Remote sensing technology can be used to collect large scale data on ocean areas and provide precise information on ocean surface dynamics and atmospheric interactions. Many other ocean surface features can be detected by utilizing this technology. In this study, a robust model was developed based on Doppler frequency that utilizes RADARSAT-1 SAR imageries in measuring and extracting ocean surface current patterns such as velocity and direction. The SAR data used in the study were acquired during the period 20-31 March 2005 and supported with altimeter data of GEOSAT-2 and TOPEX/POSEIDON also collected at the same period. The study area is located between the longitudes 102°50'00'' to 103°40'00'' East and latitudes 5°25'00'' to 5°40'00'' North, at the east coast of Kuala Terengganu. The area was divided into four main parts comprising the onshore, fieldwork area, midshore, and offshore area witch is about 98 km. off the coast. The model was applied on the SAR image at three different modes (Wide- 3, High extended- 6 and Standard-2) with the objectives of 1) comparing between the modes and identifying the appropriate mode for coastal current modeling, 2) modeling the spectral intensity of the SAR data in the study area covering the onshore, midshore, offshore and the fieldwork area, 3) examining the impacts of tide and wind speed and direction on surface current movements on the coastal water of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia and 4) investigating the impact of the Doppler frequency shift and incidence angle on the sea surface current detection. The results of the study were validated using TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter data for the same period and in situ data measurements taken with AWAC instrument during the fieldwork. The study did not only find that the incidence angle in SAR had an effect on the surface current patterns but also that, there is a strong relation between the image backscatter and Doppler frequency. It was again discovered that the velocity and direction of the current changed through the period of the study according to the changing of Doppler frequency shift used in the model to extract the sea surface current velocity and direction from the three SAR images. At the onshore area, the velocity of current extracted based on the Wide-3 mode varied between 0.22 m/s to 0.25 m/s with the average of 0.24 m/s, while based on the Standard-2 mode it varied between 0.52 m/s to 0.65 m/s with an average velocity of 0.56 m/s. The analysis of the spectral intensity of the SAR data in different modes showed variation among the four areas. The spectral intensity values were low in the onshore as against the high values recorded in the offshore. Regression analysis was used to establish the coefficient of determination between the velocities extracted from SAR data and the AWAC in situ measurements. The analysis showed a fairly high correlation between them of R² of 0.753 with the highest velocity under 0.27 m/s, R² of 0.726 with the highest velocity under 0.32 m/s and R² of 0.863 with the highest velocity under 0.75 m/s. These results were obtained from the regression between the AWAC data and the RADARSAT-1 SAR in Wide-3, Extended High-6 and Standard-2 modes respectively. It can be said that the investigation between different radar systems should be used as geomantic tool to investigate water current movement.


Using a simplified model of in-orbit radiance acquisition by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A), we derive three-dimensional temperature weighting functions for Channel 9 measurements (peaking at ~60–90 hPa) at all 30 cross-track beam positions and use them to investigate the sensitivity of these radiances to gravity waves. The vertical widths of the weighting functions limit detection to waves with vertical wavelengths of ≳10 km, with slightly better vertical wavelength sensitivity at the outermost scan angles due to the limb effect. Fourier Transforms of two-dimensional cross-track weighting functions reveal optimal sensitivity to cross-track wavelengths at the near-nadir scan angles, where horizontal measurement footprints are smallest. This sensitivity is greater for the AMSU-A on the Aqua satellite than for the identical instruments on the NOAA meteorological satellites, due to a lower orbit altitude and thus smaller horizontal footprints from antenna spreading. Small cross-track asymmetries in the radiance response to gravity waves are found that peak at the mid-range scan angles, with more symmetric responses at near-nadir and far off-nadir scan angles. Three-dimensional simulations show gravity wave oscillations imaged in horizontal AMSU-A radiance maps swept out by the scan pattern and satellite motion. A distorting curvature is added to imaged wave phase lines due to vertical variations in weighting function peaks with cross-track scan angle. This wave distortion is analogous to the well-known "limb darkening" and "limb brightening" of microwave radiances acquired from purely vertical background temperature profiles by cross-track scanners. Waves propagating along track are more visible in these images at the outermost scan angles than those propagating cross track, due to oversampling and narrower widths of the horizontal measurement footprints in the along track direction. Based on nominal noise floors and representative lower stratospheric wave temperature amplitudes, our modeling indicates that Channel 9 AMSU-A radiances can resolve and horizontally image gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths of ≳150 km and vertical wavelengths of ≳10 km.


A literature survey proved that trade shows are important marketing tools, enabling sellers to present and test new products, to monitor their competitors, and to establish personal contacts with customers. The paper extends the current research of trade shows by analyzing exhibitors´ motives for exhibiting. The research is conducted for a traditional international agricultural fair - Bread Basket. Exhibitors, including animal production exhibitors, crop production exhibitors and agriculture technology exhibitors, were offered a list of potential motives for exhibiting and were asked to indicate their agreement (disagreement) on a 5-point Likert scale. Subsequently, a factor analysis revealed four key factors for exhibiting, including searching for information and company development, product development, focus on company surroundings and new market possibilities. Finally, exhibitors were surveyed again in order to choose one of these factors to be the most important one for exhibiting. Logistic regression revealed how the specific variables (NACE classification, year of establishment and frequency of exhibiting) influence the selected factors.


One of the several roles partaken by academicians in institutions of higher education in Malaysia is the quest in publication. The objective of establishing a critical mass of researchers and knowledge corpus that enable Malaysia to reach the global standard of technology creation and innovation as clearly stated in the newly launched October 2007 Strategic Action Plan of the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia Thrust Number 5, would aptly be manifested in the presentation and documenting all forms of research and innovation through publication. This paper examines the expansive opportunities for academicians to keep in track with the local and global needs, not only in manifestation of the Fifth Thrust, but also of the Seventh Thrust in the strategic plan i.e. activating internationalisation initiative. Nonetheless, this also includes active participation in publication in international journals, as a result of active research and innovation activities within and outside the university. A presentation of this nature, should provide a clearer insights of what it takes and what entails, as far as publication is concerned, to help place Malaysian academic excellence at par in the global arena. Besides, it also seeks to assist potential prolific contributors to get published in international journals. A reminder to all, as this is race of the era, if not participated, academicians can remain in the closet of complacency which has always been proven to be quite lethal as the notion of 'publish or perish' still holds strong and this affects self-development academically throughout one's career.


Thirty two patients with asbestosis were assessed by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (27 patients) and the half time clearance from lungs to blood (T1/2LB) of an inhaled aerosol of diethylenetriamine pentacetate (DTPA) labelled with technetium 99m (32 patients). T1/2LB was also measured in 20 non-smoking normal individuals and 17 smokers without a history of exposure to asbestos. Thirteen patients (46%) showed an increase in the percentage of neutrophils with or without an increase in the percentage of eosinophils and eight (29%) showed an increased percentage of lymphocytes. The number of neutrophils plus eosinophils expressed as a percentage of the total count was positively correlated with the length of the history of disease (r = 0.53, p less than 0.025) and greater percentages were associated with more severe impairment of lung function. Smokers had lower percentages of lymphocytes than non-smokers (p less than 0.002) and showed increased proportions of neutrophils and eosinophils more often than non-smokers (p less than 0.05). In 18 non-smokers with asbestosis the mean T1/2LB was 33.8 (range 10.0-62.0) minutes, significantly less than 57.2 (30.5-109) minutes in 20 non-smoking normal subjects (p less than 0.002). In non-smokers shorter T1/2LB correlated with a longer time since first exposure to asbestos (r = -0.65, p less than 0.005), longer duration of exposure (r = -0.70, p less than 0.001), and a shorter time since last exposure (r = 0.59, p less than 0.01). Shorter T1/2LB was also associated with increased inflammatory activity as shown by higher bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts (r = -0.53, p less than 0.025) and higher combined percentages of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (r = -0.47, p less than 0.05). The techniques of bronchoalveolar lavage and measurement of inhaled solute clearance may be useful in assessing inflammatory activity in asbestosis.


Apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium sp., are obligate intracellular protozoa. They enter into a host cell by attaching to and then creating an invagination in the host cell plasma membrane. Contact between parasite and host plasma membranes occurs in the form of a ring-shaped moving junction that begins at the anterior end of the parasite and then migrates posteriorly. The resulting invagination of host plasma membrane creates a parasitophorous vacuole that completely envelops the now intracellular parasite. At the start of this process, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is released onto the parasite surface from specialized secretory organelles called micronemes. The T. gondii version of this protein, TgAMA1, has been shown to be essential for invasion but its exact role has not previously been determined. We identify here a trio of proteins that associate with TgAMA1, at least one of which associates with TgAMA1 at the moving junction. Surprisingly, these new proteins derive not from micronemes, but from the anterior secretory organelles known as rhoptries and specifically, for at least two, from the neck portion of these club-shaped structures. Homologues for these AMA1-associated proteins are found throughout the Apicomplexa strongly suggesting that this moving junction apparatus is a conserved feature of this important class of parasites. Differences between the contributing proteins in different species may, in part, be the result of selective pressure from the different niches occupied by these parasites.


Understanding the resource allocation and use efficiency is essential considering the supportive role of agriculture in the advancement of other productive sectors of the economy. Technical efficiency and its determinants were investigated among smallholder cassava-farming and decision-taking units selected from eight states of the southeast and southwest zones of Nigeria. The states' selection was purposive, being the states in which the IITA-Nestle cassava starch project was implemented from 2011-2015. However, a multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 96 farming units from the clusters established under the project's out-growers' scheme. Primary data were collected from the farming units' heads by administering the pre-tested household survey instrument. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, data envelopment analysis, and multivariate ordinary least square regression techniques. The DEA results revealed that majority (73.9%) of the farming units had efficiency scores less than 1 and as such classified as inefficient. Over 30.2% of the cassava farming units had efficient scores greater than 0.8 including 3.1% with scores that ranged from 0.81- 0.99. Farming units with efficiency scores from 0.6-0.8 constituted 17.7% of the sample while those with scores from 0.4-0.6 consist of 33.3%, which also corresponds to the percentage of farming units with efficiencies scores of less than 0.5. Only three variables: cassava farming experience, fertilizer use and quantity of stems used were statistically significant (p<0.05) in explaining cassava farming efficiency. Of these the influence of farming experience was positive while that of fertilizer use and stems were negative. The finding suggests that the elderly and better experienced farmers combined their versatile previous knowledge of farming with willingness to adopt and use improved farming practices to achieve efficiency. Contrary to expectation, fertilizer and stems were associated with less efficiency, a surprising result that could have resulted from misapplication and wastage of the vital resources. The results highlight the need for appropriate training and technical backstopping for the heads of farming units to enhance their knowledge of the good agricultural practices and improve their levels of efficiency. Keywords: DEA; best farming practices; efficiency; processing; cassava value chain; Nigeria.


Srinivasa Ramanujam, the Chief Operating Officer of Adani Agrifresh, faces important decisions regarding his apple business in India. In 2005, Agrifresh saw a business opportunity and set up a Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS) facility when the state of Himachal Pradesh adopted the amended APMC Act, which deregulated the marketing of fresh produce. Following this change in the legal environment, Ramanujam reengineered the apple supply chain, which had previously operated very inefficiently. He achieved some degree of initial success in an agribusiness environment where long chains of intermediaries dominated produce marketing despite adding little value. The case describes the challenges faced by Agrifresh including securing supplies from farmers, capacity utilization, and product portfolio issues. The case is intended to be used in teaching a variety of management topics to students at the undergraduate, graduate, and executive levels, including agribusiness, strategy, and supply chain management, particularly as they apply to emerging markets.


Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and abortion in susceptible and immunocompromised individuals. Subsequent to colonization and penetration of the gut epithelium, the organism attaches to resident macrophages and replicates intracellularly, thus evading the humoral immune system of the infected host. The mechanism surrounding the precise interactions between L. monocytogenes and macrophages employs bacterial ligands and macrophage receptors which are highly complex and not well understood. The focus of the present study was to investigate the attachment of the organism to murine and human macrophages under opsonin-dependent and opsoninindependent conditions to better understand the pathobiology of this severe pathogen and to potentially develop regimes to more adequately prevent disease. Immunofluorescence (IFA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) showed that adhesion of the organism to macrophages regardless of opsonins was inhibited (90%) by N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NAcNeu) and related derivatives. The physical and chemical nature of the cell surface-associated proteins from the pathogen were elucidated by biochemical, electrophoretic, lectin affinity, and soluble binding assays. These studies revealed the presence of several proteins (82, 65, 42, and 33 kDa) involved in facilitating bacterial adhesion to macrophages. Two new bacterial ligands (82, and 65 kDa proteins) were identified and characterized as bacterial glycoproteins. To elucidate the identity of the macrophage receptor(s) involved in listerial attachment, investigations with a phylogenetic and medically similar pathogen, Group B streptococci (GBS) was employed. Competition assays, flow cytometry, and soluble binding experiments revealed that Listeria was able to bind to phorbol myristate acetate-treated and untreated U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Complement receptor type 3 was not the primary receptor for attachment of Listeria to polymorphonuclear leukocytes deficient in CR3 expression; previous studies have also shown similar results for GBS. ELISA indicated that Listeria competed effectively with GBS sites on U937 cells and murine macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise GBS also prevented the binding of Listeria. Western blot analysis confirmed that Listeria and GBS bind to the same 60 and 55 kDa protein receptors on murine and human macrophages.


A wide array of volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements was conducted in the Valley of Mexico during the MCMA-2002 and 2003 field campaigns. Study sites included locations in the urban core, in a heavily industrial area and at boundary sites in rural landscapes. In addition, a novel mobile-laboratory-based conditional sampling method was used to collect samples dominated by fresh on-road vehicle exhaust to identify those VOCs whose ambient concentrations were primarily due to vehicle emissions. Four distinct analytical techniques were used: whole air canister samples with Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID), on-line chemical ionization using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), continuous real-time detection of olefins using a Fast Olefin Sensor (FOS), and long path measurements using UV Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers (DOAS). The simultaneous use of these techniques provided a wide range of individual VOC measurements with different spatial and temporal scales. The VOC data were analyzed to understand concentration and spatial distributions, diurnal patterns, origin and reactivity in the atmosphere of Mexico City. The VOC burden (in ppbC) was dominated by alkanes (60%), followed by aromatics (15%) and olefins (5%). The remaining 20% was a mix of alkynes, halogenated hydrocarbons, oxygenated species (esters, ethers, etc.) and other unidentified VOCs. However, in terms of ozone production, olefins were the most relevant hydrocarbons. Elevated levels of toxic hydrocarbons, such as 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes, were also observed. Results from these various analytical techniques showed that vehicle exhaust is the main source of VOCs in Mexico City and that diurnal patterns depend on vehicular traffic in addition to meteorological processes. Finally, examination of the VOC data in terms of lumped modeling VOC classes and its comparison to the VOC lumped emissions reported in other photochemical air quality modeling studies suggests that some alkanes are underestimated in the emissions inventory, while some olefins and aromatics are overestimated.


Warm dark matter (WDM) has been invoked to resolve apparent conflicts of cold dark matter (CDM) models with observations on subgalactic scales. In this work, we provide a new and independent lower limit for the WDM particle mass (e.g. sterile neutrino) through the analysis of image fluxes in gravitationally lensed quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Starting from a theoretical unperturbed cusp configuration, we analyse the effects of intergalactic haloes in modifying the fluxes of QSO multiple images, giving rise to the so-called anomalous flux ratio. We found that the global effect of such haloes strongly depends on their mass/abundance ratio and it is maximized for haloes in the mass range 10 6 ‐10 8 M� . This result opens up a new possibility to constrain CDM predictions on small scales and test different warm candidates, since free streaming of WDM particles can considerably dampen the matter power spectrum in this mass range. As a consequence, while a (� )CDM model is able to produce flux anomalies at a level similar to those observed, a WDM model, with an insufficiently massive particle, fails to reproduce the observational evidences. Our analysis suggests a lower limit of a few keV (mν ∼ 10) for the mass of WDM candidates in the form of a sterile neutrino. This result makes sterile neutrino WDM less attractive as an alternative to CDM, in good agreement with previous findings from Lyman α forest and cosmic microwave background analysis.


To our knowledge, this is the first blind and controlled analysis of subcutaneous fat aspiration for the diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis. The procedure was performed on 82 patients with biopsy-proved systemic amyloidosis and 72 normal adult volunteers. Slides from 71 of the 72 controls were read as negative. Slides from 59 (72%) of the 82 patients with amyloidosis were read as positive or weakly positive after staining with alkaline Congo red. Subcutaneous fat aspiration was as sensitive as rectal biopsy and substantially more sensitive than bone marrow biopsy in diagnosing amyloidosis. In six instances fat aspiration would have obviated the need for a more invasive diagnostic biopsy. Subcutaneous fat aspiration is sensitive (72%) and specific (99%) for amyloidosis. It is technically simpler and less expensive than rectal biopsy and permits immediate assessment of specimen adequacy. The concordance rate for two independent pathologists was 95%. Equivocally positive stains should be interpreted with caution because weak nonspecific staining may be seen.


ABSTRACT The Islamic State captured the world's attention with the declaration of a global caliphate in 2014. In the subsequent 3 years, the Islamic State showed significant success at attracting foreign fighters, inspiring international terrorist attacks, and maintaining geographic control over portions of Iraq and Syria. The Islamic State's vibrant online presence amplified this success via a sophisticated social media campaign and a robust propaganda output through imagery and visual multimedia. We expand on the prior work on Islamic State propaganda by asking, how does the Islamic State frame its violent video propaganda in the presence or absence of religious verses? We will answer this question using the SITE Intelligence Group's terrorist video database. We applied framing theory and developed a theoretical framework built on the scholarly literature on violence in video propaganda and religious marketing. We find that the Islamic State intermixes violence and religion for the same purposes within its propaganda; namely, in seeking to legitimize itself, recruit from a broader audience, and intimidate its opponents. We further find specific differences between the perceived problems, solutions, and motivations in Islamic State propaganda and how the Islamic State uses religion and violence to address particular demographics.


One of the most important developments of the last decade has been the emergence of new methods to dynamically resolve racemic organolithiums using stoichiometric amounts of the chiral ligand. When this concept is implemented successfully, it obviates the need for covalently attached chiral auxiliary based methods, asymmetric deprotonation, and asymmetric synthesis of a precursor stannane as ways to access enantioenriched organolithium compounds for use in asymmetric synthesis. Since certain electrophiles consume the chiral ligand, it is desirable to render this process catalytic in the chiral ligand. As part of a larger study on the amenability of chiral organolithiums to a catalytic dynamic resolution, N-trimethylallyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine, N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine, and the ethylene ketal of N-Boc-2-lithio-4-oxopiperidine were selected. The barriers to racemization and dynamic thermodynamic resolution (DTR) of these compounds were measured in the presence of various diamine ligands. Using the thermodynamic parameters to guide us, the catalytic dynamic resolution (CDR) was then investigated on both heterocycles at temperatures where racemization is much slower than resolution. Enantiomer ratios as high as 93:7 and 99:1 were achieved for N-trimethylallyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine and N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine respectively. The CDR of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine using our newly discovered ligands was applied to the highly enantioselective synthesis of several piperidine alkaloids and medicinal compounds such as conhydrine, anabasine, ropivacaine, coniine, pipecolic acid, pelletierine, epipinidinone, lupetidine, and epidihydropinidine. This dissertation is approved for Recommendation to the Graduate Council Dissertation Director: Dr. Robert E. Gawley Dissertation Committee:


Abstract Chen, J.M.; Liang, D., and Tang, H., 2012. Interaction between tsunami waves and isolated conical islands. A newly developed computer model, which solves the horizontal two-dimensional Boussinesq equations using a total variation diminishing Lax-Wendroff scheme, has been used to study the runup of solitary waves, with various heights, on idealized conical islands consisting of side slopes of different angles. This numerical model has first been validated against high-quality laboratory measurements of solitary wave runups on a uniform plane slope and on an isoliated conical island, with satisfactory agreement being achieved. An extensive parametric study concerning the effects of the wave height and island slope on the solitary wave runup has subsequently been carried out. Strong wave shoaling and diffraction effects have been observed for all the cases investigated. The relationship between the runup height and wave height has been obtained and compared with that for the case on uniform plane slopes. It has been found that the runup on a conical island is generally lower than that on a uniform plane slope, as a result of the two-dimensional effect. The correlation between the runup with the side slope of an island has also been identified, with higher runups on milder slopes. This comprehensive study on the soliton runup on islands is relevant to the protection of coastal and inland regions from extreme wave attacks.


We introduce an unsupervised query segmentation scheme that uses query logs as the only resource and can effectively capture the structural units in queries. We believe that Web search queries have a unique syntactic structure which is distinct from that of English or a bag-of-words model. The segments discovered by our scheme help understand this underlying grammatical structure. We apply a statistical model based on Hoeffding's Inequality to mine significant word n-grams from queries and subsequently use them for segmenting the queries. Evaluation against manually segmented queries shows that this technique can detect rare units that are missed by our Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) baseline.


Jacques Hadamard, among the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century, made signal contributions to a number of fields. But his mind could not be confined to the upper reaches of mathematical thought. He also produced a massive two-volume work, on plane and solid geometry, for pre-college teachers in the French school system. In those books, Hadamard's style invites participation. His exposition is minimal, providing only the results necessary to support the solution of the many elegant problems he poses afterwards. That is, the problems interpret the text in the way that harmony interprets melody in a well-composed piece of music. The present volume offers solutions to the problems in the first part of Hadamard's work (""Lessons in Geometry. I. Plane Geometry"", Jacques Hadamard, Amer. Math. Soc. (2008)), and can be viewed as a reader's companion to that book. It requires of the reader only the background of high school plane geometry, which ""Lessons in Geometry"" provides. The solutions strive to connect the general methods given in the text with intuitions that are natural to the subject, giving as much motivation as possible as well as rigorous and formal solutions. Ideas for further exploration are often suggested, as well as hints for classroom use. This book will be of interest to high school teachers, gifted high school students, college students, and those mathematics majors interested in geometry.


The article explores the engagement of indigenous group, Aeta Ambala, with different media and how this engagement affects their perception of their own ethnic identity. The researchers employed qualitative research as their approach and descriptive research method as their design. The article integrates two theories. These are communication theory of identity by Michael Hecht and the Uses and Gratification Theory of Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch. Among others, the article exposes that the engagement of the Aeta-Ambala with the various forms of media certainly affected the way they perceived the outside world and their own ethnic group.


Optical topography is a brain function imaging technology based on near-infrared spectroscopy, whereby changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) are observed. There are several components other than hemoglobin in biomedical tissue such as cytochrome oxidase (cyt-ox) and water, and it is important to measure them. We investigated the possibilities of multi-wavelength measurement of the changes in oxy- and deoxy-Hb, the redox state of cyt-ox, and water based on a modified Beer-Lambert law. According to error propagation theory, we searched for the wavelength combination where the estimation errors were minimal in the wavelength range from 650 to 900 nm under several conditions of measured components and number of wavelengths. Next, using the experimental data, we performed the same search. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss depended on measured components and wavelengths used in the measurement. We calculated the necessary improvement in precision of absorbance measurement when we estimated the changes in the redox state of cyt-ox and water, for maintaining the same level of SNRs in the hemoglobin-only measurement. The measurements of both the redox state of cyt-ox and water were not practical because the SNR losses of Hb became more than 30 dB, while the measurement where only one of them was performed was more feasible. We calculated the required ratio of absorbance change to its noise for the acquisition of cyt-ox at the same SNR of oxy-hemoglobin in hemoglobin-only measurements when the absorbance change caused by cyt-ox was assumed to be one tenth of that of oxy-hemoglobin.


The first comprehensive biography of progressive labor organizer, peace worker, and economist Clinton Jencks (1918-2005), this book explores the life of one of the most important political and social activists to appear in the Southwestern United States in the twentieth century. A key figure in the radical International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW) Local 890 in Grant County, New Mexico, Jencks was involved in organizing not only the mine workers but also their wives in the 1951 strike against the Empire Zinc Company. He was active in the production of the 1954 landmark labor film dramatizing the Empire Zinc strike, Salt of the Earth, which was heavily suppressed during the McCarthy era and led to Jencks's persecution by the federal government. Labor historian James J. Lorence examines the interaction between Jencks's personal experience and the broader forces that marked the world and society in which he worked and lived. Following the work of Jencks and his equally progressive wife, Virginia Derr Jencks, Lorence illuminates the roots and character of Southwestern unionism, the role of radicalism in the Mexican-American civil rights movement, the rise of working-class feminism within Local 890 and the Grant County Mexican American community, and the development of Mexican-American identity in the Southwest. Chronicling Jencks's five-year-long legal battle against charges of perjury, this biography also illustrates how civil liberties and American labor were constrained by the specter of anticommunism during the Cold War. Drawing from extensive research as well as interviews and correspondence, this volume highlights Clinton Jencks's dramatic influence on the history of labor culture in the Southwest through a lifetime devoted to progress and change for the social good.


Introduction. Diseases of the respiratory system head the list of occupational diseases. They are caused by pollution of the working zone air with harmful aerodispersed particles, use of improper individual respiratory protective devices. Problem Statement. The efficiency of filtering respirators depends on two components: time of protective effect and insulating properties of half-masks. This requires conducting relevant research in order to design the half-masks which allow providing high insulating properties. Purpose. Improvement of protective effect of filtering respirators by improving their design with respect to anthropometric peculiarities of workers' faces. Materials and Methods. To develop the surface of a half-mask, the equation of free energy of a bent optional plate was used, which is outlined with a two-dimensional spline-surface, its unknown coefficients are defined by the method of proportional parts based on the data of three dimensional coordinates of the key points of anthropometric facial features. Results. Regularities of forming the surface of half-masks were defined based on the data of three dimensional coordinates of the key points of anthropometric facial features. A method was developed for measuring the temperature of obturator surface with a thermal imagery device based on output signal processing, which allows carrying out on-line control of areas where gaps occur along the obturation line as well as defining deterioration of insulating properties of a dust mask and estimating its protection factor. Conclusion. The algorithm of half-mask design was developed with respect to the results of 3D scanning of faces, digital models of head developing as well as half-masks surface and obturator construction associated with them. The reasonable parameters of filtering box, size of ioutlet for providing the minimum pressure difference and regular dust distribution on filtering surface were determined.


We consider the problem of learning from revealed preferences in an online setting. In our framework, each period a consumer buys an optimal bundle of goods from a merchant according to her (linear) utility function and current prices, subject to a budget constraint. The merchant observes only the purchased goods, and seeks to adapt prices to optimize his profits. We give an efficient algorithm for the merchant's problem that consists of a learning phase in which the consumer's utility function is (perhaps partially) inferred, followed by a price optimization step. We also give an alternative online learning algorithm for the setting where prices are set exogenously, but the merchant would still like to predict the bundle that will be bought by the consumer, for purposes of inventory or supply chain management. In contrast with most prior work on the revealed preferences problem, we demonstrate that by making stronger assumptions on the form of utility functions, efficient algorithms for both learning and profit maximization are possible, even in adaptive, online settings.


The Q-switched laser performance of a diode-pumped Nd:YAlO3 laser, discretely tunable between 1.064 and 1.099 μm, is reported. Intracavity frequency doubling yielded outputs of 253 and 144 mW at 532 and 550 nm, and with external conversion to the fourth harmonic, 22.5 and 6.7 mW were obtained at 266 and 275 nm. Polarized absorption curves for the diode pump bands from 780 to 830 nm and spectroscopic measurements of the polarized emission cross sections for the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 band are presented.


: The suitability of samples for a given research depends on many variables, among which, the best preanalytical conditions for the type of test that should be carried out. Thus, standardization and harmonization of processing conditions for samples entering a particular study should be highly pursued to facilitate research collaborations among different institutions and biological banks, allowing specimen comparison both for sample sharing and for the development of large-scale clinical trials. In this study, we review some issues and scenarios related to the adoption of the Sample PREanalytical Code, which deserve attention for a proper management of the samples and, ultimately, for maximizing the efficiency of the consistent investments required to set up biobanking resources.


A stochastic methodology to evaluate the predictive uncertainty in well capture zones in heterogeneous aquifers with uncertain parameters is presented. The approach is based on the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation methodology. The hydraulic conductivity is modeled as a random space function allowing for the uncertainty that stems from the imperfect knowledge of the parameters of the correlation structure. Parameters are sampled from prior distributions and are used for the generation of a large number of hydraulic conductivity fields, which are subsequently used to solve the groundwater flow equation. A likelihood is calculated for every simulation, based on some goodness‐of‐fit measure between simulated heads and available observations. Using inverse particle tracking, a capture zone is determined which is assigned the likelihood calculated for that particular simulation. Statistical analysis of the ensemble of all simulations enables the predictive uncertainty of the well capture zones to be defined. Results are presented for a hypothetical test case and different likelihood definitions used in the conditioning process. The results show that the delineated capture zones are most sensitive to the mean hydraulic conductivity and the variance, whereas the integral scale of the variogram is the parameter with the smallest influence. For all likelihood measures the prior uncertainty is reduced considerably by introducing the observation heads, but the reduction is most effective for the very selective likelihood definition. The method presented can be used in real applications to quantify the uncertainty in the location and extent of well capture zones when little or no information is available about the hydraulic properties, through the conditioning on head observations.


This article challenges the assumption that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires persons with disabilities to undergo corrective surgery as a precondition to membership in the ADA's protected class. This issue is ripe for discussion because current efforts to amend the ADA, although not focused on the corrective surgery issue, will unsettle the current doctrine underpinning many courts' conclusions that an individual's decision to forgo available medical technology bars her from relief under the ADA. The article aims to make two contributions. First, it argues that the ADA's focus on reshaping cultural responses to disability suggests that individuals need not acquiesce to all available medical efforts to eliminate their disability before they may challenge disability discrimination. Instead, the ADA's conceptual congruence with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race and gender, suggests that the ADA provides individuals with disabilities the opportunity to argue that their physical differences should be accepted and accommodated rather than erased. Second, it argues that reading the ADA's nondiscrimination mandate to cover persons who decline corrective surgery is consistent with the ADA's text. The Supreme Court's Sutton v. United Air Lines decision, which has contributed to many courts' conclusions that the ADA requires individuals to undergo corrective surgery, in fact prevents courts from excluding persons from the ADA's protected class based on the hypothetical benefits of forgone corrective surgery.


The propagation approach of a botnet largely dictates its formation, establishing a foundation of bots for future exploitation. The chosen propagation method determines the attack surface and, consequently, the degree of network penetration, as well as the overall size and the eventual attack potency. It is therefore essential to understand propagation behaviours and influential factors in order to better secure vulnerable systems. Whilst botnet propagation is generally well studied, newer technologies like IoT have unique characteristics which are yet to be thoroughly explored. In this paper, we apply the principles of epidemic modelling to IoT networks consisting of wireless sensor nodes. We build IoT-SIS, a novel propagation model which considers the impact of IoT-specific characteristics like limited processing power, energy restrictions, and node density on the formation of a botnet. Focusing on worm-based propagation, this model is used to explore the dynamics of spread using numerical simulations and the Monte Carlo method to discuss the real-life implications of our findings.


A geohistory analysis has been proposed for the Mid Eocene-Late Miocene Epiliguran succession cropping out in the Enza, Secchia end Reno Valleys (Northern Apennines) in order to quantify the evolution of the studied areas in terms of both vertical motions (subsidence/uplift) and sedimentary infill. The three curves integrate and complete the geohistory scenario proposed by Di Giulio et alii (2002) in order also to discriminate local events from large-scale episodes related to the Northern Apennine orogenesis. New biostratigraphic and paleobathymetric data were collected for the upper Bartonian-lower Burdigalian Epiligurian succession from the Secchia Valley, conversely, literature data have been used for the youngest investigated units (Pantano, Cigarello and Termina Formations; Burdigalian-Tortonian), which were not sampled for this work. Both chronostratigraphic and bathymetric data have been wholly derived from the literature for the Enza and Reno Valleys (Mancin & Pirini, 2001; 2002). From a paleobathymetric point of view, the Secchia Valley Epiligurian deposition began in the earliest Bartonian in a very deep marine environment (average depth 1900 m). After a deepening phase during late Bartonian-Priabonian, with a shift of the bottom (average depth 2200 m) to probably close to the calcite compensation depth, an overall shallowing trend was recorded culminating in Burdigalian shelf deposits (Pantano Fm., average depth 50 m). Finally, during Mid-Late Miocene, a second, lesser, deepening phase occurred, ending with the Tortonian sediments of the marly Termina Fm. (average depth 200 m). This paleobathymetric evolution has been related to the vertical motion and sedimentary infill undergone by the Secchia Valley area during the time interval considered. The results described highlight the occurrence of large-scale episodes involving the whole analysed area (from the Enza to the Reno Valleys), alternating with periods of quite different growth for each sector recording the existence of independently evolving domains of the Ligurian orogenic wedge in the geodynamic context of a mobile belt.


There are clear connections between how states obtain revenue, and the quality of their governance. If governments are not dependent on taxes for their fi nance, they are less accountable and responsive to citizen taxpayers, and have little incentive to build political and organisational capacity to negotiate and collect revenue and spend it effectively. The likely outcome is arbitrary governance and weak states. However, tax dependence does not necessarily guarantee better governance. Taxes may be collected coercively. This may poison relations between government and citizens. The good news is that there are some very practical ways of improving the tax relationship that could contribute to better governance.


A model based on 2-D sound ray theory for aerodynamic noise propagation from wind turbine rotating blades is introduced. The model includes attenuation factors from geometric spreading, sound directivity of source, air absorption, ground deflection and reflection, as well as effects from temperature and airflow. At a given receiver point, the sound pressure is corrected by taking into account these propagation effects. As an overall assumption, the noise field generated by the wind turbine is simplified as a point source placed at the hub height of the wind turbine. This assumtion is reasonable, for the receiver is located in the far field, at distances from the wind turbine that are much longer than the diameter of the rotor.


Title of Thesis: THE ENCULTURATIVE FUNCTION OF TOYS AND GAMES IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME Jaime Marie Layne, Master of Arts, 2008 Thesis directed by: Professor Kenneth G. Holum Department of History The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the enculturative function of children's toys and games in ancient Greece and Rome. Children's play has been shown to affect their development on many different levels including cognitive, behavioral, and psychological. Play is also one method through which cultures work to enculturate children. Enculturation is the process by which cultural values and behaviors are transmitted from adults to children. In chapter 1, I review the historical background of study of enculturation. In chapter 2, I discuss the evidence for ancient Greek and Roman children's toys and games. In chapter 3, I examine the contribution toys and games made to the enculturation of children in ancient Greece and Rome. I conclude that, while children's entertainment was not the only method of enculturation used in ancient Greece and Rome, it was one important part of the network of cultural institutions focused on


A series of three experiments was designed to investigate whether the presentation of moving tactile warning signals that are presented in a particular spatiotemporal configuration may be particularly effective in terms of facilitating a driver's response to a target event. In the experiments reported here, participants' visual attention was manipulated such that they were either attending to the frontal object that might occasionally approach them on a collision course, or else they were distracted by a color discrimination task presented from behind. We measured how rapidly participants were able to initiate a braking response to a looming visual target following the onset of vibrotactile warning signals presented from around their waist. The vibrotactile warning signals consisted of single, double, and triple upward moving cues (Experiment 1), triple upward and downward moving cues (Experiment 2), and triple random cues (Experiment 3). The results demonstrated a significant performance advantage following the presentation of dynamic triple cues over the static single tactile cues, regardless of the specific configuration of the triple cues. These findings point to the potential benefits of embedding dynamic information in warning signals for dynamic target events. These findings have important implications for the design of future vibrotactile warning signals.


Background Patellar tendon abnormalities (PTA) are frequent in volleyball and basketball athletes. Tendon degeneration happens through chronic process, related to the amount of stress applied in musculoskeletal system. An appropriated mechanical behaviour of lower limb may be key factor to properly distribute forces in patellar tendon during landing. Identify biomechanical factors associated to patellar tendinosis process could guide preventive attitudes to athletes in risk of chronic dysfunction and/or tendon rupture. Objective To investigate the association of lower limb biomechanical factors to patellar tendon morphological abnormalities at ultrasound. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Institutional clinical care and sports facility. Participants 35 basketball and volleyball athletes participating on preseason assessment with mean age of 24.0±5.7 years, body mass of 88.9±13.3 kg and height of 1.9±0.1 m. Risk factor assessment Ankle dorsiflexion range (ADR), shank-forefoot alignment (SFA), iliotibial band flexibility (IBF), hip lateral rotators and abductors isometric strength, hip passive medial rotation range, patellar rotation and knee alignment in the frontal plane were measured during preseason assessment. Ultrasonographic evaluation was performed in both patellar tendons in longitudinal and transverse planes. Main outcome measurements Patellar tendon hypoechoic areas and thickness at ultrasound. Results The results showed that low ADR, high IBF and high SFA were associated to PTA. These three variables presented significant areas under ROC curve (P=.008; P=.011; P=.012, respectively). Based on ROC curve sensitivity and specificity values, cut-off points were determined. SFA presented the highest OR; 13.1 (2.1–296); with a cut-off point of 20o. ADR (cut-off point=36o) presented an OR of 4.10 (1.3–13.5) and IBF (cut-off point=-0.04o) presented an OR of 4.53 (1.2–21.6). Conclusions High shank-forefoot varus alignment, ankle dorsiflexion restriction and iliotibial band flexible were associated to PTA. These results show that biomechanical factors could participate on patellar tendon mechanical overload in athletes.


The river Nile is by many seen as the most important river in the world. The source of the Blue Nile is a spring called Gish Abay in Ethiopia. This is the source of Gilgal Abay (meaning the little Abay), which is the most voluminous of the some sixty rivers flowing into Lake Tana. Although the Nile Quest has attracted emperors and explorers alike since Antiquity, after the sources of the Nile were discovered the majority of studies have focused on hydrology and not on cultural and religious aspects of the river. Gish Abay has been seen as the outlet of the river Gihon flowing directly from Paradise linking this world with Heaven. The holiness of Abay and the source in particular have had and still have an important role in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Moreover, before the source was Christianised it had a central role in the indigenous religion where lavish ox sacrifices were conducted. Thus, in this article we highlight the ritual and religious role of Gish Abay in a historic perspective.


The study of subterranean Oniscidea in Portugal has been neglected for nearly 70 years, but recent investigations have revealed high diversity. All the terrestrial isopods from caves of mainland Portugal, including data from the literature and new material, are listed, revealing new biodiversity patterns. Twenty-seven species, belonging to 15 genera and six families, are known, of which 16 species are considered to be exclusively from subterranean ecosystems, i.e., troglobionts. Trichoniscidae is the most diverse family. Seven species in the family Trichoniscidae and one species in the family Styloniscidae are described as new (all with Reboleira & Taiti as authors): Trichoniscoides bellesi sp. nov. from the Montejunto Massif; T. sicoensis sp. nov. from the Sico Massif; Metatrichoniscoides salirensis sp. nov. from the typhonic valley of Caldas da Rainha; Troglonethes olissipoensis sp. nov. from the Lisbon Peninsula; T. arrabidaensis sp. nov. from the Arrabida Massif; Miktoniscus longispina sp. nov. from the Sico Massif and Cesaredas Plateau; Moserius inexpectatus sp. nov. from the Estremenho Massif; and Cordioniscus lusitanicus sp. nov. from Alentejo and Algarve, the southernmost provinces of Portugal. The subgenus Trogleluma Vandel, 1946 (Armadillidiidae) is raised to genus level. In this geographic region terrestrial isopods are the richest group of cave-adapted animals.


In this paper, we describe GRASP, a grid resource allocation system based on OGSA. In order to submit job to the grid resources in more efficient and convenient manner, we support some features for user-friendly resource allocation such as resource brokering, scheduling, monitoring, and so forth. GRASP supports any scientific applications with the high performance computing features such as MPI and applications with high throughput computing features such as parameter studies.


This paper gives the theoretical basis for the development of real vector modal methods to describe optical-fiber modes. To this end, the vector wave equations, which determine the electromagnetic fields, are written in terms of a pair of linear, nonself-adjoint operators, whose eigenvectors satisfy biorthogonality relations. The key of our method is to obtain a matrix representation of the vector wave equations in a basis that is defined by the modes of an auxiliary system. Our proposed technique can be applied to fibers with any profile, even those with a complex refractive index. An example is discussed to illustrate our approach.


A common Architectural design, for a diverse set of components is not a trivial task. It involves preparation for mass customization, focusing first on what is common to all products, and then in what is different. Components must be engendered for being reused by all, or most of the possible configurations. These components can be developed from scratch or derived from other platforms. This flexible design sanctions to reuse these components with different configurations for a particular solution to provide a mass customized set of well-defined products. Product Line (PL) engineering aims to fortify engenderment of wide range of customized products with flexible design. Variability design is about incorporating components that represents the range of possible configurations for a product in the PL. This variability, is defined during the domain engineering process. When we utilize the term variability we are referencing to the capability that something has to change in time, which makes it categorically appropriate for the domain of Mobile Patient Monitoring Systems (MPMs) where we require a wide range of mass customized product for different group of chronically ill patients. In this paper we have derived the Product Lines for the domain of MPMs utilizing the fodaA grammar.


This work describes the molecular properties of a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma-associated mucin-like antigen de fined by a murine monoclonal antibody (DU-PAN-2). DU-PAN-2 antigen is a large molecule, readily detected in the body fluids of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and sensitive to neuraminidase treatment and alkaline reduction. The antigen binding activity of the DU-PAN-2 ¡mmunoglobulinM antibody is markedly reduced when coupled to an insoluble matrix. Therefore, the antigen was partially purified from the serum and ascites of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Affi-Gel-Blue chromatography to remove most of the serum proteins. Noncovalently associated proteins were further separated on CsCI/CsBr density gradients and noncovalently associated lipids removed by organic solvent extraction. DU-PAN-2 antigen was monitored by a solid-phase competition radioimmunoassay. We have been able to detect antigen reac tivity and analyze its electrophoretic pattern following transfer from 1% agarose gel onto nitrocellulose paper and immunoblotting with DU-PAN-2 antibody. Antigen was also labeled metabolically with various radioactive monosaccharides and sulfates. Radioimmunoprecipitation of labeled antigen with DU-PAN-2 antibody showed two distinct broad antigen bands consistent with the immunoblotting signals. The heavily glycosylated and polydisperse nature of this antigen and the results of various enzyme treatments suggest that the DU-PAN-2 epitope is ex pressed on a mucin-like molecule.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Solid wastes are composed of organic and inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) that can contaminate soil, underground and surface water; resulting in serious health challenges to humans. The bioavailability of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel on dumpsite soils, were investigated during the wet and dry seasons of 2018 by a sequential extraction method (Tessier). METHODS: The soils were sampled from eight points within each of two dumpsites in Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State. Top soil of 0–15 cm depth was sampled, air-dried and sieved. The extracted soil samples were analysed for heavy metal concentrations using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. FINDING: In the dumpsite soils examined, cadmium, chromium, copper and lead were majorly bound to the residual fractions at the first and second dumpsites, respectively for both seasons with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of: Cd – 0.65 ± 0.12  and 1.20 ± 0.07, Cr – 36.83 ± 5.70  and 26.83 ± 3.57, Cu – 28.37 ± 3.69  and 8.04 ± 0.32, Pb – 12.40 ± 2.34 and 14.11 ± 2.44, but Ni was found mainly in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction during the wet season, with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 6.22 ± 1.33 and 8.24 ± 0.78, for dumpsites A and B, respectively. The values obtained for these metals were higher during the dry season than a wet season and there were no metals in the mobile fractions for wet season. However, cadmium and lead were found in the carbonate fraction during the dry season, resulting in their bioavailability in the soils. CONCLUSION: The speciation results revealed that heavy metals were more bioavailable in the residual fractions. The absence of mobile fractions in the soils indicated that metals are not bioavailable for plants uptake at present condition; hence, the metals obtained are of geogenic rather than anthropogenic origin.


Introduction: Work related musculo-skeletal disorders are major problems in most of industries which can affect production rate and impose direct and indirect costs. The aim of the present study was to assess risk factors causing sick leave in a car manufacturing. Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 234 assembly workers were included. Data were recorded using the ergonomics risk assessment checklists and personal information questionnaires. Statistical analsyis was performed using SPSS ver.16 software and chi-square, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used Results: The reults showed that the Mean (±SD) of worker's sick leave in one year prior to the study was 7.5 (±9.5) days. Low back pain was the most prevalent cause of workers's seak leave. No significant association was found between sick leave and some factors including body posture, manual material handling tasks, and force and power grip. Among the personal factors, age and smoking habits were singnicantly associated with sick leave (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study emphasized that more attention should be paid on ergonomic proplems among assembley workers and ergonomic interventions such as work stations redesign should be considered.


The first in Thames and Hudson's series of information books that educate as they entertain, "mazing Facts about Ancient Egypt" reveals: that Howard Carter's pet canary was swallowed by a cobra on the day Tutankhamun's tomb was opened; that the Egyptians were the first people to hatch eggs artificially; that ritual false beards were worn by queens as well as kings. These are just some of the hundreds of curious, extraordinary, zany, hilarious, but true facts that James Putnam has unearthed and Jeremy Pemberton has illustrated in this book. Did you know that the Egyptians possessed more underwear than any other clothing? That Pepi II's was the longest reign in recorded history? That the biggest blocks used to build the Great Pyramid each weigh more than two African bull elephants? Our image of the supposedly demure and death-obsessed ancient Egyptians may be transformed forever by the revelation that they got drunk on lumpy beer - the national beverage - tattooed their bodies, and used crocodile dung as a contraceptive. From King Tut to Cleopatra, from health and beauty to magic, myth and mystery, the cornucopia of true but incredible facts in this book is simply amazing. James Putnam is a Curator in the British Museum's Department of Egyptian Antiquities. Jeremy Pemberton is Executive Creative Director of a large London advertising agency; his interest in Egyptology stems from his wife Anna, who co-edits the magazine "Egyptian Archaeology".


There is a need to understand the cultural issues affecting security in large, distributed and heterogeneous systems; such systems are typified by e-Science projects. We present a model of security culture for e-Science, grounded both in the security literature and in empirical data from an eScience project. From this model, we present five concepts, which have differing effects on security culture. Each concept is discussed in terms of how the literature treats it, and how it impacts security culture in practice. This discussion highlights differences and similarities between the two domains.


I.BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Owing to its high-bandwidth, robustness to EMI, and operation in unregulated spectrum, free-space optical communication (FSO) is uniquely qualified as a promising alternative or complementary technology to fiber optic and wireless radio-frequency (RF) links. Despite the vibrant advantages of FSO technology and the variety of its applications, its widespread adoption has been hampered by rather disappointing link reliability for long-range links due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to detrimental climate conditions. A major challenge of such hybrid systems is to provide a strong backup system with soft-switching capabilities when the FSO link becomes down. The specific objective of this work is to study for the first time in Qatar and the GCC the link capacity, link availability, and link outage of an FSO system with RF back up (i.e. hybrid FSO/RF) under harsh environment. II.METHODS In this work, a practical demonstration of hybrid FSO/RF link system is shown. The system has a capacity of 1 Gbps and 100 Mbps for FSO and RF, respectively. It is installed in Qatar University at two different buildings 600 m away and 20 feet high. This system is basically a point-to-point optical link that uses Infrared laser lights to wirelessly transmit data. Moreover, the proposed system has capability to make parallel transmission between links. In order to analyze the two transport media, we used the tool IPERF. This Java based GUI (jperf) application can either act as a server or client, and is available on a variety of platforms. We have tested end-to-end throughput by running IPERF tool in server mode on one Laptop and in client mode on another. III.RESULTS Figure1 shows a block diagram of the system used. Initial results were obtained for the two links under same climatic and environmental conditions, where the average ambient temperature reached 50°C and RH above 80% (July-August 2014). Both FSO and RF links allowed transfer rates of around 80% of their full capacity. During all experiments while running both links simultaneously, there was no FSO link failure. In case of an FSO failure, the RF is expected to back up within 2 seconds (hard switching), which might cause a loss of data. Detailed results on FSO-to-RF switching and induced packet loss will be reported in the full manuscript and during the presentation. IV.CONCLUSION Tests on FSO/RF link have been carried for the first time in Qatar. Initial results showed that both FSO and RF links operated close to their capacity. During summer, Qatari weather did not induce FSO link outage. The team is focusing on developing a seamless FSO-RF soft switching using NetFPGA boards and raptor coding.


Malignant gliomas are highly proliferative and angiogenic cancers resistant to conventional therapies. Although RAS and RAF mutations are uncommon in gliomas, RAS activity is increased in gliomas. Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor and its cognate receptors are highly expressed in gliomas. We now report that AAL881, a novel low-molecular weight inhibitor of the kinase activities associated with B-RAF, C-RAF (RAF-1), and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), showed activity against glioma cell lines and xenografts. In culture, AAL881 inhibited the downstream effectors of RAF in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition of proliferation associated with a G(1) cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and decreased colony formation. AAL881 decreased the proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells as well as the tumor cell secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibited the invasion of glioma cells through an artificial extracellular matrix. Orally administered AAL881 was well tolerated with minimal weight loss in non-tumor-bearing mice. Established s.c. human malignant glioma xenografts grown in immunocompromised mice treated with a 10-day course of oral AAL881 exhibited growth delays relative to control tumors, frequently resulting in long-term complete regressions. AAL881 treatment extended the survival of immunocompromised mice bearing orthotopic glioma xenografts compared with placebo controls. The intraparenchymal portions of orthotopic AAL881-treated tumors underwent widespread necrosis consistent with vascular disruption compared with the subarachnoid elements. These effects are distinct from our prior experience with VEGFR2 inhibitors, suggesting that targeting RAF itself or in combination with VEGFR2 induces profound tumor responses in gliomas and may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in patients with malignant gliomas.


Dhat Syndrome is
 commonly reported in the Indian sub continent. Previous researches
 conduced in India and Sri Lanka has employed clinical observations
 and informal assessment procedures and no formal assessment tool has
 yet been developed to examine manifestation of Dhat Syndrome. Main
 objectives of the present research were to develop Dhat Syndrome
 Symptom Checklist (DSSC) and to examine manifestation and
 implications of Dhat Syndrome. A series of studies were carried out
 to develop DSSC and examine manifestation and implications of Dhat
 Syndrome.
 Dhat Syndrome Symptom Checklist (DSSC) was developed through
 in-depth interviews of health professionals, patients with Dhat
 Syndrome as well as in consultation with existing literature.
 Psychometric properties of DSSC were estimated using Inter rater
 Congruence, Factor Analysis and Reliability Analysis. A final DSSC
 comprised of 62 symptoms with three subscales i.e. Physical,
 Psychological and Sexual symptoms (Studies 2 -6).
 Main study aimed to examine manifestation and implications of Dhat
 Syndrome. It was hypothesized that patients with Dhat Syndrome would
 manifest variety of Physical Psychological and Sexual symptoms.
 Patients with Dhat Syndrome (N = 318) were recruited from private
 practice of health professionals. Semi Structured Interview
 Schedule, DSSC and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used
 for assessment and individual assessment of patients was carried
 out.Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 Descriptive statistics indicated that majority of the patients were
 consulting Hakims and Homeopaths and typical profile of Dhat
 Syndrome patient in Pakistan is a young,single, less educated man
 with poor socioeconomic status. Dhat Syndrome had adverse
 implications for patients' health, particularly physical and sexual
 health, and marital life. Premature ejaculation and nocturnal
 emissions were main reasons for referral, whereas masturbation and
 exposure to pornographic material was reported as major causes of
 Dhat Syndrome.
 Inferential statistics revealed that sexual weakness, education,
 discharge before urine, perceived implications of Dhat Syndrome on
 physical and sexual health, severity of the problem, lack of
 information and diet were significant predictors of "Physical
 Symptoms Sexual weakness, perceived implications of Dhat Syndrome
 on patient life, lack of information and emission emerged as
 significant predictors of Psychological Symptoms Sexual weakness,
 perceived implications of Dhat Syndrome on health, emission and
 age were significant predictors of Sexual Symptoms
 Most patients fell above caseness scores on somatic complaints and
 anxiety. Somatic complaints were experienced the most and depression
 the least. There was positive relationship between somatic
 complaints, anxiety, social dysfunctioning, depression and DSSC
 symptoms. DSSC physical and sexual symptoms, perceived implications
 of semen loss for patients' life emerged as significant predictors
 of somatic complaints in patients. Anxiety in patients was predicted
 by DSSC physical and psychological symptoms, perceived implications
 of Dhat Syndrome for patients life and discharge before urine.
 DSSC sexual, psychological and physical symptoms, perceived
 psychological effects of Dhat Syndrome, lack of information about
 sex and nocturnal emission predicted depression in patients. DSSC
 psychological and physical symptoms emerged as significant
 predictors of social dysfunctioning in patients.
 Sex is a tabooed area in Pakistan and this is the first systematic
 study on Dhat Syndrome in Pakistan. DSSC would be a useful tool for
 diagnosticians, clinicians and researchers. Findings of the study
 have very important implications for the patients, health
 professionals and researchers and warrant the need for counselling
 services as well as sex education. Moreover, further investigations
 on sexual health in general and Dhat Syndrome in particular are also
 recommended.


Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common diagnosis that includes an amalgam of conditions that are typically non-traumatic in origin and result in peripatellar and/or retropatellar knee pain. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physical therapist's management, including the evaluation and treatment, of the patient with PFP. A thorough history is critical for appropriately diagnosing and optimally managing PFP; the history should include the date of symptom onset, mechanism of injury and/or antecedent events, location and quality of pain, exacerbating and alleviating symptoms, relevant past medical history, occupational demands, recreational activities, footwear, and patient goals. Physical examination should identify the patient's specific impairments, assessing range of motion (ROM), muscle length, effusion, resisted isometrics, strength, balance and postural control, special tests, movement quality, palpation, function, and patient reported outcome measures. Objective assessments should guide treatment, progression, and clinical decision-making. The rehabilitation program should be individually tailored, addressing the patient's specific impairments and functional limitations and achieving the patient's goals. Exercise therapy, including hip, knee, and core strengthening as well as stretching and aerobic exercise, are central to the successful management of PFP. Other complimentary treatments may include patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint mobilizations, patellofemoral taping, neuromuscular training, and gait retraining. Appropriate progression of interventions should consider objective evaluations (e.g., effusion, soreness rules), systematic increases in loading, and the chronicity of symptoms. Although short-term changes or reductions in movement often are necessary in a protective capacity, the persistence of altered movement is a key characteristic of chronic pain, which may be managed in part through emphasis on function over symptoms, graded exposure, patient education, and perhaps referral. PFP etiology is largely movement related and a comprehensive conservative treatment using movement can be successful.


Task-based programming models promise improved communication performance for irregular, fine-grained, and load imbalanced applications. They do so by relaxing some of the messaging semantics of stricter models and taking advantage of those at the lower-levels of the software stack. For example, while MPI's two-sided communication model guarantees in-order delivery, requires matching sends to receives, and has the user schedule communication, task-based models generally favor the runtime system scheduling all execution based on the dependencies and message deliveries as they happen. The messaging semantics are critical to enabling high performance.In this paper, we build on previous work that added zero copy semantics to Converse/LRTS. We examine the messaging semantics of Charm++ as it relates to large message buffers, identify shortcomings, and define new communication APIs to address them. Our work enables in-place communication semantics in the context of point-to-point messaging, broadcasts, transmission of read-only variables at program startup, and for migration of chares. We showcase the performance of our new communication APIs using benchmarks for Charm++ and Adaptive MPI, which result in nearly 90% latency improvement and 2x lower peak memory usage.


Abstract. Methane (CH4) inventory uncertainties are large, requiring robust emission derivation approaches. We report on a fused airborne–surface data collection approach to derive emissions from an active oil field near Bakersfield, central California. The approach characterizes the atmosphere from the surface to above the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and combines downwind trace gas concentration anomaly (plume) above background with normal winds to derive flux. This approach does not require a well-mixed PBL; allows explicit, data-based, uncertainty evaluation; and was applied to complex topography and wind flows. In situ airborne (collected by AJAX – the Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment) and mobile surface (collected by AMOG – the AutoMObile trace Gas – Surveyor) data were collected on 19 August 2015 to assess source strength. Data included an AMOG and AJAX intercomparison transect profiling from the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) floor into the Sierra Nevada (0.1–2.2 km altitude), validating a novel surface approach for atmospheric profiling by leveraging topography. The profile intercomparison found good agreement in multiple parameters for the overlapping altitude range from 500 to 1500 m for the upper 5 % of surface winds, which accounts for wind-impeding structures, i.e., terrain, trees, buildings, etc. Annualized emissions from the active oil fields were 31.3 ± 16 Gg methane and 2.4 ± 1.2 Tg carbon dioxide. Data showed the PBL was not well mixed at distances of 10–20 km downwind, highlighting the importance of the experimental design.


This paper complements macroeconomic indicators for macroprudential policy with information from microeconomic survey data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), to identify pockets of risk in the Belgian mortgage market. It takes into account distributional aspects of debt and assets, with a special focus on the coverage of households' mortgage debt by (liquid)financial assets. It identifies the share of outstanding mortgage debt that is possibly at risk, and the parts of the population most affected, on the basis of income and assets-related debt indicators. The first finding is that some groups of households have problems servicing their debt out of their income and some lack the financial resources to cope with income loss. The second finding is that Belgian households' considerable financial wealth is (very) unequally distributed, and that therefore this wealth covers their outstanding mortgage debt only to a limited extent. As a consequence, a severe unemployment shock could hurt many mortgage-indebted households, involving a significant part of total outstanding mortgage debt in Belgium. All in all, this paper shows that survey data can complement macro data for macroprudential policy purposes.


In some Mobile IPv6 deployments identifying the mobile node or the
mobility service subscriber is not enough to distinguish between
multiple services possibly provisioned to the said mobile node and its
mobility service subscription. A capability to specify different
services in addition to the mobile node identity can be leveraged to
provide flexibility for mobility service providers on provisioning
multiple services to one mobility service subscription. This document
describes a Service Selection Mobility Option for both conventional
Mobile IPv6 or Proxy Mobile IPv6 that is intended to assist home
agents to make a specific service selection for the mobility service
subscription during the binding update procedure.


We present an open source tool, searchrefiner, for researchers that conduct medical systematic reviews to assist in formulating, visualising, and understanding Boolean queries. The searchrefiner web interface allows researchers to explore how Boolean queries retrieve citations in existing, popular query syntaxes used in systematic review literature search. The web interface allows researchers to perform tasks such as using validation citations to ensure queries are retrieving a minimum set of known relevant citations, and editing Boolean queries by dragging and dropping clauses in a structured editor. In addition, the tools provided by the searchrefiner interface allow researchers to visualise why the queries they formulate retrieve citations, and ways to understand how to refine queries into more effective ones. searchrefiner is targeted at both experts and novices, as a tool for query formulation and refinement, and as a tool for training users to search for literature to compile systematic reviews. The searchrefiner website located at https://ielab.io/searchrefiner contains information about how to download, install, and use the tool, as well as a link to an online hosted version for demonstration purposes.


Under the inspiration of Fama and French asset pricing model, this paper mainly studies the relationship between the month return of A shares and the factors that may have an effect on the stocks' month return. It also compares the differences in the reaction of all shares and GEM board shares to these factors. It is important to highlight that these factors include the market, firm size, earnings and book-to-market information. The data used in this project comes from the quarterly data of China stock market from March of 2000 to December of 2011 and was used in panel model regressions. The regression time period of A shares is from March of 2000 to December of 2011, and the regression time period of GEM board shares is from December of 2009 to December of 2011 as a consequence that China's GEM board was officially established in October 30 th of 2009. This document will show several linear models to explain the correlation between stock return (A shares and GEM board shares) and the factors (market factor, firm size factor, earning factor and book-to-market factor). Based on the result of the empirical study, we found that relative small book-to-market ratio may have positive effect on the stock returns of A shares and GEM board shares. Also that for the GEM board shares, relative smaller size and relative higher earnings are good for the price to rise. And that for A shares, size factor and earning factor have little influence on the stock return. Finally the GEM board shares are more sensitive to market factor than A shares.


In order to enhance photocatalysis by broadening light harvesting, bundled TiO2 nanowire bundle arrays are encapsulated with indium tin oxide (ITO) by a self-assembly technique involving anodization, electrochemical etching, and ITO deposition. The plasmonic photocatalyst, which has a multiscale structure with variable nanoscale gaps as well as microscale funnels, shows broadband localized surface plasmon resonance absorption of 84% in the wavelength range between 400 and 2500 nm. The improved photocatalytic efficiency is demonstrated by methyl orange degradation under sunlight illumination. The improvement stems from enhanced light harvesting arising from the localized surface plasmon resonance of the ITO membrane which extends the light response to the visible and NIR regions and excites hot charge carriers.


Executive Summary • Relative to income, dwelling prices in New Zealand are among the highest in the OECD. This is New Zealand's housing affordability problem in a nutshell. • High population-driven demand growth has collided with inflexible supply-side constraints. • Land prices have sky-rocketed, but construction costs are also too high. • This report explains why KiwiBuild – defined as the government's pledge to build or deliver 100,000 homes within a decade – fails against all the objectives set for it: KiwiBuild cannot hope to materially increase home ownership proportions – the original 2012 objective. Additional housing, if achieved, will likely lift renting and ownership more or less in tandem. It is not about social housing to help those at the bottom. Nor is it about helping struggling first-home buyers. They cannot afford KiwiBuild homes at current costs. KiwiBuild is for the relatively well-off. It is intended to be subsidy free, since wealth transfers to the well-off are hard to justify. But its inducements to attract private developers are subsidies. Even more paradoxically, if there were no subsidy, there would be no gap for KiwiBuild to fill. Private developers will meet unsubsidised market demand. It cannot hope to increase the housing stock sustainably. Only enduring lower property prices can induce people to own more dwellings than otherwise. KiwiBuild reduces neither land values nor construction costs at the margin. • The enduring effect of the policy is a changed composition of the housing stock by decree rather than by public demand. • KiwiBuild is floundering having no clear public interest objective. It constitutes a massive political and bureaucratic distraction from what is really needed – direct action to reduce land values and construction costs. RESEARCH NOTE


The current urban morphology and the identity building of the city construction can be designed as a palimpsest; the spatial development stages of urban systems represent the result of their evolution over time. The characteristics of urban palimpsest depend mainly on the emergent factors that influenced the territorial dynamics and the configuration of urban bodies. Urban life and its quality are directly influenced by spatial and temporal factors of the city evolution. For this reason the study aims to achieve a research to explain the concept of urban palimpsest and the current morphology of urban tissue because they are products of landscape transformations along the history. The current knowledge on urban palimpsest characteristics is very important and useful to plan the current and future evolution of urban systems. The case study presents a vast view on the history of spatial development and urban system as well as a dynamics of the landscape interconditioned by the elements of such development in the context of reference historical eras.


After an introductory chapter, the thesis is divided in three parts. In the first part, chapter 2 includes domestic financial dollarisation into an otherwise standard DSGE model of a small open economy. Domestic financial dollarisation implies that some of the assets of households and some liabilities of financial intermediaries are denominated in a foreign currency. The main implication is that exchange rate swings affect the financial wealth of households and disrupt production. The chapter also derives a New-Keynesian Phillips curve augmented with agency costs. Chapter 3, sets up a framework whereby demand substitution occurs when cheaper imported goods appear and trigger a propagation mechanism in non-tradeable prices. As in the previous chapter, Chapter 3 disentangles the dynamics of inflation exploring yet another effect that explains how the fall in world inflation might drag down non-tradeable inflation in a small open economy.
The second part of the thesis deals with operational issues; notably the inflation forecast and instrument setting. Chapter 4 proposes a Bayesian method to combine model-based density forecasts with policy makers' subjective priors. Next, Chapter 5 estimates forward-looking interest rate rules by quantile regressions. The advantage of quantile regressions is that we can learn about the likely feedback from forecasts to instruments, not only on the mean value but on different quantiles of the inflation forecast distribution. Thus, we can gain some added information about monetary authorities' risk balance or the nature of their loss function.
In the last part of the thesis, Chapter 6 provides an econometric evaluation of the effects of inflation targeting adoption on the dynamics of inflation. This evaluation covers developed and emerging-market inflation targeters alike.


Many different approaches have been used in the past to characterise iron ore sinter mineralogy to predict sinter quality and elucidate the impacts of iron ore characteristics and process variables on the mechanisms of sintering. This paper compares the mineralogy of three sinter samples with binary basicities (mass ratio of CaO/SiO2) between 1.7 and 2.0. The measurement techniques used were optical image analysis and point counting (PC), quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) and two different scanning electron microscopy systems, namely, Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy (QEMSCAN) and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA). Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the objectives of the measurement, with the quantification of crystalline phases, textural relationships between minerals and chemical compositions of the phases covered by the combined results. Some key differences were found between QXRD and the microscopy techniques. QXRD results imply that not all of the silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium (SFCA types) are being identified on the basis of morphology in the microscopy results. The amorphous concentration determined by QXRD was higher than the glass content identified in the microscopy results, whereas the magnetite and total SFCA concentration was lower. The scanning electron microscopy techniques were able to provide chemical analysis of the phases; however, exact correspondence with textural types was not always possible and future work is required in this area, particularly for differentiation of SFCA and SFCA-I phases. The results from the various techniques are compared and the relationships between the measurement results are discussed.


Introduction For time immemorial, the criminal justice system treated adult and juvenile offenders the same when punishments had been imposed (Fuller, 2009; Strieb, 1995). For example, in 1792, a Philadelphia official put a 12-year-old boy in jail for arson, forcing the boy to confess by denying him food and his clothing (The Commonwealth v. Dillon, 1792). About 1828, New Jersey claimed that a 12-year-old African American servant [sic] asked a woman to borrow a gun, and when he was refused, he bludgeoned the woman to death. Reportedly, officials told him that if he confessed, he would escape punishment. Subsequently, he was found guilty and executed (The State v. James Guild, 1828). In 1911, Addams (1930) recounted a brutal murder that occurred in Chicago involving six young men and boys. The four oldest males were hanged and the two youngest, who were under 17 years of age, were sentenced to the state penitentiary (Addams, 1930). In a manner, society embraced a just deserts punishment philosophy. The principle of just deserts means that juveniles who committed certain offenses are subject to the same punishment as adult offenders (Marinos, 2005). During the Progressive Era in the 19th century, policies regarding juvenile offenders began to change, such as the creation of houses of refugee and the creation of juvenile protective associations in many major cities (Addams, 1910; Alexander, 1997; Siegel & Welsh, 2009). Spearheading this reformation in juvenile policies were women and particularly women affiliated with settlement houses or early social workers (Addams, 1930). Prior to the creation of the juvenile court, Chicago police officials who had arrested neighborhood adolescents for minor offenses took those adolescents to House Hull. Settlement house workers were instrumental in the creation of the first juvenile court in Chicago in 1899, and the first juvenile court was located across the street from the Hull House Settlement (Addams, 1910). A settlement house worker was the first juvenile probation officer. In addition, settlement house workers in California convinced California officials to create a separate juvenile court just for girls, staffing it completely with woman professionals (Odem & Schossman, 1991). For the most part, these early juvenile courts handled juveniles who had committed minor offenses (Addams, 1910). Despite the creation of juvenile courts in Illinois and other states, states still tried juveniles in courts as adults for serious crimes. Juveniles who were convicted of capital felonies were subject to capital punishment or life imprisonment in adult prisons (Application of Johnson, 1957; Cobb v. the State, 1962). A federal court in New Jersey decided whether a prisoner should be released, noting that in the 1940s a prisoner had been given life imprisonment at hard labor in an adult prison at the age of 14, and another 13 year old had been given life imprisonment (Application of Johnson, 1957). Often, life imprisonment carried with it the possibility of parole after a number of years (The People of the State of New York, v. Joseph Lake, 1948). Discussing the criminal history of an appellant, an Iowa Court observed that the appellant had been given a life sentence in 1922 for bank robbery but paroled in 1931 (State of Iowa, v. Bruntlett, 1949). In 1961, Georgia sentenced Preston Cobb, then a 15-year-old African American male who was charged with killing a White man, to die in the electric chair (Cobb v. The State, 1962). Upon a retrial, Cobb was convicted of murder but was given a sentence of life imprisonment (Cobb v. the State, 1966). Cobb's case was successfully appealed a second time, resulting in a manslaughter plea and a sentence of 18 years. Through these legal appeals, Georgia maintained Cobb at the Georgia State Prison at Reidsville, Georgia, the State's maximum security prison (Alexander 2003). Presently, a number of states provide life without parole for juveniles (Chen, 2009; Children's Law Center of Massachusetts, 2009; Meadoux v. …


The purpose of this study was to investigate students' use of visual imagery and its relationship to spatial visualization ability while solving mathematical word problems. Students with learning disabilities (LD), average achievers, and gifted students in sixth grade (N = 66) participated in this study. Students were assessed on measures of mathematical problem solving, visual imagery representation, and spatial visualization ability. The results indicated that gifted students performed better on both spatial visualization measures than students with LD and average-achieving students. Use of visual images was positively correlated with higher mathematical wordproblem—solving performance. Furthermore, the use of schematic imagery was significantly and positively correlated with higher performance on each spatial visualization measure; conversely, it was negatively correlated with the use of pictorial images.


Most types of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architectures employ reactive rule dispatching to enhance real-time network control. The rule dispatcher, as one of the key components of the network controller, generates and dispatches the cache rules with response for the packet-in messages from the forwarding devices. It is important not only for ensuring semantic integrity between the control plane and the data plane, but also for preserving the performance and efficiency of the forwarding devices. In theory, generating the optimal cache rules on demands is a knotty problem due to its high theoretical complexity. In practice, however, the characteristics lying in real-life traffic and rule sets demonstrate that temporal and spacial localities can be leveraged by the rule dispatcher to significantly reduce computational overhead. In this paper, we take a deep-dive into the reactive rule dispatching problem through modeling and complexity analysis, and then we propose a set of algorithms named Hierarchy-Based Dispatching (HBD), which exploits the nesting hierarchy of rules to simplify the theoretical model of the problem, and trade the strict coverage optimality off for a more practical but still superior rule generation result. Experimental result shows that HBD achieves performance gain in terms of rule cache capability and rule storage efficiency against the existing approaches.


The geometric effects on earthquake nucleation processes on bent dip-slip faults are studied using a slip strengthening and weakening friction law implemented in a two-dimensional quasi-static boundary integral model. The results show that the bend causes normal stress variations under tectonic loading on both the upper and lower segments. These stress variations differ from those on planar faults, leading to significant effects on earthquake nucleation location and time. Earthquakes tend to nucleate at shallower locations on thrust faults and at deeper locations on normal faults for steeper dipping angles on the lower fault segments. The elapsed time until nucleation on both thrust and normal faults is increased considerably as the bend angle becomes larger. For a thrust fault with a nearly horizontal lower segment, the time until nucleation can be more than 10 times larger than that for a corresponding planar fault. These findings may provide important insights for earthquake hazard analysis by taking the fault geometry effect into account when estimating hypocenter positions and time to instability.


Hydrologic analysis of two headwater lake basins in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, during 1980-81 indicates that the degree of neutralization of acid precipitation is controlled by the groundwater contribution to the lake. According to flow-duration analyses, daily mean outflow/unit area from the neutral lake (Panther Lake, pH 5-7) was more sustained and contained a higher percentage of groundwater than that of the acidic lake (Woods Lake, pH 4-5). Outflow recession rates and maximum base-flow rates, derived from individual recession curves, were 3.9 times and 1.5 times greater, respectively, in the neutral-lake basin than in the acidic-lake basin. Groundwater contribution to lake outflow was also calculated from a lake-water budget; the groundwater contribution to the neutral lake was about 10 times greater than that to the acidic lake. Thick sandy till forms the groundwater reservoir and the major recharge area in both basins but covers 8.5 times more area in the neutral-lake basin than in the acidic-lake basin. More groundwater storage within the neutral basin provides longer contact time with neutralizing minerals and more groundwater discharge. As a result, the neutral lake has relatively high pH and alkalinity, and more net cation transport. 36 refs., 17 figs., 5 tabs.


This article assesses the implications of the current Syria situation for the international law on the use of defensive force against non-State actors. The law in this area is highly unsettled, with multiple legal positions in play. After mapping the legal terrain, the article shows that the Syria situation accentuates three preexisting trends. First, the claim that international law absolutely prohibits the use of defensive force against non-State actors is increasingly difficult to sustain. States, on the whole, have supported the operation against the so-called Islamic State in Syria. Second, States still have not coalesced around a legal standard on when such force is lawful. Most States seem conflicted or uncertain on that question. Third, this ambivalence has contributed to a sizable gap between the norms that are most often articulated as law and the ones that are operational. States regularly tolerate operations that they are unwilling to legitimize with legal language.