Many critics consider Richard Serra the leading sculptor of the 20th century. He is famous not only for inventing something new in sculpture (abstract sculpture compositions existed before him, having been opened by constructivist vanguard of the beginning of the 20th century). Material selections by Vladimir Tatlin and sculptures by Osip Tsadkin, as well as compositions by Henry Moor appeared before Serra. Serra is famous for transferring his works' accent from the works as they are, which could be installed in any place, to their environment. That is he saw in the sculpture a key to understanding the urban space. His crude metal sheets and profiles, rectangular and curvilinear, exceeding regular scale of sculpture, come closer to architecture. Richard Serra places them near architectural constructions as checkpoints of intermediate scale category of space located between so-called «street furniture» – lamp posts, stalls, fountains and benches – and buildings, especially huge modern ones.But the matter is not only in the scale. Serra's sculptures are not only abstract compositions that harmoniously add to the space with their spacious scale. They have some mystery, some implicit sense appearing before a pedestrian as an enigma. Their mystique opposes both street furniture and architecture. But first of all it opposes the historical sculpture with its enigma always overshadowed by historical or biographical topic. Krylov's sculpture in the Summer Garden or Minin and Pozharsky's monument on the Red Square do not strike us, because we know that those monuments are erected IN COMMEMORATION of prominent people, as fellow citizens' tribute to their great contribution to the national history. But the crude metal sheets welded at different angles – what are they for? Who needs them?As an art critic, Edward Goldman, said, fame came to Richard Serra in 1989, when the sculpture composition Tilted Arc erected eight years before it was demolished by request of the public, that did not understand its sense and was exasperated with the obvious absence of this sense. However, Serra sees his sculpture's sense not only in its filling a scale gap in the environment, but also in its instigating a man to think and to concern the environment and the space as a problem, linking this problem with a problem of human's being. Is there any other way to explain the public's indignation? Serra's sculpture compositions do not obstruct pedestrian flow and do not offend anyone's dignity or memory, do they? They act as Zen koans, as if mutely asking a spectator about the sense. Not knowing the answer, the citizen gets exasperated – not with his inability to answer, but with the sculptor (or city government), imposing this enigma to him. Only children are always happy to get an enigma. They like to train their mind in determining the sense, because they believe in the sense of being and consider themselves successors of this sense. A grown-up member of the state, both of a totalitarian one and of one with a market economy, loses this ability, believing neither in God nor in devil, neither in state officers nor in heroes. He only gets annoyed when reminded about a sense. This irritation can be explained in terms of a conflict between conviction in his right to freedom and real feeling of his fatality. He is not disposed to play with the world and the artist. He is willing only to take sedative pills, cheering drinks and all kinds of flattery. Seeing a hero made of bronze or cast iron, he feels free either to share his respect towards the hero, or to spit upon the false idol. In both cases the sense realized by him remains in his power. When this sense escapes, the illusion of his power disappears too, in other words the illusion of his rights in this world where he is kicked by those who have more power and rights.Reasoning from quite Utopian ideals of Democracy, Richard Serra believes that to train such play of mind is as necessary as to brush teeth or to button a shirt. A man with this ability not functioning falls out of the society, officially remaining its member though.But there is also another aspect – relation of such enigmas to architecture. Architecture differs from Richard Serra's sculptures not only in scale. The difference is also in the fact, that, being a plastic object like an abstract sculpture, architectural composition has social and functional status, and therefore it does not represent any special enigma. Looking at a grand construction we understand that it is a City Administration, or a Bank, or a Library, or a Museum, or… whatever having its own socially approved status and sense never doubted. So, one can treat it either with respect or with hatred, not losing the feeling of ability for sense orientation. But Serra's sculptures sometimes lead to this.Nevertheless, architecture has turned out to be sensitive to such things and it currently tries to propose an enigma to a citizen instead of suggesting its status. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao or the Hundertwasser Viennese House in this regard come closer to sculpture, as if crushing differences between architecture and fine arts and making needless an artistic gesture such as Serra's. The question is to what extent this architectural aping is appropriate. Or maybe it is better to leave the sense space to the sculptor, focusing on the senses peculiar to architecture, which are claimed neither by Serra nor by his possible progeny. Evidently Serra experienced those problems himself, appealing to the authorities and searching for their support. Probably he was looking for support not only as an artist in need of a client, but also as an artist confronting social determinancy of architecture in urban environment. Thus he was indirectly returning to architecture its sense space, which architecture is currently ready to play with, forgetting about its sense limits. So it is a big question: whether his sculpture does harm to architecture with its competition with the latter or releases it from plays that are not appropriate to it in order to perform its maybe more sublime mission – not only to ask but also to answer the questions on the sense of being?However, solution of this problem is to what extent architects and their clients are ready to give such answers, to what extent these answers are sincere and realistic, and to what extent the society is ready to ask itself about the sense of its own being. But it is another topic.


Image entropy and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) are effective methods for target detection. EMD algorithm is a powerful tool for adaptive multiscale analysis of nonstationary signals. A new technique based on EMD and modified local entropy is proposed in small target detection under sea-sky background. With the EMD algorithm, it is valid to estimate the background and get the target image by removing the background from the original image and segmenting the target based on the modified local entropy method. The data analysis and experiments show the validity of the proposed algorithm.


In order to utilize DG unit interfacing converters to actively compensate distribution system harmonics, this paper proposes an enhanced current control approach. It seamlessly integrates system harmonic mitigation capabilities with the primary DG power generation function. As the proposed current controller has two well decoupled control branches to independently control fundamental and harmonic DG currents, phase-locked loops (PLL) and system harmonic component extractions can be avoided during system harmonic compensation. Moreover, a closed-loop power control scheme is also employed to derive the fundamental current reference. The proposed power control scheme effectively eliminates the impacts of steady-state fundamental current tracking errors in the DG units. Thus, an accurate power control is realized even when the harmonic compensation functions are activated. Experimental results from a single-phase DG unit validate the correctness of the proposed methods.


Learning syntactic categories is a fundamental task in language acquisition. Previous studies show that co-occurrence patterns of preceding and following words are essential to group words into categories. However, the neighboring words, or frames, are rarely repeated exactly in the data. This creates data sparsity and hampers learning for frame based models. In this work, we propose a paradigmatic representation of word context which uses probable substitutes instead of frames. Our experiments on child-directed speech show that models based on probable substitutes learn more accurate categories with fewer examples compared to models based on frames.


Due to the adverse effect of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion on the earth's ecosystems, the most cost effective method for CO2 capture is an important area of research. The predominant process for CO2 capture currently employed by industry is chemical absorption in amine solutions. A dynamic model for the deabsorption process was developed with Monoethanolamine solution. Henry's law was used for modeling the vapour phase equilibrium of the CO2, and fugacity ratios calculated by the Peng Robinson EOS were used for H2O, MEA, N2 and O2. Chemical reactions between CO2 and MEA were included in the model along with the enhancement factor for chemical absorption. Liquid and vapor energy balances were developed to calculate the liquid and vapour temperature, respectively. The model results compare favourably with other published results.


The La Hague peninsula, Normandy, NW France, contains the most northerly components of the Late Neoproterozoic Cadomian orogeny. U–Pb dates for single-grain and small multiple-grain zircon separates from carefully selected plutons provide geochronological constraints on the timing of deformation and magmatism within the region. The syntectonic Jardeheu quartz diorite and Omonville granodiorite were emplaced and contemporaneously deformed during the development of a greenschist-facies fabric, pervasive across the peninsula. U–Pb zircon dates of 610 ± 1 Ma for the Jardeheu quartz diorite and 608 ± 2 Ma for the Omonville granodiorite are similar to a previously reported sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb date for metamorphism of the basement, and indicate that a regionally significant period of metamorphism and magmatism occurred between 620 and 608 Ma. An emplacement age of 573.9 +1.3/−0.9 Ma for the syntectonic Thiébot granodiorite places limits on the timing of deformation along the Thiébot Shear Zone. Zircons from the undeformed St Martin monzonite give a precise U–Pb age of 581.3 ± 1.1 Ma. The new dates point to reactivation of magmatism and localized greenschist-facies deformation between 582 and 573 Ma.


This study examines the teaching of science through English by primary teachers with limited English proficiency (LEP) following the implementation of a language of instruction policy (i.e. English for Teaching Mathematics and Science- ETeMS) in Malaysia. The study investigates the nature of talk by LEP teachers in the rural classroom and its impact on the teaching of science through English which is a form of content-based instruction (CBI). It also investigates the extent to which teacher knowledge bases influenced the language use of the LEP teachers in their delivery of science through English. The theoretical framework for this study is provided by Turner-Bisset (2001) and a case study approach is employed for data collection. Three LEP teachers in a rural primary setting tasked with teaching science through English provided data for analysis. Findings were culled from transcripts of nine lessons taught, observations, interviews, questionnaires and documents.
The findings show that the teachers did have all the knowledge bases for teaching proposed by Turner-Bisset (2001) although the strengths varied. Proficiency in the medium of instruction emerged as the knowledge base that impacted the most on the successful/meaningful teaching and learning of science through English in the rural classroom. Limited English proficiency drove teachers to use their mother tongue (Malay) liberally; to use fragments or simplified structures of English; to rely on Malay grammar, resulting in inaccuracies in language use; and to resort to meaning-focused lessons which left errors uncorrected. Furthermore, limited proficiency in English prevented teachers from being creative in their language use and limited their questioning techniques which seemed to induce low level thinking on the part of students. The above inadequacies impeded their modelling role and greatly constrained their ability to fully realize the intentions of the new science curriculum. The
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pedagogical content knowledge that developed from the amalgamation of the different knowledge bases therefore was weak. The LEP teachers, on the whole, lacked knowledge in integrating content and language learning which is critical for the success of teaching science through English.
It can be concluded that the LEP teachers were not empowered to meet the challenges of teaching science through English because they were not fully prepared for it. Compelling evidence from this study shows that language proficiency is a teacher knowledge base imperative for second language teachers tasked with CBI. Therefore, language proficiency, the researcher proposes, deserves inclusion in Turner-Bisset's (2001) model of teacher knowledge bases. It can also be concluded that in order for teachers to succeed in the CBI classroom, they need to be trained in and be knowledgeable of ways to integrate language and content. Achieving well-prepared teachers for teaching science through English therefore should focus on continuous building of teachers' knowledge in the applications of instructional strategies for integrating content and language.


Single-photon entanglement (SPE) may be the simplest type of entanglement, but it is of major importance in quantum communication. Here we present a practical protocol for distilling the SPE from both photon loss and decoherence. With the help of some local single photons, the probability of single-photon loss can be decreased and the less-entangled state can also be recovered to the maximally entangled state simultaneously. It only requires some linear optical elements, which makes it feasible in current experiment conditions. This protocol might find applications in current quantum communications based on quantum repeaters.


Amorphous solids tend to present an abundance of soft elastic modes, which diminish their transport properties, generate heterogeneities in their elastic response, and affect non-linear processes like thermal activation of plasticity. This is especially true in packings of particles near their jamming transition, for which effective medium theory and variational arguments can both predict the density of vibrational modes. However, recent numerics support that one hypothesis of the variational argument does not hold. We provide a novel variational argument which overcomes this problem, and correctly predicts the scaling properties of soft modes near the jamming transition. Soft modes are shown to be related to the response to a local strain in more connected networks, and to be characterized by a volume , where is the excess coordination above the Maxwell threshold. These predictions are verified numerically.


On 22 July 2007, 84% of the Turkish public went to polling stations to cast their votes in General Election. The incumbent Justice and Development Party (AKP) won a landslide victory, receiving 47% of the vote, the largest share since the elections of 1957. The political debate before the elections focused on two issues: the election of the next president and a potential military incursion into Northern Iraq. These issues have become deeply ingrained into the two main ongoing salient issues in Turkey: political Islam and the Kurdish issue. Drawing upon concepts from Securitisation Theory, this article argues that the election results can be explained by reference to Turkey's longstanding regime problems and the perceptions of these problems by the public. An analysis of the securitisation and desecuritisation of political Islam and the Kurdish issue provides insights into the understanding of the election results and its implications for the future of democracy in Turkey.


Vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) is a Chinese herbal tea, rich in the natural antioxidant dihydromyricetin, that has multiple health properties and potential food and beverage applications. However, there is little information available on vine tea aroma, color and sensory characteristics. In this study, volatile components of vine tea infusions were identified by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Commercial vine teas samples were brewed with distilled water and Blacksburg (VA, USA) tap water and analyzed in triplicate. Vine tea infusions had acidic pH values and dark, reddish-yellow color. Type of water and vine tea sample both affected the overall volatile chemical composition of vine tea infusions. A total of fifty-six volatile components were identified vine tea infusions. However, only seven aldehydes (hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-4heptenal, nonanal, (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, and β-cyclocitral), two ketones (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-ionone), and one alcohol (1-penten-3-ol) were identified in more than 90% of all vine tea infusions. Results of this study may help further investigations in chemical and sensorial characteristics of vine tea, and the development of new healthy products.


The "presence of parody," Mikhail Bakhtin wrote, "is in general very difficult to identify ... in literary prose ... without knowing the background of alien discourse against which it is projected, that is, without knowing its context. In world literature there are probably many works whose parodic nature has not even been suspected" (374). I suggest in the present essay that the protagonist of Don DeLillo's third novel, Great Jones Street, is a parody of the subject of W. Y. Evans-Wentz's Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa. Recently Mark Osteen connected DeLillo' s novels to The Tibetan Book of the Dead, the only English translation of which, until 1975, was that of Evans-Wentz (Osteen 165). It is now apparent that DeLillo closely paraphrased excerpts from Evans-Wentz's Book of the Dead in his Americana and Running Dog. (1) With respect to this being "alien discourse" that is being parodied, few philosophies are more distant from mainstream American ideology than Buddhism, which eschews fame, celebrity, worldly achievement, competitiveness, aggression, materialism, and militarism. Accordingly, the parody is respectful rather than comic. After the original hardback publication of The Tibetan Book of the Dead in 1927 and Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa in 1928, Evans-Wentz published Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines in 1935 (new ed., 1958) and The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation in 1954. All four books were reprinted in paperback in the 1960s, when interest in Tibetan Buddhism was burgeoning in the United States, and are cited in this essay. Just as Jack Kerouac's On the Road may allude to "the Noble Eightfold Path, the Via Sacra of the Buddhas," so may DeLillo have meant for Great Jones Street, the name of an actual street in New York City's Bowery, to signify the approach to Buddhism called Mahayana, which is Sanskrit for "Greater Path" or simply "Great Path" (Evans-Wentz, Milarepa 32n; Secret Doctrines iii, ln). Predominant in Tibet, China, and Japan, Mahayana Buddhism is dedicated to the attainment of Enlightenment by all human beings, to which end, many Buddhist saints, though they have won Enlightenment, have selflessly deferred Nirvana and chosen to be reborn again and again to help others find "the Path." One of the most revered exemplars of Mahayana Buddhism, who lived more than eight hundred years ago, was Milarepa, famous for having attained Enlightenment in a single lifetime. The "Great" in the title of Evans-Wentz's biography of Milarepa reinforces the connection to the title of DeLillo's novel. The first part of the present essay examines the parodization of Milarepa in Great Jones Street. Bakhtin informs the reader's understanding of DeLillo's work when he defines the novel as a "diversity of social speech types (sometimes even diversity of languages) and a diversity of individual voices, artistically organized." "Authorial speech, the speech of narrators, inserted genres, the speech of characters," Bakhtin adds, "are merely those fundamental compositional unities with whose help heteroglossia ... can enter the novel" (262-63). The heteroglossia in Great Jones Street is unremitting. In every chapter, the reclusive narrator engages in intense dialogue, often with a different character and sometimes with a number of different characters. The heteroglossia becomes symbolic in the final chapter in a way that connects epistemologically to Buddhism as well as to Bakhtin. The final section of my essay is motivated by Bakhtin' s discussion of "literary artistic chronotope," in which "spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thought-out, concrete whole," time "thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible," and "space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history" (84). The focus of my essay is a particular example of chronotope that Bakhtin calls "the chronotope of threshold" (248). There is a temporal vagueness and a narrowing of space in Great Jones Street that ontologically connects to Bakhtin as well as to Buddhism. …


In the last century, a huge multi-disciplinary scientific endeavor is devoted to answer the historical questions in understanding the brain functions. Among the statistical methods used for this purpose, brain decoding provides a tool to predict the mental state of a human subject based on the recorded brain signal. Brain decoding is widely applied in the contexts of brain-computer interfacing, medical diagnosis, and multivariate hypothesis testing on neuroimaging data. In the latest case, linear classifiers are generally employed to discriminate between experimental conditions. Then, the derived weights are visualized in the form of brain maps to further study the spatio-temporal patterns of the underlying neurophysiological activity. It is well known that the brain maps derived from weights of linear classifiers are hard to interpret because of high correlations between predictors, low signal-to-noise ratio, across-subject variability, and the high dimensionality of the neuroimaging data. Therefore, improving the interpretability of brain decoding approaches is of primary interest in many neuroimaging studies. Despite extensive studies of this type, at present, there is no formal definition for interpretability of multivariate brain maps. As a consequence, there is no quantitative measure for evaluating the interpretability of different brain decoding methods. In this thesis, as the primary contribution, we propose a theoretical definition of interpretability in linear brain decoding; we show that the interpretability of multivariate brain maps can be decomposed into their reproducibility and representativeness. As an application of the proposed definition, we exemplify a heuristic for approximating the interpretability in multivariate analysis of evoked magnetoencephalography (MEG) responses. We propose to combine the approximated interpretability and the generalization performance of the model into a new multi-objective criterion for model selection. Our results, for the simulated and real MEG data, show that optimizing the hyper-parameters of the regularized linear classifier based on the proposed criterion results in more informative multivariate brain maps. More importantly, the presented definition provides the theoretical background for quantitative evaluation of interpretability, and hence, facilitates the development of more effective brain decoding algorithms in the future. As the secondary contribution, we present an application of multi-task joint feature learning for group-level multivariate pattern recovery in single-trial MEG decoding. The proposed method allows for recovering sparse yet consistent patterns across different subjects, and therefore enhances the interpretability of the decoding model. We evaluated the performance of the multi-task joint feature learning in terms of generalization, reproducibility, and quality of pattern recovery against traditional single-subject and pooling approaches on both simulated and real MEG datasets. Our experimental results demonstrate that the multi-task joint feature learning framework is capable of recovering meaningful patterns of varying spatio-temporally distributed brain activity across individuals while still maintaining excellent generalization performance. The presented methodology facilitates the application of brain decoding for characterizing the fine-level distinctive patterns of brain activity in group-level inference on neuroimaging data.


We address the problem of exact signal recovery in frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) systems. Our technique relies on the fact that, in a spectral interferometry setup, the intensity of the total signal reflected from the object is smaller than that of the reference arm. We develop a novel algorithm to compute the reflected signal amplitude from the interferometric measurements. Our technique is non-iterative, non-linear and it leads to an exact solution in the absence of noise. The reconstructed signal is free from artifacts such as the autocorrelation noise that is normally encountered in the conventional inverse Fourier transform techniques. We present results on synthesized data where we have a benchmark for comparing the performance of the technique. We also report results on experimental FDOCT measurements of the retina of the human eye


Large-scale coach education programmes have been developed in many countries, and are presented as playing a key role in the development of coaches and the promotion of high standards. Unfortunately, however, coaches often perceive that the current system of formal coach education fails to meet their needs. Perhaps as a result, the majority of their development is personally perceived to take place via informal and non-formal means. Appropriately, therefore, there has been an increasing focus within the coaching literature on the social aspects of learning, with social constructivist perspectives receiving particular attention. Reflecting this appropriate focus, this article explores some of the potential opportunities and threats that social learning methods, such as Communities of Practice (CoP), present for coach developers. In tandem, we outline how all coaches are influenced by a set of pre-existing beliefs, attitudes and dispositions, which are largely tempered by their experiences and interactions both with and within their social 'milieu'. We argue that, at the very least, we need to begin to understand these constructs and, if we do, the potential for coach developers to manipulate and exploit them is obvious. In conclusion, it is highlighted that whilst offering inherent challenges, CoPs and other social learning methods provide coach developers with a great opportunity and legitimate tool to change coach behaviour and raise coaching standards. Perhaps paradoxically, we also propose that formal coach education may still have a vital role to play in this process.


This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the factors related to the likelihood and detection of corporate wrongdoing, which increasingly focuses on internal governance, and examines calls to split the traditional tasks of the General Counsel (GC) between the GC and a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) who reports directly to the Board. The reason for this is to have more independence and expertise in compliance matters than the GC's office traditionally provides. This chapter argues that although independence is often valuable in reducing wrongdoing, in this context, it is likely to come with additional costs that may make gathering information on wrongdoing more difficult. In particular, some employees may be more reluctant to provide information as easily to a CCO than to the GC and this might sometimes result in increased wrongdoing and weaker operating performance. These deleterious effects, however, might be somewhat ameliorated by institutional and governance design adjustments. This chapter examines what factors may drive likely outcomes and finds that further empirical inquiry would be valuable and suggests some ways in which future research might engage in this inquiry.


Platforms have emerged as a new kind of regulatory object over a short period of time. There is accelerating global regulatory competition to conceptualise and govern online platforms in response to social, economic and political discontent – articulated in terms such as 'fake news', 'online harms' or 'dark patterns'. In this paper, we empirically map the emergence of the regulatory field of platform regulation in the UK. We focus on the 18-month period between September 2018 and February 2020 which saw an upsurge of regulatory activism. Through a legal-empirical content analysis of eight official reports issued by the UK government, parliamentary committees and regulatory agencies, we (1) code over 80 distinct online harms to which regulation is being asked to respond; we (2) identify eight areas of law referred in the reports (data protection and privacy, competition, education, media and broadcasting, consumer protection, tax law and financial regulation, intellectual property law, security law); we (3) analyse nine agencies mentioned in the reports for their statutory and accountability status in law, and identify their centrality in the regulatory network; we (4) assess their regulatory powers (advisory, investigatory, enforcement); and the regulatory toolbox of potential measures ascribed to agencies; we (5) quantify the number of mentions platform companies received in the reports analysed. We find that Ofcom (the communications regulator) and the CMA (the Competition and Markets Authority) are the most central actors in the regulatory field, with the Information Commissioner (the data regulator) following close behind. We find that security- and terrorism-related interventions remain particularly obscure and hard to capture with a socio-legal analysis of public documents. We find that the political focus is overwhelmingly on a handful of US multinational companies. Just two companies, Google and Facebook, account for three-quarters of the references made to firms in the documents we examined. Six Chinese firms are mentioned, and two EU firms. Not a single UK-headquartered company appears. This could be interpreted as a focus on the defence of national sovereignty that has crowded out questions of market entry or innovation in the UK. We find that the regulatory agenda is driven by an ever-wider list of harms, with child protection, security and misinformation concerns surfacing in many different forms. We also identify an amorphous and deep disquiet with lawful but socially undesirable activities. We suggest that this 'moral panic' has engendered an epistemic blind spot regarding the processual questions that should be at the core of rule-governed regulation: how to monitor (by way of information-gathering powers), trigger intervention, and remove and prevent certain kinds of content. Filtering technologies, processes of notification, redress mechanisms, transparency and audit requirements all need to be addressed. The question arises as to whether the emergent recourse to codes of practice or codes of conduct (for example delegating content moderation functions to private firms) will be appropriate to address the wide range of regulatory challenges now faced. We delineate a further epistemic gap – the effects of platform regulation on cultural production and consumption. Platforms' roles as cultural gatekeepers in governing information flows (content identification, rankings, recommendations), and directing remuneration still remain poorly understood.


This article explores the different ways in which new houses built by migrants from the Mandara Mountains to bigger cities in Cameroon function as an important site for studying their relations within the cities and within their communities of origin. I argue that these new houses constitute both a powerful resource for addressing migrants' stories about their migratory experiences and a constituent element of these experiences. In many circumstances, the migrants interviewed were unable to speak separately of their migratory experiences and their homes. Thus, the impact of their mobility to cities goes far beyond the mere ownership of the houses; they also manage to change their perceptions of themselves, to restructure their models of social interaction with other migrants, and to change the balance of their relations with the village. The article ends by proposing to connect the two sides of the village/city duality to find out how the local is a product of the global and how the local has reappropriated the global, giving it a meaning.


BACKGROUND
Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the major health problems of workers who perform tasks entailing intense manual stress and repetitive movements of the upper limbs. The implementation of regulations and social changes, as well as the incorporation of women into the working world bring to bear the need of ascertaining whether any changes have taken place in the pattern of occurrence of this syndrome and in the factors conditioning the same. The objectives of this study are to know the frequency with which this syndrome occurs in the province of Alicante, to discover the work-related characteristics of those individuals affected thereby, to analyze the procedure followed for treatment and rehabilitation and to delve into the situation of those affected upon their return to work.

METHODS
Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The population studies was comprised of all those workers for whom an occupational disease report was remitted to the Safety and Health Commission within the 1996-2004 period.

RESULTS
A total of 266 reports of occupational disease due to carpal tunnel syndrome were filed. The incidence rate was 4.2 cases per 100,000 workers. A total of 62.8% of the cases were females, 25% of whom were under 30 years of age. The average length of employment at the company was 132.3 months.

CONCLUSIONS
The risk factors most often mentioned are performing repetitive movements and activities requiring manual strength.


Long-distance migrations are among the wonders of the natural world, but this multi- taxon review shows that the characteristics of species that undertake such movements appear to make them particularly vulnerable to detrimental impacts of climate change. Migrants are key com- ponents of biological systems in high latitude regions, where the speed and magnitude of climate change impacts are greatest. They also rely on highly productive seasonal habitats, including wet- lands and ocean upwellings that, with climate change, may become less food-rich and predictable in space and time. While migrants are adapted to adjust their behaviour with annual changes in the weather, the decoupling of climatic variables between geographically separate breeding and non- breeding grounds is beginning to result in mistimed migration. Furthermore, human land-use and activity patterns will constrain the ability of many species to modify their migratory routes and may increase the stress induced by climate change. Adapting conservation strategies for migrants in the light of climate change will require substantial shifts in site designation policies, flexibility of management strategies and the integration of forward planning for both people and wildlife. While adaptation to changes may be feasible for some terrestrial systems, wildlife in the marine ecosystem may be more dependent on the degree of climate change mitigation that is achievable.


Islamic Endowments in Jerusalem under British Mandate, by Yitzhak Reiter. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1996. xviii + 233 pages. Bibl. to p. 242. Index to p. 251. $49.50 cloth; $24 paper. Reviewed by Briton C. Busch Waqf (plural, awqa), the permanent endowment of land or other property to Islamic religious institutions, has long been a feature of Muslim societies. Such endowments come in various forms, but all are subject to shari'a (Islamic law) and certain requirements, such as the appointment of an administrator or executive director (mutawalli). Over time awqaf served not only to perpetuate worthy charitable aims but have had specific legal purposes, for example the exclusion of in-laws from inheritance or the provision of a legacy to family members not otherwise so entitled. In general, however, awqaf have not fared well in the modern world, being regarded as an archaic means of perpetuating the position of traditional elites while at the same time stifling economic modernization. Where they have not been abolished, they have been under severe pressure and often have experienced radical reforms. Yitzhak Reiter of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has used the vast corpus of Jerusalem shari'a court records to answer the question of just how the waqf institution functioned in the era of British control of Palestine (1917-47). Since the qadi (shari'a judge) exercises general supervision over awqaf and their administrators, he receives complaints and petitions of various kinds. Seldom, however, as Reiter admits, do records of such petitions provide useful financial information; while accounts are kept in detail by administrators, access to these is most rare. Nor, apparently, do the extensive but disorganized records of the Supreme Muslim Council (SMC), which held substantial control over the whole institution, or those of the Chief Secretariat of the Mandatory Government (now in the Israel State Archives) offer much assistance in this regard. What the records do show, however, as Reiter outlines in detail, is that the waqf was alive and well under the Mandate. Though the rate may have fallen off when compared to Ottoman times, new aqwaf were regularly created, principally but not exclusively of the type associated with family concerns. Reiter believes that the number of documents permitting exchanges of property or other changes facilitating economic development demonstrates that, in general in the context of Mandatory Jerusalem (his work really focuses upon this one city), the waqf was not an obstacle to modernization. …


The dairy industry in Kenya is an important source of livelihood among the smallholder farmers who supply over 70% of the total milk. However, there is a growing concern on rising costs of milk production among farmers. The study assessed profit efficiency of smallholder dairying in the Rift Valley and Central Provinces of Kenya using stochastic frontier analysis for estimating farm level profit efficiency and identifying the specific determinants of efficiency. The results showed that the farmers are fairly profit efficient with an average of about 68%. Cost of fodder produced on farm significantly improved profit efficiency among farmers. However dairy profit efficiency can be enhanced if fodder production is embraced, as well as other supplemental feed technologies that are commensurate with local conditions. Institutional policy reforms on smallholder dairying will help protect the industry and its sustainability for smallholders.

 Key words: Dairy, profit efficiency, stochastic frontier, smallholder farmer.


When asked about the proposal for a black-focused school, black youth from the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) voiced their agreement with elements of the proposal, but resisted the idea of implementing the proposal by creating a separate school. Although media representations and Dei (1996, 2006) provide insight into what Torontonians' reactions are to the proposed blackfocused school there has been no such information documented on what black youth in the GTA think about the project. This is the first known study that attempts to fill that gap by providing a representation of black youths' voices obtained via focus groups. The study examines what black youth know and think about the proposal, and why they largely disagree with the blackfocused school proposal. While the findings of this study indicate that the participants saw many positive elements of the proposal, they did not support the implementation of a black-focused school as they saw the creation of a separate space for the school as a negative thing. The youth had trouble conceptualizing 'black-focused schooling' as an alternative approach to mainstream education, which had an impact on whether they choose to, or could, respond to questions that precisely related to the black-focused school project. The study concludes that the youth could not visualize what the school would look like and how it would operate because they draw on liberal racist discourses (e.g. colour-blindness, blaming the victim, and equal opportunity) when thinking about their educational experiences; however, there was a clear contradiction in the way the youths' voices reflected an awareness of the role of race in education experiences. It was evident when they talked about fear of stigmatization, but when using liberal discourses the youth discounted the role of race, and seemed not to be aware of its role in educational experiences. These findings pose important implications for educators, would-be educators, administrators, the TDSB and proponents of the black-focused school. A black-focused school iii


Adoption policy requires
that the child's welfare needs must be considered as the
priority, and
in light of the surplus of available
"white" adopters and shortage of
"black" adopters, calls
for 'trans-racial' adoption to be seriously considered.
However, despite their lack of empirical evidence,
it is the essentialised and political
arguments of the opposers of
'trans-racial' adoption
that dominate adoption practice.
This thesis addresses the contradictory and
inconclusive
research on
'trans-racial'
adoption, by providing a
firm sociological understanding of racial
identity
development theory as applied to the 'trans-racial' adoption debate. It shows
that the
'trans-racial' adoptees were constantly aware of
their racialised differences, and
although most perceptions of difference were negative because the adoptees
felt alone
and saw
it as a constant reminder of them not being a
'real' member of that family,
some of the adoptees perceived these differences positively. This is significant
because it tells us such differences are able to contribute to the adoptee considering
themselves to be confident, have high self-esteem and a positive perception of self.
Another key finding is that race and the racialised differences brought about by the
'mixed heritage' aspects of the adoption, are significant
factors in the adoptees'
searches
for their birth heritage. Another finding is the adoptees' possession of a
'trans-racial' identity, and how this is a racialised
identity that consists of being
neither
"black" or
"white", but "mixed". The thesis argues
for the recognition of the
valuable
insight that the current population of
'trans-racial' adoptees can offer policy
debates, and hence calls
for their consultation.
It also
illustrates the value of the life
(hi)story approach,
in particular the oral
life (hi)story interview as a method of data
collection when studying the racial
identity development of
'trans-racial' adoptees.
The thesis concludes that the racial
identity development of
'trans-racial' adoptees
is
far more complex than existing debates acknowledge.
It is something
that
is socially
constructed
in an ongoing process, where
it is open to modification and negotiation.
As such,
the thesis is contrary to the idea that individuals need
to develop a
"black"
identity in order to have a positive and healthy sense of self.


We present a heterodyne grating interferometer based on a quasi-common-optical-path (QCOP) design for a two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) straightness measurement. Two half-wave plates are utilized to rotate the polarizations of two orthogonally polarized beams. The grating movement can be calculated by measuring the phase difference variation in each axis. The experimental results demonstrate that our method has the ability to measure two-DOF straightness and still maintain high system stability. The proposed and demonstrated method, which relies on heterodyne interferometric phase measurement combined with the QCOP configuration, has the advantages of high measurement resolution, relatively straightforward operation, and high system stability.


ABSTRACT The root pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum induced lower levels of disease in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants on unsterilized, re-used rockwool slabs than on heat-sterilized, re-used rockwool. Several recolonization treatments of the sterilized rockwool enhanced the suppressiveness of the rockwool. Microbial community structures in the different rockwool treatments were investigated by plate counts on selective media. Disease suppressiveness in the different rockwool treatments showed the highest correlation with the culturable number of filamentous actinomycetes in both experiments (r = 0.79 and 0.94), whereas the numbers of Trichoderma spp. correlated with suppression only in the first experiment (0.86). The numbers of total culturable bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, Bacillus spores, and fungi all showed lower correlations with disease suppressiveness. The filamentous actinomycetes enumerated with the plate counts were mainly Streptomyces spp., of which 10% were antagonistic toward P. aphanidermatum in dual culture. The composition of the bacterial and actinomycete populations was studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Multivariate analyses of these patterns with canonical correspondence analysis showed significant correlations between the microbial composition and the disease suppressiveness. However, none of the bands in PCR-DGGE patterns occurred exclusively in the treatments that had enhanced disease suppressiveness. Bands extracted from the actinomycete-specific DGGE gels showed closest similarity with members of several actinomycete genera, i.e., Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Microbacterium, Rhodococcus, Curtobacterium, and Tsukamurella. The possible mechanism of disease suppressiveness in used rockwool slabs, based on the results obtained with culture-dependent and culture-independent detection methods, is discussed.


Owing to the limited requirement for sensor processing in early networked sensor nodes, embedded software was generally built around the communication stack. Modern sensor nodes have evolved to contain significant on-board functionality in addition to communications, including sensor processing, energy management, actuation and locationing. The embedded software for this functionality, however, is often implemented in the application layer of the communications stack, resulting in an unstructured, top-heavy and complex stack. In this paper, we propose an embedded system architecture to formally specify multiple interfaces on a sensor node. This architecture differs from existing solutions by providing a sensor node with multiple stacks (each stack implements a separate node function), all linked by a shared application layer. This establishes a structured platform for the formal design, specification and implementation of modern sensor and wireless sensor nodes. We describe a practical prototype of an intelligent sensing, energy-aware, sensor node that has been developed using this architecture, implementing stacks for communications, sensing and energy management. The structure and operation of the intelligent sensing and energy management stacks are described in detail. The proposed architecture promotes structured and modular design, allowing for efficient code reuse and being suitable for future generations of sensor nodes featuring interchangeable components.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the contribution that international mobile remittances make in promoting financial inclusion and development. We use the case of the EcoCash Diaspora service that is offered by Econet Wireless Zimbabwe for the study. EcoCash Diaspora is a mobile money transfer service that enables users to send remittances directly to the EcoCash mobile phone wallet of recipients in Zimbabwe. We argue that international mobile remittances are a spectacular innovation in that they are able to reach people banking institutions had faced challenges with reaching, particularly those in rural areas. Given that there are significantly more people who own mobile phones in comparison to those who hold formal bank accounts, providing financial services through mobile networks could provide financial access to several unbanked households. In addition to this, international mobile remittances also promote human development by enhancing the financial capabilities of the recipients. Our study demonstrates the important role mobile technology is playing in improving lives of people at the bottom of the pyramid and we encourage greater use of mobile technology in delivering services to this population. Keywords: Remittances , Mobile Banking, Financial inclusion, Human Development.


Managing business processes is becoming increasingly flexible on both the conceptual and the technical level. Flexibility opens up new scopes of application. This contribution focuses on improving resilience of basic services (e.g., water supply) and rescue processes (e.g., firefighting) for catastrophic events by BPM approaches. However, flexibility is only seen as a necessary, but not sufficient condition for managing catastrophic events efficiently. Moreover, process flexibility has to be accompanied by comprehensive access to and processing of public as well as private information. Therefore, validating compliance is a still disregarded but crucial aspect. In this contribution, a model-based approach aiming at an automated adaptation of controls to changes of flexible processes is presented and discussed. As result, a future research agenda with concrete research topics is determined.


Applying biochar to soil is thought to have multiple benefits, from helping mitigate climate change [, ], to managing waste [] to conserving soil []. Biochar is also widely assumed to boost crop yield [, ], but there is controversy regarding the extent and cause of any yield benefit []. Here we use a global-scale meta-analysis to show that biochar has, on average, no effect on crop yield in temperate latitudes, yet elicits a 25% average increase in yield in the tropics. In the tropics, biochar increased yield through liming and fertilization, consistent with the low soil pH, low fertility, and low fertilizer inputs typical of arable tropical soils. We also found that, in tropical soils, high-nutrient biochar inputs stimulated yield substantially more than low-nutrient biochar, further supporting the role of nutrient fertilization in the observed yield stimulation. In contrast, arable soils in temperate regions are moderate in pH, higher in fertility, and generally receive higher fertilizer inputs, leaving little room for additional benefits from biochar. Our findings demonstrate that the yield-stimulating effects of biochar are not universal, but may especially benefit agriculture in low-nutrient, acidic soils in the tropics. Biochar management in temperate zones should focus on potential non-yield benefits such as lime and fertilizer cost savings, greenhouse gas emissions control, and other ecosystem services.


This is a capstone research project used to gain knowledge on the California Highway Patrol's use of deadly force policy as well as how community-oriented policing programs work to lower the crime rate so an officer doesn't resort to using deadly force. The research asked three questions: 1) What is the policy or policies in California that deem an officer's use of deadly force as justifiable or not justifiable? 2) How do these policies affect how officers perform on the job? 3) Are there any programs within the Salinas Police Department that work within the community to help reduce the crime rates? I use American sociologist Herbert George Blumer's theory of symbolic interactionism to analyze an officer's implementation of deadly force, and to explain agency program's interactions with community members. The findings for my research are based on a review of relevant literature, interviews I conducted with representatives of the CHP and the Salinas Police Department, and personal observations in the course of a service learning project with the Salinas Police Department. In my analysis, I compare the responses of the CHP officers in relation to one another, and I analyze the response of the SPD Sergeant.


Queer Looks is a collection of writing by video artists, filmmakers, and critics which explores the recent explosion of lesbian and gay independent media culture. A compelling compilation of artists' statements and critical theory, producer interviews and image-text works, this anthology demonstrates the vitality of queer artists under attack and fighting back. Each maker and writer deploys a surprising array of techniques and tactics, negotiating the difficult terrain between street pragmatism and theoretical inquiry, finding voices rich in chutzpah and subtlety. From guerilla Super-8 in Manila to AIDS video activism in New York, Queer Looks zooms in on this very queer place in media culture, revealing a wealth of strategies, a plurality of aesthetics, and an artillary of resistances.


Objectives To investigate the short-term clinical efficacy of in-shoe foot orthoses over a wait-and-see policy in the treatment of anterior knee pain (AKP) and evaluate the ability of foot posture measures to predict outcome. Design Single-blind, randomised control trial. Participants Forty participants (18–40 years) with clinically diagnosed AKP of greater than 6-week duration, who had not been treated with orthoses in the previous 5 years. Intervention Prefabricated orthoses perceived as most comfortable from a selection of 3 different hardness values compared with a wait-and-see control group. Outcome measures Participant-perceived global improvement, Kujala Patellofemoral Score, usual and worst pain severity over the previous week and the Patient Specific Functional Scale measures at 6 weeks. Results Foot orthoses produced a significant global improvement compared with the control group (p = 0.008, relative risk reduction = 8.47%, numbers needed to treat = 2). Significant differences also occurred in measures of function (standardised mean difference = 0.71). Within the intervention group, individuals who exhibited a change in midfoot width from weight bearing to non-weight bearing of >11.25 mm were more likely to report a successful outcome (correct classification 77.8%). Conclusion This is the first study to show orthoses provide greater improvements in AKP than a wait-and-see approach. Individuals with greater midfoot mobility are more likely to experience success from treatment. Trial Registration ACTRN12611000492954


In early February 2012, a federal judge threw out a law suit brought by PETA claiming that whales were 'enslaved' by SeaWorld (Note 1). While it met a swift and sorry end, the law suit provides an opportunity for reflection upon what constitutes slavery in the modern context. We are familiar with the Roman "Spartacus" slave scenario and the classic American Civil War "Gone with the Wind" slavery scenario – but how comfortably do we connote modern exploitative labour situations, where individuals (human not animal), find themselves with no avenue of escape. The most commonly challenged modern slavery situations are those in brothels: to what extent do modern brothels in Australia cohere with our understandings of slavery? In a recent High Court decision, Justice Michael Kirby took a strongly different view from his fellow judges in that regard. And what are we to make of the PETA lawsuit claiming (unsuccessfully) that orcas in SeaWorld are enslaved to humans to do their unwilling bidding as entertainers? As a logical extension of that claim, ought we not view the doomed horses in the English Grand National as slaves? They also do their unwilling bidding as cash cows, many of them dying in agony as part of the very spectacle. Very many situations that potentially cohere with slavery today will not cohere with our traditional understandings and stereotypes let alone our modern and as yet not fully articulated understandings. This is a debate more familiar in the USA – yet while Australia has not had an entrenched system of human slavery, an emerging jurisprudence points to modern incarnations while also reinforcing arguments about the effective enslavement of many Aboriginal people during the period of assimilation: a period that gave rise to the 'Stolen Generation'. The purpose of this article is to reflect upon this emerging jurisprudence and to suggest that while we are continuing to unlock new ideas about slavery in the modern context – both human and animal – but we are far from developing, historically, strategies for their abolition. The way forward, it is suggested, is to recognize as a first step in the human context, that exploitative modern labour situations may appear akin to slavery but need perhaps more appropriately to be dealt with as modern servitude; and as a second step that jurisprudential understandings of animal enslavement: exemplified by the orcas but also personified in events like the Grand National; may appear on the comparative legal agenda in future decades.


Abstract Hypertension is common among patients presenting for surgery, and is frequently untreated or inadequately treated. While the approach to the patient with hypertension presenting for anaesthesia is controversial, and the evidence base for appropriate clinical decisions is weak, this is a problem that practising clinical anaesthetists face on a regular basis. This article seeks to present a unified approach to the problem of a hypertensive patient presenting for surgery, and offers suggestions as to the appropriate management options. As far as possible, the recommendations contained in this article have been based on the best available evidence. The authors suggest that moderate degrees of hypertension (up to 180/120 mmHg), without obvious target organ disease, should never be grounds for postponing surgery. Even with greater degrees of hypertension, the relative risk of postponing surgery should always be considered. There is little evidence that, in patients without target organ disease, delaying surgery in order to establish antihypertensive therapy is beneficial. For very severe hypertension, the benefits of delaying surgery to establish adequate hypertensive control must be weighed against the risk of delayed surgery. Where a surgical delay is considered, adequate time to establish appropriate blood pressure control must be allowed, and there is no place for sudden "cosmetic" correction of blood pressure immediately prior to anaesthesia. Previously undiagnosed hypertension, presenting for the first time at surgery, requires a basic investigation of target organ disease prior to anaesthesia, and appropriate subsequent follow-up referral for further management.


Exploring and surveilling the marine environment away from shore is critical for scientific, economic, and military purposes as we progress through the 21st century. Until recently, these missions far from shore were only possible using manned surface vehicles. Over the past decade, advances in energy density, actuators, electronics, and controls have enabled great improvements in vehicle endurance, yet, no solution is capable of supporting persistent operation especially when considering power hungry scientific surveys. This dissertation summarizes contributions related to the development of an adaptable underwater docking station and associated navigation solutions to allow applications in the wide range of maritime missions. The adaptable docking system is a novel approach to the standard funnel shaped docking station design that enables the dock to be collapsible, portable, and support a wide range of vehicles. It has been optimized and tested extensively in simulation. Field experiments in both pool and open water validate the simulation results. The associated control strategies for approach and terminal homing are also introduced and studied in simulation and field trials. These strategies are computationally efficient and enable operation in a variety of scenarios and conditions. Combined, the adaptable docking system and associated navigation strategies can form a baseline for future extended endurance missions away from manned support.


Majority of the population in Pepel depend on groundwater for domestic and other purposes. However, in spite of the high potential of groundwater in this region and the number of boreholes drilled by Aid Agencies, study reveals that there is still a serious problem with adequate availability and quality of groundwater supply. Watersamples from 35 selected borehole wells were collected from June – September 2016. Water samples were collected from each well for quality analyses within Pepel, Port Loko districts for Physicochemical and bacteriological analysis. The parameters tested are pH, Temperature, Color, Total Dissolved Solid, Conductivity,Calcium, Nitrate, Manganese, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron, Copper, Turbidity and Sulfate. The result obtained was compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for water quality. Results have shown that boreholes in Pepel have high average yield of (2.04 m3/hr. The productivity of the boreholes in Pepel cansupply enough water to the locals in the area and that most of the physical parameters are within acceptable WHO limits for drinking water quality. The entire water samples that were analyzed for chemical parameters indicated that the samples did not exceed the acceptable WHO limits. More than half of the borehole watersamples 19 (54 %) out 35 boreholes showed lower pH values that are below WHO recommended pH limits of 6.5-8.5, while 17 (46% ) out 35 boreholes fall within WHO recommended pH limits. This shows that many of the sample borehole waters from the study areas indicated a tendency to towards acidity. Thus, these water sources are acidic. The acidity of water may be attributed to marshy and sandy sulphate soils. Acids lower pH and bases increase pH of water. Fluctuation in pH reflects the biological activity and changes in the natural chemistry of waters, as well as pollution. However, 67% of the wells yielded water of good bacteriological quality.


Cerebellar granule neurons depend on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) for their survival. However, the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of IGF-I is presently unclear. Here we show that IGF-I protects granule neurons by suppressing key elements of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) death pathway. IGF-I blocked activation of the executioner caspase-3 and the intrinsic initiator caspase-9 in primary cerebellar granule neurons deprived of serum and depolarizing potassium. IGF-I inhibited cytochrome c release from mitochondria and prevented its redistribution to neuronal processes. The effects of IGF-I on cytochrome c release were not mediated by blockade of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, because IGF-I failed to inhibit mitochondrial swelling or depolarization. In contrast, IGF-I blocked induction of the BH3-only Bcl-2 family member, Bim (Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death), a mediator of Bax-dependent cytochrome c release. The suppression of Bim expression by IGF-I did not involve inhibition of the c-Jun transcription factor. Instead, IGF-I prevented activation of the forkhead family member, FKHRL1, another transcriptional regulator of Bim. Finally, adenoviral-mediated expression of dominant-negative AKT activated FKHRL1 and induced expression of Bim. These data suggest that IGF-I signaling via AKT promotes survival of cerebellar granule neurons by blocking the FKHRL1-dependent transcription of Bim, a principal effector of the intrinsic death-signaling cascade.


Translation is purposely used to connect people to one another. Translation strategies are needed in the process of Indonesian – English translation as it helps the Source Language (SL) to be delivered correctly to the Target Language (TL), whether it is semantic strategy or structural strategy. In the effort for achieving this goal, translation category shifts are unavoidable in the process of delivering the meaning. Based on Catford (1965), there are 4 types of category shift, which are structure shift, class shift, unit/rank shift, and intra-system shift.Instagram is the most useable social media used by the business vendors, as it is easy for them to post picture with editable bilingual caption. This research was conducted to evaluate the translation strategies and category shifts used by one of the business vendors in Yogyakarta, Fortunate Coffee. The data were collected from Fortunate Coffee's bilingual caption posts on Instagram and were analyzed using the theories of translation strategies by Suryaminata and Hariyanto (2003) and category shifts by Catford (1965). It is expected that the result of this research will clearly reveal which kind of translation strategies is mostly applied in the translation process and show the proof for each category shifting process in translation.


We assess 90 years of change on a Low Wooded Island (Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef), employing drones and topographic profiling to accurately survey ramparts, mangroves, the reef flat and the sand cay. A comparison with maps from the 1928–1929 Great Barrier Reef Expedition revealed the redistribution of an outer rampart and inward movement of shingle ridges. Remarkable lateral expansion of the mangrove woodland some 400 m has occurred as carbonate sand deposition has increased reef flat elevation, obscuring coral microatolls. The sand cay has stayed relatively constant in size, moving approximately 44 m in a northeasterly direction and rotating slightly. We conclude that the existing configuration of landforms probably represents an equilibrium with local biophysical conditions, including sea level, wave dynamics, vegetation growth, storms and cyclones. The variable nature of ramparts and the presence of a trough that prevents the continuous spread of mangroves across a uniformly flat colonization surface precludes the interpretation of landform changes with respect to a geomorphic evolutionary sequence. Moreover, longer-term implications of environmental change for these landforms can only be evaluated once the specific nature of the local carbonate budget, including the relative contribution of corals, foraminifera and Halimeda has been elucidated.


Calorimetry in high-energy physics is rapidly evolving, with new specifications (e.g. higher energies, enormous particle densities) and a wide variety of technologies being employed, both for signal creation and detection. Advances in large-area highly-segmented detectors based on, for example, silicon and scintillators, are providing possibilities for high-granularity calorimetry, providing unprecedented levels of information from particle showers. Here, we focus on one example of high-granularity calorimetry: The CMS HGCAL, being designed to replace the existing endcap calorimeters for the HL-LHC era.HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter, featuring unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance pileup rejection and particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E and a large fraction of CE-H will use silicon as active detector material: the sensors will be of hexagonal shape, maximizing the available 8-inch circular wafer area. The lower-radiation environment will be instrumented with scintillator tiles with on-tile SiPM readout. This concept borrows heavily from designs produced by the CALICE collaboration, but the challenges of such a detector at a hadron collider are considerably larger than at the linear colliders. In addition to the hardware aspects, the reconstruction of signals - both online for triggering and offline - is a quantum leap from existing detectors.We present the reasoning and ideas behind the HGCAL, its current status including design and prototype performance.


We herein report a new method for the rapid preparation of photonic crystal patterns through microfluidic printing technology where the photonic crystal pixels of the patterns can be accurately manipulated. Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid)-generation 2 polyamidoamine-CdTe/ZnS (P(St-MMA-AA)-G2 PAMAM-CdTe/ZnS) hybrid microspheres were prepared by conjugating P(St-MMA-AA) and CdTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with G2 PAMAM dendrimers as bridges through in situ reaction. Strong interactions between dendrimer-modified microspheres significantly reduce the cracking of photonic crystal films and the formation of coffee-ring pixels. In addition, taking advantage of a microfluidic printing device, we fabricated a fluorescent two-dimensional (2D) code pattern of photonic crystal (PC) beads by using the as-synthesized P(St-MMA-AA)-G2 PAMAM-CdTe/ZnS hybrid microspheres. This work developed a new microfluidic printing technology for the fabrication of multi-signal 2D code patterns with structural colors in daylight and fluorescence under UV light, which may have potential applications in the anti-counterfeiting and optoelectronic fields.


This paper explores how the study of objects of journalism, retraced through the material traces left in metajournalistic discourses, might constitute a robust basis to investigate change and permanence in contemporary journalism. We delineate a research program focusing on materiality that requires foremost that objects should not be taken for granted and, therefore, that each object's social history be minutely retraced. Stemming from two specific objects (the blog and the hyperlink), the paper argues that beyond their idiosyncrasies, both follow a similar rationale that could be extrapolated to other objects and lead to a materially focused social history of journalism in a digital age. The paper first clarifies how we approached the notion of "objects of journalism" and which objects we chose to study. Then, we show how different theoretical frameworks led us to adopt a similar research stance and a shared hypothetico-inductive path: determining how objects are parts of a series and analyzing metajournalistic discourses to retrace each object's history on an empirically grounded basis. The resulting attention to filiations and context ultimately produces a contextualized socio-history of objects.


This article examines the discourse surrounding impotence, erectile dysfunction and Viagra in the Swedish medical journal Lakartidningen. It draws on articles published from 1990 to 2006, the eight years prior to and after Viagra's 1998 introduction. Close reading of the articles has shown changes over this time period in how the impotent patient is defined. It has also revealed a transition in the discourse from the term impotence to erectile dysfunction. In these articles the role of the (female) partner in finding a solution to impotence and the social aspects of impotence also change dramatically once Viagra is available. Results from this study are contextualized against similar research that has examined the medical discourse around erectile dysfunction in the international arena.


Finite state machines being intuitively understandable and suitable for modeling in many domains, they are adopted by many software designers. Therefore, testing systems that are modeled with state machines has received genuine attention. Among the studied testing strategies are complete round-trip paths and transition trees that cover round-trip paths in a piece wise manner. We present an empirical study that aims at comparing the effectiveness of the complete round-trip paths test suites to the transition trees test suites in one hand, and comparing the effectiveness of the different techniques used to generate transition trees (breadth first traversal, depth first traversal, and random traversal) on the other hand. We also compare the effectiveness of all the testing trees generated using each single traversal criterion. This is done through conducting an empirical evaluation using four case studies from different domains. Effectiveness is evaluated with mutants. Experimental results are presented and analyzed.


Myoblast fusion is important for skeletal muscle formation. Even though the knowledge of myoblast fusion mechanism has accumulated over the years, the initial signal of fusion is yet to be elucidated. Our study reveals the novel function of a phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, stabilin-2 (Stab2), in the modulation of myoblast fusion, through the recognition of PS exposed on myoblasts. During differentiation of myoblasts, Stab2 expression is higher than other PS receptors and is controlled by calcineurin/NFAT signaling on myoblasts. The forced expression of Stab2 results in an increase in myoblast fusion; genetic ablation of Stab2 in mice causes a reduction in muscle size, as a result of impaired myoblast fusion. After muscle injury, muscle regeneration is impaired in Stab2-deficient mice, resulting in small myofibers with fewer nuclei, which is due to reduction of fusion rather than defection of myoblast differentiation. The fusion-promoting role of Stab2 is dependent on its PS-binding motif, and the blocking of PS-Stab2 binding impairs cell-cell fusion on myoblasts. Given our previous finding that Stab2 recognizes PS exposed on apoptotic cells for sensing as an "eat-me" signal, we propose that PS-Stab2 binding is required for sensing of a "fuse-me" signal as the initial signal of myoblast fusion. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(6): 303-304]


Self-assembled PbSe quantum-dots (QD) have been grown on GaSb(100) substrates from the liquid phase. A Pb-rich melt at 517°C was used with 10°C supercooling and with a short (10 ms) melt-substrate contact time. Atomic force microscopy has revealed that the PbSe QDs are 4–10 nm in height and 10–40 nm in diameter, with an area density of 1.7×1010 cm−2. The growth of QDs occurs in the Volmer–Weber mode and is a result of the difference in lattice structures between the PbSe and GaSb rather than the lattice constants.


An article from Social Science and Medicine , written by Snyder and Wilson (2012), examined the use of healthcare services by urban Aboriginal populations in Canada. Using the Behavioural Model of Health Services Use (BMHSU), predisposing, enabling, and need factors were organized and used for data analysis. Specifically, a comparison was made between conventional (physicians and nurses) and traditional (traditional healers) health service utilization in Toronto and Winnipeg. In addition to the geographical and educational factors, the results of the research recognized mobility as a significant predisposing complement to healthcare utilization.


The article offers a comparative perspective on how educational policy is influenced by two key phenomena that sent something akin to shockwaves through the Western world, and that in both cases highlighted basic deficiencies within the school system. The case of Norway and Sweden in particular, as well as the role of new technology, is examined. One striking feature is that the patterns of reaction and the measures taken following these shock-generating experiences display a relative similarity. The focus on the pedagogical use of new technology is a key objective, although it forms part of a wider political intervention in education, in conjunction with an upgrading of basic knowledge and skills and a reaction against established pedagogical traditions. To a certain degree, ideals and approaches rooted in the industrial society are extended, a situation that seems problematic when the intention today is to create a school for a new age.


Wearable electronics are essential for the construction of epidermal energy supply and portable healthcare devices. Herein, a self-powered wearable electronic device based on a photoelectric biofuel cell has been introduced for the first time to simultaneously detect the perspiration lactate and monitor the ambient illuminance depending on independent parameters. The functions of harvesting energy, detection of body function and monitoring of ambient have been merged into a single wireless sensor. This novel design may provide a wide range of smart and exciting wearable electronics.


Electromagnetic wave scattering from a metallic multiwalled carbon nanotube is investigated by using the boundary-value approach and modal series expansion of the scattered and transmitted fields. Electronic excitations of each wall of the system are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of the free electrons, whose dynamics are described by means of the fluid theory. The system is illuminated by a cylindrical wave from a line source that is placed in a direction parallel to the nanotube axis. The problem is two-dimensional, and the solution to both types of polarization (electric and magnetic line source) is presented.


Canada's concept of "status" – the definition of who is an Aboriginal person under the Indian Act – has its analogies in the administrative practices of many countries. However, the European colonial expansion produced great variety, with contemporary states now relying on multiple categories of definition; descent from an enrolled historical population is often arbitrarily combined with particular cultural or demographic attributes. Effective activism has, in recent decades, pushed states towards policies of Indigenous self-definition. However, this remains constrained and uneven. While the initial goal here is a critical survey of definitions of Indigenous status in the "settler states" of Australia, New Zealand/Aotearoa and the US, the paper examines practices in Latin America, Scandinavia and Russia as well as Asia and Africa. It concludes with a discussion about ongoing challenges for state practices of definition, including the implications of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.


Blindness is often concentrated in poor areas and socially deprived communities, making blindness prevention a social and political challenge. The blindness prevention program at the Family Practice Unit in Manaus County, Brazil, has developed a model to reach patients through the public health system. The approach aims to detect patients in the community and refer them to ophthalmologists based at the clinic. Two ophthalmologists work with family practitioners and community health workers to whom they provide training on how to screen and refer patients. Barriers such as distance, culture, costs, and lack of information are broken down with this approach.

Between the years 2000 and 2003, 15,129 patients were seen at the ophthalmology service of the Family Practice Programme in the city of Manaus. The projection for the year 2004 is 8,640 consultations among the four centers distributed at the north, south, east and west areas of the city. In 2003, 110 diabetic patients sent by family practitioners and community health workers were evaluated, demonstrating the need to improve the screening of diabetic patients in the city. Refractive errors were the reason for consultation in 80 per cent of the patients during 2000–2003. Conjunctivitis, eyelid problems, cataract, and glaucoma were other frequent causes of consultation. Only 6.8 per cent of the patients seen at the unit were referred to the general hospital for further diagnosis and treatment.

Demand for eye care services in this area has increased continuously since the start of this programme. The location of the unit in the community, the focus of the clinic on the poor, and the emphasis on information, seem to have created an efficient and popular service. Brazil has about 50 million people assigned to these Family Practice Units by the Public Health System. If each unit had an ophthalmology service like Manaus, Brazil could make a great impact on prevention of blindness at the community level. The model might also be applicable to other countries.


A hybrid brain computer interface (BCI) system considered here is a combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). EEG-fNIRS signals are simultaneously recorded to achieve high motor imagery task classification. This integration helps to achieve better system performance, but at the cost of an increase in system complexity and computational time. In hybrid BCI studies, channel selection is recognized as the key element that directly affects the system's performance. In this paper, we propose a novel channel selection approach using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, where only highly correlated channels are selected from each hemisphere. Then, four different statistical features are extracted, and their different combinations are used for the classification through KNN and Tree classifiers. As far as we know, there is no report available that explored the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCI channel selection. The results demonstrate that our hybrid system significantly reduces computational burden while achieving a classification accuracy with high reliability comparable to the existing literature.


In April 1478, a plot to murder the two heads of the powerful Medici family miscarried dramatically in the cathedral of Florence. The younger of the two brothers was killed, but Lorenzo the Magnificent, the brilliant poet and connoisseur escaped. A bloodbath followed in reprisal. All Italy was at once affected, as it emerged that the Pope, the King of Naples, and the Duke of Urbino were deeply implicated in the plot, and that binding treaties required Milan and Venice to assist Florence. A tangle of Florentine interests now came to light, revealing a dangerous archbishop, a cosseted papal nephew, and the Pazzi - an ambitious family of bankers with lofty connections abroad. The Pazzi were the foremost social and financial rivals of the Medici, but they were forced - like all other leading families in Florence - to pay political obeisance to them, in a play of attitudes that was stifling public discussion and subverting the Florentine republic. Against the high abstract shadows of power politics and the menace to political debate, the Pazzi Conspiracy was driven by bankers, priests, politicians, and mercenaries, caught up in a tangle of passion and armed violence.


The purpose of this investigation was to develop fast dissolving muco-adhesive buccal films of candesartan cilexetil by solvent casting technique to deliver candesartan into blood via buccal mucosa and to show immediate action using jack fruit gum as novel muco-adhesive polymer. A 22 factorial design was considered in optimizing the formulation by taking Jack Fruit Gum (JFG), muco-adhesive polymer and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), film forming polymer as two independent variables at two levels (high and low). The response factors considered were tensile strength, bioadhesion force and drug release. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed no interaction between drug and polymers. Ex vivo diffusion studies were carried out using Franz diffusion cell, while bioadhesive properties were evaluated using porcine buccal mucosa as model tissue. Results revealed that bilayer film containing 0.1% (w/v) JFG and 0.6% (w/v) HPMC in the drug layer and 1% (w/v) Ethyl Cellulose (EC) in backing layer demonstrated diffusion of 94.12% through the porcine buccal mucosa. Thus, this study suggests that Jack fruit gum can act as a potential mucoadhesive polymer for buccal delivery of antihypertensive drug candesartan cilexetil.


STOJANOVIC, M., R. TSEKOVA and T. MILUTINOVIC, 2014. Distribution of Lumbricus friendi Cognetti 1904 (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) at the European scale: fi rst fi ndings in Serbia. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 1: 110–112 Lumbricus friendi is a European species known from the Atlantic region, introduced to the North Africa and Nearctic region. However, the Voivodina Province, in the state of Serbia, is its fi rst record on the southeastern part of Europe and it proved to be a new species to the earthworm fauna of Serbia. Taking into account two new localities in the Voivodina Province, it is evident that the extent of occurrence for this species has increased. Consequently, this paper records an extension of the known distribution of Lumbricus friendi. Such a discovery is of a considerable faunistic interest: it represents the fi rst record for Serbia and the easternmost one reported so far.


Smoothing methods have become part of the standard tool set for the study and solution of nondifferentiable and constrained optimization problems as well as a range of other variational and equilibrium problems. In this note we synthesize and extend recent results due to Beck and Teboulle on infimal convolution smoothing for convex functions with those of X. Chen on gradient consistency for nonconvex functions. We use epi-convergence techniques to define a notion of epi-smoothing that allows us to tap into the rich variational structure of the subdifferential calculus for nonsmooth, nonconvex, and nonfinite-valued functions. As an illustration of the versatility and range of epi-smoothing techniques, the results are applied to the general constrained optimization for which nonlinear programming is a special case.


Students with higher self-efficacy utilize higher tendency, endeavor, and strength in performing academic tasks and feel ensure of their ability, thus self-efficacy can influence their academic achievement. Current study was conducted aiming at investigating relationship between self-efficacy and academic achievement of students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. It is a descriptive – analytical research on 190 students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences during 2015 – 2016. Subjects were selected randomly and two-part questionnaire was used as data collection tool. First part was related to demographic characteristics and second part was related to self-efficacy questionnaire. Finally data were analyzed by SPSS 19 Software using deceptive statistics, Pearson correlation and independent t. Average age of individuals was 21.46 ± 312 and 82 students were female. Relationship between gender and self-efficacy of students was significant and self-efficacy was higher in females. But relationship between gender and academic achievementis not significant. Relationship between age and academic achievement was not significant. Relationship between self-efficacy and academic achievement of students was measured through Pearson correlation test and significant relationship was observed. People with higher selfefficacy have more optimal academic status compared to people with low self-efficacy and there is direct positive relationship between GPA and self-efficacy.


After thirty-three years of exile in Mexico, Ernestina de Champourcin returned to Madrid in 1972, in time to witness the profound political changes in Spain prompted by the death of Franco and by the cultural revolution originating in the capital known as the "movida madrileña." Between 1979 and 1980, she responded to the explosion of mass media products and subculture activities by writing La pared transparente (1984), a series of poems that portray the postmodern city as an alienating and dehumanized place symbolized primarily as a wall of obstructions. The poet employs multiple synonyms for "wall," along with allusions to the emptiness of the hole, the blankness of the color white, and the estrangement provoked by silence to complete her depictions of the modern big city. She especially laments the incapacity for calm, verbal communication within this crowded and animated, yet lonely and impersonal, environment. After expressing her anxiety, in the second half of the collection, Champourcin discovers that the wall erected between human beings can be mitigated or traversed through memory, love, and looking to the reality within the self and ultimately beyond.


Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are modular and adjustable nano-porous materials with applications in gas storage, separations, and sensing. Flexible/dynamic components that respond to adsorbed gas can give MOFs unique or enhanced adsorption properties. Here, we explore the adsorption properties that could be imparted to a MOF by a rotaxane molecular shuttle (RMS) in its pores. In an RMS-MOF, a macrocyclic wheel is mechanically interlocked with a strut. The wheel shuttles between stations on the strut that are also gas adsorption sites. We pose and analyze a simple statistical thermodynamic model of gas adsorption in an RMS-MOF that accounts for (i) wheel/gas competition for sites on the strut and (ii) the entropy endowed by the shuttling wheel. We determine how the amount of gas adsorbed, position of the wheel, and energy change upon adsorption depend on temperature, pressure, and the interactions of the gas/wheel with the stations. Our model reveals that, compared to an ordinary Langmuir material, the chemistry of the RMS-MOF can be tuned to render adsorption more or less temperature-sensitive and release more or less heat upon adsorption. The model also uncovers a non-monotonic relationship between temperature and the position of the wheel if gas out-competes the wheel for its preferable station.


Dear Editor

In 1994 you published a review of this procedure (J Comm Eye Health 1994; 7: 21–26). We are indebted to Mark Reacher and colleagues for the clear description and the good research underlying it. It is easier to do and to teach than the Trabut-type operation. Even so I find it tricky to get consistently good results. With the millions needing surgery around the world (often by paramedicals and with no follow-up) it is clearly important to make it as fail-safe as possible. I have some comments about the points I find difficult and would like to hear other people's experience.

The hardest part (but vital to success) is to make a good incision at the correct level. I find holding the lid margin in two artery forceps whilst cutting is not easy, and I worry about crushing the edge. It would be much easier to be able to stabilise the lid in a clamp and cut down through both lamellae onto a base plate that protects the eye. A Cruickshank forceps with the plate in the conjunctival sac can work, though not in very deformed lids. A large ring clamp is similar. Could a special one be designed? It is much easier to identify, clamp and safely tie the marginal artery when the tissues are stable. Otherwise, the operation is hampered and serious bleeding can recur later (I was once up all night!).

Three double armed sutures are recommended for each lid. As our patients come from afar we have to use absorbable material, and six atraumatic sutures (two lids) are too costly. I find one single armed absorbable suture will do for it all, starting and ending above the lashes (I prefer 5/0 or 6/0). It is also easier to catch the upper tarsal plate fragment on the front near its edge with a part-thickness side-to-side bite. This also avoids the stitch rubbing the cornea. The stitches can be tied one at a time, or left long and tied after all are in place. The correct tension is very difficult to judge and I have often had over-correction. I tried trying the stitches with a bow to allow adjustment next morning without resuturing, but the sutures are then too sticky to loosen (though using a bow during the operation is useful, allowing readjustment at the end). I now realise that it is essential to judge the correct tension with the patient looking directly ahead (at your face), because over-correction can be obscured on downgaze. This means the patient must not be squeezing; if they find relaxing is impossible, a van Lint-type facial block helps.

Finally two questions: is it necessary to suture the skin edges, as they usually lie neatly together? For the grossly thickened and deformed tarsal plate we sometimes see, is this the best operation, or is the Trabut more certain for these?


eLogbook is a Web-based collaborative environment designed for communities of practice. It enables users to manage joint activities, share related assets and get contextual awareness. In addition to the original Web- based access, an email-based eLogbook interface is under development. The purpose of this lightweight interface is twofold. First, it eases eLogbook access when using smart phones or PDA. Second, it eases eLogbook acceptance for community members hesitating to learn an additional Web environment. Thanks to the proposed interface, members of a community can benefit from the ease of use of an email client combined with the power of an activity and asset management system without burden. The Web-based eLogbook access can be kept for supporting further community evolutions, when participation becomes more regular and activities become more complex. This paper presents the motivation, the design and the incentives of the email-based eLogbook interface.


This brief essay, written for the Criminal Law Conversations Project, examines whether one can justifiably kill a faultless, insane assailant to save oneself or another from imminent and serious harm. Although scholars on both sides of the Atlantic agree that the person attacked should not be punished for defending herself from the psychotic aggressor, there is significant disagreement with regards to whether the defensive response should be considered justified or merely excused. Furthermore, amongst those who argue that the appropriate defense in such cases is a justification, there is disagreement regarding whether the specific ground of acquittal should be self-defense or necessity. These issues are explored in three parts. Part I discusses the facts that give rise to the problem of the psychotic aggressor and summarizes the basic questions posed by the case. Part II surveys and rejects five theories that would lead to acquitting the victim of the attack if he were tried for killing the psychotic aggressor. Part III advances an autonomy-based conception of self-defense that would justify the victim's use of force against the insane assailant and would allow third-party intervention in favor of the defending party. According to this theory, the roots of the right to use defensive force are not in the culpability of the aggressor, but in the wrongful invasion of the autonomy of the defender. Given that the psychotic assailant's attack amounts to an unjustifiable attack on the victim's autonomy, the victim's reciprocal obligation to show consideration for the psychotic aggressor's autonomy weakens. As a result, the law affords him a right to use whatever force is necessary to repel the unlawful attack. The fact that the psychotic actor would be acquitted on grounds of insanity if he were tried for his aggression is beside the point, for excuses such as insanity do not negate the wrongfulness of the act. Our right to be free from unlawful interferences with our person should not be compromised merely because the threat to our autonomy originates in the acts of an inculpable person. In such a confrontation on the street, the aggressor loses the protections that he would get during a trial, that is, the right to plead excuses such as insanity or duress.


The ability to recognize analogies is an important factor that is closely related to human intelligence. Verbal analogies have been used for evaluating both examinees at university entrance exams as well as algorithms for measuring relational similarity. However, relational similarity measures proposed so far are confined to measuring the similarity between pairs of words. Unfortunately, such pairwise approaches ignore the rich relational structure that exists in real-world knowledge bases containing millions of entities and semantic relations. We propose a method to efficiently identify analogous entity tuples from a given entity-relation graph.

First, we present an efficient approach for extracting potential analogous tuples from a given entity-relation graph. Second, to measure the structural similarity between two tuples, we propose two types of kernel functions: vertex-feature kernels, and edge-feature kernels. Moreover, we combine those kernels to construct composite kernels that simultaneously consider both vertex and edge features. Experimental results show that our proposed method accurately identifies analogous tuples and significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art pairwise relational similarity measure, extended to tuples.


Background. Histoplasmosis is a common fungal infection in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states; however, its presentation can be atypical. Case Presentation. We report a case of Histoplasma capsulatum infection presenting as slowly progressive weakness in the lower extremities, followed by the development of numbness below the midthoracic area, urinary incontinence, and slurred speech. Brain MRI showed leptomeningeal enhancement, predominantly linear, involving the basal cisterns, the brainstem, and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis. Discussion. CNS histoplasmosis is usually seen in patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. Isolated CNS histoplasmosis is rarely seen, especially in immunocompetent patients. Conclusions. Histoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients experiencing slowly progressive neurological deficit.