The conformations of three 2',3'-difluoro uridine nucleosides were studied by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations in an attempt to define the roles that the two vicinal fluorine atoms play in the puckering preferences of the furanose ring. Two of the compounds examined contained fluorine atoms in either the arabino or xylo dispositions at C2' and C3' of a 2',3'-dideoxyuridine system. The third compound also incorporated fluorine atoms in the xylo configuration on the furanose ring but was substituted with a 6-azauracil base in place of uracil. A battery of NMR experiments in D 2O solution was used to identify conformational preferences primarily from coupling constant and NOE data. Both (1)H and (19)F NMR data were used to ascertain the preferred sugar pucker of the furanose ring through the use of the program PSEUROT. Compound-dependent parameters used in the PSEUROT calculations were newly derived from complete sets of conformations calculated from high-level ab initio methods. The solution and theoretical data were compared to the conformations of each molecule in the solid state. It was shown that both gauche and antiperiplanar effects may be operative to maintain a pseudodiaxial arrangement of the C2' and C3' vicinal fluorine atoms. These data, along with previously reported data by us and others concerning monofluorinated nucleoside conformations, were used to propose a model of how fluorine influences different aspects of nucleoside conformations.


That "past is altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past..." (T. S. Eliot) is confirmed in Concerto Dragonese, a new piece by Dragana Jovanović, dedicated to the thirtieth anniversary of existence of the Camerata Academica Ensemble of the University of Novi Sad Academy of Arts. Composed as a typical concerto grosso, it reflects the theoretical foundations of French thinker Guy Scarpetta and the thoughts of American art historian Gregg Lambert on the return of Baroque to the very center of contemporary creative activity, but also into the very style of life that is today. This, however, does not deprive the piece from the 'Benjaminian aura', which allows it to communicate through various references to baroque masters and rhythms of contemporary popular genres of dances, film music and the like.


This practical book offers the knowledge and code you need to create cutting-edge mobile applications and games for the iPhone and iPod Touch, using Apple's iPhone SDK. iPhone SDK Application Development introduces you to this development paradigm and the Objective-C language it uses with numerous examples, and also walks you through the many SDK frameworks necessary for designing full-featured applications. This book will help you: Design user interface elements with Interface Builder and the UI Kit framework Create application controls, such as windows and navigation bars Build and manage layers and transformations using Core Graphics and Quartz Core Mix and play sound files using AVFoundation, and record and play back digital sound streams using Audio Toolbox Handle network programming with the CFNetwork framework Use the Core Location framework to interact with the iPhone's GPS Add movie players to your application iPhone SDK Application Development will benefit experienced developers and those just starting out on the iPhone. Important development concepts are explained thoroughly, and enough advanced examples are provided to make this book a great reference once you become an expert.


This paper reviews the theory of mental spaces as expounded by Fauconnier (1994). In this work he posits a theory in which reference has a structural dimension. Within the theory, this structure is represented using spaces, connectors across the spaces and some general principles that are found to apply. The complexity lies in the interaction between the principles and in the contextual structures that feed into the principles for interpretation. Brugman, in her 1996 paper, makes use of insights from mental spaces theory to conduct an analysis of HAVE-constructions. She notes that Fauconnier has "elaborated a theory of partial possible worlds which speakers construct when talking/hearing about the entities and relations of perceived or imagined worlds. These partial models, called Mental Spaces, are not specifically linguistic in nature. Rather they are a manifestation of general cognitive abilities. Mental spaces may be representations of the speaker's reality, or may be fictional or intensional, or may reflect past or future states of the 'real' world."


Short-texts accentuate the challenges posed by the high feature space dimensionality of text learning tasks. The linked nature of social data causes new dimensions to be added to the feature space, which, also becomes sparser. Thus, efficient and scalable online feature selection becomes a crucial requirement of numerous large-scale social applications. This thesis proposes an online feature selection technique for high-dimensional data based on both social and content-based information for the real-time classification of short-text streams coming from social media. The main objective of this thesis is to define and evaluate a new intelligent text mining technique for enhancing the process of knowledge discovery in social-media. This technique would help in the development of new and more effective models for personalisation and recommendation of content in social environments.


Abstract Micro-sensors were used to quantify macro kinematics of classical cross-country skiing techniques and measure cycle rates and cycle lengths during on-snow training. Data were collected from seven national level participants skiing at two submaximal intensities while wearing a micro-sensor unit (MinimaxX™). Algorithms were developed identifying double poling (DP), diagonal striding (DS), kick-double poling (KDP), tucking (Tuck), and turning (Turn). Technique duration (T-time), cycle rates, and cycle counts were compared to video-derived data to assess system accuracy. There was good reliability between micro-sensor and video calculated cycle rates for DP, DS, and KDP, with small mean differences (Mdiff% = −0.2 ± 3.2, −1.5 ± 2.2 and −1.4 ± 6.2) and trivial to small effect sizes (ES = 0.20, 0.30 and 0.13). Very strong correlations were observed for DP, DS, and KDP for T-time (r = 0.87–0.99) and cycle count (r = 0.87–0.99), while mean values were under-reported by the micro-sensor. Incorrect Turn detection was a major factor in technique cycle misclassification. Data presented highlight the potential of automated ski technique classification in cross-country skiing research. With further refinement, this approach will allow many applied questions associated with pacing, fatigue, technique selection and power output during training and competition to be answered.


The paper discusses the role that government policies and macroeconomic reforms played in influencing economic growth in Zambia during the period 1964-2013. The study identifies two economic systems that guided the implementation of policies and reforms in Zambia. The first relates to a command-driven economy, where economic growth patterns were influenced by nationalist ideologies and administrative controls. The second relates to a market-driven economy where economic growth patterns were influenced by market-oriented fundamentals with some degree of administrative controls. The study concludes that economic policies and reforms were instrumental in influencing the performance of major macroeconomic drivers of economic growth in Zambia such as the accumulation of physical capital, human capital development, international trade, real exchange rate determination and inflation.


We report on the first completely simultaneous observation of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) using an array of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, which is sensitive to photons in the very high energy (VHE) γ-ray range (≳ 100 GeV). On 2006 June 2, the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) registered an unusually soft γ-ray burst (GRB 060602B). The burst position was under observation using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) at the time the burst occurred. Data were taken before, during, and after the burst. A total of 5 hr of observations were obtained during the night of 2006 June 2–3, and five additional hours were obtained over the next three nights. No VHE γ-ray signal was found during the period covered by the HESS observations. The 99% confidence level flux upper limit (> 1 TeV) for the prompt phase (9 s) of GRB 060602B is 2.9 × 10−9 erg cm−2 s−1. Due to the very soft BAT spectrum of the burst compared with other Swift GRBs and its proximity to the Galactic center, the burst is likely associated with a Galactic X-ray burster, although the possibility of it being a cosmological GRB cannot be ruled out. We discuss the implications of our flux limits in the context of these two bursting scenarios.


In this work, we propose an adaptive buffer-aided space-time coding scheme for cooperative wireless networks. A maximum likelihood receiver and adjustable code vectors are considered subject to a power constraint with an amplify-and forward cooperation strategy. Each relay is equipped with a buffer and is capable of storing the received symbols before forwarding them to the destination. We also present an adaptive relay selection and a new hybrid relay selection protocol, in which the instantaneous signal to noise ratio in each link is calculated and compared at the destination. The transmit antenna selection (TAS) is adopted at the destination where a single transmit antenna at the transmitter and relay that maximizes the instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio is selected for further transmissions to improve the performance of co-operative network. A stochastic gradient algorithm is then developed to compute the parameters of the adjustable code vector with reduced computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed buffer-aided schemes with TAS obtain performance gains over existing schemes.


To capture the transcriptional dynamics within proliferating cells, methods to differentiate nascent transcription from pre-existing mRNAs are desired. One approach is to label newly synthesized mRNA transcripts in vivo through the incorporation of modified pyrimidines. However, the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is incapable of pyrimidine salvage for mRNA biogenesis. To capture cellular mRNA dynamics during Plasmodium development, we have engineered parasites that can salvage pyrimidines through the expression of a single bifunctional yeast fusion gene, cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (FCU). We show that expression of FCU allows for the direct incorporation of thiol-modified pyrimidines into nascent mRNAs. Using developmental stage-specific promoters to express FCU-GFP enables the biosynthetic capture and in-depth analysis of mRNA dynamics from subpopulations of cells undergoing differentiation. We demonstrate the utility of this method by examining the transcriptional dynamics of the sexual gametocyte stage transition, a process that is essential to malaria transmission between hosts. We find that sexual stage commitment is governed by transcriptional reprogramming and the stabilization of a subset of essential gametocyte transcripts. This new method for biosynthetic labeling of Plasmodium mRNAs is incredibly versatile and can be used to measure transcriptional dynamics at any stage of parasite development, and thiol-modified RNAs will allow for future applications to measure RNA-protein interactions in the malaria parasite.


The effects of early life stressors on the developing infant can be severe. These effects include, but are not limited to, disordered attachment behavior in childhood, behavioral problems throughout childhood and adolescence, and increased risk for developing psychiatric illnesses later in life. Recent work in monkey models of early life stress suggests that the timing of the stressor is of paramount importance in determining the exact nature of the long-term behavioral disturbances. In monkeys, when stress is experienced at one-week of age, a pattern of decreased social affiliation and increased anxious behaviors develops that is not unlike children with the inhibited form of reactive attachment disorder. Conversely, if the stress is experienced at one-month of age, a pattern of increased social affiliation and increased anxious behaviors develops that resembles children with the disinhibited form of reactive attachment disorder. The work presented in this thesis describes two more features in this monkey model that depend on the timing of the early life stress. First, analysis of the acute behavioral response to the early life stress indicates that infants experiencing this stress at one-week of age immediately respond by increasing their level of nonsocial contact comforting behaviors, while infants experiencing the stress at one-month of age immediately respond by increasing their level of social comforting behaviors. It will be shown that the levels of each of these behaviors can predict aspects of the longer term behavior when measured between two and three months of age in their social rearing group environments. Next, it will be shown that gene expression in the amygdala, a brain region that controls socioemotional behaviors, also critically depends on the age at which early life stress is experienced. Furthermore, the expression of Guanylate Cyclase 1 a 3 in this brain region will be shown to correlate with certain differing aspects of behavior again measured between two and three months of age. Collectively, these studies may offer clues in determining very early which children are at risk for psychopathology following early life stress, and represent early work in determining a potential therapeutic target for the risks that ensue.


Conventional lenses are subject to the diffraction limit, which means that they cannot resolve objects placed closer together than one-half of the wavelength of the illuminating light. As
 Smith
 explains in his Perspective, this limit occurs because conventional optical components leave behind the electromagnetic "near-fields"--those components that contain the subwavelength spatial information about an object. In 2000, John Pendry proposed a new type of imaging device, based on a material with a negative index of refraction, which could recover the near-fields. Using a thin silver film as a superlens,
 Fang
 et al.
 now demonstrate that negative refraction can indeed produce a high-resolution optical image, opening the door to a new breed of optical devices and applications.


People often make bad judgments. A big brother or sister who was wise, well-informed, and properly-motivated could often make better decisions for almost everyone. But can governments, which are not staffed with ideal big brothers or sisters, improve upon the mediocre decisions individuals make? If so, when and how? The risks of extending the reach of government into guiding individual lives must also be addressed. This essay addresses three questions concerning when paternalistic policies can be efficacious, efficient, and safe: 1. In what circumstances can policy makers be confident that they know better than individuals how individuals can best promote their own well-being? 2. What are the methods governments can use to lead people to make decision that are better for themselves? 3. What are the moral pluses and minuses of these methods? Answering these questions defines a domain in which paternalistic policy is an attractive option.


The values or personal qualities (integrity, respect, aesthetic… etc) considered as basic criteria giving meaning to the socio-cultural elements of communities can be described as the principles and shared beliefs adopted and overrated by a great majority of the community members. That the values for people have begun to lose its importance to some extent due to various factors in today's world has revealed a number of social problems along with it. In this context, the purpose of this research is to examine the differentiation of views of the parents depending on various variables related to values of high school geography curriculum. The data for this study in the scanning model have been obtained from the questionnaires applied to the parents of 89 students of three high schools which have been selected with random method in Cayeli, Rize. The data obtained have been analyzed via independent t test and one-way analysis of variance. As a result, there has been found no significant difference between the proportion of where parents live and children's consideration of adopting the values. In addition, there has been found no significant difference between the matter of parents' gender (mother or father), age (under 40 and over 40) and economic condition (monthly income higher than 1,000 TL and below 1,000 TL), and the matter of parents' considering themselves and schools sufficient in values education.


Between 1967 and 1976, that period of social/political protest and reform, the ideas and practices of "open education" spread rapidly across this country. Educators were caught up in a kind of education that seemed to answer the many strident criticisms of American public schools. News of successful English informal schools fanned the flames. It was a time of excitement, progress, and optimism that schools could make a positive difference in the lives of children, contribute to the search for alternatives to existing social institutions, and promote the liberation of the human mind and spirit, so long desired and so seldom achieved. This informal, nontraditional style of education seemed to promise much, but it brought serious problems with it because it would require fundamental changes, both in institutional practices and policies and in basic assumptions about children, teaching and learning, and the role of schools in the American society. Support was gradually withdrawn and America went "bask to basics." However, contemporary educational research seems now to bear out the basic notion of the open classroom, namely, that children can and should be taught in the ways they learn best. It is time for another look at "open education."


This paper aims to analyse experiences gained by entrepreneurs in small enterprises located in a region undergoing structural change, focusing on networking and e-government for local development. The study is a further development of a study that focused on how municipalities supported entrepreneurship and destination development. In-depth qualitative interviews were made with twelve entrepreneurs from ten small enterprises. Based on a theoretical discussion of networking, e-government and social media marketing, the results indicate that networks and strategic networking were important in order to develop their enterprises, which also contributed to local development. The importance of initial face-to-face contacts in order to build business relationships in networks was stressed. The use of local e-government was hitherto limited to e-services for public procurement, the use of social media marketing was limited due to lack of time, competence and motivation for most of the entrepreneurs.


Biometric verification is the process of authenticating a person"s identity using his/her physiological and behavioural characteristics. It is well-known that multimodal biometric systems can further improve the authentication accuracy by combining information from multiple biometric traits at various levels, namely sensor, feature, match score and decision levels. Fusion at match score level is generally preferred due to the trade-off between information availability and fusion complexity. However, combining match scores poses a number of challenges, when treated as a two-class classification problem due to the highly imbalanced class distributions. Most conventional classifiers assume equally balanced classes. They do not work well when samples of one class vastly outnumber the samples of the other class. These challenges become even more significant, when the fusion is based on user-specific processing due to the limited availability of the genuine samples per user. This thesis aims at exploring the paradigm of one-class classification to advance the classification performance of imbalanced biometric data sets. The contributions of the research can be enumerated as follows.

Firstly, a thorough investigation of the various one-class classifiers, including Gaussian Mixture Model, k-Nearest Neighbour, K-means clustering and Support Vector Data Description, has been provided. These classifiers are applied in learning the user-specific and user-independent descriptions for the biometric decision inference. It is demonstrated that the one-class classifiers are particularly useful in handling the imbalanced learning problem in multimodal biometric authentication. User-specific approach is a better alternative with respect to user-independent counterpart because it is able to overcome the so-called within-class sub-concepts problem, which arises very often in multimodal biometric systems due to the existence of user variation.

Secondly, a novel adapted score fusion scheme that consists of one-class classifiers and is trained using both the genuine user and impostor samples has been proposed. This method also replaces user-independent by user-specific description to learn the characteristics of the impostor class, and thus, reducing the degree of imbalanced proportion of data for different classes. Extensive experiments are conducted on the BioSecure DS2 and XM2VTS databases to illustrate the potential of the proposed adapted score fusion scheme, which provides a relative improvement in terms of Equal Error Rate of 32% and 20% as compared to the standard sum of scores and likelihood ratio based score fusion, respectively.

Thirdly, a hybrid boosting algorithm, called r-ABOC has been developed, which is capable of exploiting the natural capabilities of both the well-known Real AdaBoost and one-class classification to further improve the system performance without causing overfitting. However, unlike the conventional Real AdaBoost, the individual classifiers in the proposed schema are trained on the same data set, but with different parameter choices. This does not only generate a high diversity, which is vital to the success of r-ABOC, but also reduces the number of user-specified parameters. A comprehensive empirical study using the BioSecure DS2 and XM2VTS databases demonstrates that r-ABOC may achieve a performance gain in terms of Half Total Error Rate of up to 28% with respect to other state-of-the-art biometric score fusion techniques.

Finally, a Robust Imputation based on Group Method of Data Handling (RIBG) has been proposed to handle the missing data problem in the BioSecure DS2 database. RIBG is able to provide accurate predictions of incomplete score vectors. It is observed to achieve a better performance with respect to the state-of-the-art imputation techniques, including mean, median and k-NN imputations. An important feature of RIBG is that it does not require any parameter fine-tuning, and hence, is amendable to immediate applications.


Score-based diffusion models are a class of generative models whose dynamics is described by stochastic differential equations that map noise into data. While recent works have started to lay down a theoretical foundation for these models, a detailed understanding of the role of the diffusion time T is still lacking. Current best practice advocates for a large T to ensure that the forward dynamics brings the diffusion sufficiently close to a known and simple noise distribution; however, a smaller value of T should be preferred for a better approximation of the score-matching objective and higher computational efficiency. Starting from a variational interpretation of diffusion models, in this work we quantify this trade-off and suggest a new method to improve quality and efficiency of both training and sampling, by adopting smaller diffusion times. Indeed, we show how an auxiliary model can be used to bridge the gap between the ideal and the simulated forward dynamics, followed by a standard reverse diffusion process. Empirical results support our analysis; for image data, our method is competitive with regard to the state of the art, according to standard sample quality metrics and log-likelihood.


This dissertation presents a detailed numerical study using fully three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulation (LES) simulations of the flow and mass exchange processes in straight channels containing one or multiple embayments with vertical spanwise walls on one side corresponding to the presence of groynes in river reaches. The main focus is on identifying, understanding and quantifying the role played by the coherent structures and large-scale motions in the momentum and mass exchange processes within the embayments and between the embayments and the main channel. Of the three configurations that are studied, the first two contain only one embayment, and the water depth in the embayment area is equal to the one in the main channel. The two groynes are fully emerged in the first configuration and fully submerged in the second. This allows the study of the intensification of the flow three-dimensionality and acceleration of the mass exchange processes between the embayment and the channel due to the top interface and associated detached shear layer that are present in the submerged case. In both cases, the mass exchange across the embayment-channel interface is highly nonuniform across the depth. The third configuration corresponds to a straight channel with multiple groynes and is identical to one of the cases studied experimentally in a previous scaled model study. The mean water depth in the embayment area is about half that in the main channel; the width and length of the embayments are large compared to the depth; and the width over length ratio is relatively large such that a one gyre circulation pattern is observed inside the embayments. The model is validated with the experimental data available at the free surface. Even for shallow emerged embayments, most of the contaminant leaves the embayment through the top layer of the channel-embayment interface. The present study shows that 3D LES simulations can clarify several important aspects of flow past groyne fields that are very difficult or expensive to quantify using experimental techniques.


We formulate lattice theories in which chiral symmetry is realized nonlinearly on the fermion fields. In this framework the fermion mass term does not break chiral symmetry. This property allows us to use the Wilson term to remove the doubler fermions while maintaining exact chiral symmetry on the lattice. Our lattice formulation enables us to address non-perturbative questions in effective field theories of baryons interacting with pions and in models involving constituent quarks interacting with pions and gluons. We show that a system containing a non-zero density of static baryons interacting with pions can be studied on the lattice without encountering complex action problems. In our formulation one can also decide non-perturbatively if the chiral quark model of Georgi and Manohar provides an appropriate low-energy description of QCD. If so, one could understand why the non-relativistic quark model works.


This paper describes the dynamic growth process of post-doctoral fellows and establishes a kind of GERT network model based on the "life cycle"theory. It collects data from Nanjing as an example to give the specific solution and the analysis process. The results show that the value of the natural probability that an undergraduate student growning to be a postdoctoral fellow is just 1.9684%,while if the postdoctoral system will have been improved,the probability will increase to 2.7808%.


Abstract Expected prices for storable commodities often lie below spot prices plus interest and marginal storage charges. Recently this gap has been explained as the value of a call option held by a representative storer whenever a positive probability exists that stocks could dwindle to zero. However, the probability of an aggregate stock-out is effectively zero in most markets most of the time. This paper presents an alternative model that explains the gap as an equilibrium between fundamentals traders and noise traders. Applications of the model suggest that rational agents make up 84 percent of the U.S. copper market, and more than 95 percent of the corn and wheat markets.


Palatability, tenderness, and vitamin (thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin Bg) retention of institutional cuts of meat and poultry cooked in the convection oven in nylon ovenproof film or cooked uncovered were studied. Six replications of two similar roasts, one tight wrapped in nylon oven film and the second unwrapped, were cooked in a forced air convection oven at 177° C. to an appropriate internal temperature. As the roasts reached the end point, they were removed from the oven and allowed to continue cooking outside the oven. Immediately after roasts attained maximum internal temperature, total cooking, drip, and volatile losses were determined. Roasts were then sliced and served for palatability evaluation. Total cooking losses were less for roasts cooked in tight wrap than for those cooked unwrapped with significant differences for pork loin and turkey. Drip losses were significantly higher for pork loin and turkey roasted in oven film than for those cooked uncovered; wrapped rib roast drip loss was less than that for those unwrapped. Volatile loss was significantly higher for uncovered turkey and pork loin than for similar roasts cooked in tight wrap. Ribeye roasts showed a comparable trend. Rib roasts cooked in oven film resulted in greater volatile loss than those unwrapped. Although the difference was not significant, mean servable weight was greater for tight wrapped roasts than those cooked uncovered.


Abstract This paper outlines the way in which professional self regulation of quality of healthcare was integral to the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, and to the way the NHS was organized for the next 50 years. It describes the crisis in quality that emerged in the late 1990s. It describes the government's initial responses to that crisis, which were to require NHS organizations to implement systems of clinical governance, and create the Commission for Health Improvement (CHI) to inspect its implementation through visits to each NHS organization. The paper discusses Reports from Inquiries into three scandals, and considers the further changes made to governance and regulation of quality with the abolition of CHI and the National Care Standards Commission, which inspected the private sector, to be succeeded by the Healthcare Commission with a new approach to regulation. It examines three promises of that new approach: the use of national standards; being 'light touch' and proportionate using 'intelligent' (or 'smart') information, as opposed to being organized on a comprehensive programme of visits; and developing a common approach to the NHS and private sectors.


Introduction: Conventional wire fixation of Ilizarov rings often fails to provide 90-90 configuration because of vital structures, which is essential for optimum stability. Hybrid assembly with half pins is an alternative. The aim of this study is to compare the results of Hybrid assembly with that of conventional classic circular transfixion wire Ilizarov assembly in 50 cases of infected nonunion of tibia between 1994 and 2003. Materials and Methods: This study includes two groups with 25 patients in each group: Group (A) conventional Ilizarov assembly and Group (B) hybrid Ilizarov assembly. Thirty-five cases developed infected nonunion following road traffic accidents while others after fall (6) bullet injury (4), infected osteosynthesis (3) and assault (2). There were 45 males and five females with mean age (18 to 56 years). All active cases (n=28) were treated by debridement including removal of implants in infected osteosynthesis. Twenty out of 22 cases in the quiescent group (non draining for last three consecutive months) were treated without open debridement; only two cases required open debridement for various reasons. All the cases were finally treated as atrophic aseptic nonunion with bone defect and were classified according to ASAMI. Type B1: length of the limb maintained with bone gap (14 cases in both Group A and B) and Type B3: combined shortening with defect (five and seven cases in Group A and B respectively), were treated by bifocal osteosynthesis. Only one case in the B3 group was treated by trifocal osteosynthesis to shorten the time. Type B2: segments in contact with limb shortening (total nine cases; five and four cases in Group A and B respectively) with shortening up to 2 cm (total five cases) were treated with monofocal osteosynthesis while shortening up to 5 cm and beyond (total four cases) were treated with bifocal osteosynthesis. Results: The cases were followed up for two to six years and the results were evaluated by Paley criteria of bony results (union, infection, deformity and leg-length discrepancy) and Functional Results (significant limp, equinus rigidity of the ankle, soft-tissue dystrophy, pain and inactivity). In both the groups, 24 cases out of 25, had excellent to good bony result with Group B having twice more excellent result than Group A. Functional results were found to be similar in both the groups. Although persistence of infection and Grade III pin tract infection (PTI) were slightly higher in Group B, complications like delayed consolidation of regenerate, refracture, deformity and aneurysm of vessel were less in this group. Discussion and Conclusion: Ilizarov methodology produced a satisfactory result in infected nonunion of the tibia. Hybrid assembly was a fruitful advancement in the Ilizarov armamentarium. The results were comparable to Conventional assembly in terms of docking site problems, corticotomy site problems, PTIs and other problems.


Argumentative writing is regarded as an essential form of written discourse in Malaysia, specifically in Malaysian University English Test (MUET). Accordingly, there are numerous studies on argumentative essays which demonstrate the increased interest in linguistic features. Conversely, limited studies have been conducted on the written discourse of the MUET argumentative essay at pre-university level. For this purpose, using a compiled representative learner corpus, a preliminary study is conducted to investigate the linguistic features; lexical verbs used in Band 5 and Band 3 argumentative essays produced by students of a pre-university college in Malaysia. Subsequently, the lexical verbs utilized in the respective essays were compared. As a descriptive analysis and corpus-based study, the use of lexical verb forms was examined via a computer-assisted corpus analysis, for short (CACA), reflecting the learners' knowledge of applying this linguistic constituent into their written essays. Albeit, this analysis revealed that both Band 5 and Band 3 essays employed four types of lexical verbs, namely past tense (VVD), -'ing' form (VVG), past participle (VVN) and –s form (VVZ),  it was apparent that the lexical verb form of past tense (VVD) was underused by both groups (11 and 20 occurrences respectively). Surprisingly, both groups  had avoided the base form of lexical verb (VVO) in their essays. Thus, the findings of this study might render some pedagogical implications for both teachers and learners, especially in writing argumentative essays, and ideas for future research. Keywords: Lexical Verbs; Malaysian University English Test (MUET); Argumentative Essay; POS Tagging; Computer-Assisted Corpus Analysis (CACA) JEL Classifications:  I21, I23


This dissertation explores the concept of employee well-being, with a view to uncover additional and useful ways in which it can be enhanced in individuals. Previous literature in this area had primarily focused on ways in which to enhance the mental health of the general adult population, and had thus remained relatively silent about work specific types of interventions. Preliminary findings have suggested, however, that various forms of activities may form the basis for an effective intervention aimed at working populations. Specifically, previous research suggests that the practice of job crafting may provide employees with an effective way in which to enhance their engagement and job satisfaction. Hence, the research conducted in this dissertation addresses two primary questions: (1): How do researchers empirically measure job crafting, and are job crafting activities empirically distinguishable along the three dimensions of task, relational, and cognitive forms of job crafting?; (2) Does job crafting yield a significant relationship with employee well-being, and if so, what are the theoretical mechanisms that explain this relationship? A scale validation study was conducted to examine the subcomponents of job crafting and whether job crafting activities are empirically distinguishable along the task, relational, and cognitive forms of crafting. The Job Crafting Questionnaire was the outcome of this study and it provides researchers with a new and theoretically driven tool that they can continue to validate and progress job crafting research. A model is then proposed and tested which suggests that job crafting activities predict the three intrinsic employee needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which, in turn, predict employee well-being. This empirical model was supported in a sample of 253 working adults and hence provides some of the first empirical insights as to the efficacy of job crafting activities in enhancing employee mental health. This research offers practitioners a useful underpinning to guide the development of interventions aimed at enhancing employee mental health and well-being.


My energy and drive have helped me overcome hurdles within SEM. My policy of strategic volunteering has been key. For instance, I am 27 years old and I have been to over 45 SEM conferences already. That provides a network that provides a lot of wisdom. At about 75% of the conferences I have gone for free (as I could not afford them) by serving drinks, cleaning floors, packing delegate bags or acting as an MSK model—I will do whatever it takes!

Take life less seriously, spend more quality time with my family and travel at every opportunity. Try to find the optimum work–life balance (something I still struggle with). I would also write that it is okay to say no to opportunities—aim for quality over quantity!

I am only just beginning my sport and exercise medicine (SEM) journey, but most rewarding to date was serving as team doctor for the England U16 Football Team at the 2015 Montaigu International Tournament in France—we won!

I cycle or run to work, and since moving to Melbourne, Australia, where coffee is ingrained into the culture, I must start with at least one latte! Then more paperwork than I would like.

I think being at Old Trafford to watch Eric Cantona come back from his 'Kung Fu Kick' 8-month ban to score a penalty against Liverpool FC. I was sitting …


Epoxides are widely encountered within organic and biological chemistry, being
present in many secondary metabolites and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the
unique functionality of the epoxide has been exploited to facilitate the synthesis of
many organic molecules. A particularly attractive way to stereoselectively epoxidise
a substrate is to employ an organocatalytic system. Our group has been actively
pursuing research in this area for over a decade and we have developed several
catalytic systems capable of excellent stereocontrol in the epoxidation of alkene
substrates. In considering possible refinements to catalyst structure, we targeted
two development paths: i) variation of the dihedral angle Φ within the atropos
azepinium systems - shown by Lacour to strongly influence the levels of
stereoinduction,1 and ii) introduction of a substituent α- to the iminium nitrogen,
which we envisaged would also influence the stereochemical outcome of any
process occurring at the catalytically active centre.
The application of the combined optimisations to existing catalyst frameworks
allowed us to create a second generation of catalyst that was capable of furnishing
epoxides in ees of up to 97% for tri-substituted unfunctionalised alkenes. We
observed a tangible improvement upon the previous generation, and, in
explanation, we offer an in-depth discussion on the influence of α-substitution on
the ratio of sp2N-sp3C rotamers, and the importance of that ratio on the improved
enantiocontrol. As part of an extended research program within our group, we also
report the emergence of atropisomerism of the traditionally tropos sp2C-sp2C axis
contained within biphenyl systems, presumably caused by efficient stereochemical
relays mediated by the α-substituent.
Lastly, we were able to successfully apply our methodology in the
enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-scuteflorin A.2,3 The key epoxidation step
proceeded in 99% ee and 99% yield, as part of a 7-step sequence that was
completed with a 14.3% overall yield.
1. R. Novikov, G. Bernardinelli, J. Lacour, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2009, 351, 596.
2. J. Li, Y. Ding, X. –C. Li, D. Ferreira, S. Khan, T. Smillie, I. A. Khan, J. Nat. Prod., 2009, 72, 983
3. C. J. Bartlett, D. Day, Y. Chan, S. M. Allin, M. J. McKenzie, A. M. Z. Slawin, P. C. B. Page, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 772.


This study is an extensive revision of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) land station temperature database that is used to produce a gridbox dataset of 58 latitude 3 58 longitude temperature anomalies. The new database comprises 5159 station records, of which 4167 have enough data for the 1961‐90 period to calculate or estimate the necessary averages. Apart from the increase in station numbers compared to the earlier study in 1994, many station records have had their data replaced by newly homogenized series that have been produced by several recent studies. New versions of all the gridded datasets currently available on the CRU Web site (http:// www.cru.uea.ac.uk) have been developed. This includes combinations with marine (sea surface temperature anomalies) data over the oceans and versions with adjustment of the variance of individual gridbox series to remove the effects of changing station numbers through time. Hemispheric and global temperature averages for land areas developed with the new dataset differ slightly from those developed in 1994. Possible reasons for the differences between the new and the earlier analysis and those from the National Climatic Data Center and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies are discussed. Differences are greatest over the Southern Hemisphere and at the beginnings and ends of each time series and relate to gridbox sizes and data availability. The rate of annual warming for global land areas over the 1901‐ 2000 period is estimated by least squares to be 0.078C decade21 (significant at better than the 99.9% level). Warming is not continuous but occurs principally over two periods (about 1920‐45 and since 1975). Annual temperature series for the seven continents and the Arctic all show significant warming over the twentieth century, with significant (95%) warming for 1920‐44 for North America, the Arctic, Africa, and South America, and all continents except Australia and the Antarctic since 1977. Cooling is significant during the intervening period (1945‐76) for North America, the Arctic, and Africa.


Exposure to ionizing radiation is known to affect some hematological parameters of biolog - ical sample. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ionizing radiation within the diagnostic range on some hematological parameters in guinea pigs. Thirty six (36) appar - ently healthy adult guinea pigs of both sexes weighing between 700 and 1200 g were used. The guinea pigs were categorized in to three groups, 12 per group; group A (control), group B, and C were exposed to X-rays within the diagnostic range, using 70 kV and 12.5mAs; using X-ray machine MS-185, serial no. 0904 GE at a source to skin distance (SSD) of 90 cm. Blood samples were collected from all the guinea pigs at intervals of 1, 24, 72, 168 and 336 hours post-irradiation, and subjected to standard hematological analysis. A continuous decline in the mean total white blood cell count and mean lymphocyte, monocyte, neutro phil and eosinophil count after 1 hour in both groups was observed, and more pronounced after 24 hours post-irradiation. However, stability was observed 72 hours post-irradiation in both groups. In conclusion, a depleting effect of low dose ionizing radiation on white blood cell count was found, with appreciable recovery occurring after 72 hours onward.


The paper presents accurate numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for steady and unsteady laminar/laminar internal condensing flows. The chosen geometry allows for film condensation on the bottom wall of a tilted (from vertical to horizontal) channel. It is found that it is important to know whether the exit conditions are constrained or unconstrained because incompressible vapor flows occur only for exit conditions that are unconstrained. For the incompressible vapor flow situations, a method for computationally obtaining the stable steady/quasi-steady solutions is given here and the resulting solutions are shown to be in good agreement with some relevant experimental data for horizontal channels. These solutions are shown to be sensitive to the frequency-content and strength of ever-present minuscule transverse vibrations of the condensing surface. The effects of noise-sensitivity, gravity (terrestrial to zero-gravity), and surface tension on the attainability of stable steady/quasi-steady solutions, structure of superposed waves, and heat-transfer rates are discussed. It is shown that significant enhancement in wave-energy and heat-transfer rates are possible by designing the condensing surface noise to be in resonance with the intrinsic waves.© 2003 ASME


About 3 years ago I decided that I would devote my energy to seeking ways in which I could combine accumulated knowledge gleaned from longstanding immersion in environmental debate that is becoming increasingly critical and my ongoing practice as an artist. The upshot of this is that I ceased work made in the studio for its own sake in order to explore collaborations on an interdisciplinary level through the academic network, ways in which I could affect the conversation with government on a local level by working directly with community organisations to respond to the unfolding estuary and shoreline strategies in an informed manner and lastly to seek out public commissions that might encapsulate these issues in one way or another.
Why do this? Just as the visual arts community in the 18th and 19th centuries was responsible for articulating a cultural response to the socio-economic fait-accompli of the industrial and agricultural revolutions as the sublime and the picturesque in landscape; so now when we have reached the point that this formula is inadequate to the challenges of environmental change being faced by society, it is the duty of the cultural community to help foster a sense of personal responsibility and a deeper understanding of natural processes as a compliment to the facts and figures supplied by science.
My wish was to place art and my particular knowledge at the service of a situation that is crucial to address. This has had both success and failure in ways that I would never have predicted, but the positive elements have been sufficient to confirm to me that there is something worth following.

The long-term effect of the sublime and the picturesque movement in landscape painting of the 18th and 19h centuries has been to disenfranchise society from the land, its birthright, to the extent that our highly urbanised culture can only treat it as a leisure destination, where access is duly controlled. The traditional protection of beauty is not equal to the urgent need to foster a sense of responsibility and an informed understanding of natural processes that may well be about to change irrevocably.


Context: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is finding importance in aesthetic medicine. Aim: The objective of this study was to study efficacy of PRP therapy in follicular unit extraction (FUE) hair transplant. Materials and Methods: It is a single-blind, prospective randomised study on 40 FUE hair transplant subjects, allocated in two groups (PRP and non-PRP) alternately. PRP was injected intra-operatively immediately after creating slits over the recipient area in PRP group; and normal saline in non-PRP group. Two groups were evaluated at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, 3 and 6 months of the procedure. Statistical Analysis: It was done using Chi-square test and test of significance was set as P < 0.05. Results: In PRP group, all subjects had >75% hair regrowth at 6 months, density of >75% grafts was noticed in 12 patients at 4 weeks meaning reduced fall of transplanted hair during catagen phase. New hair growth started at 8 weeks in 16 patients and redness over recipient area completely disappeared in 19 patients at 3 months of surgery and activity in dormant follicles as fine thread like hair was noticed besides the thick transplanted hair in all subjects. In non-PRP group, four patients had >75% hair regrowth at 6 months; none showed >75% graft density at 4 weeks, and 13 subjects showed dormant follicle activity at 4 months. The number of patients having lengthier hairs was significantly more in PRP group. Conclusion: Intra-operative PRP therapy is beneficial in giving faster density, reducing the catagen loss of transplanted hair, recovering the skin faster and activating dormant follicles in FUE transplant subjects.


2',3'-Dideoxycytidine (ddCyd) is among the most potent of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents of the dideoxynucleoside class. Its pharmacologically active metabolite 2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (ddCTP) is an effective inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase and thus of HIV replication. ddCyd differs, however, from other dideoxynucleoside agents such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in its capacity to generate phosphodiester metabolites (i.e. ddCDP choline and ddCDP ethanolamine). We have synthesized and characterized these two diesters, and established their identity with the metabolites formed in ddCyd-treated Molt-4 cells. Toward this end, the biologically generated metabolites have been isolated on a preparative scale and compared with the synthetic compounds mass spectroscopically, chromatographically, and enzymatically (i.e. their relative susceptibility to the catabolic enzymes alkaline phosphatase and venom phosphodiesterase). The concentration reached by each of these two phosphodiesters within cells can, under certain conditions, equal or exceed that of ddCTP, and their half-times of disappearance are long, indicating that they may serve as depot forms of ddCyd. The possible role of these phosphodiesters in contributing to the unusual toxicity of ddCyd is discussed.


Using a panel dataset of 26 advanced economies over the five decades preceding the Covid crisis, we show that inequality rises following recessions and that rapid credit growth in the run up to a downturn exacerbates that effect. A one standard deviation credit boom leads to a 40% amplification of the distributional fallout in the bust that follows. These links between inequality, credit and downturns are particularly significant for recessions associated with financial crises. We also find some evidence that low bank capital ahead of a downturn amplifies the inequality increase that follows. These insights add a new dimension to policy cost-benefit analysis, at the distributional level. Newly established macroprudential regimes have been empowered with tools to safeguard financial stability by bolstering both lender and borrower resilience. Using those tools may have distributional effects, potentially limiting individual borrowing choices. Our findings make clear, however, that not using those tools can lead to distributional costs, in the event of an untamed crisis.


Elucidation of the cellular signaling pathways that contribute to cancer development often begins with the identification of a gene mutated in human tumors. Complementary biochemical approaches become especially important when the sequence of the newly identified gene provides few clues as to its function. Major et al. used analysis of protein interaction networks to define the function of WTX, a tumor suppressor gene found very recently to be mutated in an inherited kidney cancer called Wilms tumor. The WTX protein forms a complex with several proteins in the Wnt signaling cascade, including β-catenin, Axin1, β-TRCP2 (β-transducin repeat-containing protein 2), and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), and antagonizes Wnt signaling by promoting β-catenin degradation. M. B. Major, N. D. Camp, J. D. Berndt, X. Yi, S. J. Goldenberg, C. Hubbert, T. L. Biechele, A.-C. Gingras, N. Zheng, M. J. MacCoss, S. Angers, R. T. Moon, Wilms tumor suppressor WTX negatively regulates WNT/β-catenin signaling. Science 316, 1043-1046 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text] R. Nusse, Converging on β-catenin in Wilms tumor. Science 316, 988-989 (2007). [Summary] [Full Text]


MicroCT small animal 3D angiography has various applications such as tumor growth evaluation or quantification of the pulmonary arterial tree morphometry. Due to longer acquisition times using preclinical systems, classical contrast agents are of little use in-vivo. Novel contrast agents such as gold nanoparticles and iodinated liposomes offer a possible solution to this difficulty by preventing rapid renal excretion. To evaluate different contrast agents, we filled pieces of polymer tubing (20 AWG) with solutions of 10 mg Au/ml and 30 mg Au/ml home-made gold nanoparticles, commercial gold nanoparticle (120 mg Au/ml), commercial iodinated liposomes, 30% barium sulfate solution, 6% iodine contrast solution and 100% saline (PBS), respectively. Each piece of tubing was imaged in our microCT together with the PBS filled tubing using identical imaging settings. Upon quantification and comparison of the phantom data, we imaged mice after injection of contrast agent. We also acquired data from excised lungs filled with contrast agent and gelatin solution. The barium sulfate solution had the highest measured radiodensity, which was 8 times higher than PBS. The solution with only 6% of iodine contrast gave us an increased radiodensity of 1.5x. Among the in-vivo compounds, the liposomal contrast agent had the highest radiodensity with 5 times than PBS, where the gold nanoparticles (10 mg/ml) were almost indistinguishable from PBS, but the higher concentrations show improvements in contrast. Our comparison shows that the traditional contrast agents have a higher radiodensity than novel compounds currently under development. Angiography using barium sulfate is a terminal experiment where the iodine contrast agent is cleared too quickly by the kidneys to be useful in-vivo. The small contrast improvement of the gold nanoparticles indicate that further development is still necessary for the particles to by useful in 3D angiography. In contrast, liposomal contrast agents appear to have reached a state where they can successfully highlight vessels in-vivo.


In this paper, a new three-parameter model which can be used in lifetime data analysis is introduced. Its failure rate function can be decreasing, increasing, constant and bathtub-shaped depending on its parameters. We derive explicit expressions for some of its statistical and mathematical quantities including the ordinary moments, generating function, incomplete moments, order statistics, moment of residual life and reversed residual life. Some useful characterizations are presented. Maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the model parameters. Simulation results to assess the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators are discussed in case of uncensored data. The censored maximum likelihood estimation is presented in the general case of the multi-censored data. We demonstrate empirically the importance and flexibility of the new model in modeling real data set. https://doi.org/10.28919/jmcs/3417


Background/Context A common perspective found in the literature on classroom activity structures hypothesizes that a whole-class mode of instruction is linked with increased problems of achievement motivation for low-achieving students. If whole-class methods of instruction (e.g., recitation-style question-and-answer sessions) are rich in evaluation and foster social comparisons among students, low-achieving students may become disengaged in an effort to avoid negative evaluations. It is important to consider the evidence on activity structures and engagement carefully because this perspective represents a sweeping critique, concluding essentially that the predominant mode of instruction in American schools is detrimental to achieving widespread educational success. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Are whole-class modes of instruction linked with increased problems of achievement motivation and disengagement for low-achieving students? Research Design This study is a review of research on the association between student engagement and activity structure. We review both quantitative and qualitative studies investigating the link between activity structure and student engagement, with an emphasis on studies that identify an interaction between students' level of achievement, activity structure, and engagement. In interpreting the evidence, we focus on studies of classroom discourse—particularly studies of dialogic and scaffolding instruction, which illustrate variability in the effects of whole-class instruction on student engagement. Conclusions/Recommendations Although many relationships between motivational climates and levels of engagement have been clearly documented, we find no conclusive evidence of a link between whole-class instruction and disengagement among low-achieving students. Research on classroom discourse illustrates that the activities that constitute whole-class instruction are not inherently problematic for low-achieving students and can, in fact, promote engagement.


What follows is a direct transcription of the conference paper that I gave during the very prestigious Annual International Conference 2018 of the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). It took place at the Cardiff University, Wales, UK, on 28-31 of August, 2018. I gave this presentation within the very same panel session that I organised together with Kath Browne from the Maynooth University in Dublin, Ireland, and Catherine J. Nash from the Brock University in Canada. Our session, which I was also honoured to chair, was titled Engaging Contemporary Sexual-Gendered Realities: Geographies of Feminisms, Sexualities, and Beyond. Five presentations were part of the panel, including mine. The 20-minute paper was fortified with a Power-Point presentation, which, of course, is irrelevant to the purposes of the transcription herein. Even though I have decided to keep the title of this transcription in compliance with the title of that presentation, its potential and meaning is much greater. Thinking of a proper academic article that I could develop based on that paper, I would probably make it a point to emphasise the significance of the intersections between sociology and geography, and how they affect my local ambitions to introduce (into the Polish academia) geographies of sexualities on the one hand and interdisciplinary lesbian studies on the other. The paper presented below reflects on the implications of this experience and stance of mine.


Confusion matrices and truncation experiments have long been a part of psychoacoustic experimentation. However confusion matrices are seldom used to analyze truncation experiments. A truncation experiment was conducted and the confusion patterns were analyzed for 6 consonant-vowels (CVs). The confusion patterns show significant structure as the CV is truncated from the onset of the consonant. These confusions show correlations with both articulatory, acoustic features, and other related CVs. These confusions patterns are shown and explored as they relate to human speech recognition.


Implantation of bare-metal stents (BMS) in the early 1990s was a milestone in the development of interventional cardiology.1 Stents provided benefits compared with balloon angioplasty alone by reducing the risk of acute vessel occlusion and recurrent ischaemia, and by optimising acute lumen gain and preventing early vessel recoil. A decade later the implementation of drug-eluting stents (DES) has further improved clinical outcomes mainly by substantially reducing restenosis, the Achilles′ heel of BMS. However, because of impaired vascular healing, there was a higher risk of late and very late stent thrombosis (ST) associated with the first-generation DES when compared with BMS. ST is a potentially catastrophic event so the widespread perception that BMS may be safer than DES was initiated and, as a consequence, the frequency of DES implantations substantially decreased around the world.

To overcome the safety concerns of the first-generation DES, newer devices have been developed with new stent platforms and designs, with more biocompatible polymers or without polymers and with new antiproliferative agents. The outcomes after implantation of the second-generation DES have been much better in comparison to BMS and the first-generation DES in terms of efficacy and safety.2 The results achieved with the new-generation DES are so convincing that in a recent review published in the European Heart Journal, the authors conclude: "We suggest that BMS should be honourably retired and added to the history books (…)".3 They also cite a …


Purpose

This study aims to investigate whether organizations can leverage on their sustainable business practices to attract valuable talents to gain competitive advantage over their competitors.

Design/methodology/approach

Using factorial design, the authors conducted an experiment to assess the attractiveness of an organization in line with the social identity theory, based on the Bursa Malaysia corporate social responsibility (CSR) framework attributes (including environmental performance, community relation, workplace and marketplace performance).

Findings

The findings of the current study supported the notion of social identity theory, as study subjects were attracted more to organizations with high corporate sustainable business (CSB) practices than organizations with low CSB practices. Specifically, findings of the current study revealed that job applicants have a higher intention to join and willingness to accept a job offer from organizations with more sustainable business practices.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited by its sample size and selection, self-reported measures and its cross-sectional nature.

Practical implications

Understanding the most preferred attribute of CSB practices will enable organizations to focus their valuable resources rightfully to market their CSR efforts for obtaining higher organizational attractiveness and competitive advantage.

Social implications

As many organizations perceive sustainable outcomes to be costly, demonstrating the positive link between CSB practices and organizational attractiveness for talents warrants a win-win paradigm.

Originality/value

Talented workforce is essential for differentiating an organization from its competitors. As human resources are mostly unique and non-imitable, it has been recommended as a newly minted strategy to enable organization to achieve sustainable competitive advantages.


In manufacturing, the accumulation of experience that occurs with production is likely to impact an organization's ability to innovate. However, how different types of experience may relate to the characteristics of an organization's innovation output is an open question. In this study we investigate how a firm's accumulated related and unrelated manufacturing experiences are associated with this firm's ability to innovate its production methods. We choose as our context the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for anti-cancer drugs that have lost product-patent protection. This allows us to examine our research question in a multi-product and multi-firm longitudinal setting. To characterize firms' innovation output we observe their portfolios of patented manufacturing inventions, which we qualitatively evaluate over time (through a unique collaboration with expert patent attorneys) along two critical dimensions: novelty and scope. We find that experience with manufacturing related products is associated with a decrease in the novelty and an increase in the scope of the manufacturing methods that a firm develops and patents for a focal product. Conversely, experience with manufacturing unrelated products is associated with an increase in a focal product's patents' novelty and a decrease in its patents' scope. This simultaneous consideration of both novelty and scope allows us to demonstrate how different types of experience may enhance one dimension of innovation while hurting another, and helps to reconcile conflicting conceptual arguments that have been presented in the literature. Our findings provide practical guidance regarding how managers might want to structure their firms' product portfolios and the longitudinal effect of their choices on their firm's intellectual property.


BACKGROUND
Exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) was in 2002 classified as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer at WHO.

METHODS
Life time occupations were assessed in case-control studies during 1997-2003 and 2007-2009. An ELF-EMF Job-Exposure Matrix was used for associating occupations with ELF exposure (μT). Cumulative exposure (μT-years), average exposure (μT), and maximum exposed job (μT) were calculated.

RESULTS
Cumulative exposure gave for astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme) in the time window 1-14 years odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-2.6, p linear trend <0.001, and in the time window 15+ years OR = 0.9, 95%CI = 0.6-1.3, p linear trend = 0.44 in the highest exposure categories 2.75+ and 6.59+ μT years, respectively.

CONCLUSION
An increased risk in late stage (promotion/progression) of astrocytoma grade IV for occupational ELF-EMF exposure was found.


Vertebrate pest control operations using toxic baits can have unintended consequences for nontarget species, some of which may themselves be pests. Learned avoidance behaviour (termed 'aversion') can be induced by sublethal dosing, which can arise when species with high and low susceptibilities to a toxin co-exist in the same area. In such cases the less-susceptible species (e.g., possums Trichosurus vulpecula) may be sublethally poisoned by control work targeting the more-susceptible species (e.g., rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus). A case study of rabbit control on North Canterbury farmland is presented to demonstrate this effect. When control is being repeated at frequent intervals, it is prudent to vary the control methods used. Nevertheless, aversion induced by the use of one toxic bait (e.g., cyanide paste) can in some situations 'generalise' so that the efficacy of control using other toxins (e.g., 1080 and cholecalciferol in cereal baits) is also compromised. A case study of initial and follow-up possum control in four discrete areas of Canterbury forest provides an example of this problem. The implications of these findings for future pest management in New Zealand are discussed. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


We focus on the multiple persistent faults analysis in this paper to fill existing gaps in its application in a variety of scenarios. Our major contributions are twofold. First, we propose a novel technique to apply persistent fault apply in the multiple persistent faults setting that decreases the number of survived keys and the required data. We demonstrate that by utilizing 1509 and 1448 ciphertexts, the number of survived keys after performing persistent fault analysis on AES in the presence of eight and sixteen faults can be reduced to only 29 candidates, whereas the best known attacks need 2008 and 1643 ciphertexts, respectively, with a time complexity of 250. Second, we develop generalized frameworks for retrieving the key in the ciphertext-only model. Our methods for both performing persistent fault attacks and key-recovery processes are highly flexible and provide a general trade-off between the number of required ciphertexts and the time complexity. To break AES with 16 persistent faults in the Sbox, our experiments show that the number of required ciphertexts can be decreased to 477 while the attack is still practical with respect to the time complexity. To confirm the accuracy of our methods, we performed several simulations as well as experimental validations on the ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with electromagnetic fault injection on AES and LED, which are two well-known block ciphers to validate the types of faults and the distribution of the number of faults in practice.


Patent law is the cornerstone of American innovation policy. The relationship between patents and innovation, however, is more complicated than the simple explanation that patents reward innovators. Patent holders sometimes engage in conduct that can reduce innovation. This article examines one type of such conduct: tying arrangements. Patentees sometimes employ tying arrangements as a metering device to effect price discrimination. While some commentators would justify patent tying as pro-innovation because it increases the rewards to the patentee. This Article addresses with the argument that price discrimination through patent tying encourages innovation. In particular, it reviews the innovation arguments made in favor of patent tying; critiques these arguments by explaining how metered tying is not necessarily an appropriate mechanism for rewarding and funding research efforts; explains how patent tying can reduce the incentives for innovation in the tied product market; and discusses how antitrust law should treat patent tying in light of the impact that such tying may have on incentives to innovate.


Terms such as "non-governmental organization" or "global civil society" are used to describe tens of thousands of groups, varying greatly in structure, objective, funding, impact, and other key aspects. The main influence of these organizations results from the application of "soft power" as "the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments". NGOs are particularly influential on issues related to human rights and humanitarian aid. Their soft-power is based on the perception of technical expertise, combined with morality and normative goals, untainted by partisan politics or economic objectives, and projected through the media and other channels. Powerful NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the International Federation of Human Rights, work cooperatively in transnational advocacy networks, using the language and frameworks of human rights and humanitarian assistance, These organizations spread their views and campaigns via frameworks such as the UN Human Rights Council, in alliance with diplomats and political leaders from selected governments with similar objectives. Israeli policy has been a central focus of this NGO soft-power influence from the 2001 Durban NGO Forum through the UN Goldstone Commission on the Gaza war. The central role of NGO influence is reflected in the Goldstone Commission's mandate, procedures, and reports, and the campaign to implement its recommendations. The article examines the influence of NGO activity in the political conflict, and on Israeli foreign and security policy in particular.


Background & Aim: In order to support the rights of the human subjects and to prevent their exposure to the probable risks arising from research, it is necessary to monitor the observance of all ethical principles and codes. This study was conducted to describe the state of ethical considerations' reports in the nursing studies published by the nursing journals of Iran. Material & Methods: All the articles published by five scientific nursing journals during 2014 were selected by census and their ethical considerations' reports were assessed by a researcher made checklist. Data was analyzed by SPSS- PC and the frequency of the results was reported according to the type of the study and the published journals. Results: Among 294 reviewed articles, 128 (43.5%) reported institutional review board permission, 203 (69%) reported obtaining informed consent; 119 (58.5%) reported obtaining written consent; 87 (29.6) reported confidentiality of information and 66 (22.4%) reported the awareness of the subjects of freedom to leave the study. The assessed journals were different by the reporting of these indexes and the percentage of institutional review board permission and obtaining informed consent was higher in two journals compared with other journals. Conclusion: The findings showed that adherence to ethical considerations have been overlooked in some cases; therefore, it is necessary that the research ethics committees monitor the ethical issues more precisely during implementation of nursing studies. Also holding research workshops and the workshops on reporting the ethical observations, more emphasis on ethical guidelines in nursing journals and reviewers' attention to the ethical considerations of these journals are recommended.


Using 19 years of remotely sensed Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), we examined the effects of climatic variability on terrestrial vegetation of six protected areas along southwestern South America, from the semiarid edge of the Atacama desert to southern Patagonia (30°S–51°S). The relationship between satellite phenology and climate indices, namely MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index), PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) and SAM (Southern Annular Mode) were established using statistical analyses for non-stationary patterns. The annual mode of phenological activity fluctuated in strength through time from the semiarid region to the border of southern Patagonia. Concomitantly, enhanced synchrony between EVI and climatic oscillations appeared over interannual cycles. Cross correlations revealed that variability in MEI was the lead predictor of EVI fluctuations over scales shorter than 4 months at lower latitudes and for the most poleward study site. The PDO was correlated with EVI over lags longer than 4 months at low latitude sites, while the SAM showed relationships with EVI only for sites located around 40°S. Our results indicate that the long-term phenological variability of the vegetation within protected areas along southwestern South America is controlled by processes linked to climate indices and that their influence varies latitudinally. Further studies over longer time scales will be needed to improve our understanding the impacts of climate change on vegetation condition and its effect over phenological variability.


Some scholars have argued that common ownership, which refers to an investor's simultaneous ownership of small stockholdings in several competing companies, is anticompetitive and prohibited by the U.S. antitrust laws. Proponents of this view target in particular large investment managers that administer actively managed and passive index mutual funds owned by individual investors, and some even call for the divestiture of trillions of dollars of equities. We believe the argument for antitrust enforcement against common ownership is misguided. First, proponents conflate management by investment managers and economic ownership by individual account holders and therefore incorrectly attribute allegedly anticompetitive conduct to the investment managers. Second, proponents substantially overstate the validity and strength of the existing empirical work purporting to show common ownership causes anticompetitive harm. Third, proponents overstate their legal case, both by relying upon inapplicable cases involving cross ownership – rather than common ownership – and by stretching the holdings of those cases. Shorn of puffery, proponents rely upon little more than the "plain meaning" of the statutes and the hotly contested empirical results. Fourth, at bottom proponents concerns are with either conscious parallelism, which is not unlawful, or anticompetitive conduct that, if proven, could be addressed using established antitrust doctrines applicable to hub-and-spoke conspiracies and to the anticompetitive exchange of information. All the participants in the debate over common ownership are indebted to Frederic Jenny who, with his usual perspicacity, put common ownership on the agenda of the OECD Competition Committee's December 2017 Meeting, thereby assuring a robust debate in the community of competition scholars.


The external environment of Chinese businesses made a fundamental shift around 2000/2001. This change would necessitate a corresponding change in growth strategies. A holistically framed concept of 'niche' strategy or the 'fundamentals based strategy', however, appears to be or will be the dominant growth strategy for Chinese firms in this changed environment. The fundamentals based strategy advocated in this paper is not only rooted in the classic Chinese strategy thinking but also supported by the practices of an increased number of Chinese firms. The main contributions of this paper include: 1) proposing a holistic concept of the niche strategy or the fundamentals based strategy as an enterprise growth strategy; 2) incorporating Chinese classic strategic thinking; 3) integrating Chinese cases to explicate this model; 4) positing that this strategy is effective for latecomers with resource disadvantage. We also propose future research directions.


DNA damage risk assessment in comet assay by the use of buccal mucosa cells has great advantages in comparison with other cell type sample due to more safely, easier, cheaper, and non-invasive method for in vivo studies. According to the OECD Guidelines, the in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay is well-established and validated method for measuring DNA strand breaks in single eukaryotic cells. Considering exposure to xenobiotics and endogenous damage inductors, buccal mucosa cells are the first to be in direct contact after exposure and this makes them an ideal biomatrices in evaluation of the level of individual genotoxicity to several compounds already mentioned. Their clinical diagnostic applicability confers a potential use in patients across time. However, the number of publications referring to the human buccal comet assay is low in the last two decades. This low growing interest may be explained by several factors, including its relative technical problems. Different procedures have been used in collecting and processing the samples. In order to have widespread acceptance and credibility in human population studies, the comet assay in buccal cells requires standardization of the protocol, of parameters analyzed, and a better knowledge of critical features affecting the assay outcomes, including the definition of the values of spontaneous DNA damage. There is a need for further collaborative work as in the HUMN (micronucleus assay on lympho‐ cytes) and HUMNxL (micronucleus assay on buccal cells) collaborative projects. The creation of a network of laboratories will allow more focused validation studies, including the design of a classic, historic, prospective cohort study in order to explore the link between measures of genetic instability in the buccal mucosa and the risk of cancer and other chronic-degenerative diseases. One such network connection will start in 2016 as a COST project under the name "hCOMET—The comet assay as a human biomonitoring tool" launched by Prof. Andrew Collins.


Abstract This paper analyses the importation of foreign steam technology into Cuba in the course of the nineteenth century, and the experience of the migrant workers employed to operate it, in order to focus not on Cuba as an isolatable entity, but existing in the context of transnational networks that were involving the island in processes of globalization. This was, at the outset, a 'sub-imperial' globalization, operating independently, and implying liberation, from empire. The search for new technologies to enable improvements in sugar production necessarily took the Creole elite beyond the restricted possibilities of the Spanish empire to the industrial centres of the United States, Britain, and France. Such new links helped fuel the emergence of an independent Cuban identity; however, the same globalizing tendencies that were eroding the Spanish empire led Cuba into new forms of imperial domination. The increasing expense of the new steam technology necessitated a growing dependence upon investment from foreign merchant banks, which gradually assumed control over much of the island's production and trade. The same migrant engineers who had begun by assisting Cuban planters took on the role of agents for foreign companies. Rather than contributing their skills, as one more group of migrants in a nation formed out of multiple migrations, these engineers asserted their foreign identity and guarded their privileged position. They came to be seen as symbolic of the process by which Cuba shook off the Spanish yoke only to replace it with another.


We include learning in a standard equilibrium business cycle model with explicit growth. We use the model to study how the economy's agents could learn in real time about the important trend-changing events of the postwar era in the U.S., such as the productivity slowdown, increased labor force participation by women, and the "new economy" of the 1990s. We find that a large fraction of the observed variance of output relative to trend can be attributed to structural change in our model. However, we also find that the addition of learning and occasional structural breaks to the standard and widely-used growth model results in a balanced growth puzzle, as our approach cannot completely account for observed trends in U.S. aggregate consumption and investment. Finally, we argue that a model-consistent detrending approach, such as the one we suggest here, is necessary if the goal is to obtain an accurate assessment of an equilibrium business cycle model.


The electroabsorption properties of a number of semi-insulating materials including indium phosphide, gallium arsenide and Langmuir/Blodgett thin films of anthracene are reported. Single crystals of InP:Cr, InP:Fe and GaAs:Cr were subjected to large electric fields at a variety of temperatures and the resulting small changes upon the optical absorption spectra were carefully recorded. Prior to the performance of the electroabsorption measurements, the specimens were examined using such techniques as ac. and dc. conductivity, photoconductivity and zero-field optical absorption. Electroabsorption measurements were performed as a function both of the frequency and magnitude of the applied electric field. In addition, the presence of odd harmonics in the electroabsorption signal was examined. A correlation between the existence of frequency dependent effects and the specimens' photoconductivity was found. The electroabsorption spectra were analyzed within the context of the one-electron Franz- Keldysh theory, thus allowing the reduced effective masses of InP:Fe, InP:Cr and GaAs:Cr to be calculated. These values are in good agreement with published data for pure material. The lightly substituted anthracene Langmuir films were also examined using ac. and dc. conductivity techniques. In addition, data are reported concerning the fluorescent, electroluminescent and photo- conductive properties of the specimens. The electroabsorption spectra for these materials is interpreted in terms of the quadratic Stark effect. An analysis of these data leads to a value of 36 A for the average static polarizability change of a C4 anthracene film in the vicinity of the first singlet state absorption.


The number of persons in the United States with a history of cancer has increased from 3 million in 1971 to approximately 13.4 million in 2012, representing 4.6% of the population. Given the advances in early detection and treatment of cancer and the aging of the U.S. population, the number of cancer survivors is projected to increase by >30% during the next decade, to approximately 18 million. Cancer survivors face many challenges with medical care follow-up, managing the long-term and late effects of treatments, monitoring for recurrence, and an increased risk for additional cancers. These survivors also face economic challenges, including limitations in work and daily activities, obtaining health insurance coverage and accessing health care, and increasing medical care costs. To estimate annual medical costs and productivity losses among male and female cancer survivors and persons without a cancer history, CDC, along with other organizations, analyzed data from the 2008-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The results indicate that the economic burden of cancer survivorship is substantial among all survivors. For male cancer survivors, during 2008-2011, average annual medical costs and productivity losses resulting from health problems per person and adjusted to 2011 dollars were significantly higher among cancer survivors than among persons without a cancer history, by $4,187 and $1,459, respectively; for females, the estimated annual costs per person were $3,293 and $1,330 higher among cancer survivors than among persons without a cancer history, respectively. These findings suggest the need to develop and evaluate health and employment intervention programs aimed at improving outcomes for cancer survivors and their families.


Increasing global warming and decreasing fossil fuel reserves have necessitated the use of renewable energy resources like solar energy in India. To maximize returns on a solar farm, it has to be set up at a place with high solar radiation. The solar radiation values are available only for a small number of places and must be interpolated for the rest. This paper utilizes Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in interpolation, by obtaining a function with input as combinations of 7 geographical and meteorological parameters affecting radiation, and output as Global Solar Radiation (GSR). Data considered was of past 9 years for 13 Indian cities. Low values of error and high values of coefficient of determination thus obtained, verified that the results were accurate in terms of the original solar radiation data known. Thus, ANN can be used to interpolate the solar radiation for the places of interest depending on the availability of the data.


Deadlock free routing techniques for torus topologies have been a subject of deep study in the field of HPC interconnects and many proposals exist in the literature. Practical deadlock avoidance techniques can be classified into two main categories, requiring either a segregation of traffic in non-cyclic virtual networks or some form of injection control. Simulating large high-dimension tori networks using application traffic is challenging. Most proposals use either large low-dimension tori, or synthetic traffic. Currently, tori of five and six dimensions are being used in actual supercomputers, such as the Fujitsu K Computer, which was ranked first in the Top 500 in two consecutive lists (June 2011 and November 2011). To our knowledge, there are no published papers comparing the performance implications of deadlock avoidance techniques for large high-dimension tori using traffic typical of parallel applications. We chose two well established deadlock-avoidance techniques in tori with dimension-order routing, dateline resource allocation and bubble injection restriction. The simulation tools had to be adapted to scale to simulate these large networks. In this paper we analyze network performance for tori of up to 6 dimensions comprising up to 4096 nodes when dealing with both synthetic and HPC-specific workloads.


Objective The degradation of articular cartilage, which characterises osteoarthritis (OA), is usually paired with excessive bone remodelling, including subchondral bone sclerosis, cysts, and osteophyte formation. Experimental models of OA are widely used to investigate pathogenesis, yet few validated methodologies for assessing periarticular bone morphology exist and quantitative measurements are limited by manual segmentation of micro-CT scans. The aim of this work was to chart the temporal changes in periarticular bone in murine OA by novel, automated micro-CT methods. Methods OA was induced by destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) in 10-week old male mice and disease assessed cross-sectionally from 1- to 20-weeks post-surgery. A novel approach was developed to automatically segment subchondral bone compartments into plate and trabecular bone in micro-CT scans of tibial epiphyses. Osteophyte volume, as assessed by shape differences using 3D image registration, and by measuring total epiphyseal volume was performed. Results Significant linear and volumetric structural modifications in subchondral bone compartments and osteophytes were measured from 4-weeks post-surgery and showed progressive changes at all time points; by 20 weeks, medial subchondral bone plate thickness increased by 160±19.5 μm and the medial osteophyte grew by 0.124±0.028 μm3. Excellent agreement was found when automated measurements were compared with manual assessments. Conclusion Our automated methods for assessing bone changes in murine periarticular bone are rapid, quantitative, and highly accurate, and promise to be a useful tool in future preclinical studies of OA progression and treatment. The current approaches were developed specifically for cross-sectional micro-CT studies but could be applied to longitudinal studies.


Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus is nowadays responsible for many cases of liver disease. According to recent research, it seems to be characterized by a great deal of metabolic abnormalities, most of them due to insulin resistance, which is present in the virus C-induced disease more often than in chronic hepatitis B or in the general population. As insulin resistance significantly impairs the natural course of the viral disease by reducing the efficacy of antiviral treatment and aggravating the development of fibrosis, it becomes more and more plausible that therapeutic intervention aiming to reduce it might contribute to a better course in many patients. Hepatic steatosis is also a frequent feature of chronic hepatitis C, being either induced by the infection with genotype 3 or by a predisposing metabolic background. The relation between steatosis and viral disease prognosis is controversial, probably due to the various factors inducing lipid accumulation. A better understanding of the metabolic substrate of chronic hepatitis C would help developing new approaches in its diagnosis and therapy, hopefully providing a better future to many patients.


Endothelial cell migration is a critical event during angiogenesis, and inhibitors of cell motility can affect the angiogenic process. Paclitaxel (Taxol(R)), a microtubule-stabilizing antineoplastic cytotoxic drug, inhibits motility and invasiveness of several cell types. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of paclitaxel on endothelial cell functions and on angiogenesis. In vivo, paclitaxel (20-28 mg/kg i.v.) significantly inhibited the angiogenic response induced by tumor cell supernatant embedded in a pellet of reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) injected s.c. into C57BL/6N mice. In vitro, paclitaxel inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, motility, invasiveness, and cord formation on Matrigel in a dose-dependent manner. The antiangiogenic activity of paclitaxel was not linked to its cytotoxicity, since inhibition of endothelial cell chemotaxis and invasiveness occurred at drug concentrations which did not affect endothelial cell proliferation. Another cytotoxic drug, cisplatin, that inhibited endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, did not affect angiogenesis in vivo. These data indicate that paclitaxel has a strong antiangiogenic activity, a property that might contribute to its antineoplastic activity in vivo.


In the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, higher education institutions should change practices of educational programs and services, which are mainly based on traditional classroom-based instructions, to allow students to have more diverse experiences. Since college students spend relatively more time engaged in out-of-class activities than attending regular courses, it is necessary to examine how participating in out-of-class programs is related to cultivation of the competencies that the future demands. This study explores the relationship between out-of-class activity participation and perceived change in cognitive and social outcomes of Korean college students. Five out-of-class activities were examined: learning community, undergraduate research, service learning, internship, and residential college programs. K-NSSE (Korea-National Survey of Student Engagement) data were analyzed using hierarchical linear model analysis. The study findings are consistent with the results of previous research that demonstrated a positive association between participating in out-of-class activities and students' cognitive and social outcomes.


In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the Supreme Court upended the traditional foundations of corporate law. By allowing corporations to exercise legally recognized religious rights, the Court changed the very nature of a corporate entity. Moreover, the Court defied the conventional doctrine providing that the purpose of a corporation is to make profit for its shareholders. The case is being both praised and denounced by observers, but no one has yet fully analyzed how the Court's reasoning paved the way for social impact investors to use the corporate form as a vehicle to achieve their objectives.This Article is the first to connect the Hobby Lobby case to shareholder activism for social justice causes. The Article considers the existing methods by which advocates can use shareholder activism to create meaningful social change. The Article next examines how the Court's expansion of the rights of corporate "persons" in Hobby Lobby created new legal arguments for corporate social responsibility advocates. For example, after Hobby Lobby, corporations can be considered moral "persons" who do not need to consider shareholder wealth maximization as the highest priority. This reasoning presents an exciting opportunity for investors trying to influence corporations to act in socially or environmentally beneficial ways. Accordingly, the Article will propose two ways social investors can act now to take advantage of Hobby Lobby's extraordinary impact on corporate law doctrines: (1) Creating an innovative classification of stock to expand the voting rights of socially conscious investors, and (2) Shifting investments away from benefit corporations to larger and more influential companies. In the wake of Hobby Lobby, this Article forecasts the emergence of a new legal chapter in corporate social responsibility: Corporations as tools for generosity, not greed.


This article offers a critical appraisal of the Law Commission's Report, Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales (2011), and related proposals for reform. Drawing upon interdisciplinary research and empirical studies from other common law jurisdictions it suggests that the introduction of a reliability-based admissibility standard for expert opinion evidence, even in conjunction with provision for recourse to court-appointed experts, is unlikely to generate the kinds of changes required to improve the quality of incriminating forensic science and medicine evidence or align criminal justice practice with espoused goals and principles.


The author considers the behavioural link which exists between curiosity, local processing, visuo-spatial drawing ability and functional changes which might occur as a consequence of intensive drawing practice in the individual. Drawing skill varies enormously in the population and access to creative subjects in education particularly since the introduction of the new baccalaureate continues to challenge the creative sector. How we value drawing as a process matters in respect of culture, economic potential and use. Many children have a burning need to draw the world around them. While making a mark remains essential in public language drawing skill at a certain age becomes less useful except to those associated to have natural talent alone outside of the rigour of core subjects. Drawing could be considered a physical activity promoted by the way in which our minds reach out to the external domain in order to intellectually disseminate, interpret and express, all advanced critical academic activities stimulated by our common ability to visually interpret the world. There has been some academic debate which suggests drawing accuracy is not a result of better perception, veridical or motor coordination but an ability to construct in the mind a robust internal representation of object structure in visual memory by discriminating between the relative spatial position of object segments, in both broad and fine detail. Is it possible then that drawing can be used across the modern curriculum as a critical form of inquiry in support of STEM?