, rheology and deformation pattern of the European lithosphere.


The paper shows the results of a study, which the Environmental Policy Research Centre conducted in the context of the international research project: "Resource productivity, environmental tax reform and sustainable growth in Europe" (PETRE).1 PETRE is part of the Anglo-German Foundation research policy initiative: Creating sustainable growth in Europe. The study focuses on the "eco-industry", their function, structure and dynamics in Germany and for Europe. It describes two faces of environmental industry: a more traditional part of end-of-pipe treatment or "pollution management" and the newer, fast growing part of eco-efficiency or "resource management". The study gives a general explanation to this rapid growth. For many reasons ecoefficient innovation is a necessary condition for sustainable industrial growth. The authors come to the conclusion that this industry so far has been underestimated - not least because its dynamic creates big problems as regards statistical definitions. To a large extent this is an "invisible industry". In a second step ban explorative analysis of the German environmental industry - the most advanced case in Europe - is done. Four selected parts of the environmental industry are analysed together with the related policies and instruments: Green power, eco construction (low energy buildings), fuel-efficient diesel cars and industrial recycling. The description of co-benefits includes higher employment, innovation and successful export. The explorative study shows the high importance of economic instruments in combination with regulation. The price increase of energy and raw materials plausibly has been important too. However, it cannot explain the specifics of the German success case.


Providing services to communities while providing education and training for social work practice in communities is at the core of this paper. These activities are discussed and reviewed in the context of social work in communities. Social work field placements (internships) in communities can provide positive learning experiences for students and excellent services to communities. The Winslow Project, a two-year community-focused placement for two group of first year master of social work (M.S.W.) Students is described and the results of this project are discussed. In order to fulfill a commitment to the community concept, students need a well-defined concept of group and community practice in order to provide the range and quality of services that are required for social work practice in the 21st's century global community paradigm. Providing social work intervention practices in the community is paramount to the further development of social work as a profession. It will also provide support and encouragement for communities to provide these supportive services within the community context. Social work history is rich with the type of models necessary for this to occur. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol6/iss1/1 Community Practice: A Training Ground for Social Work


ABSTRACT A main challenge when organic food actors cooperate with conventional food actors is to maintain their identity in the relationship. In this paper, we analyse such a relationship through the use of the industrial marketing and purchasing perspective (IMP). The aim is to increase knowledge about changes in relationships that occur through growth processes and about how new relationships influence the identity of a quality-oriented firm. We use a case-study method when examining the relationship between the organic Røros Dairy and the retail chain Coop, and its effects on relationships within the dairy network. Results show that the focal relationship influences, and in turn is influenced by, the dairy's network. Because of the dairy's strong identity that preceded its formal cooperation with Coop, as well as its reputation for quality production and continuous product development, the dairy has strengthened its position in the network. We conclude that the IMP perspective contributes a valuable framework in this study of an organic food network. For business managers, our results highlight the importance of considering possible effects of relationships on the identity one would want to convey.


Multiservice networks face the challenge of managing several traffic classes simultaneously. Service disciplines devised for multiservice networks therefore need to be flexible, i.e., able to provide different types of service, in order to accommodate different traffic classes efficiently. In this paper, we present and analyze an innovative Timed Token Service Discipline (TTSD, which has been given Patent Application No. TO2000A001000) which is able to schedule both rate-guaranteed and best-effort traffic simultaneously at a feasible computational complexity. The service paradigm approximated by TTSD is unveiled by means of a fluid-flow analysis and proven to be different from the well-known Generalized Processor Sharing. We then describe the TTSD properties, deriving minimum rate guarantees and delay bounds for leaky-bucket constrained traffic, both in a single node and in a multinode environment. Furthermore, algorithms for selecting the TTSD parameters in order to achieve a prespecified rate and delay guarantees are proposed.


Part of a larger ongoing project examining the gendered nature of Aboriginal gangs on the Prairies, this exploratory study focuses on the types of programs and services that have the potential to be effective in facilitating exits for women involved in these gangs. Based on interviews with eighteen frontline professionals and three (formerly) gang-involved women, the paper is informed by research by Giordano et al. (2002), which found that offenders, female and male, often experience environmental catalysts for change that precede their decision to leave the criminal lifestyle. Through interviews with staff who work directly with gang-involved individuals, we begin to explore the gang exit process and the types of programs and services that might capitalize on the readiness of women in particular to leave the gang lifestyle. While there is overlap between supports required to facilitate gang exit for males and females, respondents suggest gendered and racialized pathways into gangs have implications for gang exit processes.


Abstract Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease, which in the majority of patients progresses to liver transplantation or death. To date, no medical treatment has been proven to be of benefit, although ursodeoxycholic acid is widely used. The etiopathogenesis of PSC is unclear, although it is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Various hypotheses have been suggested, which have led to different therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have suggested that the microbiome may play a role in PSC, raising the possibility of efficacy of antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. Gut-homing T cells may be important in the pathogenesis of PSC, and several agents are in development, targeting various receptors, integrins, and ligands on this pathway, including VAP-1, MAdCAM-1, α4β7, and CCR9. Nuclear receptor agonists such as obeticholic acid and fibrates hold promise, as do other therapies that alter bile acid composition such as norUDCA. Antifibrotic agents such as Loxl2 inhibitors are also being assessed. In conclusion, it is likely that an effective drug therapy for PSC will become available over the next decade.


Despite the array of medical advances of our modern day society, infectious diseases still plague millions of people worldwide. Malaria, in particular, causes substantial suffering and death throughout both developed and developing countries. Aside from the socioeconomic challenges presented by the disease's prevalence in impoverished nations, one of the major difficulties scientists have encountered while attempting to eradicate the disease is the parasite's ability to become resistant to new drugs and methods of treatment. In an effort to better understand the dynamics of malaria, we analyze a mathematical model that accounts for both the treatment aspect as well as the drug resistance that accompanies it. Simulations demonstrating the effects of treatment rates and the level of resistance are studied and discussed in hopes of shedding additional light on the characteristics of this devastating epidemic.


The large temporal and spatial variability in marine productivity encountered by marine predators may negatively influence breeding success. The Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella (AFS), a marine predator in the Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystem with a circumpolar distribution, exhibits a short, 4 mo lactation coinciding with increased summer marine productivity. The diet of AFS, and the distance to significant and productive oceanographic features, such as the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), varies considerably between populations. We studied the foraging activity, foraging efficiency and the pup provisioning strategies of lactating AFS at a key breeding site in the southern Indian Ocean, the Kerguelen Archipelago. Foraging parameters were examined in relation to interannual variability in oceanographic conditions and prey availability in the PFZ over 3 consecutive breeding seasons (1998 to 2000). The location of foraging zones, diving activity, diet and foraging efficiency varied significantly between years, concurrently with annual changes in sea-surface temperature (SST) and prey availability. The strongest recorded El Nino Southern Oscillation event in 1997-1998 coincided with anomalously warm waters in the vicinity of the Archipelago. Deeper diving by females, reduced maternal and pup body condition, and minimal pup growth rates and low catch per unit effort of the primary prey species, lanternfishes (Myctophidae) were all recorded in this period. Maternal size was positively related to the growth performance of pups only in this period, indicating the importance of age/size and/or experience in mediating environmental fluctuations. Foraging efficiency over a foraging cycle and variability in mean provisioning rates (trip duration), were identified as proxies of prey availability within the foraging range of seals, emphasising the effectiveness of the use of AFS foraging behaviour as an indicator of both food and oceanographic variability and climatic anomalies. The increasing frequency of anomalously warm SST events in sectors of the SO, however, may elicit specific behavioural responses from 'central place foragers' (i.e. species that return to breeding sites to feed their young) to avoid sustained poor body condition of females and their weaned offspring


The smoking prevalence of adults in Indonesia increased from 33 percent in 2000 to 39 percent in 2016. This rise in smoking allows Indonesia to have one of the highest smoking prevalence in the world (WHO, 2018). The role of the government in restricting and controlling cigarette consumption can strongly influence the prevalence of smoking fluctuations. However, until now, Indonesia has not ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), agreed by member countries of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The FCTC is a framework as a global commitment, to improving public health standards through controlling tobacco consumption and promotion of the devasting health, economic, and social consequences of tobacco consumption.

The FCTC aims to protect current and future generations from the harmful effects of tobacco consumption. The FCTC encourages participating countries to take a strong stance and the right steps toward including minimum standards of the convention into policies. Indonesia is one of nine countries that is yet to ratify the FCTC. Moreover, Indonesia is the only country in both the Asia Pacific and the Organization of Islamic Conference (OKI), who is yet to ratify the FCTC.

The Indonesian Government argues that creating policies to restrict tobacco consumption will have a negative impact on the national economy, threatening the survival of tobacco farmers and owners' interests of the cigarette industry, and the workers of the cigarette industry. Meanwhile, the negative impacts of cigarette consumption on the declining purchasing power of the poor for the basic commodities and nutrition, is less considered by the government to develop policies restricting tobacco and cigarette consumption. In fact, the implementation of a policy with weak cigarette restrictions will dramatically decrease the economy of the poor. The WHO (2018) states that the health burden caused by cigarette consumption causes households to fall into poverty.


The independence of the health and social care agencies makes the coordinated delivery of inter-related and inter-dependent services very difficult. Collaboration in health and social care has been a goal of policy makers for many decades, but it has not been achieved to the degree or to the extent of the aspiration. This thesis examines collaboration in the context of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, which marked a new stage in the development of community care policy and in collaborative working between health and social services. The thesis takes the form of a case study set in Sunderland during 1990-1994, from the passing of the Act to the first anniversary of the implementation of its community care elements. It considers firstly, collaboration at a strategic planning level between Sunderland Health Authority and the Local Authority Social Services Department in the development and implementation of community care policy; secondly, the evaluation of a collaborative project at an operational level, in the attachment of a social worker to a general medical practice; and thirdly, the evaluation of a project which tried to strengthen collaborative working within the health service, among district nurses, health visitors and general practitioners. The thesis sets these three pieces of work in a number of contexts: the political setting of the NHS and Community Care Act and the changes it introduced; the literature of collaboration; and a description of Sunderland and its need for health and social care. The case study showed how difficult it is for organisations to work together. Relationships between individuals tended to be more collaborative than relationships between corporate bodies, but it is important to see the relationship between those individuals in the context of relationships between organisations. The study also found that for the success of joint projects to be sustainable and generalisable, collaboration needs to be present at all levels of the organisations. The thesis also showed that there is as much need for collaboration within the health service as between the health and social services. The thesis used as a measure a framework of factors which promote collaboration, and found that many elements were lacking in Sunderland. However, in the real world it is necessary to settle for a notion of "pragmatic collaboration" in which joint working is possible even when full collaboration is absent.


Part I of this Article begins with social science evidence to justify the combination approach of "equally adequate" education. It describes the data on the impact of SES on brain development. Part I also addresses the impacts of one's physical environment, including the levels of poverty, crime, educational opportunity, housing, upward mobility, and stress in neighborhoods on educational outcomes. It then considers some potential counterarguments and poses questions that can guide social scientists in further research. Part II describes the constitutional protections for education and the state court litigation around those issues, concurring with the conclusion of others who believe that the key point of the constitutional right is to provide an education sufficient to participate in democratic processes of the nation. This section addresses the constitutional arguments around education and adequacy versus equality, recent cases putting forth these arguments, and their status. Part III briefly addresses the federal legislation, namely the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), which has subsequently been revised and renamed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). To the extent data is available, this Article will examine how ESSA is working (relative to NCLB), as well as whether it is making progress for students in states who promote either equal or adequate education. Thus far, there is little data about application because the states only recently submitted their plans, and so this part focuses on the ESSA's goals and shortfalls, and then looks at the plans put into place by several states. Part III will then highlight the adequacy and equality litigation currently and recently pending in selected states. The Article concludes with several proposals for future consideration by courts, policymakers, and legislatures.


Many managers are frustrated by a bewildering array of advice about what works in the workplace. This volume contributes to a growing consensus about effective workplace practices. The collection combines detailed studies of single industries (automobile assembly, apparel, and machine tools) with cross-industry studies of financial performance. Compared to most past investigations, the research here has better measures of both workplace practices and organizational performance. The contributors find that systems of innovative human resource management practices can have large effects on business performance. Success does not come from any single innovation, but from a coherent system encompassing pay, training, and employee involvement. Although a majority of contemporary US businesses now have adopted some innovative work practices, only a small percentage of businesses have adopted a coherent new system. A concluding chapter outlines barriers to diffusion and discusses public policies to remove barriers and enhance dissemination of effective management.


The authors state that "governments and research and development organizations are increasingly interested in understanding and promoting rural agroenterprises as a way to combat rural poverty." They look at the implications of market orientation for small-scale agricultural producers and the implications of integration for small farms and firms. They conclude that agroindustrialization, which is changing agriculture and rural communities in developing countries, forces farmers and entrepreneurs to change the way they do business. Collective action and networking, a better understanding of how to develop and support those networks, and less traditional forms of organization, such as agricultural cooperatives, is necessary for the development of an "efficient and equitable agribusiness sector." from Text


The concentration and storage of organic chlorine and chloride were determined in soil, to a depth of 40 cm, in a coniferous forest in the Stubbetorp catchment area in south-east Sweden. Also, the spatial distribution of the two forms of chlorine was determined. Soil samples were collected at 49 of the nodes in a grid with approximately 105 m between the nodes. The analysis of spatial variability suggested that no spatial autocorrelation was present either within the variable organic chlorine or chloride. This means that no sample was more influenced by another nearby sample, as compared to other samples further away. Instead, linear interpolation was used to construct contour maps of the concentrations. The contour maps indicated that the two forms of chlorine have similar spatial patterns and the highest concentrations could be found in the main valley area, with moss soil and forest dominated by pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)). The two variables showed a significant positive correlation. This could be due to the fact that chloride is the limiting factor for formation in Swedish soil or that the two forms of chlorine are only indirectly related through variables as soil moisture or organic matter. The storage of organic chlorine when a depth of 40 cm was taken into account was seven times the storage compared to an earlier study where only the top-soil was sampled. The storage of organic chlorine in the area is of such size that changes in this storage are likely to have an impact on the transport of chloride. The fact that no spatial autocorrelation could be found in either of the variables suggests that the scale chosen is not suitable for describing spatial autocorrelation on a smaller level, due to processes e.g. microbially induced formation. At the same time the chosen scale is probably too small for detecting spatial autocorrelation on the larger scale due to e.g. deposition and precipitation.


An off-limb scan of Callisto was conducted by the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer to search for a carbon dioxide atmosphere. Airglow in the carbon dioxide nu3 band was observed up to 100 kilometers above the surface and indicates the presence of a tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere with surface pressure of 7.5 x 10(-12) bar and a temperature of about 150 kelvin, close to the surface temperature. A lifetime on the order of 4 years is suggested, based on photoionization and magnetospheric sweeping. Either the atmosphere is transient and was formed recently or some process is currently supplying carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.


Abstract Zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized successfully, in situ, on pyrokaolin microspheres (PKM) under hydrothermal conditions, without the use of an organic amine template. The utility of alkali-modified pyrokaolin microspheres (AMKM) was also evaluated. The resulting products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2-adsorption isotherm data. The material containing ZSM-5 synthesized from the system PKM-additional silicawater had a large surface area and pore volume with significant enhancements in the micropore surface area and micropore volume. The SEM images show that the synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 from pyrokaolin microspheres (PKM) led to the formation of polycrystalline aggregates <2 μm in size. The purity of the zeolite ZSM-5 produced was affected by both the pH value of the reactant system and the reaction temperature. In the system containing AMKM-additional silica-water, very little of the synthesized zeolite resided on the kaolin microspheres.


A device for reducing or removing stenosis present in a blood vessel by means of a working catheter (7) is described. The working catheter comprises a lumen (8) forming a first working channel (9), extending from the distal end (11) to the proximal end of the working catheter for inserting an instrument (38) to reduce or remove the stenosis. Furthermore, a balloon catheter (16) is provided, which is configured separately from the working catheter, the balloon catheter comprising a sealing balloon (22) in the region of the distal end (21) thereof. The balloon catheter comprises two lumen (18, 20) that are configured separately from each other, of which one is connected to the sealing balloon for the dilation of the same, while the other one forms a second working channel (19) extending from the distal end to the proximal end of the balloon catheter. The sealing balloon is configured for the lateral encompassing of the distal end region of the working catheter such that if a working catheter and a balloon catheter are inserted into the blood vessel next to each other a seal is formed between the outsides of the working catheter and of the balloon catheter and the inside wall of the blood vessel by means of the dilated sealing balloon.


With the increase of available time series data, predicting their class labels has been one of the most important challenges in a wide range of disciplines. Recent studies on time series classification show that convolutional neural networks (CNN) achieved the state-of-the-art performance as a single classifier. In this work, pointing out that the global pooling layer that is usually adopted by existing CNN classifiers discards the temporal information of high-level features, we present a dynamic temporal pooling (DTP) technique that reduces the temporal size of hidden representations by aggregating the features at the segment-level. For the partition of a whole series into multiple segments, we utilize dynamic time warping (DTW) to align each time point in a temporal order with the prototypical features of the segments, which can be optimized simultaneously with the network parameters of CNN classifiers. The DTP layer combined with a fully-connected layer helps to extract further discriminative features considering their temporal position within an input time series. Extensive experiments on both univariate and multivariate time series datasets show that our proposed pooling significantly improves the classification performance.


This study examined collective teacher efficacy along with student mathematics and reading test scores on a nationally representative sample of high school students and their schools. Collective teacher efficacy is defined as a group of teachers' shared belief in their ability to promote learning and positive student outcomes. For this study, this construct is conceptualized as an aspect of the informal organization of schools, whereas other factors, such as curriculum tracking, are considered to be an aspect of the formal organization of schools. Prior research into collective teacher efficacy as an organizational construct found evidence of a positive relationship with student achievement scores, though peer-reviewed studies have not been done on a national sample of students. In addition, there has been no research on the possible moderating effects of collective teacher efficacy.

I used a national dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of 1988, and hierarchical linear modeling as the quantitative method. Contrary to prior research, I found no evidence that collective teacher efficacy had any effect on high school mathematics or reading test scores. It was not associated with either outcome, nor did it moderate the effect of the school's minority enrollment. Moreover, the largest predictor of high school test scores was prior achievement, which suggests that future research should examine school effects for young children. While this study confirmed the existence of an achievement gap between minority and majority students within schools, this gap did not vary between schools and thus, could not be modeled as a function of school characteristics. One school measure, academic press, had an impact only after controlling for average prior achievement. Additional efforts should be made to develop better measures of school organization, particularly the informal aspects of schooling, such as a school's academic press.


During the last years chat based instant messaging has become a part of the normal communication culture. Instant messaging based chat is now rapidly becoming a mainstream communication medium even in business environments. The same is becoming true for Voice over IP enabled audio communication. Skype, a high quality VoIP software has been downloaded over 200 million times and internet providers start to sell transparent VoIP products, which are usable with ordinary telephones. But these new technologies require new communication choices. We conducted an experiment to observe the effect of these new communication media on groups of four using chat or audio communication to work on tasks of uncertainty or equivocality. The results showed that audio groups were significantly more productive than chat groups for tasks of equivocality, while chat communication groups proved to be at least as productive as audio groups on tasks of uncertainty. Therefore we wanted to explore further, why these effects happened and what factors influenced the productivity of the groups. Based on our previous research and the media richness theory and the theory of media synchronicity the paper poses the hypothesis, that audio communication is faster, while chat communication is more efficient.


This title comes with an introduction by Salman Rushdie. As well as her eight novels, Angela Carter published four wonderful collections of short stories during her lifetime, and contributed stories to several anthologies. The stories were scattered amongst different publishers, and a couple of the volumes are now out of print. In "Burning your Boats" they are gathered for the first time; this is a key collection and a major event for Angela Carter aficionados.


The growing literature on social protection in Africa has tended to focus on conceptual debates, policy design issues and impact evaluations. To date, there has been relatively little systematic analysis of the ways in which politics and political economy shape policy. This paper outlines a conceptual and methodological framework for investigating the politics of social protection, with a particular focus on explaining the variation in progress made by African countries in adopting and implementing social protection programmes. We propose that an adapted 'political settlements' framework that incorporates insights from the literatures on the politics of welfare state development and discursive institutionalism can help frame elite commitment to social protection as an outcome of the interaction of domestic political economy and transnational ideas. This approach has the advantage of situating social protection within a broader policy context, as well as highlighting the influence of underlying power relations in society. Finally, the paper suggests a research methodology that can be employed to operationalise this approach, with a particular focus on process tracing and comparative case study research.


Introduction: the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is an index for evaluating personal strain during dynamic activities. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between RPE and heart rate in the people with normal weight and overweight individuals during light and moderate physical activity levels under warm and hot experimental conditions. Methods: This interventional study was conducted on 70 male students and employees (35 individuals with normal weight (BMI<25) and 35 with overweight and obesity (BMI≥25)). Each participant rested for 30 minutes and then performed a 60 minute light activity (2.8 kph on treadmill) with exposure to hot climatic conditions (37C). In the other phase, the participant was asked to rest for 30 minutes and then performed a 60 minute moderate activity (4.8 kph on tread mill) with exposure to warm climatic conditions (32C). The heart rate (by sport tester) and RPE 1-10 scale were recorded every 4 minutes. Finally, SPSS (ver. 16) was used using t-student test and Pearson correlation. Result: There was a significant difference in the mean values of heart rate and RPE between two groups with normal weight and overweight in two climatic conditions (P<0.001). Also The Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive relationship between RPE and heart rate in warm (r=0.75, p<0.001) and hot conditions (r=0.52, p<0.001). Conclusion: The mean values of heart rate and RPE were higher in overweight and obese participants than those with normal weight. Also there was a significant correlation between heart rate and RPE but correlation coefficient was lower than other studies in warm and hot condition.


Existing research, though limited, portrays a bleak picture for gay and lesbian students. The majority of the literature is of a quantitative nature and often reveals many challenges for gay.and lesbian students, including verbal and physical harassment, low self-esteem, poor grades, and a particularly high risk of suicide, among other dangers. As a result, many gay and lesbian students remain "in the closet." In 2000 a scholarship was established in honor of Matthew Shepard, a University of Wyoming student who was the victim of an anti-gay murder. The Matthew Shepard Scholarship is a privately-funded award given annually to openly gay and lesbian high school students in Iowa, covering books, tuition, and fees at an Iowa regents' institution. While sexual orientation has commanded significant attention in the media and political landscape, research into the school experiences of gay and lesbian high school students, particularly research of a qualitative nature that captures the nuances and uniqueness of students' individual experiences, is notably lacking. Eight Matthew Shepard Scholarship winners were interviewed in this qualitative inquiry to gain an understanding of their lives and school experiences. Triangulated indepth interviews were analyzed to identify emerging themes. Their experiences reveal that, while each faced significant challenges related to their sexual orientation, they are much like their heterosexual peers in terms of a universal human need for acceptance. Coming out was a turning point for gaining acceptance, which in tum allowed them to ultimately be selected as Matthew Shepard Scholars. Their status as scholarship winners further enhanced their lives, despite the burdens of being gay or lesbian in a homophobic society. The research offers a number of implications for educators. Among them are the importance of acceptance and a need for greater awareness from educators in addressing homophobic and hostile school atmospheres. The results also demonstrate a desire among the students to bring about change through existing channels. It also identifies a need for more research into gay and lesbian students' experiences and the need to acknowledge the presence of gay and lesbian students in all types of school settings. COME OUT, STAY OUT, STAND OUT: EIGHT STORIES OF GAY AND LESBIAN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education


We present a classroom public goods experiment based on a provision point mechanism, where subjects must make an all or nothing decision about providing the public good. We find that, as a teaching tool, this design is superior to traditional prisoners' dilemma games in which there exists a dominant strategy to free-ride. The provision point mechanism design creates a multiple equilibrium setting while retaining free-riding incentives. Since the provision point design does not incorporate a dominant strategy to free-ride, students must individually choose a level of cooperation (or free-riding) without the benefits of communication. Students quickly discover problems of achieving an optimal social outcome, since free-riding can potentially eliminate benefits to the entire group. We have found this experiment to be an excellent vehicle for introducing game theoretic problems of public good provision and for engendering meaningful discussion of real world applications.


Author(s): Marzen, Sarah; Crutchfield, James P | Abstract: Predictive rate-distortion analysis suffers from the curse of dimensionality: clustering arbitrarily long pasts to retain information about arbitrarily long futures requires resources that typically grow exponentially with length. The challenge is compounded for infinite-order Markov processes, since conditioning on finite sequences cannot capture all of their past dependencies. Spectral arguments show that algorithms which cluster finite-length sequences fail dramatically when the underlying process has long-range temporal correlations and can fail even for processes generated by finite-memory hidden Markov models. We circumvent the curse of dimensionality in rate-distortion analysis of infinite-order processes by casting predictive rate-distortion objective functions in terms of the forward- and reverse-time causal states of computational mechanics. Examples demonstrate that the resulting causal rate-distortion theory substantially improves current predictive rate-distortion analyses.


A laboratory experiment was developed that connects the interpretation of computer-generated models to the self-assembly of macrocycles. Students compare the reactions of terephthalaldehyde and isophthalaldehyde by reacting each with (R,R)-(−)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. These isomeric systems serve as the foundation for a discussion about the impact of entropy and enthalpy on macrocycle formation. This experiment requires students to use multiple data sources to develop evidence-based explanations about the impact of the starting-material geometry on macrocyclization. Results from laboratory implementation indicate that a majority of students were able to successfully demonstrate competency of the learning goals.


In recent decades, New Public Management became the hegemonic doctrine and public administration reforms strongly incorporated its ideals and premises. Currently, in the context of the global crisis, arises the question if this public administration paradigm is the one that better fits the governance challenges of the new century. Taking this context in mind, this paper looks at how the Portuguese managerial reform takes into consideration the new governance paradigm and analyses the possibility of combining the managerial reforms approach and the new governance paradigm. We conclude that it is possible to successfully make this combination. However, taking into consideration the specific context that characterises our citizenship, more developments have to be done in order to improve citizens' behaviours regarding active citizenship.


Effluent from pulp and paper production at the Kemsley mill of Bowaters U.K. Paper Company Limited passes through two treatment stages before its discharge into the Swale estuary. Suspended material removed during treatment is deposited on wasteground as a thin sludge. The solids it contains are mainly wood components lost during pulp production, whilst it also has a high salt content, derived from chemicals used in pulping processes. After deposition the sludge undergoes an ageing process during which it dries out and its salt content is reduced. This ageing can be reproduced and accelerated by improved drainage under controlled conditions. The paper mill sludge was investigated as a casing medium in the culture of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Pilat, the cultivated mushroom. It was unsuitable up to one year from deposition due largely to the inhibitory effect of its salt content on fruiting. Material eighteen months or more in age gave yields comparable to standard peat casing. Before use as a casing the material must be shredded to a satisfactory structure, neutralised with chalk, and pasteurised to eliminate organisms harmful to the crop. The prepared medium has a high water holding capacity and a structure resilient to management procedures, important requirements of a good casing. A passive movement of salts from the compost to the casing was shown to occur during culture, capable of enhancing the natural decline in cropping if sufficiently great. The ions chloride, potassium, sodium and sulphate were shown to be responsible, their damaging effects being due to high conductivity created in the casing. Studies of elements available during culture suggested phosphate availability in the compost could limit crop potential, whilst iron released by mycelium of A.bisporus in the casing may be utilised by associated micro-organisms.


This paper presents the results of a study undertaken in Dublin, to ascertain preferences among various real-time public transport information options. A survey was conducted of employees in the central business district in Dublin city centre, where respondents were asked to choose between various methods of obtaining public transport information. The survey required that the respondents choose between three methods of accessing transport information across three stages of a public transport trip. The stages examined are as follows; stage one: pre-trip planning from home to work, stage two: at-stop/station information and stage three: pre-trip planning from work to home. At each of these stages the respondents to the survey were asked to choose between several methods of receiving public transport information, via the internet, mobile phone, call centre or at stop real-time information displays. The results from the survey are modelled using the multi-nominal logit modelling approach. The results in this paper are presented in three sections. The first section examines the impact of the mode of transport most frequently used and current trip features, such as multi-modal trips, wait-time at stop and total trip time. These were examined in the first section to ascertain what if any impact they have upon the choice of real-time transport information option. The effect of work patterns and departure time from origin are analysed in the second section. These variables were examined to establish if flexible work schedules and varying start and finish times impact upon the utility derived from transport information. The final section examines the socio-economic characteristics of the sample. In this section the impact of factors such as gender, age, income and profession are tested to ascertain if they have any significant impact upon choice. The paper concludes with a discussion of the main findings of the study. For the covering abstract see ITRD E137145.


The Tenasserim lutung Trachypithecus barbei was previously known from museum specimens and field observations only. We discovered a zoo specimen and present the first confirmed evidence for the continued existence of the species since 1967. We describe the cranial pelage and coloration characteristics of this species which were previously unknown. We present first molecular evidence for recognizing T. barbei as a distinct species and for assessing its phylogenetic affinities relative to other members of the genus Trachypithecus. We document the taxonomic history of T. barbei and present a distribution map based on a compilation of all known locality records.


In this paper we present the results announced in the recent work by the first, second, and fourth authors of the current paper concerning Rubio de Francia extrapolation for the so-called multilinear Muckenhoupt classes. Here we consider the situations where some of the exponents of the Lebesgue spaces appearing in the hypotheses and/or in the conclusion can be possibly infinity. The scheme we follow is similar, but, in doing that, we need to develop a one-variable end-point off-diagonal extrapolation result. This complements the corresponding "finite" case obtained by Duoandikoetxea, which was one of the main tools in the aforementioned paper. The second goal of this paper is to present some applications. For example, we obtain the full range of mixed-norm estimates for tensor products of bilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators with a proof based on extrapolation and on some estimates with weights in some mixed-norm class. The same occurs with the multilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators, the bilinear Hilbert transform, and the corresponding commutators with BMO functions. Extrapolation along with the already established weighted norm inequalities easily give scalar and vector-valued inequalities with multilinear weights and these include the end-point cases.


With the widespread adoption of XML as the message format to disseminate content over distributed systems including Web Services and Publish-Subscribe systems, different methods have been proposed for securing messages. We focus on a subset of such systems where incremental updates are disseminated. The goal of this paper is to develop an approach for disseminating only the updated or accessible portions of XML content while assuring confidentiality and integrity at message level. While sending only the updates greatly reduces the bandwidth requirements, it introduces the challenge of assuring security efficiently for partial messages disseminated to intermediaries and clients. We propose a novel localized encoding scheme based on conventional cryptographic functions to enforce security for confidentiality and content integrity at the granularity of XML node level. We also address structural integrity with respect to the complete XML document to which clients have access. Our solution takes every possible measure to minimize indirect information leakage by making the rest of the structure of XML documents to which intermediaries and clients do not have access oblivious. The experimental results show that our scheme is superior to conventional techniques of securing XML documents when the percentage of update with respect to original documents is low.


The perfect segregation of the different agricultural production types, namely conventional, organic or based on genetically modified organisms is not possible in practice. But the side by side functioning of this systems in agricultural production and further on of the products on the shelves requires suitable measures during cultivation, harvest, transport, storage, and processing to ensure co-existence. Consumers, food and feed industry, as well as wholesalers and retailers in European Union, including Polish ones demand a reasonable degree of choice between GMO and non-GMO derived products. Accordingly the ability to maintain different agricultural production and processing systems is a pre-requisite for providing a high degree of consumer choice. As the organic production grows in Poland and on other hand there is observed increase of the GMO importance in food and feed chains the rivalry between organic and GMO sector rises and the competition between products coming from this sectors is increasing on the market too. What are then, the advantages of organic sector that qualifies them over GMO competitors and might constitute as a basis for the competitive strategy? This is the perception of organic products by the consumers, which is much favorable comparing to GMO. Then the developing organic sector increases the availability of organic products and forces the competition to provide products meeting consumers requirements. Finally low capital requirements, subsidies and opportunities for market increase gives organic sector in Poland an unique advantage to expand not only domestically but also abroad. A key factor in the competitive strategy of the organic sector should be therefore the broad information about the advantages of organic nutrition. The advertising and sale forces, which are elements of the communication with the consumers, would be appreciable contributors to organic sector's development, and accordingly threat to GMO products. In this context the co-existance brings the biggest results to the economic and market issues, placing the consumer attitude as a key factor for development of the market competitive advantages, especially for organic sector in Poland.


As China has become an increasingly important part of the global trading system over the past two decades, interest in the country and its international economic policies has increased among international economists who are not China specialists. This paper represents an attempt to provide the international economics community with a succinct summary of the major steps in the evolution of Chinese policy toward international trade and foreign direct investment and their consequences since the late 1970s. In doing so, we draw upon and update a number of more comprehensive book-length treatments of the subject. It is our hope that this paper will prove to be a useful resource for the growing numbers of international economists who are exploring China-related issues, either in the classroom or in their own research.


Context. Three-dimensional (3D) null points are present in abundance in the solar corona, and the same is likely to be true in other astrophysical environments. Recent results from solar observations and from simulations suggest that reconnection at such 3D nulls may play an important role in the coronal dynamics. Aims. The properties of the torsional spine and torsional fan modes of magnetic reconnection at 3D nulls are investigated. New analytical models are developed, which for the first time include a current layer that is spatially localised around the null, extending along either the spine or the fan of the null. The principal aim is to investigate the effect of varying the degree of asymmetry of the null point magnetic field on the resulting reconnection process – where previous studies always considered a non-generic radially symmetric null. Methods. Analytical solutions are derived for the steady kinematic equations, and are compared with the results of numerical simulations in which the full set of resistive MHD equations is solved. Results. The geometry of the current layers within which torsional spine and torsional fan reconnection occur is strongly dependent on the symmetry of the magnetic field. Torsional spine reconnection occurs in a narrow tube around the spine, with elliptical crosssection when the fan eigenvalues are different. The eccentricity of the ellipse increases as the degree of asymmetry increases, with the short axis of the ellipse being along the strong field direction. The spatiotemporal peak current, and the peak reconnection rate attained, are found not to depend strongly on the degree of asymmetry. For torsional fan reconnection, the reconnection occurs in a planar disk in the fan surface, which is again elliptical when the symmetry of the magnetic field is broken. The short axis of the ellipse is along the weak field direction, with the current being peaked in these weak field regions. The peak current and peak reconnection rate in this case are clearly dependent on the asymmetry, with the peak current increasing but the reconnection rate decreasing as the degree of asymmetry is increased.


Aim The purpose of this research was the study of selected yoga practices as a remedy for low back pain. Subjects and methods The method of this study was experimental research and the samples were consisted of 30 women who were suffering of low back pain (30–40 aged). Thirty patients were randomised in two groups, experimental group (N=15) and control group (N=15). Experimental group accomplished yoga practices programme for 3 month, 5 days a week (any exercise programme wasn't planned for control group). Results The information was analysed by the use of consequential, descriptive statistics SPSS software. Result showed that doing yoga practices had a significant reduction of low back pain in experimental group. Conclusion Doing 3 month yoga practices had a positive effect on low back pain therefore we can use of yoga practices for low back pain as a remedy.


Similar and coincidental signals at a particular frequency were recorded simultaneously from two or three optical sensors piloted by a laser diode at distances up to hundreds of kilometers. Some of the signal's forms repeat at approximately the same time over the course of a two to three day period. This paper presents and discusses the data collected during a long period of observation (from October 2005 to January 2008). Studying the symmetry of the time series plot, three particular directions of the incoming signals were identified: RA 15h 35m § 10m, RA 17h 22m § 40m and RA 23h § 40m. These three directions (if using only the RA coordinate) point respectively to the Great Attractor zone, to an area close to the center of the Galaxy and to the area opposite to the Virgo Cluster. In order to explain the observed phenomena a few hypotheses have been formulated and interpreted. It is remarkable that the directions detected in our experiment are in agreement with the estimates quoted in literature. A new possible mechanism explaining the laser light fluctuations was finally identified and a naive model based on this mechanism was developed in order to find out not only the AR coordinates of the sources but also their declinations. The results of this analysis confirm the quoted directions.


Abstract Reflecting wider debates on the city as a site of coercion and opportunity, Delhi is marked by the coordinates of both cultural nationalism and neo-liberal aspiration. The former positions the city as a site of cultural pollution, at times claiming 'western lifestyles' have contributed to gendered assault. In juxtaposition, Delhi's neo-liberal landscape positions the female body as a valued commodity, iconic of 'globalised living', embedded in discourses of autonomy and modernity. This article will argue that these entangled cultural constructs have created a city of threat and discomfort that problematizes women's access, be it for livelihood or leisure, enclosing women within coordinates not of their making. Yet rather than acquiesce to this urban topology, the agency of the single, middle-aged, middle-class women in this ethnographic study extends our understanding of the agonistic relationships within urban space, and the capacity to negotiate them using practices of avoidance, deception, adaptation, defiance, and care, at times creating their own enclosures in the process that enabled access to the city. Age and class as well as gendered expectations impacted on the available resources and outcomes of these negotiations, revealing the diverse possibilities of urban living that can enable pockets of social and political flourishing even within a difficult city.


An adaptive polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation experiment is reported in a 40-Gb/s phase shaped binary transmission (PSBT) communication system, with the use of a new digital signal processor (DSP)-based optical PMD compensator. PMD tolerance is found to be enhanced by 8 ps after PMD compensation with 1-dB optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty. Under the condition of fast change of states of polarization up to 85 rad/s in the fiber link, the performance of our PMD compensator undergoes the bit error ratio (BER) test for as long as 10 h.


This paper analyzes the implications of unobserved heterogeneity in discrete-time, discrete-choice microsimulation models. We compare the predictions coming from simple pooled probit estimates with those obtained using random effect dynamic probit models, in a dynamic microsimulation of household formation and labor supply in Italy. We show that failing to account for unobserved heterogeneity has important quantitative consequences, which are often neglected in empirical microsimulation work.


A summary of the fifth Evaluating Collaborative Enterprises (ECE)
 workshop which ran on June 14th at University of Modena, Italy. The
 overall theme of the workshop this year was evaluation within the
 software lifecyle rather than as a separate activity. Each of the
 five papers touched on this subject and the subsequent winner of
 Best Paper covered it thoroughly.

 Concerns about the level of interactivity within the workshop and
 WETICE itself prompted a format change to ``paired-paper'' sessions
 with plenty of discussion time.

 Several outstanding issus were identified during the discussion,
 including development of ``evaluation components'' alongside
 software components, the need to convince managers of the business
 case for evaluation and meta-evaluation of popular techniques with a
 view to avoiding studies that select inappropriate techniques or
 rely too heavily on one type of technique.


I believe that there are only a select few topics, which arouse a similar level of interest and curiosity among academics and laymen alike, as does the study of mind and brain. Although mind and brain have been capturing the attention of philosophers for centuries, it is the "scientific investigation" of age old philosophical queries by socalled cognitive scientists, which is distinctive of the developments of the last few decades and which, in times to come, may well be considered the hallmark of the study of mind in the 20th and early 21st centuries. In the past, advances in the natural sciences underlay or boosted a plethora of developments in the technological, economic and political spheres that not only improved the standard of living and prolonged the average life span for a vast number of people, but also fuelled hopes that a new and improved understanding of the nature of man was also within reach. Despite all the benefits mankind derived from scientific and technological progress past and present, the success of the natural sciences also helped spread and foster a virulent and nowadays quasi-ubiquitous and unquestioned believe in the omnipotence of science and technology. In the context of the study of mind, in particular, it fostered the widespread (mis-)conception that in order for an investigation leading to insight and understanding a "scientific" approach is a sine qua non.

This thesis highlights the danger of such an approach. By investigating the framework of explanation adopted by cognitive scientists, the cognitive view, and by examining its inherent conceptions of mind and thought, it will be shown that the scientific, or rather scientistic, approach inherent in the views depicted above is highly questionable, and in the case of the study of mind and brain, does not further insight and understanding, but rather prevents it. In the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein has been one of the few philosophers who recognized the fallaciousness of these ideas and who opposed the inherent scientism. His later philosophy, which provides the philosophical mise en scene for the following investigations, provides a much-needed antidote against the misconceptions common among cognitive scientists today. Although, many of the shortcomings of the ideas and views of cognitive scientists have, with a certain regularity, been discussed by philosophers working in the tradition of the later Wittgenstein (e.g. Kenny, Hanfling, Hacker, Hyman and Glock) their criticisms, more often than not, fell on deaf ears.

I believe that one of the main reasons underlying the imperviousness of the community of cognitive scientists to the criticism of the kind of analytic philosophy inspired by the later Wittgenstein, is that it mainly focused on select misconceptions inherent in the cognitive view, but regularly failed to point out their place in the overall framework of thought for cognitive scientists. As a result, it was easy to dismiss these criticisms with excuses of the sort "but that does not bear any direct relevance to the work I do ...".

For this reason, this thesis aimed to portray and examine the cognitive view in its entirety, i.e. to depict the intricate interconnections existing between the premises that provide the foundation of the cognitive view, and to point out their disastrous consequences for our understanding not only of a select view aspects of mental phenomena, but to our understanding of the mind (and consequently of human nature) in its entirety. In order to provide such a "big picture", and to describe the numerous often very subtle interconnections between the various ideas making up the cognitive view in all their breadth and depth, a lot of well-trodden ground had to be revisited and reviewed. Thus, Anthony Kenny's and Peter Hackers' discussions of the mereological fallacy (Chapter 3, Chapter 4 first half) will provide the "base camp" from which we will visit less familiar aspects of the cognitive view via novel routes on our way to the peak of this "philosophical mountain". Where required, my indebtedness to the works of these philosophers will be highlighted throughout the text.


A gap in the census surveys for England and Wales between 1921 and 1951 hinders the analysis of their labour structure for the interwar years. The present article uses a dataset containing occupational titles from the National Register – a census-like enumeration of 1939, recently digitised by the genealogy service 'Find My Past' – which was previously assigned numerical codes (the pst system). The study expands the existing data analysis on the occupational structure of England and Wales by introducing three further variables: the gender of the surveyed individuals, their age, and the shares of the inactive population per gender and age groups.


This thesis aims to improve the leader-follower team formation flight performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) by applying nonlinear robust and optimal techniques, in particular the nonlinear H_infinity and the iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator (iLQR), to stabilisation, path tracking and leader-follower team formation control problems.
Existing solutions for stabilisation, path tracking and leader-follower team formation control have addressed a linear or nonlinear control technique for a linearised system with limited disturbance consideration, or for a nonlinear system with an obstacle-free environment. To cover part of this area of research, in this thesis, some nonlinear terms were included in the quadrotors' dynamic model, and external disturbance and model parameter uncertainties were considered.
Five different controllers were developed. The first and the second controllers, the nonlinear suboptimal H_infinity control technique and the Integral Backstepping (IBS) controller, were based on Lyapunov theory. The H_infinity controller was developed with consideration of external disturbance and model parameter uncertainties. These two controllers were compared for path tracking and leader-follower team formation control. The third controller was the Proportional Derivative square (PD2), which was applied for attitude control and compared with the H_infinity controller. The fourth and the fifth controllers were the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control technique and the optimal iLQR, which was developed based on the LQR control technique. These were applied for attitude, path tracking and team formation control and there results were compared.
Two features regarding the choice of the control technique were addressed: stability and robustness on the one hand, which were guaranteed using the H_infinity control technique as the disturbance is inherent in its mathematical model, and the improvement in the performance optimisation on the other, which was achieved using the iLQR technique as it is based on the optimal LQR control technique. Moreover, one loop control scheme was used to control each vehicle when these controllers were implemented and a distributed control scheme was proposed for the leader-follower team formation problem.
Each of the above mentioned controllers was tested and verified in simulation for different predefined paths. Then only the nonlinear H_infinity controller was tested in both simulation and real vehicles experiments.


Q‐Chem 2.0 is a new release of an electronic structure program package, capable of performing first principles calculations on the ground and excited states of molecules using both density functional theory and wave function‐based methods. A review of the technical features contained within Q‐Chem 2.0 is presented. This article contains brief descriptive discussions of the key physical features of all new algorithms and theoretical models, together with sample calculations that illustrate their performance. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1532–1548, 2000


Stablecoins are a rapidly evolving subcategory of cryptocurrency that aim to reduce the price fluctuations of traditional cryptocurrencies and thus become a common digital payment instrument. This paper aims to assess the material substance of fiat-backed stablecoins to determine whether fiat-backed stablecoins could be considered, in accordance with IFRS, as cash or cash equivalents. We chose 11 fiat-backed stablecoins representing 99.97% of the total market capitalisation of all fiat-backed stablecoins. Using a three-step approach, we performed an analysis of the legal and general terms and conditions of the selected stablecoins and of cryptocurrency exchanges, and quantitatively analysed their risk characteristics in comparison with fiat currency pairs, money market indexes and instruments, and traditional cryptocurrencies. The results show that nine of the 11 stablecoins met the objective requirements of cash equivalents according to their material substance and, using an extensive interpretation of IAS 7, could be reported as cash equivalents. This study enhances understanding of the material substance of fiat-backed stablecoins for their financial reporting and can be used by entities when creating accounting policies under existing IFRS rules and by accounting standard setters as evidence when formulating new rules or officially interpreting existing ones to provide guidance on the financial reporting of fiat-backed stablecoins.


The MARS molecular imaging project aims to research, develop, and commercialize a spectral computed tomography (CT) system. My thesis describes the work I performed to reconstruct volumes from the MARS prototypes. The challenge was to develop the algorithms while maintaining image processing software that met the immediate needs of the MARS team. Using the Medipix detector, the current prototype is capable of simultaneously scanning up to 8 energy bins. Every additional energy bin improves the potential for material discrimination at the molecular level. Data acquired from the MARS prototypes are a collection of exposures over various geometric transformations of the source, detector, and subject. To process these, I developed two applications, mPPC (MARS Preprocessing Chain) and mART (MARS Algebraic Reconstruction). The application mPPC prepares data for reconstruction while also improving the image quality. In particular, various issues that result from the Medipix detector are addressed in the preprocessing software. The application mART reconstructs the preprocessed data into volumes. It adopts a variation of SART to simultaneously reconstruct all the energy bins. The results are a good balance between quality and performance. To link the components of the data processing chain, all the software adopts the stable and popular DICOM standard. The DICOM standard provides formats to package the data while also providing protocols for both storing (and backup) and transferring the data. To summarize, the outcomes of my thesis are two applications which, together, perform all the necessary steps to reconstruct high quality volumes from the MARS system. With the addition of the DICOM standard to store and transfer the data, the result is a data processing chain which fulfils the needs of the MARS team.


Discussions of the term "validity" have traditionally been attached to the quantitative research tradition. Not surprisingly, reactions by qualitative researchers have been mixed regarding whether or not this concept should be applied to qualitative research. At the extreme, some qualitative researchers have suggested that the traditional quantitative criteria of reliability and validity are not relevant to qualitative research (e.g., Smith, 1984). Smith contends that the basic epistemological and ontological assumptions of quantitative and qualitative research are incompatible, and, therefore, the concepts of reliability and validity should be abandoned. Most qualitative researchers, however, probably hold a more moderate viewpoint. Most qualitative researchers argue that some qualitative research studies are better than others, and they frequently use the term validity to refer to this difference. When qualitative researchers speak of research validity, they are usually referring to qualitative research that is plausible, credible, trustworthy, and, therefore, defensible. We believe it is important to think about the issue of validity in qualitative research and to examine some strategies that have been developed to maximize validity (Kirk & Miller, 1986; LeCompte & Preissle, 1993; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Maxwell, 1996). A list of these strategies is provided in Table 1. Table 1 Strategies Used to Promote Qualitive Research Validity Strategy Description Researcher as "Detective" A metaphor characterizing the qualitive researcher as he or she searches for evidence about causes and effects. The researcher develops an understanding of the data through careful consideration of potential causes and effects and by systematically eliminating "rival" explanations or hypotheses until the final "case" is made "beyond a reasonable doubt." The "detective" can utilize any of the strategies listed here. Extended fieldwork When possible, qualitive researchers should collect data in the field over an extended period of time. Low inference descriptors The use of description phrased very close to the participants' accounts and researchers' field notes. Verbatims (i.e., direct quotations) are a commonly used type of low inference descriptors. Triangulation "Cross-checking" information and conclusions through the use of multiple procedures of sources. When the different procedures or sources are in agreement you have "corroboration." Data triangulation The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon. Methods triangulation The use of multiple research methods to study a phenomenon. Investigator triangulation The use of multiple investigators (i.e., multiple researchers) in collecting and interpreting the data. Theory triangulation The use of multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret and explain the data. Participant feedback The feedback and discussion of the researcher's interpretations and conclusions with the actual participants and other members of the participant community for verification and insight. …


This Article lays out a systematic conceptual framework to better understand the relationship between federal executive action and state-level legislation. Prior scholarship in immigration law has focused on structural power questions between the federal government — as a unitary entity — and the states, while newer scholarship has examined separation of powers concerns between the President and Congress. This Article builds on both of these traditions, focusing on the intersectional relationship between the federal executive and subfederal lawmaking, which we argue is an important yet overlooked dynamic in the resurgence of immigration federalism. First, we explain the relationship between Presidential action and state reaction in the immigration field, deriving a typology from historical examples of curtailing, coopting, and catalyzing state action. Next, we use that tripartite framework to explicate the ways that the Obama presidency has deepened presidential power through immigration federalism, sometimes in unintentional ways. As an example of the latter, we provide a novel explanation for the rise of state driver license laws for unauthorized immigrants as an unintended consequence of presidential action. Our analysis concludes that the President wields significant potential to bring coherency to immigration enforcement and instantiate a de facto national policy, using states to entrench his vision. In some circumstances, however, states may also resist Presidential action, thereby functioning as Congress' proxy in separation of powers battles over immigration policy.


Excerpt: The scholarship of teaching and learning is quickly gaining recognition as a viable form of scholarship.; Maryellen Weimer's contribution to the growing literature in this field moves us even closer to acceptance of this form of scholarship as tenure-worthy scholarship that does make difference in the lives of faculty, administrators and students. Dr. Weimer's argument is that as this literature grows we need to not only encourage new methodologies, but also learn from what we have already done by looking at previously published works in the area.; Her book is divided into three sections.; The first section helps us understand why this approach is necessary and sets the reader up for the meat of the book in the second section where she analyzes the literature and categorizes the types of approaches used.; The final section focuses on advice to those who want to start or continue a scholarly agenda in this area and to administrators to help them advance this practice.


Flowers with their spectrum of colours and fragrance are the most precious and beautiful gift of nature. When in bloom they provide picturesque beauty and pleasant odours to the Earth's ecosystem. Can anyone imagine the Earth without vividly coloured flowers? Yes, this could happen if the devastation being caused by human activities continues to eliminate the pollinators which have played a significant role in the evolution of different shapes and colours of flowers. Conservation of this great floral diversity, therefore, depends upon the conservation of pollinators.


The toroidal field conductor insert (TFCI) coil was tested at 46 kA in the 13 T background magnetic field generated by the central solenoid model coil. The single layer TFCI coil uses a Nb/sub 3/Sn cable-in-conduit conductor in a titanium jacket. The object of this work is to verify the data self-consistency, and to apply a thermal, hydraulic and electrical simulation to derive the strand performance in the cable. We present the results of the analysis in support of the interpretation of a subset of current sharing temperature measurements. After estimation of the n-value in the voltage-current equation, we perform the simulations using the total longitudinal strain as the only fitting parameter; the resulting value is much larger than the value expected from simple thermal contraction considerations.


The anatomical landmarks on the body surface are important to shape and motion analysis. This paper presents a method for extracting anatomical landmarks on the foot from scattered 3D surface points collected by FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA). By least squares surface fitting, the surface is reconstructed from the scattered points and the Gaussian curvature and mean curvature are calculated. The landmarks formed by underlying muscles and skeletal structures distinguish themselves clearly on the Koenderink shape index maps. The loci of landmarks avail possible statistical shape analysis and medical applications such as tibial torsion measurement.© 2004 ASME


The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) has been attributed to the rapid release of ∼2000 × 109 metric tons of carbon in the form of methane. In theory, oxidation and ocean absorption of this carbon should have lowered deep-sea pH, thereby triggering a rapid (<10,000-year) shoaling of the calcite compensation depth (CCD), followed by gradual recovery. Here we present geochemical data from five new South Atlantic deep-sea sections that constrain the timing and extent of massive sea-floor carbonate dissolution coincident with the PETM. The sections, from between 2.7 and 4.8 kilometers water depth, are marked by a prominent clay layer, the character of which indicates that the CCD shoaled rapidly (<10,000 years) by more than 2 kilometers and recovered gradually (>100,000 years). These findings indicate that a large mass of carbon (»2000 × 109 metric tons of carbon) dissolved in the ocean at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and that permanent sequestration of this carbon occurred through silicate weathering feedback.


Top-k voting is an especially natural form of partial vote elicitation in which only length k prefixes of rankings are elicited. We analyze the ability of top-k vote elicitation to correctly determine true winners, with high probability, given probabilistic models of voter preferences and candidate availability. We provide bounds on the minimal value of k required to determine the correct winner under the plurality and Borda voting rules, considering both worst-case preference profiles and profiles drawn from the impartial culture and Mallows probabilistic models. We also derive conditions under which the special case of zero-elicitation (i.e., k = 0) produces the correct winner. We provide empirical results that confirm the value of top-k voting.


As part of a major epidemiologic study on Chagas' disease, we compared the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities among 141 school children 7-12 years of age and seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi, and 282 age-, sex-, and school-matched seronegative children in an endemic area in Brazil. The prevalence of ECG abnormalities was 11.3% among seropositive children and 3.5% among seronegative children (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-8.4). The prevalence rate of ECG alterations was 10.7% for seropositive males versus 8.9% for seropositive females. Complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB), which is highly suggestive of Chagas' disease cardiopathy, was diagnosed in nine (6.4%) seropositive children and in only one (0.3%) seronegative child (odds ratio = 18.5, 95% CI = 2.3-146.5, attributable fraction = 58.3%). Five incident new cases of CRBBB were diagnosed after a 36-month follow-up of seropositive children who were enrolled in an independent clinical field trial. No case of frequent and/or multifocal ventricular premature beats was found in the cohort of children. The surprisingly high frequency of early ECG abnormalities, which indicates a rapid evolution from infection to disease, suggests the existence of endemic areas with a particular accelerated disease progression that was not described before. Under such conditions, a public health chemotherapy program focusing on the treatment of young seropositive children would be recommended.


Summary
Adult and adolescent Dirofilaria tenuis Chandler, 1942, from subcutaneous tissues of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Florida and Louisiana were described in detail and compared with 26 worms earlier identified as Dirofilaria conjunctivae (Addario, 1885) from subcutaneous tissues of man, mainly in Florida and other Southeastern States. Other subcutaneous Dirofilaria species from North American mammals were similarly studied. It was found that with the exception of D. tenuis, all of the species of Dirofilaria found in animals in southeastern United States can be distinguished from the D. conjunctivae reported from the same area. It is concluded that D. tenuis apparently is the Dirofilaria species most frequently found in the subcutaneous tissues of man in this country, although one other species (unidentified) has been reported and the discovery of still others can be anticipated.


Background
The use of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) is being strongly encouraged in the United States and Canada by governments touting improved quality of care. While some find the technology daunting, medical students entering school today have had more exposure to technology than older members of the profession and should find it less challenging. This study assessed the technology readiness of a first year medical school class and then exposed them to an EMR.
Method
First year medical students at Memorial University were exposed to a fully functioning EMR as part of a class assignment. The assignment was based around a fabricated patient encounter and used an EMR application to create a chart. Reactions to the EMR exposure were noted during a debriefing session. Medical student reaction to the technology was assessed, including perceived ease of use and how such exposure influenced their likelihood to use an EMR in practice in the future.
Results
Results indicate that although experienced in the use of computers, first year medical students did not find the EMR easy to use and they indicated a need for formal training in the use of EMRs.
Interpretation
EMRs can be used in the medical school curriculum with introduction occurring as early as first year under controlled circumstances. Lengthy training isn't required if assignments are kept to that of a basic medical encounter. Medical students' familiarity with technology facilitates their basic use of the EMR application however, training is necessary for more comprehensive use of EMRs in practice.


INGREDIENTS Comprehensive Prostate Formula contains potent levels of synergistic herbs, nutrients and phytochemicals that have been scientifically researched to support the health and wellness of the prostate gland.* This formula incorporates premier herbal extracts of Saw palmetto, African Pygeum bark and Stinging Nettle root, CardioAidTM plant sterols, and SelenoExcell®, a superior form of the mineral selenium, nutrients that have shown documented benefits for prostate health.


Performance of natural polymer coagulants were studied for total dissolved solids removal from acid red dye. Response surface methodology (RSM) using face-centred central composite design (FCCD) optimized four variables of the coagulation-flocculation process including pH, coagulant dosage, dye concentration and time. Acidic solution pH increased the Total dissolved solid (TDS) removal efficiency. Accurate control of coagulant dosages gave optimum destabilization of charged particles and re-stabilization occurred at above 800mg/L dosages. Polymer performances were measured through time-dependent decrease in particle concentrations following aggregates growth. Charge neutralization, sweep flocculation and polymer adsorption were the active mechnisms in the coagulation-flocculation process. The verification experiments agreed with the predicted values with less than 4% standard error values. Overlay contour plot established an optimum condition for the multiple responses studied. The response surface methodological approach was appropriate for optimizing the coagulation-flocculation process while minimizing the number of experiments. Coagulants studied were highly effective in the TDS removal process.


In the opening years of the 19th century, Native and European Americans struggled for lands throughout the area that we now refer to as the Midwest part of the United States. Among the leaders of the Indians who resisted European intrusion into their territories were the legendary Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet. Much has been written about these two significant figures in American history (Sugden 1985), but other leaders also emerged during this time that have not been well researched. One of these is the Potawatomi wabeno and war chief, Main Poche. This paper briefly describes Main Poche, his role in Potawatomi society, and offers several explanations to account for why he is not as well known as other Indian leaders of this period.


Abstract. There is a major need for a complete and detailed global glacier inventory that is freely available in a digital format (vector outlines with attribute data) for all kinds of glaciological assessments, e.g. sea level rise, hydro-power, run-off and natural hazards. However, such an inventory is not yet available and the uncertainties due to the missing data for related calculations are large. While the existing World Glacier Inventory offers tabular data that were compiled from aerial photography and maps during the 1960s to 1970s for about 72'000 glaciers, current efforts are being exerted within the framework of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative to compile vector outlines from satellite data and combine them with digital elevation models (DEMs). At this point, inventory data from about 100'000 of the estimated 160'000 glaciers are available in the GLIMS database. Due to the now free availability of satellite data from the United States Geological Survey's archive and near global DEMs with appropriate spatial resolution, a globally complete and detailed glacier inventory appears viable. This contribution provides an overview of past and ongoing activities related to the creation of glacier inventory data from satellite sensors, along with the methods employed and the challenges encountered in different parts of the world.


This exploratory research examines the presence of four key elements of disaster and emergency preparedness–sustainability, planning, training, and information dissemination–within local level criminal justice and supporting agencies. Data were gathered during interviews with personnel from 32 local level agencies in North Carolina. Findings reflect an overall propensity to equip, plan, train, and inform personnel for an agency's mission away from their specific worksite during the response or recovery phase of an emergency event rather than for the safety and security of personnel and facilities during and immediately following an event. This trend is revealed by the low to moderate number of organizations reporting (a) the presence of stockpiled disaster supplies, (b) written agency-specific emergency operations and continuity of operations plans, (c) training exercises incorporating those plans, and (d) the dissemination of information throughout their workforce regarding their agency's plans. This project suggests the necessity to investigate further the status of disaster/emergency management preparedness in the criminal justice system at the local level throughout the state and the country.


A group of halide-free ionic liquids involving two different anions (methyl sulfate and methyl sulfonate) and four types of cations (short-chain tetraalkylammonium, dialkylpyrrolidinium, choline, and methoxycholine) were investigated as 2.5 wt% additives in glycerol as a model base fluid, yielding highly biodegradable polar lubricants for study of ionic liquid interaction with a substrate. The results were compared to the behavior of conventional bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Tf2N]) ionic liquids with identical counter-ions. The neat ionic liquids (100 wt%) were tested in identical manner and compared to the behavior when they operate as additives. Tribotests were performed in a ball-on-disc configuration under boundary conditions, by lubricating steel–steel couples at room temperature and at 100°C. Wear reduction was achieved for all temperatures, and the results were strongly anion-dominated, with good results for methyl sulfates and the [Tf2N] references. Particularly for higher temperatures, ionic liquids were also able to reduce friction by a substantial amount, with a clear order between the individual anions, and the lowest values were again obtained for methyl sulfates. Cationic influence on the test results was found to be subordinate for both temperatures. It could be recognized that at elevated temperatures, the newly formulated lubricants containing an ionic liquid as an additive behaved similarly to neat ionic liquids in terms of friction and wear reduction. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the formation of a beneficial iron sulfide film was detected, with the sulfur originating from the sulfate of the ionic liquid, presumably as a result of a redox reaction with metallic iron. For this mechanism, a hypothesis for possible reaction pathways was developed.