Purpose. To explore factors affecting sustaining employment in people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Method. A multiple case study approach using semi-structured interviews in eight cases (29 individuals). Each case included an individual with ABI, a family member, a job coach and a co-worker (triangulation). The eight individuals with ABI had completed vocational rehabilitation and were purposively selected based on whether they had sustained employment (4) or not (4). Results. Similarity between pre-injury work or leisure interest and post-injury work, unconditional motivation, insight and the ability to cope with cognitive and behavioural sequelae were beneficial in sustaining employment. Post-injury instances of poor cognitive or behavioural function did not necessarily affect sustained employment. The vocational rehabilitation programme was beneficial in building up confidence, providing continued follow up and providing co-worker 'twins' in the work place. Employers with a personal experience of disability helped individuals with ABI to sustain employment. Conclusions. Similarities between pre-injury work or leisure interests and post-injury work improved motivation. Factors associated with sustained employment were insightful, unconditional, internal motivation providing an ability to cope, confidence provided by ongoing vocational rehabilitation support through job coaches, supportive co-workers and employers with a personal experience of disability. People with ABI can be outstanding employees.


When controlling a Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter, the high frequency terminal current is usually measured for use in the current feedback controller. In order to measure that current, a wide bandwidth sensor accompanied with high-speed amplifiers are required. Furthermore, a high Analog-to-Digital sampling rate is also necessary for sampling and processing the measured data. To avoid those expensive requirements, this paper proposes an alternative control method for the DAB converter. In the proposed method, the terminal current is estimated by a reduced-order proportional integral observer. A technique is also proposed to reduce the phase drift effect when the voltages at two terminals are not matched. Afterwards, a combined current feedforward—voltage feedback control system is developed to enhance the system dynamics and to regulate the output voltage. This control system needs only the information of the terminal voltages and no current sensor is required. Experimental results show that the observer can estimate the terminal current very quickly with the accuracy of more than 98 % . In addition, the output voltage is well regulated with a fluctuation of less than ± 2 . 6 % and a settling time of less than 6.5 ms in the presence of a 30 % load change.


The northern Pacific Rim—for the purposes of this contribution—comprises the Mesozoic and Cenozoic magmatic-arc and associated terranes of eastern China, Korea, Japan, the Russian Far East, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, the western United States, and Mexico. This ~1,800-km-long segment of the Pacific Rim is marked by a broad spectrum of metallogenic environments and mining jurisdictions, which combine to dictate where and how exploration is conducted and the overriding character of any resulting discoveries.

This summary report commences with a brief metallogenic overview of the northern Pacific Rim, with particular attention paid to the world-class Mesozoic and Cenozoic ore deposits that define the region's premier metallogenic provinces. This is followed by a summary of the relative attractiveness of the region's various mining jurisdictions, as recorded by recent exploration activity. The major discoveries made along the northern Pacific Rim, particularly during the past half century, are then placed in this metallogenic and regulatory context as a basis for determining the successful exploration methodologies employed. This discovery track record is then used to predict what the future of exploration in this vast and varied region may hold.

Much of the northern Pacific Rim, from eastern China and the Russian Far East in the northwest through Alaska to western parts of Canada, the United States, and Mexico in the southeast (Fig. 1), is characterized by a complex array of oceanic, accretionary prism, magmatic arc, and back-arc basin terranes and associated microcontinental blocks accreted to the North China, Siberian, Hyperborean, and North American cratons, mainly during Mesozoic times (Coney et al., 1980; Campa and Coney, 1983; Kojima, 1989; Nokleberg et al., 2005; Yakubchuk, 2009). The metallogeny of these tectonic collages is dictated by various combinations of pre-, syn-, and postaccretion ore-forming events, the last of which are generally preeminent, except in British Columbia (Nokleberg et al., 2005; Nelson and Colpron, 2007).

Although the Meso-Cenozoic metallogeny of the northwestern and northeastern Pacific quadrants displays some similarities, it is the contrasts that are most marked. The main contrasts stem from the preeminence of tin, tungsten, and antimony in eastern China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East and of copper and silver in Western Canada, the conterminous United States, and Mexico. Nonetheless, both the northwestern and northeastern Pacific quadrants are exceptionally well endowed with gold and molybdenum deposits. The northeasternmost Russian Far East, Alaska, and Yukon Territory display elements of both northwestern and northeastern Pacific metallogeny (Fig. 1). These metallogenic contrasts between the northwestern and northeastern quadrants result in China being the world's leading producer of tungsten, tin, bismuth, and antimony, mostly from its eastern Mesozoic metallogenic province.


We introduce "factors on demand", a modular, multi-asset-class return decomposition framework that extends beyond the standard systematic-plus-idiosyncratic approach. This framework, which rests on the conditional link between flexible bottom-up estimation factor models and flexible top-down attribution factor models, attains higher explanatory power, empirical accuracy and theoretical consistency than standard approaches.We explore applications stemming from factors on demand:- The joint use of a statistical model with non-idiosyncratic residual for return estimation and a cross-sectional model for return attribution- The optimal hedge of a portfolio of options, even when the investment horizon is close to the expiry and thus the securities are heavily non-linear- The "on demand" feature of FoD to extract a parsimonious set of few dominant attribution factors/hedges that change dynamically with time- Accommodating in the same platform global and regional models that give rise to the same, consistent risk numbers- Point-in-time style analysis, as opposed to the standard trailing regression- Risk attribution to select target portfolios to track the effect of incremental alpha signals on the allocation processFully commented code supporting the above case studies is available at MATLAB Central File Exchange under the author's page.


The past generations of performance educators have stressed the smooth sequence of tones as the basis of cantabile style. This notion has infiltrated most of the music literature. The author revisits the influence of the art of ancient oratory on vocal and instrumental music. Sources of the discussion include writings of Plato, Quintilian, and Cicero, as well as treatises on the subject of rhetoric. Other materials include a sampling of the music literature of the Baroque with special focus on the music of J. S. Bach. The reader is introduced to aspects of articulation constituting a cantabile performance, the vocal potential of keyboard instruments, and means of creating an intelligible discourse on a keyboard. The implication is that singing and playing not only require a smooth sequence of tones, but also demand a deep commitment to meaning and clarity of communication. This work should help the reader achieve a more thorough understanding of the message conveyed in music, and should be useful to music students and teachers alike.


Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) is one of the most important and most contentious issues in global climate talks. Deforestation talks have been fraught with many of the problems that plague international negotiations involving complex geopolitical and scientific components. In these situations, small developing countries experience particular difficulties preparing and organizing to best pursue their interests and ensure a sustainable outcome. The fact that many Latin American countries find themselves in this position should concern all parties involved, because the region is home to more than 20 percent of the world's forests and has the world's highest rate of deforestation. This Article looks at how these difficulties might be remedied to allow Latin America to lead the world to a robust anti-deforestation agreement. Part I provides a concise background on the REDD talks at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Conference, which serves as a useful illustration of the substantive and procedural challenges in the ongoing deforestation negotiations. It identifies the main stakeholders at the climate talks and the camps in which national delegations organized themselves at Copenhagen. It then reviews the major substantive roadblocks in the REDD negotiations and identifies a series of analytical, ideological, and structural barriers that impeded significant progress on forests at Copenhagen. We suggest that these barriers necessitate the formation of an active and forward-looking Latin American coalition on forests. Part II discusses the reasons why forming a coalition is in Latin American countries' interest. Beyond the general advantages obtained by pooling resources and negotiating strength, Part II explores the regional ecology, global politics, potential first-mover advantage, and the possibility of capacity building within the region. We conclude that the establishment of an authoritative regional coalition would ensure that, when the REDD framework is decided, Latin America is present at the table and able to maximize the benefits that the region receives. Part III suggests a two-pronged approach, including a specialized, high-level facilitator to aid Latin American countries in forming a coalition and a three- step model of coalition building. For the coalition-building model, we argue that Latin American countries should form a regional "Core Group" dedicated to forest protection, manage any potential obstructionists or spoilers, and deepen the Core Group's commitment through relationship-building and knowledge-transfer measures. The Article concludes with a discussion of the payoffs for the region and the global climate talks.


In the forensic context it is quite common for nonhuman bones to be confused with human remains and end up in the medical examiner or coroner system. It is also quite common for skeletal remains (both human and nonhuman) to be discovered in archaeological contexts. While the difference between human and nonhuman bones is often very striking, it can also be quite subtle. Fragmentation only compounds the problem. The ability to differentiate between human and nonhuman bones is dependent on the training of the analyst and the available reference and/or comparative material.
Comparative Osteology is a photographic atlas of common North American animal bones designed for use as a laboratory and field guide by the forensic scientist or archaeologist. The intent of the guide is not to be inclusive of all animals, but rather to present some of the most common species which also have the highest likelihood of being potentially confused with human remains.
* An affordably priced, compact laboratory/field manual, comparing human and nonhuman bones.* Contains almost 600 high-quality black and white images and diagrams, including inch and centimeter scales with each photograph.* Written by the foremost forensic scientists with decades of experience in the laboratory and as expert witnesses.* An additional Companion Web site hosts images from the volume the reader can magnify and zoom into to see specific landmarks and features on bones  http://booksite.academicpress.com/9780123884374


A very basic engineering tradeoff is performance versus flexibility and this design choice must be made when developing a software radio. Hardware devices such as General Purpose Processors (GPPs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) all provide a designer with choices along the performance versus flexibility spectrum. The designer must choose a combination of GPP, DSP, FPGA and ASIC devices to balance the needs of performance versus flexibility. The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is a specification for a software radio architecture produced by the Joint Program Executive Office (JPEO) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). The 2.2 revision of the SCA only implies support for GPPs, with no specified support for additional devices such as FPGAs. However, FPGA integration within the scope of the SCA is still possible. The integration of an additional processing hardware device other than a GPP requires the ability to logically represent the device within the Core Framework. This representation is implemented within the OSSIE Core Framework, an open source implementation of the SCA. The representation requires the support of multiple implementations of signal processing components within the framework, a simple component deployment model, and the abstraction of the FPGA interactions into a software component.


In this paper, the theory, structure, design, and implementation of a new class of linear-phase paraunitary filter banks (LPPUFBs) are investigated. The novel filter banks with filters of different lengths can be viewed as the generalized lapped orthogonal transforms (GenLOTs) with variable-length basis functions. Our main motivation is the application in block-transform-based image coding. Besides having all of the attractive properties of other lapped orthogonal transforms, the new transform takes advantage of its long, overlapping basis functions to represent smooth signals in order to reduce blocking artifacts, whereas it reserves short basis functions for high-frequency signal components like edges and texture, thereby limiting ringing artifacts. Two design methods are presented, each with its own set of advantages: the first is based on a direct lattice factorization, and the second enforces certain relationships between the lattice coefficients to obtain variable length filters. Various necessary conditions for the existence of meaningful solutions are derived and discussed in both cases. Finally, several design and image coding examples are presented to confirm the validity of the theory.


Life stories of married woman: A possibility to transformation. Feminist scholarship in various disciplines has shown that women tend to internalise dominant social and religious discourse with regard to their lesser worth and value as human beings and members of society. The focal point of this article is to demonstrate how the place and role allocated to women, specifically in marital relationships, can be experienced as harmful. This article makes use of the life history research method in combination with the emancipatory analysis model of Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza in order to demonstrate this. Interviews were done with five women of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa, a fairly conservative and traditional Afrikaans speaking South African faith community. In spite of having lived with this mindset all of their lives, the women were able to express in which ways they experienced the dominant discourse as harmful. If social and religious views devalue a certain group of people, transformation is required. In the case of women, respectfully listening to their life stories and experiences can contribute to their own healing as well as to the transformation of their social and religious environment and the practice of the church.


Logging in the Amazon is primarily selective, with individual commercial trees cut down, leaving the others untouched. The direct effects of selective logging are difficult to quantify using remote sensing techniques due to the small extent of treefall gaps left after logging, and the quick canopy regrowth that follows. In this thesis, the time series of five vegetation indices (NDVI, NDMI, NBR, EVI, MSAVI) derived from Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI imagery were evaluated for detecting selective logging features in three study sites in the Amazon. Logging roads and log decks could be identified both manually and automatically using imagery from any of the sensors, given enough history for building a stable seasonal model. Skid trails could not be identified using any sensors. Treefall gaps could not be reliably identified using Landsat imagery, but 43% of treefall gaps in known treefall locations could be manually identified in Sentinel-2 MSI imagery. From the vegetation indices, NDMI was the most sensitive to reflectance changes in treefall gaps after logging, followed by NBR, due to their sensitivity to changes in forest internal shadowing. NDVI was sensitive only to soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation uncovered after logging. Changes in EVI and MSAVI reflected changes in both internal shadows and uncovered soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation, but the magnitude of change was the lowest of all indices tested. This study shows that it is possible to detect treefall gaps in Sentinel-2 imagery, and potentially automate it in the future, so that estimates of selective logging volumes could be based on direct observations of treefall gaps, rather than assuming a correlation between roads or log decks and the volume of timber harvested.


This document integrates all of the available geologic and coal resource data that have been acquired in the Coalbed Methane Project over the past 5 years to determine the stratigraphic units and geographical areas wherein the methane production potential is classified as favorable. Sixteen basins were included in this compilation. Each basin is a chapter in this report. The chapter write-ups feature sections on geology, coal resource, potential methane resource and recommendations for development of the technology base needed to estimate recovery potential. Information used in the sections is supported by a list of references. The integration of these data has removed much of the uncertainty about what production potential exists and where the favorable trends are located in the basin. This will aid the producers who are considering well-drilling ventures for coalbed methane recovery. Estimates of production performance from any new wells can only be developed once fundamental reservoir property measurements are acquired. This is the next field activity required. Preliminary results of the coalbed methane resource effort show that many of the coal regions in the US have significant volumes of coalbed methane. The evaluation of the core desorption data from over 50 cooperative wells has helped DOEmore » to refine the in-place methane estimates of the various coal regions. The summary of the methane resource estimates for 16 basins is shown in the Summary of Results Table. Based upon these initial results, the basins showing a high resource estimate of coalbed methane include the Piceance, Northern Appalachian, Central Appalachian, Powder River, and Greater Green River.« less


We examine the effects of randomly introduced economic inequality on voluntary cooperation, and whether this relationship is influenced by the quality of local institutions, as proxied by corruption. We use representative data from a large-scale lab-in-the-field public goods experiment with over 1,300 participants across rural Vietnam. Our results show that inequality adversely affects aggregate contributions, and this is on account of high endowment individuals contributing a significantly smaller share than those with low endowments. This negative effect of inequality on cooperation is exacerbated in high corruption environments. We find that corruption leads to more pessimistic beliefs about others' contributions in heterogeneous groups, and this is an important mechanism explaining our results. In doing so, we highlight the indirect costs of corruption that are understudied in the literature. These findings have implications for public policies aimed at resolving local collective action problems.


The NBA and its players union reached a new collective bargaining agreement in 2011. As a result of this agreement, the players will now be receiving less money. The NBA argued that a pay cut for the players was necessary to make the league better. More specifically, the NBA argued that if the players accepted less money, more teams could afford to field competitive teams. Therefore, competitive balance would improve, demand for the sport would increase, and ultimately the players would be better off. Although the NBA did get the players to accept less money, the empirical evidence—from published research—casts significant doubt on the story the NBA told its players.


A Fourier transform far infrared spectrometer bas been constructed to perform reflectivity and transmission measurements on small semiconductor samples in the temperature range 10-300 grad. K. Far infrared and Raman spectra selection rules have been obtained by the Correlation method from the factor group analysis of the 5nS subset. Crystals of n- and p- type SnS bave been prepared, and the preparation methods are critically reviewed with reference to the T-p-x diagram. The electrical properties (Hall effect, carrier concentration, Hall mobility and barrier height) are measured for these specimens in the temperature range 40-3000 K. Methods of obtaining electrical contacts to SnS are exhaustively studied. Broadband photoconductivity and photovoltaic measurements are reported on n- and p-type specimens in the spectral range 0.5-2 .1 eV at temperatures from 300 grad. K to 10 grad. K. Band structure and impurity energies are suggested to account for the observed results. The band edge shift with temperature is also measured. Far infrared reflectivity and transmission measurements are made between 300 grad. K and 10 grad. K. in order to determine the lattice vibration frequencies. Kramers-Kroenig analysis and computer fitting routines are used to obtain this information from the reflectivity data. The interlayer forces are compared with those obtained in the isomorphic materials GeS and GeSe. Similar spectroscopic and analytic techniques have also been used to examine the room temperature optical properties of ZnS+Fe (Marmatite).


We construct a random matching model of a monetary economy with commodity money in the form of potentially different types of silver coins that are distinguishable by the quantity of metal they contain. The quantity of silver in the economy is assumed to be fixed, but agents can mint and melt coins. Coins yield no utility, but can be traded. Uncoined silver yields direct utility to the holder. We find that optimal coin size increases with the probability of trade and with the stock of silver. We use these predictions of our model to analyze the coinage decisions of the monetary authorities in medieval Venice and England. Our model provides theoretical support for the view that decisions about coin sizes and types during the medieval period reflected a desire to improve the economic welfare of the general population, not just the desire for seigniorage revenue.


The black salt marsh mosquito is very common in the eastern coastal areas of the Americas, and is responsible for a large part of mosquito insecticide applications in Florida. Although it is not a primary vector of major concern, it can transmit pathogens to humans and other animals. Its characteristic emergence in large numbers after rains and flooding events as well as its aggressive biting contribute to its notoriety as a pest insect. The black salt marsh mosquito is considered a nuisance in Florida. It is sheltered from large-scale mosquito control as part of the Everglades National Park conservation program to preserve their delicate ecosystem. This 7-page fact sheet was written by Natasha Marie Agramonte and C. Roxanne Connelly, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, April 2014.
EENY591/IN1035: Black Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) (ufl.edu)


The neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a cellular synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, enables the translation of chemical cues into physical activity. The development of this special structure has been subject to numerous investigations, but its complexity renders in vivo studies particularly difficult to perform. In vitro modeling of the neuromuscular junction represents a powerful tool to delineate fully the fine tuning of events that lead to subcellular specialization at the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic sites. Here, we describe a novel heterologous co-culture in vitro method using rat spinal cord explants with dorsal root ganglia and murine primary myoblasts to study neuromuscular junctions. This system allows the formation and long-term survival of highly differentiated myofibers, motor neurons, supporting glial cells and functional neuromuscular junctions with post-synaptic specialization. Therefore, fundamental aspects of NMJ formation and maintenance can be studied using the described system, which can be adapted to model multiple NMJ-associated disorders.


Studies on why small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engage in pro-environmental behavior suggest that managers' environmental responsibility plays a relatively greater role than competitiveness and legitimacy-seeking. These categories of drivers are mostly considered independent of each other. Using survey data and comparative case studies of wine firms in South Africa, this study finds that managers' environmental responsibility is indeed the key driver in a context where state regulation hardly plays any role in regulating dispersed, rural firms. However, especially proactive firms are also characterized by expectations of competitiveness gains. The authors thus emphasize the role of institutional context and potential interaction effects between these drivers in explaining the reasons why SMEs engage in pro-environmental behavior in developing countries.


The aim of this paper is to point to fundamental implications of the prototype theory for lexicographic practice using them as a solid foundation for developing and proposing a model for systematic, consistent, precise and, above all, reliable treatment of polysemy in dictionaries. The main requirement of such a model is to make transparent the main features of a polysemous structure including its hierarchical organization, mutual relatedness of senses based on family resemblance and motivated derivation of senses. The proposed model includes three most challenging but key aspects of lexicographic treatment of polysemy: sense discrimination, sense defining and structure and organization of a dictionary entry. The prototype-based view of a polysemous structure is illustrated with a diagram representing a proposed upgrade of the radial set model introduced by Brugman and Lakoff (1988) and providing a pattern for tailoring a dictionary entry for a polysemous word. After practical aspects of the proposed model are explained in detail, an illustration follows setting forth a sample entry for a highly polysemous verb formed according to the proposed model. A solid theoretical foundation of the model is expected to ensure its practical efficiency primarily concerning quick and easy detection and understanding of senses.


The ambiguity function is a measure of a radar's range and Doppler detection capability. Cognitive radar systems require the capability to adjust the waveform in realtime to obtain desired range/Doppler detection capability while meeting stringent spectral requirements. While the ambiguity function of the waveform input to the transmitter can be simulated, it is the ambiguity function of the transmitter power amplifier's output waveform that will be used for the detection. As such, it is very helpful to be able to measure the ambiguity function output from a power amplifier in the optimization process. This paper describes a technique that can be used to quickly calculate the ambiguity function for the output waveform from the radar amplifier as measured on an oscilloscope. Brief examination is also given to the effect of amplifier nonlinearity on the ambiguity function.


Purpose:  The objective is to analyse research in Operations Management (OM) teaching published in high impact journals in the area in order to examine trends and set future challenges. Design/methodology/approach:  A bibliometric study was carried out of 45 of the main JCR OM and Management journals for the 1995-2010 period. The 129 articles identified on research in OM teaching were analysed. Findings:  There is a dearth of articles on teaching in the main OM and Management journals. Sixty-two point two percent of the journals analysed have not published any and the remainder (17) have devoted only 0.4% of all their publications to this subject area. Descriptive and theoretical/conceptual studies that address teaching innovations dominate. One of the challenges identified that should be highlighted is the need to develop quality empirical studies that enable the real impact of teaching methodologies on improving student performance (in all its different aspects) to be known. Research limitations:  The analysis was restricted to 45 of the most important OM and Management journals on the basis of prior studies. This sample can be considered to be representative given the objectives of the study. Practical implications:  Researchers in teaching in OM are provided with an analysis of published studies which will enable them to steer future research according to the results and challenges set. Teachers of OM are provided with a selection of articles that can help them to develop their teaching strategy. Companies will be affected to the extent that they properly train future managers. Originality/value:  Innovation in teaching is the basis for the improved training and skilling up of students and future company managers. No previous research has been done that examines publications in teaching in OM and Management journals and valorises this major field of study.


This essay extends the epistemology of practice put forward in *What a Body Can Do: Technique as Knowledge, Practice as Research* (Routledge 2015) through a detailed application of Hans-Jorg Rheinberger's social and historical epistemology to a 2011 solo performance by the author at Movement Research in New York City. Whereas *What a Body Can Do* surveys a range of historical and contemporary practices, this article attempts for the first time to enact a close technical and epistemic reading of the author's own embodied research. Eleven minutes of practice are analyzed in what the author, following Rheinberger, calls the phenomenotechnical mode. The article works to distinguish this mode of analysis from more prevalent approaches such as those associated with phenomenology, semiotics, and cognitive studies. In addition to suggesting how a rigorous phenomenotechnical analysis might be applied to one's own embodied practice, the article offers insight into a specific line of embodied inquiry in post-Grotowskian song-action, with supporting photo and video documentation.


At the end of his 1994 book, The Soul of the American University, George Marsden advanced a modest proposal for an enhanced role for religious faith in today's scholarship. This "unscientific postscript" helped spark a heated debate that spilled out of the pages of academic journals and The Chronicle of Higher Education into mainstream media such as The New York Times, and marked Marsden as one of the leading participants in the debates concerning religion and public life. Marsden now gives his proposal a fuller treatment in The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship, a thoughtful and thought-provoking book on the relationship of religious faith and intellectual scholarship. More than a response to Marsden's critics, The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship takes the next step towards demonstrating what the ancient relationship of faith and learning might mean for the academy today. Marsden argues forcefully that mainstream American higher education needs to be more open to explicit expressions of faith and to accept what faith means in an intellectual context. While other defining elements of a scholar's identity, such as race or gender, are routinely taken into consideration and welcomed as providing new perspectives, Marsden points out, the perspective of the believing Christian is dismissed as irrelevant or, worse, antithetical to the scholarly enterprise. Marsden begins by examining why Christian perspectives are not welcome in the academy. He rebuts the various arguments commonly given for excluding religious viewpoints, such as the argument that faith is insufficiently empirical for scholarly pursuits (although the idea of complete scientific objectivity is consider naive in most fields today), the fear that traditional Christianity will reassert its historical role as oppressor of divergent views, and the received dogma of the separation of church and state, which stretches far beyond the actual law in the popular imagination. Marsden insists that scholars have both a religious and an intellectual obligation not to leave their deeply held religious beliefs at the gate of the academy. Such beliefs, he contends, can make a significant difference in scholarship, in campus life, and in countless other ways. Perhaps most importantly, Christian scholars have both the responsibility and the intellectual ammunition to argue against some of the prevailing ideologies held uncritically by many in the academy, such as naturalistic reductionism or unthinking moral relativism. Contemporary university culture is hollow at its core, Marsden writes. Not only does it lack a spiritual center, but it is without any real alternative. He argues that a religiously diverse culture will be an intellectually richer one, and it is time that scholars and institutions who take the intellectual dimensions of their faith seriously become active participants in the highest level of academic discourse. Whether the reader agrees or disagrees with this conclusion, Marsden's thoughtful, well-argued book is necessary reading for all sides of the debate on religion's role in education and culture.


When a self-made man appeals to Maigret for protection at his lavish home, a years-old grudge from the past resurfaces and the inspector finds himself questioning his own motives.Conflict rather than harmony probably reigned in eight out of ten of the still magnificent houses that surrounded the park. But he had rarely had the opportunity to breath such a strained atmosphere as the one between these walls. Everything seemed fake, grating, starting with the lodge of the concierge-cum-manservant, who was neither a concierge nor a manservant, despite his striped waistcoat, but a former poacher, a murderer turned guard dog.Penguin is publishing the entire series of Maigret novels in new translations.'His artistry is supreme' John Banville'One of the greatest writers of the twentieth century . . . Simenon was unequalled at making us look inside, though the ability was masked by his brilliance at absorbing us obsessively in his stories' Guardian


An online Moodle Workshop was evaluated for peer assessment effectiveness. A quasiexperiment was designed using a Seminar in Professionalism course taught in face-to-face mode to undergraduate students across two campuses. The first goal was to determine if Moodle Workshop awarded a fair peer grader grade. The second objective was to estimate if students were consistent and reliable in performing their peer assessments. Statistical techniques were used to answer the research hypotheses. Although Workshop Moodle did not have a built-in measure for peer assessment validity, t-tests and reliability estimates were calculated to demonstrate that the grades were consistent with what faculty expected. Implications were asserted to improve teaching and recommendations were provided to enhance Moodle.


While transactional memory (TM) research on shared-memory chip multiprocessors has been flourishing over the last years,limited research has been conducted in the cluster domain. In this paper,we introduce a research platform for exploiting software TMon clusters. The distributed software transactional memory (DiSTM) system has been designed for easy prototyping of TM coherence protocols and it does not rely on a software or hardware implementation of distributed shared memory. Three TM coherence protocols have been implemented and evaluated with established TM benchmarks. The decentralized transactional coherence and consistency protocol has been compared against two centralized protocols that utilize leases. Results indicate that depending on network congestion and amount of contention different protocols perform better.


The present work introduces an engineering approach to investigate the coupled fluid-structure interactions for high-frequency and small displacement problems. A new sequential coupling method is developed to investigate the fluid-structure interactions in high-frequency and small displacement systems. The new method is based on the idea that the structure immersed in the fluid vibrates due to the flow force, and in turn the vibrating structure also imposes a reaction power to the surrounding flow. The reaction power is interpreted by a boundary vibrating velocity. The new developed fluid-structure coupling approach is applied to a model disk drive and the results indicate that the dominant coupling effect is induced by the first frequency boundary vibration in out-of-plane direction. Without consideration of coupling effects, the arm vibration amplitude is overestimated in the out-of-plane direction, and underestimated in the in-plane direction. The turbulent flow behavior and the characteristics around vibrating boundary are revealed under the influence of the coupling approach. The simulation results are examined and verified by LDV measurements, which confirm that the newly developed approach is feasible for predicting the vibration amplitude of immersed vibration boundaries.


This paper develops a robust controller for autonomous underwater vehicles with bounded time delays, so that the AUVs form and keep a desired formation shape and track a desired trajectory. We use a six-degree-of-freedom dynamic model for each AUV to describe its motions in the three-dimensional space. We design an orientation controller based on feedback linearization, so that the orientation of each AUV converges to its desired value. We derive formation dynamics of AUVs and decouple the dynamics into a formation shape and a formation center, using the Jacobi transform. We treat couplings in the formation dynamics as perturbations and design a robust formation-keeping controller to tolerate both the perturbations and the time delays. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our controller in simulations.


We present a simple treatment of the depletion-driven demixing transition in isotropic and perfectly aligned
binary hard-rod mixtures. The simplicity is mainly due to the fact that we use the second virial approximation
to the Helmholtz free energy in combination with a convenient Legendre transform. This combination leads to
an exact expression for the depletion-driven demixing spinodal in isotropic mixtures of hard rods with different
diameters. We show for rod species with the same length that the demixing spinodal is thermodynamically
stable with respect to the isotropic-nematic transition, if the diameter ratio is larger than about 5. We also show
that perfectly aligned rod mixtures show a nematic-nematic demixing spinodal, that may preempt the nematicsmectic
or the nematic-columnar bifurcation if the size difference between the particles is sufficiently large.


Economic globalization has had a chilling effect on democracy since markets now do some of the work that governments used to do through the political process. More than two decades of deregulation have made a healthy economy appear to depend on unrestrained markets. But appearances are misleading-globalization is also a legal and political process. The future of democracy in the twenty-first century depends on the ability of citizens to reclaim a voice in taming globalization through domestic politics and law reform. Can citizens govern globalization? Aman argues that they can, and that domestic law has a crucial role to play in this process. He proposes to redefine the legal distinction between public and private to correspond to the realities of the new role of the private sector in delivering public services, and thereby to bring crucial sectors of globalization back within the scope of democratic reform. Basing his argument on the history of the policies that led to globalization, and the current policies that sustain it, Aman advocates specific reforms meant to increase private citizens' influence on globalization. He looks at particular problem areas usually thought to be domestic in nature, such as privatization, prisons, prescription drugs, and the minimum wage, as well as constitutional structural issues such as federalism and separation of powers.


Snacks make up a large portion of the U.S. daily meals, but unhealthy snacks may be causing consumers to become overweight or obese. A healthy alternatives are germinated cereals and legumes, which undergo chemical compositional changes producing smaller size molecules for easier digestion and generate bioactives. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a healthy and nutritional snack chip from germinated, Arkansas produced rough rice and germinated green gram that will be easier for the body to digest, provide much higher protein than conventional chips or crackers with low on the glycemic index, and still meet consumer demands for more nutritious and innovative snacks. Rough rice and green gram were soaked and germinated for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. The germination showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the changes in nutrient composition and antinutrients: increase of protein and lipids, decrease of starch, change in moisture, change in water activity and decrease in trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase-1, lipoxygenase-3 activity. The germinated rice and green gram showed microbial counts around 10 which is within the usual acceptable counts. The in vitro glycemic index testing showed a decrease over the germination period tested for both rough rice and green gram. Color was also tested and showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in difference in color. The germinated rice and green gram flours were made into a snack chip and underwent fracturability treatment, in which the chip made which germinated flours required almost twice the force in comparison to the chip made with non-germinated flours. 4-month shelf-life study showed a significant change in color after 3 months. A sensory evaluation by 74 subjects showed an increased acceptability for snack chips prepared from 5-day germinated rough rice and 5-day germinated green gram flours compared to snack chips prepared with non-germinated rough rice and green gram flours. The results indicate that snack chips prepared using sprouted rough rice and green gram is a healthier alternative to the NUTRACEUTICAL SNACK PREPARED FROM SPROUTED ROUGH RICE 5 snack chips currently on the market due an increase in protein and lipids and a decrease in the


Severe sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammation leading to organ failure and is characterized by the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers called cytokines. Current clinical techniques used to treat sepsis such as early goal-directed therapy, specific target drug therapies, and hemofiltration have had limited success and inconsistent outcomes. A newly investigated therapy, hemoadsorption, has proven to be nonselective and therefore broad-spectrum (i.e. restores homeostasis to the system as a whole); more efficient and cost-effective than affinity based removal; and is auto-regulating in that solutes at higher concentrations are removed more rapidly than those at lower, safer concentrations. The goal of this thesis was to characterize and compare adsorption profiles of several cytokines in our cytokine adsorption device (CAD) for use in the treatment of sepsis. To do this, we first characterized capture of our three main cytokines of interest in the original lot of CytoSorb resin for buffer and serum. This polymer is a highly porous polymer manufactured by Cytosorbents, Inc. (Monmouth Junction, NJ) and consists of a polystyrene divinylbenzene (PSDVB) copolymer covered in a biocompatible polyvinylpyrrolidone coating. We then detailed changes in adsorption profiles over a manufacturer's lot change and re-established our baseline capture rates with the main cytokines of interest as well as a secondary group of cytokines in both buffer and serum. Further investigation into a lot of smaller diameter polymer followed and a re-design of our CAD ensued. Finally, we tested the polymer in three distinct red blood cell suspensions in order to methodically increase the degree of complexity of the capture suspension. With the information included in this thesis, further optimization and development to our CAD and the polymer will be done. Additionally, the characterization of the resin is crucial for our in-house mathematical model as well as the development and calibration of a systems model of sepsis. This model will be used to simulate the development and progression of sepsis in humans and the integration of a therapeutic CAD intervention protocol into the timecourse of sepsis to improve patient outcomes.


To achieve donor‐specific immune tolerance to allogeneic organ transplants, it is imperative to understand the cell types involved in acute allograft rejection. In wild‐type mice, CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient for acute rejection of cardiac allografts. However, when T‐cell responses are suboptimal, such as in mice treated with costimulation‐targeting agents or in CD28‐deficient mice, and perhaps in transplanted patients taking immunosuppressive drugs, the participation of other lymphocytes such as CD8+ T cells and NK1.1+ cells becomes apparent. We found that host NK but not NKT cells were required for cardiac rejection. Ly49G2+ NK cells suppressed rejection, whereas a subset of NK cells lacking inhibitory Ly49 receptors for donor MHC class I molecules was sufficient to promote rejection. Notably, rejection was independent of the activating receptors Ly49D and NKG2D. Finally, our experiments supported a mechanism by which NK cells promote expansion and effector function of alloreactive T cells. Thus, therapies aimed at specific subsets of NK cells may facilitate transplantation tolerance in settings of impaired T‐cell function.


The relationship of cull rate to age was investigated retrospectively in dairy cows with and without antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Banked sera from eight annual herd tests on one 200-cow herd were tested for presence of BLV antibodies by agar-gel immunodiffusion using the Mr 51,000 glycoprotein antigen of BLV. Age-specific cull rates were computed for BLV-antibody-positive and antibody-negative cows yearly from 2 to 7 years of age. Cull rates, transformed by the Arc-sin square root, were analyzed by weighted regression. Transformed cull rates increased significantly as BLV-antibody-positive cows aged (one-tailed P = 0.023) but not as antibody-negative cows aged (one-tailed P = 0.59). A Mantel-Byar survival analysis showed significantly longer survival beyond 3.5 years of age among antibody-negative cows than among antibody-positive cows (P = 0.008).


Lippincott's Pocket Histology is a go-to reference, review and study tool for histology with a strong focus on high-yield topics and presentation. It presents the essential information needed for course and board exam review in a concise, quick-reference format with tables, full-color images, and bullet-point text. The book contains multiple features identifying the clinical significance of concepts, as well as mnemonics to aid in the retention of facts. An index of terms and color-coded systems organization provide easy access to histological facts. This pocket-sized reference intuits how students typically study for exams and provides highly distilled content in one easily portable source. Features include: an introductory section on the basic principles of histology to provide a concise overview of concepts; clinically significant facts for practical application; over 300 full-color photomicrographs; tables, diagrams, and a complete index of terms for quick reference; mnemonic memory aids; and histological look-a-likes and tips for distinguishing among them.


Despite countries' commitments to improve nutrition, starting with the protection of breastfeeding, aggressive marketing of breastmilk substitutes continues to promote their indiscriminate use. The baby food industry appears to use similar interference tactics as the tobacco industry to influence public health, promote their products and expand their markets.
Learning from the tobacco experience, this paper assesses whether the baby food industry uses any of the six tobacco industry interference tactics recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and summarizes examples of documented evidence.
We conclude that the baby food industry uses all six tactics: (1) manoeuvring to hijack the political and legislative process; (2) exaggerating economic importance of the industry; (3) manipulating public opinion to gain appearance of respectability; (4) fabricating support through front groups; (5) discrediting proven science; and (6) intimidating governments with litigation. There is abundant anecdotal evidence. Published evidence is limited and varies by tactic. Examples of interference are provided for the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Turkey, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Mexico and the United Kingdom, and most for Tactic 3.
Interference in public health policies shows commonalities between the two industries. The tobacco control movement offers a useful framework for classifying and addressing interference with public policy by the baby food industry. Revealing the depth and extent of interference used by the baby food industry is critical if countries are to counter interference and implement commitments to improve nutrition.


Emergency response systems are a relatively new and important area of research in the information systems community. While there is a growing body of literature in this research stream, human-computer interaction (HCI) issues concerning the design of emergency response system interfaces have received limited attention. Emergency responders often work in time pressured situations and depend on fast access to key information. One of the problems studied in HCI research is the design of interfaces to improve user information selection and processing performance. Based on cue-summation theory and research findings on parallel processing, associative processing, and hemispheric differences in information processing, this study proposes that information selection of target information in an emergency response dispatch application can be improved by using supplementary cues. Color-coding and sorting are proposed as relevant cues that can improve processing performance by providing prioritization heuristics. An experimental emergency response dispatch application is developed, and user performance is tested under conditions of varying complexity and time pressure. The results suggest that supplementary cues significantly improve performance, with better results often obtained when both cues are used. Additionally, the use of these cues becomes more beneficial as time pressure and task complexity increase.


Form is a rich concept that agglutinates information about the proportions and topological arrangement of body parts. Modularity is readily observable in both the variation of proportions (variational modules) and the organization of topology (organizational modules). The study of variational modularity and of organizational modularity faces similar challenges regarding the identification of meaningful modules and the validation of generative processes; however, most studies in morphology focus solely on variational modularity, while organizational modularity is much less understood. A possible cause for this bias is the successful development in the last twenty years of morphometrics, and specially geometric morphometrics, to study patters of variation. This contrasts with the lack of a similar mathematical framework to deal with patterns of organization. Recently, a new mathematical framework has been proposed to study the organization of anatomical parts using tools from Network Theory, so-called anatomical network analysis. This essay explores the potential use of this new framework – and the challenges it faces in identifying and validating biologically meaningful modules in morphological systems –, by providing an example of a complete analysis of modularity of the human skull and upper limb. Finally, we suggest further directions of research that may bridge the gap between variational and organizational modularity studies.


An example of Galactic cosmic-ray modulation in a fully three-dimensional heliosphere is presented here. We use a stochastic particle method to solve for modulation without requiring symmetric boundaries or fields. We include all typical modulation terms, including full three-dimensional drift. We have applied this to an MHD heliosphere appropriate for solar minimum conditions. This field includes nonradial solar wind velocity components, as well as a built-in nonspherical termination shock. Parameters that are of interest in modulation can be analyzed in detail, particularly the momentum change of cosmic rays during their transport through the heliosphere. We show radial profiles of modulation at different energies, latitude, and longitude, as well as the more traditional modulated spectra at various locations. Finally, we are able to show in detail where particles at a particular energy and location gain and lose energy. We are able to conclude that the radial profiles of modulation are strongly dependent on the latitudinal angle with respect to the stagnation point. We see that modulation of GCRs near the stagnation point takes place mostly upstream of the shock but that modulation continues far outside the shock as the stochastic particles will random walk across the shock several times before entering our observation region. The modulation profiles remain similar with differing longitude, although the exact shape of the radial profile and spectra are strongly dependent on the termination shock location. Cosmic-ray intensity at high energies can be higher than the ISM intensity, while at low energies cosmic rays still experience solar modulation. The termination shock and heliosheath regions were important to modulation in the outer heliosphere. Finally, the sign of the latitudinal gradient is not a simple function of the qA direction, in general.


Abstract: We investigate whether and how the type of unemployment bene t institution affects productivity. We designed a field experiment to compare workers' productivity under a welfare system, where the unemployed receive an unconditional monetary transfer, with their productivity under a workfare system, where the transfer is received conditional on the unemployed spending some time on ancillary activities. First, we fi nd that having an unemployment bene fit institution, regardless of whether it makes transfers conditional or unconditional, increases workers' productivity. Second, we find that productivity is higher under Welfare than under Workfare. Becoming unemployed under Welfare comes at the psychological cost of a drop in self-esteem, presumably due to the shame or stigma associated with receiving an unconditional unemployment benefi t. We document the empirical relevance of precisely this channel. The differences we observe in productivity suggest that this psychological cost acts as an extra non- monetary incentive for workers under Welfare to put a higher effort in their work.


Abstract Despite the value that osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) may offer to healthcare consumers in a managed care, evidence-based healthcare system, very little research has been published on the cost-effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment compared with other treatment modalities. The authors searched MEDLINE and OSTMED for English-language articles published between January 1966 and June 2002 using the key terms cost-effectiveness, osteopathic medicine, workers' compensation, hospital length of stay, healthcare providers, and manipulative medicine. The authors then extended their search by reviewing the reference lists provided in the articles initially identified as relevant by these databases. The purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions of each study were evaluated for how the cost-effectiveness of OMM was analyzed. The authors conclude that the osteopathic medical profession needs to conduct and publish research that is consistent with current practices in the conventional medical literature.


Non-fullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) attract more attention due to the constantly refreshed power conversion efficiency (PCE) based on the versatile non-fullerene acceptors. In this work, PCEs of 10.51% and 11.02% were obtained for two kinds of non-fullerene PSC with IDT6CN-M or ITCPTC as the acceptor and PBDB-T as the donor. ITCPTC has a relatively narrow bandgap and a high absorption coefficient compared with IDT6CN-M, which explains well the relatively large short-circuit current density of 17.44 mA cm−2 for the ITCPTC based binary PSCs. Meanwhile, the IDT6CN-M based binary PSCs exhibit a relatively high fill factor (FF) of 75.3% and an open-circuit voltage of 0.915 V. A PCE of 11.92% and a FF of 76.5% were achieved for the ternary PSCs with 60 wt% ITCPTC content in the acceptors, which should be attributed to the enhanced photon harvesting and their good compatibility for a synergistic improvement of exciton utilization and charge transport in the ternary active layers. The FF of 76.5% is among the top values of ternary non-fullerene PSCs.


DIMITROV, R., P. YONKOVA and K. STAMATOVA, 2010. Comparative ultrasonogarphic study on prostate and bulbourethral glands of tomcat. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 16: 521-525 12 sexually matured, clinically healthy European short hair tomcats, aged from one to two years, were studied. Transabdominal prepubic sonographic approach was used. The prostate gland was observed in three views. A perineal sonographic approach was applied about investigation of the bulbourethral glands - in two views. The feline prostate was visualized as a solid heterogeneous finding with a relatively high echogenicity. The glandular stroma is with higher echogenicity, compared to the parenchyma. The bulbouretharal glands were observed as solid, dorsoventral ovoid, heterogeneous structures with a relatively higher echogenicity, compared to the prostate. The use of the prepubic ultrasonography, with filled urinary bladder is a definitive method about visualization of feline prostate gland. The applying of the perineal ultrasonography is a qualitative method about visualization of the bulbourethral glands.


Video-based recognition and prediction of a temporally extended activity can benefit from a detailed description of high-level expectations about the activity. Stochastic grammars allow for an efficient representation of such expectations and are well-suited for the specification of temporally well-ordered activities. In this paper, we extend stochastic grammars by adding event parameters, state checks, and sensitivity to an internal scene model. We present an implemented system that uses human-specified grammars to recognize a person performing the Towers of Hanoi task from a video sequence by analyzing object interaction events. Experimental results from several videos show robust recognition of the full task and its constituent sub-tasks even though no appearance models of the objects in the video are provided. These experiments include videos of the task performed with different shaped objects and with distracting and extraneous interactions.


A nonlinear microwave tomography approach which suggests monitoring of differences inside the breast with respect to a reference breast model that adequately represents the healthy breast is presented. This approach simplifies the breast cancer imaging problem through realistic modeling of the body-breast configuration and does not require the imaging of the entire breast tissues. The tumor is considered as a buried object inside the breast which is assumed to be located on the interface of two-half spaces media composed of air or a coupling liquid and the chest wall or the base of the bed on which patient lies in a prone position. Then, the tumor, as well as the deviations of the actual breast from the breast model, is imaged by using the contrast source inversion method at a single frequency. The Green's function of the inhomogeneous background required in the application of the inversion algorithm is obtained through the buried object approach and accelerated by an adaptation of the discrete complex images method. Through the simulations it has been shown that, the proposed modeling and nonlinear inversion algorithm is capable of reconstructing tumors as small as 4 mm in radius for 3-D scenarios.


This is the first report of a hybrid sodium ion capacitor (NIC) with the active materials in both the anode and the cathode being derived entirely from a single precursor: peanut shells, which are a green and highly economical waste globally generated at over 6 million tons per year. The electrodes push the envelope of performance, delivering among the most promising sodiation capacity–rate capability–cycling retention combinations reported in the literature for each materials class. Hence the resultant NIC also offers a state-of-the-art cyclically stable combination of energy and power, not only in respect to previously but also as compared to Li ion capacitors (LICs). The ion adsorption cathode based on Peanut Shell Nanosheet Carbon (PSNC) displays a hierarchically porous architecture, a sheet-like morphology down to 15 nm in thickness, a surface area on par with graphene materials (up to 2396 m2 g−1) and high levels of oxygen doping (up to 13.51 wt%). Scanned from 1.5–4.2 V vs. Na/Na+ PSNC delivers a specific capacity of 161 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 73 mA h g−1 at 25.6 A g−1. A low surface area Peanut Shell Ordered Carbon (PSOC) is employed as an ion intercalation anode. PSOC delivers a total capacity of 315 mA h g−1 with a flat plateau of 181 mA h g−1 occurring below 0.1 V (tested at 0.1 A g−1), and is stable at 10 000 cycles (tested at 3.2 A g−1). The assembled NIC operates within a wide temperature range (0–65 °C), yielding at room temperature (by active mass) 201, 76 and 50 W h kg−1 at 285, 8500 and 16 500 W kg−1, respectively. At 1.5–3.5 V, the hybrid device achieved 72% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles tested at 6.4 A g−1, and 88% after 100 000 cycles at 51.2 A g−1.


We consider here the problem of detecting and modeling the essential features present in a biological image and the construction of a compact representation for them which is suitable for numerical computation. The solution we propose employs a variational energy minimization formulation to extract noise and texture, producing a clean image containing the geometric features of interest. Such image decomposition is essential to reduce the image complexity for further processing. We are particularly motivated by the image registration problem where the goal is to align matching features in a pair of images. A combination of algorithms from combinatorial optimization and computational geometry render fast solutions at interactive or near interactive rates. We demonstrate our technique in microscopy images. We are able, for example, to process large, 2048times2048 pixels, histology mouse brain images under a minute creating a faithful and sparse triangulation model for it having only 1.8% of its original pixel count. Models for 512times512 images are typically generated in less than 5 seconds with similar reduced vertex count. These results suggest the relevance of our approach for modeling biomedical images


The chemistry of atmospheric aerosol surfaces is currently not well understood. Important remaining questions concern the modification of the aerosol surfaces during ageing, the removal of trace gases from the gas phase and the processing in the hydrological cycle. Mineral dust and soot have been chosen as typical heterogeneous surfaces, which are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and the role of which is still not very well understood. In this work these surfaces have been characterized in terms of two important issues:
Hydrophilicity of atmospheric surfaces: Hydrophilicity is a critical but difficult to quantify parameter, characterizing the possibility of aerosol particles to act as cloud/ice condensation nuclei. Therefore, adsorption and desorption rates together with the amount of water adsorbed, are important parameters in the assessment of the hydrophilicity. Regarding this issue we have studied the interaction of mineral dust and kerosene soot surfaces with water vapour in the temperature interval 203 K < T < 298 K using a Knudsen cell reactor. A comparison of the uptake kinetics and adsorption enthalpies of water on mineral dust and soot leads to the conclusion that water is interacting with mineral dust much stronger than with soot. In terms of the hydrophilicity concept the results suggest, that mineral dust may be regarded as hydrophilic whereas soot is hydrophobic and that fundamental kinetic and thermo-chemical parameters may be used to quantify this concept.
Reactivity of atmospheric surfaces: We have investigated two different types of soot samples (kerosene and ethene) and their behaviour towards NO2 and SO2 (as typical atmospheric pollutants) in a wide temperature interval between 180 K < T < 670 K. It has been found that under these conditions SO2 undergoes only reversible adsorption/desorption on the surface, whereas for temperatures above 300 K NO2 adsorbs irreversibly on the surface and reacts further leading to the formation of NO and HONO as gas phase products with strongly temperature dependent yields. Complementary, for temperatures above 470 K, the formation of CO2 as gas phase product is observed. For the mechanistic interpretation of the reaction we have found that NO2 adsorbs irreversibly on the surface, followed by further formation of HONO or reduction to NO (depending on temperature). Additionally, due to the reduction to NO, a new oxidised surface site is formed at higher temperatures, which releases CO2 into the gas phase, indicating the ability of NO2 to oxidize the soot sample followed by the consumption of soot.


The aim of the paper is the analysis of the dynamic behavior of a thermoelectric power plant equipped with a steam unit and a gas turbine during the early phases of a black-start-up maneuver for the network restoration. Models of different detail level for two production units and the relevant regulators have been implemented into two simulation tools. The paper contains the description of the different models, identifies the cases in which the two simulation codes predict similar results and presents the main characteristics, as well as the fields of application of the two codes. As an example, the paper presents also an application of simulators developed for the planning and the preparation of island operation and start up field tests of a power station.


Changes in seed quality (assessed by potential longevity, i.e. the value of the seed lot constant K1 of the seed viability equation) in three contrasting cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were monitored during seed development and maturation in two temperature regimes, viz 28/20°C and 32/24°C (12/12 h), provided by controlled environments. Mass maturity (defined as the end of the seed-filling phase) varied only between 18 and 20 d after 50% anthesis. In five of the six treatment combinations maximum potential longevity was not achieved until 12-19 d after mass maturity. In contrast, the maximum potential longevity of seeds of a japonica rice cultivar produced in the warmer regime was obtained in the first harvest after mass maturity. After mass maturity, the potential longevity of the japonica rice seed lots produced in the warmer environment was much less than that for the cooler environments. Maximum potential longevity was also consistently greater in the cooler than the warmer regime for the two indica cultivars, although the difference in K1 was small (0·3-0·5). The deleterious effect of increase in temperature on seed quality development was not detected until after mass maturity. Maximum potential longevity in the cooler regime was greatest in the glutinous indica (K1 = 3·9) and least in the japonica cultivar (K1 = 3·1). It is concluded that the japonica cultivar is not as well adapted to warm seed production regimes as the indica cultivars. Consequently, subject to confirmation, this research suggest that the seed production of japonica cultivars for long-term genetic conservation should be undertaken, whenever possible, in warm temperate environments.


Field observations from an exposed section of deep continental crust, the Athabasca granulite terrane (AGT), Saskatchewan, Canada, provide a view of granite genesis and a mechanism for deep-seated contamination of felsic and mafic magmas. The 1.9 Ga Chipman mafic dike swarm was emplaced into the Chipman Tonalite (ca. 3.3 Ga) and the megacrystic Fehr granite (ca. 2.6 Ga) at a crustal depth of ∼40 km. The Fehr granite shows evidence for extensive partial melting and generation of granitic leucosome. Mafic dikes and granitic leucosome display magma mingling and mixing textures similar to those widely described from shallow crustal exposures. The AGT provides a view of a dynamic, heterogeneous, and locally fertile deep crust. Mantle-derived mafic magma promotes extensive partial melting of fertile granitoids, which in turn filter and entrap later mafic dikes and sills. The result is almost inevitable mingling and hybridization (i.e., contamination) of mafic and felsic end members. This interaction of magmas in the deep crustal environment may account for the isotopic and compositional signatures of igneous rocks at shallower crustal levels that typically record contamination of crustal melts by mantle material and vice versa.


Reliability analysis of fault tolerant systems often ignores the small probability that a failure might not be detected or, if detected, may not be properly handled. The probability that the failure is detected and properly handled is called coverage. Inclusion of coverage in reliability analysis is especially important when analyzing critical systems, systems which for some reason are not easily reparable, or systems whose failure can result in serious damage to the system or its surroundings. One example of a system which can cause such damage is a robot manipulator arm. Robots are being increasingly employed in remote and hazardous environments such as in space and in nuclear waste cleanup, and can exhibit a wild response to subsystem failure, damaging themselves and/or their surroundings. Addition of redundancy to such systems can increase their reliability by allowing continued operation in the presence of faults (provided that the fault is covered), an advantage in a system where repair is difficult or impossible. Coverage models have been used to analyze the behavior of fault-tolerant computer systems in the presence of faults, providing an estimate of the relative probability of an uncovered vs. a covered component failure (given that a fault has occurred). This paper extends the use of coverage models to the basic components of the joint of a robot and presents data utilizing the calculated coverage for a three-joint robot manipulator arm designed to operate in the plane.


In recent decades international development has grown into a world-shaping industry. But how do aid agencies work and what do they achieve? How does aid appear to the adults and children who receive it? And why has there been so little improvement in the position of the poor? Viewing aid and development from anthropological perspectives gives illuminating answers to questions such as these. This essential textbook reveals anthropologists' often surprising findings and details ethnographic case studies on the cultures of development. The authors use a fertile literature to examine the socio-political organisation of aid communities, agencies and networks, as well as the judgements they make about each other. The everyday practice of development work is about negotiating power and culture, but in vastly different ways in different contexts and for different social groups. Exploring the spaces between policy and practice, success and failure, the future and the past, this book provides a rounded understanding of development work that suggests new moral and political possibilities for an increasingly globalised world.


Provides an up-to-date, in-depth look at the current research, design, and implementation of cooperative vehicle safety communication protocols and technologyImproving traffic safety has been a top concern for transportation agencies around the world and the focus of heavy research and development efforts sponsored by both governments and private industries. Cooperative vehicle systemswhich use sensors and wireless technologies to reduce traffic accidentscan play a major role in making the world's roads safer.Vehicle Safety Communications: Protocols, Security, and Privacy describes fundamental issues in cooperative vehicle safety and recent advances in technologies for enabling cooperative vehicle safety. It gives an overview of traditional vehicle safety issues, the evolution of vehicle safety technologies, and the need for cooperative systems where vehicles work together to reduce the number of crashes or mitigate damage when crashes become unavoidable.Authored by two top industry professionals, the book:Summarizes the history and current status of 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology and standardization, discussing key issues in applying DSRC to support cooperative vehicle safetyFeatures an in-depth overview of on-board equipment (OBE) and roadside equipment (RSE) by describing sample designs to illustrate the key issues and potential solutionsTakes on security and privacy protection requirements and challenges, including how to design privacy-preserving digital certificate management systems and how to evict misbehaving vehiclesIncludes coverage of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications like intersection collision avoidance applications and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications like extended electronic brake lights and intersection movement assistVehicle Safety Communications is ideal for anyone working in the areas ofor studyingcooperative vehicle safety and vehicle communications.


Climate warming threatens the survival of species at their warm, trailing‐edge range boundaries but also provides opportunities for the ecological release of populations at the cool, leading edges of their distributions. Thus, as the climate warms, leading‐edge populations are expected to utilize an increased range of habitat types, leading to larger population sizes and range expansion. Here, we test the hypothesis that the habitat associations of British butterflies have expanded over three decades of climate warming. We characterize the habitat breadth of 27 southerly distributed species from 77 monitoring transects between 1977 and 2007 by considering changes in densities of butterflies across 11 habitat types. Contrary to expectation, we find that 20 of 27 (74%) butterfly species showed long‐term contractions in their habitat associations, despite some short‐term expansions in habitat breadth in warmer‐than‐usual years. Thus, we conclude that climatic warming has ameliorated habitat contractions caused by other environmental drivers to some extent, but that habitat degradation continues to be a major driver of reductions in habitat breadth and population density of butterflies.


This chapter discusses how gamification, the use of game mechanics, game dynamics and game technology within the practice of our everyday lives is both the result of and a driving force in the convergence of physical and virtual worlds, in order to evaluate the promises and risks of gamification. First, we look at the difference between everyday life and games. We'll examine what virtualization is, and how human perception structures space in order to try and grasp (virtual) reality. We'll see how the world that we experience is amap of possible actions, and that our relation to the world is a feedback loop. We examine how in the process of gamification, learning for individuals and groups is fueled by personalization of this feedback loop to allow for faster learning, and how this gamification in turn powers personal guidance in everyday life contexts. It is of particular interest to us to carefully analyze how the process of gamification is intertwined with the human perception and construction of space, how this perception and construction of space determine our collective behavior, and how gamification can lead to more freedom and creativity, but also to more monitoring and restrictions (less freedom and less creativity).


This study explores the decomposition of predictive uncertainty in hydrological modeling into its contributing sources. This is pursued by developing data-based probability models describing uncertainties in rainfall and runoff data, and incorporating them into the Bayesian Total Error Analysis methodology (BATEA). A case study based on the Yzeron catchment (France) and the conceptual rainfall-runoff model GR4J is presented. It exploits a calibration period where dense raingauge data is available to characterize the uncertainty in the catchment-average rainfall using geostatistical conditional simulation. The inclusion of information about rainfall and runoff data uncertainties overcomes ill-posedness problems and enables simultaneous estimation of forcing and structural errors as part of the Bayesian inference. This yields more reliable predictions than approaches that ignore or lump different sources of uncertainty in a simplistic way (e.g., standard least squares). It is shown that independently-derived data quality estimates are needed to decompose the total uncertainty in the runoff predictions into the individual contributions of rainfall, runoff and structural errors. In this case study, the total predictive uncertainty appears dominated by structural errors. Although further research is needed to interpret and verify this decomposition, it can provide strategic guidance for investments in environmental data collection and/or modeling improvement. More generally, this study demonstrates the power of the Bayesian paradigm to improve the reliability of environmental modeling using independent estimates of sampling and instrumental data uncertainties. Author-produced version of the article published in Water Resources Research (2011) vol. 47, doi : 10.1029/2011WR010643 The original publication is available at http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/


The catalogue of analgesics has expanded rapidly, and this text presents the most up-to-date, comprehensive array of agents available for prescribing. Each clear and concise drug entry covers the range of indications, advantages and disadvantages, and tips for appropriate dosing and avoiding adverse effects. A separate section covers nutraceuticals, a class of drug increasingly used to manage chronic pain, yet little discussed in medical literature. The detailed description of each medication enables the user to make quick and informed decisions, confident that they are best serving the needs of their patients. Practical 'pearls' for each entry provide a quick go-to reference for the key information to consider before prescribing. This concise user-friendly reference is a must-have on the shelf of every physician.


Russian policy toward Georgia and Ukraine after the color revolutions presents an example of a realpolitik answer to a normative policy challenge. Here we see one of the widest discursive gaps between Russia and the West: the former is convinced that the reason for the latter's external interference, regardless of its normative rhetoric, always boils down to realpolitik, while the West prefers to frame its policy toward the color revolutions within the normative terms of promoting democracy and civil liberties. Russia entirely denies the normative appeal of the "color revolution" phenomenon, reducing it to a set of pragmatic and power-related issues.


Abstract. Well water level changes associated with magmatic unrest can be interpreted as a result of pore pressure changes in the aquifer due to crustal deformation, and so could provide constraints on the subsurface processes causing this strain. We use finite element analysis to demonstrate the response of aquifers to volumetric strain induced by pressurized magma reservoirs. Two different aquifers are invoked – an unconsolidated pyroclastic deposit and a vesicular lava flow – and embedded in an impermeable crust, overlying a magma chamber. The time-dependent, fully coupled models simulate crustal deformation accompanying chamber pressurization and the resulting hydraulic head changes as well as flow through the porous aquifer, i.e. porous flow. The simulated strain leads to centimetres (pyroclastic aquifer) to metres (lava flow aquifer) of hydraulic head changes; both strain and hydraulic head change with time due to substantial porous flow in the hydrological system. Well level changes are particularly sensitive to chamber volume, shape and pressurization strength, followed by aquifer permeability and the phase of the pore fluid. The depths of chamber and aquifer, as well as the aquifer's Young's modulus also have significant influence on the hydraulic head signal. While source characteristics, the distance between chamber and aquifer and the elastic stratigraphy determine the strain field and its partitioning, flow and coupling parameters define how the aquifer responds to this strain and how signals change with time. We find that generic analytical models can fail to capture the complex pre-eruptive subsurface mechanics leading to strain-induced well level changes, due to aquifer pressure changes being sensitive to chamber shape and lithological heterogeneities. In addition, the presence of a pore fluid and its flow have a significant influence on the strain signal in the aquifer and are commonly neglected in analytical models. These findings highlight the need for numerical models for the interpretation of observed well level signals. However, simulated water table changes do indeed mirror volumetric strain, and wells are therefore a valuable addition to monitoring systems that could provide important insights into pre-eruptive dynamics.


The process of globalisation has been ongoing for centuries, but few would doubt that it has accelerated and intensified in recent decades. This acceleration is evidenced as much by the strong synchronicity in the rapid transmission of financial crises starting in late 2007 as it is by the decade of almost unprecedented growth in international trade and financial market liberalisation that preceded it. This book shows how the international economy has become more connected via increased production, trade, capital flows and financial linkages. Using a variety of methodologies, including both panel econometrics and DSGE modelling, a team of experts from academia, central banks and the IMF examine how this increased globalisation has affected competitiveness, productivity, inflation and the labour market. This timely contribution to the globalisation literature provides a longer-term perspective while also evaluating some of the potential implications for policy makers, particularly from a European perspective.


Identifying academic misdemeanours and actual applied effort in student assessments involving practical work
can be problematic. For instance, it can be difficult to assess the actual effort that a student applied, the
sequence and method applied, and whether there was any form of collusion or collaboration. In this paper we
propose a system of using digital logs generated by selected software tools (such as FTK- Forensic Toolkit and
EnCase), for the purpose of identifying the effort and sequence of events that students followed to complete their
learning activities, (say, arriving at conclusions relating to an assessment question) and thereby determining
whether it is likely that an academic misdemeanour may have occurred. The paper elaborates on an assessment
exercise conducted with a cohort of 67 students in a specific class of disciplinary learning, highlighting the
process that students have to follow, and then proceeds to show in some details how selected logging facilities can
be used to provide evidence that students may have committed an academic misdemeanour.


Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells and malignant cells by releasing granzyme (Gzm) proteases A and B together with perforin (which enables Gzm access to the cell interior). Whereas GzmB initiates apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent pathways, GzmA kills cells through a caspase-independent mechanism. Thus, cells resistant to caspase-mediated apoptosis can still be killed by GzmA. An endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein complex (SET complex) that contains the tumor suppressor pp32, GzmA-activated DNase activity, and three GzmA substrates, including the nucleosome assembly protein SET, has been implicated in this process, but the identity of the DNase--and how it is regulated by GzmA--has remained unclear. Fan et al. purified the SET complex by affinity chromatography using inactive GzmA and separated it to identify a fraction with DNase activity and one that inhibited DNase activity. The authors used SDS-DNA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to define a 17-kD protein as the DNase. They used mass spectroscopy together with Western analysis to identify it as NM23-H1, a nucleoside diphosphate kinase that has been implicated in suppression of tumor metastasis. SET bound to NM23-H1 and inhibited its DNase activity. GzmA, which cleaved SET but not NM23-H1, released SET inhibition. In HeLa cells stained for SET and NM23-H1, the two proteins colocalized with an ER marker; after lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell attack, they translocated to the nucleus. Western analysis of LAK-treated cells demonstrated a SET fragment in the nucleus. Silencing NM23-H1 with RNA interference inhibited GzmA-dependent DNA nicking, whereas silencing SET or overexpressing NM23-H1 enhanced it. NM23-H1 was previously reported to have DNase activity; the authors speculate that Ape1, another substrate for GzmA in the SET complex, normally repairs these nicks, with Ape1 and NM23-H1 working together in DNA repair. Chakravarti and Hong discuss this research and research implicating the SET protein pp32 in caspase-dependent apoptosis. Z. Fan, P. J. Beresford, D. Y. Oh, D. Zhang, J. Lieberman, Tumor suppressor NM23-H1 is a granzyme A-activated DNase during CTL-mediated apoptosis, and the nucleosome assembly protein SET is its inhibitor. Cell 112, 659-672 (2003). [Online Journal] D. Chakravarti, R. Hong, SET-ting the stage for life and death. Cell 112, 589-593 (2003). [Online Journal]


A continuum theory for confined hard‐sphere polymers is presented. Starting from fundamental relations and applying defined approximations, a constitutive relation for the conformation probability (analogous to the result in mean‐field lattice theories) is developed. The main problem of hard‐sphere correlations is attacked by two approximate methods: First, using the Carnahan–Starling equation of state and local volume fractions (CS). Second, by an extension of the lattice theory to spherical components with unequal volumes (LATT). The agreement with Monte Carlo simulations is good for both approximations at low densities, but becomes only qualitative at the higher concentrations. The CS approximation seems to be favored over the LATT approach at the higher concentrations when correlation becomes more important. Both free and grafted chains are treated. The influence of chain length, grafting density, solvent concentration, solvent chain length, and surface curvature on the segment distribution is investi...


Application of an electric field across skeletal muscle causes muscle contractions that produce limb movement. Clinicians have long prescribed electrical stimulation as a means to strengthen muscle; however, there is growing interest in electrical stimulation to evoke coordinated limb motions for functional tasks such as cycling. Motivation for such a cybernetic system includes advanced rehabilitative outcomes (i.e., neuroplasticity and restoration of function) for individuals with neurological disorders. A challenge to developing these outcomes is that muscle activation dynamics are uncertain and nonlinear, and the dynamics of limb motion also require the coordinated switching among multiple muscle groups. Moreover, artificial stimulation of the muscle is highly inefficient, leading to rapid muscle fatigue, which can limit the therapeutic outcomes. This talk focuses on how perspectives from and advances in robotics / robotics / control systems can be used to overcome these challenges. Underlying theories and experimental results for various closed-loop electrical stimulation methods will be described including recent advances in cybernetic cycling where a robotic bicycle is combined with an electrically stimulated person to facilitate various rehabilitative objectives.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, serous membranes and other organs in the body, in various combinations, especially in young women, and which is characterised by immune abnormalities, in particular antibodies to nuclear constituents, on a background of genetic and environmental risk factors. The clinical course of SLE is variable and may be characterised by periods of remissions and of chronic or acute relapses.

Treatment is based on both preventive measures and alleviation of symptoms, but in particular antiinflammatory agents including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications.

Key Concepts

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, serous membranes and/or other organs of the body. Immunologic abnormalities, especially the production of a number of antinuclear antibodies, are another prominent feature of the disease. The clinical course of SLE is variable and may be characterised by periods of remissions and chronic or acute relapses. Women, especially in their 20s and 30s, are affected more frequently than men.
The most common pattern is a mixture of constitutional complaints with skin, musculoskeletal, mild haematologic and serologic involvement. However, some patients have predominately haematologic, renal or central nervous system manifestations. The pattern that dominates during the first few years of illness tends to prevail subsequently.
Fatigue, fever and weight loss are typically present at some time during the course of the disease, occurring in 50–100% of patients. Other symptoms may include myalgia and weight gain. Fever due to active disease is seen in over 50% of patients with SLE; fever may also represent infection or a drug reaction.
The course is marked by remissions and relapses and may vary from mild to severe. Major manifestations include:
Arthritis, with joint symptoms in >90% of patients
Mucocutaneous lesions, including skin lesions in most patients, hair loss, and oral and/or nasal ulcers, which occur in 12–45%
Raynaud phenomenon, which is present in 16–40%
Renal involvement, with histopathologic change in most patients but with clinically apparent disease in ∼50%
Gastrointestinal tract disease, which is more often due to complications of medications than to active SLE
Pulmonary diseases, including pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension and alveolar haemorrhage
Cardiovascular diseases, including pericarditis (which is relatively common), verrucous endocarditis and increased risk of coronary artery disease
Neurologic diseases, including cognitive defects, organic brain syndromes, delirium, psychosis, seizures, headache, peripheral neuropathies and thromboembolic disease
Ophthalmologic manifestations, particularly keratoconjunctivitis sicca as well as more uncommon manifestations
Haematologic manifestations, including cytopenias, thrombophilia, thromboembolic disease, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
Autoantibody production

The onset of SLE is infrequently attributed to a single event, although most clinicians have seen patients in which the disease began shortly following some memorable occurrence. Precipitating factors may include exposure to ultraviolet light, infections, stress, surgery and pregnancy.

Keywords:

autoimmune disease;
rheumatic disease;
immunology;
genetics;
corticosteroids


Institute of Electronic Systems (ISE) at Warsaw University of Technology designs, builds and installs control and synchronization systems for several accelerator facilities. In recent years ISE together with the Deutsches ElektronenSynchrotron (DESY) team created the RF synchronization system for the European XFEL in Hamburg. ISE is a key partner in several other projects for DESY flagship facilities. The group participated in development of the MTCA.4 standard and designed a family of components for the MTCA.4based LLRF control system. Currently ISE contributes to the development of the Master Oscillators for XFEL and FLASH, and phase reference distribution system for SINBAD. Since 2016 ISE is an in-kind partner for the European Spallation Source (ESS), working on the phase reference line for the ESS linac, components for 704.42 MHz LLRF control system, including a MTCA.4-based LO signal generation module and the Cavity Simulator. In 2019 ISE became one of the co-founders of the Polish Free-Electron Laser (PolFel) located in the National Centre for Nuclear Research in Świerk. The overview of the recent projects for large physics experiments ongoing at ISE is presented.


Although many clients and lawyers now condemn hourly billing, there is heavy irony about this. Starting in the 1950s, both groups demanded the switch from fixed-fee billing to hourly billing. This paper explains why. Our economic model shows that societal changes, particularly the expansion of pretrial discovery in the 1938 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, led inevitably to hourly billing. Hourly billing both efficiently shifted new risks away from lawyers and made legal services cheaper than under fixed fee billing. Our model suggests that, if litigation costs are relatively certain, then the efficient contract is a fixed-fee contract. Although such a contract imposes a cost risk on attorneys, the contract reduces moral hazard, that is, the incentive for an attorney to waste time. If instead cost uncertainty increases greatly and lawyers are more risk averse than their clients, then it becomes efficient to switch to hourly billing. Hourly billing will reduce risk for the attorney. If cost uncertainty is large enough, then the savings from risk reapportionment, which the lawyer and the client can share, will more than offset the cost of the waste from hourly billing's moral hazard. Before 1938, the standard fee arrangement was a fixed fee. Broadened discovery then increased the uncertainty of litigation costs, especially as states copied the Federal Rules over the next two decades. Starting in the mid-1950s, as our model predicts, litigators, spurred by their institutional clients, switched to hourly billing. By the late 1960s, society's increasing complexity had increased cost uncertainty for transactional lawyers. As our model predicts, the bar soon also shifted to hourly billing for transactional work. Many personal injury cases continue to be litigated under contingency agreements in part because, as the model shows, clients in these cases are often more risk averse than other clients. The model suggests why clients and lawyers have recently experimented with forms of fixed-fee billing. Because the conditions that made hourly billing efficient may now have changed, economic pressures are now building for a return to forms of fixed-fee billing.