Multilabel classification is rapidly developing as an important aspect of modern predictive modeling, motivating study of its theoretical aspects. To this end, we propose a framework for constructing and analyzing multilabel classification metrics which reveals novel results on a parametric form for population optimal classifiers, and additional insight into the role of label correlations. In particular, we show that for multilabel metrics constructed as instance-, micro- and macro-averages, the population optimal classifier can be decomposed into binary classifiers based on the marginal instance-conditional distribution of each label, with a weak association between labels via the threshold. Thus, our analysis extends the state of the art from a few known multilabel classification metrics such as Hamming loss, to a general framework applicable to many of the classification metrics in common use. Based on the population-optimal classifier, we propose a computationally efficient and general-purpose plug-in classification algorithm, and prove its consistency with respect to the metric of interest. Empirical results on synthetic and benchmark datasets are supportive of our theoretical findings.


Household waste separation at the source is a central part of waste management systems in Sweden. Resource recovery of materials and energy increased substantially after separate collection was implemented in the 1990s. A procedure to transform recycling behavior for the sorting of household waste—called the recycling behavior transition (RBT) procedure—was designed and implemented in a waste management system in Sweden. Repeated use of this procedure, which will assist in the continual improvement of household sorting, consists of the following four consecutive steps: (i) evaluating the current sorting behavior; (ii) identifying appropriate interventions; (iii) implementing the interventions, and; (iv) assessing the quantitative effect of the interventions. This procedure follows action research methodology and it is the first time that such a procedure has been developed and implemented for the sorting of household waste. The procedure can easily be adapted to any source separation system (which may have different local situations) and, by improving the source separation, will increase the resource recovery in the waste management system. The RBT procedure, together with its strengths and weaknesses, is discussed in this paper, and its implementation is exemplified by a pilot study done in Sweden.


In this article we explore what can be learnt about design organisations by designing and playing design games. We describe one particular design game in detail. We look at how the players of this design game collaborate and communicate on a specific design task, and investigate collaborative and communicative skills they develop. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential 'design games' have as a tool to enhance collaboration and communication in multidisciplinary design teams and suggest further steps to improve and expand this tool.


Servo drives and drives for position control require a high dynamic on speed control. In this paper, model predictive direct speed control (MP-DSC) is proposed, which overcomes limitations of cascaded linear controllers. The novel concept predicts the future current and speed states in discrete steps and it selects plant inputs which depend mainly on the predicted speed error. Secondary control objectives, such as maximum torque per ampere tracking are included. MP-DSC uses the finite control set approach which makes it suitable for online predictions with a prediction horizon of a few sample periods. The concept has been developed by simulation and evaluated on an experimental test bench. The overall control behavior is evaluated applying reference and disturbance steps to the system, where MP-DSC shows promising results. A solution for disturbance (e.g., load toque) rejection is proposed, and the effectiveness to avoid control offsets is shown. Furthermore, the dynamic performance and the steady-state behavior of MP-DSC is evaluated and discussed.


In our recently started multiple case study - funded by the Netherlands Scientific Board (NWO) - on these processes of collaboration, we focused on the dynamics in growing partnerships between citizens, community social workers and civil servants. Three cases of social neighbourhood initiatives are presented that each create public value in their own way, while simultaneously adopting traditional governmental and social services provision. We will highlight their respective developmental phases, and the challenges in collaborative learning. One important lesson at this stage is that the words 'professional' and 'volunteer' seem to have become inappropriate, because both types of local actors can either possess or lack the skills required to nurture collaborative learning. These kinds of findings are shared in a collaborative learning trajectory with the stakeholders and the research group. Our experiences with this new role will be woven into our presentations.


Incorporating hierarchical structures like constituency trees has been shown to be effective for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, it is evident that state-of-the-art (SOTA) sequence-based models like the Transformer struggle to encode such structures inherently. On the other hand, dedicated models like the Tree-LSTM, while explicitly modeling hierarchical structures, do not perform as efficiently as the Transformer. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap with Hierarchical Accumulation to encode parse tree structures into self-attention at constant time complexity. Our approach outperforms SOTA methods in four IWSLT translation tasks and the WMT'14 English-German task. It also yields improvements over Transformer and Tree-LSTM on three text classification tasks. We further demonstrate that using hierarchical priors can compensate for data shortage, and that our model prefers phrase-level attentions over token-level attentions.


Long-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis) have a puzzling social system in which teams of two males display cooperatively in dispersed lek arenas, but only the alpha partner mates with visiting females. One benefit of performing as a nonmating partner might be to gain experience as an "apprentice" to improve the performance of the complex duet song and joint dance. We examined the relationship between the age of singers and two measures of singing performance: song variability and sound frequency matching. Singing performance improved with age; variability in four song characteristics of males less than 3 years old was greater than that in their older partners, and frequency matching increased with the age of the younger partner. Randomization tests of song samples from seven well-established teams showed that males did not track the song-to-song variation in their partners' singing. Another randomization test showed that frequency matching by these teams was higher than that of randomly paired partners. We considered three alternative hypotheses for the congruent songs: (1) short-term accommodation to the partner's song; (2) active choice of partners with similar intrinsic frequencies; and (3) long-term development of congruent song through either practice or song copying. Our results and evidence from long-term monitoring of banded birds best support the hypothesis that frequency matching develops over several years during the complex and protracted process of partner formation. Nonmating males may benefit from increasing their competence at display, eventually enjoying increased mating success when they inherit display sites from older males. Copyright 2002.


Abstract
 This paper examines the role of bilateral foreign aid in supporting the diffusion and enactment of common models and institutions of the rule of law among aid‐recipient low‐ and middle‐income countries. We ask whether aid targeted at security‐sector reform and the rule of law influences the adoption of constitutional and legal reforms over time (institutional diffusion), and whether aid also supports more effective implementation of the rule of law, writ large (legal reach). We use event history and fixed‐effects panel regression models to examine a sample of 154 countries between 1995 and 2013 to answer these questions. Our findings suggest that aid does increase the likelihood of adopting several rule of law reforms, but its effect on increasing the depth or quality of rule of law over time within countries is much less substantial. These findings suggest that though aid may play a role in supporting the diffusion of models contributing to state isomorphism among countries, it is less effective at increasing the pervasiveness and quality of such model's implementation. This discrepancy between the effectiveness of bilateral aid in promoting law on the books versus law in action in aid recipient countries calls into question the current approach to rule of law reforms.


Consequent upon the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the European Union (EU) Commission enacted various decisions, which demanded that all bovine animals over 30 months of age should be examined by one of the approved rapid tests when slaughtered for human consumption. All cattle over 24 months of age subject to 'special emergency slaughtering' or died on the farm or in transit or suspect of BSE infection should also be examined by one of the approved rapid tests. According to a specific commission decision, Sweden and Finland were to test only a sample of bovine animals over 30 months of age subject to normal slaughter. Testing commenced on 1 January 2001. The authors evaluate the results of more than 5 million tests performed in the second semester 2001 from across the EU. The prevalence of BSE in the risk categories considered (emergency slaughter, fallen stock and healthy slaughtered), and the probability distribution of true-positive, false-positive and false-negative results are estimated by second-order Bayesian analysis. The results of the validation of tests performed in the EU are also considered by estimation of the probability distribution of their sensitivity and specificity. The prevalence of infection estimated in the cattle population of each EU country is compared against the criteria given in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code and is also used to evaluate the consistency of the results of EU Geographical BSE Risk with the actual infection levels in the countries. Finally, the capability of the two current approaches to BSE surveillance (i.e. the testing of all slaughtered and dead cattle as applied in the EU and a surveillance system targeted at animals in risk categories only) to detect the infection in a given population are discussed.


INTRODUCTION
Storms are the primary factor reducing carbon sequestration in Europe's forests, thus negatively affecting the ability of countries to fulfil their targets related to greenhouse gas balance (emission vs. sequestration). The impact of storms is rising due to an increase in forest cover, a preference for less wind-firm species (namely the Norway spruce) as well as the aging of forests in Europe (leading to greater vulnerability). Furthermore, climate change will affect the amount of damage. The frequency of windstorms and/or high speed wind gusts is expected to increase. The largest storms in our region occur mostly in autumn/winter – in the future this is likely to increase due to conditions in which it is more likely that tree anchorage is weak, due to the soil not being frozen and being saturated with water. From a sustainable forestry perspective, it is important to note that recreational use of those forests affected by storms as well as secondary damage (e.g. by bark beetle) will also be substantially reduced. Forest owners suffer direct financial losses as a result of storms. The aim of this study is to estimate the losses caused by storms and evaluate measures that could be used to reduce storm damage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forest owners suffer direct damage as a result of a loss of timber value from stem cracks (which is estimated to account for 20% of the volume of first (bottom) logs reduced to fire-wood quality), increased logging costs as well as additional regeneration, tending and precommercial thinning. The cost of these processes and the timber prices used in calculations are obtained from the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia; information on the amount of timber damage during storms in the last decade is provided by the State Forest Service. To obtain information on the possibility of reducing storm damage, growth models (LSFRI Silava) are used in addition to assessments of vulnerability to storm damage (ForestGALES). The financial impact of damage-reduction measures is given as equivalent annual annuity (EAA) - interest rate 4%.
RESULTS
During the last decade, windstorms in Latvia alone have caused direct economic losses to forest owners of around €164 million, an average of €9 per m3 of wood from salvage logging. Vulnerability to damage increases as tree height increases (as critical wind speed decreases). Lower planting density slightly increases the critical wind speed (by 3-9%) (for Scots pine: 1500 trees ha-1vs current 3000 tree ha-1) and notably reduces the financial impact of storm damage: EAA for pine stands planted on the best soils is  €15 ha-1 with sparser planting, and -€11 ha-1 with denser planting. If final harvest is planned by the stand age (101 years in majority of cases in Latvia), the financial impact of wind damage is higher in the best growing pine stands (site index Ia): in sparse stands the affect of wind damage reduces EAA by 38%, while stands with a lower site index are reduced by 25%. The reason for this is that faster-growing trees reach certain height, at which they are vulnerable to smaller (in terms of m s-1) critical wind speed, at earlier age. For example, the above-mentioned sparse Ia stand has a critical wind speed of ≤20ms-1 for 38% of its total rotation period, compared to 26% for the I stand. Thus, harvesting by constant age reduces the financial gain from the best-quality sites and silvucultural treatments aimed at increasing tree growth (e.g. planting best-growing genotypes). Therefore, harvesting by target diameter is recommended.
CONCLUSION
Major damage to forests mean owners are less willing to invest – thus reducing future potential wood flow for the industry. Therefore, changes in legislation concerning criteria for initial stand density and target diameter are recommended to minimize the negative economic impact of climate change (adapt).


Two troughs in Noctis Labyrinthus display a diversity of mineral assemblages rarely seen spatially collocated on Mars. Minerals identified from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data within the troughs include polyhydrated and monohydrated sulfates, an Al clay (e.g., kaolinite or beidellite), Fe/Mg smectites, hydrated silica and/or opal, and a leached clay or jarosite mixture with a doublet absorption between 2.2 and 2.3 μm. Units both pre-date and post-date smaller pits and depressions within the larger troughs, indicating that deposition was coeval with continued extension, collapse, and erosion in the Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian (2–3 Ga). The strata within each trough display a mineralogic diversity consistent with active aqueous processes and/or changing chemical conditions over time, perhaps due to hydrothermal alteration of volcanic ash, influxes of groundwater from nearby Tharsis volcanism, fumarole activity, and melting snow and/or ice. The superposition of younger Fe/Mg smectites over sulfates, Al clays, and hydrated silica and/or opal in both troughs indicates that this region is unique relative to most other locations on Mars, where the opposite progression is observed and the Fe/Mg smectites are Noachian (older than 3.6 Ga) in age. Consequently, these troughs may have been habitable regions on Mars at a time when drier conditions dominated the surface.


Effective design and management of Supply Chain Networks (SCN) support the production and delivery of products at low cost, high quality, high variety, and short lead times. In this study, a SCN is designed for an automotive company by integrating various approaches. The study has been carried out in two phases: The first phase involves selecting suppliers and distributors by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and integer-programming model. In the second phase, first the priority ranking of selected suppliers and distributors is determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and then these priority rankings are integrated into the transportation models developed to identify the optimal routing decisions for all members of the supply chain.


We propose a different perspective for interpretation of exchange rate pass-through: a relatively lower (higher) degree of pass-through implies a competitive (less competitive) market. Using three different wheat exporting countries, the United States, Canada, and Australia, and two importing countries, Japan and Korea, we are not likely to reject our hypothesis. In the competitive market (Japan), the exporting countries determine their prices based on changes in the competing country's price, and as a result, there is a close-to-zero degree of exchange rate pass-through. However, a lower degree of price competition and a significantly higher degree of exchange rate pass-through are found in a less competitive market (Korea).


Field application of swine (Sus scrofa) slurry provides essential nutrients for crop production. The N to P ratio for slurry is lower than needed by most crops resulting in P accumulation when applied at N rates required for crop growth. Low phytate corn (Zea mays L.) (LPC) contains similar amounts of total P but less phytate P than traditional corn (TC) resulting in improved P bioavailability and reduced P excretion by monogastric animals. While manure from swine-fed LPC diets has a higher N to P ratio than that from TC diets, field studies comparing crop utilization of nutrients from LPC manure have not been conducted. A field study was conducted to compare N and P utilization by no-tillage rainfed sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] receiving three annual surface applications of nutrients (inorganic fertilizer, LPC slurry, and TC slurry) and by irrigated corn receiving one incorporated application of nutrients. Sorghum grain and total dry matter N utilization exhibited a year by treatment interaction but total dry matter N utilization was similar for both manure types in all years (61.2 ± 2.6% for TC and 53.8 ± 2.6% for LPC). Grain P utilization was similar for inorganic fertilizer and manure but differed among years (44.4 ± 7.0% in 1999, 25.1 ± 1.4% in 2000, and 57.0 ± 2.2% in 2001). Corn grain N and P utilization did not differ among nutrient sources in the year of application (50.7 ± 2.4% for N and 40.4 ±3.0 for P) and increased little in the year following application (62.2 ± 3.0% for N and 50.2 ± 4.5% for P). Crop N and P utilization from LPC manure and TC manure was similar and nutrient guidelines developed for TC swine slurry should also apply for LPC slurry.


Research in behavioral economics has shown that small changes in the environment can make it easier for people to act and make decisions that support their goals. The Behavioral Interventions to Advance Self-Sufficiency (BIAS) project, launched in 2010, was the first major project to apply behavioral insights to the human services programs that serve poor and vulnerable families in the United States. The goal of the project — sponsored by the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation of the Administration for Children and Families in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and led by MDRC — was to learn how tools from behavioral science could be used to deliver program services more effectively and, ultimately, improve the well-being of low-income children, adults, and families.
Following a systematic approach called behavioral diagnosis and design, 15 state and local agencies participated in the project, which consisted of identifying problems that are appropriate for behavioral interventions, designing interventions, and conducting rigorous tests — where appropriate — to determine whether the interventions improved outcomes. The team launched 15 tests of behavioral interventions, involving close to 100,000 clients, in eight of the participating agencies. These tests spanned three domains: child support, child care, and work support. While each intervention was customized to fit its context, all involved at least one of the behavioral principles described by the "SIMPLER" framework, which stands for social influence, implementation prompts, making deadlines, personalization, loss aversion, ease, and reminders. Evaluated through randomized controlled trials, all BIAS sites had at least one intervention with a statistically significant impact on a primary outcome of interest. The magnitude of the improvements typically ranged from 2 to 4 percentage points (in line with other behavioral research findings) — but, in several cases, impacts were much larger. These impacts may be considered large relative to the costs for the interventions, which ranged from $0.15 per person to $10.46 per person.
The project's findings suggest that small changes in, for instance, program outreach or the way that information is conveyed can help reduce some of the complexities that low-income populations face when they interact with human services agencies. While such "nudges" — defined as subtle and modest changes that help improve individual decision making — are shown to be an important aspect of the behavioral toolkit, the BIAS findings also suggest that it may be fruitful to extend the approach beyond program implementation to program design (at the local or state level) and policy formation (at the state or federal level). In this way, changes to program rules and agency practices may induce larger or longer-term changes in behavior among both clients and program staff.


In this paper a multisensor setup for localization consisting of a 360 degree laser range finder and a monocular vision system is presented. Its practicability under conditions of continuous localization during motion in real-time (referred to as on-the-fly localization) is investigated in large-scale experiments. The features in use are infinite horizontal lines for the laser and vertical lines for the camera providing an extremely compact environment representation. They are extracted using physically well-grounded models for all sensors and passed to the Kalman filter for fusion and position estimation. Very high localization precision is obtained in general. The vision information has been found to further increase this precision, particular in the orientation, already with a moderate number of matched features. The results were obtained with a fully autonomous system where extensive tests with an overall length of more than 1.4 km and 9,500 localization cycles have been conducted. Furthermore, general aspects of multisensor on-the-fly localization are discussed.


Governing the anthropocene entails, in part, constituting a delicate balance among distinct types of systems. Building on the work of Sir Geoffrey Vickers, I identify three types of systems-natural, artefactual, and human. Each has its own requirements for stability and sustainability. Together they have further requirements for functioning interdependently, particularly in any form we ought to consider desirable. I outline some of what these concepts suggest, and argue that understanding stability, sustainability, and interdependence in cybersystemic terms may put us in a better position not only to govern the anthropocene, but to govern it more responsibly. I explore some practical implications of this view in comparing major water projects in Singapore and California.


The reduction of tropical forests has generated a loss of ecosystem services across the globe. In Brazil, essential biomes related to water provision (such as the Atlantic Forest and Savanna) have been degraded, compromising water-ecosystem services. Payment for water-ecosystem services (water PES) has been implemented as a tool to stimulate changes in the use and management of these areas. Many water PES projects have emerged in Brazil using forest restoration, aiming to improve water ecosystem services. In this context, this study identified the types of monitoring carried out in Brazilian water PES projects, to include their main characteristics and gaps. Five Brazilian projects were selected for analysis as case studies. Interviews were then conducted with stakeholders to get current data on their monitoring practices. The data from the literature review, case study approach, and interviews were analyzed from the perspective of monitoring guides recommendations. Different aspects were analyzed, such as objectives, institutional arrangements, type of monitoring, indicators, and frequency of monitoring.  The study indicates that there is a lack of standardized methods, making it difficult to specify the results of the implemented actions. The central gap is related to benefit monitoring.  It is necessary to establish a holistic monitoring system, dealing with the ecosystem as a complex socio-ecological system. Some perspectives to solve the problems were proposed. The results of this work may help not only improve the current and future PES schemes in Brazil but also in other countries, especially developing ones, where vulnerable populations depend upon them.


Remote sensing has become an essential component of the geosciences (the study of Earth and its system components). Remote sensing measurements are almost always energies measured in selected parts of the electro-magnetic spectrum. That is, the geophysical variable of interest is only observed indirectly; a forward model relates the energies to the variable(s) of interest and other elements of the state. The first derivative of that forward model with respect to the state is known as the Jacobian. In this chapter, we review the importance of the Jacobian to inferring the state, and we use it to diagnose which state elements may be difficult to estimate. We develop the Statistical Significance Filter and flag those state elements that consistently fail to get through the filter. Publication Details Cressie, N. (2018). A statistical analysis of the Jacobian in retrievals of satellite data. In B. S. Daya Sagar, F. Agterberg & Q. Cheng (Eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences: Fifty Years of IAMG (pp. 117-130). Switzerland: Springer Open. This book chapter is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/1822 Chapter 6 A Statistical Analysis of the Jacobian in Retrievals of Satellite Data


High species richness is thought to support the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions and services under changing environments. Yet, some species might perform unique functional roles while others are redundant. Thus, the benefits of high species richness in maintaining ecosystem functioning are uncertain if functions have little redundancy, potentially leading to high vulnerability of functions. We studied the natural propensity of assemblages to be functionally buffered against loss prior to fishing activities, using functional trait combinations, in coral reef fish assemblages across unfished wilderness areas of the Indo-Pacific: Chagos Archipelago, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Fish functional diversity in these wilderness areas is highly vulnerable to fishing, explained by species- and abundance-based redundancy packed into a small combination of traits, leaving most other trait combinations (60%) sensitive to fishing, with no redundancy. Functional vulnerability peaks for mobile and sedentary top predators, and large species in general. Functional vulnerability decreases for certain functional entities in New Caledonia, where overall functional redundancy was higher. Uncovering these baseline patterns of functional vulnerability can offer early warning signals of the damaging effects from fishing, and may serve as baselines to guide precautionary and even proactive conservation actions.


Mass is clearly the most important parameter of a star as it determines the phases it will go through, its physical parameters, the elements produced and its life span. Two important processes that occur simultaneously in young stars are directly related to the final mass a star ends up with; the accretion of material onto the star from a circumstellar disk and the bipolar outflow of material from the star. These processes are related since the infalling material drives the outflow. The life span of circumstellar disks is also important for the possibility of life, as this limits the time available for planet formation. This may depend on the stellar mass and its environment.Three detailed observational case-studies are presented, a globule (B335) that is forming only one or two stars, a medium-sized star formation region (L1551) and a large cluster of young stars (YSOs) in a part of our nearest giant molecular cloud (L1641N).The first part of this thesis concerns finding YSOs by looking for mid-IR excess, indicative of circumstellar disks, using the ISO and Spitzer satellites in combination with ground-based observations. Other signs of youth are also used; H-alpha in emission (accretion), Li 6707 in absorption (Li is destroyed with age) and cloud membership based on extinction. The detection of 15 new YSO candidates in L1551 (Paper I) and 89 YSOs in L1641N (Paper II) is presented. In L1641N, distributions are presented of stellar age and mass. An empirical extinction law is found and the star formation history is presented. There seems to be an accelerated star formation with time. This can however also be explained, at least partly, by migration of older stars from the cluster - a migration that may very well be mass dependent.The second part concerns bipolar outflows. The discovery of six Herbig-Haro objects and at least 15 H2 objects in B335 is presented (Paper III) as well as proper motions for previously known objects. A planar shock model is used to calculate shock velocities. In L1641N (Paper IV) we discover a new outflow source and connect this to a number of H2 objects that are found to be part of this flow from proper motion measurements.


An interdisciplinary research project has evolved from a broad consideration in respect to the rising number of people with dementia, rapid growth of an ageing population, over-prescribed use of antipsychotic medication and the need for cost-effective interventions supporting dementia care. Within this context, this research aims to explore the quality of multisensory stimulation offered in homes for residents living with dementia, focusing on Multisensory Environments (MSEs) in particular, and whether design can improve such experiences and maximise therapeutic benefits. MSEs are widely used in dementia care as a meaningful leisure activity and a therapeutic intervention. However, evidence suggests that they often fail to address the specific needs of people with dementia due to inadequate design and poor facilitation. Also, little research has considered the impact of MSE design on engagement and wellbeing. Hence, this research investigates the aesthetic and functional qualities of MSEs currently provided, such as material, colour, imagery, spatial set-up, usability, and accessibility, with the aim of establishing reasons for success and failure. The research includes learning about the approach and challenges care home staff face in their daily work and exploring how they can be supported in providing improved care. Care homes have been visited to examine and record how they facilitate MSEs, applying ethnographic methods that incorporate structured interviews with care staff and managers, observations of sensory sessions and a focus group workshop with care home staff. The results of this study will inform the development of design recommendations for MSEs for people with dementia, potentially maximising the benefits for residents through improved design providing a person-centred experience.
 At the time of the conference the project was in its early stage and only preliminary results were available. The paper therefore focuses on the research context and discusses the process of identifying and setting the problem and research question. This research, a collaboration between researchers from design and occupational therapy, is funded by the Arts and Humanity Research Council (AHRC) and supported by Care UK.


Background In public health HIV treatment programs in Africa, long-term retention remains a challenge. A number of improvement strategies exist (e.g., bring services closer to home, reduce visit frequency, expand hours of clinic operation, improve provider attitude), but implementers lack data about which to prioritize when resource constraints preclude implementing all. We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantify preferences for a number of potential clinic improvements to enhance retention. Methods and findings We sought a random sample of HIV patients who were lost to follow-up (defined as >90 days late for their last scheduled appointment) from treatment facilities in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Among those contacted, we asked patients to choose between 2 hypothetical clinics in which the following 5 attributes of those facilities were varied: waiting time at the clinic (1, 3, or 5 hours), distance from residence to clinic (5, 10, or 20 km), ART supply given at each refill (1, 3, or 5 months), hours of operation (morning only, morning and afternoon, or morning and Saturday), and staff attitude ("rude" or "nice"). We used mixed-effects logistic regression to estimate relative utility (i.e., preference) for each attribute level. We calculated how much additional waiting time or travel distance patients were willing to accept in order to obtain other desired features of care. Between December 9, 2015 and May 31, 2016, we offered the survey to 385 patients, and 280 participated (average age 35; 60% female). Patients exhibited a strong preference for nice as opposed to rude providers (relative utility of 2.66; 95% CI 1.9–3.42; p < 0.001). In a standard willingness to wait or willingness to travel analysis, patients were willing to wait 19 hours more or travel 45 km farther to see nice rather than rude providers. An alternative analysis, in which trade-offs were constrained to values actually posed to patients in the experiment, suggested that patients were willing to accept a facility located 10 km from home (as opposed to 5) that required 5 hours of waiting per visit (as opposed to 1 hour) and that dispensed 3 months of medications (instead of 5) in order to access nice (as opposed to rude) providers. This study was limited by the fact that attributes included in the experiment may not have captured additional important determinants of preference. Conclusions In this study, patients were willing to expend considerable time and effort as well as accept substantial inconvenience in order to access providers with a nice attitude. In addition to service delivery redesign (e.g., differentiated service delivery models), current improvement strategies should also prioritize improving provider attitude and promoting patient centeredness—an area of limited policy attention to date.


Abstract. Biweekly snowpack core samples were collected at seven sites along two elevation gradients in the Tahoe Basin during two consecutive snow years to evaluate total wintertime snowpack accumulation of nutrients and pollutants in a high-elevation watershed of the Sierra Nevada. Additional sampling of wet deposition and detailed snow pit profiles were conducted the following year to compare wet deposition to snowpack storage and assess the vertical dynamics of snowpack nitrogen, phosphorus, and mercury. Results show that, on average, organic N comprised 48% of all snowpack N, while nitrate (NO3--N) and TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) made up 25 and 27%, respectively. Snowpack NO3--N concentrations were relatively uniform across sampling sites over the sampling seasons and showed little difference between seasonal wet deposition and integrated snow pit concentrations. These patterns are in agreement with previous studies that identify wet deposition as the dominant source of wintertime NO3--N deposition. However, vertical snow pit profiles showed highly variable concentrations of NO3--N within the snowpack indicative of additional deposition and in-snowpack dynamics. Unlike NO3--N, snowpack TAN doubled towards the end of winter, which we attribute to a strong dry deposition component which was particularly pronounced in late winter and spring. Organic N concentrations in the snowpack were highly variable (from 35 to 70%) and showed no clear temporal, spatial, or vertical trends throughout the season. Integrated snowpack organic N concentrations were up to 2.5 times higher than seasonal wet deposition, likely due to microbial immobilization of inorganic N as evident by coinciding increases in organic N and decreases in inorganic N in deeper, aged snow. Spatial and temporal deposition patterns of snowpack P were consistent with particulate-bound dry deposition inputs and strong impacts from in-basin sources causing up to 6 times greater enrichment at urban locations compared to remote sites. Snowpack Hg showed little temporal variability and was dominated by particulate-bound forms (78% on average). Dissolved Hg concentrations were consistently lower in snowpack than in wet deposition, which we attribute to photochemically driven gaseous re-emission. In agreement with this pattern is a significant positive relationship between snowpack Hg and elevation, attributed to a combination of increased snow accumulation at higher elevations causing limited light penetration and lower photochemical re-emission losses in deeper, higher-elevation snowpack. Finally, estimates of basin-wide loading based on spatially extrapolated concentrations and a satellite-based snow water equivalent reconstruction model identify snowpack chemical loading from atmospheric deposition as a substantial source of nutrients and pollutants to the Lake Tahoe Basin, accounting for 113 t of N, 9.3 t of P, and 1.2 kg of Hg each year.


The aim of this study was to prospectively determine if invasive carcinoma of the cervix can be ruled out by negative magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings. Eligible patients were those who were scheduled to undergo either hysterectomy or conization because of invasive or non-invasive lesions of the cervix. T2-weighted and T1-dynamic enhancement images were reviewed by two radiologists who had no information on these patients except for the preoperative diagnosis. Clinical information regarding location of the disease was not given. At least 12 longitudinal sections prepared from the surgically removed cervix were reviewed by a pathologist who was not provided with MRI information. The correlation between MRI and histological findings was analyzed in terms of depth of invasion. Seventy cases were entered and 66 were evaluable. Sensitivities of T2 and dynamic MRI for invasive and non-invasive disease by radiologist 1 were 0.8824 and 0.8235, respectively, and those by radiologist 2 were 0.6296 and 0.7647, respectively. Specificities were 0.8776 and 0.8571, respectively, for radiologist 1 and 0.8974 and 0.8367, respectively, for radiologist 2. When sensitivities and specificities were calculated for prediction of non-invasive plus microinvasive lesions < or = 5 mm vs. invasive lesions > 5 mm, specificities of T2 and dynamic MRI became 1.0000 for both radiologists. Negative findings on T2 and/or dynamic MRI indicated non-invasive or early invasive cervical diseases < or = 5 mm. The dynamic technique provided only limited additional value in the detection of early invasive cervical carcinoma.


The author of a best-selling biography of Diego Maradona, and similarly widely acclaimed books on FC Barcelona and Real Madrid, digs deep into the roots of the most popular sport, to look at how football played in Spain became the most admired in the world. From its early beginnings when the first football on the shores of Bilbao and Buenos Aires was played by British sailors and engineers, through to the influx of South American stars, and similarly inspirational Italians, Dutchman and Scandinavians, the author shows how the engagement of foreigners with home-grown Spanish talent overcame political adversity and produced football of sublime skill, passion, and unparalleled entertainment value. The book takes us on a journey through some of the extraordinary characters, games, and moments that have defined Spanish football from the early days when a few enthusiasts developed their talent kicking a ball around on a piece of industrial waste-ground or beach, to the emergence of rival giants, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid - the most powerful and successful football clubs in the world - and a national team that, encompassing all that was most brilliant in the Spanish League, became the World Champions.


The climatic factors are changing very rapidly in Malaysia. Agriculture which depends heavily on climate is becoming increasingly vulnerable to risk and uncertainty. In order to face and manage the situation, farmers are trying in various ways and government and other external agencies are providing several supports to adapt to these climatic vulnerabilities. However, there is still a gap between farmers' adaptability and climate change. This study analyses paddy farmers' perception of climatic variations and vulnerabilities and relevant supports and techniques to adapt to the situation. The data were collected through questionnaire survey on 198 paddy producing farmers in the area of Integrated Agricultural Development Area (IADA), North-West Selangor, Malaysia. This study uses descriptive statistics, ordinal regression, percentile, and scale analysis. The study finds that most farmers do not have a clear perception of the climatic changes and vulnerabilities. Farmers' adaptation practices to climatic vulnerability are mostly based on their common sense responses. It suggests that farmers need necessary training and support from the government and international agencies to enable them to effectively adapt to the climatic vulnerability and avert any adverse effect on their socioeconomic sustainability and national food security. Farmers' expectations of several new supports has no statistically significant influences on their current adaptability with climatic changes, but their priority ranking for these expected supports will help policymakers to determine future support for climatic change adaptation for agriculture sustainability and livelihood sustainability under adverse climatic change scenarios, especially for Malaysia.


ABSTRACT This article explores socially withdrawn young Finnish people on an Internet forum who identify with the Japanese hikikomori phenomenon. We aim to overcome the dualism between sociology and psychology found in earlier research by referring to Pierre Bourdieu, who provides insights into how individual choices are constructed in accordance with wider social settings. We focus on the individual level and everyday choices, but we suggest that psychological factors (anxiety, depression) can be seen as properties of social relations rather than as individual states of mind, as young adults have unequal access to valued resources. We scrutinise young people's specific reasoning related to the social and psychological factors and contingent life events that influence their choice to withdraw. An experience of inadequacy, a feeling of failure and a lack of self-efficacy are common experiences in the data. This indicates that young adults who identify with the hikikomori phenomenon find external society demanding and consider themselves lacking resources such as education, social networks or the personality type that they see as valued in society and as essential to 'survival'. They also feel that they cannot control their life events, which may mean that they receive little help in their everyday lives.


BACKGROUND
Equivalence of laboratory tests over time is important for longitudinal studies. Even a small systematic difference (bias) can result in substantial misclassification.

METHODS
We selected 200 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants attending all 5 study visits over 25 years. Eight analytes were remeasured in 2011-2013 from stored blood samples from multiple visits: creatinine, uric acid, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Original values were recalibrated to remeasured values with Deming regression. Differences >10% were considered to reflect substantial bias, and correction equations were applied to affected analytes in the total study population. We examined trends in chronic kidney disease (CKD) pre- and postrecalibration.

RESULTS
Repeat measures were highly correlated with original values [Pearson r > 0.85 after removing outliers (median 4.5% of paired measurements)], but 2 of 8 analytes (creatinine and uric acid) had differences >10%. Original values of creatinine and uric acid were recalibrated to current values with correction equations. CKD prevalence differed substantially after recalibration of creatinine (visits 1, 2, 4, and 5 prerecalibration: 21.7%, 36.1%, 3.5%, and 29.4%, respectively; postrecalibration: 1.3%, 2.2%, 6.4%, and 29.4%). For HDL cholesterol, the current direct enzymatic method differed substantially from magnesium dextran precipitation used during visits 1-4.

CONCLUSIONS
Analytes remeasured in samples stored for approximately 25 years were highly correlated with original values, but 2 of the 8 analytes showed substantial bias at multiple visits. Laboratory recalibration improved reproducibility of test results across visits and resulted in substantial differences in CKD prevalence. We demonstrate the importance of consistent recalibration of laboratory assays in a cohort study.


This essay presents incorrect, misleading, or easily misconstructed anatomical statements from a number of sources and follows each with editorial and clinically applicable commentary. The purpose of this exercise is not to degrade the sources, but only to correct the misconceptions in an attempt to avoid their perpetuation.


The research study involved using the modified FEMWATER code to investigate the impact of total stress changes on groundwater flow in the vicinity of a salt tailings pile. Total stress and pore-pressure data observed at the Lanigan and Rocanville potash-mine sites were used to assist the development of a generic FEMWATER model. The original 3-D mesh considered for model study covers a region of 7.6 km x 7.6 km x 60 m. The simulated pile itself covers a surface area of 1.6 km x 1.6 km within the region. Symmetry of the idealized system allowed half of the system to be modelled to reduce the size of the mesh. The model was layered to facilitate different materials representing different hydrostratigraphic scenarios. The GMS-release of the FEMWATER code (version 2.1) was modified to simulate the pore-pressure response to total stress changes caused by tailings pile loading at the ground surface to be modelled. The modified code was verified before applying to present study. Long-term pore pressure generation and dissipation due to pile construction was investigated for eleven hydrostratigraphic scenarios consisting of plastic clays, stiff till and dense sand layers commonly found in Saskatchewan potash mining regions. The model was run for two distinctive pile loading patterns. Model results indicated that the loading pattern has a significant influence on pore pressure generation beneath the pile. The model was initially run for 30 year pile construction period and later simulated for 15, 25 and 35 year construction periods to investigate the impact of loading rate. These results showed that, as expected, the peak pore water pressure head is proportional to the pile construction rate. A sensitivity analysis, which was carried out by changing hydraulic conductivity of stiff till, revealed that the lower the hydraulic conductivity, the greater the pore pressure generation beneath the pile. Overall, the research study helped to understand and predict the influence of pile construction and hydrostratigraphy on pore-pressure changes beneath salt tailing piles. Low K/Ss or cv materials (compressible tills) demonstrate a slow dissipation rate and ii high excess pressures. Compared to dense sand which has very high K/Ss, till has very low K/Ss which causes in high excess pore pressure generation. Sand layers act as drains, rapidly dissipating pore pressures. Thicker low K/Ss units result in slower dissipation and higher pressures. As the thickness of the low K/Ss layer increases, the peak pressures increase as the drainage path lengthens. Thin plastic clay layers give rise to the highest pressures. The model study showed that hydrostratigraphic scenarios similar to those found at Saskatchewan potash mine sites can generate the high pore pressures observed in the vicinity of salt tailings piles as a result of pile loading. Peak pressures are very sensitive to pile construction rates, loading patterns and hydrostratiagraphy of the region. Peak pressures can reach levels that would be of concern for pile stability on the presence of adverse geological conditions.


One-dimensional transient modeling techniques are adapted to analyze the thermal behavior of lean-burn after-treatment systems when active flow control schemes are applied. The active control schemes include parallel alternating flow, partial restricting flow, and periodic flow reversal (FR) that are found to be especially effective to treat engine exhausts that are difficult to cope with conventional passive flow converters. To diesel particulate filters (DPF), lean NOx traps (LNT), and oxidation converters (OC), the combined use of active flow control schemes are identified to be capable of shifting the exhaust gas temperature, flow rate, and oxygen concentration to more favorable windows for the filtration, conversion, and regeneration processes. Comparison analyses are made between active flow control and passive flow control schemes in investigating the influences of gas flow, heat transfer, chemical reaction, oxygen concentration, and converter properties. Some of the simulation results, such as the periodic flow reversal results, are largely in agreement with the previous empirical observation.


This paper reviews the expectations for forestry's contribution to rural development – and for its special contributions to the most disadvantaged, to women and the landless users of the forest commons. A growing literature challenges some of these expectations; in particular, certain expectations about cultural differences and physical stocks as explanatory factors for patterns of household behavior. This literature could also be used to support a call for sharper definitions of deforestation, improved indicators of the effects of forest resources on the rural poor, and improved design of forest policy interventions. Our paper reviews the literature, suggests some unifying themes, and identifies the critical issues that remain unanswered. The primary contention arising from this literature is that households follow systematic patterns of economic behavior in their consumption and production of forest resources, and that policy interventions in social forestry should be analyzed with regard to markets, policies, and institutions. Markets for forest resources generally exist in some form – although they may be thin. Successful forestry projects and policies require careful identification of the target populations and careful estimation of market and market-related effects on the household behavior of these populations. Institutional structures that assure secure rights for scarce forest resources are uniquely important in a forest enviornment often characterized by open access resources and weak government administration. Social and community forestry, improved stoves, improved strains of multi-purpose trees, and even private commercial forest operations can all improve local welfare, but only where scarcity is correctly identified and the appropriate institutions are in place. An increasing number of observations of afforestation from developing countries around the world is evidence that forestry activities do satisfy these conditions in selective important cases. The critical point for policy is to identify the characteristics of these successful cases that are predictive of other cases where new forestry activities can be welfare enhancing.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the profitability life cycle among Swedish micro firms. The study sample contains 22,710 micro firms across six industries for which complete financial information is available, giving a total of 68,130 observations. The results of the empirical study indicate that the firm profitability changes systematically over its life cycle stages. The profitability is high in the first life cycle stage, and as firms age and develop, it decreases. The change of firm profitability in different industries over their life cycles follows the general pattern of the total sample. Empirical tests provide support for two additional predictions of the life cycle model: specifically, that firm size influences profitability, and that the industry affiliation has a more pronounced effect on firms' profitability than the variables size and life cycle stage. The results from the statistical tests support the applicability of the life cycle model to explain the profitability development pattern.


Innovation and knowledge creation call for high-level epistemic agency and design-mode thinking, two competencies beyond the traditional scopes of schooling. In this paper, we discuss the need for learning analytics to support these two competencies, and more broadly, the demand for education for innovation. We ground these arguments on a distinctive Knowledge Building pedagogy that treats education as a knowledge-creation enterprise. By critiquing current learning analytics for their focus on static-state knowledge and skills, we argue for agency-driven, choice-based analytics more attuned to higher order competencies in innovation. We further describe ongoing learning analytics initiatives that attend to these elements of design. Prospects and challenges are discussed, as well as broader issues regarding analytics for higher order competencies.


One of the most important African American leaders of the 20th century and perhaps the most influential woman in the civil rights movement, Ella Baker (1903-1986) was an activist whose remarkable career spanned 50 years and touched thousands of lives. A gifted grassroots organizer, Baker shunned the spotlight in favour of vital behind-the-scenes work that helped power the black freedom stuggle. She was a national officer and key figure in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and a prime mover in the creation of the Studetn Noviolent Co-ordinating Committee. Baker made a place for herself in the predominantly male political circles that included W.E.B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall and Martin Luther King Jr, all the while maintaining relationships with a vibrant group of women, students and activists both black and white. In this deeply researched biography, Barbara Ransby chronicles Baker's long and rich political career as an organizer, an intellectual and a teacher, from her early experiences in depression-era Harlem to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Ransby shows Baker to be a complex figure whose radical, democratic worldview, commitment to empowering the black poor, and emphasis on group-centred, grassroots leadership set her apart from most of her political contemporaries. Beyond documenting an extraordinary life, the book paints a vivid picture of the African American fight for justice and its intersections with other progressive struggles worldwide across the 20th century.


Which face cues do we use for gender discrimination? Few studies have tried to answer this question and the few that have tried typically used only a small set of grayscale stimuli, often distorted and presented a large number of times. Here, we reassessed the importance of facial cues for gender discrimination in a more realistic setting. We applied Bubbles-a technique that minimizes bias toward specific facial features and does not necessitate the distortion of stimuli-to a set of 300 color photographs of Caucasian faces, each presented only once to 30 participants. Results show that the region of the eyes and the eyebrows-probably in the light-dark channel-is the most important facial cue for accurate gender discrimination; and that the mouth region is driving fast correct responses (but not fast incorrect responses)-the gender discrimination information in the mouth region is concentrated in the red-green color channel. Together, these results suggest that, when color is informative in the mouth region, humans use it and respond rapidly; and, when it's not informative, they have to rely on the more robust but more sluggish luminance information in the eye-eyebrow region.


In MDCK cells, choline uptake, the first step in the CDP-choline pathway for the biosynthesis of choline-containing phospholipids and osmolytes, occurs via both a transport system highly specific for choline and a non-specific pathway. The specific choline carrier is present at the apical domain of cells grown on dishes and is sodium-independent. Growing the cells on a permeant support results in the preferential localization of the specific choline carrier at the basolateral domain. To characterize the relationships between the choline uptake sites and the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, MDCK cells were incubated with [Me-3H]choline and/or [Me-14C]choline for various times (up to 36 h) and the incorporation of label into phospholipids and water-soluble molecules was determined. For cells grown on dishes, addition of [Me-3H]choline at the apical side was followed by rapid incorporation of the label into the successive intermediates of the CDP-choline pathway. A comparable situation was found when growing the cells on a permeant support and adding the labelled choline at the basolateral side of the culture. On the other hand, radioactive choline added to the apical bath entered the CDP pathway to only a very low extent. Efflux experiments on cells loaded with choline from either the apical or the basolateral side demonstrate the existence of intracellular pools of choline. Addition of hemicholinium-3, an inhibitor of the specific choline carrier, markedly reduced the metabolism of choline taken up by the cells on the basolateral side but had no effect on that transported at the apical side. These results strongly suggest the existence of a tight connection between the entry of choline through the specific choline carrier and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in MDCK cells.


Our Lady of the Nations is a detailed and scholarly overview of the apparitions of Mary in 20th-century Catholic Europe. Chris Maunder discusses apparitions in general and how they are interpreted in Catholicism by, for example, Karl Rahner and Benedict XVI. The role of women and children as visionaries is considered, including issues concerning changing views of gender, children's spirituality, and the protection of minors. He covers cases that are well known and approved by the Church (Fatima, Beauraing, Banneux, and Amsterdam), others that are well known but not approved (such as Garabandal and Medjugorje), and many that are neither well known nor approved, such as those in Belgian Flanders or Nazi Germany in the 1930s, or in France, Italy, or Germany after the Second World War. Resources include academic studies of particular apparitions, some Catholic theological and devotional literature, and occasionally travel writing. There is also coverage of material in French which is not known to the English reader.

Shrines and visionaries are believed to be indicators of the presence of Mary. In the visionary perspective, she has appeared in order to reassure her followers and to warn of divine judgement. Her messages echo doctrinal Catholic Mariology with some innovations, but also express a deep dissatisfaction with the events and trends of the 20th century, from communism to Nazism to liberalism and religious indifference. While the Marian cult evolves according to new templates for apparitions and developments in Mariology, the fundamental message of presence, consolation, and admonition remains constant.


Soybean commodity plays an important role in economy since most of the commodities (95%) are used for agro-industry and 96% of them is raw materials for tofu and tempe agro-industry. Domestic production has not been able to fulfill internal need of it, where 55% is still fulfilled by import. This research is intended to identify the competitiveness of on farm agribusiness of soybean by institutional input and policy simulation; the relation between upstream and downstream system activities of soybean agribusiness; model and strategy to eliminating soybean farmers' powerlessnessThe research area was determined purposively in East Jawa Jember considering that Paleran Village was a village that had Prime Farm program and Curah Lele village was the centre village of soybean marked with Prime Farm program. Samples were taken by applying by simple random sampling.Analysis method by using competitive and comparative advantages (competitiveness) applied Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), policy scenario, modeling and strategy to eliminating soybean farmers' powerlessness by Force Field Analysis (FFA); the research results showed:1. Private profitability and social profitability of on-farm agribusiness of soybean in research area had efficiency and comparative and competitive advantages, meaning that on-farm agribusiness of soybean had competitiveness.2. Government policy toward output tradable provided negative effect on on-farm agribusiness of soybean indicated by NPCO value lower than one. Government policy toward input tradable gave positive effect on on-farm agribusiness of soybean performed by NPCI value lower than one. Collectively, government policy on input output tradable and input non tradable affected negatively on on-farm agribusiness of soybean shown by negative NPT and SRP values and PC value lower than one.3. The change of government policy toward import tariff of soybean and exchange rate of rupiah still remained giving positive effects on efficiency and competitiveness of soybean on-farm agribusiness, while the change of government policy on output tradable affected negatively on on-farm agribusiness of soybean. The change of government policy on input tradable still provided positive effects on on-farm agribusiness of soybean. The change of government in input output tradable and input non tradable remained negative, while the effect of the change of government policy on input and output tradable gave positive effects together on on-farm agribusiness.4. On-farm agribusiness of soybean under Prime Farm Program had stronger competitiveness compared to non-prime farm program though held in central area..5. In order to overcome powerlessness of soybean farmers, some efforts on the basis of FFA analysis from upstream to downstream sub-systems are necessarily undertaken, they are:a. Sub-system of up-stream agribusiness; (1) to intensify extension on the field of knowledge and technology; (2) the best quality seeds development and (3) improvement on distribution channel of production tools.b. Sub-system of on-farm agribusiness; organic fertilizer development and intensive supervision by related departments (Agriculture Department), especially on pest and disease control. c. Sub-system of down-stream agribusiness; it is necessary to establish farmer's association, soybean industry and to develop modern processing technology such as ketchup and soybean milk.d. Sub-system of marketing is needed to organize market that is related to major agribusiness market.e. Sub-system of supporting services; it is important to develop market at village level, to establish agribusiness and to optimize extension personnel that all become strong requirements. Kata kunci: soybean agribusiness, policy


Mitsunori Takakuwa (*) What is cognitive development in the studies of bilingualism? The belief widely held up to the 1960s that bilingualism had only negative effects on children's cognitive development, as measured by I.Q. has been challenged. It is now believed that bilingualism has a positive effect on children's cognitive development (e.g., Bialystok 1938; Day and Shapson 1996; Palij and Homel 1987). However, the area to which the term cognitive development refers is broad and vague. An examination of the literature suggests that the study of bilingualism has only shown that bilingualism may have a positive effect on children's metalinguistic awareness, which is a kind of cognitive development. This paper examines critically what is meant by cognitive development in the studies of bilingualism, and points out methodological problems and limitations of findings by some often-cited studies in the literature. Introduction From the nineteenth century to the 1960s, bilingualism was regarded as having a harmful effect on cognitive development (Ausubel, Sullivan, and Ives 1980; Darcy 1953). Bilingualism was said to hamper children's development of intelligence and to lead children to psychological confusion (Laurie 1890; Saer 1923; Smith 1923). The findings of such studies opposed bilingualism by showing that bilingual children scored lower on measures of verbal intelligence than monolingual children, although there was no difference between the two groups on measures of nonverbal intelligence. Peal and Lambert's (1962) study is often considered to be a turning point in how bilingualism is viewed in the sense that, after their study, bilingualism became recognized as having a cognitive advantage (Palij and Homel 1987). By studying ten-year-olds from French schools in Montreal, Canada, Peal and Lambert (1962) found that the bilingual group scored higher than the monolingual group on 15 out of 18 measures of intelligence, whereas there was no difference between the two groups on the other 3 measures. The bilingual group scored higher than the monolingual group on measures of both verbal and nonverbal intelligence. This finding contradicted the results of previous research that bilingual children were considered to be cognitively inferior to monolingual children. More recent research on bilingualism has shown that there is an opposing view that bilingualism has a positive effect on children's cognitive development (Bialystok 1988; Day and Shapson 1996; Palij and Home, 1987). The former view has not held up since these early studies failed to implement adequate methodological controls, whereas the latter view appears generally supported because the study by Peal and Lambert (1962) and subsequent studies attempted to use controlled, experimental research designs (Bialystok 1988; Palij and Homel 1987). However, this latter view cannot go without criticism. First of all, adequate methodological controls have only served to ensure that the bilinguals and the monolinguals to be used as the control group are matched on such variables as socioeconomic status, sex, and age. However, selection according these criteria does not guarantee that the variables of children's families and other background factors such as student motivation and parental attitude are controlled (Carey 1991; Diaz 1985). Whether or not a study uses such methodological controls, the methodology using the comparison between the bilinguals and the monolinguals itself is problematic (Carey 1991; Diaz 1985; Reynolds 1991 ). Second, whether advantageous or disadvantageous, the alleged cognitive consequences of bilingualism have been generally studied by referring to its impact on "intelligence," usually measured by I.Q However, intelligence itself is "a controversial concept" (Romaine 1995, 107). How intelligence can be defined and measured is still a disputable point (Baker 1993). Third, apart from intelligence, what is meant by cognitive development varies from study to study. …


Background: Infantile colic is one of the most common causes of mothers' referral to physicians and pediatricians for treatment of their infants. This disorder is characterized as unnatural excessive crying which has been mostly observed during the first three months of birth among 8-40% of infants. Cow milk and cow milk formula are the main causes of infantile colic. This study attempts to evaluate the relationship of type of nutrition with the occurrence of infantile colic. Methods: This case-control study was carried out on infants referred to the pediatric clinics throughout Kashan during 2013. One hundred infants with colic were classified as cases and one hundred healthy individuals matched with patients in age and gender, were considered as controls. Parents of the two groups were asked about type of nutrition of their infants. According to the type of nutrition, the infants were included in one of three groups: merely breast-fed, breast-fed and formula-fed and merely formula-fed infants. Correlation of type of nutrition with infantile colic was then determined in the study. Chi-square was used to analyze the data. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age and gender.69 (69%), 8 (8%), and 23 (23%) of the infants in the case group were breast-fed, breast-fed and formula-fed, and formula-fed, respectively. Whereas in the control group 90 (90%), 8 (8%), and 2 (2%) of the infants were breast-fed, breast-fed and formula-fed, and formula-fed, respectively (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Our study confirmed that the occurrence of infantile colic is associated with formula feeding. In other words, formula-fed infants were at more risk of infantile colic than the others.


Podcasting has thrived since its popularization in 2004 as a bastion for amateur media production. Over the past ten years, however, entrepreneurs and legacy media companies have rapidly expanded their interests in podcasting, bringing with them professional standards and the logics of capital. Breakout hits such as 2014's Serial (with nearly 40 million downloads) and This American Life have demonstrated to both programmers and advertisers the potential for podcasting to emerge as a commercially viable media industry (O'Connell, 2015). According to a recent nationwide survey by Edison Research (2019), an estimated 90 million listeners reported having listened to a podcast in the previous month. Despite the medium's homespun, DIY roots, this dramatic expansion of the podcast audience and interest from legacy media has begun to transform it "from a do-it-yourself, amateur niche medium into a commercial mass medium" (Bonini, 2015, p. 27). This proposed panel aims to explore the transitions currently underway in podcasting. Specifically, each of the papers on this panel address in some way the process of formalization, or the process by which "media systems become progressively more rationalized, consolidated and financially transparent" (Lobato &Thomas, 2015, p. 27). Formalization is not a monolithic process, but rather one that is responsive to existing institutional, regulatory, and cultural structures. It is also historically contingent. The first paper, entitled "Podcasting as a cultural form between old and new media" utilizes a historical lens to link the current trajectory of the medium's development to the development and domestication of radio in the 1920s as well as the rise of online streaming services in the 21st Century. In particular, this paper situates podcasting in the context of these earlier technologies, arguing that the medium is best understood as a complex interplay between networks of market actors. This complex interplay of actors is explored in more detail by papers 2 and 3. In the second paper, entitled "Formalising the informal: BBC commissions and the shape of podcasts," the author explores the powerful role of the BBC in providing an institutional and creative framework for podcasting production via its BBC Sounds online radio platform. Through the efforts of this venerable public service broadcaster to reach new audiences by developing podcast content specific to this platform, this paper argues that the medium's amateur and informal ethos stands to be re-shaped. The third paper, entitled "Protecting public podcasting: Are U.S. news, public affairs, and learning podcasts at risk?", takes a macro-level view of the formalization process, focusing on podcasts within the U.S. context. Nothing that the most popular podcasts in the U.S. are either learning or information-oriented, this paper argues that the podcast ecosystem fulfills an important public service function. The introduction of platform services like Spotify as power players in podcast distribution, coupled with the rise of advertising as a means of monetization, presents new risks for perpetuation of the medium as an aural public service resource. The fourth paper expands the arguments surrounding podcast formalization by exploring the introduction of market information regimes within the medium. Specifically, this paper explores the development of audience metrics for podcasting, beginning in the mid-2000's. This paper makes clear that powerful industry players such as Apple and the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) are quickly standardizing the measurement of podcast audiences. These standards create a more transparent market for advertisers, but in so doing they also shift the focus away from the unique nature of podcast content and move it toward notions of audience size. This has the potential to move the medium further away from its amateur roots. Finally, the fifth paper on the panel attempts to reframe the formalization debate by pulling the discussion away from the confining binaries of utopian or dystopian narratives. Instead, this paper situates podcasting within a much broader context by leveraging Don Idhe's phenomenological philosophy of technology to "speculate on a potential future of reified oral/aural meditation." This paper considers the nature of the medium itself as a unique "techno-sonic experience". Here, podcasting is not considered as a medium being shaped by the formalization efforts of institutions or legacy forms of media. Instead, podcasting emerges as a transformational technology that promises a new era of sound integration.


FOR M ORE THAN 20 YEARS, the anti-war struggle has been in theory and practice one of the over-riding preoccupations of the Communist Party of Australia. Throughout the period, the line of the Australian ruling authorites has been that the "peace movement" or "anti-war movement" has always been merely a "Communist front", based on the capture of "dupes" by the wily Communists in the service of a "foreign power' or, more recently, simply for "treasonable" motives.


The work presented in this paper evaluates the benefits and services that EGNOS based navigation can provide to a
regional network of aerodromes. The basic enablers for deploying this kind of operations are pointed out, focusing in
airport infrastructure but also in required avionics and pilots rating. The regional aerodrome network of Catalonia is
now managed by the public company Aeroports de Catalunya, jointly with local authorities, under control and
supervision of the regional Government of Catalonia, aimed at providing the region with an enhanced and high quality
network of aerodromes: between its plans, the modernization of the existing network and the construction of several
new regional aerodromes, as well as one business airport. This work also analyses how the benefits of EGNOS for this
emerging network can be taken into account in future policies of Aeroports de Catalunya. For instance, opportunities
for new users such as fire extinguishing and rescue services as well as potential business development (like small air
taxi companies) are pointed out. In addition, a new specific procedure design tool is presented. RAPIT (RNAV and
APV Procedures Integrated Tool) is a CAD environment software tool specifically developed to assist RNAV and APV
procedures design. It is able to manage cartographic and geographic data, making use of modern Digital Terrain
Models, as well as obstacle databases. Moreover, it includes some basic drawing tools to assist procedure design.
Finally a feasibility study of new EGNOS APV approach procedures is presented for two particular airports of the
Catalan secondary airport network.


One of the problems in data integration is data overlap: the fact that different data sources have data on the same real world entities. Much development time in data integration projects is devoted to entity resolution. Often advanced similarity measurement techniques are used to remove semantic duplicates from the integration result or solve other semantic conflicts, but it proofs impossible to get rid of all semantic problems in data integration. An often-used rule of thumb states that about 90% of the development effort is devoted to solving the remaining 10% hard cases. In an attempt to significantly decrease human effort at data integration time, we have proposed an approach that stores any remaining semantic uncertainty and conflicts in a probabilistic database enabling it to already be meaningfully used. The main development effort in our approach is devoted to defining and tuning knowledge rules and thresholds. Rules and thresholds directly impact the size and quality of the integration result. We measure integration quality indirectly by measuring the quality of answers to queries on the integrated data set in an information retrieval-like way. The main contribution of this report is an experimental investigation of the effects and sensitivity of rule definition and threshold tuning on the integration quality. This proves that our approach indeed reduces development effort — and not merely shifts the effort to rule definition and threshold tuning — by showing that setting rough safe thresholds and defining only a few rules suffices to produce a 'good enough' integration that can be meaningfully used.


This paper examines whether the order in which Dutch emigrants in the English-speaking part of Canada lose their first language is the reverse of that in which Dutch-speaking children first acquire their mother tongue. This idea, captured in the regression hypothesis, has not been extensively tested so far. Through an experimental research design, the study shows that regression does obtain in the case of morphology, but that syntax is more dominated by second language influence from English. The results furthermore indicate that regression is a much more subtle phenomenon than has previously been assumed with attriters showing more parallels with advanced L1 acquirers than with children in the initial stages of their linguistic development.


Fischer 344 rats were treated with tobramycin or gentamicin, 40 mg/kg/day, for up to 10 days or with tobramycin, 120 mg/kg/day, for up to 14 days. Serum creatinine and BUN at the time of sacrifice were determined, and kidney tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. Rats receiving gentamicin demonstrated progressive renal proximal tubular necrosis which was nearly universal at the end of 10 days. Their BUN and creatinine levels rose progressively over the same period. Even at the higher dosage, tobramycin therapy resulted in only rare foci of proximal tubular necrosis and minimal elevation of BUN and creatinine. Although they occurred later and were substantially less severe, the ultrastructural changes induced by tobramycin were the same as those seen following gentamicin administration. These results indicate that the mechanism of tobramycin-induced renal injury is probably similar to that of gentamicin and that tobramycin is significantly less nephrotoxic in this experimental model.


Conflict Avoidance in Cooperative and Competitive Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Study between Chinese Subordinates and Western Superiors by PENG Chun Yan Master of Philosophy Many international companies have entered China because of its expanding opportunities. However, for expatriate managers to innovate and implement their strategic plans in order to exploit these opportunities, they must know and work with their Chinese subordinates. But conflict is inevitable within organizations, especially when people with different cultural backgrounds work together. Culture not only affects people's preferred ways of doing things but also influences their styles to deal with conflicts. Compared with Westerners, Chinese people have been found to employ indirect ways and prefer to avoid conflict. To facilitate effective communication, it is imperative for Western managers to understand why local subordinates might avoid conflicts and what strategies they will use. This paper explores the dynamic structure of conflict avoidance between Western managers and Chinese employees; we want to understand the different strategies used to avoid conflict. Specifically, this study uses the theory of cooperation and competition to predict people's responses toward conflict avoidance. We hypothesize that conflict avoidance is not always negative but depends on the specific actions the protagonists adopt and their perceptions of the goal interdependence with each other (cooperative or competitive) greatly influence their tactics to avoid conflict. The study extends research on conflict avoidance to foreign invested companies in China and develops a typology of the dynamics of conflict avoidance. Altogether 132 face-to-face interviews were carried out in Hong Kong and Beijing, China. Participants who work with Western managers were asked to describe an incident in which they avoided a conflict with their foreign superiors; it included the setting, what occurred, the reasons, and the consequences. Then they rated specific questions on 7-point Likert-type scale based on the recalled incidents. Employees whose bosses are local managers were also recruited as a control group. Structural equation modeling and other analyses will explore the proposed model and help to compare cultural differences in handling conflicts between the Western and Chinese managers. The paper draws implications for managing in foreign invested firms.


An emerging design principle in deep learning is that each layer of a deep artificial neural network should be able to easily express the identity transformation. This idea not only motivated various normalization techniques, such as \emph{batch normalization}, but was also key to the immense success of \emph{residual networks}.
In this work, we put the principle of \emph{identity parameterization} on a more solid theoretical footing alongside further empirical progress. We first give a strikingly simple proof that arbitrarily deep linear residual networks have no spurious local optima. The same result for linear feed-forward networks in their standard parameterization is substantially more delicate. Second, we show that residual networks with ReLu activations have universal finite-sample expressivity in the sense that the network can represent any function of its sample provided that the model has more parameters than the sample size.
Directly inspired by our theory, we experiment with a radically simple residual architecture consisting of only residual convolutional layers and ReLu activations, but no batch normalization, dropout, or max pool. Our model improves significantly on previous all-convolutional networks on the CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and ImageNet classification benchmarks.


Free and residual phases are the most abundant phases of LNAPL (light non aqueous phase liquid) in the subsoil; therefore the free phase volume estimation and the understanding of residual phase behaviour are fundamental for an effective remediation. The volume estimation of free phase present in a contaminated site was carried out through the application of the Pancake Model and the Vertical Equilibrium Model. This estimation shows a remarkable difference between the two models and between the different delimitation area methods employed. In particular, the estimated volumes are lower for the Vertical Equilibrium Model and the higher difference is observed for a 200x200 mesh. The results underline also some critical points as the amount of the effective porosity; indeed the sensitivity analysis shows that a reduction of this parameter produce a variation of the estimated volume until to 20%. The behaviour of residual phase was analysed through lab-scale column tests carried out using three different porous media and toluene as contaminant. The higher residual saturation and lower dissolution in finer materials reveal the influence of porous media on toluene behaviour. The lower dissolution is confirmed also by the modelling realized using a traditional approach and an approach based on experimental results. The risk analysis, carried out applying a traditional approach and a new experimental approach, shows that the last one allow to have a more reliable hazard index which contemplates the site specific conditions.


This paper presents ePUMA, a master-slave heterogeneous DSP processor for communications and multimedia. We introduce the ePUMA VPE, a vector processing slave-core designed for heavy DSP workloads and demonstrate how its features can used to implement DSP kernels that efficiently overlap computing, data access and control to achieve maximum datapath utilization. The efficiency is evaluated by implementing a basic set of kernels commonly used in SDR. The experiments show that all kernels asymptotically reach above 90% effective datapath utilization. while many approach 100%, thus the design effectively overlaps computing, data access and control. Compared to popular VLIW solutions, the need for a large register file with many ports is eliminated, thus saving power and chip area. When compared to a commercial VLIW solution, our solution also achieves code size reductions of up to 30 times and a significantly simplified kernel implementation.


BACKGROUND
The aims of the study were to quantify the drug exposure in breastfed infants of antidepressant-treated mothers, to identify possible adverse events, and to correlate these variables to maternal and infant drug metabolism-relevant genotypes and milk triglyceride content.

METHOD
The study included 25 lactating women treated with citalopram (N = 9), sertraline (N = 6), paroxetine (N = 6), fluoxetine (N = 1), or venlafaxine (N = 3) and their 26 breastfed infants. Drug concentrations in maternal and infant serum and milk were analyzed using liquid chromotography mass spectrometry methods; milk triglyceride levels were measured with a commercial kit. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2C19 activity was determined by polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping of the mothers and infants. An infant adverse event questionnaire was completed by the medication-treated mothers as well as by a control group of medication-free breastfeeding mothers of 68 infants.

RESULTS
Sertraline and paroxetine were not detected in any of the drug-exposed infants. The infant serum level of citalopram was either undetectable (N = 4) or low (N = 6). All venlafaxine-exposed infants had measurable drug concentrations. We identified a paroxetine-treated mother and her infant who were both CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, as well as a citalopram-treated mother with CYP2C19 poor metabolizer status, but the serum drug levels of their infants were still either undetectable (paroxetine) or low (citalopram). There was no evidence of adverse events in the drug-exposed infants.

CONCLUSION
Serum drug levels in breastfed infants of antidepressant-treated mothers were undetectable or low. This study adds further evidence to previously published data indicating that breastfeeding should not be generally discouraged in women using serotonin reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants.


A network provides powerful means of representing complex relationships between entities by abstracting entities as vertices, and relationships as edges connecting vertices in a graph. Beyond the presence or absence of relationships, a network may contain additional information that can be attributed to the entities and their relationships. Attaching these additional attribute data to the corresponding vertices and edges yields an attributed graph. Moreover, in the majority of real‐world applications, such as online social networks, financial networks and transactional networks, relationships between entities evolve over time. Change detection in dynamic attributed networks is an important problem in many areas, such as fraud detection, cyber intrusion detection, and health care monitoring. It is a challenging problem because it involves a time sequence of attributed graphs, each of which is usually very large and can contain many attributes attached to the vertices and edges, resulting in a complex, high‐dimensional mathematical object. In this survey we provide an overview of some of the existing change detection methods that utilize attribute information. We categorize these methods based on the levels of structure in the graph that are exploited to detect changes. These levels are vertices, edges, subgraphs, communities, and the overall graph. We focus attention on the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, including their performance and scalability. Furthermore, we discuss some publicly available dynamic network datasets and give a brief overview of models to generate dynamic attributed networks. Finally, we discuss the limitations of existing approaches identifying key areas for future research.


The Article reviews and engages Professor Derrick Bell's more recent scholarship on the nature of the legal profession and the practice of law – ETHICAL AMBITION: LIVING A LIFE OF MEANING AND WORTH – placing Bell's work in the broader framework of the entire legal enterprise highlighting its relevance to legal ethics, the ills of the profession and legal training. The Article juxtaposes Bell's more contemporary critique of the legal profession and practice with the observations of Carter G. Woodson in THE MIS-EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO, another African-American educator largely unfamiliar to the broader legal academy. The author proposes that the contextual synchronicity of these two works has the potential to dramatically transform the faces of legal education and legal practice, and encourage honesty in ethics discourse. In the author's view, Bell and Woodson's works are revolutionary in scope and provide the justification and the framework for a more self-integrative approach to law practice. Specifically, the Article examines the challenges faced by the legal academy and profession in developing ethical and effective lawyers, and offers a platform for a paradigm shift in the practice of law. It then demonstrates how the work of these two African-American intellectuals provides the justification and the framework for what I call a more self-integrative practice of law; and hence, a partial answer to the ills of the profession and shortcomings of legal education. Thus, Bell's and Woodson's work merely serves as a springboard for the proposed paradigm shift in the practice of law and confronting ethical and professional dilemmas. Additionally, the inquiry of this Article deserves renewed interest in light of the Carnegie Report – Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law (2007), which supports my view of the centrality of the holistic development of lawyers to promoting ideals of justice and value-laden decision making towards professional formation.The Article begins with a summary of Bell's and Woodson's works and demonstrates the connections between them in the context of humanizing the study and practice of law. The author then addresses some of the practical constraints of implementing a self-integrative perspective into law school curricula and legal practice, and attempts to respond to some of the more poignant questions regarding the recommended paradigm. The Article concludes by highlighting the tremendous benefits to be realized if one acknowledges Woodson's insights and utilizes Bell's principles as beacons to creating a new framework for training lawyers and engaging in the ethical practice of law.


In this thesis I discuss two projects that have been a major part of my postgraduate studies. The aim of these projects is to study the dynamics and chemodynamics of simulated Milky Way analogues. Specifically, I investigate chemical abundances in the solar-neighbourhood and of the outflow rates of gas of Milky Way analogue discs.
In the first project, I describe a galaxy simulated with the code RAMSES-CH and compare this with chemical abundance data from the Gaia-ESO survey and the RAVE survey. The aim of this work is to improve matching the chemical abundances in stars within the galaxy to those in observational surveys. This is done by sampling our simulation to best match what an observer does in observational surveys. In addition to carrying out an observationally-motivated spatial selection within the simulation and thus comparing like for like, we take into account observational uncertainty and the selection effects (photometric, effective temperature and surface gravity). Incorporating these factors within the simulation data, we find that simply taking a spatial cut alone within a simulation model is not sufficient to match simulated abundances like for like with observational surveys. For complete observational selection functions, like that in the Gaia-ESO survey, the selection function has a minimal impact on the ages and metal abundances. However for a narrower selection function like in the RAVE survey, the impact becomes more noticeable. The method that improves simulation abundance patterns with observations however is the inclusion of an observationally motivated scatter based on the uncertainties of the observational survey you are studying.

In my second project I study the outflow abundances of gas from the disc of Milky Way-like galaxy in isolation along with inflow from a hot gas halo. I generate a galaxy model from the initial conditions generator code GalactICS and run the simulation with the meshless Lagrangian Godunov-type code GIZMO. The simulation's aim is to investigate gravity driven turbulence of a gas disc in the absence of more commonly considered sources of feedback such as supernovae. Our goal is to place a lower limit on this effect in Milky-Way analogues, which from initial investigations conducted without full self-gravity is admittedly anticipated to be small. We present a study the outflow of gas and its relation to the surface density and radius of the disc. In comparison to more idealised parameter studies, we find that the outflows of gas from high surface density regions are suppressed by the cooling flow of the gas halo. This contradicts results from small box simulations, but is reflective of the physics in a full disc model. Nonetheless, outflows up to 1.5 kpc in height are found, and vertical velocity dispersions are in broad agreement with other work that includes additional sources of feedback.


This article examines the connection between grand narratives and the creative ways that individuals translate them into personal biographies through a case study of a boarding school for gifted disadvantaged youth in Israel. To test the state's grand narrative, I performed a content analysis of minutes of governmental protocols as well as organizational reports at the time the boarding school was established. The state grand narrative stresses the rescue of Jews from Arab countries by the leaders of the state and the linear Oriental-to-Occidental cultural development that these Jews must undergo in order to survive in modern life. To examine the question of how the grand narrative is translated into personal biographies, sixty graduates of the boarding school and thirty-two siblings who did not attend the boarding school were interviewed. The findings demonstrate that the graduates of the boarding school translated the grand narrative into a special narrative configuration known as the alternative biography, a concept that addresses the lifeworlds that, in the subjects' judgment, might have characterized their lives under different circumstances. Further, the structure of this narrative points to one explicit alternative biography, that of the sibling who did not attend the boarding school. The disscusion chapter explores the phenomenological meanings of this singular narrative configuration.


OBJECTIVE To describe the association between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and IDDM development in two different case-control series (A and B) in Montreal. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Case-control series A comprised 93 IDDM cases and 2,903 control subjects who participated in a community-based tuberculin reactivity survey and who belonged to the same birth cohorts and areas of residence as the IDDM cases, Case-control series B comprised 249 IDDM cases and 431 age- and sex-matched friends and neighborhood control subjects. RESULTS In series A, the BCG vaccination prevalence among cases and control subjects was 21.5% (95% CI 13.2–29.8%) and 22.3% (95% CI 20.8–23.8%), respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for IDDM associated with BCG vaccination was 1.09 (95% CI 0.62–1.91), after adjusting for the birth cohorts and areas of residence. The vaccination prevalence in series B was 17.7% (95% CI 13.0–22.4%) among cases and 15.1% (95% CI 11.7–18.5%) among control subjects. The OR for IDDM due to BCG vaccination was 1.26 (95% CI 0.79–2.02), taking into account the matched sets. Only one case (3.3%) from series B who had been vaccinated at birth was diagnosed by age 5, compared with 52 cases (24.5%) who had not been vaccinated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The lower proportion of birth-vaccinated IDDM cases diagnosed at a very young age, compared with nonvaccinated cases, possibly reflects a temporary boost of the immune functions after vaccination. However, as a whole, results from these analyses fail to support a protective role of BCG vaccination against juvenile-onset IDDM.