This book presents the huge variety of current contributions of game theory to economics. The impressive contributions fall broadly into two categories. Some lay out in a jargon free manner a particular branch of the theory, the evolution of one of its concepts, or a problem, that runs through its development. Others are original pieces of work that are significant to game theory as a whole. After taking the reader through a concise history of game theory, the contributions include such themes as: *the connections between Von Neumann's mathematical game theory and the domain assigned to him today *the strategic use of information by game players *the problem of the coordination of strategic choices between independent players *cooperative games and their place within the literature of games plus new developments in non-cooperative games *possible applications for game theory in industrial and financial economics differential qualitative games and entry dissuasion.


Mangosteen (Garcinia delicious fruits of Malaysia and has great potential for commercial
development. However, the long juvenile period resulting from the extremely
slow growth of the seedlings renders itself an unattractive propcsition for
cultivation on a large scale. Accelerating the growth rate of mangosteen
seedlings is therefore an important prerequisite for the extensive
commercialisation of this crop. Poorly developed root system characterised
by unbranched, coarse and lack of laterals strongly correlated to the slow
growth. Such root characteristics offer great opportunity for colonisation by
arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). The main objective of this study is therefore,
to promote seedling growth through symbiotic associations between AM
fungi and mangosteen roots.
Results of inoculation studies have shO'Ml that mangosteen seedlings
responded to AM infection with more than 60% of the total root length being
infected. Introduced AM fungi caused tremendous improvements in the plant
growth. Total dry biomass was 40%-64% and net assimilation rate was 30%-
40% higher than the uninoculated seedlings. AM inoculated plants also had
20%-40% more leaves that give 35%-65% greater leaf area compared to the
uninoculated seedlings. Stomatal resistance, transpiration rates and
chlorophyll content were also Significantly improved by mycorrhizal infection.
Improvements in plant growth were primarily due to greater uptake
of immobile nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn) and copper
(Cu). Phosphorus, Zn and Cu uptakes by mycorrhizal plants were 67%-88%,
50%-93% and 53%-59% greater than the uninoculated plants, respectively.
Colonisation Significantly induced greater root length density (RLD), root
branching density (RBD) and number of root tips with RLD, RBD and
number of root tips of AM plants ranged 58%-87%, 20%-30% and 22%-25%
respectively greater compared to the uninoculated seedlings. Mycorrhizal
rnangosteens were also more tolerant to water stress. They CQuid maintain
higher stomatal conductance and photosynthesis at lower moisture status
suggesting lower leaf water potentials at which stomata closes. Such ability
indicates a more efficient stomatal regulation by AM plants


Simple families of increasing trees can be constructed from simply generated tree families, if one considers for every tree of size $n$ all its increasing labellings, i.$\,$e. labellings of the nodes by distinct integers of the set $\{1, \dots, n\}$ in such a way that each sequence of labels along any branch starting at the root is increasing. Three such tree families are of particular interest: recursive trees , plane-oriented recursive trees and binary increasing trees . We study the quantity number of descendants of node $j$ in a random tree of size $n$ and give closed formulae for the probability distribution and all factorial moments for those subclass of tree families, which can be constructed via an insertion process. Furthermore limiting distribution results of this parameter are given.


Research on the law and economics of contract typically analyzes the explicit pricing of the contract terms in a debt contract by modeling a bilateral debtor-creditor relationship, a framework we call the "classical model." Under this model, contract terms that affect the debtor's repayment obligations are reflected in the price the debtor pays. Much of commercial lending, however, occurs in thick markets with standardized multilateral debt instruments. Depending on the degree to which key contract terms implicate collective decision making among dispersed and anonymous creditors, the classical bilateral model of debt contracting can err in its predictions on the pricing of terms. We utilize Venezuela's 2014-2018 debt crisis as a natural experiment to evaluate the price effects of differences in contract terms in multilateral debt instruments that require collective decision for enforcement. We test the predictions of the classical model against the predictions generated by a "collective action" model and report evidence of the non-pricing of terms consistent with the collective action story. In particular, we provide evidence of a "hidden holdout" strategy that enables the modern activist investor to capture rents without revealing arbitrage activities that enable the market to coordinate on efficient prices for different rights of enforcement.


In this paper I analyze a broad class of continuous-time jump diffusion models of asset returns. In the models, stochastic volatility can arise either from a diffusion part, or a jump part, or both. The jump component includes either compound Poisson or Lvy alpha-stable jumps. To be able to estimate the models with latent Lvy alpha-stable jumps, I construct a new Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. I estimate all model specifications with S&P500 daily returns. I find that models with Levy alpha-stable jumps perform well in capturing return characteristics if diffusion is a source of stochastic volatility. Models with stochastic volatility from jumps and models with Poisson jumps cannot represent excess kurtosis and tails of return distribution. In density forecast and VaR analysis, the model with Levy alpha-stable jumps and joint stochastic volatility performs the best among all other specifications, since both diffusion and infinite activity jump part provide information about latent volatility.


46 The Hearing Journal January 2019 There is a strong interest in audiology to develop means to improve hearing, especially for people with daily difficulties with speech understanding. Auditory training is one potential approach. It is relatively affordable and can be completed by patients on their home computers or tablets. A growing body of evidence suggests that training is effective. In particular, training regimens that emphasize auditory processing in high-cognitive-load situations appear to improve speech-in-noise perception. Trainings that force listeners to make sound-to-meaning connections engage brain plasticity mechanisms, which can fine-tune the nervous system's auditory processing machinery.


Children's theatre in the UK is thriving right now. Interest is growing in the educational, emotional and expressive benefits of theatre for young people; arguments about why children should watch theatre have become a central motif in debates about cultural policy and arts education. Yet, surprisingly, there has been almost no detailed and reflective research on these matters. While young children (aged 4-11) are increasingly provided for in terms of tailored theatre performances, the nature of children's theatrical perceptions and their experiences of being in an audience has scarcely been investigated.

This book uses innovative visual-arts based audience research, practitioner interviews and contextual analysis to fill this gap in research and explore the nature of young children's experiences of live theatre. It investigates three primary areas

 * the cultural policy, educational and creative contexts in which theatre for children is made

 * children's aesthetic experiences of theatre

 * the approaches through which children's engagement with theatre can be enhanced, extended and deepened.

The Young Audience provides a valuable resource for teachers, artists, researchers, students, policy makers and other professionals working with theatre and with children in various other contexts and environments. It significantly enhances existing cultural policy and educational research by providing a detailed, analytical and methodologically grounded understanding of how young children perceive and respond to live theatre performances. It thus provides vital insights into how we can better support and enhance children's engagement with theatre.


Climate change is predicted to have a global effect on temperatures and precipitation rates throughout the world. The UK Climate projections expect that in the United Kingdom this will lead to warmer, drier summers and wetter winters, where events of extreme rainfall are more common. These changes are expected to impact on slope hydrology, and concurrently slope stability. In the United Kingdom this impact is expected to be negative, whereas in other countries, such as Italy and France it could lead to slopes being more stable. Infrastructure slopes in the UK range in age and construction quality, they are susceptible to serviceability problems, characterised by heterogeneous material properties and can fail unexpectedly due to progressive reduction in soil shear strength. In this thesis the effects of climate change on a highway cutting in the south of England are modelled, using numerical methods. A finite element model is created and developed in the software package GeoStudio VADOSE/W. The model has been validated against observed pore water pressure trends and magnitudes and is shown to be able to accurately replicate the behaviour. By incorporating the effects of desiccation cracking on the soil s material properties, by the means of bimodal soil water characteristic curve and hydraulic conductivity function, the replication of these trends is improved even further. A series of future climate series were created using the UKCP09 Weather Generator 2.0. These series were implemented with the VADOSE/W model as climate boundary conditions and models were run, and the results compared to control, current climate results. The results were investigated by the means of statistical analyses which revealed that climate change will have some significant effects on the slope s hydrology, increasing magnitudes of evapotranspiration greatly which can have further significant effects on the magnitude of suctions developing in the slope throughout the summer. It is thought that the results suggest that climate change will not have significant negative effects on slope stability. However it is important to remember that the results only apply with certainty to the specific slope and climate change scenario investigated here. The methods used and developed within this thesis can be extended to other locations, in the UK and internationally, analysing the effects of different climate change scenarios.


A 2.3-km section of ash-flow tuff and associated caldera-collapse deposit, representing the extrusive facies of part of the Sierra Nevada batholith, is totally exposed from its floor to its top in the Minarets Caldera, east-central Sierra Nevada. Rapid burial and subsequent hornblende hornfels facies metamorphism resulted in remarkable preservation of primary textures and structures, despite the development of cleavage domains in parts of the caldera fill; late Tertiary uplift and Quaternary erosion have produced a rugged terrain where every meter of section is available for study. Large-scale caldera-filling eruption of ash-flow tuff was interrupted by emplacement of a wedge-shaped mass of caldera-collapse deposit as much as 2 km thick, whose volume exceeded 70 km 3 . Individual clasts in the caldera-collapse deposit range to as much as 1.8 km across and include a wide variety of andesitic to rhyoliic lavas and related volcaniclastic rocks, remnants of a precaldera volcanic field that was probably much more extensive than the caldera itself. The caldera-fill sequence rests with angular unconformity on a rugged surface eroded into older volcanic rocks; the sequence is capped by bedded volcaniclastic rocks, including delicately laminated tuffs of probable caldera lake origin. The total aerial extent of the Minarets Caldera is not known, but the area studied, plus scattered pendants of ash-flow tuff and associated volcaniclastic rocks to the west, defines a 30- x 22-km elliptical area that may approximate its original shape. The caldera fill is invaded by a body of quartz monzonite porphyry, locally miarolitic,that was probably emplaced during an episode of caldera resurgence.


Background: Recent research in breast biology supports the cancer stem cell hypothesis which asserts that malignancies arise in tissue stem cells through dysregulation of self-renewal. The cancer stem cell hypothesis has important implications for early detection, prevention and treatment of breast cancer. If breast cancers arise from the transformation of normal stem cells, it may be possible to target stem cells for the prevention of cancer. We have previously shown that rexinoids prevent the development of ER-negative breast cancer in transgenic mouse models. Previous studies have demonstrated a role of retinoid signaling in the regulation of normal breast stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Bexarotene and LG100268 are rexinoids that selectively bind RXR receptors. Based on the effects of these molecularly targeted agents, we hypothesized that rexinoids prevent breast cancer development by suppressing the growth and transformation of the breast stem cell population. Methods: We performed in vivo and in vitro studies to address our hypothesis. Cell proliferation assays were used to determine whether rexinoids can inhibit the growth of normal, pre-malignant and malignant breast cell lines (HMECs, MCF10A, DCIS.COM, SUM225, HCC1937 and HCC38 cell lines). To determine whether these agents affect stem cells, we performed mammosphere assays and FACS analysis after treatment with vehicle or rexiniods. We next conducted in vivo studies using MMTV-Wnt transgenic mice treated with LG100268 (50mg/kg) or vehicle, and studied the stem cell properties of mammary epithelial cells from these mice. The stem cell population in mammary glands was quantified by staining of CD24, CD49f and using FACS analysis and mammosphere assays. We also performed limiting dilution assay to demonstrate the in vivo effect of LG100268 on stem cell population. Fvb mice injected with 1,10,100,1000 wnt tumor cells were treated with vehicle or LG100268 and tumor outgrowth rate is recorded in each group. Results: Our results showed that the rexionid LG100268 inhibited the growth of breast cell lines only at high concentrations (IC50>10uM) in most of the tested cell lines. Results of in vitro mammosphere assays showed that a dose of LG100268 (100nM) much lower than IC50 reduced mammosphere formation efficiency by more than 40% in all breast cancer cell lines. Results from our in vivo experiments showed that LG100268 reduced the mammary epithelial stem cell population by 57% as defined by the CD24+/CD49f++ population identified by FACS and by 47% as measured by in vitro mammosphere assays. In addition in vivo limiting dilution assay studies demonstrate slower tumor outgrowth rate and lower repopulation frequency in groups with LG100268 treatment. Conclusion: These results from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the rexinoid LG100268 is a potent mammary stem cell inhibitor. This study shows that rexinoids suppress stem cell expansion and suggest that mammary stem cell inhibitors will be useful breast cancer preventive agents. This work is supported by a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (to PHB) and from an NIH/NCI RO1 grant (CA078480) (to PHB). This abstract is also presented as Poster B30. Citation Format: Jing Zhao, Yun Zhang, Jamal L. Hill, Abhijit Mazumdar, Ivan Uray, Reid P. Bissonnette, Powel H. Brown. Targeting breast cancer stem cells using cancer preventive rexinoids. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-06.


The normal cell has its own homeostatic mechanism. A slight deviation in this mechanism leads firstly to an adaptive response in the form of hypertrophy, atrophy etc. But sometimes when adaptive response exceeds a limit also culminates to cell injury which ultimately leads to cell death. Irreversible form of cell injury leads to cell death in the form of necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy and by other alternative ways of necroptosis, anoikis, entosis and cornification. Necrosis and apoptosis are main mechanisms of cell death in mammalian cells. Necrosis is accidental, uncontrolled and un-programmed cell death which leads to cellular swelling, pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, disruption of cell membrane and inflammation. Apoptosis is a programmed and energy dependent pathophysiological phenomenon leading to cellular shrinkage but no cell membrane rupture and no inflammatory response. Apoptosis can be mediated by extrinsic, intrinsic and perforin/granzyme pathways, leading to activation of execution caspases and finally protein cleavage, cross linking and DNA-fragmentation. Extrinsic pathway involve ligand (FasL, TNFα) and receptors (FasR, TNFR) interaction which bind to adapter proteins Fas Associated Death Domain (FADD) and TNFα Receptor Associated Death Domain (TRADD) with activation of initiator caspases-8. Intrinsic pathway involves cytochrome c release along with pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibits anti-apoptotic proteins, leads to cytochrome c interaction with Apaf-1, thus activation of pro-caspase-9. Overall, cell death have clarified many aspects of this fundamental process and brought to the attention of scientists its role in a large number of different diseases. The present review describes apoptosis and other alternate mechanisms of cell death with biomedical and veterinary perspectives.


In Faith After Doubt, Brian McLaren formulates doubt as a means to enhance and enrich religious faith. In progressive fashion, doubt is reclaimed as a means to develop faith, such that believers can aim towards a greater solidarity with others and practice revolutionary love. By providing a nuanced analysis of faith, McLaren takes a phased approach where believers experience increased levels of wisdom and spiritual depth as they engage in different levels of doubt. This text may offer assistance to those who have been discouraged and fearful of entertaining doubt in their spiritual lives. Through invoking a healthy skepticism of inherited doctrines passed down by dogmatic Christianity, individuals are provided a means to further develop their faith as opposed to becoming disjointed from it. Much of this text constructs a progressive future for Christianity in an effort to ensure its relevance and continued survival. Beyond the complex analysis given to faith and doubt in this work, it is lacking a robust means to ensure that Christians will enact the revolutionary love McLaren aims to achieve. To impart such a vision of love requires practicing radical hospitality towards the most vulnerable, and believers cannot remain complicit to a toxic form of orthodoxy. Pursuing social justice aims necessitates an activist faith that critically probes dogmatic theology; and by making allowances for the faith commitments of all believers irrespective of consequence, this project remains a tepid means to further a truly progressive evolution of Christianity.


Weed management is an important component of sweetpotato production. Currently, S-metolachlor is the only herbicide registered in sweetpotato that has some suppressive effect on nutsedge species (Cyperus spp.). It is integral that the release of any new germplasm from sweetpotato breeding programs be tolerant to S-metolachlor. Screening for thousands of experimental clones for S-metolachlor in a field trial would be cumbersome. Therefore, screening for tolerant lines might be streamlined in an hydroponics system. Research was conducted to determine whether a hydroponics assay could detect differences in S-metolachlor response between a known sensitive sweetpotato cultivar (Centennial) and a tolerant sweetpotato cultivar (Beauregard) in 10 days. Results of the study show that 'Beauregard' was ≈50 times more tolerant to S-metolachlor than 'Centennial' when accessing injury at the 25% threshold. No differences were detected in S-metolachlor response between cultivars in the soil-based assay. This assay could be used for screening for S-metolachlor tolerance in a sweetpotato breeding program.


ABSTRACT
Objectives
To identify the common causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality in a tertiary care Hospital.
Patients and Methods
This descriptive study was carried out at department ppediatrics/nursery, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from July 2006 to December 2007. A total of 1203 neonates were admitted in the nursery during the study period; out of them 284 expired. These deaths were evaluated for age, gender, gestational age, birth weight, risk factors and cause of death.
Results
Out of 284 neonates 218 (76.7%) were low birth weight and 66 (23.2%) full term normal. Most deaths occurred in males except in preterm SGA females. The main risk factors identified were maternal anemia in 184 (65%), maternal malnutrition in 176 (62%), poor antenatal care in 109 (38.38%), grand multi-parity in 68 (23.9%), PROM in 50 (17.6%) followed by maternal fever in 24 (8.4%), APH in 23 (8.09%) and maternal UTI in 19 (6.6%). The most common causes of death were sepsis in 129 (45.4%), birth asphyxia in 68 (23.9%), respiratory distress syndrome in 38 (13.3%) and congenital anomalies in 14 (4.9%) neonates.
Conclusion
The mortality rate was high in preterm and low birth weight neonates. Measures to prevent neonatal mortality must be exercised with emphasis on skilled attendance at birth and appropriate care of preterm and low birth weight neonates.
Key words

Risk factors, neonatal mortality, birth asphyxia.

INTRODUCTION

Neonatal deaths account for about half of infant death in our country.1 The neonatal period is defined as less than 28 days of life. It is a highly vulnerable period of life when a neonate may develop certain serious problems which lead to death.2 Neonatal mortality in United States declined largely due to improvement in obstetric and neonatal intensive care as well as advances in diagnosis and treatment.3 Neonatal morbidity and mortality is still high in developing countries and is due primarily to negligence of female health, nutrition, deliveries by un-skilled personnel and poor antenatal care.4 Globally the major causes of neonatal death are estimated to be pre maturity, low birth weight, birth asphyxia and severe neonatal infections.5 In Pakistan, high neonatal mortality is a major problem with its high relation to certain risk factors. The purpose of this study was to ascertain some of the potential risk factors associated with neonatal deaths in our institution.
PATIENTS AND METHODS

This descriptive analytic study was conducted from July 2006 to December 2007 at neonatal unit of pediatric department in Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. During the study period, 1203 neonates were admitted in the nursery. Out of these 1203, 849 were full term and 354 were preterm. Out of these 1203 neonates, 919 were discharged, referred or left against medical advice. These 919 neonates were excluded from the study. The remaining 284 neonates expired and constitute this study. After taking informed consent, a mat


As in many natural language processing tasks, data-driven models based on supervised learning have become the method of choice for semantic role labeling. These models are guaranteed to perform well when given sufficient amount of labeled training data. Producing this data is costly and time-consuming, however, thus raising the question of whether unsupervised methods offer a viable alternative. The working hypothesis of this article is that semantic roles can be induced without human supervision from a corpus of syntactically parsed sentences based on three linguistic principles: (1) arguments in the same syntactic position (within a specific linking) bear the same semantic role, (2) arguments within a clause bear a unique role, and (3) clusters representing the same semantic role should be more or less lexically and distributionally equivalent. We present a method that implements these principles and formalizes the task as a graph partitioning problem, whereby argument instances of a verb are represented as vertices in a graph whose edges express similarities between these instances. The graph consists of multiple edge layers, each one capturing a different aspect of argument-instance similarity, and we develop extensions of standard clustering algorithms for partitioning such multi-layer graphs. Experiments for English and German demonstrate that our approach is able to induce semantic role clusters that are consistently better than a strong baseline and are competitive with the state of the art.


Purpose
To study the impact of lactoferrin and lipids on the kinetic deposition and denaturation of lysozyme on contact lens materials.

Methods
The contact lenses investigated in this thesis included two silicone hydrogel lenses [AIR OPTIX AQUA; lotrafilcon B and ACUVUE OASYS; senofilcon A] and two conventional hydrogel lenses [ACUVUE 2; etafilcon A and PROCLEAR; omafilcon A]. All lenses were incubated in four solutions: a complex artificial tear solution (ATS); an ATS without lactoferrin; an ATS without lipids; and an ATS without lactoferrin and lipids. Following various time points, all lenses were prepared for lysozyme analysis using the methods below:
• To quantify the kinetic uptake of lysozyme to different contact lens materials, I125-radiolabelled lysozyme was added to each incubation solution. Total lysozyme deposition was quantified using a gamma counter.
• To study the activity of lysozyme deposited to contact lenses, a fluorescence-based lysozyme activity assay was compared to a turbidity assay. Potential interactions with lens materials and extraction solvents were evaluated.
• To investigate the kinetic denaturation of lysozyme deposited to different contact lens materials, the fluorescence-based activity assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used.

Results
The presence of lactoferrin and lipids decreased lysozyme uptake to lotrafilcon B. Lysozyme deposition on senofilcon A was greater in the absence of lipids after day 21, however the opposite was seen with etafilcon A, where lysozyme uptake was lower without lipids in the ATS. Lactoferrin and/or lipids had no effect on lysozyme adsorption to omafilcon A.
The fluorescence-based lysozyme activity assay demonstrated high sensitivity and a wide linear range of detection, which covers the amount of lysozyme typically extracted from contact lenses. Using this assay, lysozyme activity on both silicone hydrogel materials was lower in the presence of lipids in the ATS. In addition, lactoferrin had a protective effect on lysozyme activity for lysozyme sorbed to senofilcon A. Moreover, the presence of lactoferrin and/or lipids did not exhibit any effect on lysozyme denaturation with conventional hydrogel lenses.

Conclusions
The presence of lactoferrin and lipids in an artificial tear solution impacted lysozyme deposition and denaturation of lysozyme on various contact lenses. It is important for in vitro studies, when developing tear film models, to consider the effects of tear film components when investigating protein deposition and denaturation on contact lenses.


Contemporary capitalism produces huge quantities of commodities whose use value is frequently short-lived, often because capitalists' need to secure profits involves the planned obsolescence of their products. Such waste, however, regularly contains valuable materials which can be retrieved and reused as inputs for new commodities. In this chapter, then, we explore the economic paths – what we call Global Destruction Networks (GDNs) – through which some of this waste travels as it is processed and its components recovered. In many ways, these GDNs are Other to the more familiar Global Production Networks (GPNs) in which commodities are first assembled, except that they involve the taking apart of discarded products. The chapter outlines three GDNs – those involving e-waste, shipping and vehicles – to argue that an important mechanism by which to connect the workings of GDNs with those of GPNs is through following the movement of value, conceptualised here in Marxian terms of congealed labour.


Synapses are the site for brain communication where information is transmitted between neurons and stored for memory formation. Synaptic degeneration is a global and early pathogenic event in neurodegenerative disorders with reduced levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins being recognized as a core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Together with AD, other neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders show altered synaptic homeostasis as an important pathogenic event, and due to that, they are commonly referred to as synaptopathies. The exact mechanisms of synapse dysfunction in the different diseases are not well understood and their study would help understanding the pathogenic role of synaptic degeneration, as well as differences and commonalities among them and highlight candidate synaptic biomarkers for specific disorders. The assessment of synaptic proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can reflect synaptic dysfunction in patients with cognitive disorders, is a keen area of interest. Substantial research efforts are now directed toward the investigation of CSF synaptic pathology to improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders at an early stage as well as to monitor clinical progression. In this review, we will first summarize the pathological events that lead to synapse loss and then discuss the available data on established (eg, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin-1, GAP-43, and α-syn) and emerging (eg, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A and neuronal pentraxins) CSF biomarkers for synapse dysfunction, while highlighting possible utilities, disease specificity, and technical challenges for their detection.


Abstract Background: The misuse of topical steroids, i.e. the usage of these products for skin lightening, is a widespread phenomenon among African men and women. Studies have reported prevalence rates of 18.5% to 70% among participants. Though women constitute the majority of users, people of various age groups, socioeconomic status, employment and marital status practise skin lightening. Besides topical steroid products, other commonly used products include preparations containing hydroquinone or mercury derivatives. The misuse of these products is associated with skin problems such as cellulitis, contact eczema, bacterial and fungal infections, Cushing's syndrome, acne, skin atrophy and pigmentation disorders. Although these effects are well documented, it seems that there is little awareness of them among the general public. Other less commonly reported problems include delaying the diagnosis of leprosy, and erythrodermic psoriasis. Data on the misuse and side effects of topical steroids have been gathered primarily from prescriptions, despite the fact that these products could be obtained over the counter, shared between relatives or friends, or come from other informal sources. Moreover, we found no community-based study that investigated the prevalence of the misuse of topical steroid products in South Africa. This survey was therefore conducted to examine the misuse of topical steroid products for skin lightening, among patrons of pharmacies in Pretoria and to determine the potential predictors of misuse. Methods: The aim of this study was to examine the misuse of topical steroid products for skin lightening by patrons of pharmacies in Pretoria and to determine the potential predictors of misuse. Exit interviews were conducted at 21 randomly selected pharmacies by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. A total of 1 228 patrons were approached, of which 225 gave verbal consent to be interviewed. Results: Of the 225 participants, 83% were female, 50.7% were 20–40 years old, 56% were employed, and 53.3% were married. The majority of participants (75.1%) were black Africans. About half of them (50.2%) had high school education. The prevalence of topical steroid misuse for skin lightening was 35.5%. A logistic regression analysis revealed that being a black female African and initially being advised to use the products by a friend were the only parameters that significantly correlated with topical steroid misuse. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of the misuse of topical steroid products among the respondents was 35.5%. The following predictors were associated with topical steroid misuse: being a black female African, not being aware of the side effects of these products, and initially being advised to use the products by a friend. In a logistic regression model, the last two predictors were the only parameters that significantly correlated with topical steroid misuse.


Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) plays important roles in plant development, hormone signaling, and plant-environment stress interactions by promoting the clearance of certain proteins or soluble misfolded proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Selective autophagy is involved in the autophagic degradation of protein aggregates mediated by specific selective autophagy receptors. These two major degradation routes co-operate with each other to relieve the cytotoxicity caused by ER stress. In this review, we analyze ERAD and different types of autophagy, including nonselective macroautophagy and ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent selective autophagy in plants, and specifically summarize the selective autophagy receptors characterized in plants. In addition to being a part of selective autophagy, ERAD components also serve as their cargos. Moreover, an ubiquitinated substrate can be delivered to two distinguishable degradation systems, while the underlying determinants remain elusive. These excellent findings suggest an interdependent but complicated relationship between ERAD and selective autophagy. According to this point, we propose several key issues that need to be addressed in the future.


The objective of this work has been to study the binding of metal ions to complex ligands expressing two or more metal binding sites, in terms of the thermodynamics of the binding events, and to use this information to contribute to the understanding of both the metal binding processes and the properties of the metal/ligand complexes. Two ligands have formed the basis of the study, one a naturally occurring enzyme and the other a newly synthesised ligand with two distinct binding sites (to form supramolecular complexes). The principle technique used to determine thermodynamic parameters has been isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).

The first system studied involved the enzyme β-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus 569/H/9 (BcII). The binding of zinc (II), cobalt (II) and cadmium (II) was investigated in aqueous solution at pH's from 5.2 to 7.2. By using three or more buffers at each pH it has been possible to determine not only the binding constants of the metal ions at these pH's but also the molar enthalpies of binding (and hence molar entropies). In addition, the dissociation of hydrogen ions from the enzyme on metal binding was also observed. In the case of all three metal ions, one metal ion per enzyme appears to bind at low pH and two metal ions at high pH (within the pH 5.20-7.20 range). In the case of zinc and cobalt ions two metal ions seem to bind per mole of enzyme in a cooperative mechanism. In contrast two cadmium ions appear to bind to the active sites of the enzyme non-cooperatively. For all three metal ions, models have been developed to describe the two binding sites and the sources of H+ ions that dissociate on metal ion binding.

The second system studied involved the supramolecular synthesised ligand bipy-aza-crown-4. This ligand has two metal binding sites, one at the 2,2-bipyridine and the other at the aza-crown-4. The objective was to compare the way copper (II) binds in acetonitrile solution with the way in which the copper (II) complex with this ligand is crystallised from methanol solution with progressively increased copper (II) concentration, as revealed by single crystal x-ray diffraction.

Smaller ligands that represent the two individual complexation regions of the synthesised ligand were also used for comparison. Both ITC and solution spectroscopic measurements were used to compare the binding model that was proposed in methanol solution. It was demonstrated in acetonitrile solution that copper (II) binds to the 2,2-bipyridine site first in a 1:2 (Cu2+:L) ratio, then binds to the aza-crown site in a 1:1 (Cu2+:L) ratio . So it was demonstrated that the overall stoichiometric ratio of copper ion to bipy-aza-crown-4 in the fully formed complex is 3:2 (Cu2+: L). Possibly the main conclusion drawn is that the order in which the binding sites are occupied in acetonitrile solution is different to that in which they are occupied in methanol.


There is a widespread recognition that the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium in water is hazardous to the environment and human health and their discharge into surface waters is of great concern world wide. The use of natural coagulants such as Moringa for heavy metal removal from water replacing expensive imported synthetic coagulants is particularly appropriate for agro-based developing countries such as Malawi. This study was aimed at investigating the potential of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera in the removal of cadmium(II) ions from water. The potential of M. stenopetala for cadmium removal was investigated by means of jar test beakers. With an initial cadmium concentration of 7 mg/l, M. stenopetala seed powder, at a dose of 2.50 g/100 ml, reduced the concentration of cadmium by 53.8%. Comparison of removal capacities between M. stenopetala and M. oleifera indicated that M. stenopetala was more effective than M. oleifera in removing cadmium from water (p < 0.05). Increasing initial cadmium concentration, agitation time and ionic strength reduced cadmium removal. Equilibrium sorption was attained at pH 5 where maximum cadmium removals were 82.7 and 70.7% using M. stenopetala and M. oleifera respectively. There was a reduction in cadmium removal between 0 to 60°C for M. stenopetala and 0 - 40°C for M. oleifera before increasing with subsequent temperature increases. It was also shown that cadmium sorption at 30°C and pH 3 for the M. oleifera could best be modelled by the Freundlich isotherm whereas the Langmuir model is slightly better than the Freundlich isotherm in the case of the M. Stenopetala. The energies of adsorption from Dubinin-Radushkevich models have indicated that cadmium removal using both powders is based on physisorption. The results indicate that M. stenopetala and M. oleifera have potential in cadmium remediation of polluted waters.


Between 2002 and 2004 Martin Steinmann gave a close insight to the urban villa, a building type well-known a century ago in our cities and recently brought to the foreground as a major architectural issue in the German speaking part of Switzerland. Through an article1, an exhibition2 and his architectural design teaching at the EPFL3 he introduced various interpretations of a pre-existing housing type's new identity, which this dissertation suggests to further investigate. In the spirit of a monographic contribution, we analyze the urban villa as a multi-unit housing type through its key historical moments, from the rented houses of Lausanne built around 1900 (Part I – Premiere actualite) until contemporary outstanding realisations (Part III – Nouvelle actualite). Through a typo-morphologic analysis and a sensitive reading of space, major issues such as the urban villa's placement among its surroundings, the subtle amalgamation of individuality and collectivity, as well as the insertion of a constructed nature into the urban cityscape, arise. In the spirit of a polemic contribution, we consider the ville ouverte issue as an intermediate condition of groups of villas or small blocks enhancing all four orientations (Part II – Habiter la ville ouverte, cinq essais). In order to describe the spatial mechanisms of their so-called urbanity, we analyse some coherent groups of urban forms, which belong to the hygienist era running from 1850 until 1930. Those correspond to various programmatic motivations and socio-economical conditions, whose architectural effects we highlight. The contribution of this research is particularly important in view of contemporary residential areas' densification, for it is a densification willingly crystallizing into open urban forms composed of small multi-unit blocks. As neat as they may be, those buildings have not much to offer other than merely "a cute view", "the freshening greenery around the house" or "that big balcony". In his article in 2002 Steinmann proposed a more complex reading of this open urban forms' architecture, which he based on "the sensitive experiences' density". Through the writer's references, a tendency to interpret urban space as a fluid sequence is made apparent. In the Introduction, we thus describe this affinity as "nemourian imaginary"4. Consequently, this preference invites us to speculate towards other imaginaries, rooted as well in the histories of the green city and of the intermediary scale open morphology. In these imaginaries, the plots5, the street6, the court7, or even the private garden8, participate in various scenarios of free space partitioning, between the individual and the collective whole. Finally, to expand the research field will serve to enrich the contemporary urbanism theories that pertain to free spaces, whose plurality of characters, uses and sensations we plead for. The term "urban villa"9 contains a semantic paradox full of promises. In its loneliness, the urban villa represents the individuality dreamt of by many multi-unit housing inhabitants. As the villa gets isolated from neighbouring houses and from the street, however, it is also a dialectical object, which liberates its surroundings while at the same time depending on them. On the one hand, its four elevations tend to open themselves generously towards the sun and to the views. On the other hand, in the case of dense groups of villas – which interests us most here, as it is the major trend in contemporary suburban context –, the free space is valued as a possession tightly shared. This is done in a very distinct way as in the compact city, and the urban villa becomes a particularly demanding performer/Schau-spielerin in matters of living and dwelling together. In such open urbanity forms, the closed universe of private life and the open one of the shared landscapes interact in a totally different way than in the modern scattered green city, particularly with regard to narrow density interactions and juxtapositions. The starting point of our research is to postulate that these interactions are able to generate an urban spatial tissue of high quality. The main objective is to recognize, to expose and to analyse the spatial modalities, architectural as well as scenic, through which this aim can be achieved. ________________________________________________ 1 Martin Steinmann, "Sinnliche Dichte, Die neue Bedeutung eines alten Wohntyps", werk, bauen + wohnen, n°10, 2002, pp. 10-19. 2 EPFL-ENAC-LHab, Prof. Martin Steinmann (direction) and Didier Challand (organisation), La villa urbaine : Exhibition, EPFL, 12-28 January 2004 ; seminar, 15 January 2004, with the participation of Martin Steinmann, Bruno Marchand, Adrian Meyer, Martin Hofer (Wuest+Partner), Didier Challand. 3 EPFL-ENAC-LHab (Laboratoire de l'Habitation Urbaine), Prof. Martin Steinmann, 3rd and 4th year. Winter 2002-2003; Villas urbaines - Le Clos Veyrassat, Rolle/VD ; Winter 2003-2004 ; Villas urbaines - Les Gonhardguter in Aarau. 4 "imaginaire nemourien", in reference to Le Corbusier's sketch for Nemours, Algeria (around 1935) 5 We propose some examples around each topic, here : Brauerquartier, Winterthur (Blatter, Meili, Lerch, 1898-1899) 6 Une Cite Industrielle, Quartiers d'habitation en commun (Tony Garnier, between 1904 and 1917) 7 Quartiere operaio della Societa Umanitaria, dit alle Rottole, Milan, (Giovanni Broglio, 1909) 8 Quartiers modernes Fruges, Pessac (Le Corbusier, 1925-1926) 9 The contemporary use of this term started from the late 70s in West Berlin and was stimulated by O. M. Ungers, H. Kollhoff and A. Ovaska.


Immigration into Europe has always been at the center of EU's agenda. With the candidacy of Turkey for entry into the EU, the issue of immigration is being discussed with a new intensity. That is why this paper aims to understand the dynamics that will govern Turkish migration into EU after membership and to provide a sound basis for its complicated nature. In order to do that, different theories of migration have been categorized at different levels of approaches and analyzed to understand the reasons for migration. To ground these theories in the reality of migration, the statistics on countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have been used. After identifying the reasons why citizens of these new member states migrate, prospective Turkish migration has been analyzed accordingly. It has been found out that the reasons for Turkish migration will be mostly the same as those for new member states' citizens. As a result of this, it has been concluded that the prospective Turkish migration will be extremely diverse and complicated and that the directions of migration will not only be from Turkey to Europe but also from Europe to Turkey.


Solution‐based perovskite solar cell fabrication typically involves rather complex processing sequences to yield highest performance. While most studies concentrate on the exploration of processing conditions, the purity levels of common perovskite precursor solutions have been investigated and a number of impurities that are critically important toward controlling the crystallization of perovskites are found. In this study, an in‐depth chemical study of the possible impurities formed during CH3NH3I preparation is presented and their relevance on solar cell processing is revealed. A primary consideration is the chemical transformation of hypophosphorous acid, which plays the role of the stabilizer for HI. The detrimental role of the impurities is best demonstrated by comparing perovskite solar cell devices fabricated from impurity‐free precursors versus precursors containing different concentrations of impurities. Most interestingly, it is revealed that a certain concentration of impurities is detrimental to the growth of large‐grained crystals. PbHPO3 nanoparticles, which are formed after hypophosphorous acid transformation, actually cause crystal domain growth through serving as a nucleation center. This study gives valuable insight into the rate determining steps of perovskite crystal growth and further provides the basis for developing reliable and reproducible high‐performance recipes for perovskite solar cell processing.


This paper examines the extent and nature of electoral participation in general and that of youth in particular and attempts an explanation. It draws on reports from the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) and its predecessor, the Elections Office, and on opinion surveys carried out by the Democracy Research Project of the University of Botswana (DRP). It argues that the poor participation of youth in politics in Botswana in general and in elections in particular is rooted in traditional Tswana culture which limits the participation of youth in public affairs. This culture is reproduced by the main socialising agents in society such as the family, the school system, political parties, and the media.


Dr. E. Scott Ryan presents a new word, Chosinness, to describe a new and old metaphysic that, justifies criminality. He defines Chosinness as a sinful choice of choosing one God as one's God, only, to the detriment of others. Metaphysical analysis is applied to criminology in indicating how a metastasis of universal spiritual chosenness can develop into a criminal quasi-religious metaphysic of Chosinness. Although this criminological metaphysic of terrorism is evident in some Islamic terrorists, it is not confined to any one religion or belief system. Dr. Ryan cautions all of us as to the dangers inherent in any Chosinness, in our needing to know how to counter this criminal metaphysical metastasis at its source in educating ourselves, as well as others, in new and old ways of thinking and believing. In looking back to September 11th, we can look forward and back with a new word lot a very new and very old Theology of Terror. Many religious and secular words have been used, but one new religious-secular word defines it best. That word is Chosinness, defined by me as a sinful choice wherein one God becomes one's God, only, to the detriment of others. That new word of Chosinness represents a metastasis of the old word of Chosenness, with the new meaning of a diseased distortion of the monotheistic concept of Chosenness into a "chosin" Theology of Crime contortion that sanctifies terrorism with theology. Prior to September 11th, our monotheistic religions referred to an anti-God concept of evil; and since September 11th, there's been a new secular and religious adherence to an old intrinsic notion of evil ... in particular, a pro-God proclaiming evil that evokes a God of Terror. In any war, military intelligence is necessary; and in this Theology of Crime War, it involves the militant metaphysics of evil that our prior intelligence failed to protect us from. Those religious leaders who taught us that evil is a mystery we can't understand have failed us, just as those secular academics who taught us that evil is an unreal religious fantasy have failed us. The one lesson we've all learned from September 11th is that "never again" should such failures prevail. Nevertheless, we still encounter failed religious and political homilies that fail our need for counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism. Immediately after September 11, we announced to one billion Muslims that we were not an enemy of Islam; and within a year, we broadcasted Jerry Falwell's religious defamation of the Prophet, Muhammad, as a "demonic inspired pedophile." This Jerry meandering Falwellian Chosinness turns our need for a "never again" counter defense into an "ever again" offensive religious encounter that generates more hatred and conflict. I recall the prayerful invocation of "deliver us from evil," in calling for deliverance from the religious evil of falling into the well of a Falwellian Chosinness ... in creating the most religious enmity for us at the worst time in our history. It's been said that war is too important to be left to the generals, and politics is too important to be left to the politicians; and it should also be said that religion is too important to be left to the likes of Jerry "Immoral Minority" Falwell. We do need to pray for deliverance from evil, but in so doing, we also need to think about evil. The problem with countering evil is that our religious prohibitions against committing it, and our secular prohibitions against discussing it, have left us bereft of any analytic foundation with which we can encounter it so as to counter it. The unfortunate consequence is that in attempting, but failing, to prohibit evil thoughts, we've succeeded in prohibiting attempts to really think about evil ... in prohibiting any thoughts about evil in prohibiting evil thoughts. September 11 made us face our failures in facing up to the necessity of better counterintelligence for the purpose of better counter-terrorism. …


By tracing the transformation of the site of the former Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus, this thesis connects key issues and developments in the history of colonial and postcolonial Singapore. The convent, established in 1854 in central Singapore, is now the "premier lifestyle destination", CHIJMES. I show that the Sisters were early providers of social services and girls' education, with an orphanage, women's refuge and schools for girls. They survived the turbulent years of the Japanese Occupation of Singapore and adapted to the priorities of the new government after independence, expanding to become the largest cloistered convent in Southeast Asia. In the 1980s, with urban redevelopment a priority for the new nation, the government acquired the site, demolished some buildings, and put the remainder out to private tender. The chapel and the former nuns' residence are now classified as National Monuments.
Despite the classification, and in line with government policy of adaptive re-use of heritage buildings, the CHIJMES complex now contains numerous bars and restaurants, and the deconsecrated chapel is used for wedding receptions and other events. Tracking the physical and usage changes of the site, this thesis works to make sense of the journey from convent to entertainment venue. In a society that has undergone massive change economically and socially, and, above all, transitioned from colonial enterprise to wealthy independent city-state, the physical changes and differing usages of the site over the years echo the changes in the nation. The thesis thus uses the Convent/CHIJMES as a site for reading the changes in colonial and post-colonial Singapore.
My time period – 1854 to the present – spans the colonial era, including the disruption of the Japanese Occupation during World War Two, the immediate post-colonial period of independence, and the subsequent massive economic and physical development of Singapore into a world city. In a context of rapid change and globalisation, I also examine how the past is remembered in Singapore through the designation of National Monuments and historic sites, as well as how the Convent itself is remembered. The scope of the thesis necessitated an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on a broad range of scholarship, including history, social geography, religion, urban studies, heritage conservation and museum studies. In addition, I have analysed personal narratives, contemporary media reports and the visual record, using historical and contemporary photographs. In examining a physical set of buildings, I approach the site as a text in which layers of meaning can be read, not only about the site itself, but about the development of Singapore.
The transformation of the site, from a wholly European institution into something more quintessentially Singaporean, offers an example which troubles some of the dichotomies about colonialism and about missionaries. The focus on French Catholic nuns in a British, and therefore Anglican, colony adds to the complexity of our understanding of colonialism, and I argue that the laissez-faire approach to free trade also extended to a tolerance of religious missions. The nuns' work with orphans, women seeking refuge, and in the education of girls, adds to the richness of our understanding of social issues in colonial Singapore, and demonstrates that they were women who actively contributed to the development of education and social welfare services. In this thesis, I argue that Singapore was both colonised and decolonised in ways that complicate the wider narrative of empire.
I also address the postcolonial impetus for industrialisation and urban redevelopment in the new nation and the initial privileging of development over heritage conservation. An examination of the acquisition of the site and its "adaptive reuse" tells us much about the imagining of the new Singapore. The subsequent turn to heritage conservation in the 1980s and 1990s meant that many heritage buildings and sites have been preserved, and an examination of these national monuments and historic sites shows that Singapore has incorporated its colonial past into its national narrative in ways that differ from many other ex-colonies.
Despite a greater focus on heritage conservation, government policies of continued economic development have generated community angst about lost heritage and a nostalgia for the past. In a Singapore that is constantly changing its built environment, I argue that the recent changes at CHIJMES demonstrate not only the relentless developmentalism of the modern city-state, but also the fracture lines in the national narrative. I use the concept of a building as a palimpsest of meaning to show that past uses of buildings resurface at times and that redevelopment does not always erase emotional attachments to place.


This article examines the major role of female radio presenters in Catalonia as pioneers in creating new programme formats: magazines. The study highlights the major influence of the way radio was presented by these women, who lived exclusively from their radio work and, in many cases, for example during the Civil War, were the only presenters that were heard. The history of radio in Catalonia has always been explicitly related to the names of certain individuals who were considered pioneers of the invention. The first radio entrepreneurs were men, as were the engineers that constructed the radio transmitters and receivers. But communication, the important element that linked radio to its audience, had many female voices, many of which had been long forgotten in Catalonia until they were reclaimed by this research, and these represented veritable bastions of their radio stations, especially in the Civil War period, when male announcers were fighting or in exile


Introduction and aim. Non-cirrhotic idiopathic portal hypertension (NCIPH), also known as hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS) is a disease of uncertain etiology. However, various pathophysiological mechanisms has been postulated, including chronic or recurrent infections and exposure to drugs or toxins. In this context, it appears to be of multifactorial etiology or resulting from a portal vascular endothelium aggression. It is important to consider whether the use of dietary supplements and herbs can trigger or contribute to the occurance of HPS. We report a possible association of HPS with the consumption of herbals and / or dietary supplements.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We describe two cases of HPS in patients without known etiology causes associated with this disease.

RESULTS
Both patients were females who were diagnosed with HPS following the consumption of Herbalife® products and putative anorexigenic agents in the form herbals infusions. Image-based analysis and the assessment of the histopathological alterations found in the livers confirmed the diagnosis. The histopatological analysis of liver samples from both patients showed portal tracts enlarged by fibrosis with disappearance or reduction in the diameter of the portal vein branches. In many portal tracts, portal veins branches were replaced by aberrant thin-walled fendiforme vessels. The bile ducts and branches of the hepatic artery show normal aspects.

CONCLUSION
After the exclusion of other etiologic factors and a comprehensive analysis of clinical history, consumption of Herbalife® products and anorexigenic agents was pointed-out as a puttative predisposing factor for the development of the disease.


The world is on the verge of receiving new life forms that will profoundly and irrevocably change the global economy: the "gene hunters" who first cloned the gene in 1973 are now not only modifying existing species but also creating new plants and animals. Ready or not for such awesome power, the human race has put itself in a position to govern evolution. What will we do with the abilities we now command? asks this broad and stimulating book on the role of plant material in economic development. Writing in a style that is easily understandable even to those with no background in biotechnology, Calestous Juma begins by showing how the importation of plants strengthened the British Empire and brought the United States to global agricultural superiority. He goes on to explore the current international competition for genetic material and the potential impact of biotechnology on the relationship of the developed and developing world. Juma points out that biotechnology poses real dangers to the third world. Often one of the few exportable resources that a developing country possesses is an unusual or rare crop, but biotechnological techniques make possible the cultivation of many such crops outside their natural habitats, potentially eliminating the need to import the crops from the countries in which they grow indigenously. After discussing the threat of biotechnology, Juma comes full circle and points out that it does not have to be a threat. Actually, tremendous benefits could accrue to the third world from biotechnology--if and only if that new technology is adapted to its needs.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


We present intermediate-band spectral energy distributions (SED) of QSO candidates in 1 square degree field around Leo Triplet. Leo Triplet consists of three galaxies, NGC3623, 3627, and 3628, which appear to interact with each other. BATC survey data of 15 intermediate-band filters offer excellent opportunity to study low spectral resolution SED for thousands of point sources in the field simultaneously. In order to derive SED of high signal to noise ratio, we have combined hundreds of images for each passband and made photometric measurements for every point sources in the combined images. Two dozens of new QSO candidates are identified based on the shape of derived SED curves. We also investigated SEDs of known QSO candidates in the field, but their SED differs greatly from model predictions made for cataloged redshift. While we plan to carry out spectroscopic observations for further confirmation, this indicates that QSO identification based on objective prism and X-ray methods should be taken more cautiously.


In the West are the 'haves', while much of the rest of the world are the 'have-nots'. The extent of inequality today is unprecedented. Drawing on an extraordinary range of contemporary and historical examples, Why Nations Fail looks at the root of the problems facing some nations. Economists and scientists have offered useful insights into the reasons for certain aspects of poverty, such as Jeffrey Sachs (it's geography and the weather), and Jared Diamond (it's technology and species). But most theories ignore the incentives and institutions that populations need to invest and prosper: they need to know that if they work hard, they can make money and actually keep it - and the key to ensuring these incentives is sound institutions. Incentives and institutions are what separate the have and have-nots. Based on fifteen years of research, and stepping boldly into the territory of Ian Morris's Why the West Rules - For Now, Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson blend economics, politics, history and current affairs to provide a new, persuasive way of understanding wealth and poverty. And, perhaps most importantly, they provide a pragmatic basis for the hope that those mired in poverty can be placed on the path to prosperity.


Sleek and shiny, Airstream trailers have been turning heads on the highways since they first started caravanning across America in the 1930s. These "aluminum skinned, gleaming silver bullets" are currently enjoying a revival in popularity. Praised for their clean lines and timeless aesthetic, movie stars and design buffs are snapping up these vintage beauties. "Airstream"equal parts travelogue, cultural history, and biography of Wally Byam, Airstream's charismatic inventorcelebrates the trailer's enduring appeal as an icon of simple, aerodynamic living. A dazzling array of images tell the story of how Byam, the father of modern trailer travel, created less a product than an entire culture. From the Eiffel Tower to the pyramids of Giza, from the Acropolis to the Golden Gate Bridge, Airstream caravans continue to travel to the far reaches of the earth. Amazing photographs from the Airstream archives document this metallic nomad's significant place in the history of design, from its streamlined origins to its current vogue. Airstream has always been synonymous with the freedom of the open road. Today the dream lives on.


Updated and revised, this new edition of "Caplan's Stroke" continues to provide a concise and pragmatic approach to the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adult and pediatric stroke patients. Dr. Caplan - a highly esteemed stroke authority - shares with you his vast experience and wisdom as a stroke clinician, including his time-tested strategies and unique clinical pearls that you can implement into your own practice. Expanded coverage of imaging and laboratory diagnosis and treatment as well as extensive revisions throughout, brings you the latest advances on prevention, complications, and rehabilitation. The use of case studies illustrates the types of clinical scenarios you may experience in practice. And, its conversational, easy-to-read format make "Caplan's Stroke" an ideal resource for general neurologists, non-neurologists, and stroke specialists alike.


This book provides an authoritative insight on the Loss and Damage discourse by highlighting state-of-the-art research and policy linked to this discourse and articulating its multiple concepts, principles and methods. Written by leading researchers and practitioners, it identifies practical and evidence-based policy options to inform the discourse and climate negotiations.

With climate-related risks on the rise and impacts being felt around the globe has come the recognition that climate mitigation and adaptation may not be enough to manage the effects from anthropogenic climate change. This recognition led to the creation of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage in 2013, a climate policy mechanism dedicated to dealing with climate-related effects in highly vulnerable countries that face severe constraints and limits to adaptation. Endorsed in 2015 by the Paris Agreement and effectively considered a third pillar of international climate policy, debate and research on Loss and Damage continues to gain enormous traction. Yet, concepts, methods and tools as well as directions for policy and implementation have remained contested and vague.

Suitable for researchers, policy-advisors, practitioners and the interested public, the book furthermore:

• discusses the political, legal, economic and institutional dimensions of the issue
• highlights normative questions central to the discourse
• provides a focus on climate risks and climate risk management.
• presents salient case studies from around the world.


Editors' introduction The article by Susan & Geoff Thompson, like several others in this volume, relates to the issue of text chunks and linkages, but in their case the text is a corpus of television advertisements where viewers (and analysts) have to deal with information at various levels simultaneously: written text, voice-over, moving images. In the case of television advertisements, there is great coherence between these three. However, the strength of the paper lies essentially in the combination of two modes of analysis, of "soundings" and "wordings" (we must look elsewhere for an analysis of "imagings"), an analysis which finds that the two modes operate not only in complement with each other but also with points of contrast. The chief problem they address is that of cohesion: how do chunks relate to each other? What makes the advert a single audiovisual unit, a text, as opposed to a set of elements? To answer this, they draw upon the notions of repetition and replacement (Winter 1974, 1979). In this view, repetition operates within a text "frame" with "slots", typically a fairly narrow phrasal context, and serves to signal continuity of aboutness. Darnton's contribution in this volume presents a fairly similar view, while Scott's takes repetition at a text level. Replacement puts new words in familiar slots. Conjunction, on the other hand, deals with the signalling of connectedness and can be achieved basically by claiming a Matching relation or a Logical sequence relation. A further pattern enabling linkage is Theme choice, which serves to glue the text together by claiming a relatedness of topic focus. That is, by preserving consistency in what is chosen to start each clause, the television advertiser manages to maintain a continuity of the relevant aspect of "what we're on about": namely promoting batteries or deodorants. Note that parallelism of frames and slots, and conjunction and Theme in this view operate at a fairly local, narrow level in connecting two or more consecutive chunks. That is, they are likely on average to be connecting points of detail rather than major changes of gist. As the Thompsons point out, however, there are also larger-scale operators, such as those in the Problem-Solution discourse pattern, which serve to connect and relate and mark off larger chunks where a major change of emphasis and content may be introduced. Examples of larger chunk linkage operators would be "Meanwhile, back at the ranch" in a novel, or "And finally" in the television news, or "But first" in television announcements of upcoming programmes. It is particularly interesting that evidence is found that sound linkages may well operate to hold together larger rather than smaller text chunks. The patterns of text are thus complex: some linkages may cluster around detail, and others may relate these to larger text divisions.


Reducing the volume of support structures is a critical means for saving materials and budgets of additive manufacturing, and tree structure is an effective topology for this purpose. Although a few articles in literature and commercial software have been devoted to developing tree-supports, those tree-supports are generated based on geometry optimization or user-defined parameters, which cannot guarantee a minimum volume with robust fabrication guarantee. To address this issue, we propose a set of formulas for stably growing the tree-supports with physical constraints based on 3D printing experiments using fused decomposition modelling (FDM) machines, and a volume minimization mechanism using a hybrid of particle swarm optimization (PSO) method and a greedy algorithm. We show that this combination is effective in reducing the volume of tree-supports and the simulations reveal that the volume curves monotonically descent to a constant within a short time, and our experimental results show that the models with the tree-supports can be manufactured stably.


In this article we consider the numerical problem of shape reconstruction of an unknown characteristic source inside a domain. We consider a steady-state conductivity problem modelled by the Poisson equation, where the heat source is the non-homogeneous characteristic function. A well-known result, back to 1938, by Novikov (Novikov, Sur le probleme inverse du potentiel, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 18 (1938), pp. 165–168) says that star-shaped sources can be reconstructed uniquely from the Cauchy boundary data (see also the work of Isakov e.g. (Isakov, Inverse problems for partial diferential equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 127, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998). Here we consider the reciprocity functional that maps harmonic functions to their integral in the unknown characteristic support. We connect the uniqueness result with the recovery of a function from a certain knowledge of the Fourier coefficients, by taking harmonic monomials as test functions. We also establish a numerical method that consists in an algebraic non-linear system of equations, leading to an approximation of the radial function that defines the boundary of the unknown source. Simulations showing the performance of the numerical method are presented.


Excavations at Laigh Newton North-West Ayrshire (NGR: NS 5937 3684) in advance of quarrying revealed a rare late medieval farmstead consisting of a palisaded enclosure, four sunken stone- and turf-built buildings, one of which maybe a charcoal kiln, two possible timber-built structures and drainage ditches. The pottery and radiocarbon dates indicate that the site was occupied in the 14th–15th centuries. It is thought that this site belonged to the farm of Newton, which was first documented in the late 14th century within the parish of Galston. At that time the parish of Galston belonged to the Lockhart family. The site probably went out of use in the 16th or 17th century as a result of a change of ownership and the increased commercialisation of farming practice. As a result the structures were demolished or allowed to decay, the ditches were filled in and the land turned over to arable.


In the post-Cold War order, Southeast Asia has been one of the most volatile regions in the world. New challenges now face both state and nonstate actors. One of the most important of these is the transformation and communication technology and its implications for the emergence of so-called information warfare. This paper examines the forms of information warfare in Southeast Asia, with passing reference also to Northeast Asia, in order to assess the scope of the threat and the various responses to it. It does do by locating the significance of information warfare in the context of economic development policies, the domestic politics of individual states, and the broader regional sociocultural trajectory. The conclusion suggests that information warfare in Southeast Asia is actually on quite a modest scale but that there are important tensions emanating from Northeast Asia that may spill over into the region.


Microchannel plate image intensifier tubes read out by a linear photodiode array are becoming increasingly popular for the detection of weak sources of optical emission in the range 200 to 900 nm. Examples include fluorescence, Raman, plasma emission, and time-resolved spectroscopy. In many cases the spectroscopist may be looking for weak lines in the presence of a large continuum black body or fluorescence background. In such cases weak lines may be lost in the baseline noise due to channel-to-channel gain variation in the micro-channel plate image intensifier tube. The following is a technique for normalizing the intensifier gain and correcting spectra for gain variation.


Macroeconomic models based on the Phillips Curve predict that as the unemployment rate declines toward the long-run, natural rate, the pace of wage and price growth accelerates and inflation rises.1 In this paper I analyze the profitability prospects for the U.S. hotel industry in today's relatively volatile economic environment, keeping in mind the Phillips Curve's general principle that inflation and employment have an inverse, but relatively stable short-term relationship. Although employment and economic growth in the U.S. have been uneven in recent months, the unemployment rate has declined to less than 5 percent, which many economists believe is close to the natural rate. Growth in wages and salaries, as measured by the Employment Cost Index, has concurrently been moving upward between 2.5 and 3.0 percent during the past 12 months. At the same time, general inflation remains below levels that might typically be expected this late in the cycle, although core inflation is bumping up against the Federal Reserve's 2-percent target. If the inflation rate continues to move upward as predicted by Phillips Curve models (and encouraged by the Federal Reserve), rising labor costs and other expenses will exert downward pressure on U.S. business profits. Backward movement up the Phillips Curve (with greater inflation) coincides with an expanding economy. In that scenario, prices of goods and services also will rise in real terms if their supply cannot keep up with demand, and producers have the ability to raise prices (absent fixed-price contracts such as leases).


Description

 Project 2010 is allows individuals, but as well teams to plan, manage and report on a project. This ebook is part of a series of two ebooks which teach you how to work with Project 2010. In the first part Project 2010: Learn Microsoft Project you found an introduction to Project 2010 and you started to plan your first project. In this second part you will learn more about task entry and reports in project 2010.

In Project 2010 there is a marked change in the way that Project calculates the tasks. There is now an option that decides whether you may (By default) have automatic or manual scheduling for your tasks. In the chapter about task entry in project 2010 the various methods of task entry are explained. As well you will learn how to enter tasks, link tasks and create summary tasks. Furthermore you will learn how to use the autocorrect feature.

Microsoft Project 2010 has a number of pre-defined reports based on six principal types which can be used directly, and changed as required. Alternatively, completely new reports can be created. The system is picture driven and simple to use. In this chapter you will learn how to create and work with Project 2010 reports. As well you will learn how to print reports


Hailed as the most successful and inspiring exhibition of photography ever assembled, the Family of Man opened at The Museum of Modern Art in January 1955. This book, the permanent embodiment of Steichen's monumental exhibition, reproduces all of the 503 images that Steichen described as "a mirror of the essential oneness of mankind throughout the world...Photographs, made in all parts of the world, of the gamut of life from birth to death...Photographs of lovers and marriage and child-bearing...Photographs concerned with man's dreams and aspirations and photographs of the flaming creative forces of love and truth and the corrosive evil inherent in the lie." This is a classic and inspiring work, in print for more than forty years.


Clustering is an important topic in algorithms, and has a number of applications in machine learning, computer vision, statistics, and several other research disciplines. Traditional objectives of graph clustering are to find clusters with low conductance. Not only are these objectives just applicable for undirected graphs, they are also incapable to take the relationships between clusters into account, which could be crucial for many applications. To overcome these downsides, we study directed graphs (digraphs) whose clusters exhibit further "structural" information amongst each other. Based on the Hermitian matrix representation of digraphs, we present a nearly-linear time algorithm for digraph clustering, and further show that our proposed algorithm can be implemented in sublinear time under reasonable assumptions. The significance of our theoretical work is demonstrated by extensive experimental results on the UN Comtrade Dataset: the output clustering of our algorithm exhibits not only how the clusters (sets of countries) relate to each other with respect to their import and export records, but also how these clusters evolve over time, in accordance with known facts in international trade.


In this paper we investigate cross-linguistic variation in the morphosyntax of copular clauses, focusing on agreement patterns in binominal structures [NP1 BE NP2]. Our starting point is the alternation between NP1 and NP2 agreement, which arises both within and across languages. This alternation is typically taken to be confined to specificational (i.e. inverted) clauses, and previous analyses have strongly identified NP2 agreement with the syntax of inversion. However, we show that NP2 agreement is attested in a broader range of contexts, specifically in (assumed identity) equative structures, suggesting that it should not be correlated with specificational syntax. We present contrasting data from two languages – Persian and Eastern Armenian – for which the syntax of copular clauses is understudied. Whereas in Persian we see NP2 agreement in specificational structures but NP1 agreement in assumed identity equatives, in Eastern Armenian both types of structure yield NP2 agreement. We argue that the contrast between Persian and Eastern Armenian supports an approach that takes the NP1–NP2 alternation to arise as a phi-sensitivity in the probe–goal mechanics of Agree in a minimalist framework. Under this view, NP2 agreement is independent of syntactic inversion and is the result of the probe structure being articulated in such a way that certain NPs fail to Agree.


What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)? The GATT may be best described as an ongoing process through which trade distortions among countries are defined and targeted for reduction. There have been seven previous GATT agreements over the years. The most recent GATT agreement represents the eighth round of trade negotiations and is often called the Uruguay Round in reference to Punta del Este, Uruguay, where the agenda was set in 1986. The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the first to focus directly on trade distortions in agriculture. Agricultural trade distortions were chosen primarily because of increasing budgetary constraints for agricultural programs around the world. An agreement from the Uruguay Round was finally reached in December 1993, after seven years of negotiations that involved 117 nations. Even though an agreement was reached, the U.S. Congress still has to approve the agreement for it to become U.S. law. With the agreement slated to take effect on July 1, 1995, the lawmakers will have to move rather quickly to pass implementing legislation if the GATT agreement is to be approved in its present form. It does not appear that GATT implementing legislation will be passed this fall. If GATT is not approved by Congress in the spring of 195, many of the agreements will have to be renegotiated.


own discourses as well as those of seven women who attend SLAA meetings in
London. It intends to contribute to the understanding of the employment of a Twelve
Steps programme for the regulation of emotions and women's current difficulties in
relationships.
The thesis provides a historical account of what has been considered 'excessive' in
women's intimate relationships and thus deemed to require regulation. It
demonstrates how, despite historical changes in social perceptions of excess in sex
and love, continuous preoccupation with the irrationality of love nonetheless still
exists, which has been more directly linked to femininity.
SLAA's origins are examined, including their adoption of the Alcoholics
Anonymous (AA) Twelve Steps programme. This programme aims at the avoidance
of alcohol consumption, and it has been adapted to the field of regulating
relationships. The constitutive problems this causes will be examined. This thesis
demonstrates how the infiltration of therapeutic discourse in SLAA has transformed
the programme from a spiritual to a hybrid one: spiritual and therapeutic.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, the thesis discusses themes of love and phantasy
and looks at the different positions women can occupy in relationships. I argue that
the loss of faith in the narrative of patriarchal power has led to a crisis, in which the
bearer of the phallus is no longer self-evident. I explore how this crisis has been
associated with the decline of the paternal metaphor in Lacanian psychoanalysis,
which as a consequence has altered the organisation of desire and has contributed to
uncertainties in relationships, which I argue that SLAA is a symptom of.

My methodological approach is influenced by different theoretical frameworks,
including the use of thematic analysis to organise data and narrative analysis to
inform the interview approach. The analysis of themes is informed by Lacanian
psychoanalytic and sociological theories.
The findings are organised in themes that clearly reflect the participants' absorption
of SLAA's discourse and show how they have negotiated SLAA's operations and
strategies. A strong commonality was found in the participants' accounts of their
difficulties, indicating how problems in relationships are conceptualised in SLAA.
There was also some evident ambivalence characterising the ways in which
participants reported traditional feminine positions.
The discourse of sex and love addiction signals the difficulties in women's ability to
relate whilst keeping a sense of autonomy; it frames the inherent difficulties of love
as addictions and promotes a discourse of self-sufficiency and independence, echoing
the discourse of narcissism. Overall, there are clear shortcomings in the programme
related to the legacy of the twelve-step framework (which promotes avoidance) and
of its therapeutic discourse that encourages autonomy, in ways that are incompatible
with the experience of love. This discourse does not offer any original solutions for
the new challenges of relationships; however, it does provide an excellent temporary
space for containment and reflection for women who are undergoing emotional
crises.


Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Although treatment guidelines have been developed, no best treatment option or medicine for this condition exists. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes have shown lots of promise for the treatment of brain disorders, with some results highlighting the neuroprotective effects through neurogenesis and angiogenesis after TBI. However, studies focusing on the role of exosomes in the early stages of neuroinflammation post-TBI are not sufficient. In this study, we investigated the role of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-exosomes in attenuating neuroinflammation at an early stage post-TBI and explored the potential regulatory neuroprotective mechanism. We administered 30 μg protein of BMSCs-exosomes or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via the retro-orbital route into C57BL/6 male mice 15 min after controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced TBI. The results showed that the administration of BMSCs-exosomes reduced the lesion size and improved the neurobehavioral performance assessed by modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) and rotarod test. In addition, BMSCs-exosomes inhibited the expression of proapoptosis protein Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and proinflammation cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β, while enhancing the expression of the anti-apoptosis protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Furthermore, BMSCs-exosomes modulated microglia/macrophage polarization by downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and upregulating the expression of clusters of differentiation 206 (CD206) and arginase-1 (Arg1). In summary, our result shows that BMSCs-exosomes serve a neuroprotective function by inhibiting early neuroinflammation in TBI mice through modulating the polarization of microglia/macrophages. Further research into this may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the future treatment of TBI.


Long, Tengfei. M.S.M.E., Purdue University, May 2014. An Algorithm for Impacting Soft Structures . Major Professors: James F. Doyle Professor, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering. Jun Chen Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering. Impact among soft structures is often difficult to model because of the geometrical non-linearities involved. There are a number of previous studies of the contact dynamics of rigid bodies, but few has focused on soft structures so far [1]. This thesis models impact between soft structures without any restraint on their geometries. The goal is to simulate the dynamics involved among soft structures during an impact process. This has been done through designing and implementing an contact algorithm that uses the finite element method along with a three-dimensional solid element to solve the fundamental time integration problem. Modeling of the contact force is the core part and major challenge for the design of the algorithm. In general, the contact algorithm has been implemented in a clear and easy-to-understand style and the program features a comprehensive list of output and its compatibility with other service programs within the same simulation environment Three test systems have been designed to check the robustness of the algorithm. Although these testing systems can not represent all kinds of structures in the real world, the design of them ensures that they're able to represent a number of generic cases where soft structures come into contact. The results have shown that the algorithm designed works very well in terms of handling these impact systems. The algorithm developed here has been validated under some generic cases, but it's just a start and there are still much work remained to be done for the perfection of it. Details of some improvements are discussed at the end of this thesis.


In this paper we think with the specificities of paint to tell stories about entanglements of settler colonialism and paint and painting in early childhood art education. We see to become implicated (Razack, 1998) within settler colonialism in the context we now call Canada. We paint a messy non-linear picture of our work with children through a process of storytelling. Through complex pictures of how we are attempting (even if partially and imperfectly) to respond and stay with the trouble our stories bring forward, we gesture toward hope and decolonizing strategies. Our work takes inspiration from contemporary artists and from anti-racist and Indigenous scholars.


American accomplice law is a disgrace. It treats the accomplice in terms of guilt and, potentially, punishment, as if she were the perpetrator, even when her culpability is often less than that of the perpetrator and/or her involvement in the crime is tangential. The subject of accomplice liability has received little scholarly attention in the United States except, coincidentally, for a flurry of intellectual activity in the mid-1980s. One of these articles, my own, proposed reform of complicity law in the form of what may be characterized as the "causation approach." The thesis of that article was that the criminal law fails to adequately distinguish between accomplices who are critical parties in a crime and those whose involvement is trivial. To alleviate this problem, the article recommended a statutory distinction between "causal" and "non-causal" accomplices: causal accomplices (persons but for whose assistance the offense would not have occurred) could continue to be convicted of the offense committed by the principal; non-causal accomplices would be convicted of a lesser offense and punished accordingly. In this article I consider Professor Kadish's approach to complicity, which sees no place for causation in the analysis, and other criticisms directed at the causation approach. I argue here that, notwithstanding the criticisms, the causation approach to accomplice liability is conceptually justifiable and would still make for good legislative reform. However, the causation approach, although preferable to current law, does not go far enough to distinguish between parties and does not express community sentiment as well as it could. Therefore, I now suggest variations on the causation approach, which would also result in a more just system than the present one.


Solidified frictional melts, or pseudotachylytes, are observed in exhumed faults from across the seismogenic zone. These unique fault rocks, and many experimental studies, suggest that frictional melting can be an important process during earthquakes. However, it remains unknown how melting affects the post-slip strength of the fault and why many exhumed faults do not contain pseudotachylyte. Analyses of triaxial stick-slip events on Westerly Granite (Rhode Island, USA) sawcuts at confining pressures from 50 to 400 MPa show evidence for frictional heating, including some events energetic enough to generate surface melt. Total and partial stress drops were observed with slip as high as 6.5 mm. We find that in dry samples following melt-producing stick slip, the shear failure strength increased as much as 50 MPa, while wet samples had <10 MPa strengthening. Microstructural analysis indicates that the strengthening is caused by welding of the slip surface during melt quenching, suggesting that natural pseudotachylytes may also strengthen faults after earthquakes. These results predict that natural pseudotachylyte will inhibit slip reactivation and possibly generate stress heterogeneities along faults. Wet samples do not exhibit melt welding, possibly because of thermal pressurization of water reducing frictional heating during slip.


The best time-travel story since H.G. Wells's The Time Machine, by the Grand Master of science fiction, the story of Andrew Harlan, Technician and Eternal. Andrew Harlan's job is to range through past and present centuries monitoring and even altering Time's myriad cause-and-effect relationships. As a Technician with the Allwhen Council, he initiates Reality Changes that may affect the lives of as many as fifty billion people - and a million or more of them may be so drastically affected as to be considered new individulas. Above all, therefore, a Technician must be dispassionate. An emotional make-up is a distinct handicap. Then Harlan meets Noys and falls victim to a phenomenon older than Time itself - love. Years of self-discipline are cast aside as Harlan uses the awesome techniques of the Eternals to twist Time so that he and Noys might survive...together.


The Department of Health (2006a) assert that Non-Medical Prescribing (NMP) has provided patients with faster access to medicines, improved access to health services and made better use of health professionals' skills since it's inception over a decade ago. NMP operates from statute, and is required be underpinned by a robust clinical governance framework.
This article provides the reader with a summary of the NMP policy and legal context to date, attempting throughout to apply the discussion to the field of mental health and learning disability. It then proceeds to demonstrate the means by which NMP was clinically governed in an acute NHS trust. The aspects of clinical governance to be particularly focused upon comprise the auditing of NMP, implementing independent prescribing, regulating NMP for children and young people as well as producing patient/service user information. To date mental health and learning disability organisations have mostly implemented supplementary prescribing only, and have been slow to implement independent prescribing compared to general or primary care settings (Bradley et al 2008). However given that independent prescribing is now nationally implemented (Department of Health 2006b), it is hoped that the sharing of practice innovations and lessons learned in one acute NHS trust with colleagues in mental health and learning disability, will be timely. The article then concludes by indicating how monitoring and evaluation of the clinical governance established thus far is the necessary next step, as well as signposting some further governance challenges for NMP.