ABSTRACT The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants' risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour.


This study investigated whether there is evidence of widespread niche partitioning based on environmental factors in the Black Sea and tested the hypothesis that physiographic factors may be employed as predictors. It addresses poorly researched areas with good habitat potential for the only three cetacean subspecies living in this area: the Black Sea short-beaked common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis spp. ponticus ), the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus spp. ponticus ) and the Black Sea harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena spp. relicta ). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyse data collected from multiple sources. In total, 745 sightings of the three species between 1998 and 2010 throughout the Black Sea were included. The analysis found depth and sea surface temperature to be the most important variables for separating the occurrence of the three species. Common dolphins occurred mainly in deep waters and in areas where the sea surface temperature was low, bottlenose dolphins were distributed primarily in shallower and warmer waters than common dolphins, and harbour porpoises were distributed in shallower waters with lower sea surface temperature than bottlenose dolphins. This study suggests strong niche segregation among the three cetacean species. The study is also the first contribution to the basic information of cetacean species distribution and habitat preferences in the Black Sea as a whole. Knowledge of the distribution of the three dolphin species in the study area is essential to establish conservation measures for these populations.


A system and method for measuring or at least detecting the effect of at least implicit communication on transactions within a social group, optionally such as consumer purchases for example. The group may optionally comprise a social network, a pair, 3 or more individuals and so forth. By ''implicit communication'' it is meant communication for which there is no record, for example in a database. The aftereffects of such communication may optionally be determined, detected and/or measured through detection and/or measurement of influence, as described in greater detail below. For example, if a first consumer performs purchase of an item and a second consumer later purchases the same or similar item within a given time period, the two purchases may optionally be linked through influence which may in turn have optionally occurred through implicit communication. Optionally, the system and method may also measure or at least detect the effect of explicit communication, for which there is a record, for example in a database that describes the communication itself.


INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
This study aimed to compare complications arising due to the supratherapeutic use of paracetamol/codeine or ibuprofen/codeine containing compound analgesics in primary codeine-dependent patients presenting to a drug and alcohol withdrawal service. Data was compared to determine if there was any difference in the number of complications observed between the two groups.

DESIGN AND METHODS
A retrospective case review of patients presenting for primary codeine dependence from 2009 to 2014. Sixty patients (42F, 36 ± 10 years) using ibuprofen/codeine and 46 (26F, 39 ± 10 years) using paracetamol/codeine containing compound analgesics were compared. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS
Patients consumed similar daily doses of codeine (699 ± 45 vs. 636 ± 50 mg) with those consuming ibuprofen/codeine containing compound analgesics ingesting twice as many tablets daily (median 60 vs. 30 tablets; P < 0.0001). Complications related to supratherapeutic use of codeine containing compound analgesics occurred more commonly in patients taking ibuprofen/codeine (52/60; 87%) versus paracetamol/codeine compound analgesics (30/46; 65%) (P < 0.01). Patients taking ibuprofen/codeine containing compound analgesics were more likely to have gastrointestinal bleeding (P < 0.05), anaemia (P < 0.0001) and renal tubular acidosis (P < 0.05). There were two deaths in the group abusing ibuprofen/codeine compound analgesics.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
In patients with primary codeine dependence, there were more complications related to the supratherapeutic use of ibuprofen/codeine versus paracetamol/codeine containing compound analgesics. The patients in both groups ingested similar total daily codeine amounts. Increased daily tablet intake in the ibuprofen/codeine group could possibly have been linked to lower codeine content per tablet.


Abstract A parametric study was performed on the thorium-to-233U breeder fuel cycle for pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) similar to the existing CANDU type. The objective was to estimate the sensitivity of the thorium breeder PHWR energy cost to fuel reprocessing costs, reactor capital costs, fuel specific power, fuel-to-moderator ratio, and reactor size and to find optimal parameters to minimize the energy cost for reasonable economic assumptions. A baseline model thorium heavy water breeder reactor (THWBR) was developed from these parameters to show how an existing PHWR would perform economically if fueled only with thorium and the 233U bred and reprocessed from that thorium. This study found that the baseline model THWBR is not cost competitive with the current PHWR fuel cycle using natural uranium but may be significantly closer in cost to the natural uranium fuel cycle than models discussed in previous publications. Because the proposed thorium reactor can, with the assistance of some thorium fuel reprocessing, achieve a higher average fuel burnup than the once-through natural uranium cycle, the waste management costs will be lower while the reprocessing costs will be higher than the natural uranium fuel system. When the strategic and proliferation-resistance values are included, the thorium breeder PHWR may be competitive with natural uranium PHWRs and light water reactors in some markets. The next phase of our study is expected to show how to use novel combinations of unconventional PHWR core geometries to increase the breeding ratio and fuel burnup, decrease the reprocessing requirements, and make a thermal breeder reactor more economical.


A novel cytoskeletal antigen, RET52, has been identified in the mouse retina. This 52 kD polypeptide is antigenically related to dematin (band 4.9), an actin-bundling phosphoprotein component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Like dematin, RET52 is also a substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Within the retina, RET52 is primarily concentrated in two regions-the rod inner segment and the outer synaptic layers-although the developmental expression of RET52 differs in these areas. RET52 is present at birth in the inner segment, but appears about the time of initial synapse formation (postnatal day 4-6) in the outer plexiform layer. No differences in RET52 expression have been detected in early-stage mouse retinas with the retinal degeneration (rd) phenotype. RET52 localization, developmental expression, homologies to dematin, and in vitro phosphorylation pattern suggest a possible role for cytoskeleton-associated proteins in the initiation or control of disk membrane assembly and/or synapse formation in the rod photoreceptor.


Aim and Objectives: To explore the feasibility of accessing biological information and associated health information through a standards-based electronic health record. The
objectives include constructing: a condition specific knowledge base prototype; an EHR system prototype based on a standard record architecture; and an interface that connects the two.
Method: An ontology was constructed to organise biological and health information in a formal and structured way. Cystic fibrosis was selected as an exemplar condition and
the Continuity of Care Record was selected for an EHR prototype application. The sequence variations information and health information in the knowledge base are presented through the EHR prototype's interface and the results are evaluated.
Results: A substantive knowledge base prototype of cystic fibrosis was constructed. The content includes: the most common genetic mutations related to cystic fibrosis;
time-oriented descriptions of cystic fibrosis; Cochrane conclusions; and gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. The content is organised on both time and problem oriented axes. It was found to be possible to present bio-health information that was case-specific through the EHR prototype interface.
Conclusion: Sequence variations information and associated health information can be made accessible through a standards-based electronic health record prototype. Complex
knowledge can be accessed, to some extent automatically, thereby providing a starting point for integrating formal and structured biological information within health record
systems which can be deployed in clinical settings.


Due to variability in aircraft overflight type and associated animal responses, there is a lack of consensus on the effects of overflights on wildlife populations. My objectives were to 1) evaluate the potential impacts that reduced-altitude tactical speed military aircraft might generate on nesting colonial waterbirds, and to place any impacts in the context of other human events, 2) a) identify key least tern (Sternula antillarum) demographic drivers, b) evaluate the accuracy of assigning nest fates without using remote cameras, and c) assess the effects of cameramonitoring on nest survival, and 3) evaluate the agreement between two techniques used to estimate peak least tern breeding abundance. I conducted my study at Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina from May-August 2010-2012. I surveyed colonies once every 3-5 days and deployed audio recorders and time-lapse cameras at individual nests in 9 colonies. Birds did not incubate less or engage in alert behaviors during overflights compared with control periods. Least terns reduced incubation by a mean of 12% when pedestrians were observed near nests (S = -2.2, p = 0.04). Demographic effects from overflights or recreation are unlikely given the patterns of use in this study. Least tern demographic rates were driven by raccoon depredation. Cameras reduced daily nest survival (SE) from 0.85 (0.06) to 0.79 (0.08). However, cameras also decreased the frequency of unknown or misclassified nest fates by > 30%. Incubating adult counts were effective in assessing peak nest abundance at colonies where topography did not impede scanning from the perimeter.


Contextual bandit algorithms~(CBAs) often rely on personal data to provide recommendations. Centralized CBA agents utilize potentially sensitive data from recent interactions to provide personalization to end-users. Keeping the sensitive data locally, by running a local agent on the user's device, protects the user's privacy, however, the agent requires longer to produce useful recommendations, as it does not leverage feedback from other users. This paper proposes a technique we call Privacy-Preserving Bandits (P2B); a system that updates local agents by collecting feedback from other local agents in a differentially-private manner. Comparisons of our proposed approach with a non-private, as well as a fully-private (local) system, show competitive performance on both synthetic benchmarks and real-world data. Specifically, we observed only a decrease of 2.6% and 3.6% in multi-label classification accuracy, and a CTR increase of 0.0025 in online advertising for a privacy budget $\epsilon \approx 0.693$. These results suggest P2B is an effective approach to challenges arising in on-device privacy-preserving personalization.


IZA DP No. 14204 MARCH 2021 Optimal Regional Labor Market Policies We document large and persistent spatial dispersion in unemployment rates, vacancies, labor market tightness, labor market flows, and wages for Germany on a granular regional level. We show that in the 1990s differences in inflows from employment to unemployment were the key driver of regional dispersion in unemployment rates while in the 2000s outflows became more important. To account for the documented regional dispersion we develop a spatial search and matching model with risk-averse agents, endogenous separations and unobservable search effort that leads to moral hazard and quantify the relative importance of 4 potential structural driving forces: dispersion in productivity, in the bargaining strength of workers, in idiosyncratic risk components and in regional matching efficiency. Based on region-specific estimates of these factors we then study the resulting policy trade-off between insurance, regional redistribution and efficiency. We design (optimal) region-specific labor market policies that can be implemented using hiring subsidies, layoff taxes, unemployment insurance benefits and transfers financed by social insurance contributions. We find that a move towards an optimal tax system that explicitly conditions on regional characteristics could lead to sizable welfare and employment gains. JEL Classification: J50


Haptic icons are brief, meaningful tactile or force stimuli designed to support the communication of information through the often-underutilized haptic modality. Challenges to producing large, reusable sets of haptic icons include technological constraints and the need for broadly-applicable and validated design heuristics to guide the process. The largest set of haptic stimuli to date was produced through systematic use of heuristics for monotone rhythms. We hypothesized that further extending signal expressivity would continue to enhance icon learnability. Here, we introduce melody into the design of rhythmic stimuli as a means of increasing expressiveness while retaining the principle of systematic design, as guided by music theory. Haptic melodies are evaluated for their perceptual distinctiveness; experimental results from grouping tasks indicate that rhythm dominates user categorization of melodies, with frequency and amplitude potentially left available as new dimensions for the designer to control within-group variation.


Background Mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) and misclassification of long-term HIV-1 infections, as proportion false recent (PFR), are critical parameters for laboratory-based assays for estimating HIV-1 incidence. Recent review of the data by us and others indicated that MDRI of LAg-Avidity EIA estimated previously required recalibration. We present here results of recalibration efforts using >250 seroconversion panels and multiple statistical methods to ensure accuracy and consensus. Methods A total of 2737 longitudinal specimens collected from 259 seroconverting individuals infected with diverse HIV-1 subtypes were tested with the LAg-Avidity EIA as previously described. Data were analyzed for determination of MDRI at ODn cutoffs of 1.0 to 2.0 using 7 statistical approaches and sub-analyzed by HIV-1 subtypes. In addition, 3740 specimens from individuals with infection >1 year, including 488 from patients with AIDS, were tested for PFR at varying cutoffs. Results Using different statistical methods, MDRI values ranged from 88–94 days at cutoff ODn = 1.0 to 177–183 days at ODn = 2.0. The MDRI values were similar by different methods suggesting coherence of different approaches. Testing for misclassification among long-term infections indicated that overall PFRs were 0.6% to 2.5% at increasing cutoffs of 1.0 to 2.0, respectively. Balancing the need for a longer MDRI and smaller PFR (<2.0%) suggests that a cutoff ODn = 1.5, corresponding to an MDRI of 130 days should be used for cross-sectional application. The MDRI varied among subtypes from 109 days (subtype A&D) to 152 days (subtype C). Conclusions Based on the new data and revised analysis, we recommend an ODn cutoff = 1.5 to classify recent and long-term infections, corresponding to an MDRI of 130 days (118–142). Determination of revised parameters for estimation of HIV-1 incidence should facilitate application of the LAg-Avidity EIA for worldwide use.


Summary: The conidial germling of Metarhizium anisopliae produces an appressorium upon contact with a hard hydrophobic surface. We have conducted an investigation into how this entomopathogen mediates intracellularly the inductive signal to shift from polarized germ-tube growth to non-polarized appressorial growth. During sporulation, conidia accumulated 45Ca2+ but there was no evidence for a gradient of Ca2+ in the spore which could establish the initial polarity. Calmodulin, however, was localized at the poles of the conidia, near the site of germ-tube emergence. Exposing conidia to Ca2+ deprivation or calmodulin antagonists inhibited germination and polar growth. Disruption of Ca2+ gradients by ionophoresis did not prevent germination but caused the multiple emergence of branched germ-tubes from conidia. These findings indicate that Ca2+ plays a fundamental role in establishing the dominance of apical growth. Although an external source of Ca2+ is not required for appressorium formation, germlings producing appressoria took up 45Ca2+ when available. The 45Ca2+ accumulated in the cell wall, plasma membrane and organelles suggesting that these may function as Ca2+ stores for Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis of cell-wall materials. Mitochondria and vacuoles sequestered 45Ca2+ indicating that they play a role in maintaining low cytoplasmic concentrations of 45Ca2+ consistent with the reorganization of the cytoskeleton required for appressorial growth. Several Ca2+-binding proteins in appressoria may provide an energy-independent component of Ca2+ buffering in the cytoplasm. The results indicate that the apical Ca2+ gradient is disrupted during differentiation and subsequent differential Ca2+ redistribution in the cell enlargement zone coincides with germ-tube swelling. cAMP may also be involved by potentiating the effects of small changes in Ca2+ concentration and stimulating exocytosis of mucus components required for adhesion, which is a prerequisite for differentiation.


Vehicle electrification is one of the most significant solutions that address the challenges of fossil fuel depletion, global warming, CO2 pollution, and so on. To mitigate these issues, recent research mainly focuses on finding clean energy storage devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and so forth. Owing to the outstanding energy and power density, lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) have captured the market for portable electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles, and so on. During 1970–1980s, electrode materials for both LIBs and sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) were investigated but higher energy and power density of LIBs have made it a popular candidate for portable electronics. Issues arise on the availability of lithium reserves, so it is high time we take a look at finding alternative energy storage system without compromising on the energy and power density of the state‐of‐the‐art LIBs. Therefore, researchers have revisited NIBs and recent developments have contributed towards discovering new electrode materials to match the energy and power density of LIBs at low cost. While a variety of positive and negative electrode materials have been investigated for NIBs so far, the influence of voltage, capacity, cycle life, and volume expansion of negative electrodes on Na+ ion extraction and insertion are more as compared with LIBs. This affects the energy and power density of NIBs but cost‐effective partial replacement of LIBs is viable and is widely pursued. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:253–278. doi: 10.1002/wene.136


A range measurement technique is presented which allows real-time range data acquisition for all points in an image. The technique relies upon the systematic variation in the Fresnel diffraction pattern of a grating as a function of propagation distance. The technique uses a single view of the volume in question so there are no hidden points. Furthermore, there is no need for beam scanning or is any off-line processing required. An extensive theory of operation is presented along with grating and illumination design methods which allow one to tailor the technique to specific measurement requirements. Qualitative experimental results are given along with quantitative results.


A knee assistive device can serve a large number of people to overcome muscle weakness due to aging and perform normal functional activities of the knee joint. The objective of this paper is to study the effectiveness of a knee brace to aid with normal functions and reduce muscle forces at different walking speeds. The study uses two major muscle groups, rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF), for the muscle force study. The Electromyography (EMG) signal was recorded at 3 different walking speeds (slow, normal, fast) under both brace-assisted and normal walking conditions. EMG signals were processed and converted into muscle activation signals and finally used for muscle force calculation. The amount of assistance to each muscle group at different walking speeds was derived and analyzed to see the effectiveness of a knee brace. The knee brace was seen to have provided additional support for motion generation. However, the amount of support is found to be speed-dependent and has a different effect on different muscle groups. At slower speed, the BF muscle was seen to work against the brace, while it was not the case for the RF muscle group.


Past work has shown that large language models are susceptible to privacy attacks, where adversaries generate sequences from a trained model and detect which sequences are memorized from the training set. In this work, we show that the success of these attacks is largely due to duplication in commonly used web-scraped training sets. We first show that the rate at which language models regenerate training sequences is superlinearly related to a sequence's count in the training set. For instance, a sequence that is present 10 times in the training data is on average generated ~1000 times more often than a sequence that is present only once. We next show that existing methods for detecting memorized sequences have near-chance accuracy on non-duplicated training sequences. Finally, we find that after applying methods to deduplicate training data, language models are considerably more secure against these types of privacy attacks. Taken together, our results motivate an increased focus on deduplication in privacy-sensitive applications and a reevaluation of the practicality of existing privacy attacks.


Jobs, and in particular the quantity and quality of new jobs created by economic growth, are shaping up to be one of the crucial development issues of the moment. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 440 million new jobs need to be created in the next ten years to keep up with population growth and demographic changes (ILO-IMF, 2010). It's not just creating jobs that is the challenge. Nearly half of all workers worldwide still live below the $2 a day poverty line – jobs must also pay enough to end poverty. The key determinants of the relationship between growth, poverty reduction and inequality are whether economic growth generates new jobs, the quality of these jobs, whether poor people are able to take up new opportunities, and whether jobs are stable enough to last in the face of economic shocks. But we know surprisingly little about the empirical relationships between growth episodes and different types of employment, and even less about what policies and programmes might enhance positive linkages between the two. This is an urgent policy question, since economic growth has a very mixed record in job creation. This Background Note, based on a review of the literature, summarises the current state of thinking in this area, and highlights five trends that are likely to shape effective policy on growth and employment in the next few years.


National security is one of the biggest challenges of the world today because of the number of terrorist incidents occurring across the world. It has been seen that suspicious individuals work in very organized groups. They hide themselves between common public and communicate through different media. The whole network is often organized in such a way that all members may not be directly interacting; rather they may be interacting through different mediators and may be using different media for interaction. This type of group is difficult to identify completely because of the presence of mediators and also different media of communication. In order to mitigate the potential risk of terrorist activities, such organized groups are required to be destabilized which is a big challenge for national security organizations. In this paper we propose a new model for detecting such networks. Detection is done by integrating databases having records of associations of suspicious individuals from different domains. 


The significant increase of internet traffic is to a large extent caused by more high-data-rate applications like file-sharing etc. Although network operators constantly increase router and line capacities, overload occurs from time to time, causing delays, jitter and packet-losses at the data packet level. At the service level this may significantly reduce the quality of certain applications. Among those are interactive services like VoIP, some business applications, online gaming etc. and other on-time-services like internet-television. This will result in systematic inefficiencies which can mainly be attributed to two reasons. The first one is the widespread use of internet-flatrates and the second one is a much too strict interpretation of the network neutrality principle. The latter describes the fact that every single data packet will be handled strictly equal at every router, no matter what application it belongs to and what the technical and economic consequences of delayed or dropped packets will be. A congestion model shows that flatrates which users' marginal outlays cause to be zero are inefficient as soon as positive marginal overload externalities exist. It comes up with a general pricing solution which will be questioned later on. In this framework, optimal internet capacity is identified and the networks' overprovisioning policy is found to be inefficient. The key issue for internet congestion problem is the fact that, although services are homogenous at the data packet level, they are very heterogenous at the service level. They are very different with respect to data rate, quality-sensitivity, and economic value. Under strict network neutrality rule it can be demonstrated that certain valuable, quality-sensitive services will be significantly harmed (and potentially be crowded out altogether) by non-qualitysensitive, high-data-rate services which may have low economic value. Giving priority to certain services in overload situations looks like the adequate solution to the problem. However, this always bears the risk of discriminating some service providers and applications and will be heavily debated. A more appropriate solution is provided by priority pricing, whereby users express their willingness to pay for priority treatment in case of an overload. Customers have an ex ante choice between different qualities of service. The choice of a service provider to pay for high priority (high quality of service) will depend mainly on two factors, the quality-sensitivity and the end-users' willingness to pay for such services. Only providers of quality-sensitive services will have any reason whatsoever to pay for traffic prioritization. Providers of non-quality-sensitive services (file sharing, e-mailing, webbrowsing) will be adequately served by best effort traffic and will thus obtain it cheaply. Priority pricing (quality of service) results in an economically efficient use of scarce router capacity according to the economic congestion effects of the specific service. It avoids the crowding-out problem. It allows to generate more economic value out of a given internet capacity.


This book presents a dynamic new approach to the physics of enzymes and DNA from the perspective of materials science. Unified around the concept of molecular deformability—how proteins and DNA stretch, fold, and change shape—the book describes the complex molecules of life from the innovative perspective of materials properties and dynamics, in contrast to structural or purely chemical approaches. It covers a wealth of topics, including nonlinear deformability of enzymes and DNA; the chemo-dynamic cycle of enzymes; supra-molecular constructions with internal stress; nano-rheology and viscoelasticity; and chemical kinetics, Brownian motion, and barrier crossing. Essential reading for researchers in materials science, engineering, and nanotechnology, the book also describes the landmark experiments that have established the materials properties and energy landscape of large biological molecules. The book gives graduate students a working knowledge of model building in statistical mechanics, making it an essential resource for tomorrow's experimentalists in this cutting-edge field. In addition, mathematical methods are introduced in the bio-molecular context. The result is a generalized approach to mathematical problem solving that enables students to apply their findings more broadly.


Diabetes mellitus and thyroid gland abnormalities are interlinked and coexist with influencing each other. Current study was planned and conducted to evaluate thyroid status in patients with type-2 diabetics. The main aim of the study was to understand the relationship between diabetes mellitus and thyroid abnormalities. Total 100 known diabetic patients were studied, out of them 37 were males with the mean age 59.81 ± 12.8 years, and 63 females with average age of 55.31 ±11.10 years. 50 non-diabetic healthy subjects included 13 males and 37 female of mean age 48.86 ± 12.9 and 48.86 ± 17.94 years respectively selected as a control. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid profile (TSH, FT3, and FT4) and diabetic profile (RBS and HbA1c) by using Cobas C-311 and Cobas E411 fully automated immunoassay analyzer. The observations were recorded. The result showed that, out of 100 diabetic subjects 41.03% male and 58.97% female were faced with euthyroid and the remaining 22% had thyroid dysfunctions. Hypothyroidism was more common in females (78.97%) as compared to men (21.05%). The mean values for TSH, FT3 and FT4 at (p> 0.05%) probability level shows statistically no significant difference. The relationship between diabetes and thyroid abnormalities was significantly difference, interdependency of these two conditions and evaluation of thyroid hormones status with the diabetic profile in the early days of diabetes is recommended. This will induce the management strategies of diabetes and can delay and avoid the progression of the secondary complications in diabetic patients with uncontrolled diabetes.


AbstractRecent years have seen a vast change in measurement technology. Data that were once extremely difficult and possibly dangerous to collect can now be collected and processed using only a digital camera and off-the-shelf software. Currently, digital close-range photogrammetry has made it possible to efficiently model a variety of structures in a budget-friendly manner. In this paper, a range of different types of structures were modeled. The viability of using this type of measurement is studied for different structure types, and the feasibility of using this method in conjunction with or as a replacement of other means is discussed.


Bankruptcy can happen to any person or organization. It can happen to small businesses, corporations, and multinational conglomerates; even sovereign states are not immune from financial default. Contemporary business bankruptcies are arenas for creditors and debtors to handle their negotiations in a systematic manner under national laws in national courts. Yet when a sovereign state defaults on its debts, there is no equivalent forum to adjudicate the disputes between creditors and the state. The increasing numbers of creditors of debtor-countries make creditor refusals to consent to debt restructuring, also known as creditor-holdouts, increasingly likely. In academic circles there have been several proposed remedies to the creditor-holdout problem; these include a judicially-imposed limit on remedies1 and the staying of collective actions against a sovereign,2 proposals that are designed to force creditors into good faith negotiations. The most prominent, far-reaching, and controversial proposal is an international bankruptcy court ("IBC") that has the power to supervise and enforce negotiations between a nation and its creditors. The idea of an IBC is not new; the idea of universalism, or "one law, one court," has enticed academics for years.3 However, until the recent International Monetary Fund ("IMF") proposal to create an IBC, there had been no effort to turn the abstract into reality. Though the IMF action is welcomed, it is imperfect.4 Some flaws are minor, while others are inherent to the IMF itself and are incurable regardless of the specific plan. A fundamental flaw in the proposal is the IMF Creditor Problem: the IMF cannot be an objective and unbiased arbiter in cases where it has a substantial financial interest as a creditor. This Development uses US law as a guide to analyze the problems of having the IMF as both a creditor and international arbiter of sovereign bankruptcies. Part I provides a brief background of sovereign bankruptcies, global capital markets, and the IMF. Part II illustrates the effectiveness of the US system, and how the application of the US Code could efficiently handle some problems inherent in an IMF-based bankruptcy proceeding. Part III deals with the IMF Creditor Problem. The Development does not argue normatively whether an IBC in the abstract should exist. And though it specifically analyzes the unique problem of an IMF-run court, the initial conclusions of Part II apply equally to any IBC effort. I. GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS, SOVEREIGN BANKRUPTCIES, AND THE IMF Foreign states' borrowing trends have evolved over the last sixty years. At the beginning of that period, countries would borrow primarily from the IMF.5 Even though the IMF had access to billions of dollars, two conditions pushed borrowing countries away from the IMF. First, the pool of money did not keep pace with inflation in the 1960s.6 Second, the IMF tied the loans to numerous economic conditions that -were designed to improve the economic situation, but were often difficult to meet. The difficult conditions imposed by the IMF led borrowing countries to search for alternative sources of funding. These countries found that the more flexible commercial banks-at the time flush with money from OPEC deposits in the 1970s-were better able to fuel their financial appetite.7 Unfortunately, in many countries economic conditions only worsened; as a consequence, such countries were forced to take out more loans simply to pay off the interest on old loans. These new loans were called "bridge loans."8 However, this method of payment could not be sustained, and the perceived solution was use of the so-called "Brady Bills": US-backed Treasury bonds sold to the public.9 Because Brady Bills made securitized sovereign debt available as Treasury bonds, they opened up the sovereign financing to a larger pool of investors. Throughout each phase of the global lending transformation, from the IMF to banks to US investors, both the volume and diversity of investors have increased. …


Members of the order Mesostigmata frequently use other animals to colonize suitable habitats, and thus their phoretic exploitation of bark beetles is not exceptional. We compared the abundance and species spectrum of phoretic mites in univoltine and bivoltine populations of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Two localities with high population densities of Ips typographus in the eastern part of the Czech Republic (400 and 1100 m a.s.l.) were studied. Beetles were sampled with pheromone traps baited with IT Ecolure (5 per locality). In total, 1268 I. typographus individuals were captured, from which 1662 mite individuals were collected and 8 species of phoretic mites were identified. The most numerous species were Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus and Trichouropoda polytricha. Trichouropoda polytricha was dominant at the higher elevation (1100 m a.s.l.). Neither the number of phoretic mites per beetle nor the percentage of beetles carrying the mites differed between the localities. At the locality with bivoltine beetle populations, however, the number of phoretic mites per beetle was greater in the spring generation than in the summer generation.


There is a large repeated games literature illustrating how future interactions provide incentives for cooperation. Much of this literature assumes public monitoring: players always observe precisely the same thing. Even slight deviations from public monitoring to private monitoring that incorporate differences in players' observations dramatically complicate coordination. Equilibria with private monitoring often seem unrealistically complex. We set out a model in which players accomplish cooperation in an intuitively plausible fashion. Players process information via a mental system — a set of psychological states and a transition function between states depending on observations. Players restrict attention to a relatively small set of simple strategies, and consequently, might learn which perform well.


The objective of this study was to determine the effect of anthelmintic treatment at calving in herds that were totally or semiconfined during the summer. In totally confined herds, lactating and dry cows were housed throughout the summer and had no access to pasture. In semiconfined herds, lactating and dry cows had limited outdoor exposure to a small pasture or paddock but were still fed a ration that met all their nutritional requirements. The study was carried out between February 2002 and February 2003 in 65 herds enrolled with DHI and distributed in 4 regions in Canada and 1 state in the United States. Cows were randomly allocated to receive eprinomectin or a placebo, with treatment being administered on or close to day of calving. In May and June 2002, 8 fecal samples were collected from each farm and fecal egg counts (FEC) were determined. Monthly bulk tank milk samples from each farm were tested with an indirect ELISA using a crude Ostertagia ostertagi antigen. Monthly test-day milk production data were recorded for 200 d after calving. In general, FEC were very low (mean = 1 egg per gram, range = 0 to 27). Mean herd bulk milk ELISA optical density ratio (ODR) values for the whole year ranged between 0.22 and 0.80. The ODR values were dichotomized into high and low using a threshold of 0.5. Treatment effects were analyzed using a linear mixed model with herd and cow as random effects. The analysis was restricted to 4789 cows (23,956 test-day records) treated between 21 d before and 7 d after calving. Overall, there was no significant effect of treatment. However, there was a tendency for an interaction between treatment and ODR, as illustrated by a larger numerical difference in treated vs. untreated cows in high-ODR herds than in low-ODR herds. However, the confidence intervals for the treatment effects (kg/d of milk per cow) in high-ODR herds (-0.33 to 1.10) and in low-ODR herds (-0.53 to 0.14) were wide and included zero. Therefore, this study failed to show a beneficial effect of eprinomectin treatment in these totally or semiconfined herds.


Major works on warfare in noncentralized societies have suggested that warfare is spurred by imbalances of power. Intergroup aggression is seen as predatory and aimed at dominance and acquisition (Chagnon 1988; Manson and Wrangham 1991; Meggitt 1977), that is, total warfare conducted with limited means (Keeley 1996). Here it is argued that the imbalance of power hypothesis overlooks the importance of intergroup ties for human production, reproduction, and exchange. An alternate "balance of power" hypothesis is presented: that warfare in simple societies is largely about retaliation to establish a balance of power with allies and enemies so that intergroup social and economic exchange can flow. Data from the Enga of Papua New Guinea are used to examine both hypotheses, concentrating on the motives behind warfare, male coalitionary dynamics, and the outcomes of warfare among the Enga during a 300-year period of rapid change from the introduction of the sweet potato until the adoption of modern high-powered weapons.


The article determines current realia and potential possibilities and perspectives of Russian economy's incorporation into the European one in the contexts of centripetal tendencies in the EU. As a result of the research, the authors have come to the conclusion on the growth of centripetal processes in the EU and stabilization of integration processes against this background as of now. The authors have made substantiated conclusion on the possibility for active incorporation of Russian economy into the European in view of personalized trade cooperation with specific members of the EU, not with the association as a whole.


I use both the depth of the buyers' market and trading volume to measure asset liquidity in the contract drilling industry and find that drilling rigs were less liquid than oil wells. The results indicate that managers avoid selling illiquid assets unless they face high cost alternative sources of funds. The evidence also suggests that managers follow a "pecking order" of asset sales, selling liquid assets before illiquid assets. Finally, I find evidence that the liquidity of a firm's asset portfolio increases its debt capacity. I conclude that asset liquidity is an important consideration in investment and capital structure decisions.


Purpose: The warning label tested in this study is a textual visual warning label that is concerned with warning of health risks, the source of warning messages, the layout of warning labels, and the use of children's idol images on warning labels. The main targets of marketing unhealthy products are children and adolescents. Accordingly, this study targets the kids and tweens age groups. Design/Methodology/Approach: One tool that is believed to change the consumption behavior of products that are at risk for health is to use warning labels on product packaging. The method used in this study is a lab experiment, involving participants from two age groups, namely kids and tweens. As a persuasive measure, both visual and textual warning labels are believed to be able to change people's consumption behavior. Findings: The negative effects that arise from business marketing activities cause social marketing to be one of the academic urgencies in the realm of marketing science. In the past decade, the international community has been very concerned about advertising unhealthy products for children and adolescents. The results of the study found that the difference in location of the warning label placement, and the use of idol images significantly affected the effectiveness of the warning label. Practical Implications: The results of this study are useful for the development of social marketing science, especially the study of warning labels, namely recommending alternative warning labels that can be used in addition to health risks, namely warning labels with social consequences. Originality/Value: For policy makers and observers of social marketing, this research provides a set of innovations that can be used to support the success of junk food product demarketing strategies.


Judge Breyer famously worried that aggressive prohibitions of predatory pricing throw away a bird in hand (low prices during the alleged predatory period) for a speculative bird in the bush (preventing higher prices thereafter). Here, I argue that there is no bird in hand because entry cannot be presumed. Moreover, it is plausibly commonplace that low prices or the threat of low prices produce anticompetitive results by reducing entry, inducing exit, and keeping prices high. I analyze three potential standards for identifying predatory pricing. Two are traditional but have been tangled together and must be distinguished. First, a pricecost test based on sacrifice theory requires that either price or cost be measured by what I describe as "inclusive" measures. A price-cost test to prevent the exclusion of equally efficient competitors, by contrast, requires that price and cost be measured by more traditional "exclusive" measures. Finally, I propose a consumer betterment standard for monopolization and consider its application to predatory pricing. I


Mortality trends discussed widely in most countries were on infants and age under five. This paper presented trend of mortality rates in six important age groups (infants, under 5, adolescents, adults, middle age and elderly), using national deaths records for a 16-year period (1995 – 2010). We found decreasing trend in all age groups except for infants and age under 5. Although the mortality rates for both groups are slowly increasing, the rates are satisfactory and better compared to that in most developing countries. Mortality rate among male is high in all age groups. The highest difference is among the adult groups, in which, the average ratio in 16 years between male and female is 2.75, followed by adolescent group, 2.12 and middle age group, 1.65. This trend can become a reference for comparing that from other developed and developing countries. It can also become an indicator for a country's health status and population growth. Due to the decreasing trend of mortality rates, the government needs to plan for health program to support more elderly people in the coming years.


Carotenoids and polyphenols are the natural pigments which are distributed to the pigmented rice bran. These pigments can prevent chronic disorders related to oxidative stress and antioxidant properties. This article focuses on carotenoids and polyphenols as ones among the natural pigments. Carotenoids and polyphenols exert an antioxidant property and anti-inflammatory agents; enhance immune responses and prevent Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In combination with protein and dietary fiber, the bioavailability of carotenoids decreases in gastrointestinal tract. The inefficient absorption of anthocyanins in the small intestine resulted from unstability of the physiochemical pH and the degradation of anthocyanins in the small intestine. These have led to low bioavailability of anthocyanins.


AIMS
Magnetic resonance (MR) conditional pacemakers are increasingly implanted into patients who may need cardiovascular MR (CMR) subsequent to device implantation. We assessed the added value of CMR for diagnosis and management in this population.

METHODS AND RESULTS
CMR and pacing data from consecutive patients with MR conditional pacemakers were retrospectively reviewed. Images were acquired at 1.5 T (Siemens Magnetom Avanto). The indication for CMR and any resulting change in management was recorded. The quality of CMR was rated by an observer blinded to clinical details, and data on pacemaker and lead parameters were collected pre- and post-CMR. Seventy-two CMR scans on 69 patients performed between 2011 and 2015 were assessed. All scans were completed successfully with no significant change in lead thresholds or pacing parameters. Steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine imaging resulted in a greater frequency of non-diagnostic imaging (22 vs. 1%, P < 0.01) compared with gradient echo sequences (GRE). Right-sided pacemakers were associated with less artefact than left-sided pacemakers. Late gadolinium enhancement imaging was performed in 59 scans with only 2% of segments rated of non-diagnostic quality. The CMR data resulted in a new diagnosis in 27 (38%) of examinations; clinical management was changed in a further 18 (25%).

CONCLUSIONS
CMR in patients with MR conditional pacemakers provided diagnostic or management-changing information in the majority (63%) of our cohort. The use of gradient echo cine sequences can reduce rates of non-diagnostic imaging. Right-sided device implantation may be considered in patients likely to require CMR examination.


Renewed efforts to bring science and technology to the center of economic revival in developing nations recognize the centrality of the university in the creation and promotion of science and innovation. Many developed nations, following the paradigmatic U.S. technology transfer system, transfer their academic innovations to industry—through licensing intellectual property—for eventual commercialization. While conventional wisdom places the Carter era Bayh-Dole legislation at the center of that successful American system, this Article argues that the U.S. biotechnology and high tech booms are more likely attributable to the confluence of unique and propitious conditions, and that Bayh-Dole played a marginal role in the commercialization of American academic ingenuity and the resulting socioeconomic prosperity. Instead, this Article suggests that BayhDole's legacy is chiefly the ubiquitous university technology transfer office, at best a drain on limited university resources, but potentially a major impediment in the innovation and commercialization process. After reviewing Bayh-Dole and similar efforts in other nations, the author advocates an alternative system for those developing (and even developed) nations seeking to grow their economies through the commercialization of academic inventions. In contrast to the inefficient local technology transfer office, this Article suggests a centralized and independent office that would have the infrastructure, informatics and incentives necessary to take advantage of economies of scale in the patenting, licensing and marketing of academic research. With recent studies now suggesting that patents woefully under-incentivize academic researchers, this system would provide a more relevant incentive to promote the commercialization of academic research. This streamlined and efficient process would allow researchers to trade their intellectual property rights, forgoing unlikely future royalty streams, for a more enticing and less risky research grant with a value tied to the expected value of the patented innovation. The innovation, once acquired and patented by the central technology office, would then be offered to industry via a flat rate nonexclusive license, relieving the current debilitating and inhibitory transaction costs, and diffusing the technology efficiently, rapidly and broadly throughout society.


Much of the existing research on academic integrity surveys students. This study compares survey responses of students, teachers, and school administrators from schools in 76 countries worldwide. The surveys addressed their knowledge, understanding, and attitudes toward academic honesty, how it is taught at their school, as well as school experiences. Results indicate that students mostly learn about academic integrity in the classroom. Most schools have a process to ensure students know about academic honesty, but half of schools indicate there is no similar process for teachers. State schools rely significantly more on student and teacher initiative to refresh or check their knowledge, such as accessing handbooks, and less on offering targeted student or teacher academic integrity training, than private schools.


ICT has triggered many changes in the logistics service industry. New technology is reshaping the organisation and structure of this industry as ICT impacts significantly on the operations of 3PLs. Within this process, while large 3PLs are gaining substantial benefits from technology usage, the nature of changes resulting from ICT usage in small 3PLs remains unclear. This is critical particularly for those markets populated by a high number of small 3PLs such as the Italian logistics industry. From the research point of view, there is still a gap in the literature where the role of technological capability in small 3PLs are seriously underestimated. This gives rise to the need to develop investigation in this area. This paper presents the preliminary results of a case study analysis on ICT usage in a sample of 7 small Italian 3PLs. The results highlight some of the barriers to effective ICT implementation, as well as some of the critical success factors.


The purpose of this research was to compare employee participation practices in a Swedish and a British bank. There has been considerable interest in human resource management over the past decade, of which employee participation forms an important part, but there have been very few studies which attempt a qualitative comparison of international aspects of this subject. By using a wider study, the Price Waterhouse Cranfield Project on . International Human Resource Management, a European context is provided for the case study material, which examines in depth the forms and outcomes of employee participation in a Swedish and British setting. A triangulation methodology was employed using two questionnaires given to employees of each organisation, a series of in-depth interviews, a reading of company documentation and personal visits. This enabled the use of a multiple of approaches with the questionnaires providing a framework for the in-depth interviews. Four hypotheses were posed which offered tentative explanations for the similarities and differences in employee participation practices in Sweden and Britain. The findings were then analysed using Poole's Framework of Participation which proposes a number of contingent factors which influence the outcomes of employee participation. The thesis showed that Swedes allow greater participation in the workplace than the British, explanations of which are rooted in the cultural and ideological differences of the two societies. Secondly, it was shown that the drive for profit or financial stability will override participation mechanisms if it is felt necessary for survival. Thirdly, HRM techniques of employee participation are used mainly at a micro (workplace) level in the organisation as they can safely be distanced from any strategic decision making. Thus the strength of employee participation is very much anchored to the latent power of employees which is influenced by convergent forces such as economic, technological and political factors, and divergent forces such as cultural and ideological factors.


Autoimmune diseases (AiDs) are characterized by the destruction of host tissues by the host immune system. The etiology of AiDs is complex, with the implication of multiple genetic defects and various environmental factors (pathogens, antibiotic use, pollutants, stress, and diet). The interaction between these two compartments results in the rupture of tolerance against self-antigens and the unwanted activation of the immune system. Thanks to animal models, the immunopathology of many AiDs is well described, with the implication of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This progress toward the understanding of AiDs led to several therapies tested in patients. However, the results from these clinical trials have not been satisfactory, from reversing the course of AiDs to preventing them. The need for a cure has prompted many investigators to explore alternative aspects in the immunopathology of these diseases. Among these new aspects, the role of antimicrobial host defense peptides (AMPs) is growing. Indeed, beyond their antimicrobial activity, AMPs are potent immunomodulatory molecules and consequently are implicated in the development of numerous AiDs. Importantly, according to the disease considered, AMPs appear to play a dual role in autoimmunity with either anti- or pro-inflammatory abilities. Here, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the role of AMPs in the development of AiDs and attempt to provide some hypotheses explaining their dual role. Definitely, a complete understanding of this aspect is mandatory before the design of AMP-based therapies against AiDs.


It has been noted that obsessional patients appear to be equally sensitive to ideas regarding the possibility that they may cause harm by both their actions and by their failure to act (i.e., omission). This observation is discrepant with findings in non-clinical populations. The cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder suggests that it is the very occurrence of intrusive thoughts about potential harm that mediates this effect. In this study, 22 obsessional patients and 30 non-clinical participants were provided with details of ambiguous situations and either a negative or neutral intrusive thought pertaining to this situation. Behavioural and emotional responses to these situations were rated using self-reported measures. It was found that situations including an intrusive thought about harm were associated with higher intensity behavioural and emotional responses compared with the same situation when the intrusion was neutral. Obsessional participants scored higher overall; only on the rating of perceived responsibility was there an interaction between group and item type. These results are consistent with the idea that the occurrence of an intrusion about harm modifies both obsessional and non-clinical participants' reactions in ways that suggest obsessionality, and support cognitive theories that emphasize that obsessional experiences arise from normal processes.


We have studied the interaction of beta-17, a potent synthetic antimicrobial beta-peptide, with phospholipids. We find that unlike other antimicrobial peptides such as magainin II, beta-17 facilitates the formation of nonbilayer phases, indicating that the peptide promotes negative curvature. Studies of liposomal leakage also indicate a different mode of membrane interaction relative to magainin II, but both leakage and membrane binding show that beta-17, like magainin II, has strong affinity for membranes containing anionic lipids. This is likely to be an important factor contributing to the antimicrobial specificity of the beta-peptide.


OBJECTIVES
To determine whether health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among individuals with cancer is undermined by smoking cessation treatment involving varenicline.

SAMPLE & SETTING
Participants (N = 103) were daily smokers with cancer (up to five years postdiagnosis) who completed a placebo-controlled trial of standard versus extended duration varenicline.

METHODS & VARIABLES
For this secondary study, participants were selected based on having completed the SF-12® at weeks 0, 1, 12, and 24. Using separate repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, change in SF-12 scores was evaluated by time and by cancer treatment, varenicline duration, and quit status at week 24.

RESULTS
There was no change in any of the three HRQOL scores by time or by cancer treatment status, varenicline duration, or quit status. Average emotional HRQOL score across time was significantly higher for quitters versus smokers.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Varenicline, including long-term treatment, does not appear to adversely affect HRQOL, which is highly relevant to oncology nurses who are well positioned to assist with the pharmacologic treatment of tobacco dependence.


Sandy Johnson's keynote lecture is, in common with all of her work, subtly appreciative of the complexities of the interactions between the law's regulatory ambitions and the clinical practice in medicine—and especially the ways in which unexpected and unwanted results can follow from the application of seemingly unobjectionable and even noble ideals. She urges us, in particular, to give respectful attention to the complaints of physicians in the trenches of medical practice, even when they seem self-protective, exaggerated, or even without any obvious merit on their face. In my brief reflection on her lecture, I want to begin with a personal experience at the early moments of my involvement in issues of law and medicine when I had not yet learned the lesson that Sandy teaches us. In the early 1970s, I was just starting in the academy (with my newly minted law degree and a few years in government practice) and was invited to participate in a panel discussion before a group of doctors. New judicial decisions had recently emerged that appeared to intensify physicians' responsibility to obtain truly informed consent from patients, and many physicians saw these decisions as a harbinger of things to come—the early steps of the law's intrusion into their previously sacrosanct domain. My goal, as I saw it, in this panel discussion was to calm the physicians' concerns and, in particular, to lead them to see what I had distilled from my (very recently concluded) legal education—that is, to view legal interventions as a normal part of everyday life, not as a fearful and erratic behemoth, a raging bull in a very vulnerable china shop. To accomplish this calming purpose, I offered the physicians a homely analogy. I asked for a show of hands about how many in the audience planned to drive home that evening in their own automobile. Most, of course, raised their hands. I then asked them to think about how certain they were, as they


This paper critiques 'needs assessment' as a basis for allocating public funding of health and disability services and discusses an alternative economics-based approach. In essence, the former approach ignores the effects on health outcomes of health care spending at the margin while the latter focuses explicitly on these considerations. A simple diagrammatic model is introduced that illustrates at a conceptual level the (micro) economic constraints and choices available to policy-makers. Finally, some practical steps and unresolved issues in implementing the economics approach are considered.


I draw attention to the entrepreneurial ideology that underlies both venture labor and several manifestations of digital labor, defined as deskilled and underpaid/unpaid work performed for online platforms. If contemporary workers seem more willing to accept the burden of entrepreneurial risk or the hardships of underpaid undertakings, this is because they reinterpret value-producing tasks as aligned with their private goals. At the same time, both venture labor and "implicit" work on digital platforms raise issues of distributive justice connected to value capture and centralization, thus increasing the potential for social antagonism and conflict.


Purpose: The main objective of this article is to assess the intensity of odour nuisance in urban areas, as resulting from the current solid waste disposal management policy. Design/Methodology/Approach: During the study severaal parameters were evaluated: in-situ odour concentration using the NasalRanger method (expressed in ouE/m3), hedonic odour sensory quality and description of odours using predefined descriptors (the list of descriptors included 109 items). For the purpose of evaluation of the hedonic sensory quality, a five-point scale was used in accordance with VDI 3883 recommendation: 1- pleasant, 2-neutral, 3-unpleasant, 4-very unpleasant, and 5-extremely unpleasant. Findings: The analysis of the results has confirmed a considerable impact of the average air temperature on the occurrence of odour nuisance. Practical Implications: A solution that may translate into the reduction of odour nuisances in urban areas is a closed-loop economy, which has become an important issue for the future and competitiveness of enterprises. Reuse and recycling of materials are two of the main characteristics of a closed-loop economy. Originality/Value: On the basis of the conducted sensory tests it is plausible to state that the smell nuisance depends on numerous factors.


We describe the remote facilities operated by the Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy (SARA) , a consortium of colleges and universities in the US partnered with Lowell Observatory, the Chilean National Telescope Allocation Committee, and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. SARA observatories comprise a 0.96 m telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona; one of 0.6 m aperture on Cerro Tololo, Chile; and the 1 m Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope at the Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain. All are operated using standard VNC or Radmin protocols communicating with on-site PCs. Remote operation offers considerable flexibility in scheduling, allowing long-term observational cadences difficult to achieve with classical observing at remote facilities, as well as obvious travel savings. Multiple observers at different locations can share a telescope for training, educational use, or collaborative research programs. Each telescope has a CCD system for optical imaging, using thermoelectric cooling to avoid the need for frequent local service, and a second CCD for offset guiding. The Arizona and Chile telescopes also have fiber-fed echelle spectrographs. Switching between imaging and spectroscopy is very rapid, so a night can easily accommodate mixed observing modes. We present some sample observational programs. For the benefit of other groups organizing similar consortia, we describe the operating structure and principles of SARA, as well as some lessons learned from almost 20 years of remote operations.


Hypervideo is a form of interactive video that allows users to follow links to other video. A simple form of hypervideo, called "detail-on-demand video," provides at most one link from one segment of video to another, supporting a single-button interaction. Detail-on-demand video is well suited for interactive video summaries, because the user can request a more detailed summary while watching the video. Users interact with the video is through a special hypervideo player that displays keyframes with labels indicating when a link is available. While detail-on-demand summaries can be manually authored, it is a time-consuming task. To address this issue, we developed an algorithm to automatically generate multi-level hypervideo summaries. The highest level of the summary consists of the most important clip from each take or scene in the video. At each subsequent level, more clips from each take or scene are added in order of their importance. We give one example in which a hypervideo summary is created for a linear training video. We also show how the algorithm can be modified to produce a hypervideo summary for home video.


Disease is an inalienable and universal part of human existence. Try though we may to ignore, deny, prevent, treat or cure it, it is always present in our lives, whether actively or hidden just around the metaphorical corner. Sharing as we do the same biology, our bodies are afflicted by disease in much the same ways irrespective of where we live; how advanced our society is; whether we are rich or poor; what languages we speak; or which gods we do or do not worship.

What does differ, though, is how we make sense of what disease does to us. How we understand disease, explain it to others and to ourselves, and respond to it are all directly affected by our own personal experiences and those of other community members, present and past, including those we only know of through the shared memories and history which serve as a basis for a common culture.

While two patients with ischemic heart disease may both feel left-sided chest pain and be limited in their exercise tolerance in much the same way, their interpretation of what is happening to them can vary considerably. One patient may understand her symptoms to be the result of blocked coronary arteries, while the other may believe them to be caused by stagnant liver Qi. This is also seen with certain psychiatric disorders. Although two people with paranoid schizophrenia may have very different ideas about who or what is persecuting them, the fundamental nature of their disorder makes their experiences much more similar to each other's than to those of someone suffering from a different disorder such as major depression, for example.

Shelly Adler, professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at UCSF, set out to explore the phenomenon of the classic nightmare across cultures and history, how it straddles the mind-body divide, and its possible connection with sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome. Although the word "nightmare" has evolved over time to refer to any type of disturbing dream, it was originally used to describe a very specific experience, in which a person is not only unable to move despite being totally awake, but also feels as though he is being smothered, sometimes by a ghostly apparition pressing down on his chest, until the ability to move is recovered and the apparition disappears. Recognizing that, while richly described, the classic nightmare as an entity remains largely unrecognized by both the lay and medical communities in this country, she distinguishes it from the much more pedestrian bad dream by referring to it throughout the book in its hyphenated form, night-mare.

She begins this short but fascinating and engaging book by exploring the etymological root of the "mare" in night-mare, finding that it is common to the "German mahr and Old Norse mara, a supernatural being—usually female—who lay on people's chests at night, suffocating them." And indeed, as she details the night-mare's presence across time and place, the reader learns that "Old Hag attacks" in Newfoundland, kanashibari in Japan, boratat in Morocco, karabasan in Turkey, and many others all share the same characteristics of paralysis, suffocation, and a menacing presence felt close by.

Sleep physicians recognize sleep paralysis as being one of the components of narcolepsy, as well as a stand alone occurrence in a relatively large percentage of the population. Often a benign phenomenon, it can also be excruciatingly terrifying when part of a night-mare, especially when associated with another one of the hallmarks of narcolepsy: the hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucination. Both result from the intrusion of REM into wake, and both can occur in the absence of narcolepsy, combining to create a night-mare.

Many of those who have night-mares go through life believing that they suffer from some sort of mental illness, and Adler describes the relief many have felt upon learning of others with similar experiences. Indeed, this reader can attest to being approached by another passenger while reading this book on the trolley who proceeded to unburden himself of his own struggle with night-mares and how they had affected him over the years.

Drawing upon multiple sources, including art, literature, work by other researchers and her own field work, Adler adroitly weaves a cogent narrative which provides insight into this pervasive yet under recognized affliction. She also reminds us, by demonstrating how much more there is to understanding and treating patients than just pills and potions, of how important it is for physicians to broaden their horizons beyond the physical sciences and to include the humanities as well if they wish to provide truly good care to their patients. As she writes in the introduction: "the night-mare, poised as it is between the supernatural and the natural worlds, and between the meaningful and the biological, is perfectly positioned to teach us about the seamless connection between our minds and our bodies."


This article reaches into the depths of a collaborative a/r/tographic ritual inquiry between two women artist-educatorspriestesses. Within this we reflect on the intersections of research, art, spirituality, and education as thresholds of collaborative learning. Throughout the ritual-infused research process, we generated source material and imagery from trance, Authentic Movement, the labyrinth, reflective writing and co-interviews. Each of these process practices took us outside of ourselves, and attuned us to Spirit, offering a larger perspective on the inquiry while simultaneously bringing us closer to actualizing the performance ritual. In co-creating what became a performative ritual narrative of the loss and restoration of the Divine feminine in Western culture, we reclaimed a lost part of our Spiritual lineage as women through the performance ritual Re/Turning to Her, a teaching parable performed for the larger community.


In this work, we study unsupervised classification algorithms for hyperspectral images based on band-by-band scalar histograms and vector-valued generalized histograms, obtained by vector quantization. The corresponding histograms are compared by dissimilarity metrics such as the chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnorv, and earth mover's distances. The histograms are constructed from homogeneous regions in the images identified by a pre-segmentation algorithm and distance metrics between pixels. We compare the traditional spectral-only segmentation algorithms C-means and ISODATA, versus spectral-spatial segmentation algorithms such as unsupervised ECHO and a novel segmentation algorithm based on scale-space concepts. We also evaluate the use of complex features consisting of the real spectrum and its derivative as the imaginary part. The comparison between the different segmentation algorithms and distance metrics is based on their unsupervised classification accuracy using three real hyperspectral images with known ground truth.


If we want to make people more equal, what should we make them more equal in? For example, should it be resources, such as income, or should it be subjective well-being, such as preference satisfaction? The aim of this article is to critically examine the two main answers to this question within a luck egalitarian moral framework, which is a framework that aims to eliminate inequalities caused by non-responsibility factors, while preserving inequalities due to responsibility factors. I argue that the arguments typically presented in favor of equalizing incomes rather than subjective well-being are weak and that within a luck egalitarian moral framework the claim that resources and not welfare should be considered the appropriate basis for interpersonal comparisons is in need of justification. The question of what society should equalize is applied to the issue of what should be the fair level of unemployment insurance compensation: Should we only compensate the involuntary unemployed for the income loss associated with unemployment, or also for the non-pecuniary costs associated with unemployment? The answer to this question, I argue, depends on where the cut between responsibility factors and non-responsibility factors is drawn.


Shallow seismics are in demand today in tectonically active regions to characterize and classify sites for earthquake response studies. The surface-based seismic methods are the most widely used for this purpose. In developed areas, the passive-source methods, also known as microtremor methods, are popular because of their efficiency and because the available frequency content is appropriate to determine an average shear-wave velocity for the upper 30 m. This information is required by the International Building Code, which is used by many municipalities in the US and elsewhere.


The intent of this study was to determine what understanding and knowledge parents had of developmentally appropriate practice (DAP). The study examined whether the beliefs of parents who enrolled their children in a National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) accredited program had any impact on their expectations for a philosophy and curriculum that is centered around DAP. In addition, the study examined whether parents' understanding of DAP changed when their children transitioned from infant and toddler programs, to preschool. The study group consisted of parents with children in two privately owned NAEYC accredited centers in 1998 (N=131). Results from parent reports indicated a high level of parent knowledge regarding DAP.


In closed spaces, standing waves occur at low frequencies, thus creating annoying acoustic resonances. Such unwanted phenomena are likely to affect the annoyance of noise sources in the low frequency range. Up to date, low-frwquency treatments are mainly based on bulky devices, such as heavy enclosures. To alleviate this problem, electroacoustic absorbers, namely loudspeakers with shunt synthetic electric loads, can be used to damp room modes and then meet noise reduction specifications. Electrodynamic loudspeakers are good candidates for this type of noise control applications. Their mechanical resonance, typically of the order of tens of Hertz, is within the frequency range where acoustic modes to be controlled. The interactions between these dynamic systems are significant, and a consequent amount of the acoustic energy in the room can be passively dissipated through internal losses in the loudspeaker. This paper investigates the design techniques and experimental validation of electroacoustic absorbers with a view to damp the low-frequency acoustic resonances, in the context of the low-frequency noise reduction in inhabitations.


Fluorescence lifetime microscopy imaging (FLIM) is an optic technique that allows a quantitative characterization of the fluorescent components of a sample. However, for an accurate interpretation of FLIM, an initial processing step is required to deconvolve the instrument response of the system from the measured fluorescence decays. In this paper, we present a novel strategy for the deconvolution of FLIM data based on a library of exponentials. Our approach searches for the scaling coefficients of the library by non-negative least squares approximations plus Thikonov/l(2) or l(1) regularization terms. The parameters of the library are given by the lower and upper bounds in the characteristic lifetimes of the exponential functions and the size of the library, where we observe that this last variable is not a limiting factor in the resulting fitting accuracy. We compare our proposal to nonlinear least squares and global non-linear least squares estimations with a multi-exponential model, and also to constrained Laguerre-base expansions, where we visualize an advantage of our proposal based on Thikonov/l(2) regularization in terms of estimation accuracy, computational time, and tuning strategy. Our validation strategy considers synthetic datasets subject to both shot and Gaussian noise and samples with different lifetime maps, and experimental FLIM data of ex-vivo atherosclerotic plaques and human breast cancer cells.


In this paper, we are interested in the numerical approximation of the method for computing guided modes in integrated optics introduced in our earlier paper [Gomez Pedreira and Joly, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 39 (2001), pp. 596--623]. We saw that the main step of the computation of the guided modes consists of computing the eigenvalues of a compact operator ${\rm K}$ depending on the frequency $\omega$ and the wavenumber $\beta$. This second paper is devoted to the discretization of this problem and to the corresponding convergence analysis. In particular, we derive error estimates in the eigenvalue approximation, which will be of exponential accuracy.


This paper presents the development of a simple method to determine the full residual stress depth profile in architectural (i.e. construction sector) glass. The proposed model requires only the knowledge of the surface residual stress of glass, which can be known from the glass manufacturer or can be measured using a Scattered-Light-Polariscope (SCALP), as input. The requirement of through-thickness force equilibrium and the knowledge of parabolic shape of the residual stress depth profile are used to uniquely determine the residual stress depth profile in any given glass panel. Unlike the complex models reported in the literature, the proposed technique does not require modelling the complex multi-physics phenomenon of the generation of residual stress or the use of complex computational models. The residual stress predictions from the proposed model were validated against experimental results. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis in order to justify the accuracy of the proposed model even after the possible errors/inaccuracies in the only input data (i.e. surface stress) of the model was incorporated in the analyses.


To achieve advanced watershed ecological management, policy-makers have struggled to predict ecological impacts for a long time. As a process of ecosystem analysis, ecological risk assessment (ERA) has been widely adopted to analyse the possibility of adverse ecological effects. ERA has developed from considering only a few indicators in an area to multiple sources and receptors in large-scope regions. However, the transfer of risk in large-scope regions caused by internal interaction has not been deeply analysed, especially in regions with complex internal interaction structures. This would lead to extensive management, where watershed-level policies may not be fit for some subregions, thus leading to limited management efficiency. In this study, we integrate an Input-Output (IO) model into the Relative Risk Model (RRM), and propose an IO model based ERA (IO-ERA) methodology, which would reveal the intensity of ecological risk caused by local sources, direct water flows and indirect transfers. An IO-ERA is conducted in Taihu Lake watershed as a case study, in which we could demonstrate that IO-ERA is capable of providing advanced insights of risk analysis in large-scope regions. The outcome of IO-ERA would support watershed administration to transfer from single standard regulation to diverse, dynamic and lean ecological risk management.


An original technique to transform functional representation of the design into a structural representation in form of a data flow graph (DFG) is described. A canonical, word-level data structure, Taylor expansion diagram (TED), is used as a vehicle to effect this transformation. The problem is formulated as that of applying a sequence of decomposition cuts to a TED that transforms it into a DFG optimized for a particular objective. A systematic approach to arrive at such a decomposition is described. Experimental results show that such constructed DFG provides a better starting point for architectural synthesis than those extracted directly from HDL specifications


Background: Aseptic conjunctivitis is a recognized type of neonatal conjunctivitis which is commonly attributed to noninfective etiological agents such as chemicals, among which prophylactics used in the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) are themselves well documented agents of aseptic neonatal conjunctivitis. In Nigeria, routine use of prophylactics in the prevention of ON remains uncommon. However, certain ophthalmic care practices with potentials for aseptic ON abound in the various communities. This study was, therefore, undertaken with a view of evaluating the role of kohl in conjunctivitis among newborns aged 0-28 days. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 123 neonates who presented with features of ON to the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria was conducted. Information regarding the use of kohl and the results of microscopy, culture and sensitivity evaluation of their conjunctival swabs and scrapings were extracted among others. Results: Thirty-one (25.2%) of the reviewed 123 neonates who presented with features of ON had sterile cultures of specimens obtained from their conjunctivae. Fifty-eight (47.2%) had kohl applied, while none received prophylaxis for ON. Kohl application was not significantly associated with culture isolation (P = 0.41). Conclusion: There was the prevalent use of kohl in newborns with ophthalmia. The study did not find enough evidence associating use of kohl in the etiology of ON and, therefore, calls for more extensive studies to investigate the possible relationship to enable informed policy articulation on its use or otherwise in the newborns.


This publication identifies the main areas of research that the Citizen Security and Justice Cluster of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) will undertake in the next four years. The Latin American and Caribbean region is the most violent region in the world. Crime and violence are the population's key concerns. Crime, however, has been a consistently understudied field in the region. While most of the knowledge originates from the United Kingdom and the United States, the issues that arise in Latin America and the Caribbean compels the research community to produce evidence on the cause of the high prevalence of crime in the region and on what models work or do not work to reduce and prevent crime. For more than 15 years, the IDB has been a major partner to the region's countries, providing technical and financial support for crime prevention interventions. The expertise of the IDB and its presence in most Latin American and Caribbean countries are comparative advantages to advocate a comprehensive research agenda.


This thesis explores the interaction of word and image through an intellectual framework which engages with artistic practice. By providing an overviev of interarts debates, it is suggested that notions such as the 'sister arts' have tended historically to
privilege word over image. This privileging which has circumscribed word / image relationships is addressed by the Enlightenment thinker Gotthold Lessuig who differentiates between the arts in terms of medium specificity. In problematising the ways in which interarts debates have posited word/image in a dualistic relationship, this thesis exposes the difficulties in establishing an adequate critical discourse for dealing with the conjunction of words and images.
A broadly poststructuralist critical framework is introduced in order to challenge the ideologies and ingrained assumptions that have dominated imcrarts debates. This study will attempt to put into practice a deconstruction of binary relations, by questioning the stability and the authority of language. It will also address the notion of an 'imperialism of language' in fixing the meaning of the visual image.
Drawing upon the work of Barthes, Derrida and Lyotard, this thesis will attempt to find ways of reconfiguring the dialectical relationship between word/image wherein the two are seen to be engaging in dynarruc interactions. It will be suggested that the overcoming of word/image antagonism since the 1960s has begun to shape interactions of theory and practice in the art world itself where the influence of poststructuralist theory can be seen in artistic practices such as Concepwal art. Key issues that will be addressed include representation and meaning, the notion of textuality, framing, and the 'eruption of language into the aesthetic field'.
The intellectual framework is enhanced through a detailed analysis of selected contemporary artists whose work is based on the creative juxtaposition of word and image. These case studies, which focus on Barbara Kruger, Susan Hiller and artists'
books, integrate word and image, theory and practice, in order to consider issues such as a feminine aesthetic, peinture fiminine, a critique of representation, and the interaction of form and content. The case studies will be examined within the context of postmodern artistic practices.
Overall, this thesis engages with the complexities of developing: a suitable framework for visual analysis, one in which word and image are in a dynamic relationship. This study will suggest that many of the issues directly conceming word and image interaction are played out in the work of contemporary artists, and that it is the challenge of theory to attempt to engage with artistic practice.


Tactical edge environments are highly distributed with a large number of sensing, computational, and communication nodes spread across large geographical regions, governments, and situated in unique operational environments. In such settings, a large number of observations and actions may occur across a large number of nodes but each node may only have a small number of these data locally. Further, there may be technical as well as policy constraints in aggregating all observations to a single node. Learning from all of the data may uncover critical correlations and insights. However, without having access to all the data, this is not possible. Recently proposed federated averaging approaches allow for learning a single model from data spread across multiple nodes and achieve good results on image classification tasks. However, this still assumes a sizable amount of data on each node and a small number of nodes. This paper investigates the properties of federated averaging for neural networks relative to batch sizes and number of nodes. Experimental results on a human activity dataset finds that (1) accuracy indeed drops as the number of nodes increase but only slightly, however (2) accuracy is highly sensitive to the batch size only in the federated averaging case.


Plasmon–molecule interactions are widely believed to involve photo-induced interferences between the localized excitation of individual electrons in molecules and the large collective excitation of conduction electrons in metal particles. The intrinsic multi-scale characteristics of plasmon–molecule interactions not only offer great opportunities for realizing precise top-down control of the optical properties of individual molecules, but also allow for accurate bottom-up manipulation of light polarization and propagation as a result of molecular excitation. However, the temporal and spatial complexity of plasmon–molecule experiments severely limits our interpretation and understanding of interactions that have important applications in dye-sensitized solar cells, single-molecule detectors, photoconductive molecular electronics, all-optical switching and photo-catalytic water splitting. This review aims to outline recent progress in experimental practice and theory for probing and exploiting the subtle coupling between discrete molecular orbitals and continuous metallic bands. For each experimental technique or theoretical model, the fundamental mechanisms and relevant applications are discussed in detail with specific examples. In addition, the experimental validation of theoretical models and the computational design of functional devices are both highlighted. Finally, a brief summary is presented together with an outlook for potential future directions of this emerging interdisciplinary research field.


Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) was one of the first great pioneers of the gay liberation movement. Revered by such gay icons as Christopher Isherwood and Harry Hay, founder of the Mattachine Society, Hirschfeld s legacy resonates throughout the twentieth-century and around the world. Guided by his motto Through Science Toward Justice, Hirschfeld helped found the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in Germany to defend the rights of homosexuals and develop a scientific framework for sexual equality. He was also an early champion of women s rights, campaigning in the early 1900s for the decriminalization of abortion and the right of female teachers and civil servants to marry and have children. By 1933 Hirschfeld s commitment to sexual liberation made him a target for the Nazis, and they ransacked his Institute for Sexual Research and publicly burned his books.This biography, first published to acclaim in Germany, follows Hirschfeld from his birth in the Prussian province of Pomerania to the heights of his career during the Weimar Republic and the rise of German fascism. Ralf Dose illuminates Hirschfeld s ground-breaking role in the gay liberation movement and explains some of his major theoretical concepts, which continue to influence our understanding of human sexuality and social justice today. "


Abstract At the Savannah River Site and throughout the National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA) tritium is measured using Ion or Kanne Chambers. Tritium flowing through an Ion Chamber emits beta particles generating current flow proportional to tritium radioactivity. Currents in the 1x 10-15 A to 1x 10-6 A are measured. The distance between the Ion Chamber and the electrometer in NNSA facilities can be over 100 feet. Currents greater than a few microamperes can be measured with a simple modification. Typical operating voltages of 500 to 1000 Volts and piping designs require that the Ion Chamber be connected to earth ground. This grounding combined with long cable lengths and low currents requires a very specialized preamplifier circuit. In addition, the electrometer must be able to supply "fail safe" alarm signals which are used to alert personnel of a tritium leak, trigger divert systems preventing tritium releases to the environment and monitor stack emissions as required by the United States federal Government and state governments. Ideally the electrometer would be "self monitoring". Self monitoring would reduce the need for constant checks by maintenance personnel. For example at some DOE facilities monthly calibration and alarm checks must be performed to ensure operation. NNSA presently uses commercially available electrometers designed specifically for this critical application. The problems with these commercial units include: ground loops, high background currents, inflexibility and susceptibility to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) which includes RF and Magnetic fields. Existing commercial electrometers lack the flexibility to accommodate different Ion Chamber designs required by the gas pressure, type of gas and range. Ideally the electrometer could be programmed for any expected gas, range and high voltage output. Commercially available units do not have "fail safe" self monitoring capability. Electronics used to measure extremely low current must have sufficient time to thermally equilibrate. Amplifiers, transistors, resistors all need time to stabilize before the electrometer circuit will measure accurately in the 10-15 and 10-14 ampere range. Existing electrometers give the user no indication when the unit has stabilized and is acceptable for low level measurements. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) funded through the NNSA Plant Directed Research and Development (PDRD) program, has developed a truly Universal Tritium Transmitter (UTT) capable of solving many known problems with existing commercial electrometers. This UTT pushes the state-of-the-art in electrometer design and incorporates solutions to deficiencies found in commercial electrometers.


This study evaluated the biological properties of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus with and without several amounts of royal jelly including: total viable count, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activities of angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, and growth of colorectal (SW480) and skin (MV3) cancer cell lines. The bound phenolic extract after acid hydrolysis had better biological properties. The antioxidant activities increased after 4 h of fermentation time in skimmed milk fortified with royal jelly. Contents of aromatic compounds decreased along fermentation time in skimmed milk with royal jelly. The in vitro inhibitory activities against skin and colorectal cancer growth of fermented skimmed milk were not dependent on fermentation time and concentration of royal jelly. Results revealed the accumulation of hydrolytic bioactive peptides with inhibitory activity of ACE at 24 h.

Practical Applications

Inoculated skimmed milk with different ratios of royal jelly has potential application to manage chronic human diseases including hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes), hypertension, and breast and skin cancers.


Efficient algorithms for temporal reasoning are essential in knowledge-based systems. This is central in many areas of Artificial Intelligence including scheduling, planning, plan recognition, and natural language understanding. As such, scalability is a crucial consideration in temporal reasoning. While reasoning in the interval algebra is NPcomplete, reasoning in the less expressive point algebra is tractable. In this paper, we explore an extension to the work of Gerevini and Schubert which is based on the point algebra. In their seminal framework, temporal relations are expressed as a directed acyclic graph partitioned into chains and supported by a metagraphdata structure, where time points or events are represented by vertices, and directed edges are labelled with < or≤. They are interested in fast algorithms for determining the strongest relation between two events. They begin by developing fast algorithms for the case where all points lie on a chain. In this paper, we are interested in a generalization of this, namely we consider the problem of finding the maximum "distance" between two vertices in a chain; this problem arises in real world applications such as in process control and crew scheduling. We describe an O(n) time preprocessing algorithm for the maximum distance problem on chains. It allows queries for the maximum number of < edges between two vertices to be answered in O(1) time. This matches the performance of the algorithm of Gerevini and Schubert for determining the strongest relation holding between two vertices in a chain.


Alert aggregation is an important subtask of intrusion detection. The goal is to identify and to cluster different alerts—produced by low-level intrusion detection systems, firewalls, etc.—belonging to a specific attack instance which has been initiated by an attacker at a certain point in time. Thus, meta-alerts can be generated for the clusters that contain all the relevant information whereas the amount of data (i.e., alerts) can be reduced substantially. Meta-alerts may then be the basis for reporting to security experts or for communication within a distributed intrusion detection system.