Predictable statutory interpretation helps ensure the reliable operation of contemporary systems of taxation. Tax liabilities that are not clearly expressed and articulated by legislatures lead to over-reliance on litigation as a means to enforce and clarify legislative intent. For this reason, modern legislatures continually amend and draft new tax provisions, reformulating existing rules and introducing new ones to address ever-changing social and economic environments. Moreover, legislatures also respond with amendments directed at judicial decisions with which they disagree, as well as the transactions and arrangements at issue in these cases. As these amended and new rules are then subject to application and interpretation by revenue departments, taxpayers, tax advisors, and the courts, all of which legislatures may respond to through further subsequent amendments, tax legislation at any given time can be regarded as the recursive product of an ongoing dialogue.
At the same time, the proliferation of ever-more detailed provisions in tax legislation greatly increases the complexity of these statutes. The consequent tendency toward textual interpretation of tax legislation can facilitate tax avoidance that undermines the capacity of a tax system to raise revenue in a manner that is fair or equitable. For this reason, tax statutes like the Canadian Income Tax Act (ITA) typically combine detailed statutory provisions with more broadly-worded anti-avoidance rules that deny unintended tax advantages that might otherwise result from other statutory provisions. At the apex of these anti-avoidance rules stand general anti-avoidance rules (GAARs) like section 245 of the ITA. Section 245 denies tax benefits resulting from tax-motivated transactions that result in a misuse of other provisions of the ITA or other relevant enactments, or an abuse having regard to these provisions read as a whole.
In order to "legislate" statutory interpretation, therefore, legislatures generally employ two different approaches: enacting detailed rules in response to changing circumstances and judicial decisions, while simultaneously directing courts to prevent abusive tax avoidance by applying more generalized standards that require them to go beyond or behind the text of the tax legislation in order to deny tax benefits claimed by taxpayers that conflict with the object, spirit or purpose of these provisions. As this paper explains, judicial experience in Canada demonstrates a tension between these two approaches, since the existence of detailed statutory rules can make courts reluctant to apply a general anti-avoidance rule that requires them to depart from the statutory text.
This paper considers the GAAR in section 245 of the ITA as an example of legislated statutory interpretation, explaining the origins and structure of this provision and the extent to which it has shaped the interpretation of Canadian income tax law. Part II provides a background to the GAAR, contrasting the textual and formalist approach to tax statutes that was traditionally adopted by English and Canadian courts with the more purposive and substantive approach adopted by U.S. courts as well as English and Canadian courts in the 1980s and early 1990s. Part III explains the basic structure of the GAAR and the way in which Canadian courts have interpreted key elements of this provision. Part IV reviews key tax avoidance cases after the GAAR was introduced, illustrating a lingering affect of pre-GAAR interpretive approaches in the post-GAAR world, from which the courts have only begun to depart. Part V concludes.


China is the world's fastest growing economy and is also the second largest. However, the official estimates of the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics exaggerate GDP growth and need adjustment to conform to international norms as set out in the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA). This paper presents and discusses the necessary adjustments. The two major contributions are new volume indices for the industrial sector and for "non-material" services. Finally, in order to measure the level of Chinese GDP in internationally comparable terms, the authors use a measure of purchasing power parity (PPP) instead of the exchange rate.


The reputation of the Victorian age in England has undergone many vicissitudes, but it is now higher than ever. In this important study, Richard D. Altick moves us toward an understanding of the social, intellectual, and theological crises that Carlyle and Dickens, Tennyson and Arnold were daily struggling to solve. And the issues were many: the revolution in class structure and class attitudes; the rise of utilitarianism and the evangelical spirit; the crisis in religion, including the Oxford movement and Darwinism; the democratization of culture; the place of art and the artist in an industrial, bourgeois society; the effects of industrialism, especially on the way people live. Altick brings to the discussion of these complicated questions the lively and sensitive intelligence that his many readers have come to expect. He includes contemporary illustrations and a full reference index.


This Licentiate thesis is divided into three parts corresponding to three different papers. There is one research report, one conference paper and one submitted journal paper. All three parts deal with acoustic echo and/or noise cancelling problems when using adaptive microphone arrays. In particular, the papers address the performance of an adaptive microphone array in a small enclosure such as the car cabin. A calibrating scheme is proposed which is independent of array geometry and channel matching, and which calibrates the adaptive array to the given acoustic environment and to the given electronic equipment. Results from real measurements in a car interior are included and compared with an analytical description of an adaptive microphone array. Part A gives an analytical description of an adaptive microphone array which facilitates a simple built-in calibration to the environment and instrumentation. Part B describes the method for performing acoustic echo cancelling with a dig-ital "on-site", "self-calibrating" microphone array system. The calibration process is a simple indirect calibration which continuously adapts to the actual environment and electronic equipment. There is a US patent based on this part and an international patent is currently under examination. Part C presents a neural network based microphone array system, which is capable to continuously perform speech enhancement and adaptation to nonuniform quantization, such as A-law and µ-law.


"Personalized medicine" has become a generic term referring to techniques that evaluate either the host or the disease to enhance the likelihood of beneficial patient outcomes from treatment interventions. There is, however, much more to personalization of care than just identifying the biotherapeutic strategy with the highest likelihood of benefit. In its new meaning, "personalized medicine" could overshadow the individually tailored, whole-person care that is at the bedrock of what people need and want when they are ill. Since names and definitional terms set the scope of the discourse, they have the power to define what personalized medicine includes or does not include, thus influencing the scope of the professional purview regarding the delivery of personalized care. Taxonomic accuracy is important in understanding the differences between therapeutic interventions that are distinguishable in their aims, indications, scope, benefits, and risks. In order to restore the due emphasis to the patient and his or her needs, we assert that it is necessary, albeit belated, to deconflate the contemporary term "personalized medicine" by taxonomizing this therapeutic strategy more accurately as "biologically personalized therapeutics" (BPT). The scope of truly personalized medicine and its relationship to biologically personalized therapeutics is described, emphasizing that the best of care must give due recognition and emphasis to both BPT and truly personalized medicine.


A shallow fluid-filled cavity with a longitudinal applied temperature gradient is subjected to spanwise accelerations (g-jitter) representing the space-based microgravity environment. A simplified slot model is introduced to describe the buoyancy-driven flow and advected temperature fields produced in the cavity. Numerical solutions indicate that boundary layer behaviour can manifest itself in the limit of strong g-jitter (large Rayleigh number Ra). However, boundary layer thicknesses do not obey the conventional Ra −1/4 scaling that typically arises in free thermal convection problems. This anomalous scaling results from the three-dimensional complexity of the flow and advected temperature fields, which are not themselves produced by a single fixed applied temperature change. Three different regimes are identified at large Rayleigh number characterized by the shapes of the advected temperature profiles. These regimes are selected according to the values of the Biot number Bi and an aspect ratio parameter. Simple models are presented of the boundary layer behaviour which reproduce, in each regime, the numerically predicted scalings for boundary layer thickness and advected temperature. These models give a succinct overall picture of the slot behaviour in the buoyancy-dominated limit.


"Real estate prices across Europe offer, for homogenous types, quite comparable yields. But are risk levels that close together? What about different lease structures and the related flexibility granted to occupiers? Bearing in mind the separation of real estate occupiers and investors markets, our analysis is conducted in the real option framework, and based on forecasted cash flow analysis. Lease lengths and flexibility have indeed been under scrutiny recently: British regulators have implemented ""the code"" to improve transparency and flexibility in lease negotiations, while in France, many institutional investors are beginning to lobby a 5-10-15 year lease structure instead of the existing 3-6-9. We analyse the different European lease structures and confront them to different market evolutions: 8000 12-year market scenarios have been modelled to reflect possible paths. We then have processed those scenarios through a system model reflecting tenants' possible decisions in different lease structures, using factors such as rental indexation, obsolescence, moving costs allowance. We have found quite different risk patterns for rental revenues, justifying (all other things being equal) the view that real estate risk differs significantly from that of the stock markets, and between countries. Lease structure can (but don't always do so) improve the expected average performance, narrow and modify the statistical distribution of outcomes of the rental revenue variable, thus decreasing the asset risk level, compared to the underlying market risk level. We provide a tool, that will be further enriched, to evaluate the lease negotiation between a tenant and a landlord."


A series of perovskite catalysts was investigated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyte and at room temperature, supplied by oxygen or air. A meniscus cell was used to screen-test candidate catalysts for their bifunctionality and assess their activity for ORR at 3 mm depth of immersion (DOI) in the electrolyte. Based on the meniscus data LaNiO3 ,L a 0.1Ca0.9MnO3 and La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 were selected for further assessment in microelectrode and half-cell studies. Activity tests for the ORR and OER, Tafel slopes at high current densities and apparent activation energies for the ORR were determined using a microelectrode technique on samples of the selected perovskites, La0.1Ca0.9MnO3, La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 and LaNiO3 with and without graphite support. Tafel slopes of ca. 120 mV per decade and apparent activation energies of approximately 18 kcal mol − 1 were measured at high cathodic current densities. Cycle-life and performance of La0.1Ca0.9MnO3 ,L a 0.6Ca0.4CoO3 and LaNiO3-based gas-diffusion electrodes in half-cell configurations were tested at a constant current density of 25 mA cm − 2 with subsequent and intermittent polarizations. Similar activities resulted in the ORR, while increased numbers of cycles were observed for the La0.1Ca0.9MnO3-based electrode. Furthermore, electrode material compositions, especially PTFE contents were optimized to conform to the establishment of the three phase interactions of the electrode structure. Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and BET-surface area analyses were carried out in order to find out the morphological and surface properties of the perovskite materials. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


BACKGROUND
Accurate assessment of the need for admission is challenging in out-of-hours (OOH) primary care. Understanding more about patient contacts where the decision to continue care in the community may have been incorrect could assist clinicians in assessing clinical risk.

AIM
To define the population contacting OOH primary care who are at higher risk of re-presenting to this service and requiring urgent transfer to secondary care within 3 days of their initial contact.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Retrospective service evaluation of 4 years of patient contacts with Oxfordshire OOH primary care.

METHOD
Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate demographic and service delivery factors associated with increased risk of delayed escalation to secondary care.

RESULTS
Almost 1% of 496 931 patients contacting OOH primary care required escalation to secondary care within 3 days. Of these, 68.5% were initially discharged with no follow-up or advice to contact their GP; 14.7% were initially referred to secondary care. The odds of requiring escalation were increased with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.010; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.009 to 1.011; P<0.001), more frequent prior use of the OOH service (OR 1.016; 95% CI = 1.010 to 1.021; P<0.001), and presenting during periods of low call volume (OR 0.880; 95% CI = 0.857 to 0.904; P<0.001).

CONCLUSION
Older, prior users of the service, presenting at less busy times, are at greater risk of requiring secondary care referral from the OOH service within 3 days of their initial contact. These higher-risk patient groups might benefit from active follow-up by the OOH service.


Advancing Critical Criminology constitutes a timely addition to the growing body of knowledge on critical criminology scholarship. DeKeseredy and Perry have assembled a volume that provides scholars with an in-depth review of the extant literature on several major branches of criminology as well as examples of how critical criminologists apply their theoretical perspectives to substantive topics, such as drugs, interpersonal violence, and rural crime. Accordingly, this work is divided into two main sections: overviews of theories and applications. Each chapter provides a summary of work in a specific area, along with suggestions for moving the field forward. This reader is unique in its choice of topics, which have often been overlooked in the past. An expert collection of international scholars, Advancing Critical Criminology is certain to stimulate lively debates and generate further critical social scientific work in this field.


The future ability of urban centres in Australia and around the globe to adapt and respond to big challenges of climate change, economic development, and social inclusion, will depend on how well we integrate and embed them within these built environments. Such a complex agenda presents a major collective challenge for designers, planners and engineers to address with politicians, developers, financiers and community leaders. Refocusing design requires collaborative processes and co-creation in a design space currently dominated by siloed approaches to traffic management, transport planning, precinct design and engineering, architecture and landscaping. With the aim of bridging these silos, an interdisciplinary research team has synthesised and then applied a set of principles of design to a range of development scenarios with the aim of delivering sustainable urban centre outcomes. This paper uses the lens of the Theory of Urban Fabrics to present a place making Sustainable Centres Framework created by the authors, comprising 7 principles and 21 associated practices of design. This formed a critical first step for a national sustainable centres research project underway at the time. The paper then presents the findings of a two-phase investigative study to apply the framework to four place-oriented urban regeneration initiatives (i.e. case study sites) that were endeavouring to enable transit activated corridors with local micro-mobility linkages, in Townsville, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. The first phase of the study comprised a desk-based application of the Sustainable Centres Framework to the four sample urban fabric types observed the case study locations. The second phase involved detailed sense-checking of the framework in the one of the case study locations (Townsville), through stakeholder workshops. The findings provide insights into opportunities and considerations for managing the complexity of urban regeneration projects. The authors discuss the potential for the Framework to inform planning tools and decision support tools, and opportunities to further refine the Framework.


Abstract Although the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on satiety are well documented, little is known about the impact of these macronutrients on food hedonics. We examined the effects of ad libitum and isoenergetic meals varying in fat and carbohydrate on satiety, energy intake and food hedonics. In all, sixty-five overweight and obese individuals (BMI=30·9 (sd 3·8) kg/m2) completed two separate test meal days in a randomised order in which they consumed high-fat/low-carbohydrate (HFLC) or low-fat/high-carbohydrate (LFHC) foods. Satiety was measured using subjective appetite ratings to calculate the satiety quotient. Satiation was assessed by intake at ad libitum meals. Hedonic measures of explicit liking (subjective ratings) and implicit wanting (speed of forced choice) for an array of HFLC and LFHC foods were also tested before and after isoenergetic HFLC and LFHC meals. The satiety quotient was greater after ad libitum and isoenergetic meals during the LFHC condition compared with the HFLC condition (P=0·006 and P=0·001, respectively), whereas ad libitum energy intake was lower in the LFHC condition (P<0·001). Importantly, the LFHC meal also reduced explicit liking (P<0·001) and implicit wanting (P=0·011) for HFLC foods compared with the isoenergetic HFLC meal, which failed to suppress the hedonic appeal of subsequent HFLC foods. Therefore, when coupled with increased satiety and lower energy intake, the greater suppression of hedonic appeal for high-fat food seen with LFHC foods provides a further mechanism for why these foods promote better short-term appetite control than HFLC foods.


OBJECTIVE
This study ascertained the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among chemically dependent adolescents and identified factors that influence the risk of PTSD after a qualifying trauma.

METHOD
The study group consisted of 297 adolescents aged 15-19 years who met the DSM-III-R criteria for dependence on alcohol or other drugs and who were receiving treatment in seven publicly funded Massachusetts facilities. PTSD and other axis I diagnoses were assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Data on risk factors were collected by a specially constructed interview schedule.

RESULTS
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 29.6% (24.3% for males and 45.3% for females), and the current prevalence was 19.2% (12.2% for males and 40.0% for females). These prevalences reflect a high occurrence of traumatic exposures and a high case rate among those who experienced trauma. The risk of PTSD varied with the nature of the trauma, the number of traumas experienced, psychiatric comorbidity, and familial characteristics. The higher rate of PTSD among females was due to a greater frequency of rape, which carries a high risk of PTSD development, and to a high rate of comorbid conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD among these chemically dependent adolescents is five times that reported for a community sample of adolescents. This extremely high rate provides new understanding of the etiologic connection between PTSD and chemical dependence and has implications for their treatment.


Lack of compliance with consumer protection law has been a crucial problem in the field for as long as such law has existed. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has the potential to change this state of affairs, especially with its supervision powers, which provide for dedicated consumer protection examination, a new development in the law. Although examination commands resources both from the agency and regulated entities, it is far less resource-consuming than litigation. It thus provides a relatively cost-effective way for an agency to obtain both changes in company practices and compensation for victims. For a symposium honoring the scholarship of Professor William C. Whitford, we apply to the CFPB's supervision program a framework Whitford developed for predicting whether a consumer protection law will produce compliance. Our answer to this question is a tentative yes. The CFPB's statutory structure enables a strong commitment to consumer protection, especially with respect to supervision. In practice, the CFPB relies heavily on this robust regulatory tool, and there is evidence the CFPB is using this power to the fullest. If the CFPB maintains this level of commitment, its supervision program has the potential to radically reshape the market for consumer financial services. Reading the Bureau's reports on its supervision activities is like stepping into an alternate universe in which consumer protection is the norm. Major problems that academics, advocacy groups, and the news media have been documenting for the past several years are now being written up as official government findings and followed with corrective action. But supervision is necessarily a confidential process, which makes it susceptible to agency capture. The CFPB, however, is currently implementing two strategies that may mitigate this risk in the future — so long as political forces do not eliminate the agency outright.


Recent advances in automating Dialogue Management have been mainly made in cooperative environments -where the dialogue system tries to help a human to meet their goals. In non-cooperative environments though, such as competitive trading, there is still much work to be done. The complexity of such an environment rises as there is usually imperfect information about the interlocutors' goals and states. The thesis shows that non-cooperative dialogue agents are capable of learning how to successfully negotiate in a variety of trading-game settings, using Reinforcement Learning, and results are presented from testing the trained dialogue policies with humans. The agents learned when and how to manipulate using dialogue, how to judge the decisions of their rivals, how much information they should expose, as well as how to effectively map the adversarial needs in order to predict and exploit their actions. Initially the environment was a two-player trading game ("Taikun"). The agent learned how to use explicit linguistic manipulation, even with risks of exposure (detection) where severe penalties apply. A more complex opponent model for adversaries was also implemented, where we modelled all trading dialogue moves as implicitly manipulating the adversary's opponent model, and we worked in a more complex game ("Catan"). In that multi-agent environment we show that agents can learn to be legitimately persuasive or deceitful. Agents which learned how to manipulate opponents using dialogue are more successful than ones which do not manipulate. We also demonstrate that trading dialogues are more successful when the learning agent builds an estimate of the adversarial hidden goals and preferences. Furthermore the thesis shows that policies trained in bilateral negotiations can be very effective in multilateral ones (i.e. the 4-player version of Catan). The findings suggest that it is possible to train non-cooperative dialogue agents which successfully trade using linguistic manipulation. Such non-cooperative agents may have important future applications, such as on automated debating, police investigation, games, and education.


Treating deep neural networks as black boxes and using them as-is from a toolbox could potentially lead to sub-optimal performance. Increasingly machine learning researchers have to be more aware of the computational workloads entailed by their models and how to optimize for them. In this talk, I will describe three different pieces of our recent work with deep convolutional networks and their variants in improving inference performance across a variety of tasks like object detection, identification, tracking, etc. These studies demonstrate the need for peeling back the cover and paying attention to the computation even when using standard models. Biography Balaram Ravindran is a professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and the head of the Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and AI at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. His current research interests span the broader area of machine learning, ranging from Spatio-temporal Abstractions in Reinforcement Learning to social network analysis and Data/Text Mining. Much of the work in his group is directed toward understanding interactions and learning from them. 1 2018 IEEE 25th International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC) DOI 10.1109/HiPC.2018.00009


A citizen science event was held on Lord Howe Island, 22–28 July 2018, with the objective of training non-scientist volunteers in basic search methods for large beetles. The survey was conducted to obtain baseline data on the distribution of large beetles prior to the rat eradication programme scheduled to start in 2019. The event was hosted by the Lord Howe Island Museum and voluntary participation was organized through the Lord Howe Island Conservation Volunteers. The event was open to both residents and tourists. Guidance was provided by the two authors. Activities for the volunteers included an introductory talk on the large beetles of the island, four afternoon searches and one night search. An extra day walk was added for some interested local participants. During the remainder of the week the authors conducted their own searches. 13 areas were visited altogether, and the results concerning the large species (1 cm or more in length) are tabulated here. The citizen scientist volunteers found several species not found by the authors. The survey was in mid winter, a generally poor time for beetle activity, but 23 large species were found, all of which are discussed. These include the rediscovery of Cormodes darwini Pascoe, 1860 (Cleridae), hitherto considered extinct and last recorded in 1916, and the first record of the genus Torresita (Buprestidae) on the island.


[Publisher's description] Processing Instruction is an approach to grammar instruction for second language learning, contrasting with traditional grammar instruction in its focus on structured input rather than learners' output.

This book compares student assessment after traditional grammar instruction and after Processing Instruction to assess the positive benefits of this method of second language teaching. Rather than examining sentence-level tasks, the study looks at the relative effectiveness of Processing Instruction on discourse-level linguistic ability.

Case studies using empirical data from second language learners of Japanese, Italian and English are used to highlight the benefits to the learner of this method of enhanced input. This monograph will be of interest to postgraduates and academics researching second language acquisition and applied linguistics.


The author qualitatively identifies eight sources of potential return dispersion across portfolios of risk premia strategies, including strategy inclusion, amount of systematic risk, instrument choices, parameter choices, instrument weighting mechanisms, data choices, execution timing/execution processes, and level of crowding in the strategies employed. The author then performs simulation analysis that shows that returns of simulated portfolios can be quite different from one another as a result of altering just a few of the sources of risk premia return dispersion. Although others have noted the return dispersion of risk premia providers, the author's contribution is to provide an initial taxonomy of the drivers of this dispersion as well as an analysis that helps to make these ideas more concrete. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, portfolio theory, portfolio construction Key Findings • Alternative risk premia (ARP) portfolios and indexes tend to perform very differently from one another, with low correlations and substantial return differentials, despite being similar in name and broad investment approach. This renders ARP funds difficult to compare, analyze, and benchmark. • The sources of return dispersion generally fall into eight categories. Analysis of ARP managers along these dimensions may be useful in determining how and why return streams of particular managers differ. This taxonomy may also be helpful in determining which ARP managers are most suitable for a given investor. • ARP strategy implementation matters, and there is no substitute for a more nuanced understanding of the potential offerings in the space.


Junos Security is the complete and authorized introduction to the new Juniper Networks SRX hardware series. This book not only provides a practical, hands-on field guide to deploying, configuring, and operating SRX, it also serves as a reference to help you prepare for any of the Junos Security Certification examinations offered by Juniper Networks. Network administrators and security professionals will learn how to use SRX Junos services gateways to address an array of enterprise data network requirements -- including IP routing, intrusion detection, attack mitigation, unified threat management, and WAN acceleration. Junos Security is a clear and detailed roadmap to the SRX product lines. Get up to speed on Junipers multi-function SRX platforms and SRX Junos software Explore case studies and troubleshooting tips from engineers with extensive SRX experience Become familiar with SRX security policy, Network Address Translation, and IPSec VPN configuration Learn about routing fundamentals and high availability with SRX platforms Discover what sets SRX apart from typical firewalls Understand the operating system that spans the entire Juniper Networks networking hardware portfolio Learn about the more commonly deployed branch series SRX as well as the large Data Center SRX firewalls "I know these authors well. They are out there in the field applying the SRX's industry-leading network security to real world customers everyday. You could not learn from a more talented team of security engineers." --Mark Bauhaus, EVP and General Manager, Juniper Networks


Contains theoretical and experimental analysis of circular inlets having a central body at Mach numbers of 3.30, 2.75, and 2.45. The inlets have been designed in order to have low drag and high pressure recovery. The pressure recoveries obtained are of the same order of magnitude as those previously obtained by inlets having very large external drag.


We analyze the hedging decisions of firms, within an equilibrium setting that allows us to examine how a firm's hedging choice depends on the hedging choices of its competitors. Within this equilibrium some firms hedge while others do not, even though all firms are ex ante identical. The fraction of firms that hedge depends on industry characteristics, such as the number of firms in the industry, the elasticity of demand, and the convexity of production costs. Consistent with prior empirical findings, the model predicts that there is more heterogeneity in the decision to hedge in the most competitive industries.


Few studies have investigated the relationships between mycodiversity and plant communities in Quercus ilex (holm oak) woodlands. These are unique ecosystems in the Mediterranean basin of high mycological importance. The macrofungi of Q. ilex forests in Liguria, North-Western Italy, were studied: 246 species were observed in 15 permanent plots over four years. Some species were identified as typical of holm oak woodlands, e.g. Hygrophorus russula, Leccinellum lepidum, and Lactarius atlanticus. Correspondence analysis (CA) showed that the main ecological gradients shaping the fungal and plant communities are driven by soil pH and climatic factors. The CA confirms that the minimum sampling area for macrofungi is larger than for plant communities and that aggregation of multiple plots is suitable for data analysis. The data suggest that the higher-taxon approach can be successfully applied also to Q. ilex macrofungi, not only for total species and genus richness, but also within abundance classes. Further investigations are required to better characterise the mycodiversity of Mediterranean holm oak woodlands in relation to human impacts over various scales to plan effective conservation strategies.


Following the humanitarian horrors of the 1990s, the international community began to seek consensus on a new norm to help address the tension between upholding the sovereign right of states to administer their own internal affairs, and the pressing need for civilian populations to be protected from their own government in certain situations. The result was the responsibility to protect initiative from the UN, accepted as an emerging norm and based on existing legal structures although not itself necessarily accepted as law. This volume looks not only at the humanitarian-inspired interventions of the past 15 years, such as those that took place under the Force for Good banner of the UK Government under New Labour, but also looks at what this has meant for the people actually involved in doing them. What responsibilities do states have towards their own soldiers when sending them to protect 'other' people? Should that responsibility extend to moral and psychological protection as well as physical protection, and if so, how? How far does the duty go when considering the protection of one's own citizens who have deliberately placed themselves in harm's way, such as journalists who have chosen to leave the safety of a protected area? What happens when institutions are faced with the choice of protecting their people or their reputation? What does it feel like for the inhabitants of a state who become 'protected' by the international community?


Administrative regulations and tort law both impose controls on activities that cause mortality risks, but they do so in puzzlingly different ways. Under a relatively new and still-controversial procedure, administrative regulations rely on a fixed value of a statistical life representing the hedonic loss from death. Under much older law, tort law in most states excludes hedonic loss from the calculation of damages, and instead focuses on loss of income, which regulatory policy ignores. Regulatory policy also disregards losses to dependents; tort law usually allows dependents to recover for loss of support. Regulatory policy generally treats the loss of the life of a child as equivalent to the loss of the life of an adult; tort law usually treats the loss of the life of a child as less valuable. Regulatory policy implicitly values foreigners as equal to Americans; tort law does not. We argue that both areas of law make serious mistakes in valuing life and that each should learn from the other. Regulatory policy properly focuses on hedonic loss from death, and tort law should adopt this approach. But regulatory policy should imitate tort law's individualized approach to valuing the loss from death, including its inclusion of losses to dependents. If these changes were made, tort awards would be more uniform and predictable, and regulations would be less uniform and more stringent. In addition, average tort damages for wrongful death would be at least twice as high as they are today. With respect to dollar judgments for mortality risks, a pervasive issue is how to combine accuracy with administrability and predictability; both bodies of law could do far better on this score.


The Edwardian postcard has been described as the Twitter of its age. Earlier regarded as an insignificant pop-cultural trifle, it has, over the last two decades, begun to receive serious academic attention. This attention has, however, been unevenly spread, and often relies on a forty-year-old narrative of the postcard's history that locates the postcard as the product of a set of discrete occurrences within postal history.
This thesis argues that the lack of a contemporary, broadly contextualised history distorts our understanding of the postcard's place within Edwardian society. It centres its critique around a genre of greetings postcard that is disadvantaged by the current approach: Hands Across The Sea (HATS). These multimodal cards' designs normally contain the clasped hands symbol and utilise imagery and verse that is ostensibly old-fashioned, nostalgic and sentimental – qualities that sit uncomfortably within the academic tendency to frame the postcard as a quintessentially modern medium. Yet advertisements show that Edwardians within the British diaspora were prepared to pay up to six times more for these cards than for normal tourist views. This discrepancy between contemporary and Edwardian estimation of the card, it is argued, is itself significant.
To explain how the HATS card could be valued thus, the study fundamentally re-situates the history of the postcard, using a wide-ranging, contextualist approach that is both interdisciplinary and multi-methodological. It initially uses the heuristic of exploring the HATS phrase and symbolism to negotiate nineteenth century culture and to identify the connotations HATS carried for postcard users. Over the course of a century HATS would develop out of Anglo-Saxonist liberal discourse to be adopted by trade unions, and to rhetorically exemplify both Anglo-American and Colonial relationships. Culturally, however, its use in such areas as melodrama and the trade union emblem is shown to be of unexpected significance for postcard study.
Located primarily at the intersect between design history and history, the thesis draws on business history, sociology and anthropology to connect or reframe the postcard's relationship to discourses such as taste, gift-giving, consumerism, collecting, anonymity, design, printing and material culture. The transnational Victorian print culture of lithographic 'Art Publishing', its business networks and its customers' collecting practices, it turns out, all prefigured major aspects of the postcard's development, most significantly via the Christmas card. The thesis then re-examines the history of the postcard, using new evidence from postcard retailing to posit three distinct historical waves of postcard fashion. Following view and actress card phases, the HATS card is shown to be a central element in a revitalisation of the greetings genre which occurred as Edwardians sought 'better' cards. A detailed study of six hundred HATS cards collected in New Zealand then examines the dynamics of a genre that played a key role in the transnational maintenance of family and friendship networks among immigrants. It explores how this popular cultural item evolved with no clear initiator, and challenges the middle-class attitudes to authorship, originality and the commonplace that have prevented recognition of HATS' significance.
Ultimately, the thesis's richly contextualised account of the trajectory of this entangled phenomenon aims to provide an improved historical underpinning for future postcard studies. In addition to showing that 'Hands across the Sea' represents a paradigmatic aspect of late Victorian and Edwardian culture, it concludes that the postcard's history is emblematic of contradictory progressive and nostalgic currents that co-existed in Edwardian society, but that there is far more continuity with earlier practices and visual culture than the current postcard literature acknowledges.


Immigrants constitute 24 percent of the Australian population, with skilled immigration becoming the fastest growing migration stream in Australia. Nonetheless, epidemiological data and systematic research of this population is lacking. Most recent Russian-speaking immigrants coming from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) have arrived to Australia on the skilled immigrant program, and there is also a lack of research on this particular cultural group. Skilled immigrants are expected to adapt better than many other groups for several factors, including better English proficiency, younger age, better physical and mental health due to strict visa requirements, and better professional prospects. However, previous studies with immigrants showed that this group often have more mental health issues than the host population. In particular, previous research with Russian-speaking immigrants indicated that they had difficulties with adaptation in host countries, and typically had high levels of mental health problems compared to the host and other immigrant groups. Hence, it is important to investigate the specifics of acculturation in this group and research factors impeding or facilitating the process of acculturation. There is also a lack of information about the help seeking attitudes and depression stigma in FSU immigrants living in Australia. It may be expected that FSU immigrants, like other immigrant groups, are reluctant to present for professional psychological help for mental health problems such as depression. The research conducted and presented in this thesis is a series of empirical investigations linked to these research aims. The research aims were mostly exploratory because little research has been conducted with this specific group in the Australian context. Sixty five Russian-speaking immigrants, 65 Russian speaking non-immigrants and 63 Anglo-Australians were recruited through social clubs, community web forums and web groups, churches, schools, and universities. All participants completed online questionnaires which included the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, Perceived Stress Scale, Depression Stigma Scale, Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services Scale and socio-demographic questions. Russian-speaking immigrants completed additional socio-demographic questions and the Language, Identity and Behaviour (LIB) scales to measure acculturation, and the Demands of Immigration scale to measure immigration stress. In the first study of the thesis, we looked into the mental health of Russian-speaking skilled immigrants to Australia. We compared levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in this group with a Russian-speaking sample living in the FSU and an Anglo-Australian sample. Results indicated that the immigrant group scored significantly lower on the depression and anxiety measures than the two comparative groups. Although demographic differences between three groups were observed, they did not account for the differences in depressive and anxiety symptoms. In the second study of the thesis, we explored relationships between measures of Russian and Australian acculturation and immigration stress and whether Russian immigrants endorse a bidimensional acculturation model. The sub-sample consisting only of immigrants from the FSU living in Australia was selected. Results indicated that that immigration stress was related to retaining of Russian culture and a decrease in Australian acculturation, after controlling for socio-demographic factors. No association between the Russian and Australian dimensions of acculturation was found which supports the notion that acculturation can occur independently along both host and native dimensions. Limitations and future directions are discussed. In the third study of the thesis, depression stigma and psychological help-seeking attitudes were compared in immigrants from the FSU living in Australia, a Russian-speaking sample living in the FSU, and an Anglo-Australian sample. Results indicated that the Russian-speaking immigrants were more likely to have more perceived stigma, and less personal stigma than the Australian sample. Anglo-Australians were found to be higher on Psychological Openness and Help-seeking Propensity subscales, than Russian immigrants, while Russian non-immigrants and Russian immigrants did not differ from each other on these measures. No relationship between acculturation factors, depression stigma and psychological help-seeking was found in the present study. Taken together, the findings indicate that Russian-speaking skilled immigrants may have a different trajectory of adaptation compared to many other immigrant groups. Limitations and implications are discussed.


The Mandelstam-Tamm and Margolus-Levitin inequalities play an important role in the study of quantum-mechanical processes in nature since they provide general limits on the speed of dynamical evolution. However, to date there has been only one derivation of the Margolus-Levitin inequality. In this paper, alternative geometric derivations for both inequalities are obtained from the statistical distance between quantum states. The inequalities are shown to hold for unitary evolution of pure and mixed states, and a counterexample to the inequalities is given for evolution described by completely positive trace-preserving maps. The counterexample shows that there is no quantum speed limit for nonunitary evolution.


Various starch-encapsulated semiochemical-insecticide formulations, developed for potential use in adult corn root worm (Diabrotica spp.) management programs, were evaluated in the laboratory and field for effectiveness on corn root worm beetles: a carabid, Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer; and a coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculata leng Timberlake. Carbaryl was formulated in pregelatinized starch matrices along with Diabroticas specific semiochemicals. The specific combination of feeding-gustatory stimulants encapsulated within or coating the outside of starch granules significantly influenced effectiveness. Allstarch formulations containing feeding-gustatory stimulants effectively killed Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte adults in laboratory and field bioassays. However, H. pennsylvanicus and C. m. leng i mortality was greatly reduced when presented with starch granules coated with buffalo gourd ( Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K.) root powder (contains cucurbitacin E, I, and E-glycoside) or purified cucurbitacin I. Cucurbitacin I and component(s) of buffalo gourd root powder appear to be C. m. lengi and H. pennsylvanicus antifeedants. In the field, significantly more C. m. lengi and D. v. virgifera were collected at traps baited with pollen-coated than root powder-coated starch granules. When granules were broadcast over plants, mortality of C. m. lengi was greater in plots receiving pollen-coated than root powder-coated granules whereas the opposite was observed for corn root worm beetles. Data suggest that to optimize the effectiveness of starch baits against D. v. virgifera and to minimize adverse effects on C. m. lengi and H. pennsylvanicus , granules coated with cucurbitacin rather than with starch or pollen should be used in corn root worm management programs.


In this note, we are interested in the symmetry property of a refinable function with a general dilation matrix. We investigate the symmetry group of a mask so that its associated refinable function with a general dilation matrix has a certain kind of symmetry. Given two dilation matrices which produce the same lattice, we demonstrate that if a mask has a certain kind of symmetry, then its associated refinable functions with respect to the two dilation matrices are the same; therefore, the two corresponding derived wavelet systems are essentially the same. Finally, we illustrate that for any dilation matrix, orthogonal masks, as well as interpolatory masks having nonnegative symbols, can be easily constructed with any preassigned order of sum rules by employing a linear transform. Without solving any equations, the method in this note on constructing masks with certain desirable properties is simple, painless and general. Examples of quincunx wavelets and wavelets with respect to the checkerboard lattice are presented to illustrate the general theory. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. AMS classification: 42C40; 42C15; 41A05; 41A63


Chip manufacturers provide the Thermal Design Power (TDP) for a specific chip. The cooling solution is designed to dissipate this power level. But because TDP is not necessarily the maximum power that can be applied, chips are operated with Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) techniques. To avoid excessive triggers of DTM, usually, system designers also use TDP as power constraint. However, using a single and constant value as power constraint, e.g., TDP, can result in significant performance losses in homogeneous and heterogeneous manycore systems. Having better power budgeting techniques is a major step towards dealing with the dark silicon problem. This paper presents a new power budget concept, called Thermal Safe Power (TSP), which is an abstraction that provides safe power and power density constraints as a function of the number of simultaneously active cores. Executing cores at any power consumption below TSP ensures that DTM is not triggered. TSP can be computed offline for the worst cases, or online for a particular mapping of cores. TSP can also serve as a fundamental tool for guiding task partitioning and core mapping decisions, specially when core heterogeneity or timing guarantees are involved. Moreover, TSP results in dark silicon estimations which are less pessimistic than estimations using constant power budgets.


Abstract:This article explores the phenomenon of Song dynasty poems that have contested meanings in early (Song period) sources. Examples in both the shi and ci poetic forms are given. Each highlights a different aspect of poetic meaning as created and re-created through the interplay of author, poetic persona, provenance claim (whether it comes from author, confidant, independent anecdote, or other record), and commentary or interpretive reading. The examples are then shown in their connection to larger, enduring issues in the reading and interpretation of Chinese poetry.


Yersinia enterocolitica causes acute and chronic enteric infections and complications such as septicaemia or reactive arthritis. The survival strategy of Y. enterocolitica in hosts is to silence the innate immune as well as the adaptive immune response. For this purpose Y. enterocolitica has developed a Type III secretion system which allows to directly translocate six effectors proteins Yops (Yersinia outer protein H, T, O, P, M and E) into host cells.
Aim of this work was the characterization of the molecular mechanisms by which the Yops affect gene expression in cells of the innate immune response, in vivo. For this purpose, CD11b+ cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells and NK, were selected from the spleen of Y. enterocolitica infected mice and gene expression profiles were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray. Three groups of C57BL/6 mice were infected intravenous with the Y .enterocolitica pYV+, or the yopP and or the yopH mutants, respectively. It was demonstrated that while the infection with the yopP showed a similar colonization of the spleen to the wild type pYV+ strain, the yopH mutant was highly attenuated. Furthermore, the microarray data revealed a significant difference between the gene expression profiles obtained with yopH strain compared to the wild type pYV+ or with the yopP strain. Intriguingly, the majority of the differentially regulated genes were functionally involved in the immune response, indicating that YopH plays a crucial role in the yersiniosis. Analysis of the transcriptional regulation of this group of genes revealed the presence of a major group of IFN-regulated genes, suggesting that in the early stage of infection the activation via interferon gamma of cells of the innate immunity is essential to overcome the inhibitory effects of YopH. In fact, we could prove that IFN- priming of macrophages can enhance significantly their Yersinia-antimicrobial activity. In order to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, we performed gene expression analysis of CD11b+ cells isolated from Y. enterocolitica-infected-interferon- receptor deficient mice. The data clearly revealed a panel newly IFN--regulated genes plausibly related to the pathogenesis of Yersinia infection. Further studies will be of interest to characterize the course of yersiniosis in mice in which these genes are disrupted.
This study shows that analyses of transcriptional response in host cells directly isolated from in vivo infection can reveal interesting insights into host cell functions and immune responses.


The distribution of electric fields within the electrochemical double layer depends on both the electrode and electrolyte in complex ways. These fields strongly influence chemical dynamics in the electrode-electrolyte interface but cannot be measured directly with submolecular resolution. We report experimental capacitance measurements for aqueous interfaces of CO-terminated Pt(111). By comparing these measurements with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we infer microscopic field distributions and decompose contributions to the inverse capacitance from various spatial regions of the interface. We find that the CO is strongly electronically coupled to the Pt and that most of the interfacial potential difference appears across the gap between the terminating O and water and not across the CO molecule, as previously hypothesized. This "gap capacitance" resulting from hydrophobic termination lowers the overall capacitance of the aqueous Pt-CO interface and makes it less sensitive to electrolyte concentration compared to the bare metal.


This article expands on a piece by the author, "Averting Catastrophe: Combating Iran's Nuclear Threat," which appeared in the Harvard International Review, volume 29 (2) (Summer 2007). Portions of that article are reprinted herein by permission of the Harvard International Review, which reserves all reprint rights to that article. NO LEGAL DOCTRINE allows any nation to use force against an adversary that is developing nuclear weapons. The question for the international community is whether this prohibition has increased the risk of war. The United Nations Charter allows a nation to use force only if defending against an armed attack, regardless of the attack's destructive potential.1 Yet, the danger inherent in Iran's or North Korea's possession of nuclear weapons probably exceeds the risks associated with an armed attack by a nation with only conventional weapons, the greatest threat when the UN Charter was adopted in 1945. Under an expansive reading of the charter, a nation might use force to resist an adversary's imminent attack instead of having to wait until being attacked, but neither the charter nor any traditional provision in international law would allow the use of force against any nation planning or supporting a more distant nuclear attack, regardless of the nuclear attack's potential destructiveness and certainty. As an alternative, a doctrine ofnuclear preemption could authorize force based on the danger a nation presents rather than on how soon that nation might attack. The new doctrine would recognize that nations involved in nuclear weapons development and the commission of grave crimes (aggression, crimes against humanity, genocide, or war crimes) are more dangerous than nations with conventional weapons planning imminent attacks or conducting attacks. Different from the murky concepts of preemption, prevention, and anticipatory self-defense, nuclear preemption would clarify under what circumstance, beyond self-defense, a nation can use force. It would provide a means to deter unstable leaders who intend to use nuclear weapons or transfer them to terrorists as soon as they possess them. A nuclear preemption doctrine would also cut down, paradoxically, on the number of instances in which force is used, for in the absence of such doctrine, countries have decided for themselves when it was right to use force-and they have not always done so legally. A clearly stated doctrine would not allow aggressive countries to manipulate the gray areas of current doctrines. Modern Dangers and Traditional Law When the UN Charter was adopted in 1945, only the United States possessed nuclear weapons. In 1953, the Soviet Union and the United States introduced thermonuclear weapons, hydrogen bombs, thus increasing significantly the devastation each nation could inflict. In 1957, they introduced intercontinental ballistic missiles. Self-defense under the charter-that is, a nation can use force to defend itself once an attack is imminent or has begun-perhaps still had relevance. A missile launched by either the Soviet Union or the United States might not reach its target for 18 to 30 minutes-enough time to begin a nuclear counterattack.2 In assessing the legality of nuclear weapons use, the UN's International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion in 1996 indicating that a nation might be justified in using nuclear weapons in order to save itself.3 The court's decision seemed to ratify the Cold War doctrine of mutually assured destruction. A nation facing a devastating nuclear attack would be justified in responding with a defensive nuclear strike of its own before the adversary's first nuclear missile hit its target. Of course, the victim nation had to be able to launch before its adversary's missiles struck home. In 1998, the usefulness of self-defense eroded when Pakistan announced it possessed nuclear weapons. With missile technology acquired from China and North Korea, Pakistan and India (which already possessed nuclear weapons), because of their close geographic proximity, were then capable of attacking each other-perhaps inflicting a first and decisive blow-before the other nation could respond witii defensive force. …


This article is motivated by two important anniversaries: in the autumn of 2014, 25 years passed since the specialty of sociology was started to be taught at the University of Tartu; on 23 December 2015 Paul Kenkmann (1945–2001), the establisher of the specialty and the first Full Professor of Sociology at the University of Tartu would have turned 70. The precursor of social sciences was taught at the University of Tartu already in the 19 th century. Professor of Theology in 1856–1890, Alexander von Oettingen (1827–1905), published his monograph Die Moralstatistik und ihre Bedeutung fur eine Sozialethik in 1868. Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932), the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1909 who had studied and taught chemistry in Tartu in 1872–1882, published Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft in 1909 in Leipzig and he envisioned the founding principles of sociology from the viewpoint of energetics. In the period of 1920–1940 several scholars from the University of Tartu published studies in Estonian within the field of sociology, e.g., Hans Kruus (1891–1976) published "City and Village in Estonia" (1920); Eduard Tenmann (1878–1936) "Religion and Economy" (1938); and Alfred Koort (1901–1956), Rector of the University of Tartu in 1944–1951, wrote articles on Max Weber in the 1930s. In 1937–1939 Ilmar Tonisson (1911–1939), Master of Philosophy, studied sociology and social psychology at the London School of Economics and Political Science where he wrote his PhD thesis "Theories of Historical Causation". He held a series of lectures on sociology-related topics at the Folk University of Tartu in 1936–1937, and applied for a permission to hold lecture courses in sociology at the University of Tartu in 1939, but was declined. In Soviet Estonia, empirical sociological studies were only allowed to be conducted by the authorities as late as in the 1960s, after the Khrushchev Thaw. In 1966 Ulo Vooglaid established the first sociological laboratory at the then State University of Tartu; sociological seminars were held near Tartu at Kaariku in 1966–1969; and Vladimir Yadov's textbook on the methodology of sociological research was published in Tartu in 1968. It became possible for students to take courses in sociological subjects according to individual study plans. One of such students was Paul Kenkmann, student of history in 1964–1970. His diploma thesis, written in Russian under the supervision of Rem Blum, was titled "Marxism and the Problem of the Socialisation of Personality". Kenkmann started his academic career at the State University of Tartu in 1972, and became an associate professor in 1980. In 1984 he was appointed the Head of the Department of Sociology, which had been established one year before as a consortium of five sociological research laboratories. Kenkmann continued his studies under the supervision of the pioneering Soviet sociologist Vladimir Shubkin. He defended his doctoral dissertation in Moscow in 1986, and became a part-time professor at the Department of Philosophy in June 1987. He was appointed Part-time Professor of Sociology in October 1989, and was elected to the position of Full Professor in Practical Sociology in June 1992. The first 18 students of sociology were admitted to the Faculty of History on 1 September 1989; the second class (16 students) started two years later. In the course of 25 years, a number of structural reforms in the university occurred, bringing about considerable changes in the curricula, including a longer and more versatile list of specialty subjects; the omission of foreign languages; and the more casual covering of other social science disciplines, not to mention humanities.


Architecture, nowadays, is an even more demanding activity in which complexity is the keyword: complex forms, complex functions and complex structures require sophisticated facilities and components, for example, 'The Cloud' of D. and M. Fuksas in Rome. These complexities can give rise to numerous risks, among which fire is frequently a central problem. The fire safety norms do not involve an approach integrated with other instruments or building model (BIM), but provide a list of information and constraints. These codes are now shifting away from a prescriptive-based towards a performance-based method due to recent progress in fire safety engineering. Following this approach, a case study simulation of a multi-purpose centre was carried out in Tivoli, near Rome. This simulation allowed greater freedom in architectural composition, a lower risk to people, a larger number of material and building components used and higher safety standards to be achieved. The model is based on the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) language, a simulation code for low-speed flows, focused on smoke, particle and heat transport by fire.


SEACON is a hybrid (heuristic and algorithmic) expert system for contingency analysis and preventive or corrective control of power transmission networks, that has been recently redesigned to implement new end user requirements and to increase its performance. This paper describes the main results and the operational experience from the development and implementation of a new system based on the initial idea. Software reuse strategies became capital in this project. The new design includes advanced functionalities demanded by the practical use of the former system. Because of the high performance of the new system (up to fifteen times faster than the original) and its friendly user interface, SEACON has become a very valuable tool among dispatchers. SEACON is in operation in the Red Electrica's National Control Centre and in Iberdrola's Central and Regional Control Centres (Spain), dealing with transmission and subtransmission networks (ranging between 400 kV and 66 kV), attached to the online state estimators and screening over 2000 possible contingencies. Results are presented using natural language, and a client-server scheme provided for corporate access.


Cramond Roman Fort (NGR: NT 19032 76903) has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood's history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the excavations led by the late Mr Charlie Hoy (died 1991), an Edinburgh amateur archaeologist working principally with the Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society and latterly on his own. His excavations have recovered a wide range of evidence from the Mesolithic through the Roman and medieval periods up to the post-medieval development of Cramond House Estate. Hoy's investigations have been hugely important to our understanding of the Roman fort's associated annexe/extramural settlement, in particular providing new evidence for its origins in the Antonine period, and for Severan occupation, as well as uncovering a multi-phased road and associated wooden structures. In addition, the artefact assemblage further adds to the corpus from the site and includes an internationally significant sword pendant belonging to a beneficiarius (beneficiarii were troops on special service for the provincial governor) that demonstrates the presence of German troops at the fort, and perhaps hints at the presence of the emperor himself.


This effort constitutes the most comprehensive and authoritative work to date on the history of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, or the World Bank. Author-editors John Lewis, Richard Webb, and Devesh Kapur chronicle the evolution of this institution and offer insights into its successes, failures, and prospects for the future. The result of their intense labors is an invaluable resource for other researchers and a fascinating study in its own right. The work is divided into two volumes. The first is organized thematically and examines the critical events and policy issues in the World Bank's development over the last fifty years. Chapter topics include poverty alleviation, structural adjustment lending, environmental programs, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), and the evolution of the Bank as an institution. The second volume contains case studies written by experts with experience in the various regions in which the Bank operates. There are chapters on the Bank's activities in Korea, Mexico, Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. Volume 2 also contains essays on the World Bank's relationship with the United States, Japan, and Western Europe, and its partnership with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By special arrangement, the authors have had wide-ranging access to confidential documents at the World Bank, making this work a unique source of information on the internal workings of this critical institution. They have also drawn on extensive interviews with current and past Bank officials. Moreover, publication could not be more timely, coming as it does when many in the development community and in the U.S. Congress are questioning the Bank's track record and even its reason for existence. The World Bank: Its First Half Century will be of great interest not only to development practitioners but also to students of international relations, development economics, and global finance. During the course of the project, John P. Lewis and Richard Webb were nonresident senior fellows, and Devesh Kapur was a program associate, in the Foreign Policy Studies program at the Brookings Institution.


Ni-base superalloy single crystals have been used in turbine blades for hot sections of gas turbines for over four decades. In order to increase the efficiency of the turbines, a continuous increase in the inlet temperature of combustion gases into the turbine has driven the design of turbine blades to complicated shapes and the presence of a complex pattern of cooling channels. These three-dimensional shapes, together with the inhomogeneous distribution of stresses along the blade, induce an also complicated triaxial stress state, which does not compare to uniaxial tests that are performed to characterize high temperature properties such as creep. A round notch on a test piece represents a simple configuration that generates a quasi-isostatic stress state across the notch. In the present contribution, the effect of a sharp round notch on the microstructural micromechanisms within the notched region cylindrical bars, loaded along [001] at 1020 °C and 160 MPa net stress, is studied. To this end, a series of interrupted creep tests is conducted on plain and notched bars and the microstructure is compared. Results are discussed in terms of degree microstructural coarsening, and dislocation activity. The effect of notch generation via grinding is also discussed in these terms. The presence of carbides evolving in from residual carbon is also shown and discussed. .Funding by the German Research Association (DFG) [grant number AG 191/1] is acknowledge


In the Eurasian Arctic, the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya is the easternmost one which is covered by considerable ice caps. A 724 m long ice core was drilled from 1999 to 2001 on Akademii Nauk, the northernmost ice cap of Severnaya Zemlya. This project was carried out in co-operation between the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Germany, the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) St. Petersburg and the Mining Institute St. Petersburg, Russia.The investigated ice cap is characterized by infiltration processes.This paper presents a preliminary dating of the ice core mostly based on studies of isotopic composition and electric conductivity. Pollution of anthropogenic origin (accident of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, nuclear bomb tests in the atmosphere at the beginning of the 1960s), are other well defined time markers which were used for dating.Using a combination of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium excess data with high resolution and horizons of high electric conductivity measured by dielectric profiling (DEP) we could determine a time scale for the top 350 m reaching back to 1100 AD. A multiproxy approach indicates a basal age of the ice cap of approximately 2500 years.Our results suggest that this ice cap is not in equilibrium but has grown until modern times. We re-constructed a relative temperature trend for the last 2500 years. A detailed interpretation of climate changes is given.


The development of fusion energy will require materials resilient to harsh bombardment by energetic neutrons and plasma. The Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) concept in Novosibirsk is proposed as a neutron and plasma source to test and validate appropriate materials. Recent results showed plasma beta of 0.6, provide a solid basis for extrapolating to a fusion relevant neutron source. Relative to previous magnetic mirror neutron sources, the GDT concept operates with simpler axisymmetric magnets and at higher efficiency. Plasma in the GDT device operating at the present time in the Budker Institute includes two ion components: 250 eV maxwellian warm ions and anisotropic hot ion population produced by 25 keV 5 MW oblique neutral beam injection.


Purpose of the paper is to analyze rights and duties of public servants in three Baltic States paying attention to similarities and differences. Codes of conduct or ethics define not only standards for public servants ethical behaviour but stress some aspects of civil servants duties as well. Author analyzes codes of conduct/ethics that regulate everyday activity of civil servants in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In first chapter general features of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuania civil service acts are presented. Legally defining duties of public servants possible to distinguish some similarities, such as: 1) requirement to follow the spirit of state laws, to serve public interests, to fulfil properly their official duties, 2) to obey and follow ethical principles in everyday activity, 3) to escape form certain prohibited activity which conflict with public servants official duties (get additional salary, conclude transactions, etc.). Author points out seven differences in public servants duties. One of such differences is number of official duties: Estonian public servant has only 3 official duties, Latvian - 6 common duties, Lithuanian -11. Lithuanian law defines duties of public servants taking into account different their roles. In Latvian and Estonian case important is duty to follow the instructions of higher authority in hierarchy. Latvian law requires broader responsibility from civil servant taking into account reputation of organization and state civil service in general. Latvia and Estonia has tradition of public servants oath. In Lithuania this tradition existed according to Public service act of 1999 but after was abandon. Three common rights of public servants in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are right to salary, holiday and education. Number of rights is similar: 10 in Estonia and 9 in Latvia and Lithuania. Estonian law stress many social aspects which are less defined in other countries. Latvian law describes rights related to certain office. Only in Lithuania civil servants can enjoy certain civil rights as to be members of political parties, trade union or public organizations, go on strike (with some exceptions), to be politically active after official time. Estonia was the first (1999) in this region to create such code of conduct which is the first amendment of Civil service act and has status of law. Principles of ethical behaviour of civil servants in Latvia were approved by Cabinet of Ministers 2001. Instructions for the code were prepared by Civil Service Administration. There is no code of conduct for public servants in Lithuania but all public servants are obliged to follow ethical rules which functions as code's equivalent. Author compares Estonian Public service code of ethics, Latvian Principles of ethical behaviour of civil servants and Ethical rules for public servants in Lithuania using the next criteria: purpose of the document, structure, content, ethical principles, implementation procedure.


We show that light propagation in a group of degenerate modes of a multi-mode optical fiber in the presence of random mode coupling is described by a multi-component Manakov equation, thereby making multi-mode fibers the first reported physical system that admits true multi-component soliton solutions. The nonlinearity coefficient appearing in the equation is expressed rigorously in terms of the multi-mode fiber parameters.


The domestic cat can be used as a biological model for humans because of similarities in some disease and genetically transmitted conditions. Embryonic stem cells might complete nuclear reprogramming more efficiently than somatic cells and, therefore, are potentially useful for increasing interspecific cloning success. The objective of this study was to establish an effective culture system for inner cell mass (ICM)-derived cells in the domestic cat, testing the ability of the ICM to attach to the culture dish and to form embryonic stem cell colonies in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) and Knockout serum (KS). Moreover, knowing that the transcription factor Oct-4 is important for the maintenance of pluripotency in human and murine embryonic stem cells, the expression of this factor was evaluated in in vitro-produced blastocyst and in the attached ICM. Domestic cat oocytes were matured, fertilized, and cultured in vitro until the blastocyst stage. The ICM was mechanically isolated (n = 60) using a scalpel blade and transferred to a monolayer of chemically inactivated cat fibroblasts with 10 μg mL-1 mitomicin C. The base culture media (BM) was DMEM/F12 supplemented with nonessential amino acids, glutamine, leukemia inhibitory factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, 2-mercaptoethanol, and antibiotics. Three groups were tested: G1 = BM with 20% FCS (20); G2 = BM with 20% KS (20); G3 = BM with 15% FSC and 5% KS (20). Culture was performed in a 5% CO2 in air incubator at 38.5°C. No statistical difference was observed among groups in relation to ICM attachment (chi-square, P > 0.05). Ninety percent of the ICM presented good adhesion after 3 days of culture and started to grow in all media tested. However, until now, no good colonies were formed. Fifteen blastocysts and 10 attached ICM were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized in 0.2% triton X-100 in PBS. Subsequently, to block nonspecific binding of the primary antibody, the preadsorption for 2 h at room temperature with OCT4 blocking peptide (sc-8628P, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was used. Samples were incubated with Oct4 antibody (N-19 : sc 8628, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and with the appropriate secondary antibody (A21431, Invitrogen) and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Oct4 protein was detected both in the ICM and trophoderm cells, and it was distributed in cytoplasm and nuclei. These embryos were also stained with Hoechst 33342. Although further standardization of the culture media is needed, it seems that the KS can be replaced by FCS in cat embryonic stem cell culture. Furthermore, the immunostain of the trophoderm with Oct-4 indicates a difference in the expression of this factor when compared with its expression on human and murine blastocysts. This could be related to in vitro production, or Oct 4 is not a good pluripotency marker for cat embryos and cat embryonic stem cell, consequently. This fact has been noted in goat, bovine, and porcine embryos. Acknowledgment is given to FAPESP.


Backgrounds/Aims Although perioperative therapies have improved greatly, pancreatectomies still often need blood transfusions. However, the morbidity from blood transfusions, the poor prognosis of blood transfused patients, high cost, and decreasing supply of blood products is accelerating transfusion-free (TF) surgery in the patients who have pacreatectomies. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of TF pancreatectomies for patients who are Jehovah's Witness. Methods We investigated the possibility of TF pancreatectomies for the Jehovah's Witness patients undergoing pancreatectomies between January 2007 and Februay 2014. There were 4 cases of Whipple's operation, 4 of pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, 2 of radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy and 1 of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. All were performed by one surgeon. Results Most of the TF pancreatecomies patients received perioperative blood augmentation and intraoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). They received no blood transfusions at any time during their hospitalization, and pre- and intra-operative data and outcomes were acceptably favorable. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first successful consecutive pancreatectomy program for Jehovah's Witness not involving blood transfusion. TF pancreatectomy can be performed successfully in selected Jehovah's Witness. Postoperative prognosis and outcomes should be confirmed in follow up studies.


SUMMARY 1. Long-term data have been suggested as resources for investigating environmental influences on biodiversity and, in turn, the role of biodiversity for ecosystem dynamics. However, scientists analysing biodiversity patterns in long-term data need to recognise that multidecadal time series are likely to suffer from inconsistencies in methodology, which might strongly complicate the interpretation of diversity patterns. Unfortunately, such inconsistencies are usually difficult to detect, and consequently, it is not known how strongly they affect the conclusions drawn. 2. Here, we highlight two long-term data sets sampled by one laboratory to analyse patterns in phytoplankton richness in two Swiss lakes, Lake Zurich and Lake Walen. Apparent patterns in the long-term species richness in the two lakes arise from: (i) inconsistencies in species identification (changes in taxonomic literature and/or taxonomic expertise of the counting personnel) and (ii) changes in the detection limits of taxa. Hence, bias in these two case studies was strong enough to obscure any possible effects on species richness of environmental change (oligotrophication). 3. We show that in the case of these two data sets, inconsistency confounds estimates of phytoplankton richness not only at the species level but even at the generic and familial levels. This suggests that a solution often proposed for inconsistency, that is, reanalysis of the data after aggregation to genus or family, may be insufficient. 4. We suggest the use of two diagnostic plots, which may be used in other studies examining richness patterns in either long-term time series or comparative studies in which several scientists/laboratories contributed to data acquisition. These plots illustrate temporal or spatial patterns in (i) the percentage of taxa identified only to genus and (ii) in the 5% percentile of the concentrations of individual algal taxa. They will help to identify inconsistency problems due to changes or differences in (i) taxonomic expertise and (ii) detection limits.


Banks may reissue financial statements for several reasons, ranging from simple accounting or clerical errors to fraud. Regardless of the reason, financial restatements send negative signals to the public, potentially driving stakeholders to undertake actions that are costly to the restating bank. These actions constitute ?market discipline? and may incentivize banks to report financial information accurately. But whether financial restatements lead to market discipline is an empirical question. For example, strict bank regulation might blunt disciplinary effects if stakeholders believe regulations prevent excessive risk-taking. {{p}} W. Blake Marsh and Raluca Roman investigate whether three types of bank stakeholders?shareholders, depositors, and loan customers?discipline banks that misreport financial statements. They find strong empirical evidence that shareholders and depositors exercise market discipline on banks, and limited evidence that loan customers exert discipline. Overall, stakeholders? reactions to bank restatements are economically important, suggesting restating banks face higher costs consistent with market discipline.


Marriage used to be practically universal, but now persists as an institution for only some groups, while others choose non-marital fertility. This paper posits that if one role of marriage is to insure one partner's investment in children, then home-ownership can be seen as providing the necessary "collateral" for this contract. As easier divorce and paternity enforcement outside of marriage have reduced the relative strength of the marital contract, the division of assets, particularly the family home, post-separation has remained unique to marriage. We provide a model where husbands can "ante up" the marital home to elicit more optimal child investments, whose costs are born mostly by the mother, by reducing the chance of divorce while providing consumption insurance to their partner. This, in turn, increases the value of marriage for those able to access this collateralized version of the contract. The model predicts that individuals able to buy a home at the time of marriage will invest more in children and have greater labor specialization, while policy changes that eroded marriage's relative commitment value would have heterogenous effects by asset-holding, both of which appear to hold in US data.


This study aims to estimate the total amount of article processing charges (APCs) paid to publish open access (OA) in journals controlled by the five large commercial publishers Elsevier, Sage, Springer-Nature, Taylor & Francis and Wiley between 2015 and 2018. Using publication data from WoS, OA status from Unpaywall and annual APC prices from open datasets and historical fees retrieved via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine, we estimate that globally authors paid $1.06 billion in publication fees to these publishers from 2015–2018. Revenue from gold OA amounted to $612.5 million, while $448.3 million was obtained for publishing OA in hybrid journals. Among the five publishers, Springer-Nature made the most revenue from OA ($589.7 million), followed by Elsevier ($221.4 million), Wiley ($114.3 million), Taylor & Francis ($76.8 million) and Sage ($31.6 million). With Elsevier and Wiley making most of APC revenue from hybrid fees and others focusing on gold, different OA strategies could be observed between publishers.

 https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1162/qss_a_00272


This article investigates the temporalities of 'getting by' amidst the ripple effects of economic deterioration in Volos, Greece. Through the case of Kalypso and her family, I argue for a relational framework in the study of temporal practices, and then discuss the significant material relations of the family. Faced with less than half of their previous income, Kalypso runs a general budget pool via e-banking that allows her to coordinate the temporal constraints of periodic and everyday bills. The effect is a drifting apart of temporal experiences in the family as well as tensions about the future. Temporal agency is shown to reside in the modalities of social relations and in corresponding practices.


A collimator is a key component of gamma cameras, which affects imaging performance significantly. Recently, pixelated scintillator arrays are widely applied in the development of highresolution gamma cameras, instead of monolithic scintillator blocks. Therefore, combining the collimator and the pixelated scintillator has been a crucial factor in achieving good imaging performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of the shape and position of a collimator hole on the image resolution of a gamma camera with a pixelated scintillator. We designed a pixel-matched collimator and a low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimator with hexagonal shaped holes that have the same collimator geometrical efficiency. Simulation experiments were performed with a Monte Carlo simulation package (GATE v7.0). For both types of collimator, camera sensitivity was measured for validating the collimator efficiency, and planar images were obtained to measure spatial resolution, with changing the line profile angle based on the septa direction. Camera sensitivities for both collimators were equivalent (difference = 1.76 ± 0.51%). In contrast to the case of the pixel-matched collimator, in the case of the LEHR collimator, as the angle of the line profile varied, the spatial resolution showed a difference at each profile angle. In the case when two collimator holes symmetrically matched with one scintillator pixel, the spatial resolution showed a 64.87% difference in its maximum and a position distortion of 26.06% from the original source position, according to the profile angle, compared to the other unmatched cases. These results showed that using a pixel-matched collimator in gamma camera systems employing a pixelated scintillator is essential for the exact delineation of small regions using high resolution gamma camera imaging


Crude oils derived from the Alpine foreland are divided into 4 groups according to their org. chem. compns. and their ratios of stable C isotopes (2 groups in the west, 2 groups in the east). In the west, one group consists of Triassic and Jurassic oils in the North of Lake Constance (source rock: perhaps Mushelkalk). The oils derived from the Bausteinschichten (Lower Chattian) and that from Tettnang 1 (found in the bituminous Helvetian facies of the Malm) belong to the second group. This result points to Malm as a probable source rock for crude oils from the Bausteinschichten. In the east, a western group (E I) consists of deep-seated oils derived from the Tertiary base southeastern Munich (source rocks: perhaps Malm with Upper Cretaceous or Sannois). An eastern group (E II) is represented by the oils (Tertiary base) of shallow depth from Muehldorf-Velden (source rocks: perhaps Upper Cretaceous, maybe together with Malm). Biodegrdn. of the crude oils may be indicated in E II and explained by the transport of bacterially formed gases from above to the Tertiary base by down-streaming pore waters. This mechanism is considered possible in E II only.


Oxidative stress contributes to muscular fatigue. GSH is the major intracellular antioxidant, the biosynthesis of which is dependent on cysteine availability. We hypothesized that supplementation with a whey-based cysteine donor [Immunocal (HMS90)] designed to augment intracellular GSH would enhance performance. Twenty healthy young adults (10 men, 10 women) were studied presupplementation and 3 mo postsupplementation with either Immunocal (20 g/day) or casein placebo. Muscular performance was assessed by whole leg isokinetic cycle testing, measuring peak power and 30-s work capacity. Lymphocyte GSH was used as a marker of tissue GSH. There were no baseline differences (age, ht, wt, %ideal wt, peak power, 30-s work capacity). Follow-up data on 18 subjects (9 Immunocal, 9 placebo) were analyzed. Both peak power [13 +/- 3.5 (SE) %, P < 0.02] and 30-s work capacity (13 +/- 3.7%, P < 0.03) increased significantly in the Immunocal group, with no change (2 +/- 9.0 and 1 +/- 9.3%) in the placebo group. Lymphocyte GSH also increased significantly in the Immunocal group (35.5 +/- 11.04%, P < 0.02), with no change in the placebo group (-0.9 +/- 9.6%). This is the first study to demonstrate that prolonged supplementation with a product designed to augment antioxidant defenses resulted in improved volitional performance.


Despite complex regional patterns of projected climate change, significant decreases in food crop yields have been predicted using the 'worst case' CO2 emission scenario (A1FI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Overall, climate change is predicted to have a progressively negative effect on the yield of food crops, particularly in the absence of efforts to mitigate global CO2 emissions. As with all species, plant pathogens will have varying responses to climate change. Whilst the life cycle of some pathogens will be limited by increasing temperatures, e.g. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, other climatic factors such as increasing atmospheric CO2, may provide more favourable conditions for pathogens such as Fusarium pseudograminearum. Based on published literature and unpublished work in progress, we have reviewed the qualitative effects of climate change on pathogens that cause disease of four major food crops: wheat, rice, soybean and potato. The limited data show that the influence will be positive, negative or neutral, depending on the host–pathogen interaction. Quantitative analysis of climate change on pathogens of these crops is largely lacking, either from field or laboratory studies or from modelling-based assessments. Systematic quantitative analysis of these effects will be necessary in developing future disease management plans, such as plant breeding, altered planting schedules, chemical and biological control methods and increased monitoring for new disease threats.


The flora of 88 villages in different regions of Lower Saxony is registered and described. A total of 380 spontaneaus species occurs in the village centres. The Arction, Onopordetalia and Sisymbrion species, in the literature called the "typical village species", are of low importance whereas species of meadows (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea), nitrophilaus skirts (Giechometalia) and weeds of arable land (Stellarietea) are very important for the vegetation cover of the villages. Only 10 ruderal species of the 380 species are high-frequent in all villages of all regions. These species are to be classified as settlement companions, most of them are to be found in towns too; only Lamium album is characteristic for villages. The floristical specialities of the several regions of Lower Saxony were pointed out, whereby the villages in the transition area lowland - hill country are found to be rich in species. In the opposite the village ruderal flora of Eastern Frisia, of the western border of the Harz Mountains and of the Heath is relatively poor in species. Besides the village centres old manors and their parks, new building areas, refuse pits as well as railways stations were investigated. The comparison of the village flora with the flora of 10 old towns in Lower Saxony shows a great similarity, however there are also some differentiating species. The village flora of Lower Saxony is compared also to the village flora of other European regions by the aid of three different methodical approaches. Informations on the village flora of Thierache, Britanny, Liguria and Andalusia are published for the first time.


This work is composed of three distinct studies. In the first one, we compared the muscle coactivation of tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocunemius medialis (GM) during quiet stance and the also during the stance phase of gait in hemiparetic subjects (hemiparetic group, HG, n=12) and in subjects with no neurologic injuries (control group, CG, n=10). We evaluated the TA and GM electromyographic signal and calculated their overlapping ratio (OR). We concluded that these individuals do not present significant coactivation alterations in the stance phase of gait, but in quiet stance they seem to use the coactivation of the non-paretic limb to maintain postural stability. In the second study we investigated the effects of the association of treadmill training with body weight support (TTBWS) associated with strength training of ankle muscles on the motor control in chronic hemiparetic subjects. Fifteen volunteers were distributed into 2 treatment groups: 1) TTBWS (G1; n=7); and 2) TTBWS associated with resistance training for dorsi and plantar flexors (G2; n=8). We evaluated muscle performance of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion in an isokinetic dynamometer through peak torque (PT), total work (TW) and acceleration time (AT) at the speeds of 60°/s and 120°/s. For gait analysis we assessed the ground reaction forces (GRF). There was an increase in PT and TT of plantar flexion at 60°/s in the paretic side, and an increase in the positive peak of the anterior-posterior GRF component in both sides of G2. We suggested that the proposed intervention leads to improvements in the components related to propulsion of gait. In the third study, we evaluated the effect of the robot assisted gait training (RAGT) in children with spastic diplegia. Twenty children (12 male, 5-13 years old) were evaluated for functional outcomes and spatial-temporal patterns of gait before, after and 3 months after the end of the intervention. Comparisons revealed significant improvements on functional outcomes and in gait mechanics. We concluded that RAGT promotes better gait patterns, and that the learning of this new task is retained even after the end of the intervention.


Background: High-fidelity simulation recreates real-life situations in a safe learning environment and encourages critical thinking in students. Published research in simulation in psychiatric/mental health nursing is sparse. Methods: Four scenarios exemplifying drug or alcohol abuse utilizing the computerized, mannequin SimMan® were implemented. Students evaluated their learning experience following completion of the simulation via a 20-item, Likert-scale survey which included open-ended questions. Results: Results were positive. Students rated all items on the survey as "agree" or "strongly agree" (Mean 4.77, SD=0.55). Conclusions: High fidelity clinical education simulations are an effective means of facilitating student learning of psychiatric and mental health clinical experiences. Students found simulation to be a useful and engaging means by which to learn to care for clients with drug or alcohol abuse disorders.


In vitro research was conducted to determine the influence of moisture stress on germination of pulse crops in Agronomy Department, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, during 2014. Four pulse crops viz: Mung bean, field pea, lentil and cow pea were tested for germination traits under three moisture stress conditions. All the crops were kept at room temperature and in germinator at 30 C. The moisture stress significantly reduced germination and early growth parameters. The germination and growth parameter were recorded after 4 and 12 days, respectively. Root shoot ratio was calculated for growth parameters. The maximum seed germination (87.33 %), shoot length (326.0 mm), root length (145.7 mm) were recorded in field pea. Fresh shoot weight (22640 mg), dry shoot weight (2513 mg) and dry root weight (1897 mg) were recorded in cowpea. The minimum seed germination (67.33 %), fresh shoot weight (2227 mg), fresh root weight (1877 mg), were recorded in mungbean. Whereas minimum shoot length (185.3 mm) and root length (85.00 mm) were observed in cowpea and lentil, respectively. The maximum seed germination (86.42%), root length (112.3 mm), fresh shoot weight and dry root weight were recorded under daily moisture conditions. Results reflected that daily and alternate day moisture application proved better germination and seedling growth traits while two days after moisture application showed stress as the result of poor growth of early plant traits. The best seed germination and growth traits were recorded in field pea while cow pea ranked second, lentil third and mung bean fourth.


William A. Wallace demonstrates the importance of two early manuscripts of Galileo dismissed by earlier researchers as juvenile exercises. Analyzing all his scientific writings from the late 1580s to 1610 and from 1610 to 1640, this book illuminates both the sources and the evolution of Galileo's thought.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.