When neural networks are applied to solve complex engineering problems, the lack of training data can make the predictions of the surrogate inaccurate. Recently physics-constrained neural networks were introduced to integrate physical models in the data-driven surrogate to improve the training efficiency with limited data. Nevertheless, the model-form and parameter uncertainty associated with the neural networks can still lead to unreliable predictions. In this paper, a new physics-constrained Bayesian neural network (PCBNN) framework is proposed to quantify the uncertainty in physics-constrained neural networks. The bias and variance of predictions are considered simultaneously during the PCBNN training process. The variance and Kullback-Leibler divergence of neural network parameters are incorporated in the total loss function. The weights associated with the different losses are adjusted adaptively. The training of PCBNNs is also formulated as solving a minimax problem where the loss function for the worst-case scenario is minimized. The new PCBNN framework is demonstrated with engineering examples of heat transfer and phase transition based on both simulation data and experimental measurements. The results show that the accuracy and precision of predictions can be improved with the variance consideration in the PCBNN.


OBJECTIVES
We estimated the use of preventive dental care services by the US Medicare population, and we assessed whether money spent on preventive dental care resulted in less money being spent on expensive nonpreventive procedures.

METHODS
We used data from the 2002 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate a multinomial logistic model to analyze the influence of predisposing, enabling, and need variables in identifying those beneficiaries who used preventive dental care, only nonpreventive dental care, or no dental care in a multiple-variable context. We used regression models with similar controls to estimate the influence of preventive care on the utilization and cost of nonpreventive dental care and all dental care.

RESULTS
Our analyses showed that beneficiaries who used preventive dental care had more dental visits but fewer visits for expensive nonpreventive procedures and lower dental expenses than beneficiaries who saw the dentist only for treatment of oral problems.

CONCLUSIONS
Adding dental coverage for preventive care to Medicare could pay off in terms of both improving the oral health of the elderly population and limiting the costs of expensive nonpreventive dental care for the dentate beneficiary population.


This paper identifies market and commodity characteristics that seem to support successful cooperative bargaining in markets for farm output. Bargaining is not just about increasing prices paid to farmers; indeed, although there is very little empirical research that addresses the issue, what evidence does exist suggests that cooperative bargaining has very little direct influence on price. Nevertheless, the price negotiation process may be useful in itself as a form of price discovery in markets where there is uncertainty about market supply and demand conditions, and bargaining associations can play an important role in ensuring contract reliability. These and other benefits must be weighed against the organizational and ongoing operational costs of a formal bargaining association when considering whether bargaining is appropriate for a given market environment. Even when the aggregate net benefits associated with bargaining are positive, the distribution of benefits across the various market participants may have an important influence on the political feasibility of bargaining.


For three decades, sudden acceleration (SA) incidents have been reported, where automobiles accelerate without warning. These incidents are often diagnosed as no fault found. Investigators, who follow the line of diagnostic reasoning from the 1989 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) SA report, tend to conclude that SAs are caused by driver pedal error. This paper reviews the diagnostic process in the NHTSA report and finds that: 1) it assumes that an intermittent electronic malfunction should be reproducible either through in-vehicle or laboratory bench tests without saying why and 2) the consequence of this assumption, for which there appears to be no forensic precedent, is to recategorize possible intermittent electronic failures as proven to be nonelectronic. Showing that the supposedly inescapable conclusions of the NHTSA report concerning electronic malfunctions are without foundation opens the way for this paper to discuss electronic intermittency as a potential factor in SA incidents. It then reports a simple practical experiment that shows how mechanically induced electrical contact intermittencies can generate false speed signals that an automobile speed control system may accept as true and that do not trigger any diagnostic fault codes. Since the generation of accurate speed signals is essential for the proper functioning of a number of other automobile safety-critical control systems, the apparent ease with which false speed signals can be generated by vibration of a poor electrical contact is obviously a matter of general concern. Various ways of reducing the likelihood of SAs are discussed, including electrical contact improvements to reduce the likelihood of generating false speed signals, improved battery maintenance, and the incorporation of an independent fail-safe that reduces engine power in an emergency, such as a kill switch.


Background: Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is a common complaint, affecting approximately 50-80% of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the severity of nausea and vomiting from pregnancy on the quality of life during the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: An analytical study was conducted on pregnant women with nausea and vomiting from pregnancy (NVP) during their first 12 weeks. These pregnant women were receiving prenatal care at the prenatalogy ward of Rouhani Hospital, which is affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences. The women were asked to complete a visual analogue scale questionnaire to report their intensity of nausea within the last 24 hours. The severity of NVP was measured by a structured questionnaire. A Health-Related Quality of Life for Nausea and Vomiting during Pregnancy (NVPQOL) questionnaire was also used to measure the quality of Life of pregnant women with NVP. Low scores in all domains of NVPQOL and the overall quality of life evaluation mean better quality of life. A total number of 80 women with NVP, who were within the age range 18 to 35, were randomly selected for the purpose of this study. Results: The mean total score of NVPQOL was 95.5±15.69. The total quality of life score in women with severe nausea (p = 0.003) and sever vomiting (p = 0.029) was higher than that of the mild/moderate group. A statistically significant result was found in the mean scores of the fatigue domains between the women with mild/moderate and severe nausea groups (P = 0.001). The women with severe vomiting also had significantly higher mean scores of the physical symptoms (P = 0.027) and limitation (P = 0.027) domains compared with those with low/moderate vomiting. Conclusion: The finding showed that the NVPQOL score was correlated with the severity of NVP symptoms. It is, therefore, very important that we, in our clinical practices, consider the impact of NVP on Iranian woman's quality of life in order to provide them with optimal management in case


During the twentieth century, internal migration and urbanization shaped Brazil's economic and social landscape. Cities grew tremendously, while immigration participated in the rapid urbanization process and the redistribution of poverty between rural and urban areas. In 1950, about a third of Brazil's population lived in cities; this figure grew to approximately 80 per cent by the end of the nineteenth century. The Brazilian population redistributed unevenly—some dynamic regions became population magnets, and some neighbourhoods within cities became gateway clusters in which the effects of immigration proved particularly salient. This study asks, has domestic migration to cities been part of a healthy process of economic transition and mobility for the country and its households? Or has it been a perverse trap?


The last twenty years have seen great advances in the understanding of petroleum and natural gas resulting from the application of new technologies, in particular high-resolution analytical and spectroscopic methods. These advances, coupled with traditional use of natural observation and experimental simulations, have enabled the development of mathematical models which can predict the kinetics of petroleum and natural gas generation and migration in basin models (Tissot and Welte 1984; Allara and Shaw 1980; Savage and Klein 1987; Barth and Nielsen 1993; Freund 1992; Broadbelt et al. 1995; Larter 1984; Horsefield et al. 1989; Domine 1987, 1989; Behar and Vandenbroucke 1988; Ungerer 1990; Burnham and Braun 1990; Lewan 1993, 1997; Leythaeuser et al. 1984; Pepper 1992; Sandvik and Mercer 1990; Sandvik et al. 1991; Stainforth and Reinders 1990; Tang and Stauffer 1994; Tang and Behar 1995; Curry 1995; Behar et al. 1995, 1997; Welte et al. 1997). Based on the results from natural observations, experimental simulations, and mathematical modeling, researchers have established the most important parameters governing the quantity and composition of petroleum and natural gas are temperature, type of organic matter (kerogen), and time (or heating rate) (Tissot and Welte 1984; Horsefield et al. 1989; Ungerer 1990; Burnham and Braun 1990; Lewan 1993, 1997; Behar et al. 1995, 1997; Tang and Behar 1995; Welte et al. 1997). Therefore, there is an increasing need to understand the detailed chemical nature of organic matter (kerogen) as well as the kinetics and mechanisms associated with petroleum and natural gas generation.

Kerogen is a tremendously complex macromolecule which is still insufficiently characterized to develop fundamental, predictive models of thermal cracking …


Until now, no single work has been devoted to both a scholarly understanding of the complexities of the Daoist tradition and a critical exploration of its contribution to recent environmental concerns. The authors in this volume consider the intersection of Daoism and ecology, looking at the theoretical and historical implications associated with a Daoist approach to the environment. They also analyze perspectives found in Daoist religious texts and within the larger Chinese cultural context in order to delineate key issues found in the classical texts. Through these analyses, they assess the applicability of modern-day Daoist thought and practice in China and the West, with respect to the contemporary ecological situation.


Based on her work in the Sinai and an evaluation of the appearance of domestic goats and sheep at sites in northeast Africa, Angela Close has proposed a sea route connecting the Sinai and Egypt as the entry point for these animals c. 7000 BP. In an earlier work Beatrix Midant-Reynes had proposed that turquoise, copper, and glazed-steatite beads were imported into Egypt during the Badarian Period via a similar route. A review of the archaeological data suggests that the traditional land route across the northern Sinai is the most likely route connecting Egypt to the Levant for all interaction and trade during the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic Periods. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i2_mark


The present study aims at further examining an interesting finding of a recent empirical research on Hong Kong adults' participation in African drumming from a sociological perspective by adopting some Bourdieuan concepts. Results of the semi-structured interviews with 82 informants with diverse musical backgrounds and occupations concur that African drumming was hardly evident in Hong Kong before 1991, but related learning programmes have burgeoned in recent years. This study finds that the rise of African drumming among adult music learners over the past two decades in Hong Kong where the African residents only amount to a very small proportion (less than 0.3%) of the total population is the consequence of the two-phase habituation of a receptive attitude towards the ethnic musical tradition. The new habitus has been gradually formulated by highly acknowledged individual and group, first in the field of professional education of percussionists and later in the field of community music, where the cultural capital of African drumming has been increasingly convertible into symbolic capital and economic returns.


Authoritative, up-to-date, and with exceptionally clear print, theOxford American Large Print Thesaurus contains more than 130,000 synonyms and antonyms, drawing on the most recent findings of the language research program at Oxford University Press. The book's clear page layout, designed in association with Lighthouse International, offers enlarged fonts, larger margins, generous linespacing, and good quality paper, ensuring that there is a minimum glare and show-through. Ideal for both adults and children, particularly those with vision impairment, the Oxford American Large Print Thesaurus is a valuable reference tool for use at home, at school, or at the office. The book is also a perfect companion to the Oxford American Large Print Dictionary All Oxford American dictionaries use an easy-to-use respelling system to show how entries are pronounced. It uses simple, familiar markings to represent common American English sounds.


a r t i c l e i n f o Many of the 12 to 33 million artisanal (" small scale ") fishers in the developing world work at night using energy-intensive kerosene lanterns to attract fish to their nets. In Tanzania—where 100,000 such fishers operate, spending US$70 million per year on lighting—we identified current practices and conducted user-centered field tests of LED-based system usability, performance and energy savings potential, and estimated the market size for today's fuel-based lighting. Fishers in the areas we studied spend 35% to 50% of their take-home pay on lighting equipment and fuel. Due to the combination of higher intensity pressurized lanterns, and longer operating hours, Tanzanian fishers use as much lighting fuel as would about 1 million ordinary household lanterns. We found that similar catches could be obtained with battery-powered LED lighting systems, with a simple payback time for the LED system investment of three to four months. The fishers we interviewed were almost universally pleased with the concept behind the lights used in the field tests, and eager to purchase them provided the right price and performance. However none of the LED systems we tested were adequate for this use. Essential product modifications include improved durability and performance in harsh fishing environments. Independent testing and certification would encourage product quality and support consumer confidence as they adopt these highly beneficial new technologies. Our results provide a roadmap for product manufacturers and others interested in deployment, with an overnight-conversion market size of US$17 to US$21 million in Tanzania alone, plus US$6 to US$7 million per year in ongoing replacement expenditures. This potential could well justify retooling and marketing investment on the part of lighting manufacturers. Introduction Fuel-based lighting is pervasive in the developing world (Mills, 2005), and alternatives have been noted since the early 1990s (Dutt and Mills, 1994). Most efforts to understand the current conditions and potential for these alternatives focus on household uses. Yet, non-household uses tend to be more energy intensive because they often use higher-power lanterns and have longer operating hours. Also of importance , by virtue of occurring in a business context, there is often more structure and available capital to invest in alternatives. One such application is night fishing, the subject of this study. Around the world, night fishers use lights to catch small pelagic fish, such as sardines and herring. These fish, which live near the …


Hunger is a contentious theme in modernist literature, and this study addresses its relevance in the works of four major American and European writers. Taking an in-depth look at works by Melville, Kafka, Hamsun, and Wright, it argues that hunger is deeply involved with concepts of modernity and modern literature. Exploring how it is bound up with the writer's role in modern society this study draws on two conflicting and complex views of hunger: the first is material, relating to the body as a physical entity that has a material existence in reality. Hunger, in this sense, is a physiological process that affects the body as a result of the need for food, the lack of which can lead to discomfort, listlessness, and eventually death. The second view is that of hunger as an appetite of the mind, the kind of hunger for immaterial things that is associated with an individual's desire for a new form of knowledge, sentiment, or a different way of perceiving the reality of the world. By discussing the selected authors' conceptualization of hunger as both desire and absence of desire, or as both a creative and a destructive force, it examines how it has influenced literary representations of modern life. This study then offers a focused approach to a broad field of inquiry and presents analyses that address a variety of critical perspectives on hunger and modern literature. English Summary: http://bit.ly/2ibDNwl Daniel Rees completed his PhD in American and Comparative Literature at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. His research interests include Anglo-American and European literature of the modern period. He has worked as a freelance editor and translator since 2004 and contributed publications to the e-journal Current Objectives of Postgraduate American Studies  and Orchid Press .


Somatostatin receptor-targeting peptides are widely used for the imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in neuroendocrine tumor patients with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs has resulted in symptomatic improvement, prolonged survival, and enhanced quality of life. The side-effects of PRRT are few and mostly mild, certainly when using kidney protective agents. If a more widespread use of PRRT is possible, such therapy might become the therapy of first choice in patients with metastasized or inoperable neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Yet, much profit can be gained from improving the receptor-targeting strategies available and developing new strategies. This review presents an overview of several options to optimize receptor-targeted imaging and radionuclide therapy. These include the optimization of peptide analogs, increasing the number of receptors on the tumor site, and combining PRRT with other treatment strategies. The development of new peptide analogs with increased receptor-binding affinity and improved stability might lead to a higher accumulation of radioactivity inside tumor cells. Analogs of somatostatin have been widely studied. However, much profit can be gained in improving peptide analogs targeting other tumor-related receptors, including gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors, neurotensin (NT) receptors, cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. Several peptide analogs targeting these receptors are well on their way to clinical utilization. The literature shows that it is possible to increase the receptor density on tumor cells by using different methods, which results in higher binding and internalization rates and thus a higher contrast during peptide-receptor scintigraphy. In PRRT treatment, this would enable the administration of higher therapeutic doses to tumors, which might lead to a higher cure rate in patients. Combinations of radionuclide therapy with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy or pretreatment with radiosensitizers, might increase the impact of the treatment. Further, the administration of higher dosages of radioactivity to the patient, enabled by combinations of PRRT with strategies reducing the radiation dose to healthy organs, will improve the outcome of tumor treatment. Also, targeting one or several tumor-specific receptors by using combinations of therapeutic agents, as well as by reducing nontarget uptake of radioactivity, will enlarge the therapeutic window of PRRT. Clinical studies will provide more insight in the effects of combining treatment strategies in cancer patients.


The integrated information theory (IIT) is a promising theory of consciousness. However, there are several problems with IIT's axioms and postulates. Moreover, IIT entails that some two-dimensional grids of identical logic gates have more consciousness than humans. Many have found this prediction to be implausible, and as will be argued here, this prediction also exacerbates the so-called "hard problem of consciousness". Recently, it has been argued that if we treat the phenomenological aspects of consciousness as an illusion (illusionism), we can avoid the hard problem altogether by replacing it with the more tractable illusion problem: the problem of explaining how introspection systematically misrepresents experiences as having phenomenology. IIT is intended to be a theory of the phenomenological aspects of consciousness. However, it is possible to reformulate the axioms and postulates of IIT consistently with illusionism. Here it is argued that the resulting theory illusionist integrated information theory removes several problems for IIT including the hard problem and the logic gate problem, and also enables meaningful progress for illusionists on solving the illusion problem.


The world collection of Musa germplasm in the INIBAP Transit Centre at the Catholic University of Leuven conservation strategies and mode of operation.The conservation and international transfer of Musa germplasm is a core activity of the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). To this end, INIBAP established a Transit Centre (ITC) at the Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement of K.U.Leuven in Belgium, a non banana producing country. Plant material from all over the world is deposited at ITC. This global collection of banana and plantain germplasm, comprising approximately 1 100 accessions, is held under the auspices of FAO. The in vitro active collection is stored under slow growth conditions (low illumination and reduced temperature). In order to safeguard the material for the long terni, cryopreservation protocole for banana meristems have been developed. Samples of virus-tested clones are available freely and at no cost from the ITC gene batik on request. Since 1985, over 5 000 samples of accessions have been distributed worldwide to interested parties for specific research, breeding and evaluation, and production. A major constraint for the efficient use of the Musa collection is the limited information available on the genetic resources maintained. Through INIBAP's Musa Germplasm Information System (MGIS), passport, characterization and evaluation data on existing collections worldwide are being assembled to enhance the knowledge on Musa diversity, rationalize conservation and improve the use by curators, breeders and scientiste.


Immune privilege within the eye is due in large part to Ag-specific, systemic down-regulation of Th1 immune responses, a phenomenon termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). Since the cytokine milieu influences Th cell differentiation, we hypothesized that TGF-beta, an immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by ocular cells, determines the nature of the immune response to Ags introduced into the anterior chamber. Accordingly, an in vitro model of the eye was used to determine the cytokine profile of ocular APC. TGF-beta preferentially induced APC to secrete a Th2-type cytokine, IL-10, and concomitantly suppressed the production of the Th1-inducing cytokine, IL-12. APC incubated with TGF-beta and anti-IL-10 Ab lost their ability to induce ACAID. In the absence of TGF-beta, Ag-pulsed APC preferentially secreted IL-12 and elicited Ag-specific Th1 responses (i.e., delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)). However, APC pulsed with Ag and exogenous IL-10 behaved in a manner similar to ocular APC and induced Ag-specific suppression of DTH. The role of IL-10 in ACAID was confirmed in IL-10 knockout mice. Anterior chamber injection of OVA into IL-10 knockout mice elicited normal DTH responses rather than ACAID. Moreover, Ag-pulsed APC from IL-10 knockout mice were unable to induce ACAID following in vitro treatment with TGF-beta. Thus, TGF-beta predisposes ocular APC to secrete IL-10 during Ag processing. This, in turn, directs the immune response away from a Th1 pathway and toward a Th2-like response in which DTH is suppressed.


For introductory computer courses on Microsoft Office 2010 or courses in computer concepts with a lab component for Microsoft Office 2010 applications. The goal of the Exploring series has been to move students beyond the point and click, helping them understand the why and how behind each skill. The Exploring series for Office 2010 also enables students to extend the learning beyond the classroom. Students go to college now with a different set of skills than they did five years ago. With this in mind, the Exploring series seeks to move students beyond the basics of the software at a faster pace, without sacrificing coverage of the fundamental skills that everybody needs to know.A lot of learning takes place outside of the classroom, and the Exploring series provides learning tools that students can access anytime, anywhere.


ABSTRACT The 1995 South African Citizenship Act in conjunction with s3 of the South African Constitution enshrined a free and equal Citizenship for all South Africans. The initial legislation inclined toward the inclusive, allowing dual citizenship and a number of other exceptions to reintegrate those who had lost citizenship under the Apartheid Regime. This paper argues that since 1995 there has been a slow but steady move to restrict access to citizenship through the legislative amendments of 2004, 2007 and 2010 and the Department of Home Affairs' unduly restrictive interpretations of the law in formal regulations and policies. The evidence suggests an agenda of 'shrinking the state' or, at the very least, an inclination to keep South Africa for South Africans. The paper argues that, as citizens, we ought to keep a sharp eye on this trend and respond to its political nature through political channels.


Well before the emergence of musicology as a discipline, scholars had grappled with the Middle Ages. As the ever-growing number of participants at gatherings such as the annual Medieval and Renaissance Music Conference (Med-Ren) demonstrates, interest in the music of the Middle Ages continues. Two significant shifts, however, separate twenty-first-century medievalists from their ancestors: first, the study of medieval music has moved beyond the national competitions waged mainly between scholars of nineteenthand early twentiethcentury Germany and France. The Med-Ren's rotating locations that alternate annually between Continental and British venues are evidence of this. Anglophone scholarship has entered the scene of medieval music scholarship for good, and former battlegrounds along international boundaries are almost completely deserted today. Second, present-day research struggles with the broad-penned approaches to history writing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To the children of a 'post-modern' Zeitgeist, constructing a coherent, singleperspective historical narrative of medieval music seems deeply problematic. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music acknowledges both of these shifts pointedly. Published under the editorship of Mark Everist, the volume addresses the need for a 'point of orientation for the informed listener and reader . . . for anyone with an interest in listening to and understanding medieval music' (blurb). The volume is available in affordable paperback format and as an ebookçwhich will be of particular interest to undergraduate students, much of whose learning today centres around digital resources. The publication of an overview of medieval music in the English language reflects the interest in these issues held by international audiences beyond the circle of established researchers. The prefatory chronology and list of manuscript sigla, as well as the easily readable typeset and brevity of chaptersçonly five of nineteen exceed twenty pagesçfurther add to the volume's accessibility. At the same time, the volume seeks to avoid any overarching master narratives along familiar paths of chronology, place, genre, and works. Instead, the chapters are separated into three distinct sections, each of which takes a different methodological approach: the first and second take the traditional routes of chronological repertory studies ('repertory, styles and techniques') and geography ('topography'), although both sections counter the familiar focus on polyphony and central repertories by including chapters on chant and early polyphony, as well as on peripheral repertories from England, the Iberian peninsula, and Central Europe. The concluding third part on 'themes, topics and trajectories' addresses more broadly defined issues that transcend any repertorial survey, and seeks to furnish readers with the toolkit and background knowledge necessary to understand medieval music. This includes chapters on liturgical developments, poetic forms in Latin and the vernacular, a guide to musical analysis, manuscript studies, reception history, and more. In sum, the new Cambridge Companion covers an admirably diverse range of issues, encompassing 'monophony and polyphony, psalmody and composed chant, written and unwritten, codex and rotulus, musical literacy, cheironomy, silence and sound' (p. 1). Following Everist's brief introduction, Susan Boynton opens the volume proper with a contribution on plainsong. She presents her material in concise form, providing a wealth of information for newcomers to this repertory. Only a few important details are missing from the chapterça date for the 'spread of new religious orders across Europe' (p. 24), for example; some readers may prefer, however, a slightly more critical approach than Boynton's straightforward compilational style. Michael McGrade is more critical of existing scholarship in his overview of the expanding plainsong corpus, and problematizes the use of the term 'trope' as 'encumbering our efforts to study those activities sympathetically' (p. 30). His discussion of new genres of chant and their


A more complete look at the HIV-1 envelope HIV-1 uses its envelope protein (Env), a large glycoprotein present on the viral surface, to enter target cells. Env forms trimers on the viral surface. Structural studies of solubilized Env trimers have provided important insights into viral entry and antibody binding, but soluble trimers lack several important insoluble regions of the native protein. Lee et al. used cryo–electron microscopy to solve the structure of a trimeric Env protein of HIV-1, missing only its cytoplasmic tail, in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies. A more complete understanding of Env's structure may aid in vaccine design ef orts. Science, this issue p. 1043 Interactions between the membrane proximal regions of the HIV-1 glycoprotein and two neutralizing antibodies are visualized. The envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) on the surface of HIV-1 recognizes CD4+ T cells and mediates viral entry. During this process, Env undergoes substantial conformational rearrangements, making it difficult to study in its native state. Soluble stabilized trimers have provided valuable insights into the Env structure, but they lack the hydrophobic membrane proximal external region (MPER, an important target of broadly neutralizing antibodies), the transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic tail. Here we present (i) a cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a clade B virus Env, which lacks only the cytoplasmic tail and is stabilized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PGT151, at a resolution of 4.2 angstroms and (ii) a reconstruction of this form of Env in complex with PGT151 and MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 at a resolution of 8.8 angstroms. These structures provide new insights into the wild-type Env structure.


Research was done to evaluate the extent to which the pedestrian data collection efforts of transportation agencies in the United States are addressing pedestrian safety factors. There was also consideration of how pedestrian data collection can be improved to facilitate the monitoring of these factors. Fifteen pedestrian safety issues are identified based on a literature review and examination of pedestrian–vehicle crashes in Utah. A 2001 survey of U.S. transportation agencies indicated that 45 (75%) of the 60 respondents were counting pedestrians at various locations. Hand counting, the recording of push-button use, and video cameras were methods used to collect data. Automated systems, such as position sensors and image processing, were not used to count pedestrians. The use of advanced data collection technologies is not critical to the resolution of pedestrian safety concerns, although permanent counting installations might increase data collection efficiency. Only 4 of the 15 pedestrian safety issues were specifically being addressed by the agencies' data collection efforts. Their existing methods could, however, be used to target seven additional safety factors. The development of a pedestrian data monitoring guide is recommended; an outline is proposed. Several agencies admitted that pedestrian volumes did not affect their pedestrian treatments. Evidently, some transportation agencies could benefit from direction on how to relate pedestrian demand and behavior data to safety improvements.


Objectives: Cardiotocography (CTG) is a tool for assessing the fetus during labor and identifying the risk of asphyxia. Abnormal CTG can lead to stress in the physician and mother and result in their decision in terminating the pregnancy and the complications of an emergency cesarean section. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the correlation between nonreassuring patterns in fetal CTG and birth asphyxia. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional analytic study, 324 term pregnant women were included. The association between nonreassuring patterns in CTG (fetal tachycardia, fetal bradycardia, absent or minimal baseline variability, and absence of acceleration and periodic or episodic deceleration) and birth asphyxia were assessed. Results: Birth asphyxia existed in 10 newborns; in all cases mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was observed. Within the nonreassuring CTG patterns, baseline fetal heart variability and periodic or episodic deceleration had a significant relationship with birth asphyxia. Most asphyxia cases had occurred in absent and minimal baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) variability (R = 0.49, P < .001). In periodic or episodic decelerations, most asphyxia cases occurred in recurrent late decelerations with normal baseline variability and variable decelerations with shoulders or overshoots (R = 0.42, P = .014). Conclusion: With regard to the findings of the present study we can use nonreassuring cardiotocographic patterns, especially absent and minimal baseline FHR variability and periodic or episodic decelerations in prediction of birth asphyxia. It seems however that most birth asphyxias occur in normal cardiotocographs.


In the field of comparative constitutional law, the dominant approach to concept formation and research design is formal. That is, comparative projects generally identify what counts as the supreme law that can be enforced against all other sources of law based on the "constitutional" label of the positive law (written constitutions and the jurisprudence of constitutional courts) and the law books. This formal method, however, has significant limitations when compared with the functional method used in the field of comparative law more generally speaking. After a brief exposition of the functional method, this article explores the advantages of the functional method as applied to comparative constitutional law with the problem of judicial review (based on the supreme law) of social and economic policy-making in France, the United States, and Germany. Only in Germany is this law contained in constitutional law. In France, the supreme law is to be found largely in administrative law, because the constitutional court faces an institutional competitor, some would say superior, in the highest administrative court (Conseil d'Etat). In the United States, the supreme law is to be found in administrative law because economic and social rights — the rights that most directly affect this area of state activity — have largely been read out of constitutional law. Based on the functional method, the article proceeds to identify the similarities that unite the law of France and Germany and that set it apart from the law of the United States. It also outlines the important avenues of theoretical inquiry triggered by these similarities and differences in judicial review. The article concludes by sketching a functional agenda for empirical research in comparative constitutional law.


In today's organizations, employees have an ever-increasing variety of communication media to use in the performance of work activities. In this study, we seek to expand our understanding of media usage in organizations where there is a multiplicity of communication media available to employees. We use communication media repertoires as the lens through which we explore how media is used in the support of communication-based work performed by individuals in complex organizational settings. Data were collected in sales divisions at two large corporations in the information technology industry. We compared multiple media use within and between the two sales divisions, and identified similarities and differences in repertoires. Our findings suggest that use of repertoires is influenced by institutional conditions (e.g., incentives, trust, and physical proximity) and situational conditions (e.g., urgency, task, etc.), and by routine use of the media over time. Based on the findings, we propose a framework for investigating the use of multiple media in organizations through examination of communication media repertoires. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.


The evolution of septal complexity in fossil ammonoids has been widely regarded as an adaptive response to mechanical stresses imposed on the shell by hydrostatic pressure. Thus, septal (and hence sutural) complexity has been used as a proxy for depth: for a given amount of septal material greater complexity permitted greater habitat depth. We show that the ultimate septum is the weakest part of the chambered shell. Additionally, finite element stress analyses of a variety of septal geometries exposed to pressure stresses show that any departure from a hemispherical shape actually yields higher, not lower, stresses in the septal surface. Further analyses show, however, that an increase in complexity is consistent with selective pressures of predation and buoyancy control. Regardless of the mechanisms that drove the evolution of septal complexity, our results clearly reject the assertion that complexly sutured ammonoids were able to inhabit deeper water than did ammonoids with simpler septa. We suggest that while more complexly sutured ammonoids were limited to shallower habitats, the accompanying more complex septal topograhies enhanced buoyancy regulation (chamber emptying and refilling), through increased surface tension effects.


ABSTRACT Scavenging of anthrax carcasses has long been hypothesized to play a critical role in the production of the infectious spore stage of Bacillus anthracis after host death, though empirical studies assessing this are lacking. We compared B. anthracis spore production, distribution, and survival at naturally occurring anthrax herbivore carcasses that were either experimentally caged to exclude vertebrate scavengers or left unmanipulated. We found no significant effect of scavengers on soil spore density (P > 0.05). Soil stained with terminally hemorrhaged blood and with nonhemorrhagic fluids exhibited high levels of B. anthracis spore contamination (ranging from 103 to 108 spores/g), even in the absence of vertebrate scavengers. At most of the carcass sites, we also found that spore density in samples taken from hemorrhagic-fluid-stained soil continued to increase for >4 days after host death. We conclude that scavenging by vertebrates is not a critical factor in the life cycle of B. anthracis and that anthrax control measures relying on deterrence or exclusion of vertebrate scavengers to prevent sporulation are unlikely to be effective.


Distributive disjunction is defined as the first division meiotic segregation of either nonhomologous chromosomes that lack homologs or homologous chromosomes that have not recombined. To determine if chromosomes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were capable of distributive disjunction, we constructed a strain that was monosomic for both chromosome I and chromosome III and analyzed the meiotic segregation of the two monosomic chromosomes. In addition, we bisected chromosome I into two functional chromosome fragments, constructed strains that were monosomic for both chromosome fragments and examined meiotic segregation of the chromosome fragments in the monosomic strains. The two nonhomologous chromosomes or chromosome fragments appeared to segregate from each other in approximately 90% of the asci analyzed, indicating that yeast chromosomes were capable of distributive disjunction. We also examined the ability of a small nonhomologous centromere containing plasmid to participate in distributive disjunction with the two nonhomologous monosomic chromosomes. The plasmid appeared to efficiently participate with the two full length chromosomes suggesting that distributive disjunction in yeast is not dependent on chromosome size. Thus, distributive disjunction in S. cerevisiae appears to be different from Drosophila melanogaster where a different sized chromosome is excluded from distributive disjunction when two similar size nonhomologous chromosomes are present.


Training models to high-end performance requires availability of large labeled datasets, which are expensive to get. The goal of our work is to automatically synthesize labeled datasets that are relevant for a downstream task. We propose Meta-Sim, which learns a generative model of synthetic scenes, and obtain images as well as its corresponding ground-truth via a graphics engine. We parametrize our dataset generator with a neural network, which learns to modify attributes of scene graphs obtained from probabilistic scene grammars, so as to minimize the distribution gap between its rendered outputs and target data. If the real dataset comes with a small labeled validation set, we additionally aim to optimize a meta-objective, i.e. downstream task performance. Experiments show that the proposed method can greatly improve content generation quality over a human-engineered probabilistic scene grammar, both qualitatively and quantitatively as measured by performance on a downstream task.


When the Norwegian government introduced the CO2 tax for hydrocarbon fuels, the challenge became to improve the performance of off-shore power systems. An oil and gas platform typically operates on an island (stand-alone system) and the power demand is covered by two or more gas turbines. In order to improve the plant performance, a bottoming cycle unit can be added to the gas turbine topping module, thus constituting a combined cycle plant. This paper aims at developing and testing the numerical model simulating the part-load and dynamic behavior of a novel power system, composed of two gas turbines and a combined gas turbine coupled with an air bottoming cycle plant. The case study is the Draugen off-shore oil and gas platform, located in the North Sea, Norway. The normal electricity demand is 19 MW, currently covered by two gas turbines generating each 50% of the power demand, while the third turbine is on stand-by. During oil export operations the power demand increases up to 25 MW. The model of the new power plant proposed in this work is developed in the Modelica language using basic components acquired from ThermoPower, a library for power plant modelling. The dynamic model of the gas turbine and the air bottoming cycle turbogenerator includes dynamic equations for the combustion chamber, the shell-and-tube recuperator and the turbine shafts. Turbines are modelled by the Stodola equation and by a correlation between the isentropic efficiency and the non-dimensional flow coefficient. Compressors are modelled using quasi steady-state conditions by scaling the maps of axial compressors employing a similar design point. The recuperator, which recovers the exhaust heat from the gas turbine, is modelled using correlations relating the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop at part-load with the mass flow rate. Thermodynamic variables and dynamic metrics, such as the rise time and the frequency undershooting/ overshooting, are predicted. Considering a load ramp of 0.5 MW/s, an undershooting of 4.9% and an overshooting of 3.0% are estimated. The rise time is approximately 30 s. Moreover, findings suggest that decreasing the core weight of the recuperator leads to limiting the frequency fluctuations, thus minimizing the risk of failure of the power system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


This paper assesses turning points in the economic cycle of Welsh unitary authorities by applying a mathematical algorithm to the claimant count unemployment data. All but one unitary authority has now emerged from recession (Anglesey being the exception). We also date the business cycle for the UK and country-level employment data and Wales has emerged from recession but Scotland is yet to exit recession. We estimate a logistic model which utilises housing sector and survey data to forecast the Welsh employment cycle. The model predicts that employment in Wales will continue to grow into 2011.


The government plays increasingly active and diversified roles in the modern economy. How to draw the boundary between the market and the state has emerged as a contentious issue in various areas of law, including constitutional law, antitrust, and international trade. This Article surveys and critiques the law's current approaches to the market-versus-state divide, embodied in four tests based on ownership, control, function, and role, respectively. This Article proposes an alternative market-versus-state test based on the nature of the power being exercised in the challenged action. This power-based test not only better distinguishes between the market and the state, but also illuminates why the market-versus-state distinction needs to be made in the first place. Applying this power-based test would bring much needed logic and clarity to many market-versus-state issues in various legal contexts.


The purpose of this study was to examine the internal and external load of collegiate women's soccer players by examining and comparing both physiological and psychological factors associated with typical pre-season and in-season training sessions and competitions. Focusing on physiological and psychological factors such as Heart Rate, Distance traveled, Sprints and Training load and their influence on soccer performance during both training sessions and competitions. Twenty-Two Division I collegiate women's soccer players wore Polar Team Pro heart rate monitors daily during training and competitions and reported subjective Data on the Fit for 90 database. Over the course of the season HR stayed steady for both training (140 ± 6.16 bpm) and competition (135 ± 3.069 bpm) while a decrease was seen in TL scores during training sessions over the course of the season (Week 1: 697.628 AU, Week 14: 209.285 AU). The same was not seen for competitions, TL scores remained relatively stable over the course of the season (Week 2: 646.071 AU, Week 14: 67.363 AU). Training load scores were determined by the total distance covered on a weekly basis. These findings suggest that the physiological factors collected have a relationship with the psychological factors assessed by the athletes. The data suggests that the use of both physiological and psychological data is important in providing the best opportunity for athlete utilization and performance over the course of a longer season such as soccer.


The generalized version of the S-procedure, recently introduced by Iwasaki and co-authors and Scherer independently, has proved to be very useful for robustness analysis and synthesis of control systems. In particular, this procedure provides a nonconservative way to convert specific inequality conditions on lossless sets into numerically verifiable conditions represented by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In this paper, we introduce a new notion, one-vector-lossless sets, and propose a generalized S-procedure to reduce inequality conditions on one-vector-lossless sets into LMIs without any conservatism. By means of the proposed generalized S-procedure, we can examine various properties of matrix-valued functions over some regions on the complex plane. To illustrate the usefulness, we show that full rank property analysis problems of polynomial matrices over some specific regions on the complex plane can be reduced into LMI feasibility problems. It turns out that many existing results such as Lyapunov's inequalities and LMIs for state-feedback controller synthesis readily follow from the suggested generalized S-procedure.


Random cell-to-cell variations in gene expression within an isogenic population can lead to transitions between alternative states of gene expression. Little is known about how these variations (noise) in natural systems affect such transitions. In Bacillus subtilis, noise in ComK, the protein that regulates competence for DNA uptake, is thought to cause cells to transition to the competent state in which genes encoding DNA uptake proteins are expressed. We demonstrate that noise in comK expression selects cells for competence and that experimental reduction of this noise decreases the number of competent cells. We also show that transitions are limited temporally by a reduction in comK transcription. These results illustrate how such stochastic transitions are regulated in a natural system and suggest that noise characteristics are subject to evolutionary forces.


ABSTRACT Neuroendocrine tumours are highly heterogeneous with respect to their clinical behaviour, ranging from highly aggressive small cell carcinomas to very indolent tumours with a prognosis measured in decades. Tissue biomarkers can inform clinical decision making in three ways; Firstly, they may provide prognostic information which helps to differentiate those who need treatment from those in which a wait-and-watch policy is reasonable. The best validated prognostic biomarker is grade, based on Ki67 and Mitotic Index (MI). While these are widely used, it is also recognised that tumours can be heterogeneous and a small, single site biopsy may be misleading. Furthermore tumours can evolve and an historic biopsy may not be relevant years later. Blood based biomarkers such as chromogranin A, NSE, VEGF, IL-8 and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are more immediate and have also been shown to be prognostic. Secondly, tissue biomarkers may predict response and help stratify patients for specific therapy. For cytotoxic chemotherapy, there is evidence that response rate correlates with Ki67 and MI although a cut-off cannot be clearly defined. Unlike other tumours, mutation rates are low in NETs and stratification for targeted therapy according to driver mutations is not established. Around 14% of Pancreatic NETs have mutations in mTOR pathway genes yet their presence has not been shown to be associated with a better response to everolimus. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression may be relevant and there is some data suggesting that low MGMT expression due to promoter hypermethylation may be associated with response to temozolomide but prospective trials are needed to confirm these observations. Finally, tissue biomarkers can provide a surrogate for long term outcome following therapy. Given the low rate of objective response and prolonged disease course, such markers are highly desirable. In blood, reduction in the numbers of CTCs, chromogranin A and NSE following therapy appears to predict a better outcome and for everolimus specifically, an increase in p-Akt T308 in post treatment biopsy has been linked with improved radiological response. As is the case in other tumours, there are no robust methods to select or predict response to VEGFR inhibitors such as sunitinib. Disclosure: T. Meyer: Advisory Board; Novartis, Keocyte Research Funding; Ipsen Lectures: Ipsen


Previous attempts to establish global mass balances for polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) have focused on the terrestrial sink, thereby neglecting deposition to the oceans and atmospheric losses. In this study, the atmospheric sink of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) was calculated on the basis of their presence in soils. OH radical ([OH]) depletion reactions compete with atmospheric deposition fluxes for the fate of atmospheric PCDD/Fs. Three different steady state scenarios were considered: scenario A was a one-box atmosphere with globally averaged [OH], temperature (T), atmospheric lifetime (tlife), and a constant gas-particle partitioning (Φ); in scenario B, [OH], T, and Φ were averaged in a multibox atmosphere, with a constant tlife; and in scenario C, tlife was varied. In scenario A the strength of the atmospheric sink was 2400–2800 kg/yr; in scenario B it was ∼2100 kg/yr; in scenario C, it was ∼1,800 kg/yr (tlife = 5.4 days) to ∼2,800 kg/yr (tlife = 14 days). The majority of the atmospheric sink was due to the depletion of Cl4DFs (1300–1400 kg/yr), followed by Cl4DDs (360–380 kg/yr) and Cl5DFs (230–240 kg/yr). On a global scale, major sinks for PCDD/Fs are the deposition to terrestrial soils and the oceans. For Cl6–8DDs, deposition to soils outweighs depletion reactions in the atmosphere and ocean uptake. The more volatile Cl4–5DD/Fs, however, are true "multimedia" compounds, with their estimated atmospheric sink being roughly as important as the terrestrial sink (in the case of Cl5DD/Fs) or outweighing it (e.g., Cl4DD/Fs).


This study presents an overview of recapturing nutrients from Baltic Sea thru mussel farming
and producing mussel meal, detoxification of polluted fish into purified high quality fish meal
and oil and introducing microorganisms as waste consumers as well as good protein sources
for fish diets. Work on this study is focused on comparing growth performance of test diet,
which has been made strictly of domestic (Baltic Sea) protein sources to commercial diet.
Also, the study backs up the idea that use/reuse of protein sources and nutrients, i.e. making
diets of sources from Baltic Sea and use them in aquaculture makes positive impact on
ecological footprint, restores balance in aquatic ecosystem and flow of nutrients that can
compete with present commercial diets in growth performance and price. Study is based on
practical experiment, literature investigation and personal communication with people
involved in this issue. Experiment is based on comparing growth performance of fish fed
commercial (control) feed and test (experimental) feed.
The thesis intends to show that recapture of nutrients is a way to establish a nutrition positive
and environmental sustainable aquaculture in the Baltic Sea.


Color vision is an impressive ability of the human visual system. Three different types of cones in the retina, and then three postreceptoral cone-opponent mechanisms enable us to extract both luminance and chromatic information from our environment. Theories of efficient coding argue that the visual system evolved this way to optimally process natural scenes. Therefore, the study of statistical properties of natural images has great potential value to expand our understanding of visual perception. From that perspective, a central question is to characterize the role of chromatic information: in natural scenes, what information can be extracted from chromatic channels that is not already present in luminance? The literature on this point is contradictory. On the one hand, several studies have investigated the joint distribution of luminance and chrominance, finding that luminance and chromatic edges are not independent (Fine et al. 2003) and that most edges are defined by luminance contrast with color information being redundant (Zhou & Mel 2008). On the other hand, Hansen and Gegenfurtner (2009) showed using mutual information that luminance and chromatic edges constitute relatively independent sources of information and that their independence increases along successive stages of visual processing. Here we improve and extend their analysis, using ~1000 images taken from the McGill calibrated color image database (Olmos & Kingdom, 2004) to quantify the redundancy of luminance and chrominance information in each image individually. While we replicate the main findings of Hansen and Gegenfurtner (2009), we also find that the estimated amount of mutual information depends on how the images are processed. The most critical step is divisive normalization, a late stage in the processing pipeline. How redundant chrominance and luminance are, may thus depend on the precise definition of these two quantities, explaining some inconsistencies in the literature.


As part of the International Master of Science Program in Wind Energy at DTU, a complete interactive wind turbine measurement laboratory has been developed. A 500 kW stall regulated wind turbine has been instrumented with sensors for recording 1) turbine operational parameters, 2) meteorological conditions, 3) electrical quantities and 4) mechanical loads in terms of strain gauge signals. The data acquisition system has been designed and implemented by Riso together with students and teachers from DTU. It is based on LabVIEW © combined with a MySQL database for data management. The system enables online access for real-time recordings, which are used both for demonstration purposes, in individual [student] exercises and in scientific investigations. Long-term registration of wind turbine loads results in a unique database of noncommercial time series, which are available for practicing fatigue calculations and extreme loads estimation in basic wind turbine courses. Power quality analysis is carried out based on high speed sampled, three-phase voltage and current signals. The wide spectrum of sensors enables a detailed study of the correlation between meteorological, mechanical and electrical quantities. Measurements are acquired by a PC placed at the wind turbine site near Riso National Laboratory. The PC can be remotely controlled from DTU, which gives the students the opportunity to work on an operating wind turbine. Furthermore, measurements are published on WindData.com, which facilitates cooperation with other Universities.


The shareholder wealth paradigm displaced a managerialist model where investors deferred to managers with the expertise to efficiently allocate resources within the firm. The corporate managers who administered such internal capital markets faced less pressure to generate profits than they do today. The conventional explanation of the transition from managerialism to shareholder wealth maximization points to changes in ideology favoring shareholders. This Article argues that a more significant cause of the decline of the managerialist model was a fundamental shift in the way that investors value companies. As managerial skill improved, companies with strong management teams were viewed as more likely to generate earnings over time. Participants in external capital markets became more confident in forecasting earnings for companies with superior management and stock prices for companies increasingly reflected the present value of the company's earnings potential. As investors focused on projecting future performance, it became important for managers to signal their ability to produce earnings by consistently meeting market projections of such performance. Rather than ideology, the need to demonstrate earnings potential is the primary reason why public companies generally prioritize shareholder wealth maximization. If the transition to shareholder wealth maximization was driven by changes in valuation, it is possible that shifts in valuation methods could result in a world in which shareholder wealth maximization plays a lesser role in shaping corporate purpose.


I. INTRODUCTION Laws requiring mandatory Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing for pregnant women have been contemplated by state legislatures since a ground breaking 1994 study showed that treating these women with antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy could decrease the chance of passing the disease to their children. (1) Approximately 477 HIV-positive pregnant women participated in the AIDS Clinical Trial Groups 076 (ACTG 076) study which showed a near sixty-seven percent decrease in transmission of HIV from mother to child when the mother was given zidovudine (AZT) during the last two trimesters of pregnancy and the child received AZT for the first six weeks after birth. (2) Shortly after the results of the study were released, mandatory HIV testing of pregnant women gained the support of the American Medical Association (3) and was defended by most of the physicians on the Committee for the Care of Children and Adolescents with HIV Infection. (4) The Ryan White Care Act, (5) passed in 1990, originally made federal monetary support for state AIDS programs partially contingent on the patient's informed consent. In 1996, the Act was amended to make funding contingent on the state's efforts to test ninety-five percent of pregnant women, or else show that their numbers of newborn HIV cases were falling. (6) Despite this pressure to make testing mandatory (or near mandatory), not a single state has gone so far as to order HIV testing for every pregnant woman. (7) Arguments for and against mandatory testing for pregnant women seem to fall into one of three categories: (1) legal arguments, (2) ethical considerations, or (3) health policy. To make the distinction among these three does not mean that they are exclusive of each other. More often than not, an argument will overlap at least two of these groups. But for purposes of organization, it is helpful to consider both mandatory HIV testing and its alternatives from within these categories. Examples of legal concerns surrounding the practice of mandatory testing include constitutional issues such as due process, equal treatment, informed consent, reasonable search and seizure, reproductive rights and privacy rights. When inquiring into the "legality" of imposing mandatory HIV tests, it is important to look at past precedent in other cases of related issues, but also to recognize the present state of legal uncertainty due to the fact that courts have yet to rule on this particular issue. The ethical considerations of mandatory testing often go hand-in-hand with many of the legal issues. Is it right to compel a pregnant woman to have an HIV test? Is it right to allow a fetus to go untreated for a fatal disease if the treatment is proven and readily available? Would testing discriminate unjustly against particular racial or socioeconomic groups? Is it ethical compel a pregnant woman to get an HIV test, and then allow her to decline treatment for herself and her baby if she tested positive for the virus? While legal and ethical considerations are very important to the debate about mandatory HIV testing, they often lie at the edges of the discussion. Perhaps because the issue has yet to officially go before the courts or ethics boards, the main grounds for argument have been based in public and health policy, rather than law and ethics. Another reason that health policy will continue to be the most prevalent grounds for the debate is because as states and medical organizations decide what health measures should be taken to decrease the spread of AIDS (whether it be testing or prevention measures, education, etc.), their focus will likely be on whether the laws or policies will meet their goals. This type of utilitarian thinking certainly has both legal and ethical underpinnings, but really emphasizes the question: "Will this work?" rather than: "Is this right?" or "Is this legal?" When applied to the problem of testing pregnant women, health policy looks at more than just whether or not mandatory testing will limit the spread of HIV to newborns. …


This article aims at analyzing the content and structure of managers' conceptions of negative leadership. Using semi-structured interviews, 42 managers were asked about their conceptions of negative leadership, its antecedents and consequences. Results show that the concept of negative leadership is associated with eight behavioural categories: insincere, despotic, exploitative, restrictive, failed, laissez-faire, and active- and passive-avoiding leadership. Negative leadership was causally attributed to the environment of the leader, especially the followers, the immediate working field, as well as organizational processes, structures, and resources were seen as potential sources for negative leadership. The main factors regarded as its consequences included negative follower feelings and attitudes, destructive follower behaviour, and devastating organizational results. An analysis of the relationship between the leadership categories revealed two underlying dimensions of human- versus task-orientation and passive versus active behaviour. Limitations of the present approach, implications for future research and organizational practice are discussed.


The major aim of the study was to measure behavioral problems such as ADHD, conduct disorder, aggression, oppositional defiant disorder, overall stress and emotional problems associated with epileptic children and compare them with their healthy siblings. Another purpose was to measure the effect of demographic features on children having behavioral problems. One hundred children aged between 4 and 14 years was included (n=50 epileptic children and n= 50 their healthy siblings) from different hospitals of Lahore. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scales were used to collect data about behavioral problems of children from their parents/care givers. Chi square statistics was used in order to find out the effect of different variables on epileptic children and their healthy siblings. Results revealed that epileptic children experienced more behavioral problems than their healthy siblings. Results also showed that demographic factors such as gender, education of parents, living areas and socioeconomic status had minimal effect on behavioral problems of epileptic children. It was concluded that clinicians should also consider psychological and social factors within the neurological factors as well to resolve the behavioral problems associated with epileptic children.


Graphical models of probabilistic dependencies have been extensively investigated in the context of classical uncertainty. However, in some domains (most notably, in computational physics and quantum computing) the nature of the relevant uncertainty is non-classical, and the laws of classical probability theory are superseded by those of quantum mechanics. In this paper we introduce Markov Entanglement Networks (MEN), a novel class of graphical representations of quantum-mechanical dependencies in the context of such non-classical systems. MEN are the quantummechanical analogue of Markovian Networks, a family of undirected graphical representations which, in the classical domain, exploit a notion of conditional independence among subsystems. After defining a notion of conditional independence appropriate to our domain (conditional separability), we prove that the conditional separabilities induced by a quantum-mechanical wave function are effectively reflected in the graphical structure of MEN. Specifically, we show that for any wave function there exists a MEN which is a perfect map of its conditional separabilities. Next, we show how the graphical structure of MEN can be used to effectively classify the pure states of three-qubit systems. We also demonstrate that, in large systems, exploiting conditional independencies may dramatically reduce the computational burden of various inference tasks. In principle, the graph-theoretic representation of conditional independencies afforded by MEN may not only facilitate the classical simulation of quantum systems, but also provide a guide to the efficient design and complexity analysis of quantum algorithms and circuits.


The assertion that e-government has myriad benefits exists in the plethora of egovernment literature. However, the fact that e-government implementation is costly can not be ignored too. In order to match the two, there have been efforts to suggest models from which the costs and benefits of e-government projects could be assessed to justify their implementation. Since Project Management profession has a unique role for the successful implementation of e-government projects; models for project evaluation in Project Management are also relevant for evaluating e-government projects. Hence, financial measures of project evaluation such as Net Present Value (NPV), Payback period and Cost-Benefit ratio are normally recommended for evaluating e-government projects. We argue however that though financial models are important objective measures, they are maligned in the following grounds. Firstly, while cash flow is a requisite data input for computation of financial measures; not all e-government project benefits can be measured in monetary values. Secondly, not all e-government projects are aiming at profit maximization. Thirdly, the benefits of e-government projects can not be assessed within a single domain because of multiplier effect to other social, political and economic entities. In this paper, authors provide a framework which indicates the broad benefits of e-government in which financial models have limitations in evaluating such e-government projects. A multi-weighted score technique is recommended as a subjective measure to complement financial models in order to nurture those broad benefits of e-government projects during the early phases of selecting viable projects.


Secure computation is a promising privacy enhancing technology, but it is often not scalable enough for data intensive applications. On the other hand, the use of sketches has gained popularity in data mining, because sketches often give rise to highly efficient and scalable sub-linear algorithms. It is natural to ask: what if we put secure computation and sketches together? We investigated the question and the findings are interesting: we can get security, we can get scalability, and somewhat unexpectedly, we can also get differential privacy – for free. Our study started from building a secure computation protocol based on the Flajolet-Martin (FM) sketches, for solving the Private Distributed Cardinality Estimation (PDCE) problem, which is a fundamental problem with applications ranging from crowd tracking to network monitoring. The state of art protocol for PDCE (Fenske et al. CCS'17) is computationally expensive and not scalable enough to cope with big data applications, which prompted us to design a better protocol. Our further analysis revealed that if the cardinality to be estimated is large enough, our protocol can achieve (ε,δ)-differential privacy automatically, without requiring any additional manipulation of the output. The result signifies a new approach for achieving differential privacy that departs from the mainstream approach (i.e. adding noise to the result). Free differential privacy can be achieved because of two reasons: secure computation minimizes information leakage, and the intrinsic estimation variance of the FM sketch makes the output of our protocol uncertain. We further show that the result is not just theoretical: the minimal cardinality for differential privacy to hold is only 102−104 for typical parameters. †The full version of this paper can be found here: https:// eprint.iacr.org/2020/1576 ‡Changyu Dong and Zheli Liu are the corresponding authors.


A preliminary simulation model of primary productivity and carbon allocation in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata (DC) Cov.) is described. The model utilizes a systems approach in which movement of assimilate within the plant is in response to changes in source-sink strengths of leaves, stems, roots, early reproductive buds, maturing reproductive buds, flowers, and fruits. Two distinct compartments are defined per organ or developmental stage to separate assimilate into a pool fraction (labile or translocatable) and a structural fraction (nonlabile). The changes in magnitude (within upper and lower limits) of a pool compartment during the course of a simulation (i.e., growth and development of the plant) are a function of the rates of maintenance respiration and growth as well as a priority scheme governing allocation of assimilates; the increases and decreases in dry weight of a structural compartment are a function of aging and the magnitude of its associated pool (which deter- mines structural growth and physiological death). A 1-yr simulation of a hypothetical Larrea plant shows that the model exhibits a reasonable behavior, although no validation is attempted at this stage in its development. The heuristic value of the model is illustrated in the sensitivity analysis, which shows the need for detailed knowledge of "priority" carbon movement during both vegetative and reproductive growth periods, the importance of substrate controlled respiration rates, and the need for further studies of the dynamics of labile pools in the plant. The model has been an excellent tool in our initial attempt to integrate the voluminous information on Larrea into a complete functional description of the autecology of the species. Further refinement of this model as data from our current research and that of other investigators become available should lead us to a better understanding of the ecological role of Larrea in desert ecosystems.


Health is a dynamic process because it is always changing. We all have times of good health, times of sickness, and maybe even times of serious illness. As our lifestyles change, so does our level of health. Those of us who participate in regular physical activity do so partly to improve the current and future level of our health. We strive toward an optimal state of well-being. As our lifestyle improves, our health also improves and we experience less disease and sickness. There are several benefits of a healthy life. Your body becomes free from various forms of disorders and thus, you get a longer life. You can live a life without suffering from any aches, pain, or discomfort. In every sphere of your life, you will be able to perform to the best of your ability.


Conditional and unconditional cash transfers have been effective in improving development outcomes in a variety of contexts, yet the costs of these programs to program recipients and implementing agencies are rarely discussed. The introduction of mobile money transfer systems in many developing countries offers new opportunities for a more cost-effective means of implementing cash transfer programs. This paper reports on the first randomized evaluation of a cash transfer program delivered via the mobile phone. In response to a devastating drought in Niger, households in targeted villages received monthly cash transfers as part of a social protection program. One-third of targeted villages received a monthly cash transfer via a mobile money transfer system (called zap), whereas one-third received manual cash transfers and the remaining one-third received manual cash transfers plus a mobile phone. We show that the zap delivery mechanism strongly reduced the variable distribution costs for the implementing agency, as well as program recipients' costs of obtaining the cash transfer. The zap approach also resulted in additional benefits: households in zap villages used their cash transfer to purchase a more diverse set of goods, had higher diet diversity, depleted fewer assets and grew more types of crops, especially marginal cash crops grown by women. We posit that the potential mechanisms underlying these results are the lower costs and greater privacy of the receiving the cash transfer via the zap mechanism, as well as changes in intra-household decision-making. This suggests that m-transfers could be a cost-effective means of providing cash transfers for remote rural populations, especially those with limited road and financial infrastructure. However, research on the broader welfare effects in the short- and long-term is still needed.


We report on a search for CP violation in tau(+/-) -> K-S(0)pi(+/-)nu(tau) decays using a data sample of 699 fb(-1) collected by the Belle experiment at the KEKB electron-positron asymmetric-energy collider. The CP asymmetry is measured in four bins of the invariant mass of the K-S(0)pi(+/-) system and found to be compatible with zero with a precision of O(10(-3)) in each mass bin. Limits for the CP violation parameter Im(eta(S)) are given at the 90% confidence level. These limits are |Im(eta(S))| < 0.026 or better, depending on the parametrization used to describe the hadronic form factors, and improve upon previous limits by 1 order of magnitude.


The authors conducted a study to evaluate the clinical outcome in 50 patients with lesions around the motor cortex who underwent surgery in which functional neuronavigation was performed. The sensorimotor cortex was identified in all patients with the use of magnetoencephalography (MEG). The MEG-source localizations were superimposed onto a three-dimensional magnetic resonance image, and the image data set was then implemented into a neuronavigation system. Based on this setup, the surgeon chose the best surgical strategy. During surgery, the pre- and postcentral gyrus were identified by neuronavigation, and in addition, the central sulcus was localized using intraoperative recording of somatosensory evoked potentials. In all cases MEG localizations of the sensory or motor cortex were correct. In 30% of the patients preoperative paresis improved, in 66% no additional deficits occurred, and in only 4% (two patients) deterioration of neurological function occurred. In one of these patients the deterioration was not related to the method. The method of incorporating functional data into neuronavigation systems is a promising tool that can be used in more radical surgery to cause less morbidity around eloquent brain areas.


In January, the BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care social media blog experienced a surge in activity after an article we published, entitled 'Thank You Letter to David Bowie from a Palliative Care Doctor'. It was shared across the world and read out by the likes of Benedict Cumberbatch and Jarvis Cocker over the months that followed. As the first anniversary of the starman's death approaches, we are publishing the letter in the hard-copy version of the journal. By doing so, we hope to draw attention to the online BMJ SPC blog, specifically for those readers and contributors who mainly read the print issue of BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. Perhaps, if there is something you feel passionate about within palliative care that could be added as an interesting and thought-provoking blog, then please get in touch; regardless of whether you are an absolute beginner when it comes to blogging, or not.⇓

Credit: J. Ourlin.

Published 15 January 2016 on BMJ SPC blog site

Original blog article accessible online here : ow.ly/XiNBC The BMJ SPC blog site can be accessed here: http://blogs.bmj.com/spcare

Dear David,

Oh no, don't say it's true—while realisation of your death was sinking in during those grey, cold January days of 2016, many of us went on with our day jobs. At the beginning of that week I had a discussion with a hospital patient, facing the end of her life. We discussed your death and your music, and it got us talking about numerous weighty subjects, that are not always straightforward to discuss with someone facing their own demise. In fact, your story became a way for us to communicate very openly about death, something many doctors and nurses struggle to introduce as a topic of conversation. But before I delve further into the aforementioned exchange, …


Data for this report come from a nationally representative probability sample survey of noninstitutionalized adults, aged 18 to 79 years. The survey, conducted in 1979, found that insomnia afflicts 35% of all adults during the course of a year; about half of these persons experience the problem as serious. Those with serious insomnia tend to be women and older, and they are more likely than others to display high levels of psychic distress and somatic anxiety, symptoms resembling major depression, and multiple health problems. During the year prior to the survey, 2.6% of adults had used a medically prescribed hypnotic. Typically, use occurred on brief occasions, one or two days at a time, or for short durations of regular use lasting less than two weeks. The survey also found a small group of hypnotic users (11% of all users; 0.3% of all adults) who reported using the medication regularly for a year or longer. If we include anxiolytics and antidepressants, 4.3% of adults had used a medically prescribed psychotherapeutic drug that was prescribed for sleep; 3.1% had used an over-the-counter sleeping pill. The majority of serious insomniacs (85%) were untreated by either prescribed or over-the-counter medications.


Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHCy) is a recognized comorbid risk factor of human brain stroke. We overview here the recent data on the homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and on the genetic and metabolic causes of hHCy‐related neuropathologies. In context of our results which detected an increased oxidative stress in hyperhomocysteinemic rats, we discuss here the role of free radicals in this disorder. Brain ischemia‐reperfusion causes delayed neuronal death. Ischemic tolerance evoked by preconditioning (IPC) represents a phenomenon of central nervous system (CNS) adaptation to any subse‐ quent ischemia. The paper describes changes in the mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) protein pathways, and apoptotic markers were used to follow the degenera‐ tion process. Our studies provide evidence for the interplay and tight integration between extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPKs signaling mechanisms in response to the hHCy and also in association with brain ischemia/IPC challenge. Recognition of the effects of risk factors in the ischemic tolerance would lead to improved therapeutics, especially the brain tissue.


Twenty years ago, construction began on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Advanced LIGO, with a factor of 10 better design sensitivity than Initial LIGO, will begin taking data this year, and should soon make detections a monthly occurrence. While Advanced LIGO promises to make first detections of gravitational waves from the nearby universe, an additional factor of 10 increase in sensitivity would put exciting science targets within reach by providing observations of binary black hole inspirals throughout most of the history of star formation, and high signal to noise observations of nearby events. Design studies for future detectors to date rely on significant technological advances that are futuristic and risky. In this paper we propose a different direction. We resurrect the idea of using longer arm lengths coupled with largely proven technologies. Since the major noise sources that limit gravitational wave detectors do not scale trivially with the length of the detector, we study their impact and find that 40 km arm lengths are nearly optimal, and can incorporate currently available technologies to detect gravitational wave sources at cosmological distances ðz ≳ 7Þ.


The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role and function a pastor performs in the context of a Lutheran elementary school ministry. Recent decades have have brought with them severe challenges for the Lutheran elementary school. These challenges have led to a justified concern within the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod concerning the survival of this form of ministry. This thesis proposes that the role pastors play in the synod's Lutheran elementary schools will have significant impact on their future. Pastors occupy a position of leadership in the congregations they serve. How they choose to use that leadership can bring great benefit to the Lutheran elementary school. It is, therefore, critical for the pastor to understand the Lutheran elementary school's mission; he will want to understand why Lutheran schools exist and what purposes they serve in a congregation. He will, in addition, join in that mission in ways appropriate to his office. Finally, as he performs all the duties of his ministry, he will want to do so in a spirit that supports the Lutheran elementary school. In these three parts, this thesis examines how pastors can interact with the Lutheran elementary school to the glory of God's kingdom.


China's accession to the World Trade Organization, a significant event for U.S. agricultural trade, has been viewed as benefitting U.S. farmers, especially midwestern farmers. This research compares the productivity and cost of production (COP) of China and the United States in producing corn, soybeans, and hogs. The results show that the U.S. Midwest (defined in this study as the Heartland region as classified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service) has a substantial advantage in land and labor productivities in producing corn and soybeans, especially compared to China's South and West producing regions. However, China's Northeast region, a major corn- and soybean-producing area, has a very competitive COP over the U.S. Midwest. In hog production, the U.S. Midwest has a cost advantage over China in feed cost and labor productivity (there is little difference in fine feed usage), but this advantage is more than offset by the lower cost of feeder pigs and low capital replacement cost in China. Land policy in both the United States and China is a key determinant of COP. In addition, labor productivity and related policies in China are driving forces for China's competitive position.


The article introduces my PhD project Rehearsing and Forming the Future with attention on notions of form and completion. Designers of today have entered many fields and new disciplines have emerged such as design anthropology, service design and social design. The designer is often co-designing in interdisciplinary constellations. My interest concerns the role of the designer, her skills, tools and processes when co-visualising, co-forming and co-representing these intangible design outcomes in co-design. I ask questions like: How to apply the designer's classical toolbox within co-design to engage stakeholders as actors? How can the co-design process be recognized as drama? How do designers, design for and form completion? How can the process of giving form be a participatory act? How can well known design-tools, play a role as props earlier and for longer parts of the processes of knowledge production? Can the notion of form raise the awareness of completion? In short: exploring the designers' role when designing the openness of evocative design while striving for collective completion when forming design Things. It raises the tension of reconciling the openness in co-design with the urge for completion of classical design training.


Earnings functions form the basis of numerous labour market analyses. Non-response (particularly among higher earners) may, however, lead to the exclusion of a significant proportion of South Africa's earnings base. Earnings brackets have been built into surveys to maintain sufficient response rates, but also to capture information from those who are unsure about the earnings of fellow household members. This data type gives a rough indication of where the respondent lies in the income distribution, however exact figures are not available for estimation purposes. To overcome the mixed categorical and point nature of the dependent variable, researchers have traditionally applied midpoints to bracket earnings. Is this method too rudimentary? It is important to establish whether the brackets are too broad in South African Household surveys to be able to make reliable inferences. Here, midpoints are imputed to interval-coded responses alongside theoretical conditional means from the Pareto and lognormal distributions. The interval regression is implemented as a basis case, as it soundly incorporates point and bracket data in its likelihood function. Monte-Carlo simulation evidence suggests that interval regressions are least sensitive to bracket size, however midpoint imputation suffers distortions once brackets are too broad. Coefficient differences are investigated to distinguish similar from different results given the chosen remedy, and to establish whether midpoint imputations are credibly similar to applying interval regressions. To this end, testing procedures require adjustment, with due consideration of the heteroskedasticity introduced by Heckman 2-step estimates. Bootstrapping enhances conclusions, which shows that coefficients are virtually invariant to the proposed methods. Given that the bracket structure of South African Household Surveys has remained largely unchanged, midpoints can be applied without introducing coefficient bias.


Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare inherited coagulopathy, characterized by very low or unmeasurable plasma levels of immunoreactive fibrinogen. So far, 25 mutations have been identified in afibrinogenemia, 17 in the Aalpha, 6 in the gamma, and only 2 in the Bbeta fibrinogen-chain genes. Here, 2 afibrinogenemic probands, showing undetectable levels of functional fibrinogen, were screened for causative mutations at the genomic level. Sequence analysis of the 3 fibrinogen genes disclosed 2 novel homozygous mutations in introns 6 and 7 of the Bbeta-chain gene (IVS6 + 13C > T and IVS7 + 1G > T), representing the first Bbeta-chain gene splicing mutations described in afibrinogenemia. The IVS6 + 13C > T mutation predicts the creation of a donor splice site in intron 6, whereas the IVS7 + 1G > T mutation causes the disappearance of the invariant GT dinucleotide of intron 7 donor splice site. To analyze the effect of these mutations, expression plasmids containing Bbeta-chain minigene constructs, either wild-type or mutant, were transfected in HeLa cells. Assessed by semiquantitative analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products, the IVS7 + 1G > T mutation resulted in multiple aberrant splicings, while the IVS6 + 13C > T mutation resulted in activation of a new splice site 11 nucleotides downstream of the physiologic one. Both mutations are predicted to determine protein truncations, supporting the importance of the C-terminal domain of the Bbeta chain for fibrinogen assembly and secretion.


BACKGROUND
The validation of drug targets in malaria and other human diseases remains a highly difficult and laborious process. In the vast majority of cases, highly specific small molecule tools to inhibit a proteins function in vivo are simply not available. Additionally, the use of genetic tools in the analysis of malarial pathways is challenging. These issues result in difficulties in specifically modulating a hypothetical drug target's function in vivo.

OBJECTIVE
The current "toolbox" of various methods and techniques to identify a protein's function in vivo remains very limited and there is a pressing need for expansion. New approaches are urgently required to support target validation in the drug discovery process.

METHOD
Oligomerisation is the natural assembly of multiple copies of a single protein into one object and this self-assembly is present in more than half of all protein structures. Thus, oligomerisation plays a central role in the generation of functional biomolecules. A key feature of oligomerisation is that the oligomeric interfaces between the individual parts of the final assembly are highly specific. However, these interfaces have not yet been systematically explored or exploited to dissect biochemical pathways in vivo.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
This mini review will describe the current state of the antimalarial toolset as well as the potentially druggable malarial pathways. A specific focus is drawn to the initial efforts to exploit oligomerisation surfaces in drug target validation. As alternative to the conventional methods, Protein Interference Assay (PIA) can be used for specific distortion of the target protein function and pathway assessment in vivo.


Variations in N availability affect growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) and may lead to changes in crop physiological conditions at flowering and in kernel set. The objectives of this study were (i) to establish the effect of N availability on crop development, crop radiation interception, radiation use efficiency, and dry matter partitioning; and (ii) to study the relationship between kernel number and crop growth at flowering and between kernel number and crop N accumulation at flowering. Three experiments with a commercial hybrid (DK636) were carried out under field conditions at the INTA Balcarce Experimental Station, Argentina, without water limitations. The treatments consisted of different radiation levels, obtained by shading, combined with different levels of N availability obtained by the addition of N fertilizer or organic matter to inmobilize N. Nitrogen deficiencies delayed both vegetative and reproductive phenological development, slightly reduced leaf emergence rate, and strongly diminished leaf expansion rate and leaf area duration. Nitrogen deficiencies reduced radiation interception as much as radiation use efficiency and their effects on the ear dry matter/total dry matter ratio at harvest were associated with crop growth rate reductions at flowering. Dry matter partitioning to reproductive sinks at flowering and the ear dry matter/total dry matter ratio at harvest were reduced by N shortages. Significant relationships between kernel number and N accumulation rate or crop growth rate at flowering were fitted by linear + plateau functions with thresholds above which kernel number and grain yield did not increase.


Contributors Preface Part I. Developmental Perspective: Introduction Nancy J. Cohen 1. Language and emotion: a developmental perspective Philip S. Dale 2. Understanding language dysfunction from a developmental perspective: an overview of pragmatic theories Peter Chaban 3. Atypical ontogeny: atypical development from a developmental perspective Bryna Siegel 4. Language and psychopathology: an attachment perspective Patricia M. Crittenden 5. Developmental changes in the mechanisms linking language disabilities and behaviour disorders Jim Stevenson Part II. Language Impairment and Psychiatric Disorder: Introduction Rosemary Tannock 6. Unsuspected language impairments in psychiatrically disturbed children: developmental issues and associated conditions Nancy J. Cohen 7. Executive dysfunction as an underlying mechanism of behaviour and language problems in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Rosemary Tannock and Russell Schachar 8. Discourse deficits in childhood schizophrenia Rochelle Caplan 9. Comorbidity of autistic disorder and specific developmental language disorder: existing evidence and some promising future directions M. Mary Konstantareas and J. H. Beitchman Part III. Learning Disabilities: Concepts, Comorbidity and Heritability: Introduction J. H. Beitchman 10. A conceptual model and definition of dyslexia: findings emerging from the Connecticut longitudinal study Sally E. Shaywitz, Jack M. Fletcher and Bennett A. Shaywitz 11. Phonological recoding deficits and dyslexia: a developmental perspective Margaretha C. Vandervelden and Linda S. Siegel 12. Cognitive functioning, learning disability and school failure in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family study perspective Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph Biederman and Kathleen Kiely 13. Twin studies of reading disability J. C. DeFries and Jacquelyn Gillis Light Part IV. Biological Considerations: Introduction J. H. Beitchman 14. Neuroimaging and functional brain analysis William J. Logan 15. Neurochemical correlates of academic achievement deficits and aggressive behavior in children with ADHD Jeffrey M. Halperin, Jeffrey H. Newcorn and Vanshdeep Sharma 16. Acquired disorders of memory in childhood Penelope Krener 17. Interaction between language and cognition: evidence from Williams Syndrome Michael Rossen, Edward S. Klima, Ursula Bellugi, Amy Bihrle and Wendy Jones Part V. Intervention: Introduction M. Mary Konstantareas 18. Multimodal treatment of the hyperactive child with and without learning disabilities Lily Hechtman, Joan Kouri and Chava Respitz 19. Social-interactional approaches to child language intervention Tanya M. Gallagher 20. Language intervention programming for preschool children with social and pragmatic disorders Deborah A. Hayden and Margit Pukonen 21. Communication training approaches in autistic disorder M. Mary Konstantareas Part VI. Outcome Studies: Introduction M. Mary Konstantareas 22. Linguistic impairment and psychiatric disorder: pathways to outcome Joseph H. Beitchman, E. B. Brownlie and Beth Wilson 23. Academic performance in children with speech and language impairment: a review of follow-up research Debbie Carol Schachter 24. Reading in childhood and mental health in early adulthood Sheila Williams and Rob McGee 25. Communicative competence and psychosocial development in deaf children and adolescents Carol Musselman, Sherri MacKay, Sandra C. Trehub and Rita S. Eagle Index.