Identification and tracking of multiple objects are essential in many applications. As a key enabler of automatic ID technology, RFID has got widespread adoption with item-level tagging in everyday life. However, restricted to the computation capability of passive RFID systems, locating or tracking tags has always been a challenging task. Meanwhile, as a fundamental problem in the field of computer vision, object tracking in images has progressed to a remarkable state especially with the rapid development of deep learning in the past few years. To enable lightweight tracking of a specific target, researchers try to complement computer vision to existing RFID architecture and achieves fine granularity. However, such solution requires calibration of the cameras extrinsic parameters at each new setup, which is not convenient for usage. In this work, we propose Tagview, a pervasive identifying and tracking system that can work in various settings without repetitive calibration efforts. It addresses the challenge by skillfully deploying the RFID antenna and video camera at the identical position and devising a multi-target recognition schema with only the image-level trajectory information. We have implemented Tagview with commercial RFID and camera devices and evaluated it extensively. Experimental results show that our method can archive high accuracy and robustness.


Self-assembling amphiphilic peptides: a novel approach to create new drug systems and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration A resourceful mine not yet fully explored by Lorenzo Aulisa Molecular self-assembly offers unique features for the development of novel supramolecular structures and advanced materials. The inspiration for the creation of these complex structures is often driven by nature, where complex architectures are obtained from simple building block such as amino acids, nucleic acids and lipids. Peptide-based nanostructures constitute a novel route to create well organized self-assembled materials that eventually can be used in a variety of different fields. They can be divided in different classes based on the architecture of the overall molecule. My research is mainly focused on two types of peptide-based structures: peptide amphiphiles, in which an amino acidic sequence is tailed with an hydrophobic molecule, such as palmitic acid, and facially amphiphilic peptides, which is made by proper sequence patterning of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids. In chapter 2 I describe how a peptide amphiphile was designed, synthesized and tested on different types of cancer cell lines, and it proved to be effective in reducing the growth of malignant cells. This peptide works as an inhibitor of the HOX-PBX1 interaction. HOX and PBX1 are two transcription factors that are deeply involved in the DNA regulation during embryogenesis and they are found to be highly miss-regulated in several types of cancers. Until now, peptide amphiphiles have been used mostly as drug carriers. This work constitutes one of the first studies in which a peptide amphiphile molecule can work both as a drug and as a drug carrier, simultaneously. 3D-scaffolds for tissue engineering applications are another hot area in which self-assembling peptides are finding several applications. Driven by this motivation, chapter 3, 4 and 5 describe how I designed, synthesized and investigated the properties of a new class of facial peptide amphiphile. These peptides, when dissolved in an aqueous environment and under the right pH and salt conditions, have proven to quickly selfassemble in long and entangled nanofibers that ultimately form stable hydrogels. These hydrogels have potential applications as bio-scaffolds for tissue regeneration, as cells are entrapped in their network. The mechanical properties of these hydrogels can be triggered using different approaches and it is possible to obtain very strong materials, even at very low concentrations of the peptide, such as 1% by weight. In order to be safely used for bio-applications, hydrogel materials must be need to have two main features: biocompatibility and biodegradability. The hydrogels obtained through self-assembling peptides have proven to be both biocompatible and biodegradable, thanks to the introduction of a short amino acid sequence recognized by proteases, which is described in chapter 5. In conclusions, the results collected in this study show how a simple building block, such as a small peptide, can serve as an extremely powerful and flexible tool to design complex self-assembled systems. This is area of research is indeed full of potential that has not yet been completely explored.


In this paper I argue, based on a comparison of Spinoza"s and Descartes"s discussion of error, that beliefs are affirmations of the content of imagination that is not false in itself, only in relation to the object. This interpretation is an improvement both on the winning ideas reading and on the interpretation reading of beliefs. Contrary to the winning ideas reading it is able to explain belief revision concerning the same representation. Also, it does not need the assumption that I misinterpret my otherwise correct ideas as the interpretation reading would have it. In the first section I will provide a brief overview of the notion of inherence and its role in Spinoza"s discussion of the status of finite minds. Then by examining the relation between Spinoza"s and Descartes" distinction of representations and attitudes, I show that affirmation can be identified with beliefs in Spinoza. Next, I will take a closer look at the identification of intellect and will and argue that Spinoza"s identification of the two is based on the fact that Spinoza sees both as the active aspect of the mind. After that, I analyze Spinoza"s comments on the different scopes of will and intellect, and argue that beliefs are affirmations of the imaginative content of the idea. Finally, through Spinoza"s example of the utterance of mathematical error, I present my solution to the problem of inherence of false beliefs.


Extended producer responsibility (EPR) embodies the notion that producers should be made physically or financially responsible for the environmental impacts their products have at the end of product life. The EPR concept has taken hold in Europe and is garnering wide interest in the United States, where a variant known as "shared product responsibility" or "product stewardship" is usually the preferred approach. There are several policy instruments that are consistent with EPR—product take-back mandates, advance disposal fees, deposit-refunds, recycled content standards, and more. The EPR concept itself, however, provides little guidance about which of these instruments might be appropriate under particular conditions and for particular products. Moreover, while the EPR goal is usually focused on end-of-life environmental impacts, in the United States, at least, the goal seems to have widened to include environmental impacts throughout the product life-cycle. And even a focus on end-of-life impacts leaves the question of whether EPR is intended to deal with waste volumes, the toxic constituents of waste, the method of waste disposal, or a combination of these things. In this paper, I address three main topics: appropriate goals for EPR; conditions under which EPR should be preferred over alternative non-EPR policy instruments; and specific policy instruments that are both cost-effective and consistent with EPR principles. In the discussion of the second and third topics, I focus on the issue of "design for environment." I develop four policy "maxims" that should guide EPR policymaking. I then apply those maxims to a brief case study of electronic and electrical equipment waste.


NMR studies have long been used as a tool to derive structural and dynamic information. Such information has a wide range of applications, and notably is used in the study of structureactivity relationships. The aims of this work were to use NMR spectroscopy to derive structures of the molecules inhibiting the activation of the alternative pathway of the complement portion of the innate immune system (namely, the N-terminus of factor H (FH) and two small peptides, Compstatin 10 and Compstatin 20) and to consider the interdomain dynamics of proteins consisting of three modules theoretically (in silico) and experimentally (for the three N-terminal domains of FH). We focused on the three N-terminal complement control protein (CCP) domains of the important complement regulator, human factor H (i.e. FH1-3). Its three-dimensional solution structure was derived based on nuclear Overhauser effects and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). Each of the three CCP modules in this structure was similar to the corresponding CCP in the previously derived C3b-bound structure of FH1-4, but the relative orientations of the domains were different. These orientations were additionally different from the interdomain orientations in other molecules that interact with C3b, such as DAF2-4 and CR1-15-17. The measured RDC datasets, collected under three different conditions in media containing magnetically aligned bicelles (disk-like particles formed from phospholipids), were used to estimate interdomain motions in FH1-3. A method in which the data was fitted to a structural ensemble was used to analyze such interdomain flexibility. More than 80% of the conformers of this predominantly extended three-domain molecule exhibit flexions of < 40°. Such segmental flexibility (together with the local dynamics of the hypervariable loop within domain 3) could facilitate recognition of C3b via initial anchoring, as well as eventual reorganization of modules into the conformation captured in the previously solved crystal structure of a C3b complex with FH1-4. The NMR study of the Compstatin analogues revealed unique structural features that had not before been observed in this group of peptides. These features included two β-turns per peptide, neither of which was located in the 'canonical' regions in which β-turns were observed in previous molecular dynamics and NMR studies. The structures of Compstatin 10 and Compstatin 20 derived here were consistent with the isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data recorded previously. In the in silico study of interdomain motion of three-domain proteins carried out here, the domains were represented as vectors attached to one another in a linear fashion. They were allowed to undergo Brownian motion biased by the potentials between the sequential vectors. The resulting trajectories were analyzed using model-free and extended model-free formalism. The degree of coupling of the interdomain motion with overall motion was determined, along with a representation of the overall motion. The similarity between the trajectories of the vectors transformed to this overall motion frame and the results obtained from the model-free analysis was determined.


The present study was carried out to investigate the formation and evolution of non-metallic inclusions during ingot casting. Emphasize have been on understanding the types of inclusions formed and developed through the casting process and on the development of already existing inclusions carried over from the ladle during casting. Industrial experiments carried on at Uddeholm Tooling together with laboratory work and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Ingots of 5.8 tons have been sampled and the types of inclusions together with their distribution within the ingot have been characterized. Two new types of inclusions have been found. Type C1 is found originated from casting powder and in the size from a few μm to 30 μm. Type C2 is of macro inclusion type sizing up to 70 μm. The presence of C2 inclusions are few but very detrimental for the quality of the steel. Both types, C1 and C2 consist of alumina, indicating that reoxidation is the main reason for their existence. The protecting argon shroud has been studied by the use of a 1:1 scaled 2D model. Both flow pattern and oxygen measurement have been carried out. CFD has also been used as an auxiliary tool. It has been found that the oxygen pickup through argon gas shroud depends mostly on the distance between the ladle and the collar placed on top of runner. Further increase of gas flow rate above 2.5 m3.h-1 had very little effect on the oxygen distribution since both the flushing effect and the entraining effect with respect to oxygen are enhanced by further increase of inert gas flow rate. In the case of dual gas inlet, the flow in the shroud was found much less diffused compared with either vertical or horizontal injection system. The oxygen content in this arrangement was also greatly reduced. Studies of the runner after casting revealed a sparse non-metallic network structure around the periphery of the steel rod remained in the runner. The surface of the refractory had been severely attacked by the mechanical force from the streaming steel. The erosions of the centre stone and the end stone were on the other hand negligible. CFD calculations showed that the flow at those locations is almost stagnant. The surface of the refractory in contact with the steel was found to have an increased content of alumina. The source for the alumina could come from either exchange reaction of dissolved aluminium replaces the silica or reoxidation products origin from oxygen pick up during the transfer from the ladle to the vertical runner. Inclusions were also found entrapped in the steel refractory interface. It was also found that a formation of a liquid slag film as early as possible during casting would increase the possibility to remove inclusions and especially inclusions generated by the casting powder.


Abstract: Modelling the effects of climate change on vegetation and agriculture is arguably one of the most challenging issues the scientific community has to deal with in recent times. Grapevine being among the world's old and most expensive cultivated crops with winemaking consisting of a rich history of centuries-old traditions makes contemporary research into modelling climate effects on viticulture of significant interest. Novel approaches are explored for gaining more scientific knowledge on the phenomenon climate change, in particular its potential impact on grapevine growth stages, phenological events and wine quality. In this context, the paper looks at literature on recent  analysis based approach to establishing associations between daily extreme weather conditions and some perennial crop yield at larger spatiotemporal scales, i.e., yield comparisons among wine regions/ national annual yield of apples, walnuts, oranges, almonds and avocados with three decade old data. Consequently, recent novel approaches investigated at the Geoinformatics Research Centre (GRC) to studying the effects of daily maximum temperature on grapevine yield using data at a different spatiotemporal scale along with results obtained are outlined. The paper then details on extending the approaches to other daily extreme weather data; minimum air and soil (grass) temperatures with a) a single vineyard's yield over a period of 12 years (1997-2009) and b) weather conditions, recorded at a nearby weather monitoring station belonging to the National Institute of Water and Atmosphere (NIWA), extracted via NIWA's web portal. The results show interesting nexuses between daily extreme weather conditions, the independent variables and grapevine yield, the dependent variable at spatiotemporal scales not previously ascertained i.e., at a vineyard (micro scale) but using macro climate data. The approach provides a means to gaining precise information relating to climate effects on viticulture, useful for training grapevines appropriately and thereby improving the quality of grapevine yield/ vintage.


Attitudes toward risk in?uence the decision to diversify among uncertain options. Yet, because in most situations the options are ambiguous, attitudes toward ambiguity may also play an important role. I conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of ambiguity on the decision to diversify. I fi?nd that diversi?cation is more prevalent and more persistent under ambiguity than under risk. Moreover, excess diversi?cation under ambiguity is driven by participants who stick with a status quo gamble when diversi?cation among gambles is not feasible. This behavioral pattern cannot be accommodated by major theories of choice under ambiguity


Hydraulic pressure is one of the most significant parameters in optimizing water distribution networks. Its simulation and estimation are essential tools in water distribution network management due to the significant effects it has on certain parameters of these networks. As a result of water losses to leakage, not all the inflow to urban water networks is consumed. Water leakage results in losses of supply, pressure, and capital investment. It also has adverse effects on water transfer capability, water treatment, and other elements in the distribution process. Furthermore, water quality problems could result from pollution at leak points. It is, therefore, necessary to estimate the amount of leakage at each point as a function of pressure. In this paper, artificial neural network as a powerful and flexible mathematical tool is used to model pressure estimation based on reservoir head, node elevation, water consumption, and the amount of leakage at a given point. Part of Tehran metropolitan water distribution system is modeled and the EPANET2.0 software is used to estimate the pressure variations in the network. Two different artificial neural network models, namely, a multi-layered ANN and a fuzzy logic neural network (ANFIS) are used for this purpose. The results are analyzed and compared with those from EPANET.


The Web and other text collections are full of "stories": sets of statements that evolve over time, made in fast-growing streams of documents. Even if one reads a specific source every day and/or subscribes to a selection of feeds, one may easily lose track; in addition, it is difficult to reconstruct a story already in the past. In this paper, we present the STORIES methods and tool for (a) learning an abstracted story representation from a collection of time-indexed documents; (b) visualizing it in a way that encourages users to interact and explore in order to discover temporal "story stages" depending on their interests; (c) supporting the search for documents and facts that pertain to the user-constructed story stages; and (d) navigating in document space along multiple meaningful dimensions of document similarity and relatedness. This combination provides users with more control of their customized story understanding, semantically in story space as well as between the underlying documents. In an evaluation, we investigated whether it is possible to use topological properties of the temporal story graphs for pointing users to more promising parts of the story space. The results indicated that global properties of the graphs are useful for this purpose, while properties local to individual nodes are less meaningful.


The maintenance of the levels and correct folding state of proteins (proteostasis) is a fundamental prerequisite for life. Life has evolved complex mechanisms to maintain proteostasis and many of these that operate inside cells are now well understood. The same cannot yet be said of corresponding processes in extracellular fluids of the human body, where inappropriate protein aggregation is known to underpin many serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes and prion diseases. Recent research has uncovered a growing family of abundant extracellular chaperones in body fluids which appear to selectively bind to exposed regions of hydrophobicity on misfolded proteins to inhibit their toxicity and prevent them from aggregating to form insoluble deposits. These extracellular chaperones are also implicated in clearing the soluble, stabilized misfolded proteins from body fluids via receptor-mediated endocytosis for subsequent lysosomal degradation. Recent work also raises the possibility that extracellular chaperones may play roles in modulating the immune response. Future work will better define the in vivo functions of extracellular chaperones in proteostasis and immunology and pave the way for the development of new treatments for serious diseases.


The "Corsair" affair has been called the "most renowned controversy in Danish literary history." At the center is Soren Kierkegaard, whose pseudonymous "Stages on Life's Way" occasioned a frivolous and dishonorable review by Peder Ludvig Moller. Moller was associated with "The Corsair," a publication notorious for gossip and caricature. The editor was Meir Goldschmidt, an acquaintance of Kierkegaard's and an admirer of his early work. Kierkegaard struck back at not only Moller and Goldschmidt but at the paper as a whole. The present volume contains all of the documents relevant to this dispute, plus a historical introduction that recapitulates the sequence of events surrounding the controversy. Parts I (Article) and II (Addenda) contain articles both signed by and attributed to Kierkegaard in response to the affair. A supplement includes writings pertaining to the "Corsair" affair by Goldschmidt and Moller, as well as unpublished pieces by Kierkegaard from his journals and papers. Although the immediate occasion was literary, for Kierkegaard the issues as well as the consequences were ethical, social, philosophical, and religious. Howard Hong argues that the most important consequence was wholly unexpected and unintended: the second phase of Kierkegaard's authorship."


The use of phatic communion and small talk are obvious examples of how interpersonal relationships are built and maintained. This paper explores the use of vocatives, which play an equally important part in the affective realm of communication. This paper uses corpus-based tools and methodologies to explore the use of vocatives across a range of contexts in Irish English, highlighting the strong link between the use of vocatives and casual conversation in particular. Focusing on three high frequency forms ( girl , lads and boy ) in casual conversation, we investigate how their distribution and functions are conditioned by sociolinguistic variables like age and gender. The paper reveals new insights into interpersonal interaction which has informality at its core. Keywords: Vocatives; social contexts; age; gender; casual conversation


The autotoxicity of root exudates and the change of rhizosphere soil microbes are two important factors that affect the quality and yield of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). Phthalic acid (PA) is a major autotoxin of the root exudates in Lanzhou lily. In this study, we treated plants with different concentrations of PA from the Lanzhou lily root exudates and then analyzed the effects of autotoxins on fresh weight, shoot height, root length, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity in root. The diversity of soil fungi in Lanzhou lily soil was analyzed using MiSeq. The results showed that PA induced oxidative stress and oxidative damage of Lanzhou lily roots, improved the level of the membrane lipid peroxidation, reduced the content of antioxidant defense enzyme activity and the nonenzymatic antioxidant, and eventually inhibited the growth of the Lanzhou lily. We found that continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily resulted in an increase in fungal pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum in the soil, and reduced the size of plant-beneficial bacteria populations. The results in this study indicate that continuous cropping would damage the regular growth of Lanzhou lily.


Back-contact module technology offers the advantage of lower yield loss, higher power conversion efficiency, and significantly faster manufacturing as compared to conventional H-pattern modules. In this paper we present results of a systematic accelerated ageing study of ECN back-contact metallization wrap through (MWT) modules. A series of fullsize (6×10 cells) MWT modules based on combinations of four different conductive back-sheet foils, two encapsulants, and two electrically conductive adhesives were manufactured and subjected to the damp heat conditions as defined in the IEC61215 edition 2 standard. Modules that combine conductive back-sheet foil with certain types of isolation lacquer (also referred to as inner layer dielectric, ILD) and EVA showed a high failure rate. It appears that a combined effect of moisture and EVA causes a weakening of adhesion strength at Cu/ILD interface and decisively contributes to delamination at Cu/ILD interface. This delamination puts stress on the interconnection and ultimately results in interconnection failure. Removal of ILD significantly improves the stability of MWT modules in damp heat, as up to 2000 hrs of testing only up to 2.4% relative power loss was observed, and also lowers the foil cost.


The operation of military courts is clearly allowed for and, in some cases, mandated by international humanitarian law (IHL). Nevertheless, the use of military courts has been one of the most controversial and hotly debated areas of human rights. Despite the ostensibly exclusive military domain, many human rights bodies have registered significant scepticism towards this type of justice. Consequently, they have sought actively to regulate this 'IHL space' with scant attention to the requirements of IHL itself. The article examines comments, case law, draft rules and other measures taken by two human rights frameworks: the United Nations Human Rights Council and the African Commission on Human and People's Rights. It will analyse how, since 2000, these bodies have approached the issue of IHL when assessing the legitimacy and operation of military courts. For instance, do they consider IHL as a source of law guiding their efforts and rely on IHL instruments? How do they resolve conflicts between IHL and international human rights law? Additionally, the article will consider the validity, legality and effectiveness of these efforts. It concludes that, in reviewing military courts, there exists significant neglect of IHL in human rights frameworks. Through overlooking IHL or relegating it to a sub-specialty of international human rights law, these bodies not only ignore applicable law, they deprive themselves of the wealth of expertise found in commentary, debate, jurisprudence and practice in the IHL sphere. Instead, integrating IHL analysis and theory and affording it its appropriate respect within relevant human rights discussions will allow for greater legal and policy coherence, and human rights bodies will be better placed to fulfil their mandates.


Understanding links between catchment management and community health demands consideration of complex bio-physical, socio-economic, and public health relationships. These relationships cut across a spectrum of health, environment and development considerations and highlight the need for appropriate and integrative modes of inquiry and decision making. What can Participatory Action Research (PAR) contribute towards achieving an integrated approach to catchment management and community health issues? In addition to a methodological overview of Participatory Action Research, this paper reviews other participatory, community, action, and ecosystems-based methods. Commonalities in principles and methods are highlighted across a number of fields of research and practice including rural and community development, public health and health promotion, natural resource management, environmental health, and integrated ecosystem-based approaches. Lessons learned from application of Participatory Action Research are described in relation to a catchment and community health project, based in the Taieri River catchment, New Zealand. The case study emphasizes the importance of both horizontal and vertical connections between diverse coalitions of catchment stakeholders and the contribution of PAR cycles of inquiry, reflection, and action, toward this type of integration. Both generic and location-specific examples highlight the value of participatory methods that respond to the challenge of how to integrate the complex social and bio-physical processes that characterize human and ecosystem health.


BACKGROUND/AIMS Limbal allotransplantation is increasingly being used for ocular surface repair in patients with limbal stem cell dysfunction. However, it is uncertain whether donor cells survive long term on the ocular surface and whether patients maintain the early benefits of the procedure. The aims of this study were to investigate the long term outcome of clinical limbal allografts and to correlate outcome with donor cell survival. METHODS Five patients who had undergone allotransplantation—four keratolimbal allografts and one tarsoconjunctival allograft—from 3–5 years previously, and for whom residual frozen donor ocular tissue was available, were reviewed. Survival of donor cells lifted from the recipient ocular surface by impression cytology was investigated by DNA fingerprinting using primers detecting variable nucleotide tandem repeat sequences. Recipient buccal cells and scleral samples from the remnant donor eye were used to genotype recipients and donors, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction products were sized by Genescan analysis. RESULTS An objective long term benefit from the procedure (improved Snellen acuity, reduced frequency of epithelial defects, reduced vascularisation, and scarring) was recorded for four patients. Some subjective benefit was also reported. However, in no instances were donor cells recovered from the ocular surface at 3–5 years post-graft. Initial experiments to examine sensitivity indicated that any surviving donor cells must have constituted less than 2.5% of cells sampled. CONCLUSION Limbal stem cell allotransplantation can provide long term benefits, as measured by objective criteria. However, such benefits do not necessarily correlate with survival of measurable numbers of donor cells on the ocular surface.


Molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with memory of the template molecules, to be used in molecular recognition. Molecular imprinting of low molecular weight compounds is a well established technique used to create high affinity materials. On the other hand, molecular imprinting of high molecular weight compounds such as proteins is not nearly as successful for various reasons. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogels has led to some encouraging protein imprinting results. A hydrogel consists of a three dimensional polymer network that is able to retain large amounts of water with conservation of the network structure. As a result of the high water content, hydrogels are generally considered as biocompatible materials, which makes them particularly interesting for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In this thesis, an innovative method to prepare hydrogel nanoparticles with protein imprints on their surface is proposed. Polyacrylamide nanoparticles were prepared inside the internal aqueous compartment of liposomes, prepared by detergent removal. Macroscopic hydrogel formation due to polymerization of the monomers outside the liposomes was prevented by inhibition of free-radical polymerization of non-encapsulated monomers by addition of ascorbic acid. This method offers straightforward control over the shape and size of the particles. Moreover, the liposomal bilayer offers the possibility to incorporate membrane proteins, which can then be used as templates for surface imprinting. It is shown that SN/GpA is successfully incorporated in the liposomal bilayer. Importantly, the hydrophilic domain of SN/GpA was oriented towards the internal compartment of the liposome, and therefore would be available for the formation of imprints. However, despite many attempts towards the synthesis of PINAPLES, a proof of concept was not obtained. This is partially due to the current state of the art of protein imprinting. Protein imprinting is still a relatively new scientific field. Although the number of research papers that describe protein imprinting is increasing, the actual scientific proof of the feasibility of selective recognition of proteins by molecular imprinted polymers in aqueous environment is not convincing. Electrostatic interaction between protein and hydrogel network can cause high aspecific binding, and may therefore not be suited for molecular imprinting. However, this strong interaction may be useful as a tool for controlled release of therapeutic proteins from pharmaceutical formulations. Charged hydrogels were obtained by copolymerization of methacrylated dextran (Dex-MA) with either methacrylic acid (MA) or 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The effect of incorporation of the charged monomers on hydrogel charge, equilibrium swelling and release of model proteins was assessed both at low (10 mM HEPES) and physiological ionic strength (HEPES buffered saline, HBS). It was concluded that incorporation of charge in a hydrogel network can be used for the immobilization of proteins and triggered release by increasing ionic strength. Next, it was shown that these reversible charge interactions can be exploited for efficient post-loading and release of proteins that are negative, positive or neutral at physiological pH. Importantly, as opposed to conventional loading during preparation of the hydrogel, no chemical modification to the protein occurred using this loading method.


Between the middle of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries shipping became a major economic activity for many Ionian and Aegean communities. The growth of the merchant marine of the Ionians and Aegean Greeks under both Venetian and Ottoman sovereignty, and that of the kingdom of Greece after 1830, are examined in relation to shipping developments. A key element of this study is the analysis of the ship types that were employed by Greek shipowners over the period. The evolution of ship types helps us to understand the technical upgrade of the Greek merchant fleets and in parallel with their economic growth, their expansion to new routes and their specialization on certain trades and markets. As they made the transition from purely Mediterranean ship types to those influenced by those of western and northern Europe, seafarers improved the performance of their business and gathered important technical know-how. As a result they steadily integrated with the wider international maritime economy.


For millions of people around the world, Tibet is a domain of undisturbed tradition, the Dalai Lama a spiritual guide. By contrast, the Tibet Museum opened in Lhasa by the Chinese in 1999 was designed to reclassify Tibetan objects as cultural relics and the Dalai Lama as obsolete. Suggesting that both these views are suspect, Clare E. Harris argues in "The Museum on the Roof of the World" that for the past one hundred and fifty years, British and Chinese collectors and curators have tried to convert Tibet itself into a museum, an image some Tibetans have begun to contest. This book is a powerful account of the museums created by, for, or on behalf of Tibetans and the nationalist agendas that have played out in them. Harris begins with the British public's first encounter with Tibetan culture in 1854. She then examines the role of imperial collectors and photographers in representations of the region and visits competing museums of Tibet in India and Lhasa. Drawing on fieldwork in Tibetan communities, she also documents the activities of contemporary Tibetan artists as they try to displace the utopian visions of their country prevalent in the West, as well as the negative assessments of their heritage common in China. Illustrated with many previously unpublished images, this book addresses the pressing question of who has the right to represent Tibet in museums and beyond.


We report extensive measurements on a new compound (Yb0.24Sn0.76)Ru that crystallizes in the cubic CsCl structure. Valence-band photoemission (PES) and L3 x-ray absorption show no divalent component in the 4f configuration of Yb. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) indicates that the eight-fold degenerate J-multiplet of Yb3+ is split by the crystalline electric field (CEF) into a ?7-doublet ground state and a ?8 quartet at an excitation energy 20 meV. The magnetic susceptibility can be fit very well by this CEF scheme under the assumption that a ?6-excited state resides at 32 meV; however, the ?8/?6 transition expected at 12 meV was not observed in the INS. The resistivity follows a Bloch-Gruneisen law shunted by a parallel resistor, as is typical of systems subject to phonon scattering with no apparent magnetic scattering. All of these properties can be understood as representing simple local moment behavior of the trivalent Yb ion. At 1 K there is a peak in specific heat that is too broad to represent a magnetic-phase transition, consistent with absence of magnetic reflections in neutron diffraction. On the other hand this peak also is too narrow to represent the Kondo effect in the ?7-doublet ground state. On the basis of the field dependence of the specific heat, we argue that antiferromagnetic (AF) short-range order (SRO) (possibly coexisting with Kondo physics) occurs at low temperatures. The long-range magnetic order is suppressed because the Yb site occupancy is below the percolation threshold for this disordered compound.


This book makes an innovative contribution to the relatively young field of Queer Linguistics. Subscribing to a poststructuralist framework, it presents a critical, deconstructionist perspective on the discursive construction of heteronormativity and gender binarism from a linguistic point of view. On the one hand, the book provides an outline of Queer approaches to issues of language, gender and sexual identity that is of interest to students and scholars new to the field. On the other hand, the empirical analyses of language data represent material that also appeals to experts in the field. The book deals with repercussions of the discursive materialisation of heteronormativity and gender binarism in various kinds of linguistic data. These include stereotypical genderlects, structural linguistic gender categories (especially from a contrastive linguistic point of view), the discursive sedimentation of female and feminine generics, linguistic constructions of the gendered body in advertising and the usage of personal reference forms to create characters in Queer Cinema. Throughout the book, readers become aware of the wounding potential that gendered linguistic forms may possess in certain contexts.


When the Minister of Culture for the State of Puebla, Hector Azar, organized the 350th anniversary festivities for the Biblioteca Palafoxiana in 1996, he included a concert of epigraphs and sonnets set to classical music in the city's cathedral. Employing an ancient form of the Church's liturgical psalmody,1 Azar replaced scriptural psalms with several lines taken from poetry written by the seventeenth-century bishop of Puebla, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, whose donation of books to the city in 1646 established the first public library in colonial Mexico. With a full accompaniment of string, percussion, woodwind, and brass instruments to provide music for the Salmodia Palafoxiana, Azar and the Coro del Benemerito Institute Normal del Estado transformed a few lines of the bishop's poetry into quasi-liturgy. Perhaps Bishop Palafox would have disapproved of substituting his poetic metaphors for biblical verse, but this probably never crossed the minds of the city's residents and visitors who gathered around the bishop's cenotaph to attend the concert. The first antiphon, however, evokes quite nicely Palafox's liturgical sensibilities: "Today the sun of wounded love, the new shepherd comes to be."2 The new shepherd is the resurrected, triumphant Christ who gives light to his flock. And, to the shepherd of Puebla and his seventeenth-century flock, Christ's real presence in the bread and wine was instituted each time a priest celebrated the Mass. Liturgy as a sacramental rite imbued with cultural meaning has escaped the scholarly purview of most historians of colonial Latin America. Deciphering discrete portions of ecclesiastical texts in Latin or italicized scriptural citations located in the margins of ceremonials appears more suited to the canon lawyer or liturgist. Moreover, despite the historical centrality of the Mass, as well as of the seven sacraments, to Catholic culture, historians have examined almost every other dimension of the colonial Catholic experience except liturgy and prayer.3 Perhaps scholars view the Pater Noster, Ave Maria, or Hoc Est Enim Corpus Meum4 as officiai prayers of the institutional Church, whose significance remained hidden behind complicated Latin syntax that parishioners (and not a few clergymen too) failed to grasp. Even Bishop Palafox might have agreed in part with this view. Moreover, the mundane features of the Mass, rosary, and other liturgical rites and rituals, with their scripted formulas and responses, seem to demonstrate, on the surface, something less spectacular, less ideological than the extravagant religious and civic processions of Corpus Christi or Holy Week, for example, that so marked urban society in colonial Mexico. Recent contributions to the new cultural history of Mexico provide theoretical and conceptual frameworks that interpret rituals and ceremonies within the context of power relations, popular culture, and resistance.5 Some historians have demonstrated how Spaniards used rituals to help establish their authority and legitimize colonial rule through language and ceremony. Ritual is seen as the medium for rulers to act out the drama of their power, while daily life itself is suffused with ritual performances that reinforce social hierarchies.6 The festival of Corpus Christi in seventeenth-century Mexico City has received some scholarly attention in recent years, and illustrates this turn to cultural history in Mexican studies. Indians and Spaniards, guilds and cofradias (confraternities), parishioners and priests, participated in festivities that expressed political as well as religious sentiment. The principal focus of such studies, however, tends to emphasize "procession-as-spectacle" and its uses as a tool of hegemonic control and institutional legitimization.7 The centrality of the Blessed Sacrament in Catholic worship and the liturgical dimensions of the procession are less evident. When, in 1692, the celebrations turned riotous, two Franciscan friars hoisted the Blessed Sacrament in the air, presumably in its sacred container, the monstrance, in an effort to calm passions and return tranquility to the city. …


Online deliberation research has recently developed automated indicators to assess the deliberative quality of much user-generated online data. While most previous studies have developed indicators based on content analysis and network analysis, time-series data and associated methods have been studied less thoroughly. This article contributes to the literature by proposing indicators based on a combination of network analysis and time-series analysis, arguing that it will help monitor how online deliberation evolves. Based on Habermasian deliberative criteria, we develop six throughput indicators and demonstrate their applications in the OmaStadi participatory budgeting project in Helsinki, Finland. The study results show that these indicators consist of intuitive figures and visualizations that will facilitate collective intelligence on ongoing processes and ways to solve problems promptly.


Despite the key role played by political payoffs in theory, very little is known empirically about the types of payoffs that motivate politicians. The purpose of this paper is to bring some light into this. I estimate causal effects of being elected in a local election on monetary returns. The claim for causality, I argue, can be made thanks to a research design where the income of some candidate who just barely won a seat is compared to that of some other candidate who was close to winning a seat for the same party, but ultimately did not. This research design is made possible thanks to a comprehensive, detailed data set covering all Swedish politicians who have run for office in the period 1991{2006. I establish that monetary returns are absent both in the short and long run. In stead, politicians seem to be motivated by non-monetary returns, and I show that being elected locally once (for exogenous reasons) can be an effective starting point for enjoying such payoffs.


Global Positioning System (GPS) data is vulnerable to radio frequency interference (RFI), spoofing, and cyber-attacks. We can defend against these types of attacks by having alternate sources of positioning, navigation, and timing information. However, delays in detection can result in cascading, negative consequences to users. This is especially true with GPS-dependent critical infrastructure and key resources. We propose a solution to close the gap between detection and alerting by leveraging data from existing continuously operating reference station (CORS) networks. Our approach is to develop a service that will utilize a combination of radio frequency (RF) and data integrity monitoring algorithms while addressing cyber hardening and latency needs. The service involves both auto and cross-correlation of received signal strengths and the GPS broadcast navigation messages within CORS networks. We conducted an experiment monitoring a government approved GPS testing event to demonstrate the ability to use existing CORS networks to detect attacks on GPS data.


The thesis examines the phenomena of Otlois, political change and
political subversion in Syracuse from 415 to 305 B.C. The Introductory
Chapter gives a general outline of the problems in this area, together with
some discussion of the critical background. As the problems involved with
the ancient sources for the period under discussion lie outside the
mainstream of the thesis, these have been dealt with in the form of an
appendix.
Central to the question of civil strife is the problem of definition
and causation. The First Chapter is therefore concerned with the
terminology used by the Greeks to describe their civil disturbances,
together with a discussion of Aristotle's theory of revolutionary cause and
the preservation of constitutions. The conclusion reached in this chapter
is that, although revolutionaries were often motivated by their own personal
ambitions, their ability to gain support from other sections of the
community and, on occasions, carry out successful revolutions, lay in the
fact that the government itself had been inadequate in some areas.
Chapter Two deals with the nature and type of revolutionary activity
in Syracuse from the point of view of the revolutionaries. This involves an
examination of their motivation and method. Their method was dependent, in
the first instance, on the means available to them. This led to a
discussion of their use of propaganda, the availability of arms and manpower
and the use of speed, secrecy and personal violence. Allied to the means
available is the extent of support gained by revolutionaries. It is found
that there were four main areas of support — group and family associations,
the Syracusan people, exiles, and allies and outside powers. The extent of
support from each of these areas is therefore reviewed. Next, the problem is analysed from the point of view of the various governments. The Third Chapter discusses the problems facing those
governments and their attempts to maintain their constitutions or position,
along with the failures that led to outbreaks of revolutionary activity. It
is found that Syracuse had its own inherent problems due to the diversity of
their population and the tendency of the Syracusans to entrust command to a
single ruler. The success of that single ruler was due to his capacity to
command mercenaries, to gain capable and loyal subordinates, to keep the
goodwill of the people and to deal with any opposition. Each of these
aspects is examined but it is also found that, despite his capability, the
single ruler's position always remained threatened since his position was
usually unconstitutional. The final section of this chapter therefore
involves a discussion of the constitutional difficulties facing the various
governments and their failure to find an adequate constitutional arrangement
that allowed for the role of the single ruler.
Beneath the personalities and capabilities of the various individuals
opposing or controlling the government, lay the fundamental problem of Greek
social and economic attitudes. Chapter Four discusses the general aspects
of these attitudes and the stresses on the Syracusan constitution caused by
the widening of privilege and the change of values that had occurred by the
end of the Fifth Century and continued throughout the Fourth Century B.C.
In an examination of the specific problems of the economic situation at
Syracuse it is found that this was an area in which both governments and
revolutionaries alike failed, even though many revolutionaries gained
support from the people by the promise that they would improve the economic
situation of the poor.
The final chapter reviews and assesses the constant problems that led
to a recurrence of civil strife in Syracuse from 415 to 305 B.C., with
reference to what may be regarded as general Greek problems and what were
peculiarly Syracusan or Sicilian problems.


Background and aims Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 infection with advanced liver disease has emerged as the most challenging to treat. We retrospectively assessed the treatment outcome of sofosbuvir (SOF) based regimes for treatment of HCV genotype 3 infections in a real life setting in Scandinavia. Methods Consecutive patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 infection were enrolled at 16 treatment centers in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland. Patients who had received a SOF containing regimen were included. The fibrosis stage was evaluated by liver biopsy or transient liver elastography. The following treatments were given according availability and local guidelines: 1) SOF + ribavirin (RBV) for 24 weeks, 2) SOF + daclatasvir (DCV) +/-RBV for 12–24 weeks, 3) SOF + pegylated interferon alpha (peg-IFN-α) + RBV for 12 weeks or 4) SOF/ledipasvir (LDV) + RBV for 12–16 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response (SVR) assessed at week 12 (SVR12) after end of treatment. Results We included 316 patients with a mean age of 55 years (range 24–79), 70% men, 49% treatment experienced, 58% with compensated cirrhosis and 12% with decompensated cirrhosis.In the modified intention to treat (mITT) population SVR12 was achieved in 284/311 (91%) patients. Among 26 treatment failures, five had non-response, 3 breakthrough and 18 relapse. Five patients were not included in the mITT population. Three patients died from reasons unrelated to treatment and two were lost to follow-up. The SVR12 rate was similar for all treatment regimens, but lower in men (p = 0.042), and in patients with decompensated liver disease (p = 0.004). Conclusion We found that sofosbuvir based treatment in a real-life setting could offer SVR rates exceeding 90% in patients with HCV genotype 3 infection and advanced liver disease.


Effective doctor-patient communication is an integral part of good clinical care. Telling a patient that he/she has cancer can be a daunting task. If done with empathy and sensitivity it can create an important bond between the doctor and patient. If done brusquely and without tact it can create barriers and lasting hostility. Several key steps help make the breaking of bad news easier for doctors and patients. There is not one 'right formula' but appreciation of and responsiveness to the patient's verbal and non-verbal signals are core skills which can be developed.


It is an unquestionable fact that the economic development and subsistence of nations depend highly on the health and adequate nutritional status of their economically active population. The concern arises in the light of evidence on adult nutritional deficiencies in some social strata of our country. Malnutrition is the pathological state that results from the inadequate consumption of one or more essential nutrients. Clinically it is manifested by biochemical tests and anthropometric indicators, and affects the response of the individual to different processes of disease as well as to the established therapies. Malnutrition is associated to loss of corporal fat mass and to a certain degree to the loss of muscle mass. In addition, malnutrition is associated to: a) alteration of the immunity; b) retardation in the healing of wounds or appearance of ulcers by hyperpressure; c) falls; d) cognitive deterioration; e) osteopenia; f ) alteration in the metabolism of drugs; g) sarcopenia; h) reduction of the maxima respiratory capacity. In Venezuela, there are population sub-groups that, due to their special social and economical status, are at a higher risk of developing nutritional problems. Studies (1997 to 2004) have shown that malnutrition and other nutritional deficiencies are present with variable intensity in both adults and the elderly. It is logical to think that when household food security is compromised, all family members are harmed, specially the children, pregnant women and the elderly. This is the reason why it is necessary to have a surveillance system that monitors the nutritional status of low-income adults and elderly from a just sanitary justice point of view, as well as the development of health and


This work includes study of separation of Ag(I), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cr(III) ions for the transport through liquid membranes based on triethanolamine in cyclohexanone supported in microporous hydrophobic polypropylene films. V(V) transport study has been conducted through tri-n-octylamine-cyclohexane based similar membranes. The purpose of this study has been (i) to optimize the conditions for moving the given metal ions against their concentration gradient from feed to stripping phase, (ii) characterize the membranes by determining flux, permeability, diffusion coefficient and mobility of the complexed metal ions for their use later on in practical hydrometallurgical plants design to recover these ions. Their mutual separation and recovery from industrial effluents is another practical purpose of this study. Speciation of the metal ions in the membrane organic carrier (extractant) phase has also been carried out using theoretically derived equations to elucidate the stoichiometry and mechanism of transport of these metal ions across the supported liquid membranes (SLMs).

Optimum conditions of transport (OCT) for these metal ions have been found to be; for Ag(I) ions, 1.0 mol/dm3 HNO3 in the feed, 2.25 mol/dm3 TEA in the membrane and 1.5 mol/dm3 KCN in the stripping phase; for Co (II) ions, 1.0 mol/dm3 HCl in the feed, 3.75 mol/dm3 TEA in the membrane and 1 mol/dm3 NaOH in the stripping phase; for Ni(II) ions 2.0 mol/dm3 HCl in the feed, 3.00 mol/dm3 TEA in the membrane and 2.0 mol/dm3 NaOH in th stripping phase; for Zn(II) ions, 2.0 mol/dm3 HCI in the feed, 3.75 mol/dm3 TEA in the membrane and 2.0 mol/dm3 Na2SO4 in the stripping phase; for Cr(III) ions, 1.5 mol/dm3 Na SO4 in the feed, 5.26 mol/dm3 TEA in the membrane and 1.5 mol/dm3 H2SO4 in the stripping phase and for V(V) ions OCT are 2.0 mol/dm3 HCI in the feed, 0.665 mol/dm3 TOA in the membrane.

Co (II) and Ni(II) separation is possible due to their more than 100 times mutual difference in flux. Cr(III) ions direct transport without its oxidation in feed membrane or stripping phase is helpful to treat tannery effluent aqueous waste. Nickel and zinc ions can be extracted from their plating wastes.

The species extracted into organic phase for Ag(I) ions are (LH)3.Ag(NO3)4; for Co(II) ions are mixed LH.CoCl3 and (LH)2.CoCI4, for Ni(II) ions, LH.NiCl3, for Zn(II), LH.ZnCl3, for Cr(III), LH.O.CrSO4 (L = TEA) and for V(V) ions, LH.VO2 (I)- TOA. The complex of Ni(II) ions with TEA in the presence of EDT A has also been studied, which forms complex as LH.MB where MBH is represented as

Nickel was removed from Ni-plating actual waste up to 93%. In case of tannery waste, Cr(III) ions were removed from industrial effluent actual sample up to 99% and Ag(I) ions from plating waste up to 99%. If the membrane area is increased the ions can be removed and recovered completely at a very fast rate, indicating the practical utility of the SLM coupled transport systems, which holds its superiority over classical solvent extraction system due to simultaneous extraction and back extraction steps and highly reduced carrier (solvent) inventory. Mechanisms of transport of the metal ions studied are also elucidated.


Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) is common and costly. In order to improve quality of life for patients and costs to society, better treatments than currently available are needed. The author hypothesized that manual control of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is possible by pulling the larynx directly forward with anterior traction on the cricoid cartilage. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual control of the UES as a possible therapy for OPD.


Through art therapy, this research examines the influence of the main components of Latino culture as risk and/or protective factors for internalizing and externalizing behaviors and disorders in Latino adolescents. The goal of this research is to also identify how these factors impact academic performance for Latino high school students. First, a literature review examines preexisting research evaluating the presence and influence of particular cultural factors like family expectations and roles, gender, religion, language, and parental involvement in education. Non-cultural factors include peer influence and socioeconomic influences. The literature further examines the impact these factors have been found to influence internalizing and externalizing behaviors. No literature regarding the presentation of these cultural factors within art therapy was found. Second, data was collected from a case study conducted by the researcher with a Latino high school adolescent participating in school-based counseling within the art therapy modality and demonstrated internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Themes and symbols from the art created were analyzed and coded for the risk and/or protective qualities of each factor. Lastly, a discussion of findings guided by the literature review expands the meaning of the case study data and addresses five main areas: the protective or risk qualities of cultural themes and symbols within the art and art process, how the themes and symbols presented by the client can inform and guide treatment in relation to cultural factors, whether to examine these factors individually within treatment or in an integrated manner, and how this process played out within a crosscultural therapeutic relationships. Keywords: Art Therapy, Latino Cultural Risk Factors, Latino Cultural Protective Factors, Adolescence, Cultural Identity, Identity Formation LATINO
  CULTURAL
  IMPLICATIONS
  AND
  ART
  THERAPY 4


ABSTRACT Four new species of Eleutherodactylus are described from montane forests at elevations of 1330–3000 m in the Cordillera Oriental in the central Peruvian Departamentos Huánuco, Junín and Pasco, Three of the new species are assigned to the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus Group. Two of them lack a tympanum, but have distinct colorations and iris patterns: one has the groin and hind limbs partly orange to red and the iris with a brown vertical and black horizontal streak forming a cross, whereas the other has the groin and hind limbs partly yellow and the iris with a brown horizontal streak and a black vertical streak from the pupil to the lower margin of the eye forming a "T". The third species, assigned to the Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus Group, is similar to E. rhabdolaemus, but differs from that in certain morphological characters and coloration. The fourth species, assigned to the E. lacrimosus assemblage, has a yellowish-tan dorsum with dark brownish-purple blotches and streaks and white flanks and venter. It inhabits terrestrial bromeliads and is compared with E. schultei from northern Peru. Morphological and distributional data are provided for seven previously described Eleutherodactylus from central Peru. The elevational distributions of Andean Eleutherodactylus, Phyllonastes, and Phrynopus from central Peru is compared.


Abstract
 Fissurina hemithecioides from Vietnam is described for the first time. The new taxon is characterized by prominent ascomata with swollen labia, 2-3-spored asci, rather large, muriform, I- to weakly amyloid ascospores and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome. In addition, records of the genera Carbacanthographis, Chapsa, Graphis, Pallidogramme, Phaeographis and Thecographa are listed, including important diagnostic characteristics of species along with distribution, ecology and illustrations.


This unique Handbook examines the impacts on, and responses to, economic geography explicitly from the perspective of the behaviour, mechanics, systems and experiences of different firms in various types of industries. The industry studies approach allows the authors to explain why the economic geography of these different industries exhibits such particular and diverse characteristics.


Our thermal environment is as rich in cultural associations as our visual, acoustic, olfactory, and tactile environments. This book explores the potential for using thermal qualities as an expressive element in building design.Until quite recently, building technology and design has favored high-energy-consuming mechanical methods of neutralizing the thermal environment. It has not responded to the various ways that people use, remember, and care about the thermal environment and how they associate their thermal sense with their other senses. The hearth fire, the sauna, the Roman and Japanese baths, and the Islamic garden are discussed as archetypes of thermal delight about which rituals have developed -- reinforcing bonds of affection and ceremony forged in the thermal experience. Not only is thermal symbolism now obsolete but the modern emphasis on central heating systems and air conditioning and hermetically sealed buildings has actually damaged our thermal coping and sensing mechanisms. This book for the solar age could help change all that and open up for us a new dimension of architectural experience. As the cost of energy continues to skyrocket, alternatives to the use of mechanical force must be developed to meet our thermal needs. A major alternative is the use of passive solar energy, and the book will provide those interested in solar design with a reservoir of ideas.Lisa Heschong earned a degree in Environmental Planning from the University of California at Berkeley and once in Architecture from MIT.


To assess the role of in-flight transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we investigated a cluster of cases among passengers on a 10-hour commercial flight. Affected persons were passengers, crew, and their close contacts. We traced 217 passengers and crew to their final destinations and interviewed, tested, and quarantined them. Among the 16 persons in whom SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected, 12 (75%) were passengers seated in business class along with the only symptomatic person (attack rate 62%). Seating proximity was strongly associated with increased infection risk (risk ratio 7.3, 95% CI 1.2–46.2). We found no strong evidence supporting alternative transmission scenarios. In-flight transmission that probably originated from 1 symptomatic passenger caused a large cluster of cases during a long flight. Guidelines for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among air passengers should consider individual passengers' risk for infection, the number of passengers traveling, and flight duration.


The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1 has stated that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights", while Sonny as the main male character in James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues" and Open, the main male character in Idrus's "Jalan Lain ke Roma" ("Another Way to Rome") do not have such freedom, namely the freedom of choice. This lack of freedom of choice, as the thesis writer's presupposition, is the focus of this thesis. The thesis writer views that Sonny and Open are limited by the society in their freedom of choice in expressing themselves. Accordingly, she wonders in what way the society sets the limitation to them. She also questions about how they react toward the limitation and how they go through it. From that point on, she would like to discover the way the society limits them, their reactions toward the limitation, and their ways to go through it. To meet her aim, the writer compares and contrasts the limitation, the reactions of Sonny and Open toward their limitation from the society, and the ways they survive. The comparative method, which is described by Susan Bassnett as the study involving texts across cultures and concerning with patterns of connection in literatures across both time and space, is effective since the readers can view the main characters' problems in an objective way. Besides comparing and contrasting, the writer also analyzes the characters of Sonny and Open and their conflict with the society by using two literary theories, namely characterization and conflict, to prove Sonny's and Open's lack of freedom of choice. Sonny is limited in his expression in being a jazz musician. Similarly, Open is limited in his expression in being an openhearted man. In this case, Sonny deals with the limitation from his brother and his family, while Open faces the limitation from his students, his first wife, the people in his village, his second wife, and the Japanese government. Eventually, the writer comes up with the conclusion that there are similarities and differences in the limitation of the main characters' freedom of choice, in their reactions toward the limitation, and in their ways to go through it. The limitation is strictly set, yet it comes from different circle of people. The reactions toward the limitation are bitter, yet they differ in types and gradation. Despite the differences, the limitation can be overcome by similar actions, namely their self-evaluation, the acceptance and understanding of the other characters. Nonetheless, Sonny obtains the help from his fellow-musicians while Open does not get any help. Moreover, Open compromises more than Sonny does. Through these conclusions, the thesis writer hopes that the readers can learn from Sonny's and Open's experience when they desire to have the freedom to express themselves. Hopefully, the readers can discover their own ways to react to the limitation from the society and to go through it. Nevertheless, the freedom of choice should be in harmony with the society's values.


Morphological characteristics of children commonly imply the processes of growth and development. Information on children's growth in height and their body weight is often used as the indicator of the children's health and nutritional st atus. As the parameters are changeable both temporally and spatially, it is important to provide their continual assessment. The aim of the study is o investigate the changes in morphological characteristics in a sample of Serbian 7-year-old children in the period 2005 – 2014. The data was gathered from medical documentation recorded in the period 2005-2014 in the local health-care centre "Dr Dusan Savic– Doda" in Beocin, which is situated in the central part of the province Vojvodina, the north-west part of Serbia. Most of the population consists of Serbs (69.7 %), and the second largest group are Roma (9 %) who came to this region in the 1990s as refugees from Kosovo. The categorization of the participants was based on their decimal age ranging from 6.50 to 7.49 years. Body height and weight were measured, and nutritional status categories were set in relation to the cut off values of body mass index (BMI) of the age of 7 (kg/m 2) as proposed by IOTFInternational Obesity Task Force. The study has pointed to an increasing trend in height and a decrease of BMI. Analys ing the period of ten years, the height, weight and BMI in seven-year-olds living on the territory on Beocin municipality have proven t o be slightly lower than in the children of the same age in other parts of Vojvodina and Serbia. The obtained results point to the n eed f further investigations of children living in this region in order to provide a better insight into the changes of the morphological par ameters.


Many ancient towers are affected by stability problems. The main part of this thesis is physical modeling of tower. Model test is very appropriate for the stability assessment of tower foundations, which is related to: bearing capacity failure, due to lack of soil strength, instability of equilibrium, due to lack of soil stiffness, and buckling failure of column. The main objective is to measure maximum horizontal displacement at top of a tower before it is permanently failing and to measure the horizontal force to make the tower fall. The results are analyzed with three approaches. One is from pure elastic soil assumption which is not always true. Soil behavior is not elastic. The second approach is stability related to bearing capacity and the third one is buckling failure. The test has been done in the 4mX4mX3m large scale model testing facility at the Geotechnical Division, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU. A set of electrical instrument are used to perform the test.For analyzing the result it is very important to know about soil behavior. Hokksund sand was used in the sand bin. Three triaxial tests with high confining are done for this thesis. But there are many tests were carried out in the past on Hokksund sand. Results from the past studied carefully and used extensively in this thesis. Another part of this thesis is numerical modeling of tower. Different friction and dilatancy angles were used in the numerical analysis to understand their effect. The results from the model test compared with classical elasticity theory and bearing capacity theory. Some back calculations are also done to compare the results.Conclusions and recommendations for further studies are given at the last of thesis.


With fires becoming increasingly frequent and severe across the globe in recent years, understanding climate change's role in fire behavior is critical for quantifying current and future fire risk. However, global climate models typically simulate fire behavior at spatial scales too coarse for local risk assessments. Therefore, we propose a novel approach towards super-resolution (SR) enhancement of fire risk exposure maps that incorporates not only 2000 to 2020 monthly satellite observations of active fires but also local information on land cover and temperature. Inspired by SR architectures, we propose an efficient deep learning model trained for SR on fire risk exposure maps. We evaluate this model on resolution enhancement and find it outperforms standard image interpolation techniques at both 4x and 8x enhancement while having comparable performance at 2x enhancement. We then demonstrate the generalizability of this SR model over northern California and New South Wales, Australia. We conclude with a discussion and application of our proposed model to climate model simulations of fire risk in 2040 and 2100, illustrating the potential for SR enhancement of fire risk maps from the latest state-of-the-art climate models.


Context: At present, we lack a common understanding of both the process of cognition in living organisms and the construction of knowledge in embodied, embedded cognizing agents in general, including future artifactual cognitive agents under development, such as cognitive robots and softbots. Purpose: This paper aims to show how the info-computational approach (IC) can reinforce constructivist ideas about the nature of cognition and knowledge and, conversely, how constructivist insights (such as that the process of cognition is the process of life) can inspire new models of computing. Method: The info-computational constructive framework is presented for the modeling of cognitive processes in cognizing agents. Parallels are drawn with other constructivist approaches to cognition and knowledge generation. We describe how cognition as a process of life itself functions based on info-computation and how the process of knowledge generation proceeds through interactions with the environment and among agents. Results: Cognition and knowledge generation in a cognizing agent is understood as interaction with the world (potential information), which by processes of natural computation becomes actual information. That actual information after integration becomes knowledge for the agent. Heinz von Foerster is identified as a precursor of natural computing, in particular bio computing. Implications: IC provides a framework for unified study of cognition in living organisms (from the simplest ones, such as bacteria, to the most complex ones) as well as in artifactual cognitive systems. Constructivist content: It supports the constructivist view that knowledge is actively constructed by cognizing agents and shared in a process of social cognition. IC argues that this process can be modeled as info-computation.


In coding theory, Plotkin's upper bound on the maximal cadinality of a code with minimum distance at least $d$ is well known. He presented it for binary codes where Hamming and Lee metric coincide. After a brief discussion of the generalization to $q$-ary codes preserved with the Hamming metric, the application of the Plotkin bound to $q$-ary codes preserved with the Lee metric due to Wyner and Graham is improved.


Data mining has become the fastest growing topic of interest in business programs in the past decade. This book is intended to describe the benefits of data mining in business, the process and typical business applications, the workings of basic data mining models, and demonstrate each with widely available free software. The book focuses on demonstrating common business data mining applications. It provides exposure to the data mining process, to include problem identification, data management, and available modeling tools. The book takes the approach of demonstrating typical business data sets with open source software. KNIME is a very easy-to-use tool, and is used as the primary means of demonstration. R is much more powerful and is a commercially viable data mining tool. We also demonstrate WEKA, which is a highly useful academic software, although it is difficult to manipulate test sets and new cases, making it problematic for commercial use.


Over 10 years ago, the issue of whether IS researchers were rigorously validating their quantitative, positivist instruments was raised (Straub 1989). In the years that have passed since that time, the profession has undergone many changes. Novel technologies and management trends have come and gone. New professional societies have been formed and grown in prominence and new demands have been placed on the field's research and teaching obligations. But the issue of rigor in IS research has persisted throughout all such changes. Without solid validation of the instruments that are used to gather data upon which findings and interpretations are based, the very scientific basis of positivist, quantitative research is threatened.

As a retrospective on the Straub article, this research seeks to determine if and how the field has advanced in instrument validation. As evidence of the change, we coded positivist, quantitative research articles in five major journals over a recent three year period for use of validation techniques. Findings suggest that the field has advanced in many areas, but, overall, it appears that a majority of published studies are still not sufficiently validating their instruments. Based on these findings, approaches are suggested for reinvigorating the quest for validation in IS research via content/construct validity, reliability, and manipulation validity.


A thorough study of high frequency MOSFET noise compact modeling with emphasis on channel thermal noise modeling is presented. Although the modeling of MOSFET noise dates back to many years ago, the enhanced noise generated in short channel MOSFETs has made researchers revisit the problem to develop better models, especially in recent years. In this review, a detailed discussion of the most recent models published in the literature is provided. Each model is investigated in terms of physical and analytical aspects of the model, and some comments are made in each case. The induced gate noise, which is important in today's high frequency applications, is also briefly reviewed at the end of this paper.


The adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) can have far-reaching effects on the nature of production technologies. Because ICT adoption is incomplete, especially in developing countries, different groups of firms will have different production technologies. We estimate a latent class stochastic frontier model, which allows us to test for the existence of multiple production technologies across firms and consider the associated implications for efficiency measures. We use a unique data set of Chilean retailers, which includes detailed information on ICT adoption. We find three distinct production technologies. The probability of membership in a more productive group is positively related to ICT use.


SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN A CHANGING WORLD teaches the conceptual technical and managerial foundations for systems analysis design and implementation, as well as project management principles for systems development projects. The fifth edition continues the book's popular format of teaching both approaches to systems analysis and design: the traditional (structured) and the object-oriented (OO). This new edition offers expanded coverage of the object-oriented approach to design in two newly formed chapters, with Chapter 11 concentrating on principles and Chapter 12 covering use case realizations in depth. New and enhanced coverage of project management also teaches important issues related to adaptive projects as well as the traditional predictive approach to projects. Added perspective is provided for students via the running case studies and "Best Practices" feature.


This paper presents the study on an equivalent anisotropic elastic damage model, i.e. the series model, which is constructed by coupling the truss microstructure in series with an isotropic volumetric elastic element. This model can simulate the material with any thermodynamically admissible values of Poisson's ratio as well as inherit the simplicity of the truss microstructure model. Further discussion indicates that at least two independent scalars are needed to characterize the isotropic damage. This coupling method presented in this work provides a new way to research anisotropic damage of materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.22.1.12352


We herein present a comprehensive study on how the catalytic performance and reusability of Au nanocrystals (NCs) are affected by systematic variations of crystal size, surface coating and composition. The reductions of different organic dyes (4-nitrophenol, rhodamine B and methylene blue) by borohydride ions were used as model catalytic reactions. The catalytic performance of the Au NCs ranged between 3.6 to 110 nm was found to be dependent on crystal size, indicating that Au surface atoms have a distinct size-dependent reactivity in this reaction. Similarly, the catalytic performance was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the coating molecule, obtaining lower catalytic activities for molecules strongly bound to the Au surface. Finally, the catalytic performance was found to be dependent on the chemical composition of the NC (Au, Ag, Pt) and the model dye used as a testing system, with the highest degradation rate found for methylene blue, followed by 4-nitrophenol and rhodamine B. We believe that this study provides a better understanding of the catalytic performance of Au NCs upon controlled modifications of the structural and morphological parameters, and a working environment that can be used to facilitate the selection of the optimum NC size, coating molecule and evaluation system for a particular study of interest.


Mobile apps have been shown to enhance students' motivation in the learning of English. With the outbreak of the corona virus, where safe distancing became one of the strategies to limit its propagation, WhatsApp became a practical medium for delivering content for us at the Ecole normale supérieure de Yaoundé. This article illustrates how we used a WhatsApp forum to run a class project on summary writing, which required each student to watch a movie online and write a holistic summary of it. The summaries were intended to be part of the entries for a database of resources for the study of African cultures, which have parallels to classical mythology. Four weeks into the second semester, Covid-19 forced a complete shutdown of our university. As part of the movie online exercise, we created the African Mythology WhatsApp group or forum. Lessons on "how-to" were conducted via WhatsApp. At the end of 7 weeks of online interaction in a class of 32 students and teachers, students reported that the WhatsApp experiment enhanced their writing skills, including the ability to write holistic summaries. Some students said their creativity was developed, and academic horizons widened. A few stated that the WhatsApp learning experience was better than the usual face-to-face class interaction. We concluded that there are clear benefits for using WhatsApp in the teaching and learning of writing. We should continue to explore the opportunities that technology offers for language education as a whole.


This is a study of how professional teachers' learning about students takes place in relation to changed requirements and new organisational preconditions. Based on an approach from the theory of professions with inspiration by Lipsky's concept of street level bureaucrats, it examines which strategies or methods teachers develop in order to cope with the changes. Important points of departure for the study are theories of organisation, professions and knowledge. The three phases that are considered to distinguish professional work – diagnosis, inference, treatment – organise the disposition of the work. The study is empirically based on interviews with primary school teachers, recorded development conversations, and teachers' written documentation for the latter. The teachers' own accounts of their learning process, as well as how they interpret what is experienced, form an interpretive and analytical foundation together with analysis of the development conversations. Teachers' meetings with students usually occur with the entire class as a collective, which makes the teaching profession special. Other professionals normally meet their clients individually. At the same time, teachers are expected to individualise the instruction. The study shows how the organisation creates obstacles by intensifying the teachers' work. This diminishes the leeway for teachers to work professionally. A recurrent problem for the teachers' teaching is therefore lack of time. They have to find standardised forms such as the categorising of students. The analyses demonstrate that there is great uncertainty about the measures' effects, and that teachers do not have enough knowledge. One develops new knowledge by trial and error, and the study points to a need for the teachers' teaching in and through its practice to be given room to develop. In this context the study discusses teachers' professional language as a hindrance to professional development. As the study also shows, leeway for conversations is a prerequisite for learning about students. This in turn influences the possibilities of creating good relations. The study discusses teachers' interest in relation-building from a power perspective and as an important tool for successful instruction. But teachers lack tools for handling certain students who challenge the teaching role, and the analysis reveals deficiencies in both the organisation in the profession. According to the study's results, teachers do not have support for coping with the changes that were made in the schools. Especially the profession's social dimensions prove to be a weakness for newly educated teachers, who need continued learning in professional practice, but more experienced teachers also lack tools for being able to individualise the instruction. While the causes are numerous, the bottom line is a scarcity of resources – in terms of time, institutional measures for solving problems, and knowledge about how the problems should be solved.


Water‐limited ecosystems occupy nearly 30% of the Earth, but arguably, the controls on their ecosystem processes remain largely uncertain. We analyzed six site years of eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) from 2008 to 2010 at two water‐limited shrublands: one dominated by winter precipitation (WP site) and another dominated by summer precipitation (SP site), but with similar solar radiation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. We determined how physical forcing factors (i.e., net radiation (Rn), soil water content (SWC), air temperature (Ta), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) influence annual and seasonal variability of ET. Mean annual ET at SP site was 455 ± 91 mm yr−1, was mainly influenced by SWC during the dry season, by Rn during the wet season, and was highly sensitive to changes in annual precipitation (P). Mean annual ET at WP site was 363 ± 52 mm yr−1, had less interannual variability, but multiple variables (i.e., SWC, Ta, VPD, and Rn) were needed to explain ET among years and seasons. Wavelet coherence analysis showed that ET at SP site has a consistent temporal coherency with Ta and P, but this was not the case for ET at WP site. Our results support the paradigm that SWC is the main control of ET in water‐limited ecosystems when radiation and temperature are not the limiting factors. In contrast, when P and SWC are decoupled from available energy (i.e., radiation and temperature), then ET is controlled by an interaction of multiple variables. Our results bring attention to the need for better understanding how climate and soil dynamics influence ET across these globally distributed ecosystems.


This article argues that current drug-sentencing laws and policies disparately impact poor women of color and children. I will illustrate this disparate impact in three distinct ways. First, I show how the war on drugs disparately impacts women of color who are peripherally involved in drug-trafficking activity. I highlight the story of Kemba Smith, a young African-American mother who was sentenced to 24.5 years in prison for tangential involvement in drug-trafficking activity and was subsequently granted executive clemency by President Clinton in 2000. Second, I show how racially-charged drug enforcement policies impact poor women of color and children. Namely, I focus on the disparate impact that occurs when drugs known to be used by poor women of color, such as crack-cocaine, become the focus of law enforcement policies that target pregnant women who use drugs. I also show how the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997, along with misguided child protection policies, thwarts attempts at familial reunification and opens the door to long-term placements in the foster care system for poor children of color. Lastly, I describe how federal legislation such as welfare reform, lifetime bans on public housing program participation, and denial of federal financial aid to persons convicted of drug offenses serve to bolster the rate of recidivism and ensnare poor women of color and children in a perpetual cycle of crippling poverty and incarceration.


Stretchable plain woven fabrics are developed with 60s cotton core spun lycra and polyester lycra twisted yarn (91D) in weft with cotton, silk and polyester in warp. The influence of fabric specifications on thermal comfort, primary and total hand value, stretch properties and pressure comfort is analyzed. The results indicated that cotton core spun lycra woven with polyester warp provided higher value of thermal conductivity, air permeability and water vapour permeability. The woven stretch fabrics produced with polyester warp, cotton core spun lycra and polyester lycra in weft has excellent aesthetic and drape properties. These fabrics have higher tensile resilience, tensile strain, lower shear rigidity, superior primary hand and a higher total hand value of 4.08 and 3.93 respectively and are best suitable for women's blouse.


Context Well managed grazing pressure will optimise animal and pasture production, and preserve the soil to maintain a viable beef business on native pastures in eucalypt woodlands. Aims A cattle grazing experiment was established to measure animal and pasture performance under management practices used in the Aristida/Bothriochloa native pastures in central Queensland. Methods Performance of Brahman-cross steers and pastures were measured in an experiment with three grazing pressures by two tree densities in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland in north-eastern Australia over 8 years in paddocks of 4–18 ha. Key results At low grazing pressure with trees killed by herbicide ('cleared'), stocking rate increased 35% as pasture composition and biomass improved over 8 years. At low grazing pressure where treed, stocking rate remained constant, however, at high grazing pressure where treed, it was reduced after 4 years. The annual liveweight gain increased from 0.37 to 0.45 to 0.51 kg/head.day as grazing pressure was reduced from high to medium to low grazing pressure respectively, and across grazing pressures it decreased from 0.49 where cleared to 0.39 kg/head.day where treed. Liveweight gain per hectare increased under low grazing pressure and declined at medium and high pressures. Body condition scores responded positively to lower grazing pressure and a lack of tree competition to pastures. This treatment combination also produced higher animal sale values. Pasture biomass, basal area and ground cover were all affected negatively by increasing grazing pressure. Conclusions Grazing 25% of autumn pasture improved dry matter production, species composition and land condition, and increased steer growth rates, body condition and their market value. This grazing pressure produced an increasing trend in stocking rates relative to the decline at higher grazing pressures. Higher liveweight gain/ha was produced initially at high grazing pressure (75% utilisation), however, after 4 years animal condition and pastures deteriorated, requiring a reduction in stocking rate to maintain the condition of both the remaining animals and the pastures. Managing tree competition to pastures is necessary to maintain the higher animal production potential. Implications This objective information demonstrates the benefits for cattle, pastures and long-term economic outcomes of managing for conservative grazing pressure and controlling tree competition to pasture in this woodland. Applying these findings can improve beef business outcomes and provide management groups with objective educational resources.


Charles S Wainwright had participated in all three days of battle at Gettysburg. He witnessed his close friend and compatriot General Reynolds struck down on the first day. On July 5th, 1863, Wainwright traveled to what would later be known as Pickett's Charge. Upon seeing the battlefield scattered with the bodies of the dead and smelling the stench of bloat, he lamented: "There was about an acre or so of ground here where you could not walk without stepping over the bodies, and I saw perhaps a dozen cases where they were heaped [sic] one on top of the other". Two months after the Battle of Gettysburg, Wainwright reflected on those fateful days in July and the causes of this "vile" war. Sitting in his tent near the Culpeper Courthouse on the Rappahannock, Wainwright attempted to understand how abolition had come to dominate the Union war aims and why so many men had perished for the freedom of blacks. The radicals of Congress, Wainwright wrote, "did not want to see the Union restored without the abolition of slavery". He believed that abolition was a stance taken by a select few "who had negro on the brain". Wainwright was bitter that his men and others had died for those he believed to be inferior to the white race. He was positive that President Lincoln had been heavily influenced by the Radical abolitionists. This was, according to Wainwright, a calculated plan to win over the masses of the Union and coerce them into favoring emancipation. Tirades against African Americans and the Lincoln Administration came to dominate his thought. Believing that Lincoln was no longer waging war just for the Union, Wainwright became conflicted. His representation of racial stereotypes and changing purpose of his diary revealed a simmering anger towards the Lincoln Administration and African Americans, yet he continued to fight for the Union. Forced into continued service by the cultural paradigms of Victorianism, Wainwright put his life in peril for a cause that no longer aligned with his political values. Wainwright clung to battle because resigning was not a choice. Cowardice and desertion were unforgiveable offenses that hurt not only the man but his family as well. Apart from this, Wainwright's attachment to his duty and role as a head of household necessitated his continued participation in the war. Yet, despite his anger with the war, Wainwright fought valiantly. [excerpt]


The present invention provides a closed system photobioreactor (10) for production of biomass. Accordingly, the system includes: a) a container (20) which is made up of transparent material and being transparent at all planes, such that no dark zones is formed; b) a cover (30) to allow light penetration; said cover (30) is capable of minimize any contamination, such as it prevents foreign organisms from entering the culture and to prevent water evaporation; c) at least one perforated duct (40) with plurality of apertures (42) for conveying air and carbon dioxide (CO2) into the system; d) at least one inlet (50) for hosting air and carbon dioxide (CO2) into the perforated duct (40); and e) at least one outlet (60) for culture harvesting; wherein the biomass is microalgae and/or cyanobacteria; wherein the perforated duct (40) capable to serve as control aeration in the system, such that it keeps the microalgae or cyanobacteria in suspension, and to prevent said microalgae or cyanobacteria from setting down to the base or bottom of the system; the controlled aeration also serves to prevent the microalgae or cyanobacteria from sticking to the side walls of the system; and wherein the system can be illuminated from all sides with any type of light source, including sunlight or artificial light for maximum and continuous photosynthesis.


ABSTRACT Obligate bacterial endosymbionts of paramecia able to form refractile inclusion bodies (R bodies), thereby conferring a killer trait upon their ciliate hosts, have traditionally been grouped into the genus Caedibacter. Of the six species described to date, only the Paramecium caudatum symbiont Caedibacter caryophilus has been phylogenetically characterized by its 16S rRNA gene sequence, and it was found to be a member of the Alphaproteobacteria related to the Rickettsiales. In this study, the Caedibacter taeniospiralis type strain, an R-body-producing cytoplasmatic symbiont of Paramecium tetraurelia strain 51k, was investigated by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. C. taeniospiralis is not closely related to C. caryophilus (80% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) but forms a novel evolutionary lineage within the Gammaproteobacteria with the family Francisellaceae as a sister group (87% 16S rRNA sequence similarity). These findings demonstrate that the genus Caedibacter is polyphyletic and comprises at least two phylogenetically different bacterial species belonging to two different classes of the Proteobacteria. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of C. caryophilus, five closely related Acanthamoeba endosymbionts (including one previously uncharacterized amoebal symbiont identified in this study), and their hosts suggests that the progenitor of the alphaproteobacterial C. caryophilus lived within acanthamoebae prior to the infection of paramecia.


With AR-CANVAS we introduce the notion of the augmented reality canvas for information visualization. This is beyond the traditional empty (white), rectangular, and flat-dimensional canvas seen in traditional information visualization. Instead, the AR-CANVAS describes the part of a viewer's field-of-view where information visualization is rendered in-situ with respect to visible and potentially invisible real-world objects. The visual and spatial complexity of the canvas requires rethinking how to design visualizations for augmented reality. Based on an example of a library exploration scenario, we describe the essential aspects of the AR-CANVAS as well as dimensions for visualization design. We conclude with a brief discussion of challenges in designing visualizations into such a canvas.