IZA DP No. 14829 NOVEMBER 2021 Unpacking the Post-lockdown Employment Recovery of Young Women in the Global South This paper analyses the difference in short-term employment recovery between young men and women in India, Peru and Vietnam following the national lockdowns imposed in all three countries during 2020. We employ a mediation model to establish whether and to what extent – commonly suggested mechanisms are responsible for a relatively slower recovery among young women and an increase in the gender employment gap. In line with the literature, we find evidence that the unequal distribution of caring responsibilities explains a meaningful proportion of the disparity in Peru and Vietnam, but a smaller share of the change in the employment gap in India. Contrary to the previous literature, however, we find little evidence that the work activity performed before the pandemic explains the slower female recovery in any of the three study countries. JEL Classification: J21, J16, J6


Intellectual freedom is a core value of librarianship, but fighting to keep controversial materials on the shelves can sometimes feel like a lonely battle. And not all censorship controversies involve the public objecting to a book in the collection-libraries are venues for displays and meetings, and sometimes library staff themselves are tempted to preemptively censor a work. Those facing censorship challenges can find support and inspiration in this book, which compiles dozens of stories from library front lines. Edifying and enlightening, this collection Tells the stories of several librarians who withstood difficult circumstances to champion intellectual freedom Touches on prickly issues such as age-appropriateness, some librarians' temptation to preemptively censor, sensitive cultural expressions, and criminality in the library Presents case studies of defenses that were unsuccessful, so librarians facing similar challenges can learn from these defeats There are fewer situations more stressful in a librarian's professional life than being personally confronted with a demand to remove a book from the shelves or not knowing how to respond to other kinds of censorship challenges. Reading this book will help fortify and inform those in the fray.


What is a responsible business? Common wisdom is that it's one that sacrifices profit for social outcomes. But while it's crucial for companies to serve society, they also have a duty to generate profit for investors - savers, retirees, and pension funds. Based on the highest-quality evidence and real-life examples spanning industries and countries, Alex Edmans shows that it's not an either-or choice - companies can create both profit and social value. The most successful companies don't target profit directly, but are driven by purpose - the desire to serve a societal need and contribute to human betterment. The book explains how to embed purpose into practice so that it's more than just a mission statement, and discusses the critical role of working collaboratively with a company's investors, employees, and customers. Rigorous research also uncovers surprising results on how executive pay, shareholder activism, and share buybacks can be used for the common good.


ABSTRACT This article analyses a conceptual shift from ideas of tradition, customs and folklore and towards Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). It looks to the political implications of ICH and various understandings of ICH held by heritage actors, including officials, academics, NGO's and practitioners. It also scrutinises the ways in which traditions, customs and folklore were (re)introduced into the market when rebranded as ICH. The latter will be showed by analysing three diverse ethnographic case studies: a performative custom, a craft technique and an agricultural practice. It will be demonstrated how for the first time in Greece, these cases were brought together under one category in the all-inclusive umbrella of ICH. The concept of ICH began its dissemination in Greece during the ongoing economic austerity that has been in place since 2008. The austerity had a primary role in the interpretation of ICH, and many heritage actors attempted to counter the effects of the austerity through ICH, an important factor in understanding the conceptual shift. Consequently, the Greek austerity contextualised this change, and the article will elaborate upon the ways in which austerity directed actors to focus on the economic potentials of ICH.


In Book III of his Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume considers the following simple interaction: "I suppose a person to have lent me a sum of money, on condition that it be restor'd in a few days, and also suppose, that after the expiration of the term agreed on, he demands the sum" and Hume asks: "What reason or motive have I to restore the money?" [1740, p. 479] The answer, he concludes, must be "that the sense of justice and injustice [which is the motive for repaying the loan] is not deriv'd from nature, but arises artificially, tho' necessarily, from education and human conventions." [p. 483] It is my purpose in this essay to offer formal (and modern) underpinnings for Hume's argument. I shall do so in the context of Hume's own example, cited above, where the interaction being considered is one between lender and borrower.


Vibration in a driveline is presented in this paper. In the experiment, the rear subframe and propeller shafts and axle were composed and mounted with rubber each other. For applying the vibration input instead of the torsional vibration effect of an engine, the shaker was taken. In particular, torsional vibration due to fluctuating forced vibration excitation across the joint between driveline and rear subframe was carefully examined. Accordingly, the joint response was checked from experiments and the FE-simulation using FRF (frequency response function) analysis was performed. All test results were signal processed and validated against numerical simulations. In present study, the new test bench for measuring the vibration signal and simulating the vehicle chassis system was proposed. The modal value and the mode shape of components were analyzed using the model to identify the important components affecting driveline noise and vibration. It could be reached that the simplified test bench could be well established and be used for design guide and development of the vehicle chassis components.


Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is associated with lower quality of life, more fatigue, and reduced adherence to disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: The objectives of this review are to estimate the incidence and prevalence of selected comorbid psychiatric disorders in MS and evaluate the quality of included studies. Methods: We searched the PubMed, PsychInfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge databases and reference lists of retrieved articles. Abstracts were screened for relevance by two independent reviewers, followed by full-text review. Data were abstracted by one reviewer, and verified by a second reviewer. Study quality was evaluated using a standardized tool. For population-based studies we assessed heterogeneity quantitatively using the I2 statistic, and conducted meta-analyses. Results: We included 118 studies in this review. Among population-based studies, the prevalence of anxiety was 21.9% (95% CI: 8.76%–35.0%), while it was 14.8% for alcohol abuse, 5.83% for bipolar disorder, 23.7% (95% CI: 17.4%–30.0%) for depression, 2.5% for substance abuse, and 4.3% (95% CI: 0%–10.3%) for psychosis. Conclusion: This review confirms that psychiatric comorbidity, particularly depression and anxiety, is common in MS. However, the incidence of psychiatric comorbidity remains understudied. Future comparisons across studies would be enhanced by developing a consistent approach to measuring psychiatric comorbidity, and reporting of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific estimates.


Abstract We consider the buoyancy-driven flow in an inclined porous layer which results when fluid of different temperature and composition to that in the reservoir is injected from a horizontal line well. The thermal inertia of the porous matrix leads to a transition in the temperature of the injectate as it spreads from the well and heats up to reservoir temperature. Since the buoyancy and viscosity of the injectate change across this thermal transition, the alongslope characteristic speed of the current also changes. Density and viscosity typically decrease with temperature and, so, for injectate that is positively buoyant at reservoir temperature, the changes in density and viscosity with temperature have complementary effects on the characteristic speed. In contrast, for injectate that is negatively buoyant at reservoir temperature, the changes in viscosity and density with temperature have competing influences on the characteristic speed. The change in characteristic speed, combined with the change in buoyancy across the thermal transition, leads to a series of different flow morphologies with the thermally adjusted injectate either running ahead of or lagging behind the original injectate. By approximating the thermal transition as a discrete jump, we derive the leading-order structure of these currents for the different possible cases. We then build on this to develop a more detailed boundary layer description of the thermal transition based on the theory of thin gravity driven flows in porous media. Under certain injection conditions, we show that the thermal transition is gravitationally unstable and that this may lead to mixing across the thermal transition. We consider the implications of the models for several industrial processes including geothermal heat recovery, aquifer thermal storage and carbon dioxide sequestration.


This study examines closely some of the artworks produced by Howard Taylor, Ronald Searle and Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack while they were interned as prisoners of war (POWs) during World War II (WWII). It examines the significance of their POW and post-war artworks in the context of their experiences in WWII, the institutional representation of WWII POW art generally and, more broadly, the context in which wars shape the creative output of imprisoned soldiers and civilians. It further examines how POW artwork has influenced the choice of subject matter for some contemporary artists. I discuss a certain invisibility of POW artwork in public institutions and examine the neglected status of POW artwork in institutional culture, with the intention of reinforcing its significance in contemporary culture as an ethical tool for avoiding war and informing my own visual arts practice. The research deliberately circumvents 'official' war art, which is art commissioned by political representatives, executed by professional artists and intended for public display. I argue that official art is commonly associated with propaganda, victorious or heroic events, serving to illustrate concepts of nationhood. I explore the reasons why and how some POWs produced visual art and find that POW art has in the main memorialised events, and serves religious purposes and economic purposes such as the exchange of goods for food, and also functioned as a means of secretly passing on information. Art making was also a way to alleviate boredom by providing occupation and mental stimulation.


We consider the exploration-exploitation dilemma in finite-horizon reinforcement learning problems whose state-action space is endowed with a metric. We introduce Kernel-UCBVI, a model-based optimistic algorithm that leverages the smoothness of the MDP and a non-parametric kernel estimator of the rewards and transitions to efficiently balance exploration and exploitation. For problems with $K$ episodes and horizon $H$, we provide a regret bound of $\widetilde{O}\left( H^3 K^{\frac{2d}{2d+1}}\right)$, where $d$ is the covering dimension of the joint state-action space. This is the first regret bound for kernel-based RL using smoothing kernels, which requires very weak assumptions on the MDP and has been previously applied to a wide range of tasks. We empirically validate our approach in continuous MDPs with sparse rewards.


Structured sparsity is an important part of the modern statistical toolkit. We say a set of model parameters has block diagonal sparsity up to permutations if its elements can be viewed as the edges of a graph that has multiple connected components. For example, a block diagonal correlation matrix with K blocks of variables corresponds to a graph with K connected components whose nodes are the variables and whose edges are the correlations. This type of sparsity captures clusters of model parameters. To learn block diagonal sparsity patterns we develop the folded concave Laplacian spectral penalty and provide a majorization-minimization algorithm for the resulting non-convex problem. We show this algorithm has the appealing computational and statistical guarantee of converging to the oracle estimator after two steps with high probability, even in high-dimensional settings. The theory is then demonstrated in several classical problems including covariance estimation, linear regression, and logistic regression.


Continuous Integration (CI) is a popular practice where software systems are automatically compiled and tested as changes appear in the version control system of a project. Like other software artifacts, CI specifications require maintenance effort. Although there are several service providers like Travis CI offering various CI features, it is unclear which features are being (mis)used. In this paper, we present a study of feature use and misuse in 9,312 open source systems that use Travis CI. Analysis of the features that are adopted by projects reveals that explicit deployment code is rare—48.16 percent of the studied Travis CI specification code is instead associated with configuring job processing nodes. To analyze feature misuse, we propose Hansel—an anti-pattern detection tool for Travis CI specifications. We define four anti-patterns and Hansel detects anti-patterns in the Travis CI specifications of 894 projects in the corpus (9.60 percent), and achieves a recall of 82.76 percent in a sample of 100 projects. Furthermore, we propose Gretel—an anti-pattern removal tool for Travis CI specifications, which can remove 69.60 percent of the most frequently occurring anti-pattern automatically. Using Gretel, we have produced 36 accepted pull requests that remove Travis CI anti-patterns automatically.


The Problem: Emerging pandemic threats are on the increase given the increasing levels of risks from overpopulation, unrestricted travel and mutations of existing viruses into more dangerous and resistant strains.
Objective: The study objectives were to conduct a needs assessment with identify stakeholders in relation to a Zoonosis advocacy package at country and regional level. This included identification of primary, secondary and tertiary audience segments for targeting of possible communication campaigns for pandemic threats, to identify any barriers or benefits to the role out of the advocacy package, to incorporate participatory approaches to build ownership and engagement with the strategy by stakeholders and program beneficiaries and finally, to build internal capacity to undertake advocacy initiatives for regional 'One Health' approach in the future.
Methods: The elicitation research utilized a rapid assessment and response (RAR) methodology incorporating qualitative field-work including semi-structured interviews with key informants. Desk research of secondary data sources supported in-field findings.
Results: Results identified a number of gaps and challenges existing in effective program roll-out with a need for more effective coordination at national and regional levels, greater public and civil society engagement, and more effective advocacy and communication were necessary for effective rapid response in the case of out-breaks of infection. Essential insights on key informant expectations for a 'One World–One Health' advocacy package were also identified, to support national and regional engagement and rapid response.
Implications: The application of rapid assessment and response, to inform the design of advocacy approaches and crisis communication for emerging pandemic threats is highly recommended. RAR can provide important insights from which to mobilize political will, national and regional resources through purposive advocacy initiatives in the resource constrained settings of developing countries. RAR is found to be particularly effective when dealing with public health priorities such as zoonosis and other pandemic threats with the survey method achieving in a relatively short time period, a comprehensive understanding of stakeholder needs and wants. Future research should also incorporate needs assessments with program beneficiaries to develop a comprehensive understanding of audience needs and wants in relation to EPTs.


The origins of HM Yacht Britannia date back to 1938 yet it was not until 5th February 1952 that the Clydeside yard John Brown & Co Ltd was awarded the building contract. She was launched by HM The Queen on 16th April 1953 and commissioned on 7th January 1954. During her 44 years of active service Britannia steamed a total of 1,087,623 nautical miles conducting 696 Royal visits overseas and 272 in home waters. Among her numerous deployments she sailed to the Antarctic in 1956/57. She was used to open the St Lawrence Seaway in 1959 and in January 1986 while on passage for the Queen's State Visit to New Zealand and Australia she was diverted to assist in the evacuation of refugees from Aden. At home she became the focus of national events such as the Queen's 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review and in 1994 she embarked an unprecedented number of Heads of State for the 50th commemorations of the D Day landings. Britannia's final International period of Royal Duty came in 1997 when the Prince of Wales presided over the formal hand over of Hong Kong to China. In addition to her official duties Britannia provided the Royal Family with a place to relax in particular the Royal Family's annual cruise of the Western Isles and was also increasingly used with considerable success to promote British industry abroad. She was decommissioned on 11th December 1997 and subsequently preserved in Leith. This Official History of the Royal Yacht is being prepared by Richard Johnstone-Bryden and has the full unprecedented support of Her Majesty the Queen and HRH Duke of Edinburgh. As part of his research the author has interviewed a cross section of those involved in the story of this great ship from members of the Royal Family through to the junior Royal Yachtsmen as well as those who built her and those involved in her preservation. Moreover, many of the photographs have been made available by the MOD and Royal Archives including a number of informal photographs of the Royal Family.


BACKGROUND
Pre-exam anxiety syndrome is a common condition occurring in pre-exam students and directly affects their examination performance and physical state. Wrist-ankle acupuncture has significant therapeutic effects in treating mental disorders and may also relieve the symptoms of pre-exam anxiety syndrome.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the therapeutic effect of wrist-ankle acupuncture on pre-exam anxiety syndrome.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS
A total of 60 students who met the inclusion criteria of pre-exam anxiety syndrome were enrolled from a university in Shanghai and they were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. There were 30 cases in each group, and no case failed to follow-up. In the treatment group, wrist-ankle acupuncture was adopted to point upper 1 bilaterally (impression between flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and ulnar margin), and there was no requirement for Deqi (arrival of qi). In the control group, sham acupuncture was adopted. The treatment was applied 3 times totally in both groups one week before the exam, once every other day, each time with the needles retained for 30 min.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The therapeutic effects were compared between two groups. Before and after 3 treatments, Sarason Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) and Expectation and Treatment Credibility Scale (ETCS) were measured and evaluated.

RESULTS
The therapeutic effect experienced by the treatment group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in TAS and ETCS before treatment between the two groups. The scores of TAS after treatment in two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01). There were statistical differences in TAS absolute difference and TAS relative difference between the two groups and the treatment group had better results (P<0.05, P<0.01). After treatment, patients in the treatment group had higher scores in ETCS than those in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). No adverse reaction was reported.

CONCLUSION
Wrist-ankle acupuncture can relieve the symptoms of pre-exam anxiety syndrome significantly, and this therapy is highly safe.


China's 13th Five-Year Plan, launched in March 2016, provides a sound policy platform for the protection of marine ecosystems and the restoration of capture fisheries within China's exclusive economic zone. What distinguishes China among many other countries striving for marine fisheries reform is its size—accounting for almost one-fifth of global catch volume—and the unique cultural context of its economic and resource management. In this paper, we trace the history of Chinese government priorities, policies, and outcomes related to marine fisheries since the 1978 Economic Reform, and examine how the current leadership's agenda for "ecological civilization" could successfully transform marine resource management in the coming years. We show how China, like many other countries, has experienced a decline in the average trophic level of its capture fisheries during the past few decades, and how its policy design, implementation, and enforcement have influenced the status of its wild fish stocks. To reverse the trend in declining fish stocks, the government is introducing a series of new programs for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, with greater traceability and accountability in marine resource management and area controls on coastal development. As impressive as these new plans are on paper, we conclude that serious institutional reforms will be needed to achieve a true paradigm shift in marine fisheries management in China. In particular, we recommend new institutions for science-based fisheries management, secure fishing access, policy consistency across provinces, educational programs for fisheries managers, and increasing public access to scientific data.


Objective Factors influencing the outcome of anti-VEGF treatment in neovascular AMD are still investigated. We analyzed the impact of a loading phase, the significance of an initial response for the long-term and the effect of the CFH polymorphism (p.His402Tyr) on treatment outcome. Methods Patients treated with ranibizumab for neovascular AMD were analyzed over a period of 24 months by assessing effects of loading phase, initial response and genotype of CFH rs1061170 (c.1204C>T, p.His402Tyr). Results 204 eyes were included. A change of +5.0 [−1;+11] letters and +1.5 [−5.5;+9.5] was observed with a median of 4 [3]; [7] and 10 [7]; [14] ranibizumab injections during 12 and 24 months, respectively. Loading phase was no significant predictor for treatment as VA outcome in eyes with and without loading phase was similar (p = 0.846 and p = 0.729) at 12 and 24 months. In contrast, initial response was a significant predictor for improving vision of 5 or more letters at 12 (p = 0.001; OR = 6.75) and 24 months (p = 0.01; OR = 4.66). Furthermore, the CT genotype at CFH rs1061170 was identified as a significant predictor for a favorable VA outcome at 12 and 24 months (OR = 6.75, p = 0.001 and OR = 4.66, p = 0.01). Conclusions Our data suggest that clinical decisions regarding treatment may be guided by observing patients' initial response as well as their genotype of SNP rs1061170, while the criterion of loading phase may not bear the customary value.


BACKGROUND
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common major malformations in newborns. In this study we examined the associations between the occurrence of CHDs in children and periconceptional occupational parental exposures to chemicals.

METHODS
In an age-matched case-control study with standardized data collection at c. 15 months after birth, 424 mothers and 421 fathers of a child with CHD and 480 mothers and 477 fathers of a non-malformed child, filled out questionnaires on periconceptional general and job characteristics. A job exposure matrix, which links the information on job title and a description of work tasks to an expert judgement on exposure to chemicals in the workplace, was used.

RESULTS
The overall prevalence of occupational exposure to chemicals was 5.0 in cases and 6.2% in controls for mothers [odds ratio (OR) adjusted = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-3.25], while 22.3 and 15.9% for fathers, respectively (OR adjusted = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.39-3.91). No association of maternal occupational exposure to chemicals with risk of CHDs was found. Paternal exposure to phthalates was associated with a higher incidence of CHDs in general (OR adjusted = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.27-3.40). Paternal exposure to phthalates was associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (OR adjusted = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.37-5.92), to polychlorinated compounds with atrioventricular septal defect (OR adjusted = 4.22; 95% CI: 1.23-14.42) and to alkylphenolic compounds with coarctation of the aorta (OR adjusted = 3.85; 95% CI: 1.17-12.67).

CONCLUSIONS
Periconceptional paternal (but not maternal) occupational exposure to certain chemicals is associated with an increased risk of CHDs in children. The results, however, must be interpreted cautiously as exposure probabilities are a crude measure of exposure.


This article deals with Lithuanian practice and problems concerning the possibility to realise the right to strike. The strikes as the way of resolving the collective labour disputes become more and more popular in Lithuania. The rising of collective labour disputes is caused by many different reasons, such as unfavourable economic and social conditions in our state, also the reluctance of social partners to reach social compromise between themselves. Such situation stimulates the trade unions to go on strikes. It is not the best way to solve the collective labour disputes and it raises the number of legal problems in Lithuanian practice. The right to Strike is one of the rights, which are ensured by the international freedom of associations principle. The International Labour Organisation grants the large attention to this principal and also to the right to strike. There is the special Committee of the Freedom of Association which works under this international Organisation. This Committee formulated more than hundred digests, which deal with the realisation of the right to strike. In this article are analysed these digests which are related the Lithuanian legal regulation and practice of strikes. Authors analyses the well known strikes of the drivers of Vilnius buses and trolleybuses which took part in May of 2000. These strikes showed the number of problems in Lithuanian legal regulation of the organising the strikes. Moreover the organisers of these strikes initiated the investigation of the complaint in the Committee of the Freedom of Association. The conclusions and remarks given by this Committee are analysed in article.


Constructing r-th nonresidue over a finite field is a fundamental computational problem. A related problem is to construct an irreducible polynomial of degree re (where r is a prime) over a given finite field Fq of characteristic p (equivalently, constructing the bigger field Fqre). Both these problems have famous randomized algorithms but the derandomization is an open question. We give some new connections between these two problems and their variants. In 1897, Stickelberger proved that if a polynomial has an odd number of even degree factors, then its discriminant is a quadratic nonresidue in the field. We give an extension of Stickelberger's Lemma; we construct r-th nonresidues from a polynomial f for which there is a d, such that, r|d and r ł#(irreducible factors of f(x) of degree d). Our theorem has the following interesting consequences: (1) we can construct Fqm in deterministic poly(deg(f),m log q)-time if $m$ is an r-power and f is known; (2) we can find r-th roots in Fpm in deterministic poly(m log p)-time if r is constant and r|gcd(m,p-1). We also discuss a conjecture significantly weaker than the Generalized Riemann hypothesis to get a deterministic poly-time algorithm for r-th root finding.


The potato gene RB, cloned from the wild potato species Solanum bulbocastanum, confers partial resistance to late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. In order to better characterize this partial resistance phenotype, we have compared host resistance responses mediated by RB with those mediated by the S. demissum-derived R gene R9, which confers immunity to P. infestans carrying the corresponding avirulence gene avrR9. We found that both RB and R9 genes were capable of eliciting a hypersensitive cell death response (HR). However, in RB plants, the pathogen escaped HR lesions and continued to grow beyond the inoculation sites. We also found that callose deposition was negatively correlated with resistance levels in tested plants. Transcription patterns of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 basic, PR-2 acidic, and PR-5 indicated that P. infestans inoculation induced transcription of these defense-related genes regardless of the host genotype; however, transcription was reduced in both the susceptible and partially resistant plants later in the infection process but remained elevated in the immune host. Most interestingly, transcription of the HR-associated gene Hin1 was suppressed in both Katahdin and RB-transgenic Katahdin but not in R9 4 days after inoculation. Together, this suggests that suppression of certain defense-related genes may allow P. infestans to spread beyond the site of infection in the partially resistant host despite elicitation of hypersensitive cell death.


"Law and the Team Physician" is the first comprehensive examination of liability issues that team physicians may face in delivering care to athletes. In this practical and reader friendly resource, author Elizabeth Gallup- a lawyer, a doctor, and a former team physician - offers her unique perspective on how the law may affect the practice of sports medicine. The book is an excellent legal guide for team physicians working with junior high, high school, college, or professional sports teams. From Good Samaritan issues to the legal aspects of sports medicine consultancy with professional teams, "Law and the Team Physician" covers the risk management areas most important to medical practitioners who work with athletic teams. Some of the topics include: deciding whether to prohibit an athlete's participation, how to determine if an athlete should return to play after an injury, what should be in the team physician's medical bag, the potential liabilities involved when a team physician knows an athlete is using drugs, what sports are believed to present a greater risk for transmitting the HIV virus, and why a team physician should never alter a medical record. Each chapter ends with a section on practical considerations that recaps the information in the chapter and helps the team physician put it into practice. Readers will also find many sample documents throughout the book, including contracts, petitions, and risk releases. "Law and the Team Physician" helps doctors minimize their legal risks so they can continue to provide a valuable service to society. The book's coverage of applicable law is useful not only for team physicians but also for sport law professionals, athletic administrators, athletic trainers, and other sports medicine practitioners.


Counting common neighbors between all vertex pairs in a graph is a fundamental operation, with uses in similarity measures, link prediction, graph compression, community detection, and more. Current shared-memory approaches either rely on set intersections or are not readily parallelizable. We introduce a new efficient and parallelizable algorithm to count common neighbors: starting at a wedge endpoint, we iterate through all wedges in the graph, and increment the common neighbor count for each endpoint pair. This exactly counts the common neighbors between all pairs without using set intersections, and as such attains an asymptotic improvement in runtime. Furthermore, our algorithm is simple to implement and only slight modifications are required for existing implementations to use our results. We provide an OpenMP implementation and evaluate it on real-world and synthetic graphs, demonstrating no loss of scalability and an asymptotic improvement. We show intersections are neither necessary nor helpful for computing all pairs common neighbor counts.


This EBRI Notes article examines the percentage of employers offering health insurance from 2008–2016 to better understand how health insurance offer rates may have been affected by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), the Great Recession of 2007–2009, and the subsequent economic recovery. The data come from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey–Insurance Component (MEPS-IC).
Many employers were expected to drop workplace health insurance with the introduction of the ACA. Since 2008, the percentage of coverage-offering employers with 1,000 or more employees has been consistently near or above 99 percent—it reached 99.8 percent in 2016—but smaller firms have shown a steady, though not precipitous, decline in offer rates. For the smallest employers studied, those with fewer than 10 employees, the offer rate declined from 22.7 percent in 2015 to 21.7 percent in 2016.
But over the last year, perhaps with the strengthening economy and lower unemployment rates, there is evidence of what may be a rebound in employment-based coverage offer rates among firms with 10-999 employees. More specifically, from 2015-2016:
For employers with 10–24 employees, those offering health benefits increased from 48.9 percent to 49.4 percent.
For employers with 25–99 employees, those offering health benefits increased from 73.5 percent to 74.6 percent.
For employers with 100-999 employees, those offering health benefits increased from 95.1 percent to 96.3 percent. For these employers, this trend actually began a year earlier, when the offer rate increased from 92.5 percent in 2014 to 95.1 percent in 2015.
This paper discusses the context for the recent rebound and suggests factors that may influence future trends.


Under phased retirement, an older worker remains with his or her employer while gradually reducing work hours and effort. Although older workers often express an interest in phased retirement, actual occurrences are evidently rare. A possible explanation is that employers limit opportunities for phased retirement. Using a survey of employers conducted in 2001–2002, the authors examine how and why establishments differed in their willingness to permit an older full-time white-collar worker to take phased retirement. The survey indicates that employers were often willing to permit the option, but primarily as an informal arrangement. The results also indicate that opportunities for phased retirement were greater in establishments that employed part-time white-collar workers, allowed job sharing, and had flexible starting times. Opportunities tended to be more limited in establishments where white-collar workers were unionized.


1. By the use of a mechanical graded sieving technique a high yield of isolated glomeruli has been obtained from rat kidny. 2. Microscopy and renin assay have shown the presence of renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells attached to these glomeruli. 3. The viability of isolated glomeruli has been confirmed by the ability of the cells to survive and divide in tissue culture and by their exclusion of vital dyes. 4. In superfusion after washout of extracellular renin, the glomeruli actively release constant amounts of renin over 3 h in direct proportion to the number of superfused. 5. Decreasing sodium concentration from 140 to 110 mol/l with constant osmolarity of 305 mosmol/l stimulated renin release by a direct effect on juxtaglomerular cells. 6. Catecholamines stimulated renin release in vitro in proportion to the potency of their action on beta-adrenoreceptors. 7. The system of superfusion of isolated glomeruli provides a technique for studying the influence of mediators leading to renin release acting directly on juxtaglomerular cells, independent of pressure change, tubular sodium, the sympathetic nervous system and circulating hormones.


Language planning and policy in Catalonia has been a focus of much interest and discussion over the past three decades. In this article we go beyond issues of policy in order to examine what happens when an influential constituency in the linguistic landscape of Catalonia, namely advertisers, have a "free choice" as regards the language(s) which they use when advertising in a key site in the print media, that of El Periodico de Catalunya, one of the two biggest-selling newspapers in Catalonia. Uniquely this paper publishes daily "identical" versions in Castilian Spanish and in Catalan and this feature obliges advertisers to select from several sociolinguistic options as regards the language(s) in which their advertising is published. We were particularly interested in establishing whether any patterns of language choice appeared to dominate in this advertising and in identifying any links which might exist between the characteristics of the companies concerned, the types of products and services on offer and the linguistic choices made. The results of our study suggest that there is a tendency among many advertisers, particularly those of certain types of products which cross national boundaries and are associated with technological development and "modernity," to use Castilian in both the Castilian and the Catalan versions of the newspaper.


After presenting some technological background related to the main subject, contemporary Binaural and Ambisonic tools are discussed. In spite of all the possible applications of both systems, user friendly tools for compositional applications are the main foci of the research. The first chapter presents the historical and theoretical background behind Ambisonics, binaural systems and head tracking technologies, as well as some recent developments. The main objective of this chapter is to present an overview of previous researches and define how the main subject of the present research has been treated so far. The chapter that follows describe in detail some of the currently available tools for working with three dimensional sounds, their principles and possibilities as described by their developers. The third chapter discuss some experiments realized during the past year and how the tools presented in the second chapter can be put together to build a 'Virtual Studio', the difficulties faced during this process, what kind of compromises were required and what assumptions were made in order to make it work intuitively. Since MAX/MSP is probably the most commonly used software within the academic electronic music composers community, most of the work described was based in this environment in order to allow composers to work in a more intuitive way and to focus on the music itself. MAX/MSP tools are described and analysed as well as recent VST plugins for working in the most popular environment in the music production community outside the academy - digital audio workstations (DAWs). Beyond this, analyses of some of the author`s experiences are reported and some reflections are discussed. Through these discussions, focused on the usage of the previously mentioned tools in practical applications, such as music productions and two case studies related to composition processes, a conclusion points to some future work on binaural reproduction of multichannel systems over headphones.


Euro-Mediterranean policies, as well as research on them, have been characterized by a Eurocentric approach based on a narrow geopolitical construction of the Mediterranean. Moreover, stakeholders, policy instruments, and policy issues have been defined from a European standpoint, marginalizing the perspectives and needs of local states and people, and ignoring the role played by new and powerful regional and global actors. In an increasingly multipolar world, overcoming this Euro-centric approach is key for Europe to play a more meaningful role in the region. Thus, MEDRESET aims to reset our understanding of the Mediterranean and develop alternative visions for a new partnership and corresponding EU policies, reinventing a future role for the EU as an inclusive, flexible, and responsive actor in the region. This will be achieved through an integrated research design which is in three phases: it 1) de-constructs the EU construction of the Mediterranean, 2) counters it by mapping the region on the geopolitical level and in four key policy areas (political ideas, agriculture and water, industry and energy, migration and mobility) alongside a three-dimensional framework (stakeholders, policy instruments, policy issues), which directly feeds into 3) a reconstruction of a new role for the EU, enhancing its ability to exert reflexive leadership and thus its relevance in the region. Embedded in an interdisciplinary research team, as well as in a civil society and media network, MEDRESET evaluates the effectiveness and potential of EU policies by investigating whether current policies still match the changing geopolitical configuration of the Mediterranean area. The perceptions of EU policies and the reasons for their successes or failures are assessed by surveying top-down and bottom-up stakeholders on both shores of the Mediterranean. Country-tailored policy recommendations for the EU will be given for four key countries: Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia.


A number of problems arise if radiation dose records relating to an individual are fragmented between different dose record keeping services with no central index or summary of the data. A number of countries have set up dose depositories in order to help overcome these problems. This paper summarises such dose depositories and describes the UK scheme in detail.


In the last few years, Medicaid has attracted more than casual attention, one reflection of which is the fact that JHPPL has published five papers on the program in its last few issues. This paper, a sixth, takes a broader view of the program than is typically the case. After a critique of the five recent articles, I discuss several questions raised by them and reach the following conclusions: First, the states do not invest enough in producing program data suitable for policy analysis and research. One lesson: Better data and analysis can help the states to avoid expensive mistakes. Second, those policy analyses that have been offered fail to give sufficient attention to the political dimension of policy. That is one reason why policy choices produce unexpected effects. Third, since Medicaid is a relatively small player in the vast medical care market, incentives adopted by Medicaid officials throughout the country rarely have the desired effects. Finally, as long as Medicaid remains the principal mechanism to provide access to health care for the poor, it must be made as efficient and effective as possible. Yet, for both political and economic reasons, Medicaid can never be what its original planners had hoped, the vehicle for providing the poor with reliable access to mainstream medical care.


PURPOSE
This case series illustrates a simplified soft tissue management, namely, the subperiosteal peri-implant augmented layer (SPAL), to increase hard and soft tissue dimensions at the most coronal portion of an implant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-seven implants in 16 patients presenting either a buccal bone dehiscence or a thin (< 1 mm) buccal cortical bone plate (BCBP) were consecutively treated. Briefly, a split-thickness flap (namely, the mucosal layer) was raised on the buccal aspect. Then, the periosteal layer was elevated from the bone crest. A full-thickness flap was elevated on the oral aspect. After implant site preparation, a xenograft was used to fill the space between the periosteal layer and the BCBP and/or exposed implant surface and, if present, to completely correct the bone dehiscence. The periosteal layer was sutured to the oral flap. The mucosal layer was coronally advanced and sutured to submerge both the graft and the implants. At 3 to 6 months, a re-entry procedure for implant exposure was performed.

RESULTS
Healing was uneventful, with no signs of infection in all cases. A wound dehiscence was observed in three implants in two patients at 2 weeks postsurgery. Out of 15 implants showing an initial bone dehiscence, 12 implants (80%) showed a complete resolution, with a subperiosteal tissue thickness (SPTT) at the time of re-entry of 3.1 ± 1.0 mm. Three implants presented a residual dehiscence of 1 mm (two implants) or 2 mm (one implant), with a SPTT of at least 2 mm. Out of 12 implants showing a thin BCBP at implant placement, 10 implants (90%) revealed a SPTT ≥ 2 at the time of re-entry. Two implants revealed a SPTT of 1 mm.

CONCLUSION
The SPAL technique represents a valuable simplified surgical approach associated with a low rate of complications in the treatment of peri-implant bone dehiscence and in the horizontal augmentation of peri-implant tissue thickness.


The flow regimes associated with a 2:1 aspect ratio, elliptical planform cavity in a turbulent flat plate boundary layer have been systematically examined for various depth/width ratios (0.1 to 1.0) and yaw angles (0° to 90°), using a combination of wind tunnel experiments (involving Particle Image Velocimetry and helium bubble visualization) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations (employing three- dimensional steady calculations with the Reynolds Stress model turbulence closure). Satisfactory agreement has been found between the results using the two methods, indicating that the steady numerical simulations can be a cost-effective tool to predict the mean flow features.
The flow has been found to be highly dependent on yaw angle and cavity depth. For each of the three broad flow categories specified according to yaw angle, which include the symmetric flow regime (yaw angle = 0°), the straight vortex regime (yaw angle = 90°) and the asymmetric flow regime (15° ≤ yaw angle ≤ 60°) different regimes are found to exist, depending on cavity depth. For each combination of yaw angle and depth, the flow has been analyzed through investigation of shear layer parameters, the three-dimensional vortex structure, pressure distribution and drag, wake flow, and vortex oscillations.
While the elliptical cavity flows have been found to have some similarities with those of nominally two-dimensional and rectangular cavities, the three-dimensional effects due to the low aspect ratio and curvature of the walls give rise to features exclusive to low aspect ratio elliptical cavities, including formation of cellular structures at intermediate depths and unique vortex structures within and downstream of the cavity.
The three-dimensional flow structure of the flow is most pronounced in the asymmetric regimes with large yaw angles (45° and 60°). The dominant feature in this regime is the formation of a trailing vortex that is associated with high drag and flow oscillations within the cavity.


Almost everyone in the United States is likely to experience or have experienced racial emotion in the workplace. One person feels uncomfortable making conversation with her co-workers of a different race, for fear that she will use the wrong name or say something that is perceived as biased or offensive; another is anxious that his colleague will judge him as less intelligent than the whites on his team. One feels anger at the telling or emailing of a racial joke; another feels frustrated when a colleague raises concerns about bias during a post-interview debriefing. These emotions — and the behaviors that give rise to them and respond to them — are sometimes difficult to describe. We lack a language of racial emotion in the workplace, in no small part because many of us (especially whites) prefer not to see it. But racial emotion does exist, and we ignore it to the detriment not only of our individual relationships, but of our visions and efforts for equality.Drawing on a rich body of social science research on emotion and interracial interaction, this Article pushes beyond the recent cognitive turn in understanding discrimination to expose racial emotion as a source of discrimination at work. It uncovers the ways that the law (through Title VII of the Civil Rights Act) and organizations currently close racial emotion out of antidiscrimination discourse and close space for developing positive racial emotion at work. By theorizing racial emotion and the relationships that result as a potential source of discrimination, the Article positions the law to better see and address workplace discrimination and to set normative and regulatory grounding for organizations to open space and develop conditions for positive racial emotion and interracial relationships at work. To this end, the Article proposes several specific doctrinal changes, particularly around behavior of "racial assault," in individual disparate treatment, hostile work environment, and retaliation law. It resists, however, calls for greater policing of all racial behavior through these laws, urging instead legal regulation of discrimination at the systemic level as a way of directing organizational attention toward developing work conditions that will foster conversation and learning across difference.


This paper considers the place of the archive sector within the copyright regime,
and how copyright impacts upon the preservation, access to, and use of archival
holdings. It will begin with a critical assessment of the current parameters of the
UK copyright regime as it applies to the work of archivists, including
recommendations for reform that have followed in the wake of the Gowers
Review of Intellectual Property (2006-2010), the Hargreaves Review of
Intellectual Property and Growth (2010-2011), the recent Consultation on
Copyright (2011-12), as well as the government's response thereto: Modernising
Copyright (2012). It considers the various problems the copyright regime
presents for archives undertaking mass digitisation projects as well as recent
European and UK initiatives in this domain. It argues that the UK copyright
regime, even when read in conjunction with current national and regional
recommendations for reform, falls short of delivering a legal framework that
would enable archivists to realise the full potential that comprehensive,
universal online access to the country's archival holdings would contribute to
local and national democracy and accountability, to education, learning, and
culture, and to the sense of identity and place for local people, communities and
organisations. Ultimately, a case is made for the differential treatment of
archives within the copyright regime – different, that is, from libraries and other
related institutions operating within the cultural sector. The paper concludes
with a policy recommendation that would greatly enhance the ability of archives
to provide online access to their holdings, while at the same time safeguarding
the economic interests of the authors and owners of copyright-protected work.


The article investigates the emergence and continuation of a spatial conflict, concerning a "dog beach" in Santa Cruz, California, that led to the creation of local interest organizations and came to involve city and state authorities and regulations, local news and social media, and not least, park visitors (both humans and dogs). Through the debate, positions for and against dogs being off leash were consolidated—however, not necessarily positions for and against dogs. Several themes emerge through the analysis: safety/risk, disturbance, excrements, and "dogginess," meaning the perceived nature of dogs. The case study is used as an example of not only how urban politics affects the bodies, practices, and movement of people and dogs but also, similarly, how this politics is constantly under the threat of civil disobedience and subversive acts of counterpolitics. It illustrates the dialectics of everyday lives—of the bodies, practices, and movement of people and dogs—and space: the liminal case of the beach. Furthermore, the collective movement of dogs and people is conceptualized as a trans-species urban crowd, threatening a certain ideal public order.


Sea level rise (SLR) is considered a growing, certain and prominent consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Despite the high value of tourism properties and economic activity in the coastal zone, the tourism sector is largely absent from the SLR literature. This study created a geo-referenced database of 906 major coastal resort properties in 19 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries to assess their potential risk to a scenario of one-metre SLR. An estimated 266 (29%) resort properties would be partially or fully inundated by one-metre SLR; between 440 (49%) and 546 (60%) of resort properties would be at risk of beach erosion damage associated with the same SLR scenario. In addition, many resorts would experience significant losses of beach area prior to resort property loss. The vulnerability and the adaptive capacity of individual coastal tourism properties and destination communities is argued to differ substantially. Losses of over 50% of coastal properties are likely in five countries, three of which are highly dependent on tourism. These differentials would transform the competitive position and sustainability of coastal tourism destinations in the region, with important implications for property values, potential tourism revenues, insurance costs, destination marketing, as well as local and national economies.


The purpose of this study was to produce an accurate of information source, the right to also effectively and efficiently in carrying out marketing management in accordance with technological developments. This research method is qualitative research with descriptive approach. The focus of this research is to understand the overview of web-based marketing information systems and understand the overview of web-based marketing information system in support of marketing management that applied at CV. Karya Gaja Mandiri. Marketing information systems is become important thing for company in solving the marketing issues and analyzing the ways of company in competing with the others competitors, therefore the company can survive in the business competition. The results of this study are indicate several ways in marketing the product by online media using technique SEO (Search Engine Optimization) in attracting visitors online media and using DSS (Decision Support Systems) in planning the marketing strategies to create marketing activities can be run effectively and efficiently.


Spatial grammars and solids modeling have both contributed to the expansion of computer reprcsentable abstractions from numerical and symbolic data into the realm of spatial data. Spatial grammars, such as Stiny's shape grammars, have focused on representing and transforming this spatial data. However, to date spatial and non-spatial data have not been fully integrated into an engineering design process. We describe a grammar which uses a solids modeling representation with object-attribute-value labels. The objects in this label data structure are any of the topological elements of the solids model. Through this enriched representation we demonstrate the extensibility of the grammar formalism into engineering disciplines bound by functional constraints. The grammar presented is a prototype implementation intended to demonstrate the relevant domain variables as well as the nature of their interaction in driving the design process. We describe the grammar and discuss the lessons we have learned from its development and critique.


In this paper, we apply a consensus model to decision-making in committees that have to choose one or more alternatives from a set of alternatives. The model does not use a voting rule nor a set of winning coalitions. Every decision maker evaluates each alternative with respect to given criteria. The criteria may be of unequal importance to a decision maker. Decision makers may be advised by a chairman to adjust their preferences, i.e., to change their evaluation of some alternative(s) or/and the importance of the criteria, in order to obtain a better consensus. The consensus result should satisfy constraints concerning the consensus degree and the majority degree. A simple example is presented.


In modern times there have been studies of the Roman Republican institutions as a whole as well as in-depth analyses of the senate, the popular assemblies, the tribunate of the plebs, the aedileship, the praetorship and the censorship. However, the consulship, the highest magistracy of the Roman Republic, has not received the same attention from scholars. The purpose of this book is to analyse the tasks that consuls performed in the civil sphere during their term of office between the years 367 and 50 BC, using the preserved ancient sources as its basis. In short, it is a study of the consuls 'at work', both within and outside the city of Rome, in such varied fields as religion, diplomacy, legislation, jurisdiction, colonisation, elections, and day-to-day politics. Clearly and accessibly written, it will provide an indispensable reference work for all scholars and students of the history of the Roman Republic.


The effect of thermal loading on the propagation of Gaussian laser beams in a solid-state absorber is modeled by a novel quantitative scheme. The zeroth-order Gaussian beam solution of the wave equation in a homogeneous, cylindrically symmetric absorbing medium is used as the source term in the heat equation to calculate the temperature field. Modifications in the beam parameters caused by the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient and the index of refraction are then calculated as first-order corrections. The formulation identifies a dimensionless parameter that controls the strength of thermal effects. Numerical results that show the dependence of crystal transmission and the spatial beam spot-size variation on incident pump power are presented. In particular, the power transmission of the crystal is found to decrease with increasing incident power, and power-dependent thermal lensing is observed. The asymptotic behavior of the solutions yields explicit formulas for the focal length of the thermal lens and the power transmission of the crystal. These explicit formulas should prove useful as a rule of thumb for experimentalists.


The economic and political reforms begun in the United States during the 1930s and expanded during the 1960s and early 1970s represented a significant change in the relationship between government and citizens, shifting the boundary between public and private spheres of influence. Much of this expanded government was harnessed to benefit previously powerless groups, often in ways that violated the tenets of classical liberal democracy and free market capitalism. To some degree, this expansion of the state was accompanied by a parallel shift in the terms of public discourse (consider, for example, the imagery contained in a phrase like 'The Great Society'). In general, however, essentially socialist policies were justified using the rhetoric of liberalism: political reforms were defended in terms of individual rights, and economic reforms in terms of equal opportunity. Indeed, some have argued that the reforms of the 1930s and the 1960s were designed to prevent a more conscious and comprehensive embrace of democratic socialism. The creation of a limited welfare state led to tangible gains for America's politically and economically disadvantaged classes. However, the failure openly to address the relationship among the often competing values of democracy, capitalism and socialism, coupled with the incremental, piecemeal nature of the reforms themselves, resulted in a double bind. Grafted on to essentially unchanged political and economic institutions, processes and values, the reforms were incapable of producing the 'Great Society' that was promised. By the late 1970s these limits were clear. Against the backdrop of 'stagflation', political and economic justice could no longer be sold as costless. No longer assured of the expanding economic pie that helped mask both the limits and the costs of many federal programmes, America needed to confront its half century ménage à trois with democratic capitalism and democratic socialism. However, the failure to develop a coherent justification for the socialist reforms of the past 50 years meant there was no 'public language' with which directly to defend them, let alone to advocate for more comprehensive change. Comments NOTE: At the time of publication, the author Michael X. Delli Carpini was affiliated with Columbia University. Currently January 2008, he is a faculty member of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. This book chapter is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/13 , 11'" ¥-.-" ,~.",.". ,.', An American Half-cent~;;;,~J Postwar Culture and Politics in the USA Edited by Michael Klein


Witness protection is one of the main goals of the law of criminal procedure, because protection from criminal intimidation is essential for a fair system of criminal justice. It also helps to ensure the safety of the participants of criminal procedure. In fact the legal practice often faces the threat and/or physical, psychological or intellectual impact into the victims, witnesses, interrogators, prosecutors, lawyers or even judges. At the meantime Lithuanian law incorporates a number of legal protections for witnesses. These can be found in both the Code of Criminal Procedure and in general statutory provisions. Regarding the groups of the legal acts or instruments above mentioned, unfortunately the situation is not efficient itself for a few of reasons. Firstly, the legal acts provisions concerning the protection of witnesses are not coordinated inside. It makes inflexible legal practice. And this could only deter the participants (victims and witnesses) to avoid or even refuse to be examined and say the truth. Secondly, most of the above-mentioned provisions, which were intercepted from the legal practice in United States, are declaratory one. Thirdly, analyzing the evaluation of the witness protection mechanisms in Lithuania it is not enough clear what are the moments of the formal (de jure) and factual (de facto) grounds of the determination of protection. This article evaluates these witness protection mechanisms. The main problem with the current system is that Lithuanian Law is insufficient to protect witnesses from criminal intimidation, or to ensure that their testimony is heard. Although Lithuanian law does provide protection for whistleblowers and criminal justice officials from criminal intimidation, the same measure of protection does not exist for witnesses generally. In addition, the statutes do not harmonize with international law on the same subject, such as the provisions for witness protection adopted by the Council of Europe and United Nations Organization. This can be seen after the analysis of the caselaw of the Human Rights Court in Strasbourg.


This paper focuses on the way in which production tasks — in this case writing an instructive text — can provide us with data, which can be used to evaluate textual variables which are assumed to be relevant in processing, using, and hence designing instructive texts. The second and third sections describe the set-up and results of a production experiment in which subjects had to write an instructive text given one of two users' conditions: they had to assume that their readers either had to execute the instruction only once (reading-to-do) or that they had to learn the instructions described (read-ing-to-learn). This independent variable was claimed to have an effect on the strategies writers choose, in particular on the way in which they use two important types of information in instructive discourse, goal vs action information. As such, this experiment sheds light on the interaction between use conditions and design characteristics of instructive documents. As the method used in the experiment is not self-evident in assessing the effectiveness of text design variables, the last section evaluates the use of production tasks as a way of replicating, amending, refining and perhaps even outperforming data obtained from other methods.


This guide will help you explore different careers, recommend resumes & cover letter guides, give strategies for investigating different companies and industries.


During the late nineteenth century, a pandemic of Rinderpest exterminated large numbers of cattle in Southern Africa. Although in the Bechuanaland Protectorate the disease killed cattle only for two years between 1896 and 1897, its effects were to last until the very end of the century. The loss of cattle disrupted subsistence production, disintegrated the social fabric and caused famines. This paper examines the subsistence crisis caused by the loss of cattle and the multiple coping mechanisms that people employed to negotiate the ensuing famine. Despite being thrown into a state of desperation, the paper argues, rural communities in the eastern Bechuanaland Protectorate appropriated and reconstituted certain features of their cultural and social life to negotiate the hardships and, when these failed, they invented new strategies appropriate with specific situations.


Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are part of the cellular immune response to human persistent virus infections. Measurements of the frequency and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CTL and their variation with time may indicate their relative importance in modulating the progression of HIV-1 infection. We have used limiting dilution analysis (LDA) to derive quantitative estimates of the frequency of HIV-1-specific CTL precursors in a cross-sectional study of 23 patients at different clinical stages of HIV-1 infection and to compare these with the frequency of CTL precursors specific for another persistent virus (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) in the same patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with autologous HIV-1-infected lymphoblasts and assayed for cytotoxicity in 51Cr release assays against autologous and MHC-mismatched lymphoblastoid B cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the three HIV-1 structural gene products. The frequency of MHC-restricted precursors was high in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients (env-specific CTL precursors up to 73/10(6) PBMC; gag-specific CTL precursors up to 488/10(6) PBMC), although the relative frequency against the different structural gene products varied from patient to patient. The HIV-1-specific CTL precursor frequency was reduced in patients who had more severe (< 400/microliters) CD4+ lymphocyte depletion, while in the majority of such patients the frequency of CTL precursors against EBV was maintained at levels observed in healthy controls. Direct CTL activity in unstimulated PBMC was observed in three of nine patients but no correlation was found between the presence of an activated CTL response and the magnitude of the CTL response detected after stimulation in LDA. Thus, CTL precursors were detected against all three HIV-1 structural gene products in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts > 400/microliters, at frequencies that are high compared with those reported for other persistent viruses. A CTL response directed against multiple protein antigens of HIV-1 may protect the patient against epitope variation. The fact that the EBV- specific CTL precursor frequencies were maintained in advanced HIV-1 infection suggests that there may be selective impairment of the HIV-1- specific CTL response associated with disease progression.


© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42255. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Melt spinning at semi-industrial conditions of carbon black (CB) containing textiles fibers with enhanced electrical conductivity suitable for heating applications is described. A conductive compound of CB and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was incorporated into the core of bi-component fibers which had a sheath of polyamide 6 (PA6). The rheological and fiber-forming properties of a low-structured and a high-structured CB/HDPE composite were compared in terms of their conductivity. The low-structured CB gave the best trade-off between processability and final conductivity. This was discussed in terms of the strength of the resulting percolated network of carbon particles and its effect on the spin line stability during melt spinning. The conductivity was found to be further enhanced with maintained mechanical properties by an in line thermal annealing of the fibers at temperatures in the vicinity of the melting point of HDPE. By an adequate choice of CB and annealing conditions a conductivity of 1.5 S/cm of the core material was obtained. The usefulness of the fibers for heating applications was demonstrated by means of a woven fabric containing the conductive fibers in the warp direction. By applying a voltage of 48 V the surface temperature of the fabric rose from 20 to 30°C.


This paper addresses the evolution of metaphors for the Internet and shows how they have constrained and determined the development of cyberlaw. Within the law, metaphors mold the framework of discourse, determining the scope of appropriate questions about and answers to various social and legal problems. Courts and commentators employ metaphors as heuristics to generate hypotheses about the application of law to novel, unexplored domains. Metaphors structure the way lawyers conceptualize legal events, as they infiltrate, consciously and unconsciously, legal discourse. Under the classic formalist view of common law analogy as syllogism, analogical reasoning from precedent begins with the establishment of a rule behind a case or group of similar cases. Judges then apply the rule fairly mechanically to the case at hand to yield a result that is understood through the background of precedent. In contrast to figurative literary metaphors, highly structured analogical, metaphorical mappings may be used to make persuasive, logical arguments. Like all metaphors, however, legal metaphors possess a paradoxical quality, embodied in the constant tension between the legal metaphor's literal incongruence and metaphorical congruence with reality. Metaphors whose metaphorical congruence with reality is perceived as dominant, such as the "marketplace of ideas" metaphor in First Amendment jurisprudence and the "bundle of sticks" metaphor in Takings clause jurisprudence, will continue to have analogical value and will be perpetuated through judicial opinion and scholarly commentary. Conversely, legal metaphors erceived as having greater literal incongruence with reality, such as the slavery metaphor of African Americans as chattels, will lose their value and be discarded. While metaphors aid humans in comprehending abstract concepts and legal doctrines, they also may limit human understanding by selectively highlighting various aspects of an issue while suppressing and marginalizing others. Unreflective use of metaphors can lead lawyers to take for granted the "realities" that metaphors enable. A bad metaphor can also simply lead to bad decision making. For example, Cass Sunstein argues that the "marketplace of ideas" metaphor has turned the right to free expression into a degraded form of commerce. This paper seeks to explore the evolution of metaphorical inferences as applied to the Internet within legal commentary and judicial opinions. Three metaphors in particular will be examined: the information superhighway, cyberspace, and the Internet as "real" space. Given the Internet's ongoing evolution as an unstable and ever-changing technology, courts and commentators have faced perpetual difficulty in mapping metaphors to it. Changing social constructions of the Internet as necessitated by its evolving underlying technological architecture have supported, or conversely eroded, a particular metaphor's literal congruence with reality. The purpose of this paper to make transparent the different conceptions of the Internet courts and commentators are sub silentio employing, and the various sociological, technological, and ideological conceptions of the world that support them.


The continuing expansion and deepening integration of the European Union is redefining the map of threats and opportunities for both companies and regions in Europe. In this paper I analyze the changing geography of the production system in three industries – automobiles, clothing and steel – as a product of the strategies and tactics of companies, states (at EU, national and regional levels) and trades unions, as they seek to shape geographies of production to favour their interests within this changing European political–economic space. It is argued that the end product of this process will be the creation of new and sharper forms of regional uneven development and qualitative differentiation between regions, as well as a renewed widening rather than further narrowing of regional differences in economic performance and well–being.


This paper describes a new agent framework that fuses an HTN planner, through its underlying conceptual model, with the mental attitudes of the BDI agent architecture, thus exploiting the strengths of each. On the one hand, the practical and proven ability to reason about actions that is the strength of HTN planning fleshes out the option generation function in the inference loop of the BDI model; on the other hand, the mental attitudes make explicit the knowledge that plays an essential role in plan selection, an important aspect that is not considered in the traditional formulation of the planning problem. The result is a coherent framework that allows for the design and implementation of activity-centric rational agents.


The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) is a collection of person-centered measures of physical, mental, and social health in children and adults. Developed using state-of-the-art psychometric methods, these measures are offered as fixed-length questionnaires and computerized adaptive tests, with translations available in Spanish and other languages. This special issue presents articles that illustrate the use of PROMIS® measures to advance health behavior research across a wide range of health studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Online services often rely on processing users' data, which can be either provided directly by the users or combined from other services. Although users are aware of the latter, it is unclear whether they are comfortable with such data combination, whether they view it as beneficial for them, or the extent to which they believe that their privacy is exposed. Through an online survey (N=918) and follow-up interviews (N=14), we show that (1) comfort is highly dependent on the type of data, type of service and on the existence of a direct relationship with a company, (2) users have a highly different opinion about the presence of benefits for them, irrespectively of the context, and (3) users perceive the combination of online data as more identifying than data related to offline and physical behavior (such as location). Finally, we discuss several strategies for companies to improve upon these issues.


Turbulence in quantum fluids has, surprisingly, a lot in common with its classical counterparts, including cascade of excitations across length scales. In two dimensions, the existence of a range of length scales (the inertial range) over which kinetic energy is transferred from small to large length scales is known as an inverse energy cascade and has been observed in several classical systems from soap films to Jupiter's atmosphere. For quantum fluids, there has been a long debate about the possibility of these inverse cascades, and while recent works suggest their existence, the microscopic mechanism is still debated and a direct experimental observation is still missing. In this work, we report a direct experimental signature of a flux of kinetic energy from small to large length scales in a quantum fluid of light and the observation of a Kolmogorov scaling law in the incompressible kinetic energy spectrum. The microscopic origin of the algebraic exponents in the energy spectrum is understood by studying the internal structure of quantized vortices within the healing length and their clustering at large length scales. Finally, we identify the statistical relationship between the inverse energy cascade and the spatial correlations of clustered vortices. These results are obtained using two counter-streaming fluids of light, which allows for a precise preparation of the initial state and the in-situ measurement of the compressible and incompressible fluid velocity. This novel platform opens exciting possibilities for the study of non-equilibrium turbulence dynamics in reduced dimensions with a controlled forcing mechanism and an homogeneous density.


Trade of commodities can lead to virtual water flows between trading partners. When commodities flow from regions of high water productivity to regions of low water productivity, the trade has the potential to generate water saving. However, this accounting of water saving does not account for the water scarcity status in different regions. It could be that the water saving generated from this trade occurs at the expense of the intensified water scarcity in the exporting region, and exerts limited effect on water stress alleviation in importing regions. In this paper, we propose an approach to measure the scarce water saving associated with virtual water trade (measuring in water withdrawal/use). The scarce water is quantified by multiplying the water use in production with the water stress index (WSI). We assessed the scarce water saving/loss through interprovincial trade within China using a multi-region input-output table from 2010. The results show that interprovincial trade resulted in 14.2 km3 of water loss without considering water stress, but only 0.4 km3 scarce water loss using the scarce water concept. Among the 435 total connections of virtual water flows, 254 connections contributed to 20.2 km3 of scarce water saving. Most of these connections are virtual water flows from provinces with lower WSI to that with higher WSI. Conversely, 175 connections contributed to 20.6 km3 of scarce water loss. The virtual water flow connections between Xinjiang and other provinces stood out as the biggest contributors, accounting for 66% of total scarce water loss. The results show the importance of assessing water savings generated from trade with consideration of both water scarcity status and water productivity across regions. Identifying key connections of scarce water saving is useful in guiding interregional economic restructuring towards water stress alleviation, a major goal of China's sustainable development strategy.


Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are one of the most important groups of carcinogens in tobacco products. Using adsorbents as filter additives is an effective way to reduce tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using nicotinamide as template were grafted on the silica gel surface to obtain MIP@SiO2 and employed as filter additives to absorb tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke. Four milligrams of MIP@SiO2 per cigarette was added to the interface between filter and tobacco rod to prepare a binary filter system. The mainstream smoke was collected on an industry-standard Cambridge filter pad and extracted with ammonium acetate aqueous solution before analysis. Compared to the cigarette smoke of the control group, the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines with silica gel and with MIP@SiO2 were both reduced, and the adsorption rates of N-nitrosonornicotine, N-nitrosoanabasine, N-nitrosoanatabine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone with silica gel and with MIP@SiO2 were 20.76, 15.32, 18.79, and 18.01%, and 41.33, 34.04, 37.86, and 35.53%, respectively. Furthermore the content of total particle materials in cigarette smoke with silica gel was decreased evidently but showed no observable change with MIP@SiO2 . It indicated MIP@SiO2 could selectively reduce tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the mainstream cigarette smoke with no change to the cigarette flavor.


Filamentous plant pathogen genomes often display a bipartite architecture with gene sparse, repeat-rich compartments serving as a cradle for adaptive evolution. However, the extent to which this "two-speed" genome architecture is associated with genome-wide epigenetic modifications is unknown. Here, we show that the oomycete plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora sojae possess functional adenine N6- methylation (6mA) methyltransferases that modulate patterns of 6mA marks across the genome. In contrast, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) could not be detected in the two Phytophthora species. Methylated DNA IP Sequencing (MeDIP-seq) of each species revealed that 6mA is depleted around the transcriptional starting sites (TSS) and is associated with low expressed genes, particularly transposable elements. Remarkably, genes occupying the gene-sparse regions have higher levels of 6mA compared to the remainder of both genomes, possibly implicating the methylome in adaptive evolution of Phytophthora. Among three putative adenine methyltransferases, DAMT1 and DAMT3 displayed robust enzymatic activities. Surprisingly, single knockouts of each of the 6mA methyltransferases in P. sojae significantly reduced in vivo 6mA levels, indicating that the three enzymes are not fully redundant. MeDIP-seq of the damt3 mutant revealed uneven patterns of 6mA methylation across genes, suggesting that PsDAMT3 may have a preference for gene body methylation after the TSS. Our findings provide evidence that 6mA modification is an epigenetic mark of Phytophthora genomes and that complex patterns of 6mA methylation by the expanded 6mA methyltransferases may be associated with adaptive evolution in these important plant pathogens.


Literature estimates of metal-protein affinities are widely scattered for many systems, as highlighted by the class of metallo-chaperone proteins, which includes humanAtox1. The discrepancies may be attributed to unreliable detection probes and/or inconsistent affinity standards. In this study, application of the four CuI ligand probes bicinchoninate, bathocuproine disulfonate, dithiothreitol (Dtt), and glutathione (GSH) is reviewed, and their CuI affinities are re-estimated and unified. Excess bicinchoninate or bathocuproine disulfonate reacts with CuI to yield distinct 1:2 chromatophoric complexes [CuL2] with formation constants 2 1017.2 and 1019.8 M 2, respectively. These constants do not depend on proton concentration for pH >7.0. Consequently, they are a pair of complementary and stable probes capable of detecting free Cu concentrations from 10 12 to 10 19 M. Dtt binds CuI withKD 10 15 M at pH 7, but it is air-sensitive, and its CuI affinity varies with pH. The CuI binding properties of Atox1 and related proteins (including the fifth and sixth domains at the N terminus of theWilson protein ATP7B) were assessed with these probes. The results demonstrate the following: (i) their use permits the stoichiometry of high affinity CuI binding and the individual quantitative affinities (KD values) to be determined reliably via noncompetitive and competitive reactions, respectively; (ii) the scattered literature values are unifiedbyusing reliable probes on aunified scale; and (iii) Atox1-type proteins bind CuI with sub-femtomolar affinities, consistent with tight control of labile Cu concentrations in living cells.


This article focuses on the philosophical implications of Euro-centrism and Eurocentric discourse for the Western human rights narrative. It is argued that there is insufficient theoretical and practical consideration of those implications, particular for advocacy and activity in the so-called "Third World" where such arguments frequently become mere vehicles for the advance of economic and political neocolonialism. In many ways, colonialism with a humanistic, liberal democratic "face". Finally, a proposition is advanced that if the Western human rights discourse is to be effectively corrected and evolve into a global one, critiques of Euro-centrism from outside the Western discursive world must be taken seriously.


Charge transfer typically takes place between the catalyst surface and the reaction species, accompanied by species adsorption and activation. The surface charge state of the catalyst thus becomes a major factor for tuning catalytic performance in addition to surface active sites. By tailoring the surface charge states, the reaction activity and selectivity can be tuned to optimize the performance of a specific catalytic application. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in materials design concerned with the modification of surface charge states toward enhanced catalytic performance. With the active sites categorized into metal and semiconductor surfaces, we outline the strategies for tailoring the surface charge states of metal and semiconductor catalysts, respectively, which are mainly based on interfacial electronic effects with various contact matters. The surface charge engineering approach has been implemented in a variety of model catalytic reactions including catalytic organic reactions, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and CO oxidation reaction. The fundamental mechanisms behind each case are elucidated in this article. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities in this research field are discussed.


A combined Raman microprobe and laser trapping system using near-infrared (NIR) laser light was developed for the investigation of single organic microdroplets. The NIR laser light is noninvasive and reduces fluorescence interference in the Raman spectrum for organic molecules. The focused laser beam used for the laser trapping of a microdroplet serves simultaneously as the laser microprobe for Raman measurement. With this system, the focused laser spot is about 1 μm in diameter, which is small enough for the laser trapping of a single toluene microdroplet in water. The system also makes it possible to visualize a focused laser spot together with a laser-trapped microdroplet by using holographic notch filters. The Raman spectrum for a single laser-trapped toluene microdroplet can be obtained from below 100 cm−1 to above 3000 cm−1 with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. Fluorescence interference in the Raman spectrum is completely removed by using NIR laser light. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), defined as the ratio of the peak height to the standard deviation of the baseline noise in the spectrum, exceeded 250 for the 1003 cm−1 band of a toluene microdroplet at 1 s, which is sufficient to allow identification of the molecular species of a microdroplet.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of carbohydrases and phytase in diets of laying hens. A total of 300 Isa Brown hens at 26 weeks were submitted to the following treatments: Positive Control: without enzyme and nutrient recovery, T2: enrichment by 1.5 and 6% AME (kcal kg) of corn and soybean meal, respectively, and reduction in nutrient levels as the nutrient matrix for the phytase; T3: EMA enrichment of corn and soybean meal (T2 identification) and reduced levels of calcium and phosphorus as the phytase nutrient matrix; T4: T2 supplemented with 100 g ton. of carbohydrases and 30 g ton. of phytase; T5: T3 supplemented with 100 g ton. of carbohydrases and 30 g ton. of phytase. We used a randomized design, six replications and split plot in time (6 periods of 21 days each). No significant effects of treatments were observed on production, consumption, egg weight and egg quality. The enrichment of nutrients preconized by the use of enzymes were technically efficient to maintain the performance and egg quality of laying hens in the evaluated conditions, requiring further research with greater reduction in energy levels to evaluate the effect of enzymes on the availability of energy.


Background. Biliary atresia is a common cause of cholestasis. In our experience, patients with biliary atresia are referred late, with the diagnosis based on an absent gall bladder at ultrasonography. Such late referrals may render patients inoperable and not acceptable for formal intraoperative diagnosis. Objectives. To determine the usefulness of an absent gall bladder on ultrasonography, and of biochemical features, in differentiating biliary atresia from other causes of cholestasis, using liver needle biopsy as a gold standard.  Methods. A retrospective file review of 150 infants presenting with cholestasis to Steve Biko Academic Hospital Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit from January 2008 to August 2014 was undertaken. Clinical, serum biochemical, abdominal ultrasonography and liver histology findings were analysed. Three groups were compared, based on liver histology findings, consisting of patients with biliary atresia, neonatal hepatitis, and other diagnoses, respectively. Results. A total of 66/150 patients had biliary atresia, based on liver histology findings of extrahepatic obstruction. Their mean age was 4.7 (2.9) months, higher than in the other groups. In those with biliary atresia, the age at diagnosis, splenomegaly, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and GGT/AST ratio values were significantly different from the other groups. Total and conjugated bilirubin levels were similar among the groups. Ultrasonography was 69.7% sensitive, 98.8% specific and had a positive predictive value of 97.9% for biliary atresia. Ultrasonography missed 30.3% of patients with biliary atresia.  Conclusion. Ultrasonography has poor sensitivity but good specificity in screening for biliary atresia; however, other investigations are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.


We present an algorithm for policy search in stochastic dynamical systems using model-based reinforcement learning. The system dynamics are described with Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) that include stochastic input variables. These input variables allow us to capture complex statistical patterns in the transition dynamics (e.g. multi-modality and heteroskedasticity), which are usually missed by alternative modeling approaches. After learning the dynamics, our BNNs are then fed into an algorithm that performs random roll-outs and uses stochastic optimization for policy learning. We train our BNNs by minimizing α-divergences with α = 0.5, which usually produces better results than other techniques such as variational Bayes. We illustrate the performance of our method by solving a challenging problem where model-based approaches usually fail and by obtaining promising results in real-world scenarios including the control of a gas turbine and an industrial benchmark.


Through their narrative incorporation in fairy tales, song lyrics, in movies and on television shoes have become a 'loaded device' recycled as metonymy for the wearer or as metaphor for experience (Pine, 2006: 353). This research argues that in academic studies a consequence of their visual and symbolic ubiquity has been the material invisibility or 'humility' of the shoe as a 'thing' (Miller, 2005). Following Magritte's lead in his painting The Treachery of Images (1928-29) I suggest that a tendency to see and analyse the messages shoes convey, rather than the things themselves, has led to a lack of empirical interrogation into the role shoes play in everyday processes of identity and identification. This research addresses this lack, yet rather than separate the shoe from its representations to do so, it unites the material and visual to understand the relationship between representations and embodied experiences of shoes in processes of being and becoming. With a focus on the styles that comprise the Clarks Originals brand, particularly the Desert Boot, the study observes the 'situated bodily practice' (Entwistle, 2000b) of those who both produce and wear the shoes to understand them as medium rather than message in processes of identification and transformation. This approach enables us to identify the material and semiotic affordances that lead to their cultural visibility and to gain a picture of the complex 'networks' (Latour, 2005) and 'meshworks' (Ingold, 2010a) such significant objects facilitate. Consequently, the thesis addresses shortcomings in sociological approaches to fashion theory by offering a meso-level between structure and agency which undermines common dualities between production and consumption, masculine and feminine, and the material and visual. Ultimately, the research argues that Clarks Originals offer a valuable opportunity to understand how and why particular objects become culturally and socially significant and valuable.


Glass transition during bulk polymerization was studied in free-radical cross-linking copolymerization (FCC) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using the steady-state fluorescence (SSF) technique. Naphthalene (N) was used as a monomer and excimer forming probe. Changes in the viscosity of the pregel solutions due to gel formation dramatically enhance both monomer and excimer fluorescent yield of N molecules. The reaction time at which the monomer and excimer intensities exhibit a sudden increase corresponds to the reaction time at which the rate of polymerization becomes maximum resulting from the gel effect. This effect was used to study the gelation of MMA, as a function of time, in various N concentrations. The results were interpreted in the view of percolation theory. The gel fraction, β, and weight average degree of polymerization, γ, exponents β = 0.40 ± 0.02 and γ = 1.70 ± 0.07 were found in agreement with percolation results for both monomer and excimer measurements, respectively.


The CABLE project developed a local process based on the Change Academy model in order to bring about significant curricular and structural change at the University of Hertfordshire, specifically to embed blended learning within the Academic Schools. Teams from six academic schools were selected to take part in the Change Academy for Blended Learning Enhancement (CABLE) scheme in 2006. The aim was to enhance the leadership and change management skills of 50 academic staff in order to effect sustainable change in curriculum design and to enable the staff to become change agents for further blended learning curriculum enhancement. Key outcomes from CABLE were the embedding of blended learning in six Academic School strategic business plans and an increased use of blended learning within academic programmes. The paper summarises the CABLE process and its outcomes, and evaluates its effectiveness. Participants including students have formed a thriving community in which good practice and transformative change is shared, supported and embedded. These aspects of the project are discussed further in the context of the cultural change required to fully embed changing practice across the institution.


Analysis of resting state - functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) data has been a challenging problem due to a high homogeneity, large intra-class variability, limited samples and difference in acquisition technologies/techniques. These issues are predominant in the case of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this paper, we propose a new Deep Transformation Method (DTM) that extracts the discriminant latent feature space from rsfMRI and projects it in the subsequent layer for classification of rs-fMRI data. The hidden transformation layer in DTM projects the original rs-fMRI data into a new space using the learning policy and extracts the spatio-temporal correlations of the functional activities as a latent feature space. The subsequent convolution and decision layers transform the latent feature space into high-level features and provide accurate classification. The performance of DTM has been evaluated using the ADHD200 rs-fMRI benchmark data with crossvalidation. The results show that the proposed DTM achieves a mean classification accuracy of 70.36% and an improvement of 8.25% on the state of the art methodologies was observed. The improvement is due to concurrent analysis of the spatio-temporal correlations between the different regions of the brain and can be easily extended to study other cognitive disorders using rs-fMRI. Further, brain network analysis has been studied to identify the difference in functional activities and the corresponding regions behind cognitive symptoms in ADHD.


This book provides an overview of different theoretical perspectives on the long-run transition towards finance-dominated capitalism, on the implications for macroeconomic and financial stability, and ultimately on the recent global financial and economic crisis. In the first part, the macroeconomics of finance-dominated capitalism, the theories of financial crisis and important past crises are reviewed. The second part deals with the 2007-09 financial and economic crisis in particular. The special focus is on the long-run problems and inconsistencies of finance-dominated capitalism which played a key role in the crisis and its level of severity.