Utilizing the cases of three previously overlooked women—Anne May Davis, Laura Thornburgh, and the Walker Sisters—who participated in the creation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park this thesis argues that the GSMNP was representative of this change in the National Park system. Sources reveal three very different cases that support a move away from the scenic nationalism that inspired previous park promotion. This thesis addresses how these women shaped their definitions of nature and actions towards it, looking closely at class, broader developments in American and Appalachian cultures, and gender. Understanding how each of these women defined nature—whether as a commodity, a moral authority, a means of extraction, or a combination of these—allows one to understand not only how, but why the movement to create the Great Smoky Mountains National Park succeeded. The women's definitions of and actions towards nature reveal a park movement based heavily—though not entirely—on its potential economic worth through tourism. The case of Great Smoky Mountains National Park reveals that the National Park system was not born in a complete and final form. Rather, it has evolved and continues to evolve with changing American definitions of nature.


The collective expansion of the color-deconfined fireball created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions maps the initial state of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) to the final-state particle spectrum. The ALICE experiment has been leading important roles for completing the individual flow harmonic measurements at the highest energies to date as well as improving flow harmonic correlation techniques to understand the properties of the QGP and the full evolution of the heavy-ion collisions. In this article, a brief summary of the individual flow harmonic measurements, the details of the new observables developed in recent years from ALICE collaboration and their implications to future studies are discussed.


ABSTRACT The notion of discreet sound arises through the encounter of the sonic avant-garde with the post-studio methods of the field of sculpture: a distinctive, situational aesthetics that aspires to relocate, and sometimes to disperse, the listening experience within the varied spaces of everyday life. In sound art, however, there seems a predominant interest in the sounding object as an experience delivered to the audience through indoor modalities. By comparing these two tendencies, this article observes some of the implications for the ways in which we think about the site and modes specific to listening practices.


Modern criminal justice presupposes that persons are not morally equal. On the contrary, those who do wrong are viewed by the law as less worthy of respect, concern and decent treatment: Offenders, it is said, "deserve" to suffer for their misdeeds. Yet, there is scant logical or empirical basis for the law's supposition that offenders are morally inferior. The usual reasoning is that persons who intentionally or knowingly do wrong are the authors and initiators of their acts and, as such, are morally responsible for them. But this reasoning rests on the assumption that a person's mental states, such as intentions, can cause physical effects (bodily movements)—a factual assumption that is at odds with the evidence of neuroscience and whose only empirical support rests on a fallacious logical inference (post hoc ergo propter hoc). There is, in fact, no evidence that mental states like intentions have anything to do with causing the bodily movements that constitute behavior. Nonetheless, the mental-cause basis for moral responsibility, though it rests on a false factual inference, has enormous implications for criminal justice policy.

While society must obviously protect itself from dangerous people, it does not have to torment them. The imperative to punish, a dominant theme of criminal justice policy, is not supported by evidence or logic, and it violates basic moral equality.


The plasma membrane is made up of a complex mosaic of different functional microdomains, but the tools required to accurately visualize them have always been limited. We present a protocol that allows both inner and outer leaflet domains to be visualized on a nanometer scale. With a combination of electron microscopic and statistical analysis approaches, it is possible to screen proteins associating with, and co-localizing within, lipid rafts and other morphologically featureless microdomains. The approach has enormous potential to determine plasma membrane organization and the spatial dynamics of regulated signaling and membrane trafficking events associated with the cell surface.


Semantic image segmentation is an essential component of modern autonomous driving systems, as an accurate understanding of the surrounding scene is crucial to navigation and action planning. Current state-of-the-art approaches in semantic image segmentation rely on pre-trained networks that were initially developed for classifying images as a whole. While these networks exhibit outstanding recognition performance (i.e., what is visible?), they lack localization accuracy (i.e., where precisely is something located?). Therefore, additional processing steps have to be performed in order to obtain pixel-accurate segmentation masks at the full image resolution. To alleviate this problem we propose a novel ResNet-like architecture that exhibits strong localization and recognition performance. We combine multi-scale context with pixel-level accuracy by using two processing streams within our network: One stream carries information at the full image resolution, enabling precise adherence to segment boundaries. The other stream undergoes a sequence of pooling operations to obtain robust features for recognition. The two streams are coupled at the full image resolution using residuals. Without additional processing steps and without pre-training, our approach achieves an intersection-over-union score of 71.8% on the Cityscapes dataset.


Background: Previous studies demonstrated clusters of cases of IDDM occurring 24 to 48 months after immu- nization with the hemophilus, pertussis and combined measles mumps rubella vaccines. Data was analyzed to determine if similar clustering of cases of IDDM occurred after immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine. Methods: Data on the inci- dence of IDDM from hepatitis B immunized and unimmunized cohorts of children was analyzed for the presence of clus- ters occurring after hepatitis B immunization. Results: Data from Italy, France, and New Zealand indicated rises in the in- cidence of IDDM occurred between 24 to 48 months after the introduction of the hepatitis B immunization in young chil- dren. Conclusion: Several different vaccines as well as infections with natural mumps virus are followed by clusters of cases of IDDM that occur about 24 to 48 months after immunization. This suggests a similar mechanism of action, possi- bly the triggering of a progressive autoimmune phenomenon.


At the 13th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, the primary author delivered a paper titled "Is America ready for a humane feral pig 'toxin'?" The toxin, sodium nitrite, a common meat preservative that prevents botulism, had previously been shown to be a quick-acting and low-residue toxicant for feral pigs in Australia and has since been patented. Pigs are particularly sensitive to nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia because they have low levels of methemoglobin reductase, the enzyme required to reverse the effects of nitrite toxicosis. Over the last two years, a great deal of progress ha s been made towards developing a nitrite bait and a suitable bait delivery vehicle for feral pigs. Field trials of Hog-Gone® in Australia are now complete and a registration dossier is currently being finalized. The dossier details the pharmacology and humaneness of nitrite toxicosis, pen and field trial efficacy, pen and field carcass residues, and the nontarget safety and environmental fate of nitrite. Nontoxic trials of smaller bite-sized Hog-Gone baits, delivered in the Hog-Hopper™, are currently occurring in multiple sites and seasons in Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Results thus far are encouraging, and may lead to future trials if environmental safety is demonstrated. Concurrently, an Environmental Protection Agency registration dossier is being prepared to request the experimental-use permit needed for field trials of the formulated bait. Engagement with industry and animal welfare groups also continues to be positive. Detailed within, in brief, are the achievements of the last two years and the future of the project in Australia and the USA.


ISSUES AND PURPOSE
Using Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Care Use, this pilot study was conducted to better understand the experiences of children with asthma as they access an urban healthcare system.

DESIGN AND METHODS
This descriptive study used a convenience sample of 34 families of pediatric asthma patients who participated in semistructured interviews and closed medical record review.

RESULTS
Only one patient reported having a written exacerbation management plan. Beliefs regarding medication addiction and side effects were frequently reported as barriers to medication adherence, and children seeking asthma care in primary care settings saw many care providers.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Exploring how expanded nursing roles can help address both family and system factors serving as barriers to health care ought to be a key priority for nursing.


This study identified seasonal water quality characteristics in two adjacent mountainous rivers (Sangharus and Sekampung Hulu Rivers) in Lampung, Indonesia and determined the impacts of fertilizer application on river chemistry as a result of social forestry management. In 2016, we measured water chemistry and conducted a farmers' questionnaire survey to obtain information on fertilizer application. The water quality results indicated that several parameters, including nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4), were significantly higher in the Sangharus River than in the Sekampung Hulu River. In addition, several parameters were influenced by dilution from high river flow in the rainy season. Some parameters were likely influenced by the weathering of parent materials. By contrast, electrical conductivity (EC) and NO3 were higher in the rainy season, which was likely linked to the dominant timing of urea fertilizer application during this season. Despite the application of fertilizers in the watersheds, NO3 levels remained below the recommended standard. However, aluminum and iron concentrations were higher than the recommended level for drinking water, which was likely due to elevated soil erosion from improper land management. Therefore, we recommend that effective land management policies be implemented through the adoption of soil conservation practices for nutrient loss prevention.


This paper presents a general summary of psi experiments conducted with the DNA in the latter decades of the 20 Century particularly at the HeartMath Institute (HMI) in Boulder Creek, CA, by Dr. Glen Rein, relating to the ability of "healers" to affect the conformation of the DNA molecule simply by concentrating their mental and emotional powers of the brain and heart. In particular it was found that the intentional states of healers could change the molecular structure of water which in turn could alter the conformation of the DNA. Further to these findings about the relationship between water and DNA, this paper discusses a journal article by a team led by 2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine recipient Dr. Luc Montagnier, which describes an electromagnetic field in the DNA that is capable of being projected into water and which contains all the information of its sequence of bases in memory, and is capable of reconstructing itself into the identical chemical molecule; provided the ambient electromagnetic environment in the water is maintained at a frequency of not less than 7Hz which is in the same frequency window as Alpha rhythm brainwaves and the natural Schumann resonance of the Earth. This paper goes on to discuss new research in optogenetics where human beings have been able to modify gene expression with their Alpha rhythm and Mu rhythm brainwaves in the same frequency window as the Schumann resonance, simply by adopting different mental states, and takes note of the fact that these same Alpha and mu rhythms are the main conduit frequency for Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs). The paper presents a general summary of earlier research relating to psi phenomena resulting from interference of brainwaves with the Schumann resonance, and proposes a novel explanation for the recently discovered "mirror neurons" phenomena where the Mu rhythm brainwaves emanating from the motor cortex are able to interfere constructively or destructively with the Schumann resonance of same frequency and thus bring about mental telepathic as well as psychokinesis happenings.


Network latency in mobile software has a large impact on user experience, with potentially severe economic consequences. Prefetching and caching have been shown effective in reducing the latencies in browser-based systems. However, those techniques cannot be directly applied to the emerging domain of mobile apps because of the differences in network interactions. Moreover, there is a lack of research on prefetching and caching techniques that may be suitable for the mobile app domain, and it is not clear whether such techniques can be effective or whether they are even feasible. This paper takes the first step toward answering these questions by conducting a comprehensive study to understand the characteristics of HTTP requests in over 1,000 popular Android apps. Our work focuses on the prefetchability of requests using static program analysis techniques and cacheability of resulting responses. We find that there is a substantial opportunity to leverage prefetching and caching in mobile apps, but that suitable techniques must take into account the nature of apps' network interactions and idiosyncrasies such as untrustworthy HTTP header information. Our observations provide guidelines for developers to utilize prefetching and caching schemes in app development, and motivate future research in this area.


Background and objectives The number of emergency CT head examinations has increased since the introduction of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) head injury guidelines. In addition, government targets and changes to medical training impact on how services are delivered. In this context, emergency physicians may have a role to play in the interpretation of CT head images. We have provided such a service for 10 years and set out to audit our practice to establish whether our service is safe, the nature and clinical impact of any errors and whether a similar model may be applicable elsewhere. Method Audit of emergency department patients over a 27-week period comparing immediate emergency physician interpretation of unenhanced CT head images for trauma or suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) with the subsequent neuroradiology report. The clinical significance of any discordance was assessed. Results CT head interpretations in 9/442 (2%) of trauma and 1/48 (2.1%) of suspected SAH were discordant requiring a change clinical management had the formal neuroradiology report been available immediately. Specialist advice was sought in a further 77 patients. 1/634 of the total sample came to harm. Conclusion The majority of CT head imaging scans can be interpreted safely by emergency physicians in trauma and suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. We believe a safe and viable clinical service is provided and such a model is applicable in other centres.


Network slicing has been widely agreed as a promising technique to accommodate diverse services for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Smart transportation, smart energy, and smart factory/manufacturing are the three key services to form the backbone of IIoT. Network slicing management is of paramount importance in the face of IIoT services with diversified requirements. It is important to have a comprehensive survey on intelligent network slicing management to provide guidance for future research in this field. In this paper, we provide a thorough investigation and analysis of network slicing management in its general use cases as well as specific IIoT services including smart transportation, smart energy and smart factory, and highlight the advantages and drawbacks across many existing works/surveys and this current survey in terms of a set of important criteria. In addition, we present an architecture for intelligent network slicing management for IIoT focusing on the above three IIoT services. For each service, we provide a detailed analysis of the application requirements and network slicing architecture, as well as the associated enabling technologies. Further, we present a deep understanding of network slicing orchestration and management for each service, in terms of orchestration architecture, AI-assisted management and operation, edge computing empowered network slicing, reliability, and security. For the presented architecture for intelligent network slicing management and its application in each IIoT service, we identify the corresponding key challenges and open issues that can guide future research. To facilitate the understanding of the implementation, we provide a case study of the intelligent network slicing management for integrated smart transportation, smart energy, and smart factory. Some lessons learnt include: 1) For smart transportation, it is necessary to explicitly identify service function chains (SFCs) for specific applications along with the orchestration of underlying VNFs/PNFs for supporting such SFCs; 2) For smart energy, it is crucial to guarantee both ultra-low latency and extremely high reliability; 3) For smart factory, resource management across heterogeneous network domains is of paramount importance. We hope that this survey is useful for both researchers and engineers on the innovation and deployment of intelligent network slicing management for IIoT.


Muribasidiospora indica was identified as the causal organism associated with leaf spots of Rhus lancea in South Africa. The disease appears more commonly in the warmer provinces of South Africa (Gauteng, Free State) than in the Western Cape. The morphological identification of the causal organism was confirmed by comparing sequence data of the large subunit rRNA gene (28S) with that of reference strains of M indica. This is the first confirmed record of this species occurring in Africa, where it appears to be a serious leaf pathogen on members of the Anacardiaceae.


A novel mechanistic model based on an infinite beam on elastic foundation is developed to quantify the impact of pavement structural and material properties on pavement deflection and consequently on vehicle fuel consumption. The model can also account for the effect of temperature and vehicle speed on fuel consumption. A simplified expression for evaluating the energy dissipation for practical purposes is proposed and used to investigate the impact of various pavement design systems on fuel consumption. GPS (General Pavement Studies) sections from the FHWA's Long Term Pavement Performance program (FHWA 2011) are used for this study. These sections consist of asphalt concrete (AC), portland cement concrete (PCC) and composite pavements. The model quantifies the impact of temperature and vehicle speed on the fuel consumption and confirms that those impacts are negligible for PCC and significant for AC pavements due to their viscoelasticity.


Ultraviolet (UV) detection is important in astronomy, combustion detections and medical analysis. Solid-state UV detectors based on wide band gap semiconductors, such as 4H-SiC, are widely studied because of their excellent electrical properties [1]. 4H-SiC based UV detectors are solar blind and can be applied in extremely high temperature environments [2]. However, the state-of-art 4H-SiC photodetectors still have large sizes (>10000 μm2), which are not suitable to be integrated into high resolution UV photography sensors. To build a full-frame UV imaging sensor containing megapixels, photodiodes smaller than 20 μm by side are necessary. Here, we report the fabrication and characterization of 4H-SiC p-i-n photodiodes with mesa areas scaled from 40000 μm2 to 400 μm2. The relationships between the parameters and the areas of the photodiodes are discussed. The photodiodes are fully functional from room temperature (RT) to 500 °C.


Based upon conservation of resource theory, this study is the first to explore (1) the relations between life-domain support received by internationally mobile employees (IMEs) from their organization, supervisors, coworkers, and family and friends and their life-domain conflicts and enrichments in two directions: work life→ personal life (WL → PL) and personal life→ work life (PL→ WL) and (2) whether these links are different between assigned expatriates (AEs) and self-initiated expatriates (SIEs). The questionnaire data were collected from 182 SIEs and 102 AEs. Results from multivariate analyses show that (1) the more IMEs perceive receiving life-domain support from their family and friends and their organization, the less they report life-domain conflicts and (2) the more IMEs perceive receiving life-domain support from their coworkers, the more they report life-domain enrichments. Finally, it appears that AEs' perceived life-domain organizational support is positively related to their perceived WL → PL enrichment and that SIEs' perceived life-domain coworker support is negatively related to their life-domain conflicts in both directions.


Ukraine (UA) faces broad needs for energy security enhancement, energy diversification, revitalization of agriculture, and improvements in the state of the environment. UA has large biomass‐for‐bioenergy potential, which can be leveraged to contribute to local/regional energy self‐sufficiency, rural development and diversification, and environmental improvement via fossil fuel substitution with local and more sustainable biofuels. However, the manner in which biomass energy utilization is emerging is poorly documented and its organizational basis is not well understood. This work focuses on bioenergy from agricultural waste as an early emergent area. It applies cross‐case analysis to nine straw‐fired installations in UA. Analysis yields three straw‐based frameworks for organization and action, including small‐scale local heat production, small‐scale local straw production for municipal fuel provision, and medium‐scale straw combustion for district heating (DH). The UA context is then compared to more advanced agro‐bioenergy sectors in Sweden (SE) and Denmark (DK) to delineate crucial factors for the growth of UA's embryonic sector. The study finds that evolution of individual business entrepreneurship qualities and knowledge dissemination are key parameters to move the sector forward at small to medium scale, while stable and targeted incentive based systems, national government support, and collective bioenergy stakeholder action are required for advance to medium and large scales. Barriers to the expansion of bioenergy in UA include low access to technology and funding, and a lack of knowledge on bioenergy funding schemes, and bioenergy in general.


The Micro-Grid (MG) stability is a significant issue that must be maintained in all operational modes. Usually, two control strategies can be applied to MG; V/f control and PQ control strategies. MGs with V/f control strategy should have some Distributed Generators (DGs) which have fast responses versus load changes. The Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) has this characteristic. The FESS, which converts the mechanical energy to electrical form, can generate electrical power or absorb the additional power in power systems or MGs. In this paper, the FESS structure modeled in detail and two control strategies (V/f and PQ control) are applied for this application. In addition, in order to improve the MG frequency and voltage stability, two complementary controllers are proposed for the V/f control strategy; conventional PI and Fuzzy Controllers. A typical low voltage network, including FESS is simulated for four distinct scenarios in the MATLAB/ Simulink environment. It is shown that fuzzy controller has better performance than conventional PI controller in islanded microgrid.


The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key encryption standard adopted by the U.S. government in 2000. It is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography nowadays. In this thesis, we study the internal structure of the AES algorithm and two AES-based cryptographic primitives: the ALPHA-MAC message authentication code and the LEX stream cipher. In the analysis of the AES internal structure, we focus on two areas: the internal algebraic properties and the key schedule of the AES algorithm. This thesis makes the following four contributions. First, we ask the question what happens if we change the values of some bytes of some intermediate results during an AES encryption. We aim to investigate the impact of these changes on the output of the encryption, and study the feasibility of cancelling out the effects of such changes. By using the structural features of the AES round transformation, we propose a five-round algebraic property which shows that if one carries out four extra exclusive or operations on four fixed-position bytes in some round, five consecutive rounds of such operations will cancel out all changes made to the intermediate results and, consequently, the final output of the encryption will not be affected by these changes. Second, we use the proposed five-round algebraic property of the AES cipher to study the construction of the ALPHA-MAC. We introduce two methods: the Backwards-aNd-Backwards search algorithm and the Backwards-aNd-Forwards search algorithm. By combining these two methods, one can find second preimages of the ALPHA-MAC, given an intermediate value. In addition, we demonstrate that the second-preimage search algorithm can also be used to generate internal collisions for the ALPHA-MAC if an intermediate value is known. Third, we carry out further investigations on the key schedule of the AES cipher, and our research identifies some repeated differential properties in the AES-128 and AES-256 key schedules. In the case of AES-128, if the difference of two secret keys has a special pattern, which we call repeated differential pattern, the propagation of the difference via the key schedule will produce at least seven zero differences in each round, and the same pattern repeats every four rounds. In the case of AES-256, we v show that two secret keys with a double-sized repeated differential pattern generate similar repeated features in the resultant subkeys. Fourth, we describe a differential fault analysis of the LEX stream cipher. The attack exploits computational errors during keystream generation to recover secret keys of the cipher. In our analysis, the cipher is assumed to have random faults in its states and typically, there is one random faulty bit injected during each computation. In the proposed attack, the adversary can extract the secret key of LEX by analysing the output keystream generated by 40 faults.


Reliable, efficient systems for producing soluble HLA-DR molecules, suitable for multimerization and use as staining reagents, have proved elusive. We found that the addition of a flexible linker between peptide and N terminus of the DRB1*0101-chain (Crawford, F., Kozono, H., White, J., Marrack, P. and Kappler, J., Immunity 1998. 8: 675-682.), results in greater in vitro folding efficiency of Escherichia coli-expressed alpha- and beta-chains, and increases both the yield and stability of the DRA1*0101/DRB1*0101/peptide complexes. Although a 10-amino acid linker functioned efficiently for a 20mer epitope from HIV p24, a longer linker was required to produce a DR1 MHC class II tetramer with the influenza hemagglutinin epitope (HA(306-318)). The DR1-HA tetramer was able to stain positively over 98% of a specific clone (HA 1.7) with only a brief 30-min incubation. The tetrameric complexes detected clone cells diluted into PBMC, with high sensitivity, coupled with low background staining in CD4(+) cells. It was possible to detect antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells within a population of PBMC stimulated with the HA peptide. This demonstrates the potential to monitor CD4(+) T cell responses in peripheral blood in a number of clinical scenarios.


The enzyme NCS [(S)-norcoclaurine synthase; EC 184.108.40.206] found in the common meadow rue, Thalictrum flavum, and other plant species, is involved in the biosynthesis of BIAs (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids). This group of plant secondary metabolites comprises pharmacologically-active compounds such as morphine and codeine. NCS catalyses the condensation of 4-HPAA (4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) and dopamine to (S)-norcoclaurine, the common precursor of all plant BIAs. Although enzymatic properties of NCS and mechanistic aspects of the reaction have been studied in detail, no structural information on NCS was available so far. The enzyme shows significant sequence homology to members of the PR10 proteins (class 10 of pathogenesis-related proteins) such as the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Our CD and NMR spectroscopic data indicated high similarity of the NCS and the Bet v 1 fold and allowed us to model NCS using Bet v 1 as a template. Virtually complete backbone assignment of the NCS sequence was used to study substrate binding by NMR titration experiments. Although binding of 4-HPAA seems to induce side-chain rearrangements in an extensive part of the protein, the putative distinct interaction site for dopamine could be clearly identified. The oligomerization state of NCS that reportedly plays an important role in enzyme functionality was determined to be concentration-dependent by SEC (size-exclusion chromatography) as well as NMR relaxation measurements, and the enzyme was found to be predominantly a monomer at the low micromolar concentrations used for activity assays.


Differential SAR tomography extends the synthetic aperture principle into the elevation and time directions for 4-D imaging. With modern meter-resolution space-borne SAR systems like TerraSAR-X (TS-X), systematic tomographic imaging of urban infrastructure and its deformations becomes feasible. We demonstrate the potential of TS-X data for this purpose and introduce several novel concepts. Since building deformation in general is nonlinear, e.g. due to thermal dilation, we start from a tomographic system formulation that is general enough to allow for the inclusion of motion models (linear, periodic, etc.). By appropriate warping of the time axis we map the motion model function to become linear and lead to a peak in the spectral domain. For the differential tomographic inversion itself we propose a 2-D compressive sensing (CS) based approach—"SL1MMER". We demonstrate the super-resolution power and the robustness of SL1MMER both with simulated and with real data. We also show that it provides an attractive compromise between parametric and non-parametric methods. A full reconstruction of a building complex and its seasonal deformation from a stack of TS-X spotlight data is finally presented.


Five decades ago, the Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Since its passage, the Voting Right Act has created the opportunity to vote for many racial and language minorities across the country, and has survived many challenges until 2013. The U.S. Supreme Court issued two decisions involving voting rights in its 2012-2013 term. On June 25, 2013, in Shelby County v. Holder, a divided Supreme Court struck down Section 4 - a key provision of the 1965 Voting Right Act (VRA) - as unconstitutional. On June 17, 2013, one week before the Shelby County decision, the Court decided another voting rights challenge. In Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc., the Court held that the federal National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) preempted Arizona's requirement that voters provide proof of citizenship in order to register to vote. Certainly, this decision was not as symbolic as Shelby County, but nonetheless is significant for minority voters and voters in general. In the aftermath of Shelby County, many voting rights litigators and scholars are contemplating what the case means for the future of Black and Latino minority voting rights across the country. To date, however, scholars' and practitioners' reaction to and focus on the Shelby County decision has not considered or identified its impact on Indian voters or reservation residents. Accordingly, this Article seeks to fill the void by examining the Shelby County and Inter Tribal Council decisions and provides some insight and effective responses with regard to their impacts on Native American voters across Indian country.


During the summer of 1935, approximately 20,000 Swedish women mobilized in a peaceful action - the Women's Unarmed Uprising Against War. The manifestation was a protest against rearmament and, in particular, against a militarization of everyday life that might result from a civil defense buildup. Thus, in a spirit of solidarity, women were encouraged to refuse to use gas masks or evacuate into cellars and air-raid shelters in the event of an air raid. Only then would men realize their responsibility, lay down their weapons, and solve the conflict at the negotiating table. The action was connected to a radical pacifistic tradition in which male conscientious objectors, among others, and the example of Gandhi were prominent. Liberal and Social Democrat women and members of the Swedish section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) carried out the action. The action was formulated in such a manner that women across the country were asked to vote for those who could serve in a women's parliament. The goal was to create an international uprising among women by influencing the League of Nations' delegates and the women's organizations in Geneva. In the same year, the central body of WILPF had decided to support an international peace plan, the People's Mandate to End War. The mandate's aim was to present demands for disarmament to governments in different countries. This article examines why the Swedish women assumed a more radical position than that stated in the people's mandate; what kinds of peace efforts in Sweden made such a radical, pacifistic women's action possible; and what went on when the initiators attempted to influence WILPF, on an international level, into incorporating the radical protest into the people's mandate campaign.


Distributed storage systems often use data replication to mask failures and guarantee high data availability. Node failures can be transient or permanent. While the system must generate new replicas to replace replica lost to permanent failures, it can save significant replication costs by not replicating following transient faults. Given the unpredictability of network dynamics, however, distinguishing permanent and transient failures is extremely difficult. Traditional timeout approaches are difficult to tune and can introduce unnecessary replication. In this paper, we propose Protector, an algorithm that addresses this problem using network-wide statistical prediction. Our algorithm drastically improves prediction accuracy by making predictions across aggregate replica groups instead of single nodes. These estimates of the number of "live replicas" can guide efficient data replication policies. We prove that given data on node down times and the probability of permanent failures, the estimate given by our algorithm is more accurate than all alternatives. We describe two ways to obtain the failure probability function driven by models or traces. We conduct extensive simulations based both on synthetic and real traces, and show that Protector closely approximates the performance of a perfect "oracle" failure detector, while significantly outperforming timeout-based detectors using a wide range of parameters.


Robotic-assisted surgery is now widely used in the field of thoracic surgery. We are going to share the experience of robotic surgery for left upper lobectomy. A 63-year-old patient underwent robotic-assisted thoracic surgery for a primary non-small cell lung cancer. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3 without any perioperative complications. The pathological stage was T1aN0M0 (stage IA).


This article examines how religious beliefs and practices influence the reception of international relief and development aid in impoverished communities. Specifically, I explain how Nicaraguan recipients' prayers both enhance and constrain their ability to assert themselves as "empowered" actors during aid interactions. Data come from observations and interviews over a two-year period with 81 Nicaraguans in communities that receive aid from Christian development organizations. Compared to secular constructions of aid interactions, prayers provide space for Nicaraguans to position themselves as influential actors effecting change for themselves or their families. Through prayers, recipients portray themselves as influencing the actions of more powerful parties, including God and potential donors. They also pray for donors' well-being, thereby offering spiritual reciprocity for material gifts. However, the same prayers that empower individuals at the interpersonal level constrain their ability to envision transformation of social structures. These findings shape understandings of prayer as aligning actions, of the moral and social dimensions of receiving care from strangers, and of the complex and contradictory ways religious practices influence discourses of empowerment and development.


Biofilms are core to a range of biological processes, including the bioremediation of environmental contaminants. Within a biofilm population, cells with diverse genotypes and phenotypes coexist, suggesting that distinct metabolic pathways may be expressed based on the local environmental conditions in a biofilm. However, metabolic responses to local environmental conditions in a metabolically active biofilm interacting with environmental contaminants have never been quantitatively elucidated. In this study, we monitored the spatiotemporal metabolic responses of metabolically active Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms to U(VI) (uranyl, UO(2)(2+)) and Cr(VI) (chromate, CrO(4) (2-)) using non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) approaches to obtain insights into adaptation in biofilms during biofilm-contaminant interactions. While overall biomass distribution was not significantly altered upon exposure to U(VI) or Cr(VI), MRI and spatial mapping of the diffusion revealed localized changes in the water diffusion coefficients in the biofilms, suggesting significant contaminant-induced changes in structural or hydrodynamic properties during bioremediation. Finally, we quantitatively demonstrated that the metabolic responses of biofilms to contaminant exposure are spatially stratified, implying that adaptation in biofilms is custom-developed based on local microenvironments.


This article analyzes a stochastic supercapacitor model and uses the model to estimate the losses for different balancing methods. In addition, it proposes guidelines for designing a supercapacitor bank that includes balancing networks. Supercapacitors (SCs) can be used as the main part of an energy storage system (ESS) that transfers high power to a DC or AC grid. This is needed in grids with a high penetration of renewable energies in order to balance generation and consumption. The design method is based on a supercapacitor model which uses stochastic variables: capacitance, series resistance and self-discharge current. As the balancing network affects the overall efficiency of the SC bank, dissipative and non-dissipative balancing networks are studied. Then different strategies are compared taking into account the complexity, cost and efficiency of the balancing network in the bank.


Game Development Essentials: An Introduction, 2nd Edition offers a thorough and insightful introduction to the game development industry, with industry updates that will keep readers current and well-prepared for a career in the field. The book begins with a highly informative chapter on the evolution of game development, providing a historical context for later chapters, and moves on to examine content creation and the concepts behind the development of story, character, environment, level design, user interface, and sound. With the same engaging writing style and examples that made the first edition so popular, this new edition features expanded coverage of today's hottest topics - such as next-generation platforms (Xbox 360, PS3, and Wii), level design, interface design, project management, serious games, game accessibility, and online social networks. New game-related technology, development techniques, and the latest research in the field make this an invaluable resource for anyone entering the exciting, competitive, ever-changing world of game development.


We report optofluidic waveguides made by filling microchannels in aerogel with water. The aerogel cladding is a nanoporous material with an extremely low refractive index of ~1.05, giving a large index step from the water core. Channels were formed by removing embedded optical fibers, which could be nonuniform or multiple. The porosity of the aerogel allowed air to be displaced from the channel, preventing the trapping of bubbles. The attenuation of red light in the highly multimode water core waveguide was no greater than 1.5 dB/cm.


The concept of optimism as mechanism for improving individual performance has been discussed in the management literature by different researchers. Though studies concerning optimism in the workplace are comparatively limited, yet specific evidences exist that connect the optimism with the achievement and improvement in individual's personal and professional growth. In Academic field, optimism is one of the significant organizational and individual characteristics that have recently fascinated educational researchers' consideration in improving academic learning and achievement. The ability to live in optimistic manner is most probably drawn from an inherent inclination to be positive. Optimism is generally defined as the mental attitude in which an individual views life from a positive perspective. It means that it is intrinsic in nature which motivates an individual to believe in positive side of life and put efforts for the desired results. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationships between optimism and different other dimensions such as intrinsic motivation, leadership, components of optimism in teacher's perspective and how optimism deals with interpersonal relationships.


Abstract : The Shipper's Certification program (SCP), fielded in March 1995, automates the preparation of the Shipper's Declaration for Dangerous Goods form (Shipper's Dec). With fielding of any new computer program, an on-going consulting effort is necessary to answer user questions and provide users with program enhancements as they are developed. Therefore, an on-going consulting effort was opened immediately following SCP's release to provide field users with system support to ensure efficient and effective use of SCP. Most user inquiries regarded installation and basic operation of the program. Some users, however, commented on the limited functionality of the program and expressed concern with printer compatibility, among other minor issues. Regardless of the concerns, each and every user has been extremely satisfied with SCP. AFLMA is currently working on an enhanced version of SCP that will fix the majority of user concerns as documented from user comments. The enhanced SCP should be available by early August 1997. With the fielding of the enhanced SCP, a consulting effort for the current SCP is no longer required. Once the enhanced SCP is fielded, ongoing user support will be made available.


Background: This thesis describes a three-year mixed methods study which aimed to develop and test the feasibility of an exercise intervention for people who are surgically treated for lung cancer. The study employed the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) as an underpinning theoretical framework in order to focus on the behaviour change components necessary for such kind of intervention. It used an inductive approach to aid the development of the intervention using guidance from the Medical Research Council (MRC) on developing and evaluating complex interventions.

Methods: The study was split into two phases with three parts. Phase one part one consisted of a systematic review examining the literature on exercise intervention for people who are surgically treated for lung cancer. Part two comprised a qualitative study examining the attitudes and beliefs of key stakeholders (patients and health professionals) on exercise for the population under study. The results from phase one informed the development of a three week pre-surgical exercise intervention carried out in phase two. Feasibility and acceptability were measured alongside other secondary outcomes to explore the feasibility of implementing the intervention.

Results: The results from the review illustrated the infancy of the field under study and provided evidence for the need for further investigation of key stakeholders' attitudes and beliefs. The qualitative study, which included 23 participants, added to the results from the review and indicated that the design of an exercise intervention for this population should be multifaceted, for example including the option for both supervised centre-based group exercise and home-based exercise such as walking. Fourteen participants were recruited to the three week pre-surgical exercise intervention implemented in phase two. The results concerning feasibility of the intervention designed were mixed. Overall recruitment rate was low (33%). However, at one participating site recruitment was much higher (63%) and overall adherence to the programme was acceptable (74%) for those who did attend. The intervention was considered acceptable (measured through individual interviews), participants reported enjoying the programme and wanting to continue with something similar after their surgery. Participants felt the intervention should be part of standard care. Concerning secondary outcomes, the only statistically significant change detected was improvement in exercise capacity measured by 6MWT (p=0.018, median 50 metres) from baseline to post-intervention.
Conclusion: A review of the literature and exploration of key stakeholders' attitudes and beliefs towards exercise for people surgically treated for lung cancer provided a strong evidence base for a multifaceted exercise intervention to be designed. The intervention proved to be feasible under certain circumstances (e.g. where there was sufficient time before surgery) and acceptable by people who opted to participate. Future pilot and RCT work is necessary in order to develop the intervention further and test the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of implementing it into clinical practice.


Background and Aim: Using Hirsch index as an important tool to describe the scientific outputs of researchers has caused some authors to increase their self-imposed parameters, increase, citing themselves. Therefore it is necessary to consider the effect of self-citation on Hirsch index for every author to have better measuring on the quality of researchers scientific production. Materials and Methods: This research is descriptive method of citation analysis in general and specifically self-citation analysis. The study, are Iranian prolific authors in the field of medicine that have at least 30 documents indexed in Web of Science database between 2004 to 2006. Citations following up was studied till December 2010. Results was analysis using Excel software version 2007. Results: The average self-citation observed between prolific authors in medical field was 25/89 percent. Hirsch index for 30/77 percent of authors had changed considerably. The authors rating scheme based on Hirsch index was done after removing self – citation so that 38/46 percent of authors decreased to lower level. Conclusion: Considering that 10 to 30 percent of self-citation can be normal and justified, the status of self-citatin of Iranian prolific authors in medical field is desirable. Also, lower rates of self – citation of these authors doesnot affect Hirsch index.


Situated high in the Peruvian Andes, the fifteenth-century Inca palace complex at Machu Picchu is one of the most spectacular archaeological sites in the world. In this beautifully illustrated book, leading American and Peruvian scholars provide an unprecedented overview of the site, its place within the Inca empire, the mysteries surrounding its establishment and abandonment, and the discoveries made there since the excavations by archaeologist Hiram Bingham III in the early twentieth century. Drawing upon the most recent scientific findings, the authors vividly describe the royal estate in the cloud forest where the Inca emperor and his guests went to escape the pressures of the capital. In addition to Bingham's exciting account of his first expedition in 1911, the book includes new and archival photographs of the site as well as color illustrations and explanations of some 120 gold, silver, ceramic, bone, and textile works recovered at Machu Picchu.


Highlights from this year's report:

News media's conundrum: This year's research and data bear out the paradox within our industry. With global revenues (-3% YoY, print & digital) and (especially newsroom) resources continuing to shrink, the business challenges facing publishers are palpable. However, quality news has never been in more demand than today, reflected in the growth of paying audiences for news content (+0.5% YoY).

The Subscription Economy: Paying news audiences – print and digital – rose to 640 million per day in 2018, fuelled primarily by the continued strategy and growth in getting readers to convert to digital subscribers (up 11% YoY). Digital news subscriber numbers worldwide have increased 208% over five years to 2018 and are expected to grow by a further 13% in 2019. Nearly 54% of newspapers' overall revenue comes from circulation sales, up 1% YoY but forecast down 2% for 2019 as prices come under pressure.

Print still paying the bills: Despite much of the focus on digital transformation, we estimate that print revenues still account for about 86 percent of news publishers' revenue. In 2018 print circulation declined only 1 percent globally. Naturally, that picture varies from region to region and from country to country. For the most part, however, print advertising continues its steep decline (-7% YoY).Paid circulation (in millions)
Paid circulation (in millions)

That other conundrum – tech giants: Google continues to be the most important traffic source for news media companies globally, accounting for two out of every three page views from the leading global technology companies, according to our analysis of data from Chartbeat. Worldwide, Google provides 25 times the traffic for publishers that Twitter does and almost two and a half times what Facebook does. Yet the relationship with tech platforms remains tenuous if at times hopeful.

The power of a free and independent press: This year's World Press Trends also offers robust statistical evidence that shows direct and strong relationships between a free and independent press and factors that indicate the strength of democracies, the health of societies, as well as both the wealth of nations and the fortunes of its people.


Broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) is a powerful tool for studying the nature and dynamics of room-temperature ionic liquids, as well as providing the only means to directly measure their dielectric constants. The DR spectra of neat ionic liquids exhibit many modes, especially at high frequencies, where they reflect 'intermolecular' vibrations and librations. Detailed investigations have also been made into mixtures of ionic liquids with molecular solvents of varying character. The spectra indicate that typical ionic liquids retain their chemical nature even after significant dilution by a molecular solvent such as dichloromethane. Contrary to popular belief, there is little evidence for the existence of discrete ion pairs in the neat ionic liquids; such species appear to exist only at high dilution (typically at xIL < 0.1) in molecular solvents.


Purpose: Whitish spots are sometimes noted in the corneal endothelium after Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT). One wonders whether this could be laser burns to the corneal endothelium. To evaluate the corneal endothelium after SLT, corneal specular microscopy was performed before and after SLT.Method: 20 patients with open angle glaucoma, who had SLT in February-March 2012, had their corneal endothelium examined with specular microscopy before and after SLT.Results: 4 of the 20 patients showed numerous dark patches/spots on specular microscopy photographs of corneal endothelium after SLT. These dark patches/spots were found to have resolved by one month. 6 of the 20 patients showed few dark patches/spots after SLT. 10 patients had no significant dark patches/spots after SLT.Conclusion: The effect of SLT on the corneal endothelium is probably transient, and longterm effects probably negligible in normal corneas. However, in compromised corneas and corneas with pigment deposits on endothelium or reduced corneal endothelial transparency, there may be a risk of corneal endothelial compromise especially following repeated SLT. The results of this study highlight caution when deciding to do repeat SLT.


Hyperspectral remote sensing based on unmanned airborne vehicles is a field increasing in importance. The combined functionality of simultaneous hyperspectral and geometric modeling is less developed. A configuration has been developed that enables the reconstruction of the hyperspectral three-dimensional (3D) environment. The hyperspectral camera is based on a linear variable filter and a high frame rate, high resolution camera enabling point-to-point matching and 3D reconstruction. This allows the information to be combined into a single and complete 3D hyperspectral model. In this paper, we describe the camera and illustrate capabilities and difficulties through real-world experiments.


The pharmacist may see any of the following red eye cases and this clinical quiz is not only aimed at over-the-counter (OTC) medication, but also illustrates the importance of referring patients who do not respond to OTC medicines for (urgent) medical attention. The case studies are discussed in more detail after the initial case presentations. Read the case studies and decide whether the causes are infective, allergic, inflammatory, degenerative or neoplastic and decide what treatment you would prescribe for the customer and whether you would refer the patient for medical attention.


Hearing on International Tax Reform Before the Senate Finance Committee. Lowering the corporate income tax rate and moving to a territorial system are important to maintain U.S. prosperity and improve growth prospects for our economy. The U.S. cannot stand apart from corporate tax competition in a globalized economy. To ensure that corporate income tax reform maximizes opportunity for well-paid employment for as many of our children and grandchildren as possible, the United States must also level the playing field between U.S. and foreign-headquartered MNCs. Leveling the playing field requires addressing the relative tax advantages available to foreign-owned U.S. corporations that represent one of the most senseless aspects of our current corporate tax code.


Advertisers use various tactics to influence consumer purchases and create positive associations with their brands. The purpose of this study is to explore the formation of peer-endorser credibility and its influence on attitude formation. The role of product involvement in the formation of attitudes and endorser credibility is also examined.,A quantitative study was conducted among university students. Data were collected using an online questionnaire concerning three advertisements for which identical questionnaires were constructed; 364 responses were generated.,The authors show that the credibility of a peer endorser is constructed from trustworthiness, expertise, similarity and attractiveness dimensions that positively affect consumers' attitude toward an advertisement and a brand. Product involvement affects advertising effectiveness indirectly through the endorser-credibility construct. Finally, the authors show that a consumer's experience with an advertised product affects the perception of endorser credibility and the effectiveness of the advertisement.,The findings reveal new insights into the little studied area of peer-endorser effectiveness. The authors shed light on the construction of peer endorser credibility and the relative importance of specific credibility dimensions on the effectiveness of an advertisement. This study also provides information on the direct and indirect effects of consumers' brand involvement on attitudes toward advertisements.


Introduction: The aim of this study is to explore the incidence of falls and related factors in the elderly living in residential homes (RHs). Materials and Method: This prospective study represents 1288 individuals living in 25 RHs in the Anatolian region of Istanbul. We included 183 volunteers aged ≥65 years, without any speech, understanding, expression disordersor any serious diseases who scored ≥24 in Mini Mental Status Examination and who were still living in the RH after one year. In the first visit we inquired socio-demographic features, health problems, assistive devices, falling history in the past 6 months and medication use and we evaluated daily living activities and blood pressure. The following year we inquired changes in health status, medication use and new falls and we evaluated vision, balance and gait problems. Results: The mean age was 77.1±7.2. The fall incidence was 33.9%. Falling history in the past 6 months and systolic hypertension were identified as risk factors related with new falls (OR 3.772, 95% CI 1.852-7.682, p <0.001; OR 2.184, 95% CI 1.052-4.534, p=0.036). Conclusion: In our study, falling history and systolic hypertension are identified as risk factors for new falls. Identifying these risk factors may help preventing falls and planning individual preventive procedures.


The decoupling of producers and consumers in time and space in the publish/subscribe paradigm lends itself well to the support of mobile users who roam about the environment and have intermittent network connectivity. This paper identifies the factors that affect the performance of a distributed publish/subscribe architecture supporting mobility; formalizes mobility algorithms for distributed publish/subscribe systems and develops and evaluates optimizations that reduce the costs associated with supporting mobility in publish/subscribe systems. In our analysis, we focus on the "unicast" traffic generated to support mobile users, as opposed to the regular "multicast" traffic used for event dissemination to stationary clients. We find that the network capacity must be doubled to handle the extra load of just 10% of mobile users.


Dear Editor:

Ecbalium elaterium, a rare cause of uvular angioedema

Ecbalium elaterium or squirting cucumber, is a plant species that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and grows in Mediterranean region. The root and fruit of this plant have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. The fruit juice of E. elaterium has been used in the Anatolia region for inflammatory diseases like rhinosinusitis because of its potent cathartic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects1. However, it may cause allergic, toxic, and systemic adverse reactions in some users. We present a case who developed uvular angioedema after applying a few drops of the fresh fruit juice of E. elaterium into his nostrils to cure his chronic rhinosinusitis.

A 36-year-old male patient applied to the emergency service with complaints of burning sensation, sore throat, and difficulty in breathing. It was learned that due to recurrence of his rhinosinusitis in spite of repeated medical treatment, he applied two drops of fresh fruit juice of E. elaterium plant into his nostrils without diluting it. His symptoms began in about 10~20 minutes. When applying the same treatment on two prior occasions, he had experienced no similar symptoms. The medical and family histories were unremarkable, and he had no history of drug use. Erythema and edema were observed in uvula and soft palate and other physical examination findings were normal (Fig. 1a). On laboratory examination, complete blood count and blood biochemistry were within normal limits. In the light of the history, physical examination and laboratory findings, E. elaterium-induced angioedema was diagnosed for the patient. The patient's symptoms regressed with standard angioedema treatment in the next few hours.

Fig. 1

(a) Erythema and edema on the uvula. (b) The fruit of Ecbalium elaterium.

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common medical problems throughout the world. Long periods of antibiotics, surgical or supportive treatment methods are the usual treatment. However, none of these approaches have been found successful long term2. This leads people to search for alternative treatment methods as in our case.

The fruit of E. elaterium is ovoid, fleshy, pale green in color, approximately 3 cm in length, and the surface is covered with hairs (Fig. 1b). Elaterium is the fluid obtained from the fruit of E. elaterium. The most known active component of elaterium is elaterin. Elaterin is a cathartic agent with potent hydragogue effect, and for this reason it has been used in traditional medicine. Another component of elaterium is cucurbitacine B which is a derivative of triperten and acts as an active anti-inflammatory agent1. It has been reported that besides chronic rhinosinusitis, elaterium is also used in the treatment of diseases considered to be inflammatory like rheumatism and infections3. An experimental study conducted by Uslu et al.4 investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of E. elaterium used topically in treatment of rhinosinusitis, showing that E. elaterium extracts reduce inflammation considerably in rabbits suffering from rhinosinusitis compared with the control group. Elaterin and cucurbitacins may cause allergic reactions, direct toxic reactions or systemic side effects. Uvular angioedema, which is one of the most prevalent adverse reactions, manifests as sore throat, hoarseness, and dyspnea. It may progress and lead to complete airway obstruction if treatment is delayed5. Uvular edema may either be an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic reaction or may result from direct toxic effect. Since no reaction developed in earlier uses of undiluted form of elaterium, the uvular edema in our case was considered to be an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction resulting from earlier sensitizations. In their series with 42 cases where allergic edema developed due to the use of E. elaterium, Kloutsos et al.6 have reported that the edema was most frequently observed in uvula and 39 cases had a history of allergic reaction. The patient reported here had no history of allergy. Eken et al.7 have reported a case with nasal mucosa necrosis caused by direct toxic effect of E. elaterium. One case who developed renal failure after systemic intake of the plant has also been reported in literature8.

Although the effect of E. elaterium on rhinosinusitis has been demonstrated experimentally, care must be taken in using herbal treatments for which therapeutic doses, effects and side effects are not fully understood, since using undiluted forms may cause serious adverse reactions.


Objective To determine if the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is superior to aerobic exercise alone for the health of obese children and adolescents. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data sources Computerised search of 3 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies that compared the effect of supervised concurrent exercise versus aerobic exercise interventions, with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in paediatric obesity (6–18 years old). The mean differences (MD) of the parameters from preintervention to postintervention between groups were pooled using a random-effects model. Results 12 trials with 555 youths were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with aerobic exercise alone, concurrent exercise resulted in greater reductions in body mass (MD=−2.28 kg), fat mass (MD=−3.49%; and MD=−4.34 kg) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD=−10.20 mg/dL); as well as greater increases in lean body mass (MD=2.20 kg) and adiponectin level (MD=2.59 μg/mL). Differences were larger for longer term programmes (>24 weeks). Summary Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise improves body composition, metabolic profiles, and inflammatory state in the obese paediatric population. Trial registration number CRD42016039807.


In order to examine whether the length of the bridging chain in ansa-ferrocenes affects their antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell lines (TNBC), we synthesized derivatives of the type 1-[bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]methylidene-[n]ferrocenophane and 1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl]methylidene-[n]ferrocenophane with n = 3, 4, 5. We found that the derivatives of [3]ferrocenophane, the compounds with the shortest bridging chains, are the most active. IC50 values were 0.09 ± 0.01, 2.41 ± 0.10, and 1.85 ± 0.25 μM for the dihydroxyphenyl derivatives, with n = 3, 4, 5, respectively. These differences can be explained in terms of modification of the key metabolites (radical versus quinone methides) within the ansa series depending on the length of the bridging chain. The derivative of [5]ferrocenophane, possessing two -[bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]methylidene groups, was also prepared. Surprisingly, this relatively large molecule is also active (IC50 = 2.7 ± 0.3 μM). Two ruthenocenophane analogs were also synthesized. These ruthenium compounds are practically inactive against MDA-MB-231 cells. The unusual chemistry of these different compounds is discussed in terms of elucidating the mechanism underlying their diverse antiproliferative activity, and their specific advantages are evaluated.


"Stafford Beer is undoubtedly among the world's most provocative, creative, and profound thinkers on the subject of management, and he records his thinking with a flair that is unmatched. His writing is as much art as it is science. He is the most viable system I know." Dr Russell L Ackoff, The Institute for Interactive Management, Pennsylvania, USA. "If . anyone can make it [Operations Research] understandably readable and positively interesting it is Stafford Beer . everyone in management . should be grateful to him for using clear and at times elegant English and . even elegant diagrams." The Economist This is the second edition of a book which has already become a management 'standard' both in universities and on the bookshelves of managers and their advisers. Brain of the Firm develops an account of the firm based upon insights derived from the study of the human nervous system, and is a basic text from the author's theory of viable systems. Despite the neurophysiology, the book is written for managers to understand. The companion volume to this book is The Heart of Enterprise, which is intended to support and complement this text. "Stafford Beer's works represent required reading for everyone who believes that a capacity for rigorous thinking is an essential attribute of today's successful managers and administrators. Brain of the Firm shows a first-rate intellect at work and provides concepts, models and inspiration for both practitioners and teachers." Sir Douglas Hague, CBE


A brief review has been given of the literature concerning the psychosomatic aspects of ulcerative colitis, together with case reports of 5 patients treated by psychotherapy. The findings insofar as personality traits, precipitating factors and the relationship of the course of the disease to life situations, bear a marked similarity to the conclusions of previous studies. The success of psychotherapy in certain cases would seem to confirm the need for further work in this field, particularly in the early stage of the disease.


Abstract. Antarctica is a unique place for soil, biological, and ecological investigations. Soils of Antarctica have been studied intensively during the last century, when different national Antarctic expeditions visited the sixth continent with the aim of investigating nature and the environment. Antarctic investigations are comprised of field surveys mainly in the terrestrial landscapes, where the polar stations of different countries are situated. That is why the main and most detailed soil surveys were conducted in the McMurdo Valleys, Transantarctic Mountains, South Shetland Islands, Larsemann Hills and the Schirmacher Oasis. Our investigations were conducted during the 53rd and 55th Russian Antarctic expeditions in the base of soil pits, and samples were collected in Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. Sub-Antarctic or maritime landscapes are considered to be very different from Antarctic landscapes due to differing climatic and geogenic conditions. Soils of diverse zonal landscapes were studied with the aim of assessing the microbial biomass level, basal respiration rates and metabolic activity of microbial communities. This investigation shows that Antarctic soils are quite diverse in profile organization and carbon content. In general, Sub-Antarctic soils are characterized by more developed humus (sod) organo-mineral horizons as well as by an upper organic layer. The most developed organic layers were revealed in peat soils of King George Island, where its thickness reach, in some cases, was 80 cm. These soils as well as soils formed under guano are characterized by the highest amount of total organic carbon (TOC), between 7.22 and 33.70%. Coastal and continental Antarctic soils exhibit less developed Leptosols, Gleysols, Regolith and rare Ornhitosol, with TOC levels between 0.37 and 4.67%. The metabolic ratios and basal respiration were higher in Sub-Antarctic soils than in Antarctic ones, which can be interpreted as a result of higher amounts of fresh organic remnants in organic and organo-mineral horizons. The soils of King George Island also have higher portions of microbial biomass (max 1.54 mg g−1) compared to coastal (max 0.26 mg g−1) and continental (max 0.22 mg g−1) Antarctic soils. Sub-Antarctic soils differ from Antarctic ones mainly by having increased organic layer thickness and total organic carbon content, higher microbial biomass carbon content, basal respiration, and metabolic activity levels.


The European Constitutional Treaty (ECT) was presented by its drafters as an explicit constitution for the European Union (EU 25). A possible explanation for its rejection by the French and Dutch citizens in the course of spring 2005 is that it did not sufficiently amend the implicit constitution of the EU 25, the European Union Treaty (EUT), which was truly the object of voters' aversion. Assuming this to be true, there should be a thorough debate on the relevance and viability of the de facto current constitution of the European Union. In this paper, we engage in this debate by identifying what is essentially wrong with the economic provisions of the EUT, which we designate as the "European economic constitution." Using a constitutional political economy approach, we first attempt to demonstrate that both what we define as the "principle of integrity" and the "principle of efficiency" of collective action appear to be violated by the European economic constitution. This occurs, respectively, because its provisions are not neutral, nor revisable, and because they do not sufficiently allow for the possibility of cooperative collective decision (leading to convergence in welfare) in a more than ever numerous and heterogeneous EU. Our essential argument in this respect regards the implications of the structurally different economic performances and incentives of small and large countries under the European economic constitution. Finally, since the present European trade-off between "integrity" and "efficiency" appears sub-optimal, we present two original ways of achieving potentially better ones in the EU, through a "Great compromise" or "Economic constitution(s)," expressing a preference for the latter.


In the forty years since the Supreme Court decided Roe v. Wade, the anti-abortion-rights movement has pursued a strategy of incrementally whittling away at the right to abortion. Until the Court's 1992 decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, which reaffirmed the right to abortion, the movement still harbored hopes of overturning Roe and passing a federal "Human Life Amendment" that would treat embryos and fetuses as constitutional persons. But alongside these efforts, and single-mindedly once Casey was decided, the mainstream anti-abortion-rights movement has sought to change "hearts and minds" about abortion by giving it disfavored treatment in the law through as many channels as possible. Advocates have pushed a steady stream of abortion restrictions through state legislatures, and sometimes Congress. They believe that this strategy has served to keep the issue alive in the public consciousness and will gradually turn the tide of public opinion against the procedure. But restrictions short of a ban are not the end game for abortion-rights opponents. The incremental approach has left the movement in a sort of Zeno's paradox, perpetually pursuing restrictions that get them only halfway from the political present to their goal, and thus never reaching it. Sooner or later, the movement will reach a moment of truth, when it must put aside the incrementalist strategy and openly pursue its goal of banning abortion altogether. Now, forty years after the Supreme Court recognized a constitutional right to abortion, that moment may have arrived. Recent state legislative sessions have suggested that the incremental approach is reaching its limits. Radicals impatient with the strategy have stepped up their fight for laws that directly challenge Roe v. Wade. For example, proposals for "personhood" measures, which would grant the full legal rights of persons to human life from the moment of fertilization, have proliferated in state legislatures and appeared on state ballots. In addition, several states have considered bills that would ban abortion from the moment the embryonic heartbeat becomes audible. Many states have enacted some or all of the Casey-approved restrictions, and advocates are running out of new incremental measures that the public is likely to accept. Roe v. Wade's fortieth anniversary should push the incrementalists to consider whether their strategy has truly changed hearts and minds about abortion, or whether the movement has labored in vain for four decades, pointlessly layering on onerous restrictions that the public accepts, but that leave abortion still widely available in the United States.


Past literature documents that domesticated soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., has trivial to almost nonexistent galactomannan-containing endosperm in mature dormant seeds. Current preliminary observations confirm limited endosperm for many domesticated soybean accessions, but show that many others have markedly larger endosperm, as do all wild (G. soja Sieb. & Zucc.) and semiwild (G. gracilis Skvortz.) accessions. A trend toward small endosperm seems to have taken place during soybean domestication, which may be explained by some undesirable effects of galactomannans on monogastric animals. The broad diversity of genetic resources for endosperm size and associated galactomannans in available domesticated, wild, and semiwild accessions suggests use of soybean as a model plant for exploring differences, including water relations, between endospermic and non-endospermic legume seeds. It also suggests their use for breeding domesticated soybean with even smaller amounts of galactomannans for use in animal feeds, large amounts of galactomannans for commercial use, or genetic manipulation of the endosperm for other uses.


Scimitar engine is a hypersonic hybrid engine designed to propel the LAPCAT A2 aircraft. In this study, a novel exergy and NOx emission-based ecological performance analysis of the engine is performed. For this purpose, first, a component-based exergy analysis for the cruise phase of the Scimitar engine in air-turborocket mode is performed and the exergy destruction rates of engine components are determined at Mach 5 by the thermodynamic model developed. Then, a novel objective function, the coefficient of emission-based ecological performance (CEEP) is defined as "the propulsive power produced per unit environmentally harmful exhaust gas emission rate," which can be utilized to assess the ecological impact of any jet engine. Finally, the impacts of cruise speed, altitude, and air and fuel mass flow rates on the exergetic and NOx emission-based ecological performance of the engine are investigated by the aid of the newly defined CEEP, together with the exergy efficiency and the coefficient of ecological performance. It is found that the combustion chamber is responsible for 57.36% of the overall exergy destruction rate of 123.80 MW at the cruise conditions, and CEEP relatively increases by 13.8% when the hydrogen fuel consumption rate is increased from 3.96 kg/s to 4.17 kg/s. Increasing the cruise speed from Ma = 4.88 to Ma = 5.2 and decreasing the altitude from 25 km to 23 km cause a relative degradation of 12.75% in CEEP.


BACKGROUND
Reports of able-bodied participants with the persisting desire for limb amputation raise legal and ethical questions that are partly due to insufficient empirical knowledge about the condition. Here, we searched for potential neurological mechanisms in participants with desire for limb amputation in order to help develop adequate nosological classifications, diagnosis, and treatment.

METHODS
Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 participants who self-identified themselves as able-bodied individuals desiring amputation of a limb.

RESULTS
The results suggest that amputation desire is not unspecific, but in most cases specific for a circumscribed part of the body. Most frequently affected was the leg, mostly on the left, non-dominant side. Left-sidedness and limb specificity was associated with elementary and complex somatosensory disturbances of the affected limb akin to those reported by neurological patients. The most frequent neurological co-morbidity was migraine headache.

CONCLUSIONS
These results document the existence of an unusual condition in able-bodied participants characterized by a person's desire for the amputation of one or more particular limbs. Left-sidedness, limb specificity and somatosensory disturbances of the affected limb are suggestive of abnormal brain mechanisms in right fronto-parietal cortex. Based on this association we suggest that desire for limb amputation may be conceptualized as asomatognosia due to disturbed integration of multi-sensory information of the affected body parts into a coherent cerebral representation of the own body. This suggestion has to be regarded with caution as we did not perform any neurological examination.


This research elucidates the trip pattern of the low-density residential zone in a semi-urban industrial
cluster of southwestern Nigeria. These sets of dwellers are often times neglected in the transportation planning process. To
achieve the aim of this research, domiciliary information gathering procedure was employed with 0.82 return rates. It was
backed up with the focus group discussion method. Data on frequency of trips, per capita trip, modal choice, and socioeconomic
and demographic data were collected, collated, and analysed. Accordingly, a predictive model was formulated for
the trip pattern of the low-density area. This was achieved with the aid of statistical software SPSS version 21.Consequently,
the results of the multiple regression models showed that both monthly income and car ownership had a significant
positive influence on the work trip while only car ownership positively influences non-work trip. R2 values of 0.729 and
0.739 were obtained for the descriptive model at 95% confidence level. This established the robustness of the model, the
analysis showed that monthly income and car ownership had a significant positive influence on the work trip with an Rsquare
value of 0.729 and 0.739 for work and non-work trip respectively. This indicated that household will embark on
more trips with an increase in car ownership and monthly income. However, effective transportation planning and traffic
infrastructural development were recommended to meet the demands of the increased number of trips daily.


This study examined the roles of action research in the professional development of Chinese language teachers.
 Participants were a group of Chinese teachers enrolled in a teacher training course. In light of theories and research,
 participants were guided to reflect on their own teaching beliefs and practice and design a research project about their own
 teaching. Using a descriptive-explorative design, this study elicited data from multiple sources, including students' pre-course
 survey, professional journals, reflective essays, project reports, group interviews, email exchanges with the instructor, and
 instructor's field notes. Three categories emerged from the data analysis that reflected students' gains from the process: a
 broader conception of research on language teaching and learning, a more sophisticated understanding of foreign language teaching
 in general and their own teaching in particular, and a learning process of how to be a teacher-researcher. Contributing and
 impeding factors are discussed and values of teacher research are suggested.


We present a new chemodynamical code – RAMSES-CH – for use in simulating the self-consistent evolution of chemical and hydrodynamical properties of galaxies within a fully cosmological framework. We build upon the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES, which includes a treatment of self-gravity, hydrodynamics, star formation, radiative cooling and supernova feedback, to trace the dominant isotopes of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe. We include the contribution of Type Ia and Type II supernovae, in addition to low- and intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars, relaxing the instantaneous recycling approximation. The new chemical evolution modules are highly flexible and portable, lending themselves to ready exploration of variations in the underpinning stellar and nuclear physics. We apply RAMSES-CH


Real world temporal planning often involves dealing with uncertainty about the duration of actions. In this paper, we describe a sound-and-complete compilation technique for strong planning that reduces any planning instance with uncertainty in the duration of actions to a plain temporal planning problem without uncertainty.

We evaluate our technique by comparing it with a recent technique for PDDL domains with temporal uncertainty. The experimental results demonstrate the practical applicability of our approach and show complementary behavior with respect to previous techniques. We also demonstrate the high expressiveness of the translation by applying it to a significant fragment of the ANML language.


The study investigated patient discharge parameters and postdischarge adverse events after discharge among children who received oral conscious sedation for dental treatment. This prospective study involved 51 patients needing dental treatment under oral conscious sedation. Each patient received one of various regimens involving combinations of a narcotic (ie, morphine or meperidine), a sedative-hypnotic (ie, chloral hydrate), a benzodiazepine (ie, midazolam or diazepam), and/or an antihistamine (ie, hydroxyzine HCl). Nitrous oxide and local anesthesia were used in conjunction with all regimens. After written informed consent was obtained, each guardian was contacted by phone with specific questions in regard to adverse events following the dental appointment. Out of 51 sedation visits, 46 were utilized for analysis including 23 boys and 23 girls ranging from 2 years 2 months to 10 years old (mean 5.8 years). 60.1% of patients slept in the car on the way home, while 21.4% of that group was difficult to awaken upon reaching home. At home, 76.1% of patients slept; furthermore, 85.7% of patients who napped following the dental visit slept longer than usual. After the appointment, 19.6% exhibited nausea, 10.1% vomited, and 7.0% experienced a fever. A return to normal behavior was reported as follows: 17.4% in <2 hours, 39.1% in 2-6 hours, 28.3% in 6-10 hours, and 15.2% in >10 hours. Postdischarge excessive somnolence, nausea, and emesis were frequent complications. The time to normality ranged until the following morning demonstrating the importance of careful postdischarge adult supervision.


This paper articulates the complexities of adaptively managing Delaware River water resources to meet shifting priorities of drinking water supply, drought mitigation and flood mitigation, as well as conflicting stakeholder interests. In particular, the paper examines the short-term and long-term programs that comprise the Delaware River Basin Commission9s (DRBC) and the 1954 US Supreme Court Decree parties9 successful adaptive management approach that seeks to balance the growing list of demands for water resources management, including drinking water supply, drought management, flood control and cold water fisheries protection. Review of the DRBC9s adaptive governance approach reveals the critical complexities of designing experimental, yet science-driven management approaches and effectively engaging various sets of stakeholders in the associated decision-making processes.


Abstract : As part of ongoing support to OSD(CAPE), IDA has been developing hedonic price indices for various types of military system. This paper reports preliminary results of investigations into hedonic indices for military ground vehicles, including both tactical and combat vehicles. We discuss issues associated with traditional hedonic methods, and propose a novel method designed to account for unobservable quality growth in military systems.


The relevance of imperfect competition for models of aggregate economic fluctuations has received increased attention from researchers in both macroeconomics and industrial organization. Measuring properly the size of industry markups of price over marginal cost is important both for assessing the role of market structure and for determining the extent to which excess capacity is a significant feature accompanying imperfect competition in American industry. Using a panel data set on four-digit Census manufacturing industries, this paper expands recent work by Robert Hall on the importance of market structure for understanding cyclical fluctuations. We outline a methodology for estimating industry markups of price over cost and the influence of market structure on cyclical movements in total factor productivity. While we find evidence to support the proposition that price exceeds marginal cost in U.S. manufacturing, our results offer only limited support for the notion that markups are importantly related to differences in industry concentration, though the effect of unionization is important. Concentration effects are important only in industries producing durable goods or differentiated consumer goods. In addition, much of the estimated markup of price over marginal cost is accounted for by fixed costs related to overhead labor, advertising, and central office expenses; we do not find compelling evidence of substantial evidence of excess capacity in most industries.


Humans can detect infrared light at wavelengths over 1000 nm, perceived as visible light of the corresponding half wavelength. This is due to a two-photon (2P) absorption process, which requires sufficiently large amounts of luminous energy. For safety reasons, this energy must be delivered by pulsed light sources well focused in the retina. Although this effect has been known for several decades, the spatial properties of 2P vision in comparison to normal vision have not yet elucidated. We have developed a new experimental system to measure, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, visual acuity mediated by 2P absorption and compare it against that with visible light. The spatial resolution of 2P infrared vision is the same as in normal visible light. However, the use of 2P infrared vision may have some future potential applications, for example, in permitting vision in those cases with opaque optical media to visible wavelengths while keeping some transparency in the infrared.


The use of supramolecular chirality, and in particular the creation of artificial chirogenesis effects, is an emerging field of science that offers new and exciting possibilities for the assembly of materials with unprecedented features. In this mini-review, we highlight the most recent developments in the area of chirogenesis. More specifically, the fundamental challenges and advancements that characterize supramolecular chirogenesis, together with applications in asymmetric catalysis with metal complexes and organocatalysts, and the use of chirogenesis in materials science will be surveyed.


A new pathway towards enantiomerically pure 3-substituted piperazines, bearing a benzyl protecting group, has been developed in good overall yields (83–92%), starting from commercially available N-protected amino acids. The methodology represents an efficient and simple one-pot procedure, employing a synthetic sequence consisting of an Ugi-4 component reaction, a Boc-deprotection, an intramolecular cyclisation reaction and a final reduction (UDCR). From the benzyl protected precursors, the 2-substituted piperazines bearing a Boc-protecting group could consequently also be obtained via a simple protection and deprotection step of the corresponding piperazines. The practical utility of this methodology was demonstrated for chiral drug synthesis.


Background: Haploid plant material is considered as recalcitrant to organogenesis, propagation, and maintenance in vitro . However, sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) breeders utilizing doubled haploid (DH) technology in their breeding programs indicate that sugar beet haploids may be cultured in vitro as well as diploids. Thus in this paper the in vitro performance of haploid and the doubled haploid sugar beet of various origin was evaluated. The DHs were derived from haploids by diploidization and twelve such haploid and corresponding DH clone pairs were obtained thus the comparison included haploid and DH clones that had identical allelic composition and differed only in their ploidy level. Results: The genotypes differed in shoot morphology and susceptibility to blackening during culture in vitro , but no significant differences were observed between the haploids and DHs. The micropropagation rate was, on average, higher for the haploids than DHs. Viability of the midrib and petiole explants after a 6-week culture was highly genotype dependent, but not affected by explant ploidy level. However, regeneration efficiency depended on both the genotype and ploidy level. The explants of several haploids regenerated more frequently and developed more adventitious shoots than the corresponding DHs thus overall efficiency was higher for haploids. Conclusions: The results obtained indicate that most of the haploids used in the comparison performed similar to or even better than DHs. This suggests that sugar beet haploid material can be successfully used not only for the production of DHs, but also maintained in vitro and utilized in projects requiring haploid tissues as the source material.


The phenomenon of manipulation of the economy by the incumbent for electoral purpose is called Political Business Cycles (PBC). Using policy control economic instruments, such as fiscal and monetary instruments, governments may manipulate the economy to gain electoral advantage by producing growth and decreasing unemployment before elections. Earlier research on PBC in Albania found clear evidence of fiscal expansion before elections. In addition to increased income from taxes and borrowing, another source of financing the increased fiscal expansion in transition countries may be income from privatization, which is also the object of the analysis of this paper. In our analysis we apply standard econometric approach, used widely for research related to PBC. We test if income from privatization increases before elections. We find statistically significant increase of income from privatization before general (parliamentary) elections, which may lead us to conclude that one of the reasons may be to finance increased expenditures before elections. Another motivation, behind this behavior of the incumbent, may be rent - seeking. These results are of particular interest, as it is for the first time that income from privatization is analyzed in conjunction with PBC.


Playing violent video games is related to increased negative affect and cardiovascular reactivity. We examined the influence of high and low aggressive priming during video-game training on violence during game play (e.g., shooting, choking), hostility, frustration with game play, blood pressure, and heart rate. Male undergraduates (N= 36) were assigned to a high aggressive or low aggressive video-game priming condition. After training, they played Metal Gear Solid(tm), which allows players to advance by using stealth, violence, or both. Participants in the high aggressive priming condition used significantly more violent action during game play and reported more hostility than those in the low aggressive priming condition. Heart rate was correlated with feelings of hostility. These findings indicate that both aggressive priming and use of game violence influence arousal and negative affect and might increase behavioral aggression.


Mitotic rounding (MR) during cell division is critical for the robust segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells and is frequently perturbed in cancerous cells. MR has been studied extensively in individual cultured cells, but the physical mechanisms regulating MR in intact tissues are still poorly understood. A cell undergoes mitotic rounding by simultaneously reducing adhesion with its neighbors, increasing actomyosin contraction around the cortex, and increasing the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. Whether these changes are purely additive, synergistic or impact separate aspects of MR is not clear. Specific modulation of these processes in dividing cells within a tissue is experimentally challenging, because of off-target effects and the difficulty of targeting only dividing cells. In this study, we analyze MR in epithelial cells by using a newly developed multi-scale, cell-based computational model that is calibrated using experimental observations from a model system of epithelial tissue growth, the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. The model simulations predict that increase in apical surface area of mitotic cells is solely driven by increasing cytoplasmic pressure. MR however is not achieved within biological constraints unless all three properties (cell-cell adhesion, cortical stiffness and pressure) are simultaneously regulated by the cell. The new multi-scale model is computationally implemented using a parallelization algorithm on a cluster of graphic processing units (GPUs) to make simulations of tissues with a large number of cells feasible. The model is extensible to investigate a wide range of cellular phenomena at the tissue scale.


We consider the question of how to distinguish quantum from classical transport through nanostructures. To address this issue we have derived two inequalities for temporal correlations in nonequilibrium transport in nanostructures weakly coupled to leads. The first inequality concerns local charge measurements and is of general validity; the second concerns the current flow through the device and is relevant for double quantum dots. Violation of either of these inequalities indicates that physics beyond that of a classical Markovian model is occurring in the nanostructure.


Coyote Slough Lagoon was flooded as part of a local mitigation project in 1986. The design of the restored marsh included peninsulas to break up the local fetch and resulted in the development of 5 distinct tidal cells. Topographics maps were made just before and after flooding. Subsequent repeat bathymetric surveying and deployment of sedimentation plates allow us to examine the spatial and temporal variability of sedimentation within the lagoon. Below mean high water repeat surveying was used to determine sedimentation rates. In the 6 years following flooding sedimentation has been rapid in lagoon cell close to the main tidal inlet and a distinct channel has formed there. Sedimentation rates in the subtidal areas vary from greater than 60 cm/yr. near the main inlet to a minimum of 10 cm/yr. in the most remote area of the lagoon. On the mudflats above mean low water sediment plates were deployed over a two week period to monitor short term sedimentation rates. On these mudflats we calculate sedimentation rates varying from 5.67 ch/ yr in the central part of the lagoon to 1.64 cm/yr inn the most remote parts of the lagoon. Sedimentation rate varies with both distance from the tidal inlet and elevation. The deepest areas of the lagoon have the most rapid rates of sedimentation while the mudflats surrounding the lagoon are agrading more slowly.