A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL DEFENSE OF A MULTI-INTENTIONED VIEW OF THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT Gary Lee Shultz, Jr., Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008 Chairperson: Dr. Bruce A. Ware The purpose of this dissertation is to develop, explain, and defend, both biblically and theologically, a multi-intentioned view of the extent of the atonement. A multi-intentioned view holds that God had general intentions in the atonement that included the nonelect, and particular intentions in the atonement only for the elect. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the evangelical debate concerning the extent of the atonement, explains the need for a multi-intentioned view, and defines the multiintentioned view. Chapter 2 is a survey of the historically significant views on the extent of the atonement. The views of Augustine, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, Jacob Arminius, Moise Amyraut, Richard Baxter, John Owen, and John Wesley, as well as the views of the ninth century, medieval scholasticism, and modern evangelicalism, are explained. This chapter presents the context of the debate and demonstrates the need for a multi-intentioned view. Chapter 3 establishes the biblical and theological basis for understanding Christ's atonement as a payment for the sins of all people, elect and nonelect, by exegeting the relevant biblical passages. This biblical establishment is followed by an explanation of why an unlimited payment for sin does not entail universalism. Chapter 4 provides a biblical and theological explanation of God's general intentions in the atonement. The atonement made the universal gospel call possible, provided an additional basis of condemnation for those who hear the gospel and reject it, provided common grace, provided the supreme example of God's character, and facilitated Christ's cosmic triumph over all sin. Chapter 5 provides a biblical and theological explanation of God's particular intention in the atonement: securing the salvation of the elect. This intention is evident because of God's sovereignty throughout salvation, his special love for the elect, and the unity of the Father and the Son in salvation. Christ accomplished the securing of the salvation of the elect by sending the Spirit to apply salvation to the elect on the basis of his atonement. Chapter 6 recapitulates the findings of the dissertation, offers some practical implications, and proposes some further areas of study concerning the multi-intentioned


We present the first three-dimensional fully kinetic and electromagnetic simulations of the solar wind interaction with lunar crustal magnetic anomalies (LMAs). Using the implicit particle-in-cell code iPic3D, we confirm that LMAs may indeed be strong enough to stand off the solar wind from directly impacting the lunar surface forming a mini-magnetosphere, as suggested by spacecraft observations and theory. In contrast to earlier magnetohydrodynamics and hybrid simulations, the fully kinetic nature of iPic3D allows us to investigate the space charge effects and in particular the electron dynamics dominating the near-surface lunar plasma environment. We describe for the first time the interaction of a dipole model centered just below the lunar surface under plasma conditions such that only the electron population is magnetized. The fully kinetic treatment identifies electromagnetic modes that alter the magnetic field at scales determined by the electron physics. Driven by strong pressure anisotropies, the mini-magnetosphere is unstable over time, leading to only temporal shielding of the surface underneath. Future human exploration as well as lunar science in general therefore hinges on a better understanding of LMAs.


To further the boundaries of human knowledge, physicists at CERN use large particle accelerators to smash elementary particles together at high energies. To design these accelerators, the physicists need a language specially designed for the task, to allow them to spend their time doing physics instead of programming. The Methodical Accelerator Design (MAD) project at CERN is developing this kind of languages. The author of this thesis was chosen to cooperate in this project to aid in the implementation of the new iteration of the MAD language. A new version is needed, because the old version (MAD-X) has several problems that will make it unsuitable for the next generation of accelerators. The project this report is based on is an application able to run code written in Lua, the new language MAD, and MAD-X. The implemented MAD application is written in the Lua language and run using the excellent Just-In-Time compiler LuaJIT. The application contains a parser constructor factory and a generator factory to facilitate addition of different languages. Using the factories, the user can chose between three different input languages and two different output languages. The parsers are implemented using LPEG, a module creating top-down parsers. With the help of LPEGs regex module, the grammars of the implemented languages are written in a syntax closely related to Extended Backus Naur Form. The parsers then create an Abstract Syntax Tree that is used by the generators to create Lua or MAD code. The Lua code can then be run using LuaJIT, while the MAD code can be used to debug the application. To make the application fully able to interpret all Lua files and act as one would expect interpreters to act, a module for correctly mapping errors to their correct lines is implemented. The implementation utilises a map that contains all the generated codes lines and their corresponding lines in the input code. The application is extended with support for a new language, MAD, which is an extension of Lua. MAD contains support for C-style include statements and a short function syntax for functions that can be lazily evaluated. MAD is also extended to be backwards compatible with MAD-X, by translating MAD-X code into Lua code. A stand-alone framework for unit testing is implemented, allowing all modules in the MAD application to be tested quickly and easily. The framework is inspired by the pre-existing BTD and Lunit-frameworks. The future works of the application are discussed and solutions to potential problems are suggested. The interpreter is tested against other Lua interpreters and is shown to be able to compete on an equal basis. The application is also shown to be easily extendible, helped by the unit testing framework that easily allow the module designers to test their functions and APIs. The implemented application, which can be found at https://github.com/ldeniau/mad/, can therefore be of help to the MAD project and thus also to accelerator physicists in general.


Many Australian businesses compete in the global marketplace, and companies
seeking a competitive edge in this business environment consider the engagement of
their people in the business to be a strategic advantage. This 'engagement of people'
strategy utilises participatory or collaborative management practices that can be
collectively considered under the umbrella term 'employee involvement' (EI) and
considered desirable from both a management and employee perspective. Yet EI
appears as an organisational paradox, that is, while management want EI and
employees want EI it should be effective and work well. However, often EI does not
deliver in full for both management and workers.
The Queensland coal mining industry is one such industry that competes in the
global marketplace and many companies within that industry seek to improve their
competitive positions by directly involving their employees. This investigation looks
at how coal mines in Queensland utilise Employee Involvement processes. In doing
so the investigation seeks to understand EI as a concept, as well as a practice, and to
determine influential factors for effective EI at BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance
(BMA) mines - the major coal mining company in the Queensland coal mining
industry.
This investigation was undertaken using a case study methodology based on
in-depth, semi-structured interviews. People were interviewed from various
organisational levels at four BMA mines and BMA's corporate office. The
investigation findings establish that EI, as a concept, is best understood by its
application. Also the key common attributes of EI that were evident are involvement
of actual crews, information sharing, the opportunity to influence decisions and that
EI in safety management is considered mandatory.
BMA does utilises formal EI practices. However, embedded in these formal EI
practices are informal EI practices that involve more people and have greater
organisational breadth in their acceptance and impact. While EI was recognised as a
management initiative, it was management's commitment to establishing and
maintaining the supportive environment which fostered an EI program that was more
critical for implementing an EI culture than the mechanistic formal EI programs
utilised by BMA. In establishing the importance of informal EI practices over more
formal EI practices, the role of the supervisor is considered vital in creating a
supportive environment that both fosters the employees sense of management
commitment and their sense of personal value.


Computer networks are inherently social networks, linking people, organizations, and knowledge. They are social institutions that should not be studied in isolation but as integrated into everyday lives. The proliferation of computer networks has facilitated a deemphasis on group solidarities at work and in the community and afforded a turn to networked societies that are loosely bounded and sparsely knit. The Internet increases people's social capital, increasing contact with friends and relatives who live nearby and far away. New tools must be developed to help people navigate and find knowledge in complex, fragmented, networked societies.


Scientific advances have transformed the world. However, science can sometimes get things wrong, and at times, disastrously so. Understanding the basis for scientific claims and judging how much confidence we should place in them is essential for individual choice, societal debates, and development of public policy and laws. We must ask: what is the basis of scientific claims? How much confidence should we put in them? What is defined as science and what is not? This book synthesizes a working definition of science and its properties, as explained through the eyes of a practicing scientist, by integrating advances from philosophy, psychology, history, sociology, and anthropology into a holistic view. Crucial in our political climate, the book fights the myths of science often portrayed to the public. Written for a general audience, it also enables students to better grasp methodologies and helps professional scientists to articulate what they do and why.


Concern has been raised by health professionals 1 2 and politicians3 regarding the lack of scientific data on the use of medicines in children. Such data are usually obtained from clinical trials by the pharmaceutical industry and used to obtain a product license, and these trials are almost invariably conducted entirely in adults. Studies throughout Europe have shown that health professionals are forced to use medicines that are either not licensed for use in children or used at a different dose, for a different indication, or by an alternative route from that recommended ("off label").4 Two thirds of children in hospital4 and 90% of sick newborn infants5 receive medicines that are unlicensed or off label. Little information is available about the risk of such prescribing, but one study has suggested that there is an increased risk of toxicity.6

The pharmaceutical industry has been reluctant to study medicines in children for various reasons. These include the limited financial returns, the difficulty of organising clinical trials in children, and concerns about possible toxicity.7 …


The objective of two studies was to manipulate the essential fatty acid content of turkey semen by enhancing the dietary levels of either n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or n-6 PUFA and determine the effect on fertility. In 1999 (Trial 1), and again in 2000 (Trial 2), Large White tom turkeys, 37 weeks of age, were fed one of three diets substituted with chicken fat, soybean oil, or menhaden fish oil. Chicken fat provided the industry's standard ratio of n-6 to n-3, soybean oil provided a greater ratio of n-6 to n-3, and fish oil provided a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3. Contemporary hens were inseminated weekly with semen collected from each group of toms. The effects of dietary lipids on tom body weights, fertility, motility, perivitelline layer sperm penetration percent, and live vs. dead sperm were analyzed. Whereas body weight increased linearly from 31 to 56 weeks of age (WOA), there was no effect of dietary treatment. As measured by the Accudenz® procedure, there were differences in sperm motility due to dietary treatment during 48 and 51 WOA during Trial 1. During Trial 2, sperm motility differences were observed at 53 WOA with the soybean oil-treated toms having the largest absorbance reading and the chicken fat-treated toms having the largest absorbance reading during 56 WOA. The live vs. dead sperm cells during Trial 1 revealed differences among the toms prior to treatment and post treatment. No dietary effects on percent live vs. dead sperm cells were observed during Trial 2. Once per mo, eggs were collected for a one-week period to analyze for sperm penetration of the perivitelline layer. In Trial 1, sperm from toms fed chicken fat produced more penetrations (holes) during 36, 48, and 52 WOA. In Trial 2, sperm penetration values were lower for toms fed fish oil during 42, 47, and 51 WOA. Whereas there were significant differences in fertility, hatch of total eggs, and hatch of fertile eggs among treatments in Trial 1, a bacterial contamination on the farm during weeks seven through fourteen may have contributed to these findings. No significant differences due to treatment were found in these parameters during the second study. The fatty acid analysis of spermatozoa collected at the conclusion of Trial 2 revealed significant differences in total n-3 and total n-6 content, leading to significant differences in the ratio of total n-6 to total n-3. The mixed results indicated the fertilizing ability of domesticated turkey spermatozoa may not be affected by the n-6 to n-3 ratio in the diet of the tom.


The FT-Raman spectra of an Antarctic endolith from the LTER site at Lake Hoare are reported. The specimen provides an unusual occurrence of endolithic colonization of an igneous rock substratum, which analyses as microcline feldspar. The presence of aragonite in the red biological stratum and calcite in a fissure of the rock which has not been subjected to colonization can be attributed to the penetration of calcareous deposits from shallow ground water in an earlier environment in the Dry Valleys. The green biological layer is composed of chlorophyll and β-carotene. Comparison with previous Raman spectroscopic work on endoliths in sedimentary Beacon sandstone is effected.


This second total diet study (TDS) in Taiwan was initiated to assess the health risk posed on general consumers from the dietary intake of benzoic acid and sorbic acid as an illustration of a risk assessment of food preservatives. Health risk was assessed by estimating the ratio of the exposure level to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level of an analyte. This ratio, known as the hazard index (HI), must be less than 100% to ensure no health risk of concern. The ADI values were obtained from the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The present TDS was conducted based on the two analytes, benzoic acid and sorbic acid. Exposure levels of the analytes were determined by using three sets of local data: 1) the analyte concentrations (C) in pertinent food samples, 2) the individual consumption rates (CR) of these food samples, and 3) the body weight (BW) of consumers. C values were obtained by chemical analysis of the analytes in food samples, while CR and BW values were derived from the database of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT). The HI values were calculated using the equation below and expressed as % ADI.(The equation is abbreviated)A scheme was developed to select food items to represent the total diet consumed in Taiwan. Based on the NAHSIT database, the total diet was classified into 12 categories and 47 sub-categories. By ranking food consumption rates, 128 food items were selected to form a basic list for the TDS, which represented 83% of the total diet consumed daily in Taiwan. Taking into consideration the occurrence pattern of the analytes in foods, the list was adjusted to a total of 97 food items for sample collection and preparation for chemical analysis. Food products were purchased from 50 strategic sampling sites throughout Taiwan over two seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) for two consecutive years. Food samples were prepared according to the conditions of serving and were homogenized and mixed prior to chemical analysis to obtain data on C, of which the maximum concentration of each food item was used to make a conservative estimate. The BW of nine age groups and CR of individual food items by each age group were used as exposure factors in risk calculation. The results indicated that the levels of exposure to benzoates and sorbates of the general consumers at 95th percentile in Taiwan were below 50% ADI for benzoates and around 10% ADI for sorbates, which suggest relatively low risk of concern. The present TDS work has helped to renew and strengthen the framework of TDS in Taiwan and facilitate further similar risk assessment work on other target chemicals in food.


The apparatus composition and architecture of prioniodinin conodonts is poorly understood, largely because few prioniodinin taxa are represented by articulated oral feeding apparatuses (natural assemblages) in the fossil record, but also due to the highly variable gradational morphology of their constituent elements that makes apparatus reconstruction problematic. We describe here a natural assemblage of Erismodus quadridactylus (Stauffer), a prioniodinin, from the Sandbian (Late Ordovician) of North Dakota, USA. The assemblage demonstrates that the apparatus architecture of Erismodus is similar to those of late Palaeozoic prioniodinins namely, Kladognathus Rexroad and Hibbardella Bassler, but also has similarities with ozarkodinin apparatuses. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that E. quadridactylus shares topological similarities to balognathid architecture, with respect to the position of its inferred P elements. The apparatus composition and architecture presented here indicate that, at least with respect to the M–S array, an 'ozarkodinin‐type' bauplan is probably more widely representative across prioniodontids. The assemblage demonstrates that element morphotypes traditionally considered to lie within the S array are M elements, whereas others traditionally interpreted as P elements are found in the S array. These observations are used as a basis for refining concepts of element homology among prioniodinin conodonts and their closest relatives.


Subsidized rice which was distributed for the poor has a main purpose to reduced the RTM, it was an action of the Government toward food fulfillment of the poor people, and also decreased the expenditure of RTM. The data used in this research was secondary data, and located at Bandar Lampung in 3 samples sub-distric: Kedaton, Sukarame, and Rajabasa. The method which used to analyze was based on the government rules, which content the affectivity on target, on numbers, on price, on quality, on administration, and on time. The result showed the all content were succeed to echieve except on the numbers, this condition was caused by the addition of the "raskin" volume from 13 Kg/RTM to 15 Kg/RTM.


: Identification and assessment of the relative importance of factors affecting duckling growth and survival are essential for effective management of mallards on breeding areas. For each of 3 years (1993-95), we placed Fl-generation wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) females on experimental wetlands and allowed them to mate, nest, and rear broods for 17 days. We manipulated invertebrate densities by introducing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at high densities in half of the wetlands on which broods were confined. Day- 17 body mass of surviving ducklings (n = 183) was greater for ducklings that were heavier at hatch; the difference averaged 1.7 g at day 17 for each 1.0 g at hatch (P = 0.047). Growth ratio (the proportion of body mass attained by ducklings when they were last measured relative to that predicted for wild female mallard ducklings) also was positively related to body mass at hatch (P = 0.004). Mean day-17 body mass and mean growth ratio of ducklings per brood (each adjusted for body mass at hatch) were positively related to numbers of aquatic invertebrates (Ps < 0.001) and negatively related to variance in the daily minimum air temperature during the exposure period (Ps < 0.020). Early growth of mallards was more sensitive to variation in numbers of invertebrates than to air temperature or biomass of invertebrates. Duckling survival was positively related to growth ratio (P < 0.001). Our study provides parameter estimates that are essential for modeling growth and survival of mallard ducklings. We emphasize the need for conserving brood-rearing wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region that are capable of supporting high densities of aquatic invertebrates.


The crime of arson is committed in a number of different ways in the South African context. However, what is common to all incidences of the crime is that it causes danger: either to property or persons or both. Although the crime is traditionally classified as a crime against property, this article points out that it has been recognised, in the common-law sources upon which the crime is based, that the crime also protects the community. In this regard the use of the crime to punish the fire-setter who sets his or her own property alight, foreseeing that the fire may endanger the interests of others, is highlighted. This aspect of the crime derives from common-law sources, and has been recognised in the courts, but as yet has been sporadically acknowledged and applied by academic writers and in practice. It is submitted that such intentional conduct ought to be reflected in the definition of arson.


The testing of large logic networks with random patterns is examined. Work by previous workers for single faults is extended to a class of multiple fault situations. Not only is the problem of fault detection in the presence of nonmasking multiple faults treated, but the question of distinguishing between them is also examined. It is shown that a test that merely exposes each fault has a high probability of distinguishing between the faults. The relationships between quality, diagnostic resolution, and random pattern test length are developed. The results have application to self-test schemes that use random patterns as stimuli.


We present an algorithm to simultaneously recover non-rigid shape and camera poses from point correspondences between a reference shape and a sequence of input images. The key novel contribution of our approach is in bringing the tools of the probabilistic SLAM methodology from a rigid to a deformable domain. Under the assumption that the shape may be represented as a weighted sum of deformation modes, we show that the problem of estimating the modal weights along with the camera poses, may be probabilistically formulated as a maximum a posterior estimate and solved using an iterative least squares optimization. An extensive evaluation on synthetic and real data, shows that our approach has several significant advantages over current approaches, such as performing robustly under large amounts of noise and outliers, and neither requiring to track points over the whole sequence nor initializations close from the ground truth solution.


The authors of this article deal with the topic of inhumanity which has been at the core of an educational project by themselves carried out in collaboration with other experts. This paper considers the knowledge acquired on this topic by discussing Fagioli's Human birth theory and in particular the concept of annulment pulsion in relation to the psychosocial research on dehumanization carried out by Chiara Volpato in Italy. By looking at the female condition, the article examines the different forms of blatant and subtle dehumanization, underlining the need for a dialogue between psychosocial research and psychopathological and psychodynamic research on the topics of inhumanity and human identity.


Previous research suggests that early experience of and exposure to the world of work is an important predictor of a child's future involvement in a STEM career. Many interventions have focused on those in secondary education age 11 years and above. Far fewer interventions have explored the impact of STEM outreach engagements among younger age groups. This study investigates the impact of a project that delivered career-driven STEM interventions on young children's (7–10 years old) career knowledge and perceptions over time. Using an action research approach, this study outlines 10 distinct features for designing child-centred STEM interventions. These were delivered in 6 primary schools across North-East England over a 2-year period. A STEM Career Knowledge and Aspirations Tool was used to collect data to evaluate the impact of these interventions. Children sorted 30 job cards (mix of STEM and non-STEM) into jobs they knew, and also into jobs they would like to do. Baseline data and follow up data were collected in 2015 (n = 352) and 2017 (n = 356). Data analysis suggests the sustained interventions had a particularly positive effect on girls. In 2015 prior to the interventions, girls were significantly less likely than boys to know the following STEM jobs: surveyor, technician and game tester. In 2017, following the sustained intervention, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Furthermore, one of the STEM jobs, Engineer, showed the greatest increase in the percentage of boys and girls that wanted to do it in 2017 compared to 2015. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 March 2019 Accepted 9 February 2020


This study is the first to systematically analyze the use of blockchain technology in education. In particular, we analyze the status quo of blockchain-based education technologies (N = 62; i.e., a full analysis). We performed a qualitative content analysis of providers' websites to analyze the characteristics of their technologies. The analysis reveals that existing blockchain-based education technologies are diverse and offer important advantages for education (e.g., trust and equal opportunities). Employers seem to profit from these technologies (e.g., trust in applicants), but only some technologies contribute to the individualization of education. Current blockchain-based education technologies were primarily made for the general public or for job seekers. We conclude that blockchain technology might disrupt education but that this process of change is only in its infancy. Given the high relevance of this topic, we conclude by developing an agenda for future research.


Haptic interfaces are a class of robotic manipulators that display force feedback to enhance the realism of virtual environment displays. However, these manipulators often fail to effectively replicate the real world environment due to dynamic limitations of the manipulator itself. The ratio of the simulated to transmitted environment impedance is defined as the transparency transfer function (TTF), and can be used to quantify the effectiveness of a haptic device in displaying the simulated environment. The TTF is ideally equal to one for the bandwidth of human proprioception. In this work, a method is presented that increases TTF bandwidth via cancellation of dynamics with an adaptive model. This adaptive model is based on the kinematics and dynamics of a PHANToM haptic interface with assumed joint stiffness and damping added. The Lagrangian of the PHANToM is reformulated into a regressor matrix containing the state variables multiplied by a parameter vector. A least-squares approach is used to estimate the parameter vector by assuming that errors in force output are due to the manipulator dynamics. The parameter estimate is then used in the original model to provide a feed-forward cancellation of the manipulator dynamics. Software simulation using data from passive user interactions shows that the model cancellation technique improves bandwidth up to 35 Hz versus 7 Hz without compensation. Finally, this method has a distinct advantage when compared with other compensation methods for haptic interactions because it does not rely on linear assumptions near a particular operating point and will adapt to capture unmodeled features.© 2005 ASME


Interaction between institutional change and technological change poses important constraints on transitions of urban water systems to a state that can meet future needs. Research on urban water and other technology-dependent systems provides insights that are valuable to technology researchers interested in assuring that their efforts will have an impact. In the context of research on institutional change, innovation is the development, application, diffusion, and utilization of new knowledge and technology. This definition is intentionally inclusive: technological innovation will play a key role in reinvention of urban water systems, but is only part of what is necessary. Innovation usually depends on context, such that major changes to infrastructure include not only the technological inventions that drive greater efficiencies and physical transformations of water treatment and delivery systems, but also the political, cultural, social, and economic factors that hinder and enable such changes. On the basis of past and present changes in urban water systems, institutional innovation will be of similar importance to technological innovation in urban water reinvention. To solve current urban water infrastructure challenges, technology-focused researchers need to recognize the intertwined nature of technologies and institutions and the social systems that control change.


One of the unique glands in the human body is the pituitary gland. The gland is oval and weighs 500 mg. The dimension of the pituitary gland is about 12 mm transverse and 8 mm in anterior-posterior diameter. The pituitary is located in the hypophysial fossa, in a bony depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica. The sella turcica surrounds the inferior, anterior, and posterior aspects of the gland. Various structures surround the endocrine gland. The optic chiasma lies anteriorly, and the mammillary bodies lie posteriorly. Superior to the pituitary gland is the diaphragma sellae, inferior lies the sphenoidal air sinuses, and lateral is the cavernous sinuses. A fold of dura matter covers the pituitary and has an opening to allow for the infundibulum to pass through, allowing a connection to the hypothalamus.[1][2][3] The gland consists of two lobes: 1. Adenohypophysis. 2. Neurohypophysis. This article focuses on the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary is composed of the following parts: Pars distalis: This is the portion in which the majority of the hormone production occurs. It is the distal part of the pituitary and forms the majority adenohypophysis. Pars tuberalis: this is a tubular sheath that extends from the pars distalis and winds around the pituitary stalk. Epithelial cells arranged in cords and hypophyseal portal vessels reside in this space. Pars intermedia: This is a section of tissue that resides between the posterior pituitary and pars distalis. This section of the adenohypophysis consists of pale cells that are large. These cells of the pars intermedia encompass follicles containing a colloidal matrix. The main hormone secreted by this portion of the adenohypophysis is MSH, otherwise known as the melanocyte stimulating hormone.


This thesis maps out the industrial relations system of Samoa with specific emphasis on industrial democracy and employee participation in the making of rules and decisions affecting worker's employment. The thesis outlines the impacts of the environmental contexts, social, political, legal and economic, of Samoan society on the scope and nature of industrial relations in Samoa. Using data collected through face-to-face interviews, workshop observation and the analysis of various secondary documents that include for example, the study of industrial relations in the South Pacific nations by Prasad, Hince, & Snell (2003) and several country reports and national policies on employment relations, the thesis utilises Dunlop's (1958) systems model of industrial relations to describe the employer, employee and state relationship within the system and their varying roles in the determination of workplace rules.  Dunlop's systems model enables the researcher to identify a strong link between the industrial relations system and the social institutions of Samoan society that are structured around the fa'asamoa (Samoan customs and traditions) and the fa'amatai (chiefly) systems of social justice and traditional rule making. Dunlop's model (which suggests that the 'rule' is the fundamental goal of an industrial relations system) enables identification of the prevailing processes that employer, employee, state and their representing agencies use to determine the rules in the Samoan workplace. It suggests that while the worker (union) is considered to be one of the key actors' in the establishment of workplace rules, the nature and scope of union participation and influence on industrial relations decisions in Samoa do not reflect this: in the sense that unions play virtually no role in Samoa's industrial relations system. The thesis also attempts to uncover the 'shared ideology' that prescribes and defines the actors' roles, prestige, power and influence on the process of rule making in Samoa's IR system.  In doing so it finds that Samoan government is the dominant player in industrial relations in the sense that the government can unilaterally make decisions and rules regarding employment relations both at the organisational and national level, without the involvement of employers and workers. While employee participation in employment decisions is clearly affected by economic, technological and market constraints, other factors relating to the culturally nuanced concepts of 'respect', 'loyalty' and 'trust' toward those who hold significant power and authority appear to be predominant influences in the determination of rules in all facets of Samoan society. This particular condition of the Samoan system of industrial relations is explained with reference to Dunlop's notion of 'shared ideology' and the 'locus and distribution of power' within wider society.


With the end of civil war in 1991, Ethiopia's government launched a New Education and Training Policy in 1994 which, by the early 2000s, had already produced remarkable results. The gross enrollment ratio rose from 20 to 62 percent in primary education between 1993-94 and 2001-02; and in secondary and higher education it climbed, respectively, from 8 to 12 percent and from 0.5 to 1.7 percent. Yet the government can hardly afford to rest on its laurels. Primary education is still not universal, and already there are concerns about plummeting educational quality and the growing pressures to expand post-primary education. Addressing these challenges will require more resources, both public and private. Yet money alone is insufficient. Focusing on primary and secondary education, Education in Ethiopia argues for wise tradeoffs in the use of resources a result that will often require reforming the arrangements for service delivery. These changes, in turn, need to be fostered by giving lower levels of government more leeway to adapt central standards such as those for teacher recruitment and school construction to local conditions, including local resource constraints; and by strengthening accountability for results at all levels of administration in the education system.


Imereti – is one of the smallest region on the Black Sea coast in Georgia. The geographical location, historical-cultural and natural monuments, the rich Imeretian hospitality traditions are a good prerequisite for the development of recreation and tourism. Imereti region is a growing tourist segment. For more than 900 historical and more than 350 natural monuments continuously presents the rich history of the country from the primitive societies until nowadays. Myths and legends related to Imereti ( Colchis kingdom, myth about Amirani (Prometheus), Golden Fleece, King Aetees and Medea and etc.) are well-known for the Western society. The work done for the popularization of these tourist products has greatly contributed to the growth of both organized and unorganized tourism. (80,000 men in 2007, in 2017 - more than 450,000). Today, tourism in Georgia is developing at a fast pace. Natural and historic monuments are the "Golden Keys" of the tourism potential of the region. We believe that tourism is a stimulus for the development of the local economy, and it should facilitate for staying of youth in the small towns by creating different jobs in order not to leave their country and therefore alienate from their national identities and culture.Key words: natural monuments; historical-cultural heritage; national identity; recreational resources.


About 500 feet of Tertiary sediments is exposed in the general vicinity of the old St. Frances Dam Reservoir, in San Francisquito Canyon, Los Angeles County, California. The area where these sediments occur is located in the easternmost part of the Ventura Basin. At least 500 feet of well bedded red siltstones, shales, sandstones and conglomerates of continental origin is overlain by 2700 feet of piedmont deposits made up of coarse conglomerates, fanglomerates, and associated finer grained clastic rocks. No specific age can be assigned to these deposits, but to the north they are unconformably underlain by marine strata of Eocene age. These are thick bedded to massive arkoses. To the west, south and southwest the piedmont deposits are unconformably overlain by non-marine conglomerates and massive sandstones of the Upper Miocene Mint Canyon formation. The evidence prevails that the sediments in the area studied become progressively younger to the south and to the west, as happens everywhere else in the easternmost part of the Ventura Basin. Fossiliferous beds of the uppermost Miocene Modelo formation unconformably overlie the Mint Canyon beds to the south and to the west. Pre-Cretaceous rocks composed of gray, quartz-muscovite, schist crop out in the northeasternmost part of the area. Metaquartzites and quartz veins are minor parts of this terrane. This group of rocks is known as Pelona Schists. Pre- and post-Mint Canyon dip slip reverse faulting seems to form the dominant structural feature of the area. A possibility of normal faulting exists in the northwestern part of the area, between Eocene(?)-Miocene(?) rocks and the Mint Canyon formation, and is fully considered in the text. The sedimentary formations are folded, and the axes follow a northwest-southeast direction in the northern part of the area, and are probalby related to a first stage deformation in pre-Mint Canyon times; to the south, the fold axes trend north-south, and seem to be related to a second stage of deformation that probably took place in post-late Miocene time. The area is in its late youth to early mature state of topographic development. The stream along San Francisquito Canyon cuts across the structure of the Pelona schists indiscriminately for at least one mile, reflecting inheritance of a drainage system established under different conditions. Cavernous weathering is largely confined to many beds of hard, massive, conglomeratic sandstone of Eocene(?)-Miocene(?) age, in the north central part of the area.


Modern male contraceptive methods like the 'male pill' or Vasalgel could be a welcome addition to the current offer of contraceptive methods, because they offer men more reproductive autonomy. Little is known about factors that play a role in how men and women feel about modern male contraceptive methods (MAC). In the current study, the focus was on the extent to which young people's current contraceptive satisfaction, traditional gender role ideas concerning contraception and open partner communication concerning contraception were related to the willingness to use MAC and the confidence in the consistent use of MAC. Data were collected among participants between 18 and 25 years old (n=161, 22% male) using an online survey. As hypothesized, traditional gender role ideas concerning contraception significantly predicted both the willingness to use MAC and the confidence in consistent MAC-use. This was not the case for current contraceptive satisfaction. Open communication with the partner concerning was related to confidence in consistent MAC-use, but not to the willingness to use MAC. When MAC are introduced to the market, mostly highly educated adolescents with non-traditional gender role ideas concerning contraception might be interested in using them. Challenging these gender role ideas could be a way to encourage willingness to try MAC.


Chalcogenide glass is made up of many elements from the Chalcogenide group. The glass is transparent to infrared light and is useful as a semiconductor in many electronic devices. For example, chalcogenide glass fibers are a component of devices used to perform laser surgery. This book is a comprehensive overview of designs of various chalcogenide glass devices are presented, including switches, phase inverters, voltage stabilizers, oscillators, indicators and display control circuits, memory devices, and sensors. A special chapter is devoted to chalcogenide glass applications in optical fibers. This collective monograph is intended to survey the current state of chalcogenide glass applications to facilitate further development. The first collective monograph written by Eastern European scientists covering electrical and optical properties of chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors (CVS). Contributions by B.G. Kolomiets, who discovered the properties of chalcogenide glass in 1955! Provides evidence and discussion by authors from opposing positions.


Equity has resurfaced as an essential concept of good governance to achieve sustainable urban land development in the developing world particularly Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, formal urban land development system in SSA has largely proven ineffective to promote equity in urban land development. It is suggested that approaches under the informal urban land development system in SSA could offer useful lessons to promote equity in urban land development. Yet limited work has been conducted on evaluation of equity within the informal urban development system in the region. Nevertheless, evaluation of equity within the informal urban land development system in SSA will a priori require a suitable evaluation framework. Based on a review of the relevant literature, this study interrogates the concept of equity in urban land development. The aim is to offer insights to contribute to the development of a comprehensive framework for evaluation of equity within the urban informal land development system in SSA. It is established that equity in urban land development could be a very elusive concept. However, a combination of two broad pathways is often used to evaluate the concept in urban land development. These are: 1. the procedure/process of urban land development system; and 2. Impact/effect of urban development and management policies. It is also established that equity in urban development and management may be perceived and measured differently by different actors. Drawing on insights from the pathways and their proxies, the study identifies a set of indicators for calibrating equity in informal urban land development. This set of indicators could be a useful starting point for academics, researchers, policy makers and international development agencies to develop bespoke evaluation frameworks for evaluation of equity in location specific informal urban development systems in SSA. However, given that equity in informal urban development and management could be perceived and measured differently, the development of such frameworks should be preceded by exploration of perception of equity within subject communities to refine and add to the identified indicators.


This project investigates site-specific, ephemeral installation with environmental discourse. The exploration began in response to factional debates surrounding the proposed Tamar Valley Gunns Paper Pulp Mill, which involved clear-fell logging and subsequent degradation of water catchment areas. Tasmania is a site for continuous factional debates surrounding environmental protection and potentially ecological destructive commercial ventures. The scope of this project has emerged from the conflict evidenced through human interaction with planet Earth's finite resources and lack of respect for global ecological fragility.
References to every-day objects, popular symbolism, the beautiful and the sublime are calculated to inspire awe and deep reverence. The work's beauty and/or grandeur lures audience to an initial engagement and uses metaphorical titles to reference concepts and discourses. The works employ a variety of techniques and site determines scale.
As the project developed, the tree, as subject and art object, became a primary focus. Some works were placed in bush settings only accessible by foot, allowing for a holistic saturation of the senses to accompany the experience. This strategy was intended to inspire a connection with nature.
To further highlight environmental critique, community space and the landscapes attached to eco-festivals were ideal sites for the works. This included festivals with a visual art focus and festivals with a music and arts focus supported by an eco-sustainability ethos. Installing in public and the organised artist talks included in some of the festivals, added to the didactic and scope for activism.
The exegesis provides the context for this investigation. It examines art and environmental critique, land art, earth art and environmental art in historical context, ephemera, installation, sustainable practice, festival and the public sphere.


Lymphangioma is a benign hamartomatous lesion caused by congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. This benign tumor is detected most commonly at birth or in early childhood but rarely in adults. On clinical examination, most lymphangiomas contain clear lymph fluid, but some may present as transparent vesicles containing red blood cells due to hemorrhage. In addition, lymphangioma may occur in association with hemangioma. This tumor occurs most commonly in the head and neck area, but rarely in the oral cavity. The dorsum of the tongue is the most common location in the mouth, followed by the lips, buccal mucosa, soft palate, and floor of the mouth. There are various treatment approaches for lymphangioma, but surgical excision is the preferred method. We present a case of a 26-year-old man with lymphangioma on the anterior dorsal part of the tongue, not associated with any dysfunction in mastication or speech disorders.


this study aimed to evaluate the effects of relative efficiency and industrial diversity of old industry complex on production. cobb–douglas production function was estimated with consideration of relative efficiency and inverse of Herfindahl–Hirschman index for the 94 old industrial complexes during 2014–2017. the effects on production which would be varied by industrial complex types and location types were also considered in the production model. as a result, statistically significant positive effects on productivity in old industrial complex have been estimated regardless of not only types of industrial complex (national and general industrial complex) but also location type (capital and non-capital area). in contrast, diversity estimated has a negative impact on productivity, but it does not show statistical significance. therefore, to activate old industrial complex, plans for increases of relative efficiency by operation cost reductions of businesses in industrial complex will be needed. and to diversify the industrial types in old industrial complex, plans should consider the types of industrial complex and location type. industrial linkages among companies in old industrial complex should also be considered in the process of selecting business.


Constructing runtime tasks, or operating system-level processes/threads, from the components of software design models is crucial to the model-based development of embedded control software. A better method should explore more design choices and reduce the overheads of the runtime system to meet the timing and resource constraints of embedded control software. This paper presents a novel, two-step method for systematic and automatic construction of runtime tasks from software design models. It uses graph transformation to construct a task set meeting system-level end-to-end (e2e) timing constraints. Its first step decomposes the system-level e2e timing constraints into the components' timing constraints, which form a necessary condition for any valid and feasible schedule. The second step iteratively merges the components into tasks and sequences their executions. A thus-constructed task set is proven to meet both intercomponent precedence and system-level e2e timing constraints and to minimize runtime overheads by minimizing the total number of resultant tasks. Our evaluation results based on randomly generated software models have shown that the proposed method outperforms commonly used methods and is also scalable.


This paper describes an innovative collaboration between the Center for Sustainable Urban Development at Columbia University and the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Nairobi. By bringing universities into urban policy networks, this partnership aims to re-shape pedagogy, policy and research action for sustainable urban development. The strategy underlying this partnership is to foster meaningfttl local university/municipality partnerships aimed at improving the social and physical sustainability of cities in the global South as well as transform how and what urban planning students learn in order to manage power and complexity. The paper raises questions about international collaborations that bring universities together with cities and their residents and how those collaborations can be designed to better ensure their success.


In newly hatched Drosophila larvae, quiescent cells reenter the cell cycle in response to dietary amino acids. To understand this process, we varied larval nutrition and monitored effects on cell cycle initiation and maintenance in the mitotic neuroblasts and imaginal disc cells, as well as the endoreplicating cells in other larval tissues. After cell cycle activation, mitotic and endoreplicating cells respond differently to the withdrawal of nutrition: mitotic cells continue to proliferate in a nutrition-independent manner, while most endoreplicating cells reenter a quiescent state. We also show that ectopic expression of Drosophila Cyclin E or the E2F transcription factor can drive quiescent endoreplicating cells, but not quiescent imaginal neuroblasts, into S-phase. Conversely, we demonstrate that quiescent imaginal neuroblasts, but not quiescent endoreplicating cells, can be induced to enter the cell cycle when co-cultured with larval fat body in vitro. These results demonstrate a fundamental difference in the control of cell cycle activation and maintenance in these two cell types, and imply the existence of a novel mitogen generated by the larval fat body in response to nutrition.


The wave-induced nonlinear effects on the pontoon-type Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) is investigated in this thesis. Typical dimensions of the pontoon-type VLFS such as a floating airport are 5000m in length, 2000m in width, while only a few meters in depth. The nonlinear effects studied here mainly mean that the bottom slamming may occur in the front of the structure when the amplitude of relative wave motion at bow is larger than the instantaneous draft of the structure. A two-dimensional (2D) fully-nonlinear Numerical Wave Tank (NWT) based on a twodimensional Boundary Element Method (BEM) is developed in time domain to investigate the wave-induced nonlinear effects on the pontoon-type VLFS. The robustness of the numerical solver for the nonlinear wave-rigid-structure interaction is verified by implementing convergence analyses and comparing with the analytical solution or available experimental data. Two main types of bottom slamming have been observed in Yoshimoto's experiment (1997). One type involves an air cavity that occurs near the front edge. The other one occurs without air entrapment. For both types of impact, bottom slamming can occur with a very small angle between the free surface and the bottom. A local analytical solution is then coupled with the BEM solver around the impact area. The occurrence of bottom slamming with an air cavity is mainly examined by varying the parameters of the incident waves and the water depth. The entrapped air cavity deforms and moves under the interaction with the surrounding flow. Eventually it tends to detach from the bottom and collapse into bubbles. The latter aspect is not discussed in this thesis. Due to the elastic characteristics of the pontoon-type VLFS, the global linear hydroelastic response of the structure is investigated in frequency domain (FD) and its effects on the occurrence of the local bottom slamming are considered in the local nonlinear analysis (LNS) in time domain. This FD+LNS algorithm is a unidirectional coupling, where the information goes from the global to the local analysis and not vice versa. The local hydroelasticity is assumed not significant for the global effect, due to the large difference between local and global natural frequencies. The pontoon-type VLFS has great horizontal extensions and the sea floor topography can vary notably along the length and width of the structure. Therefore the effects of the variable bottom on the hydrodynamic response of a rigid body and the hydroelastic response of a flexible body, respectively, are examined numerically in this thesis. The hydroelastic analysis of the structure is performed by assuming more general three-dimensional (3D) conditions. Subsequently, the uneven-bottom effects on the occurrence and features of local bottom slamming are also examined either by the 2D BEM solver for a rigid body, or by the FD+LNS solver for a flexible body.


Located in Vidisha District, Madhya Pradesh, the area of Badoh-Pathari is home to a rock shelter with a sculpted panel depicting seven mother goddesses. A weathered inscription next to the sculptures was reported as early as 1926. The inscription is dateable to the fifth century on the basis of its palaeography and the art-historical dating of the site. Though partly effaced beyond hope of decipherment, roughly half of the text can be read with confidence, while some of the rest may be restored conjecturally, and some speculatively. The epigraph pays homage to Rudra and Skanda in addition to the Mothers themselves, and is thus a key resource concerning mātṛ worship in the Gupta period. It mentions the otherwise unknown local ruler Jayatsena of Avamukta (a region also named in the Allahabad pillar inscription), and may refer to the reign of Kumāragupta (I).


We monitor the adsorption of Rhodamine 800, and the sedimentation of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suspension at the surface of a fused-silica prism, by measuring both the absorption and s-p phase shift Δ of a 740 nm probe laser beam, using evanescent-wave cavity ringdown ellipsometry (EW-CRDE). The two systems demonstrate the complementary strengths of EW-CRDE, as the progress of adsorption of the Rhodamine 800 dye can only be observed sensitively via the measurement of absorption, whereas the progress of sedimentation of PTFE can only be observed sensitively via the measurement of Δ. We show that EW-CRDE provides a sensitive method for the measurement of Δ and demonstrates precision in Δ of about 10(-4) deg.


Explosion-induced ground vibrations have been measured at several places. Results about the wave propagation are shown in this contribution. The particle velocities of the soil have been measured at up to 1000 m distance from the explosion and are presented as time records (seismograms) and one-third octave band spectra (transfer functions). The results are compared with the results of hammer impacts. The seismograms clearly show different wave types, compressional waves of the air, the water and the soil, and the Rayleigh wave. The hammer impacts yield good results up to 100 m and incorporate higher frequencies at about 50 Hz, whereas the explosion results in a ground vibration with frequencies around 10 Hz and a longer range of influence. Explosion and hammer excitations are evaluated for the wave velocities of the soil by using the wavenumber and the spatial auto-correlation method. The attenuation of the ground vibration amplitudes A with distance r can well be presented by a power law A ~ r -q. This type of amplitude-distance law and the corresponding power q > 1 are substantiated in the contribution. The influence of the charge weight W is evaluated as an additional power law A ~ W -p for each measuring site. The power is found quite similarly around q  0.6 as all sites have a medium soft soil such as sand and clay. The obtained amplitude-charge-distance law can be used to predict the explosion-induced ground and building vibrations at other sites.


This paper focuses on a non-personal guaranteed loan program introduced by the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Unit of Japan Finance Corporation in FY2004 and examines its impact on borrowers' credit availability and ex-post performance to find the following. First, the number of non-personal guaranteed loans had been low since the introduction of the program, but it increased rapidly around the adoption of the Guideline on Personal Guarantees of Business Owners in February 2014. Second, the creditworthiness among non-personal guaranteed loan users, measured by their internal credit ratings and capital ratio, is significantly higher than that of personal guaranteed loan users. Also, the creditworthiness of non-personal guaranteed users after the adoption of the Guideline is even higher than before. Third, the ex-post performance among non-personal guaranteed loan users is better than that among guaranteed loan users except for the period shortly after the start of the program. Surprisingly, the above results contrast with those that our previous study (Uesugi, Uchida, and Iwaki (2015, in Japanese)) found for users of the non-collateralized loan program. They are actually less creditworthy and perform worse than collateralized loan users, while being less credit constrained. One of the possible reasons for the "success" of non-personal guaranteed loan program is the requirement of a debt covenant contract, which is effective in screening eligible borrowers. It was also an additional change in the program in February 2014 in which creditworthy firms are exempt from additional interest payment for their non-personal guaranteed loans that further improved the creditworthiness of the non-personal guaranteed loan users. The contrasting results for the non-personal guaranteed and non-collateralized loan programs reiterate the importance of careful design of loan programs.


Offering another reminder of the history of science's confrontations with popular experience, this article looks at the ways in which carnival sites draw upon a powerfully charged synthesis of the imaginative and rational. In the nicely ordered world exemplified by the Disney theme park, 'science' connotes the most progressive form of 'modernity' and 'futurity'. This latter itself connotes the ideal of the clean and proper bourgeois life. The article argues that the popularisation of science as progress has always, since the nineteenth century of Prince Albert's 1851 Crystal Palace Great Exhibition, found itself a fertile ground in the purlieus of the theme park. Here, public pleasures in thrills have been harnessed to a particular view of science as benevolent in the company of capitalist commerce presented as utopic.


In order to preserve digital objects for the long term repositories need to choose a preservation strategy. For new emerging types of media this is a challenge. This paper describes how various cases occurred at the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision. It shows how preservation planning helps management in putting these matters in the right context and taking informed decisions based on knowing what we know now. It concludes with an overview of the content of a Preservation Plan, as has been implemented in practice.


The detection and estimation of signals in noisy, limited data is a problem of interest to many scientific and engineering communities. We present a mathematically justifiable, computationally simple, sample-eigenvalue-based procedure for estimating the number of high-dimensional signals in white noise using relatively few samples. The main motivation for considering a sample-eigenvalue-based scheme is the computational simplicity and the robustness to eigenvector modelling errors which can adversely impact the performance of estimators that exploit information in the sample eigenvectors. There is, however, a price we pay by discarding the information in the sample eigenvectors; we highlight a fundamental asymptotic limit of sample-eigenvalue-based detection of weak or closely spaced high-dimensional signals from a limited sample size. This motivates our heuristic definition of the effective number of identifiable signals which is equal to the number of ldquosignalrdquo eigenvalues of the population covariance matrix which exceed the noise variance by a factor strictly greater than . The fundamental asymptotic limit brings into sharp focus why, when there are too few samples available so that the effective number of signals is less than the actual number of signals, underestimation of the model order is unavoidable (in an asymptotic sense) when using any sample-eigenvalue-based detection scheme, including the one proposed herein. The analysis reveals why adding more sensors can only exacerbate the situation. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate that the proposed estimator, like Wax and Kailath's MDL-based estimator, consistently estimates the true number of signals in the dimension fixed, large sample size limit and the effective number of identifiable signals, unlike Wax and Kailath's MDL-based estimator, in the large dimension, (relatively) large sample size limit.


The citrus industry in Iran is based on graft propagation of local and imported cultivars on a limited number of rootstocks such as sour orange, Mexican lime and Bakraee, a local natural hybrid. Infection of the available cultivars with graft-transmissible agents, viroids in particular, may have deleterious effects on the productivity of citrus and, more importantly, limits the choice of rootstocks. Rootstocks other than sour orange and Mexican lime will be needed as a consequence of the introduction and spread of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in the country. In the present study, two cv. Sanguinello sweet orange and two cv. Duncan grapefruit trees were selected on the basis of the bark scaling symptoms observed on the trifoliate orange and Troyer citrange rootstocks. Analysis by sPAGE and Northern blot hybridization of nucleic acid preparations of Etrog citrons graft-inoculated with these sources revealed the presence of several viroids: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), the causal agents of exocortis and cachexia, respectively, as well as Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd). These viroids were sequenced and compared with the corresponding reference sequences. To extend these results, samples from different citrus cultivars were collected in the two main citrus growing regions and analyzed for viroids. Of the 49 samples tested, 22 were viroid-positive, witnessing the occurrence of cultivars infected with CEVd, HSVd, CBLVd, CDVd, or CBCVd as mixed infections in the surveyed regions. One sample was also co-infected with the newly described Citrus viroid V (CVd-V).


textabstractIn recent decades, elderly populations in most developed countries have increased considerably,
both in absolute and relative terms. This growth of the elderly share of the population
is mainly attributable to two demographic transitions: the (simultaneous) increase in
longevity and decrease in fertility. Additionally, for some European countries a third cause
of population aging can be distinguished: the aging of the baby boom generation. The extent
to which this third demographic transition contributes to population aging largely depends
on the country under consideration. In the Netherlands, the baby boom was larger and
lasted for a longer time. The aging of the Dutch population is therefore expected to reach its
peak at 2040, later than other western countries. The Dutch population aged 65 and older
increased from 770,500 in 1950 to 2,538,300 in 2010 which amounts to an increase of 329
percent. In relative terms, the proportion of the population aged 65 and above doubled, from
7.6 percent to 15.3 percent. However, population aging not only reflects an increasing share
of the 65+ population, but also changes in the age distribution within this elderly cohort.
The share of the very old has also gradually increased; the population aged 80 and above
comprised 12.9 percent of the 65+ population in 1950, but 25.5 in 2010, and is expected to
continue to rise to 33.3 in 2040 (Statistics Netherlands, 2011). As the first baby boomers have
reached the age of 65 in 2010, population aging will accelerate the coming three decades.
Population aging will definitely have a large impact on society in general and on social security
systems in particular. It challenges the financial sustainability of current pension and
health care systems. The extent to which population aging threatens this modern welfare
state largely depends on the underlying trend in ill-health, e.g. whether it is accompanied
by a compression or expansion of ill-health (Fries, 1980; Olshansky et al., 1991). A compression
of ill-health is likely to alleviate the societal consequences of population aging. It will
not only have enormous benefits for population health, but may help increasing the labor
force participation among the elderly and to reduce health care expenditures (HCE). The
objectives of this thesis are restricted to improved understanding of the relative impact of
population aging on the level of HCE.


Working with Are Vesterlid and Hans Osthaug's summer restaurant in Elverum, the project is a study of the relationship between the existing and the new. I aim to design functional and beautiful spaces for practice and performance while preserving existing qualities. Highly loved and praised for its playful and open architecture, the building was the scene of many summer dances and festivities throughout the 60's and 70's. Today, it has been long out of use due to a changing youth culture and noise restrictions. I want to show how it once again can be used in a way that benefits from the original architecture. By adding some rooms and changing others, I believe the building can offer valuable spaces for education in dance and become an attractive venue for other performances and cultural events.


Bracoviruses are a remarkable example of virus endogenization, because large sets of genes from a nudivirus ancestor continue to produce virions that thousands of wasp species rely upon to parasitize hosts. Understanding how these genes interact and have been coopted by wasps for novel functions is of broad interest in the study of virus evolution. ABSTRACT Bracoviruses (BVs) are endogenized nudiviruses in parasitoid wasps of the microgastroid complex (family Braconidae). Microgastroid wasps have coopted nudivirus genes to produce replication-defective virions that females use to transfer virulence genes to parasitized hosts. The microgastroid complex further consists of six subfamilies and ∼50,000 species but current understanding of BV gene inventories and organization primarily derives from analysis of two wasp species in the subfamily Microgastrinae (Microplitis demolitor and Cotesia congregata) that produce M. demolitor BV (MdBV) and C. congregata BV (CcBV). Notably, several genomic features of MdBV and CcBV remain conserved since divergence of M. demolitor and C. congregata ∼53 million years ago (MYA). However, it is unknown whether these conserved traits more broadly reflect BV evolution, because no complete genomes exist for any microgastroid wasps outside the Microgastrinae. In this regard, the subfamily Cheloninae is of greatest interest because it diverged earliest from the Microgastrinae (∼85 MYA) after endogenization of the nudivirus ancestor. Here, we present the complete genome of Chelonus insularis, which is an egg-larval parasitoid in the Cheloninae that produces C. insularis BV (CinsBV). We report that the inventory of nudivirus genes in C. insularis is conserved but are dissimilarly organized compared to M. demolitor and C. congregata. Reciprocally, CinsBV proviral segments share organizational features with MdBV and CcBV but virulence gene inventories exhibit almost no overlap. Altogether, our results point to the functional importance of a conserved inventory of nudivirus genes and a dynamic set of virulence genes for the successful parasitism of hosts. Our results also suggest organizational features previously identified in MdBV and CcBV are likely not essential for BV virion formation. IMPORTANCE Bracoviruses are a remarkable example of virus endogenization, because large sets of genes from a nudivirus ancestor continue to produce virions that thousands of wasp species rely upon to parasitize hosts. Understanding how these genes interact and have been coopted by wasps for novel functions is of broad interest in the study of virus evolution. This work characterizes bracovirus genome components in the parasitoid wasp Chelonus insularis, which together with existing wasp genomes captures a large portion of the diversity among wasp species that produce bracoviruses. Results provide new information about how bracovirus genome components are organized in different wasps while also providing additional insights on key features required for function.


Although China's much-needed transition to a new growth path is proceeding broadly as expected, the transition is still fraught with uncertainty, including regarding the Chinese authorities' ability to achieve a smooth rebalancing of growth and the extent of the attendant slowdown in activity. Thus, in the short run, the transition process is likely to entail significant spillovers through trade and commodities, and possibly financial channels. This note sheds some light on the size and nature of financial spillovers from China by looking at the impact of developments in China on global financial markets, with a particular emphasis on differentiation across asset classes and markets. The note shows that economic and financial developments in China have a significant impact on global financial markets, but these effects reflect primarily the central role the country plays in goods trade and commodity markets, rather than China's financial integration in global markets and the direct financial linkages it has with other countries.


This paper comprises a study of the somatic vocabulary associated with particular emotions (especially anger, shame and love) as they appear in Old Norse texts. Through a detailed analysis of the occurrences of these emotion expressions in different textual genres and periods, we investigate the way in which certain physiological manifestations were linked to a specific emotion in a certain type of text and period, and how certain changes in the usage of vocabulary came into being. We conclude that changes in the conceptualization of emotions in Old Norse written texts were mediated by new metaphors and metonymies imported into medieval Icelandic culture in the form of translated texts, both religious and secular.


This paper reports on the structural and electrical properties of LiPO3 glass over a wide range of frequencies (10 Hz - 2 MHz) and temperatures (290 K -627 K). The temperature dependence of a.c. conductivity is studied at different frequencies. The d.c. conductivity is due to the hopping of lithium ions. A theoretical model and mathematical fit of conductivity measurements are used for characterization of the ionic hopping motion connected with the mobility of conducting Li+ ions. The acoustic attenuation spectroscopy can be useful technique for the study of relaxation processes in ion conducting glasses too. Raman experiments showed the rings and chains configuration at the medium range.


The main purpose of this thesis is to assess the impact of removal of financial
impediments on the ASIAN emerging equity markets. In the recent years the ASIAN
countries have attempted to promote economic growth by taking steps to liberalise
their domestic financial systems and removing restriction in international capital
flows. countries, greater role in their financial markets.
An important effect of financial liberalisation policies is the impact on the
degree of integration between the emerging markets and the world equity markets. If
equity markets are highly integrated, it implies that a given country's market cannot
effectively insulate from foreign influences. linkages of the equity markets in the region with the major world markets by utilising
the lohansen-luse tests, data is used in the analysis covering the period from January 1988 to January 1997.
The ASIAN emerging markets selected include Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan and
Thailand while Hong Kong, Japan and the US are considered as the major world
markets in vector autoregressive (VAR) model.
The empirical evidence obtained from this study suggests the following. First,
market liberalisation appears to have significant impact on all the equity markets.
Analysis on iterative Johansen tests, sub-sample analysis and CUSUM tests indicate
a possible structural break in the long run relationship among the emerging stock
markets and the major exchange markets. Second, national stock markets are
becoming more interdependent with the US, Japan and Hong Kong providing the
link in the interdependence as one move towards the present liberalise system.
Finally, the individual markets are all adjusting more rapidly to the equilibrium paths
or stationary fundamental forces as one move towards recent past, and shocks to the
system are becoming more persistent in the 1990's.
The results of this study have some important policy conclusions. First,
effective and efficient diversification of securities portfolios among international
stock markets cannot be achieved given that the markets are cointegrated. Second, in
an internationally integrated capital markets the scope for an independent monetary
policy is limited. In fact if these countries insist on pursuing a dependent monetary
policies the move may have a destabilising effect.


ebXML is an e-business standard which enables enterprises to exchange business messages, conduct trading relationships, communicate data in common terms and define and register business processes using Web services. ebXML business transaction models are proposed which allow trading partners to securely exchange business transactions by employing Web service security standard technologies. It is shown how each Web service security technology meets the ebXML standard by constructing the experimentation software and validating messages between the trading partners.


Guatemala is one of the least studied and most volatile nations in Central America. Fauriol and Loser chronicle Guatemala's modern political development as a prelude to an analysis of the nation's current environment. This is not a conventional history, but a social, political, and economic cross-section based on the latest secondary information and research available, supplemented by a firsthand set of observations. The authors proceed from three major premises: (1) the armed forces, far from being the cause of instability, have provided the only real models of governance; (2) far from suffering from a banana republic inferiority complex, the culture has a rich nationalist heritage, bordering on outright chauvinism; and (3) the political experiences of the nation have been adjudicated in the main by the armed forces. The authors note that Guatemala's break with its authoritarian past started in 1985. How this transfer of power has occurred, who the new rulers are, and what new political civilian forces have been set in motion, become the fulcrum for this study. The political experience of Guatemala is taken seriously and reviewed in detail. The role of foreign power is neither ignored nor minimized, but essentially this is a study of national elites. The volume covers areas ranging from human rights abuses by past administrations to current problems forced on the regime by a never-ending battle against terrorism and insurgency. It concludes with a fine bibliographical essay and an excellent set of reference tools for the specialist. In short, whether a person seeks a quick overview, or the scholar aims for precise data and theory, this is the state of the art book on Guatemala for the late 1980s going into the electoral period of the early 1990s.


Beavers are often found to be in conflict with human interests by creating nuisances like building dams on flowing water (leading to flooding), blocking irrigation canals, cutting down timbers, etc. At the same time they contribute to raising water tables, increased vegetation, etc. Consequently, maintaining an optimal beaver population is beneficial. Because of their diffusion externality (due to migratory nature), strategies based on lumped parameter models are often ineffective. Using a distributed parameter model for beaver population that accounts for their spatial and temporal behavior, an optimal control (trapping) strategy is presented in this paper that leads to a desired distribution of the animal density in a region in the long run. The optimal control solution presented, imbeds the solution for a large number of initial conditions (i.e., it has a feedback form), which is otherwise nontrivial to obtain. The solution obtained can be used in real-time by a nonexpert in control theory since it involves only using the neural networks trained offline. Proper orthogonal decomposition-based basis function design followed by their use in a Galerkin projection has been incorporated in the solution process as a model reduction technique. Optimal solutions are obtained through a "single network adaptive critic" (SNAC) neural-network architecture.


Abstract : For several years, the software engineering community has been working to identify practices aimed at developing more secure software. Although some foundational work has been performed, efforts to measure software security assurance have yet to materialize in any substantive fashion. As a result, decision makers (e.g., development program and project managers, acquisition program offices) lack confidence in the security characteristics of their software-reliant systems. The CERT(registered trademark) Program at Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has chartered the Software Security Measurement and Analysis (SSMA) Project to advance the state-of-the-practice in software security measurement and analysis. The SSMA Project is exploring how to use risk analysis to direct an organization's software security measurement and analysis efforts. The overarching goal is to develop a risk-based approach for measuring and monitoring the security characteristics of interactively complex software-reliant systems across the life cycle and supply chain. To accomplish this goal, the project team has developed the SEI Integrated Measurement and Analysis Framework (IMAF) and refined the SEI Mission Risk Diagnostic (MRD). This report is an update to the technical note, Integrated Measurement and Analysis Framework for Software Security (CMU/SEI-2010-TN-025), published in September 2010. This report presents the foundational concepts of a risk-based approach for software security measurement and analysis and provides an overview of the IMAF and the MRD.


Fluoropyrimidine (FP) plus platinum chemotherapy has been recently established as a second‐line (L2) preferred option in advanced biliary tract cancer (aBTC) (ABC‐06 phase III trial). However, the overall survival (OS) benefit was limited and comparison with FP monotherapy was not available. Our aim was to assess the OS of patients treated with a FP monotherapy compared to a doublet with irinotecan or platinum in L2. We performed a retrospective analysis of two large multicenter prospective cohorts: a French cohort (28 centers) and an Italian cohort (9 centers). All consecutive patients with aBTC receiving FP‐based L2 after gemcitabine plus cisplatin/gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin L1 between 2003 and 2016 were included. A subgroup analysis according to performance status (PS) and an exploratory analysis according to platinum sensitivity in L1 were planned. In the French cohort (n = 351), no significant OS difference was observed between the FP monotherapy and doublet groups (median OS: 5.6 vs 6.8 months, P = .65). Stratification on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS showed similar results in PS 0‐1 and 2. Median OS was not different between FP monotherapy, platinum‐ and irinotecan‐based doublets (5.6 vs 7.1 vs 6.7 months, P = .68). Similar findings were observed in the Italian cohort (n = 174) and in the sensitivity analysis in pooled cohorts (n = 525). No L2 regimen seemed superior over others in the platinum resistant/refractory or sensitive subgroups. Our results suggest that FP monotherapy is as active as FP doublets in aBTC in L2, regardless of the patient PS and country, and could be a therapeutic option in this setting.


IN MAY OF 1945, Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies, but Imperial Japan had yet to be defeated. By July, a U.S. presidential commission organized by President Harry S. Truman recommended dropping an atomic bomb on Japan to force a surrender. Truman gave the order to use the new weapon on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombs were dropped on August 6 and August 9 respectively, and the Japanese surrendered on August 14. More than 200,000 people died as a result of the blasts while countless others suffered the terrible effects of radiation sickness. Today, survivors and their descendents still suffer as a result of the bombings. The ramifications of that decision have haunted Americans ever since. There are those who decry America's action as unjust and immoral, suggesting that it constituted a war crime. Others, especially veterans, say dropping the bomb saved countless lives in the long term. This issue continues to be debated. In 1995, the Smithsonian Institution planned an exhibit displaying the Enola Gay, the airplane that dropped the two bombs. However, academics, scientists, politicians, and others protested the celebratory nature of the exhibit, claiming it legitimized the atomic bombings. Protestors called for an exhibit that spurred an honest discussion on the bombings and on U.S. nuclear policy. About the same time, I asked my uncle, a veteran of the Pacific War, what he thought about the use of the bomb. His eyes grew distant as he described how the Japanese had fought with suicidal tenacity, costing many American men their lives. He concluded by saying that the use of the bomb was "a terrible thing, but it had to be done." Teaching about such an event poses a special challenge for the classroom teacher. On the one hand, as professionals we must put aside our own feelings to deal with the topic in as fair and unbiased a manner as possible. On the other hand, the teacher must help students appreciate the perspective of U.S. leaders at the time, as well as help students understand the moral implications regarding the use of such weapons. In an age when international terrorism poses a threat to peace and stability, the use of not only nuclear, but also biological and chemical weapons are important topics for classroom discussion. In this article, I want to explore four approaches to teaching this topic. Certainly a well-crafted, thoughtful lecture can provoke meaningful class discussion. Yet I have found that any time students are actively engaged in a lesson, learning is enhanced and students are more profoundly influenced. Whatever methodology a teacher chooses, it is essential that students possess a solid background in World War II and the events that led American leaders to make such a momentous decision. It is also essential that teachers guide students and help them understand the arguments on both sides of the issue--arguments articulated in July of 1945 as well as those expressed today. Opposition to Using the Bomb Scientists involved in the Manhattan Project, the program to develop the first nuclear weapons by the United States, opposed the dropping of the bomb for fear it would unleash a nuclear arms race. Instead, they advocated turning the secrets of the bomb over to an international agency, which would assume responsibility for the use of nuclear fission for more peaceful pursuits such as the production of energy. Those same scientists suggested that the Japanese be given a detailed warning of the bomb's destructive potential or that a demonstration be carried out in an uninhabited area. A commission, known as the Interim Committee, led by Secretary of War Henry Stimson, rejected those recommendations and recommended that the atomic bomb be used on Japan. Initially, scientists had worked feverishly to develop an atomic weapon because of rumors that Nazi Germany was already at work on a similar weapon; the United States feared Hitler would use the bomb on the Allies. …


Birds of Peru is the most complete and authoritative field guide to this diverse, neotropical landscape. It features every one of Peru's 1,817 bird species and shows the distinct plumages of each in 307 superb, high-quality color plates. Concise descriptions and color distribution maps are located opposite the plates, making this book much easier to use in the field than standard neotropical field guides. This fully revised paperback edition includes twenty-five additional species. * A comprehensive guide to all 1,817 species found in Peru--one fifth of the world's birds--with subspecies, sexes, age classes, and morphs fully illustrated * Designed especially for field use, with vivid descriptive information and helpful identification tips opposite color plates * Detailed species accounts, including a full-color distribution map * Includes 25 additional species not covered in the first edition * Features 3 entirely new plates and more than 25 additional illustrations


Natural Language Processing (NLP) research is still in its infancy in Africa. Most of
languages in Africa have few or zero NLP resources available, of which Igbo is among those
at zero state. In this study, we develop NLP resources to support NLP-based research in
the Igbo language. The springboard is the development of a new part-of-speech (POS)
tagset for Igbo (IgbTS) based on a slight adaptation of the EAGLES guideline as a result
of language internal features not recognized in EAGLES. The tagset consists of three
granularities: fine-grain (85 tags), medium-grain (70 tags) and coarse-grain (15 tags). The
medium-grained tagset is to strike a balance between the other two grains for practical
purpose. Following this is the preprocessing of Igbo electronic texts through normalization
and tokenization processes. The tokenizer is developed in this study using the tagset
definition of a word token and the outcome is an Igbo corpus (IgbC) of about one million
tokens.
This IgbTS was applied to a part of the IgbC to produce the first Igbo tagged corpus
(IgbTC). To investigate the effectiveness, validity and reproducibility of the IgbTS, an
inter-annotation agreement (IAA) exercise was undertaken, which led to the revision of the
IgbTS where necessary. A novel automatic method was developed to bootstrap a manual
annotation process through exploitation of the by-products of this IAA exercise, to improve
IgbTC. To further improve the quality of the IgbTC, a committee of taggers approach
was adopted to propose erroneous instances on IgbTC for correction. A novel automatic
method that uses knowledge of affixes to flag and correct all morphologically-inflected
words in the IgbTC whose tags violate their status as not being morphologically-inflected
was also developed and used.
Experiments towards the development of an automatic POS tagging system for Igbo
using IgbTC show good accuracy scores comparable to other languages that these taggers
have been tested on, such as English. Accuracy on the words previously unseen during
the taggers' training (also called unknown words) is considerably low, and much lower
on the unknown words that are morphologically-complex, which indicates difficulty in
handling morphologically-complex words in Igbo. This was improved by adopting a
morphological reconstruction method (a linguistically-informed segmentation into stems
and affixes) that reformatted these morphologically-complex words into patterns learnable
by machines. This enables taggers to use the knowledge of stems and associated affixes
of these morphologically-complex words during the tagging process to predict their
appropriate tags. Interestingly, this method outperforms other methods that existing
taggers use in handling unknown words, and achieves an impressive increase for the
accuracy of the morphologically-inflected unknown words and overall unknown words.
These developments are the first NLP toolkit for the Igbo language and a step towards
achieving the objective of Basic Language Resources Kits (BLARK) for the language. This
IgboNLP toolkit will be made available for the NLP community and should encourage
further research and development for the language.


The aim of this study was to develop an adapted random regression test-day model for milk urea (MU) and to study the possibility of using predictions and solutions given by the model for management purposes. Data included 607,416 MU test-day records of first-lactation cows from 632 dairy herds in the Walloon Region of Belgium. Several advanced features were used. First, to detect the herd influence, the classical herd x test-day effect was split into 3 new effects: a fixed herd x year effect, a fixed herd x month-period effect, and a random herd test-day effect. A fixed time period regression was added in the model to take into account the yearly oscillations of MU on a population scale. Moreover, first autoregressive processes were introduced and allowed us to consider the link between successive test-day records. The variance component estimation indicated that large variance was associated with the random herd x test-day effect (48% of the total variance), suggesting the strong influence of herd management on the MU level. The heritability estimate was 0.13. By comparing observed and predicted MU levels at both the individual and herd levels, target ranges for MU concentrations were defined to take into account features of each cow and each herd. At the cow level, an MU record was considered as deviant if it was <200 or >400 mg/L (target range used in the field) and if the prediction error was >50 mg/L (indicating a significant deviation from the expected level). Approximately 7.5% of the MU records collected between June 2007 and May 2008 were beyond these thresholds. This combination allowed for the detection of potentially suspicious cows. At the herd level, the expected MU level was considered as the sum of the solutions for specific herd effects. A herd was considered as deviant from its target range when the prediction error was greater than the standard deviation of MU averaged by herd test day. Results showed that 6.7% of the herd test-day MU levels between June 2007 and May 2008 were considered deviant. These deviations seemed to occur more often during the grazing period. Although theoretical considerations developed in this study should be validated in the field, this research showed the potential use of a test-day model for analyzing functional traits to advise dairy farmers.


The development, settlement behaviour and settlement preferences of various marine
tubeworm larvae were investigated in the laboratory and in the field. Scanning electron
microscope observations of laboratory reared Pomatoceros lamarckii revealed several
morphological features such as gland pores and ciliary tufts not reported previously. In
still water laboratory assays using experimental slate surfaces and laboratory developed
biofilms, P. lamarckii larvae required a bioflim for settlement and settled preferentially
on older biofilms; settlement intensity was closely correlated to bacterial density
suggesting that bacteria and/or their extracellular products are the inductive cue. The
way in which experimental surfaces are presented to tubeworm larvae, either in single- or
multi-treatment laboratory assays, significantly affected the settlement patterns of the
spirorbids Spirorbis spirorbis and Spirorbis tridentatus but not P. lamarcidi, the larvae of
which do not seem to become 'desperate' if not presented with a suitable surface for
settlement. Interestingly, aerial drying a biofilm during simulated tidal emersion negates
the settlement-inducing effect of a bioflim. S. spirorbis, S. tridentatus and Flustrellidra
hispida (bryozoa) larvae also avoid recently dried biofilmed surfaces. Combined
laboratory and field experiments showed that bioflims are an important settlement cue to
P. lamarkii larvae, enabling them to settle selectively in their appropriate intertidal
habitat. In the laboratory, monospecific bacterial films induced, had no effect upon or
inhibited settlement of Spirorbis spirorbis larvae and experimental manipulation of
biofilms suggested that the inductive bioflim cue is a commonly produced non-specific
polysaccharide that is present either on the surface of the bacterial cell or in the
extracellular polysaccharide matrix of the biofllm. The larvae of the tubeworms studied
here display highly selective settlement preferences in response to biofllms and will
continue to be useful subjects for further laboratory and field based studies that
investigate how bioflims mediate the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae.


Communities and countries around the world are gearing up efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda goals and targets. In this paper, the water and migration scenarios are explained with a focus on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (water-related), 11 (urbanization), and 16 (peace and political stability). The study has two phases. The first phase illustrates the application of geospatial data and tools to assess the water-migration interlinkages (nexus) by employing a case study approach. Three case studies, Lake Chad, the Aral Sea region, and the Nile Delta, representing various geographic and socio-political settings, were selected to perform the multitemporal analysis. For this analysis, a mixed toolset framework that combined algorithmic functions of digital image processing, the Landsat sensor data, and applied a geographic information system (GIS) platform was adopted. How water-related events directly or indirectly trigger human migration is described using spatial indicators such as water spread and the extent of urban sprawl. Additionally, the geospatial outputs were analyzed in tandem with the climate variables such as temperature, precipitation data, and socio-economic variables such as population trends and migration patterns. Overall, the three case studies examined how water and climate crisis scenarios influence migration at a local and regional scale. The second phase showcases global-scale analysis based on the Global Conflict Risk Index (GCRI). This indicator reflects on the risks and conflicts with environmental, social, and political aspects and comments on the connection of these dimensions with migration. Together, the two phases of this paper provide an understanding ofthe interplay of water-related events on migration by applying the geospatial assessment and a proxy global index. Additionally, the paper reiterates that such an understanding can serve to establish facts and create evidence to inform sustainable development planning and decision making, particularly with regard to SDGs 6, 11, and 16. Targets such as 6.4 (managing water stress), 6.5 (transboundary challenges) and, 11.B (adaptation and resilience planning) can benefit from the knowledge generated by this geospatial exercise. For example, the high GCRI values for the African region speak to SDG targets 11.B (integrated policies/plans) and 16.7 (decision support systems for peaceful societies). Two key highlights from the synthesis: (a) migration and urbanization are closely interconnected, and (b) the impact of water and climate crisis is comparatively high for rural-urban migration due to the considerable dependence of rural communities on nature-based livelihoods. In conclusion, geospatial analysis is an important tool to study the interlinkages between water and migration. The paper presents a novel perspective toward widening the scope of remote sensing data and GIS toward the implementation of the SDG Agenda.