1. Recent changes in population size of butterflies and farmland birds across north-west European landscapes have been linked to the effects of agricultural intensification. Reduction in food supply has been postulated as one of the proximal causes of these trends but the generality of this explanation has not been tested at a large scale and across animal species.

2. Changes in abundance of food plants for butterfly larvae and lowland farmland birds in the British countryside were analysed for the period 1978–90 using data from fixed plots recorded as part of the countryside surveys of Britain.

3. Associations were sought between these changes and trends in population size of selected butterflies and birds recorded from long-term monitoring schemes.

4. No associations were found between change in abundance of food plants and either increasing, stable or decreasing animal groups. At the level of individual animal species, significantly more decreases than increases in food plant frequency were found for herbivorous bird species irrespective of population trend. The size of the reduction in food plant frequency was also significantly greater for the declining bird group than for stable or increasing groups.

5. Few significant associations were detected between population trend and food plant trend for butterfly species. However, the results suggested a positive relationship between increasing butterflies and increased abundance of Elytrigia repens and Urtica dioica.

6. Food plants that increased in abundance comprised species favoured by lack of management and increased nutrient availability. Increases in abundance were also associated with linear landscape features such as hedges and streamsides. Decreasing plant species included arable weeds and stress-tolerant species typical of unimproved grasslands.

7. Based on evidence of local associations between animal and food plant change and the need for viable populations of food plants to exist within the range of each animal species, we support measures designed to enhance and maintain populations of declining food plants. Much evidence now exists to identify practical measures that husband food resources for many bird and butterfly species. The challenge for conservation policy is to manage their implementation at scales necessary to influence national trends.


The 34-kDa periplasmic iron-transport protein (FBP) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (nFBP) contains Fe(III) and (hydrogen)phosphate (synergistic anion). It has a characteristic ligand-to-metal charge-transfer absorption band at 481 nm. Phosphate can be displaced by (bi)carbonate to give Fe·CO3·nFBP (λmax 459 nm). The local structures of native Fe-PO4-nFBP and Fe·CO3·nFBP were determined by EXAFS at the FeK edge using full multiple scattering analysis. The EXAFS analysis reveals that both phosphate and carbonate ligands bind to FBP in monodentate mode in contrast to transferrins, which bind carbonate in bidentate mode. The EXAFS analysis also suggests an alternative to the crystallographically determined position of the Glu ligand, and this in turn suggests that an H-bonding network may help to stabilize monodentate binding of the synergistic anion. The anions oxalate, pyrophosphate, and nitrilotriacetate also appear to serve as synergistic anions but not sulfate or perchlorate. The oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of nFBP led to a weak Fe(III)·nFBP complex (λmax 471 nm). Iron and phosphate can be removed from FBP at low pH (pH 4.5) in the presence of a large excess of citrate. Apo-FBP is less soluble and less stable than Fe·nFBP and binds relatively weakly to Ga(III) and Bi(III) but not to Co(III) ions, all of which bind strongly to apo-human serum transferrin.


Sugar beet production during the past 50 years has been characterised by remarkable progress in productivity. In this contribution the influence of the different production factors on productivity and value added growth is analysed by regarding input and output development as well as price changes, with special focus on the breeding progress. During this period there has been a shift in the importance of the different factors of production for productivity development. Until the 1980s sugar beet breeding mainly initiated remarkable yield and quality improvements as well as seed and especially labour savings. Since then, technical progress in plant protection, mechanisation and organization allowed considerable cost savings especially through labour savings and partly yield and quality growth. On the whole, the contribution of sugar beet breeding to value added growth during the last 30 years annually amounted to around 80 DM per hectare. During the last 20 years, based on beet price reductions, the seed related progress only amounted to around 20 DM per hectare, whereas cost savings and partly yield increases of 80 DM per hectare, based on chemical, mechanical and organizational technical progress, where considerably high. But, the remarkable benefit of various disease resistant varieties developed since the 1980s is not included here. As sugar beet cropping in large infested areas without the new resistant varieties would not be competitive any more, their benefit partly amounts to more than 2000 DM per hectare. With the technical optimisation of the production process for sugar beets being mostly completed now, further productivity progress is mostly expected from bio-technological progress.


Worldwide, in Africa and in South Africa, the importance of the doctorate has increased disproportionately in relation to its share of the overall graduate output over the past decade. This heightened attention has not only been concerned with the traditional role of the PhD, namely the provision of future academics; rather, it has focused on the increasingly important role that higher education ? and, particularly, high-level skills ? is perceived to play in national development and the knowledge economy. This book is unique in the area of research into doctoral studies because it draws on a large number of studies conducted by the Centre of Higher Education Trust (CHET) and the Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology (CREST), as well as on studies from the rest of Africa and the world. In addition to the historical studies, new quantitative and qualitative research was undertaken to produce the evidence base for the analyses presented in the book. The findings presented in Doctoral Education in South Africa pose anew at least six tough policy questions that the country has struggled with since 1994, and continues to struggle with, if it wishes to gear up the system to meet the target of 5 000 new doctorates a year by 2030. Discourses framed around the single imperatives of growth, efficiency, transformation or quality will not, however, generate the kind of policy discourses required to resolve these tough policy questions effectively. What is needed is a change in approach that accommodates multiple imperatives and allows for these to be addressed simultaneously.


The 2012 state election landslide for the Liberal National Party has had significant consequences for minority groups in Queensland. The Premier's election night declaration that his government would make the State a better place to live for all Queenslanders has been pushed to one side, as the Attorney General has set about 'leveling the playing field so that the laws suit the majority and not the minority.' This article takes a critical look at the government's legislative agenda, placing its reforms in a historical context to illustrate that each reform is a step backward that unravels centuries of gradually calculated reform aimed at protecting human rights.


Communication with farmers about climate change has proven to be difficult, with relatively low acceptance of anthropogenic climate change or the idea that climate change will negatively affect agriculture. Many farmers have been impervious to climate change communications because of the nature of farming, their worldviews, and the controversies about climate change in the media. Segmentation studies from the agriculture and natural resource management literatures provide evidence of homogeneous farmer groups internationally with respect to climate change attitudes and behaviors in a farming context. Understanding these segments—including their values, beliefs, and behaviors—is important for developing tailored and targeted communications approaches. Based on understanding of commonly observed farmer segments, it is possible to tailor communication strategies to better engage with segments of concern, including which message to use, appropriate sources, as well as alternative communication techniques based on participatory approaches and use of the arts. For certain segments, discussion about human-induced climate change should be avoided given that it is contentious and not critical for how farmers should respond to climate change. Theoretical frameworks from psychology and marketing—such as the theory of planned behavior, the attitude-to-behavior process model, the motivation and opportunity and determinants (MODE) model, motivation to avoid harm, and the elaboration likelihood model—can also be used to inform the design of communication strategies for engaging with farmers. However, a careful analysis of farmer segments, their worldviews, their beliefs, and their position in the consumer decision-making process suggests that the recommendations from these theoretical models should not be implemented uniformly across farmer segments. Rather, the various theoretical models provide a number of strategies that need to be selectively applied based on knowledge of the target segment. While use of theory and understanding of segments will help to improve communications with farmers, it is apparent that changing the beliefs of farmers in some segments about the need to respond to climate change will require more than simply increasing the quantity or quality of communications. Engaging farmers in these segments requires a much richer information set and a much greater effort to show farmers how they should be responding to climate variability and change using practical demonstrations and participatory approaches.


In 1683, two empires - the Ottoman, based in Constantinople, and the Habsburg dynasty in Vienna - came face to face in the culmination of a 250-year power struggle: the Great Siege of Vienna. Within the city walls the choice of resistance over surrender to the largest army ever assembled by the Turks created an all-or-nothing scenario: every last survivor would be enslaved or ruthlessly slaughtered. The Turks had set their sights on taking Vienna, the city they had long called 'The Golden Apple' since their first siege of the city in 1529. Both sides remained resolute, sustained by hatred of their age-old enemy, certain that their victory would be won by the grace of God. Eastern invaders had always threatened the West: Huns, Mongols, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and many others. The Western fears of the East were vivid and powerful and, in their new eyes, the Turks always appeared the sole aggressors. Andrew Wheatcroft's extraordinary book shows that this belief is a grievous oversimplification: during the 400 year struggle for domination, the West took the offensive just as often as the East. As modern Turkey seeks to re-orient its relationship with Europe, a new generation of politicians is exploiting the residual fears and tensions between East and West to hamper this change. The Enemy at the Gate provides a timely and masterful account of this most complex and epic of conflicts.


This article explores the justifications for, and objections to, the proposed European Union 'women on company boards' Directive. It notes that Member State opposition to the measure had different emphases. The new, post-socialist Member States that intervened prominently questioned the Commission's understanding of the underlying social reality of gender inequality and the measure's focus on results, while the old Member States that intervened raised mainly the issue of subsidiarity and challenged the need for legislative action, and/or particularly the need for legislative action at EU level. The article further argues that the Commission weakened its case by emphasising economic rationales for the measure, and submits that a principled justification fits the proposal better. Finally, the article argues that subsidiarity-related arguments are available also to justify non-cross-border, non-economic projects, such as that of gender equality.


Introduction
The endocrine management of electrolyte transport seems to be critical for the acclimation to the environment in teleost fish. The mechanisms involved in hormonal control of osmoregulation has been deeply studied (Gregorio et al., 2013; McCormick, 2001; McCormick, 2013; McCormick and Bradshaw, 2006; Sakamoto et al., 1993; Takei and McCormick, 2013) establishing the role of hormones like PRL, GH/IGF-I, cortisol, AVT, IT, PTHrP, STC in these processes. However, the function of the thyroid hormones although important, remains unclear.
The thyroid system is also relevant in fish energy metabolism regulation (Kushner, 1996; Ness et al., 1969; Pramfalk et al., 2011; Shameena et al., 2000; Soengas et al., 1992; Varghese and Oommen, 1999), unless its connection with the osmoregulation processes is still controversial.
The gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is a commercially relevant euryhaline species for Mediterranean and European countries. As it can tolerate a wide range of environmental salinities, its osmoregulatory system has been studied from many different points of view (Balmaceda-Aguilera et al., 2012; Gregorio et al., 2013; Laiz-Carrion et al., 2009; Laiz-Carrion et al., 2005; Martos-Sitcha et al., 2014; Sangiao-Alvarellos et al., 2003; Vargas-Chacoff et al., 2009). That makes it an excellent model to study the implications of the thyroid system over the adaptive processes to different osmotic environments.
In the present Doctoral Thesis, the interactions between environmental salinity and thyroid system under different experimental approaches were analyzed. For that reason, we have focused on the study of the most important osmoregulatory tissues in teleost fish (gills and kidney). Moreover, due to the strong energy rate involved in adaptation to different environmental salinities, and the implications of the thyroid system on metabolism, some enzymatic approaches were performed.
Theoretical development
Therefore, the study of those topics will be developed in the following chapters.
Chapter 2 describes how environmental salinity can modify the thyroid system in S. aurata. Special relevance is given to peripheral regulation of the thyroid hormones.
Chapter 3 is focused on the central hypothalamic control of the thyroid system. As it was postulated that corticotropin-releasing hormone, and not thyrotropin-releasing hormone (like in mammals), controlled the thyroid axis, we have therefore developed some molecular tools to test this hypothesis.
Chapter 4 describes the effects of a hypothyroid drug, the PTU, over the acclimation to different environmental salinities in the gilthead seabream.
Chapter 5 clarifies the relationships between the interwoven hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axes at central and peripheral levels.
Chapter 6 describes the effects of T3 treatment over carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism in this species.
Chapter 7 resumes and discusses the main results obtained in the present Doctoral Thesis.
Chapter 8 reports the main conclusions and future perspectives derived from the present Doctoral Thesis.
Chapter 9 resumes the conclusions derived from the present Doctoral Thesis.
 As extra given information, an Appendix has been added at the end of the present manuscript. It shows the epistolary exchange between the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature and Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo discoursing on the possibility of changing the scientific name of the gilthead seabream as it is actually wrongly written.
Conclusions
1. Changes in environmental salinity evoke changes in the thyroid system of Sparus aurata as seen by its ppTRH, CRH and TSHs expression, free plasma thyroid hormones levels and deiodinases expression and activities. Thus, low salinity environments (5 and 15 ppt salinity) induced hyperthyroid conditions, while hypersaline conditions (40 and 55 ppt) induced hypothyroidism.
2. The goitrogen PTU properly induced hypothyroidism, as it affected thyroid follicles in S. aurata. Growth rates are increased in PTU-induced hypothyroid specimens, without lipid accumulation.
3. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is centrally controlled by CRH in S. aurata, with no data indicating TRH control. Moreover, THs exert a negative feedback over the expression of TSHs and POMCb. These data suggests the cross-relationships between the thyroid and the interrenal systems in teleost fish.
4. Hyperthyroidism induced by T3 implants increase protein anabolism that, in turn, affects osmoregulation indirectly. This occurs due to the necessity of excrete the final end products of protein catabolism (e.g. ammonium). Some of those nitrogen waste products are cations which are expelled through the gills and kidney by ATP-dependent ionic pumps, eliciting changes in plasmatic osmolality.
 References
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Gregorio, S.F., Carvalho, E.S., Encarnacao, S., Wilson, J.M., Power, D.M., Canario, A.V., Fuentes, J., 2013. Adaptation to different salinities exposes functional specialization in the intestine of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). J Exp Biol 216, 470-479.
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McCormick, S.D., Bradshaw, D., 2006. Hormonal control of salt and water balance in vertebrates. General and Comparative Endocrinology 147, 3-8.
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Pramfalk, C., Pedrelli, M., Parini, P., 2011. Role of thyroid receptor beta in lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812, 929-937.
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We assessed genetic variation at microsatellite loci within and among populations of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia pulex in 12 Bolivian Andean lakes, located above 4,000 m above sea level. Genetic analyses show that all populations consisted of obligately asexual lineages, a fact that was confirmed by observations from laboratory cultures. Moreover, microsatellite phenotypes indicate that these tropical lineages are polyploid. Levels of genetic diversity were comparable to those found in polyploid Daphnia from arctic regions, indicating a local origin rather than an accidental colonization from arctic regions. This is the first record of polyploid cladocerans in a tropical region. We suggest that their origination and abundance have probably been facilitated by the extreme environmental conditions in Andean lakes. Our analysis of multilocus genotype frequencies in relation to variation in environmental conditions indicates lineage sorting along a food availability and fish predation gradient.


Information fusion has a potential applicability to a multitude of differentapplications. Still, the JDL model is mostly used to describe defense applications.This paper describes the information fusion process for a robot removing weed ina field. We analyze the robotic system by relating it to the JDL model functions.The civilian application we consider here has some properties which differ from thetypical defense applications: (1) indifferent environment and (2) a predictable andstructured process to achieve its objectives. As a consequence, situation estimatestend to deal with internal properties of the robot and its mission progress (throughmission state transition) rather than external entities and their relations. Nevertheless, the JDL model appears useful for describing the fusion activities of the weeding robot system. We provide an example of how state transitions may be detected and exploited using information fusion and report on some initial results. An additional finding is that process refinement for this type of application can be expressed in terms of a finite state machine.


Cote d'Ivoire's national election in 2010 descended into civil war into 2011 when incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo refused to concede the presidency to the internationally recognized winner Alassane Ouattara. The three political players in this election—the parties of Ouattara, Gbagbo, and France—had deep economic incentives in the outcome of Cote d'Ivoire's election. Drawing from interviews conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Cote d'Ivoire with 24 journalists, findings show that journalists endured many acts of harassment from political parties trying to manipulate the news coverage of this election. I argue that the mechanisms observed in Cote d'Ivoire's electoral crisis reflect how conditions of war activate informal power alliances within the political–economic dynamics of a Global South nation in the postcolonial era. These alliances push on media in ways they would not normally during peacetime. Cote d'Ivoire is a former colony of France. It is a part of "Francafrique," a region of 12 French-speaking African countries where France still retains considerable economic impact and has intervened militarily dozens of times since the colonies were emancipated in the early 1960s.


The 'in-situ vitrification' (ISV) technology is one of the most promising alternative methods for the immobilization of hazardous wastes contained into polluted soils. It has been the object of a research project supported by the Italian Ministry of Industry and involving some Departments of the University of Bologna and two large regional corporations. The actual design of the supply system of this high-temperature thermal process is fundamental for the optimal control and management of this particular pollutant treatment. The paper reports in particular on the activity concerning the development of the electrical power system that have been developed for accomplishing ISV, with reference to its characteristics, realization and its application for the treatment of some polluted soils situated in the Ravenna area in Italy.


The best part of the visible world is mankind, and within mankind, the understanding, and thus its triumphs are highest. This capital gift adapts itself to two others-depth of judgment and elevation of the intellect-and a prodigy is formal whenever they come together, [. . .] The judgment is the throne of prudence, and the intellect is the sphere of wit. Which should be preferred, and in what proportion, is a matter best argued in the court of personal taste. I'm with the woman who prayed, "My son, may God give you the understanding of the good! " -Baltasar Gracian I. Jesus Colon is one of the earliest writers of Latino literature. In 1961, he published his major work, A Puerto Rican in New York and Other Sketches. Despite its neglect in literary criticism, Colon's works have affinities with African American, American, and other academic discipline, but is of significant importance to religious studies. Colon was an afmborindueno, black and a native of Puerto Rico, and his early writings show that he had a mastery command of the Spanish language. As a black Puerto Rican, the author faced many racial and linguistic challenges, but many of his challenges were a result of his social politics: Colon was a proclaimed socialist. His political convictions not only contributed to his marginal condition in society, but the conflicts also affected his personal relationships, and what I argue are his religious and spiritual beliefs. In the twenty-eighth sketch, "Carmencita," of the fifty-five sketches that make up A Puerto Rican in New York, the author reveals the tension-filled relationship with his mother-in-law. The author's relationship with Carmencita, a devout and traditional Catholic, is important for establishing and supporting the premise that because of the demands of his politics, Colon may have masterfully concealed his religious beliefs as a Catholic in his text. Beginning with a careful reading of the sketch in question, my reading supports that the structure of A Puerto Rican in New York mirrors the Catholic Church's version of the Holy Rosary, in particular the ritual of the "novena," which is also present in the sketch, "Carmencita." Although superficially simple, the author creates not only other versions of the rosary, but in doing so, he also offers alternative versions of his work. The ritual of the rosary requires the believer to reflect on the mysteries of the life of Jesus Christ. Colon believed in eternal life, which in Christianity, especially as prescribed in the epistles of the Apostle Paul, the Christian achieves by accepting Christ as Lord and Saviour. In traditional Catholicism, believers call on the Virgin Mary to intercede on behalf of sinners, in life and purgatory, through the ritual of the rosary. A Puerto Rican in New York is Colon's rosary-structured autobiography, where the author contemplates his own life and that of Christ, vicariously through the life of others less fortunate in society.1 In a comparative reading of A Puerto Rican in New York with the Confessions of St. Augustine, I also show how the reader could approach Colon's work as apology and confessions, and become aware of the author as a "conductor of the rosary," but also a master narrator of his text. In Frank N. McGill's anthology Masterpieces of Latino Literature (1994), which includes more than two hundred works of Latin American Boom, Post-Boom, and Latino US writers, Colon's A Puerto Rican in New York and Other Sketches is noticeably absent. The anthology displays authors and their works, but McGill does not place them within the literary history that has distinguished them. Arguably, the most defining authors and works of the Spanish American Boom are Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Cien anos de soledad, Mario Vargas Llosa's La casa verde, Carlos Fuentes's La muerte de Artemio Cruz, Julio Cortazar's Rayuela, and Guillermo Cabrera Infante's Tres tristes tigres. Although other Spanish American novels were also published in the 1960s, such as Manuel Puig's El beso de h mujer arana and many others, they are considered to be works belonging to the Post-Boom, a period when women, blacks, and gay writers from the margins also began to receive greater attention. …


We analyzed the polyadenylated mRNAs transcribed from the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus genomes present in the domestic rabbit transplantable carcinoma line VX2, employing a combination of S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension techniques with vector M13-based single-stranded DNA probes. Each of the two major mRNA species (1,860 and 1,110 bases long) contained two exons which corresponded to the E6-E7 and E2-E4 open reading frames. The splice donor site for these transcripts was located at position 1371 at the beginning of the E1 open reading frame. Consequently, the splicing event did not lead to the fusion of the E region proximal (E6 and E7) and distal (E2, E4, or E5) open reading frames. The translation of the polycistronic RNA could result in the production of E6 and E7 proteins alone or of an additional E1-E4 fusion product if translation reinitiation can occur after the E7 stop codon. A heterogeneity was detected in the 5' ends of the longer transcript; E6 transcripts could thus yield a full-length or a truncated E6 protein. We also detected a minor subset of mRNAs covering the E2-E4 coding region and including at least three species with estimated sizes of 4.2, 2.8, and 1.8 kilobases. All the viral transcripts detected in the VX2 tumor cells were polyadenylated at the same site (position 4367) 20 base pairs beyond the first AATAAA signal which borders the E region.


Among the controversies in corporate governance, perhaps none is more heated or widely debated across society than that of CEO pay. The views that American citizens have on CEO pay is centrally important because public opinion influences political decisions that shape tax, economic, and regulatory policy, and ultimately determine the standard of living of average Americans. This Closer Look reviews survey data of the American public to understand their views on compensation. We ask:

• How can society's understanding of pay and value creation be improved and the controversy over CEO pay resolved?
• How should the level of CEO pay rise with complexity and profitability, particularly among America's largest corporations?
• Should pay be reformed in the boardroom, or should high pay be addressed solely through the tax code?
• Are negative views of CEO pay driven by broad skepticism and lack of esteem for CEOs? Or do high pay levels themselves contribute to low regard for CEOs?


Three heterotrophic microalgae identified as Scenedesmus sp. Y5, Scenedesmus sp. Y7 and Chorellasp. Y9 were isolated and screened from natural water based on biomass yield and lipid productivity. Fatty acids' composition analysis showed that both Y5 and Y7 mainly contained C16:0, C18:1 (n - 9), C18:2 (n - 6) and C18:3 (n - 3) and Y9 mainly contained C16:0, C18:0 and C18:2 (n - 6), suggesting that these microalgae can be ideal feedstock for biodiesel. Considering the specific growth rate and lipid productivity, the culture conditions were optimized for Scenedesmus sp. Y5, Scenedesmus sp. Y7 and Chorellasp. Y9. Based on the optimization of cultural conditions, all of these three microalgae were tested in fed-batch fermentation, and their biomass productivities were 4.960 g·L-1·d-1, 5.907 g·L-1·d-1 and 4.038 g·L-1·d-1; lipid productivities reached 1.5120 g·L-1·d-1, 1.233 g·L-1·d-1 and 0.8112 g·L-1·d-1, respectively.


This study was conducted to assess the effect of air-dried Moringa stenopetala leaf (MSL) supplementation on carcass components and meat quality in Arsi-Bale goats. A total of 24 yearling goats with initial body weight of 13.6+/-0.25 kg were randomly divided into four treatments with six goats each. All goats received a basal diet of natural grass hay ad libitum and 340 g head^(−1) d^(−1) concentrate. The treatment diets contain a control diet without supplementation (T1) and diets supplemented with MSL at a rate of 120 g head^(−1) d^(−1) (T2), 170 g head^(−1) d^(−1) (T3) and 220 g head^(−1) d^(−1) (T4). The results indicated that the average slaughter weight of goats reared on T3 and T4 was 18.2 and 18.3 kg, respectively, being ( P <0.05) higher than those of T1 (15.8 kg) and T2 (16.5 kg). Goats fed on T3 and T4 diets had higher ( P <0.05) daily weight gain compared with those of T1 and T2. The hot carcass weight in goats reared on T3 and T4 diets was 6.40 and 7.30 kg, respectively, being ( P <0.05) higher than those of T1 (4.81 kg) and T2 (5.06 kg). Goats reared on T4 had higher ( P <0.05) dressing percentage than those reared in other treatment diets. The rib-eye area in goats reared on T2, T3 and T4 diets was higher ( P <0.05) than those of T1. The protein content of the meat in goats reared on T3 and T4 was 24.0 and 26.4%, respectively being significantly higher than those of T1 (19.1%) and T2 (20.1%). In conclusion, the supplementation of MSL to natural grass hay improved the weight gain and carcass parts of Arsi-Bale goats indicating Moringa leaves as alternative protein supplements to poor quality forages.


This paper looks at Jamaica's stalled agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), its economic performance over the past year and examines its persistently high debt burden. It finds that an unsustainable debt burden continues to displace needed investments, preventing long-term growth. The stalling of the IMF agreement has prevented disbursements of necessary multilateral financing, slowing the economy's recovery. Together with pro-cyclical macroeconomic policies supported by the IMF, the recovery of the Jamaican economy remains muted.


Post-adoption use has gained considerable attention during the last ten years of IT acceptance research. As of today, various types of post-adoption use have been proposed, researched and linked to different outcomes. Missing from the literature is a precise consideration of the impact of different types of use on specific outcomes. Consequently, questions of transition between use types and the resulting consequences for outcomes remain unanswered. In order to address this need, we have performed an intensive, conceptual literature study and propose a continuum of use types and mechanisms that foster an understanding of how post-adoption use not only leads to shortand mid-term IT-enabled outcomes such as efficiency and effectiveness, but also to long-term, complex outcomes such as innovativeness. We model these mechanisms as movements that occur along the continuum of use types and operate through the experiential learning cycle of knowledge acquisition and transformation. This cycle takes the form of a broadening and deepening of feature sets—a group of features that an individual has associated together and assigned to one or more tasks or tasks groups. To illustrate our research model, we provide an example based on a company from the auditing industry. Our research contributes to theory by 1) developing a typology of use in post-adoption and 2) explaining how a user moves between different post-adoption use types and arrives at different IT-enabled outcomes. We show how the notions of feature set deepening and broadening can be used to explain the attainment of short-term outcomes such as efficiency and effectiveness, and, beyond that, also to explain long-term outcomes such as innovativeness. We demonstrate that the achievement of outcomes is not a linear function as a user moves along the continuum, but a complex, non-linear process.


Olfactory dysfunction is an early 'pre-clinical' sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this chapter I briefly review what is known about such dysfunction in PD and related diseases. In general, the dysfunction is robust and bilateral, anosmia is not the norm, women exhibit less loss than men, and some monogenetic forms of the disease exhibit the dysfunction. The loss is unrelated to disease stage or magnitude of the motor symptoms, save perhaps in the earliest stages of the disorder. Lewy body pathology, a hallmark of PD, appears to be correlated with the olfactory dysfunction, although it is not known whether this reflects a causal relationship. Dopamine is over-expressed in the olfactory bulbs of PD patients. Interestingly, deficiencies in other neurotransmitters, most notably acetylcholine, are correlated with the olfactory loss. A number of diseases often misdiagnosed as PD have little or no smell loss, including essential tremor, vascular parkinsonism, and progressive supranuclear palsy, making olfactory testing of value in differential diagnosis. The limited data suggest that the physiological basis of PD-related olfactory dysfunction is likely multifactorial, representing a combination of environmentally and genetically determined pathologies that involve multiple transmitter systems.


This paper describes experimental research on a floating moored Oscillating Water Column (OWC)-type Wave-Energy Converter (WEC) carried out in the wave flume of the Coastal Engineering Research Group of Ghent University. This research has been introduced to cover the existing data scarcity and knowledge gaps regarding response of moored floating OWC WECs. The obtained data will be available in the future for the validation of nonlinear numerical models. The experiment focuses on the assessment of the nonlinear motion and mooring-line response of a 1:25 floating moored OWC WEC model to regular waves. The OWC WEC model motion has 6 degrees of freedom and is limited by a symmetrical 4-point mooring system. The model is composed of a chamber with an orifice on top of it to simulate the power-take-off (PTO) system and the associated damping of the motion of the OWC WEC model. In the first place, the motion response in waves of the moored floating OWC WEC model is investigated and the water surface elevation in the OWC WEC chamber is measured. Secondly, two different mooring-line materials (iron chains and nylon ropes) are tested and the corresponding OWC WEC model motions and mooring-line tensions are measured. The performance of these two materials is similar in small-amplitude waves but different in large wave-amplitude conditions. Thirdly, the influence of different PTO conditions is investigated by varying the diameter of the top orifice of the OWC WEC model. The results show that the PTO damping does not affect the OWC WEC motion but has an impact on the water surface elevation inside the OWC chamber. In addition, an unbalanced mooring configuration is discussed. Finally, the obtained data for a moored cubic model in waves are presented, which is a benchmarking case for future validation purposes.


The perspectives of introductory classical physics students can often negatively influence how those students later interpret quantum phenomena when taking an introductory course in modern physics. A detailed exploration of student perspectives on the interpretation of quantum physics is needed, both to characterize student understanding of physics concepts, and to inform how we might teach traditional content. Our previous investigations of student perspectives on quantum physics have indicated they can be highly nuanced, and may vary both within and across contexts. In order to better understand the contextual and often seemingly contradictory stances of students on matters of interpretation, we interviewed 19 students from four introductory modern physics courses taught at the University of Colorado. We find that students have attitudes and opinions that often parallel the stances of expert physicists when arguing for their favored interpretations of quantum mechanics, allowing for more nuanced characterizations of student perspectives in terms of three key interpretive themes. We present a framework for characterizing student perspectives on quantum mechanics, and demonstrate its utility in interpreting the sometimes-contradictory nature of student responses to previous surveys. We further find that students most often vacillate in their responses when what makes intuitive sense to them is not in agreement with what they consider to be a correct response, underscoring the need to distinguish between the personal and the public perspectives of introductory modern physics students.


Introduction The aim of this article is to present the findings of an empirical qualitative research project on culture contact between ethnic Polish students from the former Soviet Union (the Polish diaspora is usually referred to as the Polonia, and I will be using this term as well) on the one hand and the Polish host society--Poles and Polish culture--on the other. On its general (theoretical and methodological) level, this project is based on the sociological, social psychological and cultural anthropological literature on culture contact; on psychological consequences of group contact for potential reduction of prejudices; on acculturation; on cultural shock and its phases, etc. (see Mucha 2000). I will not refer directly to this literature very often though, preferring to concentrate on the empirical problem and empirical findings. Socio-Cultural Situation of Foreign Students International or rather cross-cultural education is not only a modern phenomenon. Nor is it characteristic only of Western civilization, and studying abroad, in a foreign country, is as old as the recorded history. Adrian Furnham and Stephen Bochner give examples from the ancient India, medieval China, and medieval Europe (1982: 161-62). A great boom in international exchanges of students occurred, however, only after World War II. In the mid-1970s, the annual enrollment of foreign students reached about 600,000. About 80% of all overseas students attended educational institutions in the developed countries (Bochner, Lin and McLeod 1979: 29). It seems that from the beginning of the post-World War II period the aims of cross-cultural education have not changed. They are as follows: intellectual and professional development of a given student in a specialized field of study elected either by or for him/her; "general education" of the student; and finally the furthering of international understanding (see, e.g., Coelho 1962: 56). While the first two aims seem to be significant from the very beginning of recorded international education, the third aim became particularly important only in the mid-20th century. However, "little hard data are available either to substantiate or dismiss the hypothetical link between study abroad and mutual understanding" (Bochner, Lin and Mcleod 1979: 29-30; see also Pettigrew 1998, Nowicka 1998). Many scholars list a number of important social roles played simultaneously by foreign students: the role of a foreigner, of a student, of an adolescent, of a mediator between the culture of origin and the culture of host society. Requirements of the new foreign roles can contradict requirements of the "old," deeply internalized roles to which most of the sojourners will have to return, so a problem of role conflict and of living "between cultures" often emerges (see, e.g., Pedersen 1980: 302-04, Becker 1971: 467-73). Educational Exchange and Studying in Poland Hard and systematic data on the international exchange of students are not easily available in Poland. Until 1956, the post-World War II Poland educated annually between 300 and 600 foreign students. Between the years 1957 and 1968, an average number of 1000 foreigners were educated here annually, and between 1969 and 1980, 2000. In the mid-1980s, among the European socialist countries, Poland was last in the number of educated foreigners (see: Michowicz 1980: 65-66; Maslowski 1987: 69-78). In 1971, 3700 foreigners studied in Poland, in 1982 there were 3200 foreign students, and in 1990 there were 7080. The increase is particularly visible when we analyze the number of students from the "developing countries," the so-called "Third World." In 1971, they constituted about 30% of the foreign student population and in 1990 about two thirds. In 1990, about 10% of the whole foreign group were ethnic Poles (the Polonia students). The foreigners were educated mostly in various technological disciplines and only about 15% of this population studied the "university disciplines" (Maslowski 1990: 65-66; see also Lodzinski 1993: 88-89). …


Services are the most growing and the fast changing segment of academic libraries nowadays. Survey of web sites of 52 academic, libraries, i.e. government, deemed self-financed universities and research centres libraries of Rajasthan based on 133-item checklist. The purpose of this paper is to investigate library web sites in Rajasthan, to analyse their content and navigational strengths and weaknesses and to give recommendations for developing better web sites and quality assessment studies.


Saldanha Bay on the west coast of South Africa is surrounded by various nature reserves, military units and training sites. Over a long period of time, large parts of this semi-arid area were exposed to human activities, including military training and the preparation of forces for war. This article investigates the prospect of identifying areas where human activities took place via mapping of the variation in primordial radioactive isotopes. For this purpose, in situ gamma-ray data were obtained from selected locations around Saldanha Bay. The data were used to extract concentrations of primordial radioactive isotopes in these locations. The radioactive primordial isotope concentrations were then mapped and compared to historical evidence of human activities in these areas. The concentrations of potassium isotope showed a relationship to the height above mean sea level. Historical human activities were mainly confined to flatter regions of the area around Saldanha Bay and therefore also relate to the height above mean sea level. The potassium concentrations and the areas where human activities took place were compared and a significant relationship was found.


Disciplinary Foundations and Global Impact Evolving Discipline of Information Systems Heikki Topi Discipline of Information Technology Barry M. Lunt and Han Reichgelt Information Systems as a Practical Discipline Juhani Iivari Information Technology Han Reichgelt, Joseph J. Ekstrom, Art Gowan, and Barry M. Lunt Sociotechnical Approaches to the Study of Information Systems Steve Sawyer and Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi IT and Global Development Erkki Sutinen Using ICT for Development, Societal Transformation, and Beyond Sherif Kamel Technical Foundations of Data and Database Management Data Models Avi Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, and S. Sudarshan Tuning Database Design for High Performance Philippe Bonnet and Dennis Shasha Access Methods Apostolos N. Papadopoulos, Kostas Tsichlas,Anastasios Gounaris, and Yannis Manolopoulos Query Optimization Nicolas Bruno Concurrency Control and Recovery Michael J. Franklin Distributed and Parallel Database Systems M. Tamer Ozsu and Patrick Valduriez Multimedia Databases Vincent Oria, Ying Li, Chitra Dorai, and Michael E. Houle Data, Information, and Knowledge Management Building Conceptual Modeling on the Foundation of Ontology Andrew Burton-Jones and Ron Weber Data and Information Quality Research Hongwei Zhu, Stuart E. Madnick, Yang W. Lee, and Richard Y. Wang Knowledge Management Sue Newell and Marco Marabelli Digital Libraries Edward A. Fox, Monika Akbar, Sherif Hanie El Meligy Abdelhamid, Noha Ibrahim Elsherbiny, Mohamed Magdy Gharib Farag, Fang Jin, Jonathan P. Leidig, and Sai Tulasi Neppali Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Jennifer Jie Xu Big Data Stephen Brobst and Bill Franks Governance of Organizational Data and Information Walid el Abed and Paul Brillant Feuto Njonko Analysis, Design, and Development of Organizational Systems Design Science Research Alan R. Hevner Identifying Opportunities for IT-Enabled Organizational Change Matti Rossi and Juho Lindman Deconstructing Enterprise Systems Paul Devadoss Enterprise Architecture Martin Meyer and Markus Helfert Business Process Management and Business Process Analysis Jan vom Brocke and Christian Sonnenberg Information Requirements Determination Glenn J. Browne From Waterfall to Agile Joey F. George Human-Centered System Development Jennifer Tucker Developing and Managing Complex, Evolving Information Infrastructures Ole Hanseth Impact of Culture on Information Systems Design and Use Dianne Cyr Human-Computer Interaction and User Experience Usability Engineering John M. Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson Task Analysis and the Design of Functionality David Kieras and Keith A. Butler Designing Multimedia Applications for User Experience Alistair Sutcliffe Applying International Usability Standards Tom Stewart Designing Highly Usable Web Applications Silvia Abrahao, Emilio Insfran, and Adrian Fernandez Transforming HCI William M. Gribbons and Roland Hubscher Using Information Systems and Technology to Support Individual and Group Tasks Individual-Level Technology Adoption Research Viswanath Venkatesh, Michael G. Morris, and Fred D. Davis Computer Self-Efficacy George M. Marakas, Miguel I. Aguirre-Urreta, and Kiljae Lee Developing Individual Computing Capabilities Saurabh Gupta Role of Trust in the Design and Use of Information Technology and Information Systems Xin Li Impacts of Information Systems on Decision-Making Emre Yetgin, Matthew L. Jensen, and Teresa Shaft Computer-Supported Cooperative Work Steven E. Poltrock Information Technology for Enhancing Team Problem Solving and Decision Making Gert-Jan de Vreede, Benjamin Wigert, Triparna de Vreede, Onook Oh, Roni Reiter-Palmon, and Robert Briggs Organizational Adoption of New Communication Technologies Jonathan Grudin Social Media Use within the Workplace Ester S. Gonzalez and Hope Koch Managing and Securing the IT Infrastructure and Systems Virtualization of Storage and Systems Yang Song, Gabriel Alatorre, Aameek Singh, Jim Olson, and Ann Corrao Cloud Computing Sharon E. Hunt, John G. Mooney, and Michael L. Williams Enterprise Mobility Carsten Sorensen Sustainable IT Edward Curry and Brian Donnellan Business Continuity Nijaz Bajgoric Technical Foundations of Information Systems Security Daniela Oliveira and Jedidiah Crandall Database Security and Privacy Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati, Sara Foresti, Sushil Jajodia, and Pierangela Samarati Behavioral Information Security Management Merrill Warkentin and Leigh Mutchler Privacy, Accuracy, and Accessibility of Digital Business Ryan T. Wright and David W. Wilson Digital Forensics Vassil Roussev Managing Organizational Information Systems and Technology Capabilities Organizing and Configuring the IT Function Till Winkler and Carol V. Brown Topics of Conversation: The New Agenda for the CIO Joe Peppard Information Technology Management Frameworks Hillol Bala and V. Ramesh Sourcing Information Technology Services Mary Lacity and Leslie Willcocks IS/IT Project Management Laurie J. Kirsch and Sandra A. Slaughter IS/IT Human Resource Development and Retention Thomas W. Ferratt and Eileen M. Trauth Performance Evaluation/Assessment for IS Professionals Fred Niederman Financial Information Systems Audit Practice Micheal Axelsen, Peter Green, and Gail Ridley Information Systems and the Domain of Business Intertwined Strategic Alignment Maturity Jerry Luftman Process of Information Systems Strategizing Anna Karpovsky, Mikko Hallanoro, and Robert D. Galliers Information Technology and Organizational Structure M. Lynne Markus Open Innovation Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa Inter-Organizational Information Systems Charles Steinfield Future of Information Systems Success William DeLone, Ephraim McLean, and Darshana Sedera Business Value of IS Investments Ellen D. Hoadley and Rajiv Kohli Information Technology and Firm Value Sunil Mithas and Henry C. Lucas, Jr. Index


The Alpine Region, constituting the Alps and the Dinaric Alps, has played a major role in the formation of current patterns of biodiversity either as a contact zone of postglacial expanding lineages or as the origin of genetic diversity. In our study, we tested these hypotheses for two widespread, sympatric microgastropod taxa – Carychium minimum O.F. Müller, 1774 and Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826) (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) – by using COI sequence data and species potential distribution models analyzed in a statistical phylogeographical framework. Additionally, we examined disjunct transatlantic populations of those taxa from the Azores and North America. In general, both Carychium taxa demonstrate a genetic structure composed of several differentiated haplotype lineages most likely resulting from allopatric diversification in isolated refugial areas during the Pleistocene glacial periods. However, the genetic structure of Carychium minimum is more pronounced, which can be attributed to ecological constraints relating to habitat proximity to permanent bodies of water. For most of the Carychium lineages, the broader Alpine Region was identified as the likely origin of genetic diversity. Several lineages are endemic to the broader Alpine Region whereas a single lineage per species underwent a postglacial expansion to (re)colonize previously unsuitable habitats, e.g. in Northern Europe. The source populations of those expanding lineages can be traced back to the Eastern and Western Alps. Consequently, we identify the Alpine Region as a significant 'hot-spot' for the formation of genetic diversity within European Carychium lineages. Passive dispersal via anthropogenic means best explains the presence of transatlantic European Carychium populations on the Azores and in North America. We conclude that passive (anthropogenic) transport could mislead the interpretation of observed phylogeographical patterns in general.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Sleep changes are frequent in stroke patients and predict a poor outcome. It remains unclear how sleep influences stroke evolution and recovery. We assessed effects of sleep disruption on brain damage and on the expression of axon sprouting genes after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

DESIGN
12 h after ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, rats were subjected to sleep disruption including sleep deprivation for 12h (SDpv12h) and sleep disturbances (SDis) by SDpv12h for consecutive 3 days. Control groups included ischemia without SDpv12h or SDis, sham surgery plus SDis and sham surgery without SDis. Sleep changes were evaluated based on EEG and EMG recordings.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
SDpv12h increased the infarct volume by 40% (SDpv12h 82.8 +/- 10.9 vs. control 59.2 +/- 13.9 mm3, P = 0.008) and SDis by 76% (SDis 58.8 +/- 20.4 vs. control 33.8 +/- 6.3 mm3, P = 0.017). SDpv12h also increased the number of damaged cells, visualized by TUNEL staining, by 137% (SDpv12h 46.8 +/- 15 vs. control 19.7 +/- 7.7/mm2, P < 0.001) and SDis by 219% (SDis 32.9 +/- 13.2 vs. control 10.3 +/- 2.5/mm2, P = 0.002). In addition, SDis significantly elevated the expression of the axonal extension inhibitory molecule neurocan (SDis 14.3 +/- 0.4 vs. control 6.2 +/- 0.1-fold of change, P < 0.001) in the injured hemisphere.

CONCLUSIONS
These results provide the first direct evidence for a detrimental impact of sleep disruption on stroke evolution and suggest a potential role of sleep modulating treatments on stroke outcomes.


We experimentally address the wave-vector and polarization dependence of the internal conical refraction phenomenon by demonstrating that an input light beam of elliptical transverse profile refracts into two beams after passing along one of the optic axes of a biaxial crystal, i.e. it exhibits double refraction instead of refracting conically. Such double refraction is investigated by the independent rotation of a linear polarizer and a cylindrical lens. Expressions to describe the position and the intensity pattern of the refracted beams are presented and applied to predict the intensity pattern for an axicon beam propagating along the optic axis of a biaxial crystal.


Much has been written in economic circles about the rising investment of the BRICS countries in Africa, yet there is scant literature on the determinants of FDI from these countries to Africa, and no studies have reported on that from India. In 2012, Indian FDI surpassed that of China, making India the largest developing country that is a direct investor in Africa. This study focuses on understanding the determinants of Indian FDI in Africa using structural equation modelling (SEM), which includes factor analysis and regression estimations. The specific determinants that influence the number of Indian FDI deals in Africa include government effectiveness, control of corruption, crude oil price, school enrolment and exports. The value of the investments is influenced by government effectiveness and rule of law. We conclude that India's increasing involvement in Africa is driven by trade and resources. It is, however, differentiated through a strong focus on good governance.


Because LNG terminals are located increasingly close to shore, the importance of shallow-water effects associated with low-frequency (LF) waves increases as well. The LF wave spectrum in these areas is generally complex, with multiple frequency peaks and/or directional peaks due to LF wave interaction with the shore. Both free and bound LF waves at the same frequency can be present. Since LF waves are potentially very significant for moored vessel motions, it is important to include their effect in an early stage of the terminal design. This requires an efficient and relatively simple tool able to estimate the LF wave spectrum in nearshore areas. The benefit of such a procedure with respect to state-of-the-art response methods is the ability to include the LF free wave distribution in a local wave field in the vessel response calculation.The objectives of the present study are to identify such a tool, and to evaluate the use of its output as input for a vessel motion calculation. Three methods, designed for the determination of wave spectra of free wave-frequency (WF) waves, were applied to artificial LF wave fields for comparison of their performance. Two stochastic methods, EMEP (Hashimoto et al., 1994) and BDM (Hashimoto et al., 1987) and one deterministic method, r-DPRA (De Jong and Borsboom, 2012) were selected for this comparison. The foreseen application is beyond the formal capabilities for which these three methods were intended. However, in this study we have investigated how far we can take these existing methods for the determination of directional LF wave spectra.Sensitivity analyses showed that the EMEP method is the most suitable method of the three for a range of LF wave fields. The reconstructed LF wave spectra using EMEP resembled the input spectra most closely over the whole range of water depths and frequencies, although its performance deteriorated with increasing water depth and wave frequency. Subsequently, a first effort was made to use the information in the reconstructed EMEP LF wave spectrum of a representative shallow-water wave field for a first estimate of the motions of a moored LNG carrier. The results were acceptable. This is a first indication that EMEP output might be used to calculate the motions of an LNG carrier moored in shallow water.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


"A ready reference aid and an inspiration to designers . All in all the best book now available on symbols." --Library Journal This unparalleled reference represents a major achievement in the field of graphic design. Famed industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss recognized the importance of symbols in communicating more quickly and effectively; for many years he and his staff collected and codified graphic symbols as they are used in all walks of life throughout the world. The result is this "dictionary" of universally used graphic symbols. Henry Dreyfuss designed this sourcebook to be as practical and easy to use as possible by arranging the symbol information within ingeniously devised sections: Basic Symbols represents a concise and highly selective grouping of symbols common to all disciplines (on-off, up-down, etc.). Disciplines provides symbols used in accommodations and travel, agriculture, architecture, business, communications, engineering, photography, sports, safety, traffic controls, and many other areas. Color lists the meanings of each of the colors in various worldwide applications and cultures. Graphic Form displays symbols from all disciplines grouped according to form (squares, circles, arrows, human figures, etc.) creating a unique way to identify a symbol out of context, as well as giving designers a frame of reference for developing new symbols. To make the sourcebook truly universal, the Table of Contents contains translations of each of the section titles and discipline areas into 17 languages in addition to English.


Throughout the ages the quest for food and drink has influenced humanity's economic, social and political development, and played a role in the organization of society and history. Nutrition (or what we choose to consume) influences the health of human beings and therefore their quality of life. Animal source foods are often the dietary component that evokes the widest array of complex scientific, economic, environmental and political issues. It is viewed as the most expensive component of any diet, yet can make significant contributions to human health through providing high quantities of essential nutrients. In addition to quantity, the high quality of the nutrients in animal source foods is important as high-quality nutrients are more readily absorbed into the human body than lower-quality nutrients from other food and non-food sources. As South Africans increasingly suffer the consequences of inappropriate diets (over- and under- nutrition), the role of animal source foods as part of a healthy diet requires continuous investment in research and extrapolation of information towards appropriate guidelines and recommendations. Although it is often suggested that the intake of animal source foods should be limited because of possible linkages between animal product consumption and health, scientific evidence increasingly indicates the beneficial role that animal source foods can play in preventing and combating obesity and certain non-communicable diseases related to over-nutrition. This article aims to describe the nutritional role of animal source foods as part of a healthy South African diet and presents a review of recent findings related to their nutrient contribution, as well as evidence relating to common health concerns.


Using a dissymmetrically-perturbed particle-in-a-box model, we demonstrate that the induced optical activity of chiral monolayer protected clusters, such as Whetten's Au28(SG)16 glutathione-passivated gold nanoclusters (J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 2630-2641), could arise from symmetric metal cores perturbed by a dissymmetric or chiral field originating from the adsorbates. This finding implies that the electronic states of the nanocluster core are chiral, yet the lattice geometries of these cores need not be geometrically distorted by the chiral adsorbates. Based on simple chiral monolayer protected cluster models, we rationalize how the adsorption pattern of the tethering sulfur atoms has a substantial effect on the induced CD in the NIR spectral region, and we show how the chiral image charge produced in the core provides a convenient means of visualizing dissymmetric perturbations to the achiral gold nanocluster core.


Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) capture long dependencies and context, and hence are the key component of typical sequential data based tasks. However, the sequential nature of RNNs dictates a large inference cost for long sequences even if the hardware supports parallelization. To induce long-term dependencies, and yet admit parallelization, we introduce novel shallow RNNs. In this architecture, the first layer splits the input sequence and runs several independent RNNs. The second layer consumes the output of the first layer using a second RNN thus capturing long dependencies. We provide theoretical justification for our architecture under weak assumptions that we verify on real-world benchmarks. Furthermore, we show that for time-series classification, our technique leads to substantially improved inference time over standard RNNs without compromising accuracy. For example, we can deploy audio-keyword classification on tiny Cortex M4 devices (100MHz processor, 256KB RAM, no DSP available) which was not possible using standard RNN models. Similarly, using ShaRNN in the popular Listen-Attend-Spell (LAS) architecture for phoneme classification [4], we can reduce the lag in phoneme classification by 10-12x while maintaining state-of-the-art accuracy.


This paper presents a methodological framework to estimate the likely cumulative impact on fragile benthic organisms from bottom fishing activity. The approach has been designed to facilitate standardised application among various gear types and areas to allow comparisons between fisheries employing different bottom fishing methods. New Zealand implemented this approach in its preliminary assessment of bottom fishing impacts for the 2008/09 toothfish longline fishery. This paper illustrates the utility of the standardised approach and provides a methodological template for systematic impact assessment in fisheries using bottom impacting methods, to inform mitigation efforts and as a necessary component of a full ecological risk assessment.


In order to get a view on the road surface condition the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) uses both objective measurement mehods, mainly measurements of rut depth and unevenness, and road users, opinions on the roads condition. Objective measurements show that road surface condition in general has not changed to any greater extent during the latest years. Road user surveys show, however, that the road users, and not least the professional drivers, have become less satisfied with the operation and maintenace of the roads. To try to understand the cause of this discrepancy it is of interest to closer analyse the road users assessment of road surface condition. The report presents a driving simulator study, which is divided into two experiments. In the first experiment the importance of different impressions, i.e. visual appearance, noise and vibrations, is tested on a road surface with ruts as well as on a road surface with patchings/repairs. The analysis was based on driving data and on the drivers´ opinions on how comfortable and safe, respectively, the road was to drive on. The conclusion from the first experiment was that the visual apppearence alone does not influence speed, but lateral position. Noise has an influence on the variance of speed, and vibration has an influence on the variance of lateral position. Noise and vibration have an influence on speed in interaction with the visual appearance. The results of the drivers´ assessments of comfort and safety show a clear pattern where the visual appearance, the sound and the vibrations separately and in an additional way have an influence on the subjective experience of comfort and safety. In the second experiment eight road surfaces with different road surface conditions (patches, ruts, ruts filled with water, rough texture, unnevenness (two levels), cracks and edge deformations). The eight road surfaces grouped together in three different groups concerning the assessment of comfort and of safety, though not in the exact same way.


Twitter has become one of the main sources of news for many people. As real-world events and emergencies unfold, Twitter is abuzz with hundreds of thousands of stories about the events. Some of these stories are harmless, while others could potentially be life-saving or sources of malicious rumors. Thus, it is critically important to be able to efficiently track stories that spread on Twitter during these events. In this paper, we present a novel semi-automatic tool that enables users to efficiently identify and track stories about real-world events on Twitter. We ran a user study with 25 participants, demonstrating that compared to more conventional methods, our tool can increase the speed and the accuracy with which users can track stories about real-world events.


Tetrachloroethene (PCE) reductive dehalogenases are the key catalysts in the respiratory chain of dehalorespiring microorganisms, where they act as the terminal electron-accepting enzymes in the process. On protein level, reductive dehalogenases have been shown to belong to the family of corrinoid-dependent enzymes. However reductive dehalogenases are not involved in alkyl-transfer as other corrinoid-containing enzymes but in electron transfer and investigation on the nature of the cofactor present in tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase of Sulfurospirillum multivorans has revealed a novel type of corrinoid. Preliminary investigation with our model strain Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain TCE1 showed that strain TCE1 was able to de novo synthesize its own corrinoid. The bacterium was grown for a long-term period without B12 amendment in the medium before a pulse of vitamin B12 was operated. The expression level of key genes in B12 biosynthesis was then followed by RT-PCR. A down-regulation was clearly observed on transcription level for some of the key genes (cbiX, cbiC, cbi(ET), cbiJ, cobA), while no or a late regulation was reported for others (btuF, cobS). Analysis of the genetic structure around B12-biosynthetic genes in the genome sequence of strain Y51, a closely related strain, revealed that several riboswitches are present directly upstreams of most transcriptional units, indicating that the B12 biosynthesis pathway is essentially regulated by RNA elements. The question of which B12-derivates can interact with these riboswitches remains to be elucidated, as well as the regulation mode for each B12-riboswitch predicted in the genome.


Although major snowstorms result in substantial societal and economic impact across the southern Appalachian Mountains, numerous critical parameters (e.g., lower tropospheric thermal structure, snow crystal type and degree of riming, quantitative precipitation forecast) are frequently not well characterized in numerical weather prediction models. This study analyzes the meteorological characteristics of the 9-10 December 2018 major winter storm using data from a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR), the ERA-Interim dataset, NOAA's Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) soundings, and other in-situ measurements. In particular, the MASC data allowed for classification of snow crystal types, complexities, and degree of riming throughout the entire storm. There is a clear correlation in the complexity and roughness of the ice crystals as the storm progressed in time. This correlation aligns with different weather variables that were collected on the surface as well as aloft. This study enhances an understanding of the process and components of the winter storm along with an improved understanding of the differences among snowfall events.


Not available – first paragraph follows:
The wildlife research program at the Hopland Field Station has been a cooperative effort involving primarily researchers from the Davis and Berkeley campuses and, occasionally, researchers from other state and federal agencies, California state universities, Oregon State University, and certain private companies. The station has also served as a base of operations for other research projects in nearby counties.


Aims To report the persistence of glaucoma medical therapy in a database of 1006 patients with ocular hypertension (OHT), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) attending the Glaucoma Clinic at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. Method Analyses have been carried out using specially written queries to generate reports relating to initial treatment choice and persistence for individual drugs. Queries were investigated in the database time period from 16 February 1982 to 11 February 2009. When investigating drug persistence, the results from the database were split into two distinct time periods from 1997 to 2001 and from 2002 to 2009 to reflect the available treatment options used. Results The number of patients with each diagnosis was as follows: POAG 608; OHT 246; NTG 152. The Kaplan–Meier estimate for mean persistence from 1997 to 2001 (time to treatment discontinuation) of latanoprost was 58.8±1.95 months, timolol was 41.8±3.94 months, brimonidine was 24.1±3.05 months, and betaxolol was 22.9±2.04 months. The Kaplan–Meier estimate for mean persistence from 2002 to 2009 of latanoprost (time to treatment discontinuation) was 52.0±2.26 months, bimatoprost was 25.8±2.89 months, and travoprost was 23.0±1.27 months. The Kaplan–Meier estimate for mean persistence of latanoprost (time to treatment change) was 37.5±2.47 months, travoprost was 30.2±2.70 months, and bimatoprost was 17.5±2.88 months. Conclusion The introduction of the first prostaglandin analogue, latanoprost, dramatically improved treatment persistence for glaucoma patients. In the current prostaglandin-rich treatment environment, these data do not show any significant differences between prostaglandins with respect to treatment persistence.


This work provides several policy proposals capable to strengthen the private enforcement of EU competition law in arbitration. It focuses on the procedural law aspects that are permeated by legal uncertainty and that have not yet fallen under the scrutiny of the law and economics debate. The policy proposals described herein are based on the functional approach to law and economics and aim to promote a more qualified decision making process by: adjudicators, private parties and lawmakers. The resulting framework of procedural rules would be a cost-effective policy tool that could sustain the European Commission's effort to guarantee a workable level of competition in the EU internal market. This project aims to answer the following broad research question: which procedural rules can improve the efficiency of antitrust arbitration by decreasing litigation costs for private parties on the one hand, and by increasing private parties' compliance with competition law on the other hand? Throughout this research project, such broad question has been developed into research sub-questions revolving around several key legal issues. The chosen sub-research questions result from a vacuum in the European enforcement system that leaves several key legal issues in antitrust arbitration unresolved.
The legal framework proposed in this research project could prevent such a blurry scenario from impairing the EU private enforcement of competition law in arbitration. Therefore, our attention was triggered by those legal issues whose proposed solutions lead to relevant uncertainties and that are most suitable for a law and economics analysis.


This paper offers an exploration of the link between private concerns and action in the public sphere. It addresses the question: how can solidarity organizations, concerned with human need, contribute to the renewal of democracy in conditions of global capital in which the public sphere is becoming both narrower and shallower?


Investigations were made to recycle spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for the production of vermicompost using earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Spent mushroomsubstrate (SMS) was obtained after harvestingmushroomgrown on coffee industry wastes. This Spent mushroom substrate has a fibrous material content, which improves soil physical properties and biological activity. Different combinations of spent mushroom substrate, cowdung and farmyard manure were tried for vermicomposting. Maximum growth and cocoons productionwas recorded in vermireactor containing cowdung and SMS. The C/N ratio of vermicompost reduced to 9:35 from 52:2. The nutrient composition of the vermicast thus produced was of good quality. Based on investigations it is concluded that recycling of SMS generated after utilizing coffee wastes can be potentially used as a raw material for vermicomposting. Recycling/waste management of Coffee industrywastes (primary) to Spent mushroom substarate (secondary wastes) and further to vermicompost is reported from our findings. The transition from chemical nutrition to bionutrition can be sustained with out affecting the ecological processes.


This highly original and accessible book draws on the author's personal experience as a musician, producer and teacher of popular music to discuss the ways in which audio technology and musical creativity in pop music are inextricably bound together. This relationship, the book argues, is exemplified by the work of Trevor Horn, who is widely acknowledged as the most important, innovative and successful British pop record producer of the early 1980s.

In the first part of the book, Timothy Warner presents a definition of pop as distinct from rock music, and goes on to consider the ways technological developments, such as the transition from analogue to digital, transform working practices and, as a result, impact on the creative process of producing pop. Part two analyses seven influential recordings produced by Trevor Horn between 1979 and 1985: 'Video Killed the Radio Star' (The Buggles), 'Buffalo Gals' (Malcolm McClaren),'Owner of a Lonely Heart' (Yes), 'Relax' (Frankie Goes to Hollywood), 'Slave to the Rhythm' (Grace Jones), and albums by The Art of Noise and Propaganda. These records reveal how the creative use of technology in the modern pop recording studio has informed Horn's work, a theme that is then explored in an extensive interview with Horn himself.


This article describes the work of faculty members and administrators at California State University, Fresno to create courses in the General Education (GE) program taught around the Global Challenges framework developed by members of AASCU's Global Engagement Initiative. The first course, H102, was developed in 2008 for the upper division GE program and was designed specifically and exclusively for the Smittcamp Family Honors College. Two new courses were developed in 2013, one that fulfills a lower division GE requirement in critical thinking, and an upper division GE course that fulfills the Multicultural/International requirement.  The authors (developers and instructors of the courses) describe experiences teaching the courses, including how resources are selected, strong and weak assignments, pre- and post-semester survey results, developing the course as part of the GE program, and the unique experience of teaching an interdisciplinary course with the ultimate goal of creating more globally engaged students.


Rock salt is approximately 1000 times more soluble than limestone and thus displays high rates of geomorphic evolution. Cave stream channel profiles and downcutting rates were studied in the Mount Sedom salt diapir, Dead Sea rift valley, Israel. Although the area is very arid (mean annual rainfall ≈ 50 mm), the diapir contains extensive karst systems of Holocene age.

In the standard cave profile a vertical shaft at the upstream end diverts water from a surface channel in anhydrite or clastic cap rocks into the subsurface route in the salt. Mass balance calculations in a sample cave passage yielded downcutting rates of 0–2 mm s−1 during peak flood conditions, or about eight orders of magnitude higher than reported rates in any limestone cave streams. However, in the arid climate of Mount Sedom floods have a low recurrence interval with the consequence that long-term mean downcutting rates are lower: an average rate of 8·8 mm a−1 was measured for the period 1986–1991 in the same sample passage. Quite independently, long-term mean rates of 6·2mm a−1 are deduced from 14C ages of driftwood found in upper levels of 12 cave passages. These are at least three orders of magnitude higher than rates established for limestone caves.

Salt cave passages develop in two main stages: (1) an early stage characterized by high downcutting rates into the rock salt bed, and steep passage gradients; (2) a mature stage characterized by lower downcutting rates, with establishment of a subhorizontal stream bed armoured with alluvial detritus. In this mature stage downcutting rates are controlled by the uplift rate of the Mount Sedom diapir and changes of the level of the Dead Sea. Passages may also aggrade. These fast-developing salt stream channels may serve as full-scale models for slower developing systems such as limestone canyons.


Synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic particles accelerated in a pulsar wind nebula may dominate its spectrum up to γ-ray energies. Because of the short cooling time of the γ-ray-emitting electrons and positrons, the γ-ray-emission zone is in the immediate vicinity of the acceleration site. Particle acceleration likely occurs at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind, where multiple forced magnetic field reconnections provide strong magnetic fluctuations facilitating Fermi acceleration processes. The acceleration mechanisms imply the presence of stochastic magnetic fields in the particle acceleration region, which cause stochastic variability of the synchrotron emission. This variability is particularly strong in the steep γ-ray tail of the spectrum, where modest fluctuations of the magnetic field lead to strong flares of spectral flux. In particular, stochastic variations of magnetic field, which may lead to quasi-cyclic γ-ray flares, can be produced by the relativistic cyclotron ion instability at the termination shock. Our model calculations of the spectral and temporal evolution of synchrotron emission in the spectral cut-off regime demonstrate that the intermittent magnetic field concentrations dominate the γ-ray emission from highest energy electrons and provide fast, strong variability even for a quasi-steady distribution of radiating particles. The simulated light curves and spectra can explain the very strong γ-ray flares observed in the Crab Nebula and lack of strong variations at other wavelengths. The model predicts high polarization in the flare phase, which can be tested with future polarimetry observations.


The potential contribution of sport to development within the Global South has recently gained prominence in terms of policy, practice and as a subject of academic interest. Internationally oriented perspectives are predominant both in descriptive and analytic contributions to the emerging sport-for-development literature. Descriptive accounts highlight the importance of international policies, resources and organizational stakeholders. Analytic contributions are aligned with instrumental and hegemonic strands of the mainstream development literature that have been criticized for insufficiently contextualizing development within localities in the Global South. To address this limitation of much existing sport-for-development research, this study of sport and community development in Lusaka, Zambia, was guided by Bevir and Rhodes's [(2003). Interpreting British governance. London: Routledge] 'decentred' approach and Long's [(2001) Development sociology: actor perspectives. London: Routledge] actor-oriented sociology. Data were primarily collected through 37 interviews with representatives of organizations involved in youth and community development work in two case study communities. Sport was almost universally considered by interviewees to be an important aspect of local development efforts due to its popularity, accessibility and the malleable way it could be used to address complex and locally identified problems. Organizations involved in sport-for-development were primarily indigenous, received limited international input and were more diverse than commonly identified in the existing literature. Particular approaches to sport-for-development both linked to and challenged local cultural values. These findings suggest that the two case study communities represent counterexamples to internationalist perspectives in the sport-for-development literature. Consequently, it is suggested that alternative methodologies may enable a more balanced consideration of the relative influence of local and global aspects on sport-for-development.


Evidence for the light-by-light scattering process, γγ → γγ , in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5 . 02 TeV is reported. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 390 μb − 1 recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering processes are selected in events with two photons exclusively produced, each with transverse energy E γ T > 2 GeV, pseudorapidity | η γ | < 2 . 4, diphoton invariant mass m γγ > 5 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum p γγ T < 1 GeV, and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01. After all selection criteria are applied, 14 events are observed, compared to expectations of 9 . 0 ± 0 . 9 (theo) events for the signal and 4 . 0 ± 1 . 2 (stat) for the background processes. The excess observed in data relative to the background-only expectation corresponds to a significance of 3.7 standard deviations, and has properties consistent with those expected for the light-by-light scattering signal. The measured fiducial light-by-light scattering cross section, σ fid ( γγ → γγ ) = 120 ± 46 (stat) ± 28 (syst) ± 12 (theo) nb, is consistent with the standard model prediction. The m γγ distribution is used to set new exclusion limits on the production of pseudoscalar axion-like


Shielding is defined as the confinement of patients to a single room or a separate unit/area inside the ward, accompanied by a member of staff. It is understood as both a treatment and a control. The purpose of this study is to examine how staff in psychiatric hospitals describe and assess shielding. This qualitative study uses a descriptive and exploratory design with an inductive approach. The material was acquired through the Acute Network (in Psychiatry) nationwide shielding project. Data collection was carried out by the staff, who described the shielding procedure on a semi-structured form. The analysis was inspired by Graneheim and Lundman's qualitative content analysis. Shielding has been described as an ambiguous practice, that is, shielding can be understood in several ways. There is a clear tension between shielding as a control and shielding as a treatment, with control being described as more important. The important therapeutic elements of shielding have also been mentioned, and shielding involves isolation to different degrees.


In this paper we propose the use of an alternative methodology to track low incomes based on Atkinson`s (1970) family of "equally distributed equivalent income" functions, which are called "general means" here. We provide a new characterization of general means that justifies their use in this context. Our method of evaluating the effects of growth on poor incomes is based on a comparison of growth rates for two standards of living: the ordinary mean and a bottom-sensitive general mean. The motivating question is: To what extent is growth in the ordinary mean accompanied by growth in the general mean? A key indicator in this approach is the growth elasticity of the general mean, or the percentage change in the general mean over the percentage change in the usual mean. Our empirical analysis estimates this growth elasticity for a data set containing 144 household surveys from 20 countries over the last quarter century. Among other results, we find that the growth elasticity of bottom sensitive general means is positive, but significantly smaller than one. This suggests that the incomes of the poor do not grow one-for-one with increases in average income.


BACKGROUND
In patients with heart failure, worsening of signs and symptoms and depression can affect hospitalization and also each other, resulting in synergistic effects on hospitalizations. A patient's sex may play a role in these effects.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of fatigue and depression on all-cause hospitalization rates in the total sample and in subgroups of men and women.

METHODS
A secondary analysis was done of data collected January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2012 (N = 582; mean age, 63.2 years [SD, 14.4]). Data were collected on fatigue, depression, sample characteristics, vital signs, results of laboratory tests, medications, and frequency of hospitalization. Patients were categorized into 4 groups on the basis of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision: no fatigue or depression, fatigue only, depression only, and both fatigue and depression. General linear regression was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS
In both the total sample and the subgroups, the number of hospitalizations in patients with both fatigue and depression was greater than the number in patients without either symptom. Among women, the number of hospitalizations in the fatigue-only group and in the depression-only group was greater than that in the group with neither symptom. In men, the number of hospitalizations in the fatigue-only group was greater than that in the group without either symptom.

CONCLUSION
Fatigue and depression do not have synergistic effects on hospitalization, but men and women differ in the effects of these symptoms on hospitalization.


Systematic studies have been carried out in an equiatomic Ti-Ni shape memory alloy deformed 40% at room temperature (martensitic state) by cold working. The deformed alloy was submitted to four different annealing temperatures (385°C, 425°C, 465°C and 505°C ) for accumulated times. The evolution of martensitic transformation was evaluated by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The corresponding TEP (Thermoelectric Power) was measured in the martensitic state around room temperature. Both, the temperature and the time of annealing, are important parameters which affect the martensitic transformation. On the DSC curves, after short annealing times two peaks appear during cooling, which correspond to the R phase and the martensitic phase transformations. The temperature of the martensitic transformation increases with annealing time. On the other hand, the R phase transformation temperature is practically unchanged for all annealing times. The TEP measured in the martensitic state exhibits a clear evolution during the annealing. It has been shown that there is some relationship between TEP measurements and temperature of the martensitic transformation DSC peak, during the annealing treatments after 40% cold- work.


Abstract Economic activity that takes environmental protection into account and uses the environmental benefits of an area or country may continuously combine growth with sustainability thereby providing prosperity and societal quality. This paper aims to complement European research on Bioeconomy by reviewing current situation and future trends in Greece. Current data testify that there are significant opportunities for Greece to progress towards a lucrative economy based on renewable resources. The effective growth of such Bioeconomy in Greece depends on the successful cooperation of all stakeholders (state, business, citizens). This is the first study that provides a numerical analysis of the Bio-economy opportunities for Greece and may constitute the foundation for future research, suggestions for policy measures and strategic planning


Keywords: Meaning, Friendship, semiotic analysis, film Harry Potter

Film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was originally in priority to the children only. But in reality the film is actually loved by all teenagers and adults. The reason they are interested in this film apart from the storyline that can evoke archaic nature which are under conscious audience. The film also has many signs, such as a sign of education, morality, friendship, heroism and others. Seeing that researchers interested in focusing on the meaning of a sign of friendship in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
In order to simplify the research process, researchers focused on the formulation of the problem is how is the meaning of a sign of friendship in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The goals to be achieved from this study is to describe the meaning of a sign of friendship in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
Furthermore, based from an existing keyword in the title, the researchers used a frame of mind of some scientific experts. One example of a frame of mind that the researcher was quoted by La Gaipa friendship (in Monk et al, 1999: 187) he defines the essence of friendship is a sense of loyalty (honest and loyal), sympathy (no distansi) and sincere (no sense shy shy or competition). Next researchers used a qualitative descriptive study type using the method according to Roland Barthes's semiotic. Here interpreted as a sign denotation and connotation without neglecting the myths that exist, to get a picture or understanding of a general nature and relatively comprehensive and covers the issues studied.
With the above data analysis techniques researchers were able to capture many of the signs of friendship one of them at the scene Dementors. From here the researchers found that disampikan denotation of meaning that is directed by Prof. Harry asked. Lupin to teach spells repellent Dementors because these creatures so affected him than his friends. Furthermore, researchers grasp the meaning of connotation that Harry wanted someone to provide protection against him. At a time like that is a friend
can be trusted to give a sense of security if his friends needed protection. It also reminds researchers in myths like the phrase "white heart" means net signifies the heart of all jealousy and envy.
From the above analysis the researcher concluded friendship becomes one person's needs, because friendship provides warmth, protection and happiness as they live their lives outside the community of family environment. Advice writer practically, can be input for young filmmakers to produce quality films. So the movie can be a representation of social reality and culture media for the message or the transformation of cultural values in society.


"The premier guide to modern riding, from one of the sport's best coaches." --Tim Windell, two-time World Cup co-champion In The Art of Snowboarding, USSA-certified club coach Jim Smith introduces you to the most popular tricks and stunts, including kickers (jumps) and other freestyle and half-pipe techniques, and stunts on rails and wood. He gives special emphasis to proper stance and turning techniques as the basis for more advanced moves. Time-lapsephotographs demonstrate every step of every trick and technique, and dozens of additional photos show you the form of some of the country's best riders.


Offshore structures are used in a variety of applications ranging from the traditional oil and gas extraction facilities to emerging renewable energy concepts. These structures must be secured to the seabed in an efficient and cost effective manner. A novel approach is to use shallow inverted buckets as foundations, installed by suction, in place of the more usual piles. These foundations lead to cost savings through reduction in materials and in time required for installation. It is necessary to determine how these foundations perform under typical offshore loading conditions so that design calculations may be developed. This thesis presents experimental data from a comprehensive series of investigations aimed at determining the important mechanisms to consider in the design of these shallow foundations for dense sand. Initially the long term loading behaviour (e.g. wind and current) was investigated by conducting three degree of freedom loading {V:M/2R:H} tests on a foundation embedded in dry sand. The results were interpreted through existing work-hardening plasticity theories. The analysis of the data has suggested a number of improved modelling features. Cyclic and transient tests, representing wave loading, were carried out on a foundation embedded in an oil saturated sand. The novel feature of the cyclic loading was that a 'pseudo-random' load history (based on the 'NewWave' theory) was used to represent realistic loading paths. Of particular interest was the tensile load capacity of the foundation. The results observed suggested that for tensile loading serviceability requirements rather than capacity may govern design. Under combined-load cyclic conditions the results indicated that conventional plasticity theory would not provide a sufficient description of response. A new theory, termed 'continuous hyperplasticity' was used, reproducing the results with impressive accuracy. Surprisingly, under the conditions investigated, loading rate was found to have a negligible effect on response.