In response to the decrease of phosphorus concentrations in Lake Geneva (France and Switzerland), the mean percentage of individuals belonging to oligochaete species sensitive to low oxygen concentrations has increased in the profundal from 8% in 1983 to 31% in 2003. But these species decreased anew from 17% in 1999 to 2% in 2009 in the western basin of Lake Geneva (the Small Lake). This shallow basin is more exposed to the effects of warming observed since 1989 than the rest of the lake. To demonstrate these effects, the response of the main species to the increase of organic sedimentation was analysed in the gradient of fine sediment accumulation (FSA), observed in 1999 in the Small Lake. As expected, the abundance of four species classified as sensitive to low oxygen concentrations - Stylodrilus lemani , Embolocephalus velutinus, Bichaeta sanguinea, Paracladopelma nigritula gr. - decreased with the increase of FSA whereas the inverse relationship was observed for four species classified as tolerant Potamothrix vejdovskyi or very tolerant P. hammoniensis, P. heuscheri , and Tubifex tubifex . In contrast, the abundance of three species was not correlated with FSA: Stylodrilus heringianus and Micropsectra contracta both classified as sensitive, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri as tolerant. The first component of a principal component analysis, based on the mean abundance per transect of the above species, was correlated with FSA. The second component could reflect the long-term increase of water temperature which has been advantageous for Limnodrilus and Micropsectra but disadvantageous for the sensitive oligochaete species less adapted to warm water lakes. Indeed, the abundance of the sensitive oligochaete species and of P. vejdovskyi has decreased from 1994 to 2009 in the Small Lake whereas the abundance of Limnodrilus has increased. Micropsectra and Paracladopelma became more abundant than sensitive oligochaete species. In addition to the effects of temperature, the recovery of the pristine oligochaete community was perhaps impeded in 2009 because the transfer of organic matter to the sediment was increased by the impact of fish (mostly Coregonus ) feeding selectively on zooplankton. Finally, many micro pollutants (pesticides, drugs, and other substances) which are present in the lake could have negatively affected sensitive oligochaete species.


Lithologic, faunal, seismic, and isotopic evidence from the Blake Nose (subtropical western North Atlantic) links a massive release of biogenic methane approximately 55.5 million years ago to a warming of deep-ocean and high-latitude surface waters, a large perturbation in the combined ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle (the largest of the past 90 million years), a mass extinction event in benthic faunas, and a radiation of mammalian orders. The deposition of a mud clast interval and seismic evidence for slope disturbance are associated with intermediate water warming, massive carbon input to the global exogenic carbon cycle, pelagic carbonate dissolution, a decrease in dissolved oxygen, and a benthic foraminiferal extinction event. These events provide evidence to confirm the gas hydrate dissociation hypothesis and identify the Blake Nose as a site of methane release.


Millions of generally regularly spaced, roughly circular barren patches called fairy circles occur in a narrow band ca. 100 km inland of the south-west African coast. These generally have conspicuously taller peripheral grasses in a shorter grass matrix. The origins of these fairy circles are controversial, but one possibility is that they are self-organizing emergent vegetation patterns that are the consequence of interplay between positive (facilitative) and negative (competitive) interactions between grasses. We hypothesized that the coarse textured sand on which fairy circles occur creates a hydraulically and nutritionally connected landscape, in which neighbouring fairy circles competitively influence each other over several metres, while providing opportunity for focusing of resources around the peripheral grasses. To test our hypotheses we conducted three main groups of analyses: 1) We measured grass biomass to assess facilitative and competitive effects of the component grasses; 2) Across a region with fairy circles we measured the size and density of fairy circles and correlated that with water infiltration rates into soil; 3) We measured the capacity of soil to conduct water pulses and 15N tracers. We found evidence of facilitative interactions in the periphery of the fairy circles and competitive suppression of the matrix grass proximal to the periphery. Across the region, fairy circle size was positively correlated with soil infiltration rates and negatively with precipitation. This suggests that fairy circles emerge in soils with high capacity for water flux that enables landscape hydraulic connectivity. Water- and 15N-pulse experiments showed that edaphic resources were highly mobile, moving up to 7.5 metres over a period of 1–3 weeks. We concluded that the evidence is consistent with an emergent vegetation pattern explanation for the origins of fairy circles and that the circles are more closely associated with a highly connective edaphic environment, rather than with particular biota.

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In part because of high youth unemployment, students' transition from school to work is an important policy and research topic. Public programs offering summer jobs or work while in high school as measures to smooth the transition is commonplace. The immediate effect of the programs on school attendance, school grades, and disposable income is well documented. However, their effect on the transition to the labor market remains unsettled, partly because of a potential selection bias in previous observational studies. In this paper, 2650 first graders of high school in Falun Council, Sweden, randomly allotted summer jobs via a program in the years of 1997-2003, are followed ten years after graduation. The program led to a substantially larger accumulation of work experience while in high school for offered (particularly weak academically performing) females, but not for offered males. Hence, the immediate program effect was heterogeneous. Females were used to estimate the causal effect of work experience while in high school on post-schooling incomes. The (statistically) significant estimate implies an elasticity of 0.4. Work experience while in high school seems to be of future benefit, but the elasticity is potentially inflated due to heterogeneous effects that we were unable to account for.


The digital publication of this work was made possible through the collaboration of the Health Sciences Center Media Services Department and the Health Sciences Library.


ASME Performance Test Code Committee No. 18 on Hydraulic Prime Movers is currently engaged in writing the first edition of a performance test code for the pumping cycle of reversible pump/turbines, after which it will undoubtedly update the 1949 performance test code for hydraulic turbines to be used also for the turbine cycle of pump/turbines. As members of the Canadian and United States national advisory groups, most of the ASME PTC-18 committee are also involved in the work of Technical Committee No. 4 on Hydraulic Turbines of the International Electrotechnical Commission for which the United States maintains the Secretariat with ASME as sponsor. The international codes for field acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines (IEC Publication 41-1963) and storage pumps (IEC Publication 198-1966) are currently in the process of being reworked and updated for combination into a single publication (or a coordinated set). Consequently, the subject material of this paper is now under world-wide discussion. The paper outlines the need for a universally-accepted method of determining field test inaccuracies or uncertainties. It suggests new testing procedures, suitable for statistical analysis, plus laboratory research on, and painstaking technical analysis of, each method of flow measurement. Until more accurate procedures are developed for the measurement of large water flow rates, the "best possible" test cannot justify the use of the best available instruments and techniques for measurement of hydraulic head and electrical power. Since the current state-of-the-art of field testing large hydraulic machines results in a sizable uncertainty in efficiency, this fact must be recognized by both parties to an equipment contract, and the commercial method of dealing with it should be carefully delineated in the purchase specifications.


This paper addresses stereoscopic view synthesis from a single image. Various recent works solve this task by reorganizing pixels from the input view to reconstruct the target one in a stereo setup. However, purely depending on such photometric-based reconstruction process, the network may produce structurally inconsistent results. Regarding this issue, this work proposes Multi-Scale Adversarial Correlation Matching (MS-ACM), a novel learning framework for structure-aware view synthesis. The proposed framework does not assume any costly supervision signal of scene structures such as depth. Instead, it models structures as self-correlation coefficients extracted from multi-scale feature maps in transformed spaces. In training, the feature space attempts to push the correlation distances between the synthesized and target images far apart, thus amplifying inconsistent structures. At the same time, the view synthesis network minimizes such correlation distances by fixing mistakes it makes. With such adversarial training, structural errors of different scales and levels are iteratively discovered and reduced, preserving both global layouts and fine-grained details. Extensive experiments on the KITTI benchmark show that MS-ACM improves both visual quality and the metrics over existing methods when plugged into recent view synthesis architectures.


Seeking responsive forms of pedagogy in architectural education, this paper responds to some of the negative tendencies that continue to characterize the delivery of knowledge content in lecture-based courses. Such tendencies are identified under the headings of: a) science as a body of knowledge versus science as a method of exploration, and b) learning theories about the phenomena versus getting the feel of the behaviour of the phenomena. The paper underscores the shift from mechanistic pedagogy to systematic pedagogy and the characteristics of each. Building on critical pedagogy and the hidden curriculum concept transformative pedagogy was introduced as a form of pedagogy that can be intertwined into mainstream teaching practices. Translating the premises underlying systemic and transformative pedagogies, inquiry-based, active, and experiential learning were identified as learning mechanisms amenable to work against the two identified negative tendencies. These mechanisms were implemented through a series of exercises in a lecture-based course, I have taught in spring 2010 and 2011: ARCH 313- Community and Neighbourhood Design Workshop, offered as part of the core architecture professional program at Qatar university. The exercises involved a) critical reflection as a form of in-class active learning, b) a walking tour-PLADEW as an experience-based mechanism for learning from the environment, and c) a design game as form of collaborative learning for students' active engagement in a classroom setting. While each exercise has its own contribution, they offer students multiple learning opportunities while fostering their capabilities to shift from passive listeners to active learners, from knowledge consumers to knowledge producers, while engaging in a wide spectrum of mental activities.


Individuals can focus their attention in different ways during exercise and different foci may influence psychological states experienced. The present study examined the distribution of attentional focus strategies in exercisers and their relationships with gender, perceived exertion, enjoyment, and satisfaction. Regular exercisers (176 females, 144 males) completed a measure of attentional focus and rated their perceived exertion, enjoyment, and satisfaction during an exercise session. All participants used more than one type of attentional focus during an exercise session. Males spent more time than females attending to task-relevant thoughts and external cues whereas females spent more time attending to task-irrelevant thoughts and external distractions. In females and males, time spent engaging in task-irrelevant thoughts was negatively correlated with perceived exertion and satisfaction with exercise. For females only, time using external distractions was negatively correlated with satisfaction and positively correlated with enjoyment. For males only, time attending to task-relevant external cues was positively correlated with perceived exertion and enjoyment. The observed gender differences in attentional focus preferences and the relationships with psychological states have implications for advice given to exercisers and approaches that aim to promote adherence to exercise programs.


Sentiment analysis is a topic that many researchers work on. In recent years, new research directions under sentiment analysis appeared. Feature-based sentiment analysis is one such topic that deals not only with finding sentiment in a sentence but providing a more detailed analysis on a given domain. In the beginning researchers focused on commercial products and manually generated list of features for a product. Then they tried to generate a feature-based approach to attach sentiments to these features. With the emergence of semantic analysis and ontologies, we now have different domain ontologies created for other purposes that can be used to find features in a domain. Also, Natural Language Processing matured in recent years and allow us to analyze a paragraph in more detail. This thesis aims to propose a framework for feature-based sentiment analysis that uses NLP techniques to analyze grammatical dependencies between words in a sentence, use ontology representation to model domains, polarity information and results separately, and producing easily readable and comparable summaries as output.


The themes of this important new volume were chosen to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The distinguished authors concentrate on the relevance of this seminal publication for macroeconomic theory, method and the politics of today. This is particularly pertinent as similarities with the 1930s are striking in terms of unemployment, low growth, financial fragility and the European monetary union resembling the gold standard.


America, 1955. For a 16-year-old boy out in the world alone for the first time, every day's an education in the hard work and boredom of migrant labor; every day teaches him something more about friendship, or hunger, or profanity, or lust--always lust. He learns how a poker game, or hitching a ride, can turn deadly. He discovers the secret sadness and generosity to be found on a lonely farm in the middle of nowhere. Then he joins up with a carnival and becomes a grunt, running a ride and shilling for the geek show. He's living the hard carny life and beginning to see the world through carny eyes. He's tough. Cynical. By the end of the summer he's pretty sure he knows it all. Until he meets Ruby.


Since the 2000s a trend towards increase in formality has been observed in several developing countries around the world. This has happened in many Latin American countries and also in Africa and Asia. There is a broad discussion on the drivers behind this process. Among them, economic growth, structural transformation processes and specific policies fostering the transition from informality to formality can be observed. This paper analyses the evolution of labour formality in Latin American countries. It evaluates the intensity and characteristics of this process, analyses the inflows to a formal salaried job and identifies the main drivers of this positive labour dynamics. Sustained job-generating growth enhances labour market predictability, which work in favour of long-term contracts. In this context, formalization is more feasible. However, even though job-generating growth seems to have been a necessary condition for the employment formalization process, it was the interaction between that process and specific policies that ultimately determined policy effectiveness and the tangible results observed in terms of labour registration in the countries studied.


Abstract From a review of the literature it appears that occupational therapists (OTs) have been less actively involved in the treatment of clients with eating disorders in the last 10 years. With the job markets changing for OT, it is important to understand the factors influencing therapists' involvement in this area. One factor that may limit the number of therapists working with clients with eating disorders may be the limited understanding of and lack of referrals to OT by psychologists. This study investigates whether psychologists perceive that OTs provide beneficial treatments for clients with eating disorders and if they would refer eating disorder clients to OTs. This study also aims to identify if there are similar treatment models and techniques used by both OTs and psychologists in treating this population. Surveys were sent to 75 members of the New York State Psychological Association who had self-identified as treating eating disorders. An effective return rate of 44% was achieved. The results of this study show that psychologists currently use many of the same treatment modalities OTs use with people with eating disorders and view those techniques as beneficial for this population. They would refer to OT for all modalities except assertiveness training. The results also show that psychologists are not aware of OT's role with this population, and, thus, education about OT is needed.


Dose-response analysis can be carried out using multi-purpose commercial statistical software, but except for a few special cases the analysis easily becomes cumbersome as relevant, non-standard output requires manual programming. The extension package drc for the statistical environment R provides a flexible and versatile infrastructure for doseresponse analyses in general. The present version of the package, reflecting extensions and modifications over the last decade, provides a user-friendly interface to specify the model assumptions about the dose-response relationship and comes with a number of extractors for summarizing fitted models and carrying out inference on derived parameters. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of state-of-the-art dose-response analysis, both in terms of general concepts that have evolved and matured over the years and by means of concrete examples.


Vision begins with specialized retinal circuits that encode diverse types of information. For Old World primates, these circuits sample three submosaics formed by cone photoreceptors sensitive to short, middle, and long wavelengths. For spatial acuity, the photon catch between any two cones is compared for discrimination of patterns as fine as the cone mosaic. For color vision, the photon catch between different cone types is compared for discrimination of fine spectral differences on the basis of hue. The retinal circuits for these two tasks differ at the synaptic level to form distinct representations of signals from the cone mosaic.


The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a cooperative institution established to meet the common objectives of international financial stability and economic growth. The IMF's legitimacy and effectiveness in fulfilling these objectives depends critically on its ability to adequately represent all its membership. The paper reviews the evolution of the IMF's representational arrangements, particularly the quota shares of members. It also canvasses alternative ways of measuring relative economic weight. It concludes that, despite difficulties in measuring the relative economic importance of member countries, a pattern of over- and under-representation is apparent, with East Asia being particularly under-represented. The paper also seeks to put the quotas issue into perspective, noting there are a range of factors that impact on the representation of IMF members, including strategic use of voting blocs and the use of the constituency system. Finally, the paper suggests a more general examination of the operations of the IMF Executive Board could provide further insights into questions of effectiveness of representation at the institution.


This paper discusses the Roles of ICT in education. Information Communication Technologies (ICT) at present are influencing every aspect of human life. They are playing salient roles in work places, business, education, and entertainment. Moreover, many people recognize ICTs as catalysts for change; change in working conditions, handling and exchanging information, teaching methods, learning approaches, scientific research, and in accessing information. This paper focuses on the roles of ICTs, the promises, limitations and key challenges of integration to education systems. This paper attempts in answering the following questions: (1) What are the benefits of ICTs in education? (2) What are the existing promises of ICT use in education systems of some developing countries? (3) What are the limitations and key challenges of ICTs integration to education systems? The paper concludes that regardless of all the limitations characterizing it, ICT benefits education systems to provide quality education in alignment with constructivism, which is a contemporary paradigm of learning.


Introduction Private education, either informal or formal, has been a central part of every culture and society. It preceded any form of government or public education. Private education and public education are often juxtaposed to either as opposing concepts and ways of providing education. Levin (2001) proposes three characteristics that distinguish private education from public education: financing, sponsorship, and operations. Financing, sponsorship, and the operation or control of a private school come from non-public or government sources. On the other hand, public schools are financed by government funds, and sponsored and operated or controlled by the state. Aldrich (2004) offers the simple distinction in terms of who provides the education: the state or non-government providers. Even so, care must be given to the fact that the use or definitions of the terms "public" and "private" have changed over the years and are often used differently depending on the country. For example, prior to the middle of the 19th century in the United States, the term "public" referred to anything that contributed to the general welfare of society (Randall, 1994). In Britain for example, the "nine great public schools of England" in the 19th century were really schools financed by charitable organizations rather than schools operated for profit or "private schools" (Aldrich, 2004, p. 5). In addition, public schools often contract with the private sources to provide certain goods and services. Private schools often receive some form of government funding. The development and growth of charter schools in the United States, a form of schooling that has characteristics of both public and private schools, and the almost bewildering array of public and private school configurations in places like Hong Kong work against any hard and fast definition of private education that has universal application. For the purposes of this article, private education is education provided, controlled and operated by a non-government source with much of the funding coming primarily from non-government sources or from contractual arrangements with the state to provide educational services. The emergence of government or public education is motivated by any number of factors. These include nation building, creating a common culture, reducing social conflict, and building human capital. In most instances, government education is begun as an effort to use education a policy tool to achieve political and social objectives, to be a major source of social reform. The rise of the common school movement in the United States in the 19th century, was a political solution to a myriad of social problems (Randall, 1994). Generally speaking, the role of private education in developed countries is different from the role it serves in developing countries. In developed countries, private education serves as a social and academic safety valve for those seeking such things as a religious perspective, innovative or specialized pedagogy, safe environment or a more rigorous academic approach. In developing countries, private education often provides greater access to basic education because governments are unable to provide universal education to all. Private education fills in the educational gap, often a large one, that the state does not have the capacity to fill (Tooley, 1999). The Rise of Private Education: A Global Overview Private education has been gaining favorable support and growth throughout the world in the past few decades (Bray, 1996; Chediel, Sekwao, & Kirumba, 2000; Djame, Esquieu, Onana, & Mvogo, 2000; Glenn, 1995; Kitaev, 1999; Lin, 1999; Tooley, 1999). For instance, private school sectors are burgeoning in Latin America countries, such as Columbia, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. In Columbia, the percentages of students enrolled in private primary schools and secondary schools were 28% and 40% respectively in the late 90s. …


In 1908, Harriet Barraclough—Relief Society president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Halifax Ward, Leeds, England—taught the women in her religious community to be "lifters and not leaners." This communication, documented in a handwritten minute book, falls within various definitions of technical and professional communication (TPC), as the practice of TPC occurs within communities and connects various kinds of knowledge. TPC is not always associated with the public workplace and can be found within the workplace of the home, extra-institutional hobby communities, and religious institutions. In that mode, this article examines the three existing minute books from the Halifax Ward Relief Society of the Leeds England Stake that cover the society's activities from 1907 to 1921. The minute books document the work and therefore create recognition for women's unseen labor, highlight the creation of identity within an organization, and illuminate the mediating discourse of community leaders. I argue that TPC is an ideal site for examining the agency that occurs within structures and organizations. The work of the women in Halifax, England, is significant, quantifiable, and recorded. It is representative of the agency that occurs within structures and is shaped by cultural norms, it is relational and social, it happens on a continuum, and it can occur unintentionally. The meeting minutes clarify how women's actions are representative of agency within a religious context.


Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used aminoglycoside antibiotic with a broad spectrum anti-microbial activity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the histopathological studies on the gentamicin myocardial tissue effect are scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the histopathological impact of gentamicin on myocardial tissue besides evaluating the possible cardioprotective role of sesame oil (SEO), and its antioxidant influences against cardiotoxic action of gentamicin in the experimental rats. Forty female Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into four different isolated groups (Ten animals each); Group I was administered normal saline and acts as a control group. Group II was received SEO at a dose of (8 ml/kg daily via gavage) daily for the 10 successive days. Group III was given gentamicin at the dose of (100 mg/kg i.p.) for 10 sequential days. Group IV was given SEO as group II and one-hour latter rats were given gentamicin as in group III. Administration of GM resulted in significant (p≤0.05) structural myocardial alterations in the form of cardiac myofibers disarrangement, hypertrophy; interstitial fibrosis, vascular thrombosis and ischemic infarction. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased iNOS expression levels in GM hearts compared with control groups. Interestingly, concomitant administration of SEO with GM in Group IV revealed a significant reduction in GM‑induced changes, reduced the expression of iNOS and provided a guarding effect to the myocardium. It could be concluded that sesame oil potently may attenuate gentamicin cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and with possible reduction in nitric oxide level in the hearts of Wistar albino rats.


We study the problem of key establishment for secure many-to-many communications. The problem is inspired by the proliferation of large-scale distributed file systems supporting parallel access to multiple storage devices. Our work focuses on the current Internet standard for such file systems, i.e., parallel Network File System (pNFS), which makes use of Kerberos to establish parallel session keys between clients and storage devices. Our review of the existing Kerberos-based protocol shows that it has a number of limitations: (i) a metadata server facilitating key exchange between the clients and the storage devices has heavy workload that restricts the scalability of the protocol; (ii) the protocol does not provide forward secrecy; (iii) the metadata server generates itself all the session keys that are used between the clients and storage devices, and this inherently leads to key escrow. In this paper, we propose a variety of authenticated key exchange protocols that are designed to address the above issues. We show that our protocols are capable of reducing up to approximately 54 percent of the workload of the metadata server and concurrently supporting forward secrecy and escrow-freeness. All this requires only a small fraction of increased computation overhead at the client.


Objective: To empirically examine similarities and differences in the signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and moral injury and to determine if the combination of these 2 constructs is associated with increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a sample of U.S. National Guard personnel. Method: 930 National Guard personnel from the states of Utah and Idaho completed an anonymous online survey. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to test a measurement model of PTSD and moral injury. A structural model was next constructed to test the interactive effects of PTSD and moral injury on history of suicide ideation and attempts. Results: Results of the ESEM confirmed that PTSD and moral injury were distinct constructs characterized by unique symptoms, although depressed mood loaded onto both PTSD and moral injury. The interaction of PTSD and moral injury was associated with significantly increased risk for suicide ideation and attempts. A sensitivity analysis indicated the interaction remained a statistically significant predictor of suicide attempt even among the subgroup of participants with a history of suicide ideation. Conclusion: PTSD and moral injury represent separate constructs with unique signs and symptoms. The combination of PTSD and moral injury confers increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and differentiates between military personnel who have attempted suicide and those who have only thought about suicide.


In the year 2393 a historian in the Second People's Republic of China penned a book about how scientists, economists and politicians living in the 21st century failed to act on the solid science they had that gave clear warnings of the climate catastrophe ahead. As a result, the world experienced the Great Collapse of 2093, bringing an end to Western civilization. So speculate historians of science Naomi Oreskes of Harvard University and Erik Conway of the California Institute of Technology in their book The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future (Columbia University Press, 2014), a short scientific-historical fantasy. During the second half of the 20th century—the "Period of the Penumbra"—a shadow of anti-intellectualism "fell over the once-Enlightened techno-scientific na tions of the Western world . . . preventing them from acting on the scientific knowledge available at the time and condemning their successors to the inundation and desertification of the late twentyfirst and twenty-second centuries." Why the failure to act? The authors' future historian posits several causes: blind optimism; religion; reductionism that prevented scientists from understanding holistic systems; disciplinary narrowness that restricted cross-field communication be tween sci entists; adherence to avoiding type I errors (be lieving a hypothesis is real when it isn't) over type II errors (not believing a hypothesis is real when it is); and insistence on a 95 percent confidence limit for statistical significance that caused scientists to dismiss as unproved climate effects caused by warmer weather, such as tornadoes and hurricanes. Between 1751 and 2012 more than 365 billion metric tons of carbon was released into the atmosphere, causing temperatures to in crease, the historian notes. Another century of warming devastated the populations of Australia and Africa, and those of Europe, Asia and North America had to move inland from flooded coastal regions. This science-historical fantasy is thought-provoking, but is it prescient? Global warming is, of course, real and caused by hu man activity. But predicting how much warmer it is going to get and what the consequences will be is extremely difficult be cause estimates include error bars that grow wider the further out the models run. The precautionary principle states that we should act, just in case. But act on what? Climate change is not our only problem, and we do not have unlimited resources. Which problem should we tackle and how much should we spend? In the second edition (2014) of his book How to Spend $75 Billion to Make the World a Better Place, Bjørn Lomborg reports the findings of a study sponsored by his Copenhagen Consensus Center 2012 project in which more than 50 economists evaluated 39 proposals on how best to solve such problems as armed conflicts, natural disasters, hunger, disease, education and climate change. Climate change barely rated a mention in the top 10, which included, in order, malnutrition interventions, malaria treatment, childhood immunization, deworming of schoolchildren, tuberculosis treatment, research and development to increase crop yields, early-warning systems for natural disasters, hepatitis B immunization, and low-cost drugs for acute heart attack. Number 12 was R&D for geoengineering solutions to climate change, and number 17 was R&D for green energy technologies. The rest of the top 30 were related to disease, water and sanitation, biodiversity, hunger, education, population growth and natural disasters. The ranking is based on a cost-benefit analysis. For example, an investment of $300 million "would prevent the deaths of 300,000 children, if it were used to strengthen the Global Fund's malaria-financing mechanism." Another $300 million would deworm 300 million children, and $122 million would lead to to tal hepatitis B vaccine coverage and thereby prevent another 150,000 annual deaths. Low-cost drugs to treat acute heart disease would cost just $200 million and save 300,000 people. This doesn't mean we shouldn't do more about climate change. But what? Both books posit technological solutions: Lomborg's Co penhagen experts recommend spending $1 billion for research on planet-cooling geoengineering technologies; Or eskes and Conway have humanity saved by the creation in 2090 of a lichenized fungus that consumes atmospheric carbon dioxide. Whatever we do about climate, we should recognize that the world has many problems. If you are malnourished and diseased, what the climate will be like at the end of the century is not a high priority. Given limited resources, we should not let ourselves be swept away by the apocalyptic fear generated by any one threat.


This paper examines the robustness of deployed few-shot meta-learning systems when they are fed an imperceptibly perturbed few-shot dataset. We attack amortized meta-learners, which allows us to craft colluding sets of inputs that are tailored to fool the system's learning algorithm when used as training data. Jointly crafted adversarial inputs might be expected to synergistically manipulate a classifier, allowing for very strong data-poisoning attacks that would be hard to detect. We show that in a white box setting, these attacks are very successful and can cause the target model's predictions to become worse than chance. However, in opposition to the well-known transferability of adversarial examples in general, the colluding sets do not transfer well to different classifiers. We explore two hypotheses to explain this: 'overfitting' by the attack, and mismatch between the model on which the attack is generated and that to which the attack is transferred. Regardless of the mitigation strategies suggested by these hypotheses, the colluding inputs transfer no better than adversarial inputs that are generated independently in the usual way.


Climate change is characterized by a general warming trend, combined with an increase in the occurrence of extreme events such as drought. Plant species are known to differ in their responsiveness to these factors. Below the species level, however, intraspecific variability or ecotypes may differ considerably in their performance, especially in widely distributed species, with implications for modelling future species distributions and adaptation to climate change. Here, we selected five provenances for each of four grass (Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis and Festuca pratensis) and one tree species (Pinus nigra) on the basis that climate of the origin was similar to future local projections for our site. Target areas were located from Spain in the southwest to Hungary in the southeast. The selected provenances were compared to local provenances in a pot experiment under warming (+1.5°C) and a single, severe drought (1000-year recurrence) in a fully factorial design. Survival, biomass production and phenology were measured as response variables. This study is part of the EVENT-experiments in Bayreuth. The results imply that local adaptation occurs mainly with respect to drought. The mean performance of at least some of the selected provenances generally surpassed the mean performance of the local provenance in each species. It seems therefore possible to select pre-adapted ecotypes as an adaptation strategy in the face of climate change. Furthermore, climate envelope models may considerably over-estimate the plasticity of species.


Infections caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum include 'bacterial coldwater disease' (BCWD) and 'rainbow trout fry syndrome' (RTFS), which are severe diseases that can cause high mortality and significant losses in hatchery-reared salmonids worldwide. Usually, these conditions start with necrosis along the edge of the fins. As the infection progresses, both the fish surface and the internal organs can be involved. The aetiological agent produces a Ca-dependent protease that can be responsible for some of the pathogenic responses, although the precise nature of the response remains to be elucidated. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were experimentally infected by F. psychrophilum in order to investigate the bacterial invasion in the fin tissues by scanning electron microscopy. The images showed numerous bacteria embedded in the mucous layer when this remained on the tegument. In other zones without mucus, it was observed that bacteria were present on the axis of fin rays, but not on the epidermal surface. The material on these axes was largely eroded by tubular boreholes, and bacterial rods could be seen in these perforations. EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) microanalysis of the axis of the fin rays showed significant amounts of P and Ca, revealing the ossification of the ray axis. The protease activity could explain the formation of the tubular boreholes, allowing the bacteria the necessary Ca for the activation of the enzyme. The erosion pattern suggests that the gliding motility of F. psychrophilum could be involved in this burrowing ability.


We consider the distributed estimation problem, where a set of nodes is required to collectively estimate some parameter vector of interest with unknown or variable tap-length. In practice, a sufficiently large filter length is utilized in such contexts to avoid a large excess mean square error at steady state, thereby resulting in slower convergence rate and increased computations. In this work we motivate and propose a new diffusion-based variable tap-length algorithm, which is able to track tap-length changes during the convergence process. Theoretical analyses are provided in terms of steady-state performance and convergence performance, which are verified by simulation results. Some general criteria for parameter selections are also given according to the performance analyses. Numerical simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm as compared with existing techniques, and robustness to parameter settings provided the parameter choice guidelines are satisfied.


Two-level stochastic optimization formulations have become instrumental in a number of machine learning contexts such as neural architecture search, continual learning, adversarial learning, and hyperparameter tuning. Practical stochastic bilevel optimization problems become challenging in optimization or learning scenarios where the number of variables is high or there are constraints. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we aim at promoting the use of bilevel optimization in large-scale learning and we introduce a practical bilevel stochastic gradient method (BSG-1) that requires neither lower level second-order derivatives nor system solves (and dismisses any matrix-vector products). Our BSG-1 method is close to first-order principles, which allows it to achieve a performance better than those that are not, such as DARTS. Second, we develop bilevel stochastic gradient descent for bilevel problems with lower level constraints, and we introduce a convergence theory that covers the unconstrained and constrained cases and abstracts as much as possible from the specifics of the bilevel gradient calculation.


The Kuznets curve is an income inequality measure used in development studies which predicts an inverse-U shape with inequality first rising with industrialisation and then declining, as more and more workers join the high-productivity sectors of the economy. Criticism of the Kuznets curve has focused on the validity of the data it was hypothesised upon as well as its econometric techniques. Kuznets's work was based on time-series data for just three countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and two states in Germany. Kuznets used the historical shift from agriculture to industry to presume that inequality grew in both the UK and the USA before his time-series data started, although he had no data to confirm this. Later studies using relevant, up-to-date data have found that the Kuznets curve might not be strictly true for a specific country, but that it may hold true for a cross-section of countries, at a specific point in time.


Ts VeTkoVa, V., L. angeLoV and g. Jahreis, 2013. Influence of botanical diversity in the natural and cultivated pastures on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of grass in the region of the Middle Rhodopes. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 81-86 The aim of the study concerns an estimation of the lipids and their fatty acid composition of the grass associations occupying natural and cultivated pastures at 1200m altitude. Plant samples are taken from the region of the Middle Rhodopes from natural meadows containing mainly Nardus stricta and cultivated meadows predominantly with Fastuca fallax, Lolium perenne L. and Poa pratensis during the period from 15 May to 15 July. The established differences in the molar concentration of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, as well as the changed proportions of the main fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic) are supposed to have influence on the milk fat in the ruminant animals. The content of SFA increases from May to July and reaches from 39.90mol% to 45.31mol% in the natural and from 31.19mol% to 40.86mol% in the cultivated grass. It is mostly due to the molar concentration of the 16:0 and 22:0 (p<0.05) which varies between 21.91mol% - 27.57 mol% and 0.88 mol% -1.47 mol%, respectively in the cultivated grasses. The study shows that the total content of MUFA is increased (p<0.01) during the experiment from 8.60mol% to 14.08 mol% in the cultivated meadows, while the differences are not significant in the grasses of the natural meadows. The concentrations of PUFA (60% - 45%) in the plant lipids at the examined altitude in the region of the Middle Rhodopes in May, June and July are connected with relatively higher levels of 18:3n-3 (24mol% - 42mol%) and 18:2 (13mol% - 21 mol%). It has to be noted that the high PUFA level during the whole vegetation period is favorable for providing an optimal supply of essential fatty acids to grazing animals, especially for productive ruminants, as well as for the increased synthesis and secretion of CLA in milk lipids, which prevent human beings from atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes and other diseases and stimulate the immune system.


Two experiments investigated cues to pulse finding using a relatively unconstrained, naturalistic paradigm. Participants tapped what they felt was a comfortable pulse on a keyboard playing a percussive
 sound. The stimulus materials were based on ragtime excerpts, played metronomically (i.e., without expressive timing or tempo variation). The first experiment, with 8 musically experienced and 8 musically
 inexperienced subjects, played each excerpt in two versions: a pitch-varied version (the original excerpt) and a monotonic version (with all tones changed to middle C) that was designed to remove all melodic
 and harmonic cues to pulse. Neither the absence of pitch information nor musical experience significantly affected performance. The second experiment tested 12 musically experienced subjects on shorter
 excerpts from the same ragtime pieces. Full (right-hand and left-hand parts together) and right-hand-only versions of the excerpts were each played in pitch-varied and monotonic versions. Removing the left-hand
 part significantly affected tapping performance on a number of measures, causing a lower percentage of tapping on the downbeat, more off-beat taps, more aperiodic taps, more switches between tapping modes,
 a higher variability of the intertap interval, and larger deviations from the beat. As a whole, these indicate a negative effect of removing the left-hand part. Again, differences between pitch-varied and
 monotonic versions were generally small. Analysis of the music revealed the following cues to pulse finding: a predictable alternating bass pattern in the left-hand part and a majority of notes on metrically
 strong positions in both the right-hand and left-hand parts. These results suggest that, for piano ragtime music, temporal cues are prominently available for finding and following the pulse and that pulse
 finding is largely independent of pitch information. Implications of the experimental measures and music-analytic techniques for models of pulse perception are considered.


This paper studies the interaction between fundamental and liquidity for defaultable corporate bonds that are traded in an over-the-counter secondary market with search frictions. Bargaining with dealers determines a bond's endogenous liquidity, which depends on both the firm fundamental and the time-to-maturity of the bond. Corporate default decisions interact with the endogenous secondary market liquidity via the rollover channel. A default-liquidity loop arises: Earlier endogenous default worsens a bond's secondary market liquidity, which amplifies equity holders' rollover losses, which in turn leads to earlier endogenous default. Besides characterizing in closed form the full inter-dependence between liquidity premium and default premium for credit spreads, we also study the optimal maturity implied by the model based on the tradeoff between liquidity provision and inefficient default.


The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined the neurophysiological processing of voice information. The impact of the major acoustic parameters as well as the role of the listener's and the speaker's gender were investigated. Male and female, natural, and manipulated voices were presented to 16 young adults who were asked to judge the naturalness of each voice. The hemodynamic responses were acquired by a 3T Bruker scanner utilizing an event‐related design. The activation was generally stronger in response to female voices as well as to manipulated voice signals, and there was no interaction with the listener's gender. Most importantly, the results suggest a functional segregation of the right superior temporal cortex for the processing of different voice parameters, whereby (1) voice pitch is processed in regions close and anterior to Heschl's Gyrus, (2) voice spectral information is processed in posterior parts of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and areas surrounding the planum parietale (PP) bilaterally, and (3) information about prototypicality is predominately processed in anterior parts of the right STG. Generally, by identifying distinct functional regions in the right STG, our study supports the notion of a fundamental role of the right hemisphere in spoken language comprehension. Hum Brain Mapp 24:11–20, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The retinoid X receptor (RXR) participates in a multitude of nuclear receptor signaling pathways and is induced by its highly sought-after cognate ligand, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cis-RA). In flies and moths, molting is mediated by the ecdysone receptor that consists of a heterodimer comprising the ecdysone receptor monomer (EcR) and the invertebrate RXR homolog ultraspiracle (USP); the latter, however, is believed to have diverged from its RXR origin. From the more evolutionarily-primitive insect Locusta migratoria (Lm), long and short RXR transcripts (LmRXR-L and LmRXR-S, respectively) were detected during embryogenesis. This thesis reports the immunochemical detection of RXR crossreactive material throughout Locusta embryogenesis, suggesting that the protein may have another role besides ecdysone signaling. Thus, the RXR isoforms were cloned for recombinant expression and purification in order to demonstrate retinoid specificity. Both isoforms bound 9-cis-RA and all-trans-RA with high affinity. Binding was further corroborated by the identification of endogenous retinoids during embryogenesis. Embryos were first subjected to modified "Bligh and Dyer" as well as solid phase extractions to circumvent oil precipitation that rendered whole homogenates unsuitable for retinoid assay and detection. The RA-inducible Cyp26A1-promoter reporter cell line identified the presence of endogenous RAs (5.4 nM) from insect embryo extracts. Finally, high pressure liquid chromatography followed by mass spectroscopy (HPLC/MS) confirmed the identity of all-trans-RA and the more abundant 9-cis-RA (1.3 nM). These findings suggest a functional role for 9-cis-RA in the invertebrate embryo and favour signaling through the combination of 9-cis-RA and RXR in evolutionarily early RA-driven animal development.


Accessibility has become a fashionable concept both in the research and policy arena. There has been a growing interest and attention on accessibility measures and on the potential of accessibility‑based planning as means to invert the growing unsustainability of urban settlement and mobility patterns. Regardless of the potential advantages, current practice has revealed a number of challenges facing accessibility planning and research. This paper presents a reflection on two of these challenges: lack of implementation and conceptual ambiguity of accessibility measures in planning practice. After presenting the main arguments for each challenge, the paper explains how they create risks in the context of sustainable development, namely, by creating biased understandings which prevent authorities and practitioners from shifting away from the traditional "predict and provide" paradigm for transport planning. At the end of each reflection, the paper suggests a research and policy agenda to overcome the challenges supported by the institutionalisation of accessibility planning.


Introduction: Candidal vulvovaginitis occurs in female genital by the over growth of candida especially candida albicans. This infection may be resistant to therapy and occasionally becomes chronic. In some patients this form of infection is recurrent. Candida species are the most important factors in development of fungal infection in human beings and animals. According to the daily increase of drug resistance, attempts are important for providing anti-fungal and anti-microbial drugs. With the increasing consumption of medical plants for medical treatment, this topic of complementary medicine found a unique place. This study compares the concentration effects of Cichorium intybusL. and Matricaria chamomilla L. hydroalcoholic extract and the mixed with Nystatin on the isolated Candida albicans from Vaginal Candidiasis and standard under in vitro conditions. Materials & Methods: This experimental study assessed the antifungal effects of two plant extracts on candida albicans. Cichorium intybus L and Matricaria chamomilla L. were selected based on the previous researches and traditional usages. C.Albicans was cultured on sabouraud dexterose agar containing chloramphenicol. On each plate, one plant extract disc, one nystatin disc (as positive control), and one blank disc (as negative controls) were placed. The mean diameter of non-growth halo around each plant extract was compared with the mean diameter of non-growth halo of positive control discs after 24 hours. Data was analysed by ANOVA statistical test (P less-than 0.05). Findings: There was a significant difference between the diameter of non-growth halo around the plant extracts and Nystatin discs. The diameter of non-growth halo in nystation discs (30 mm) was more than that for Matricaria chamomilla L. discs (21 mm). Non-growth halo in discs (28 mm) nystation were also more than Cichorium intybus L. discs (17 mm) (p less-than 0.05). As well as the diameter of non-growth halo in Combination Matricaria chamomilla L. and Nystatin discs(47 mm) was more than that for nystatin Matricaria chamomilla L. discs(21 mm) and the diameter of non-growth halo in Combination Cichorium intybusL, and Nystatin discs(45 mm) was more than that for nystatin Cichorium intybusL discs(17 mm). Discussion & Conclusions: Cichorium intybusL and Matricaria chamomilla L. exhibited antifungal effects on C. Albincans But the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. on the lack of growth of Candida Albicans strains was greater than that in Cichorium intybusL.


long To this the Washington Group on Disability has developed questions for household surveys that allow the collection and analysis of internationally comparable data on persons with disabilities. This fact sheet presents attendance rates and completion rates disaggregated by disability status based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys that applied the questions recommended by the Washington Group. The findings of the analysis by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) confirm that persons with disabilities are more likely to be out of school or to leave school before completing primary or secondary education. The fact sheet also summarises plans by the UIS for future data analysis and activities in standard setting to strengthen the evidence base for monitoring of SDG 4 and the design of education policy.


Framework Agreement between the Swiss Federal Council and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania concerning the implementation of the Swiss-Lithuanian cooperation programme to reduce economic and social disparities within the enlarged European Union (with annexes). Bern, 20 December 2007


Several risk factors have been identified but the etiology and pathogenesis of Bacterial vaginosis (BV) are still not completely understood, and the recurrence rate of BV remains high despite adequate chemotherapy treatment. The primary objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a new vaginal medical device, which contains polycarbophil, 0.04 % lauryl glucoside, and glycerides (Polybactum® – Effik Italia), in reducing BV recurrence rate. This was a multicenter, open label, not comparative study performed in Italy and Romania. Female subjects over 18-years-old affected by recurrent BV were included. The latest episode was diagnosed by Amsel criteria 6-9 days before the start of the study and treated with vaginal metronidazole (gel 0.75% mg for 5 days or ovules 500 mg for 7 days). The recurrence was defined by at least 2 episodes in the previous 12 months. Polybactum® vaginal ovules, day 1-4-7, were started within the 12th and the 24th hr after the end of metronidazole therapy and repeated monthly for 3 cycles. The first 41 patients enrolled were evaluated for an interim analysis 6 months after the study started; 2 patients interrupted the trial, leaving 39 evaluable subjects. The recurrence rate was significantly reduced compared to previous published data (10.26% vs 40% p<0.001). In 35 patients without recurrence, the assessment of Lactobacillus vaginal flora performed by phase contrast microscopy evidenced a significant improvement form baseline (p=0.022) The Investigator global assessment of tolerability was excellent in 38 out of 39 cases. IMPORTANCE Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder in women of childbearing age. In BV, Lactobacillus species, which are predominant in a healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobes, mainly Gardnerella vaginalis. BV is responsible for more than 60% of vulvovaginal infections and has been linked to serious, potentially life-threatening conditions, including: pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative infections, acquisition and transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus, preterm birth, and several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our research showed that 3 monthly cycles of Polybactum® ovules administered after one course of metronidazole vaginal therapy can reduce the rate of Bacterial vaginosis recurrence and improve the vaginal milieu, favouring the growth of vaginal lactobacillus species. Taken together our results confirm that Polibactum® is a safe and effective treatment to reduce BV recurrence rate after a first line therapy with metronidazole.


This research is a type of research is a case study in the Co-Operation Satria Jaya Kanigoro Blitar with the title "Analysis Financial Statement To Assess Monetary Performance of Co-Operatioan of Satria Jaya Kanigoro Blitar". Target of this research is to know monetary performance of Co-Operation pursuant to rentability aspect, solvability aspect and likuiditas aspect which relate at standart of Departement C0-Operation.. Analyzer used to know the condition of monetary performance of Co-Operation of Satria Jaya Kanigoro Blitar pursuant to rentability aspect covering RMS, ROA, ATO, Proftability Aspect of Likuiditas Slvability aspect and covering capital and solvability alone by using ratio standard stared at by Departement Co-Operation. Result of calculation wich rentability ratio detailedly in year 2005 until 2008 in general healthy in a condition except ratio rotation of asset (ATO) yielding rotation of sale less than 1 (one) multiply in usage entire/all asset. Ratio likuiditas of year 2005 until 2008 yielding ratio value 0 (zero). While condition of solvability seen from ability pay [for] debt by using capital alone have good ability except solvency ratio comparing [among/between] totalizeing asset totally obligation yield value 0 (zero). This matter because of result of reached ratio above determined by standard is Departemental plen of Co-Operation. Become as a whole result of to monetary performance of Co-Operation of Satria jaya Kanigoro Blitar seen from rentability aspect, likuiditas aspect, solvability stay in standard less than 55 and included ini indisposed criterion. Which caused by ratio rotation of solvency ratio and assed in the year 2005 until year 2008 yielding ratio value 0 (zero). Pursuant to conclusion above, can be suggested by co-operation Better Be of Satria Jaya Kanigoro Blitar shall be more emphasize its attention at usage of asset or asset had in meaning [done/conducted] by allocation precisely, afficient and effective to be able to improve volume of effort and improve estae rate of return or capital and also profit (advantage of which can obtained). And also pay attention explointing of capital had and minimization depend on external capital (debt) so that co-operation can more solvable.


Abstract This study focused on the aquatic insect community in the longitudinal gradient and temporal scales of the Jadro River. The river was sampled for a period of ten years (2000–2010), four times per year through the various seasons, along the river course. Sampling stations were selected in the upper, middle, and downstream parts of the river. A total of 21,852 specimens of aquatic insects belonging to six orders were obtained. The species determination confirmed 27 different species in the river. The data were analyzed by the multivariate methodologies of correspondence analysis and cluster analysis (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) using the similarity index of Morosita for all ten years. Canonical correspondence analysis was applied to the data to check which of the mesured physicochemical variables significantly explained community variation. According to those data, significant variables for the upper station were water temperature and dissolved oxygen, and chlorides was the significant variable for the lower stations.


Polly Milton never questions the way she is - until she goes to visit her cousins in the city. Her cousin Fanny looks too glamorous to be Polly's age, and wouldn't be caught dead playing in the snow. Will Polly ever learn to be like the other girls? And does she even want to? Sometimes being old-fashioned is right in style. A timeless story by the author of Little Women.


This article examines every NASDAQ ITCH feed message for S&P 500 Index stocks for 2012 and identifies clusters of extremely high and extremely low limit-order cancellation activity. The authors find results consistent with the idea that cancel clusters are the result of high-frequency traders jockeying for queue position and reacting to information to establish a new price level. Furthermore, few trades seem to be executed during cancel clusters or even immediately after them. Low cancellation activity seems to be markedly different, with many level changes all caused by executions. The results are consistent with high-frequency trading firms behaving as agents who bring efficiency to the market without the need to have executions at intermediate prices. The authors also discuss the misconception that investors and low-frequency traders are synonymous and its implications for policy given these results.


The Empire Mine, together with other mines in the Grass Valley mining district, produced at least 21.3 million troy ounces (663 tonnes) of gold (Au) during the 1850s through the 1950s, making it the most productive hardrock Au mining district in California history (Clark 1970). The Empire Mine State Historic Park (Empire Mine SHP or EMSHP), established in 1975, provides the public with an opportunity to see many well-preserved features of the historic mining and mineral processing operations (CDPR 2014a).

A legacy of Au mining at Empire Mine and elsewhere is contamination of mine wastes and associated soils, surface waters, and groundwaters with arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and other metals. At EMSHP, As has been the principal contaminant of concern and the focus of extensive remediation efforts over the past several years by the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) and Newmont USA, Ltd. In addition, the site is the main focus of a multidisciplinary research project on As bioavailability and bioaccessibility led by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Brownfields Program.

This chapter was prepared as a guide for a field trip to EMSHP held on June 14, 2014, in conjunction with a short course on "Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Microbiology of Arsenic" held in Nevada City, California on June 15–16, 2014. This guide contains background information on geological setting, mining history, and environmental history at EMSHP and other historical Au mining districts in the Sierra Nevada, followed by descriptions of the field trip stops.

### Regional geology

Empire Mine SHP is located in the Grass Valley mining district on the western-sloping foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1). The Sierra Nevada Foothills (SNFH) orogenic gold province stretches 150 miles (240 km) from the town …


Wood shortage supply from natural forest effected the running of wood-based industry. Therefore forestry entrepreneurs began to switch from also growing tree species to fast growing tree species. Duabanga moluccana Blume is one type of native tree in Indonesia who can growing fast and have good characteristics for industrial raw materials. Multiplication of Duabanga mollucana can be planting by seeds and also by vegetative propagation. Shoot and stem cuttings is one alternative was to obtain plantation in sufficient quantities and in sort time. The addition of plant growth regulators (Rootone - F) was expected to increase the percentage of rooted materials cuttings and the survival percentage.


This research uses TAM (technology acceptance model)model with six constructs that are used are computer self-efficacy (CSE), perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), attitude toward technology use (attitude Towards using technology / AT), intention to use (IU), and Frequency of Use (FU). This model is then used to examine which is an e-learning technology used in Biology Education Department of Syiah Kuala University and UIN Ar-Raniry. This study aims to determine the relationship between the factors that affect the acceptance and use of ebelajar.web.id at Syiah Kuala University and UIN Ar-Raniry. The type of research used in this research is explanatory research with data analysis technique using Part Least Square (PLS) approach. The method used to collect data is survey method. Data obtained from respondents who are students of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Universitas Syiah Kuala and Biology Education Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training of Ar-Raniry State Islamic University in the second semester of academic year 2016/2017 taking Information Technology and Computer and Ecology Course and environmental issues. The sample was 99 samples. The results of the data analysis were obtained as follows: (1) The CSE construct has significant effect on the PU construct; (2) CSE construct has significant effect on PEU construct; (3) PEU construction has significant effect on PU construct; (4) PEU construction has significant effect on construct A PU; (5) PEU construction has significant effect on IU construct; (6) PU construction has significant effect to construct A; (7) construct A has significant effect on IU construct. The conclusion in this research is that there are factors influencing to the acceptance level of learning technology using TAM model.


More than 35 000 umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplants have been performed worldwide, prompting the development of private and public banks to collect and store UCB cells. We hypothesized that pediatricians, who are uniquely poised to discuss UCB banking (UCBB) during prenatal or sibling visits, rarely do so. Through distribution of a 26-question electronic survey to general and subspecialty pediatric providers, we assessed baseline knowledge and conversations about UCBB. A total of 473 providers completed the survey; only 22% of physicians ever discussed UCBB with expectant parents. The majority responded that autologous UCB transplants were indicated in malignant (73%) and nonmalignant (61%) conditions; however, these are rare indications. Providers practicing >10 years were more likely to address UCBB (P ≤ .001), whereas younger and female general pediatric providers were significantly less likely (P < .001). Overall, pediatric providers rarely speak to families about UCBB, and we believe that they can be better informed to its current clinical utility.


This study investigated the value of headache presence during elecromyographic (EMG) feedback relaxation training and the contribution made by home relaxation practice in the elimination of tension headache. Eighteen participants, mainly coeds in their twenties, recorded headache and medication data for two baseline weeks, and were assigned to one of three training groups. Group A received EMG feedback training with headache presence during the session and home relaxation practice. Group B received EMG feedback without headache Presence and home practice. Group C received only home relaxation practice. Statistically significant treatment differences were not found, but declining trends of headache activity and medication use tend to support the efficacy of EMG training with headache presence.


We reviewed the records of 135 patients with tricuspid atresia and 120 patients with double-inlet ventricle who underwent modified Fontan procedure from 1973 to June 1985. This represents 67% of the total number of patients undergoing the procedure during this period. There were 32 (12%) in-hospital deaths (14 tricuspid atresia, 18 double-inlet ventricle) and 23 late deaths (13 tricuspid atresia, 10 double-inlet ventricle). For patients surviving to hospital dismissal, the 5 year survival was 87%. Follow-up data (mean 3.9 years) were obtained for 157 patients who survived at least 1 year after operation. At last follow-up, of the 157 patients, 92% were in NYHA class I or II, 92% claimed to be improved clinically by the operation, and 98% could work or attend school. Fifty percent were not taking medication at last follow-up. Some degree of edema or ascites was found in 16%. The study showed that (1) the modified Fontan procedure can be performed with low in-hospital mortality (12%) in patients with tricuspid atresia and double-inlet ventricle, (2) hospital survivors have an estimated 5 year survival of 87%, (3) subjectively, functional status is good for hospital survivors at intermediate follow-up, and (4) fluid retention continues to be a problem in a minority (16%) of patients.


Sharing experiences during residential weekends in a program for victims from the different communities involved in the conflict in Northern Ireland and ex-combatants has been demonstrated to promote healing and reconciliation. In the sessions, during which a nondirective participant driven approach was used, the following mechanisms for healing have been identified: empathy, desensitization, cognitive restructuring, observational learning, and modeling. Reconciliation between victims/survivors from the different camps is brokered by the shared healing process but is also a direct function of the opportunities for interaction and collaboration. Encounters between victims/survivors and ex-combatants have been promising, but so far the obstacles are better understood than the parameters for success. Dissonance theory and the analysis of forgiveness as a transaction have been helpful in clarifying the problems.


Introduction Early identification of children at risk of severe febrile illness can optimise referral, admission and treatment decisions, particularly in resource-limited settings. We aimed to identify prognostic clinical and laboratory factors that predict progression to severe disease in febrile children presenting from the community. Methods We systematically reviewed publications retrieved from MEDLINE, Web of Science and Embase between 31 May 1999 and 30 April 2020, supplemented by hand search of reference lists and consultation with an expert Technical Advisory Panel. Studies evaluating prognostic factors or clinical prediction models in children presenting from the community with febrile illnesses were eligible. The primary outcome was any objective measure of disease severity ascertained within 30 days of enrolment. We calculated unadjusted likelihood ratios (LRs) for comparison of prognostic factors, and compared clinical prediction models using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs). Risk of bias and applicability of studies were assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. Results Of 5949 articles identified, 18 studies evaluating 200 prognostic factors and 25 clinical prediction models in 24 530 children were included. Heterogeneity between studies precluded formal meta-analysis. Malnutrition (positive LR range 1.56–11.13), hypoxia (2.10–8.11), altered consciousness (1.24–14.02), and markers of acidosis (1.36–7.71) and poor peripheral perfusion (1.78–17.38) were the most common predictors of severe disease. Clinical prediction model performance varied widely (AUROC range 0.49–0.97). Concerns regarding applicability were identified and most studies were at high risk of bias. Conclusions Few studies address this important public health question. We identified prognostic factors from a wide range of geographic contexts that can help clinicians assess febrile children at risk of progressing to severe disease. Multicentre studies that include outpatients are required to explore generalisability and develop data-driven tools to support patient prioritisation and triage at the community level. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019140542.


In the first chapter, a systematic literature review explored the experiences of people with learning disabilities (LD) transitioning from long-term, residential care to community-based alternatives. Socio-political changes over the decades have resulted in many people with LD experiencing change to their ccommodation and care. Qualitative research exploring these experiences for people with LD was reviewed, adopting a meta-ethnographic approach. Nineteen papers were included in the review, and subsequently analysed and synthesised. Two over-arching themes regarding people with LD's experiences of residential transitions were identified; From trauma to the unknown; and Striving to belong. The findings highlighted the impact of moving on people with LD, therefore theoretical and clinical implications were discussed. The second chapter presents the findings of an empirical paper, which explored the experiences and perceptions of people with LD who have been diagnosed with a 'personality disorder' ('PD'). Under Transforming Care, more people with LD and complex needs are likely to move to the community. Therefore, the experience of receiving and living with a 'PD' diagnosis was investigated in people using current, community-based services. Eight people were interviewed, and the data analysed through use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four super-ordinate themes were developed: Knowledge is power – Diagnosis as the domain of professionals; Understanding difficulties through a trauma lens; The stigma of diagnosis – Feeling different, seeking acceptance; and Taming the 'beast' inside – The journey towards regaining control. Clinical and research implications were discussed. In Chapter 3, a critical appraisal compared the findings of the two papers, whilst exploring the rationale for the research, the concept of 'PD', and the impact of Transforming Care on iv people with LD. Methodological considerations and implications for clinical practice were also discussed.


The current article articulates how the expectation of theoretical consistency can be constraining for qualitative researchers. The author considers the origins of the tradition of theoretical consistency, and suggests that postmodern research - particularly that which focuses on social justice - might in fact be served by considering possibilities that emerge from multiple theoretical perspectives. To illustrate the application and contribution of theoretical inconsistency, three concrete examples of how these ideas have been applied within qualitative studies are discussed. By pragmatically drawing connections across theoretical differences, it is hoped that researchers will engage critically with their own theoretical commitments and assumptions, thus opening themselves up to new possibilities and to new and creative ways of coming together.


Granulocyte recruitment during the acute inflammatory response is initiated by their rolling along the endothelial lining of postcapillary venules. To determine whether expression of L-selectin alone is sufficient for rolling, the murine pre-B lymphocytic cell line 300.19, which does not bind E- or P-selectin, was transfected with human L-selectin cDNA, which led to stable L-selectin expression at a level similar to that of blood lymphocytes. Fluorescent-labeled cells were infused retrogradely into a side branch of the superior mesenteric artery of anesthetized rats. In venules of the mesenteric membrane, leukocyte rolling occurs without intentional stimulation. On average, 17% +/- 6% of L-selectin transfectants rolled in the observed venules, while mock-transfected cells did not roll. Rolling of L-selectin transfectants began approximately 20 minutes after surgery and continued for at least 120 minutes. In contrast, HL-60 promyelocytes, which express sialyl-Lewis(x) tetrasaccharide (sLe(x)) but not L-selectin and that bind to E- and P-selectin in vitro, did not roll between 20 and 120 minutes, but some HL-60 cells rolled at very early ( 2 hours) time points. Pretreatment with either of two function-blocking monoclonal antibodies recognizing the lectin domain of L-selectin completely blocked rolling of L-selectin transfectants and sharply reduced (by 70%) rolling of isolated human granulocytes. Taken together, these results show that L-selectin can mediate leukocyte rolling by virtue of its lectin activity.


In this paper we combine the use of optical pulse coding and seeded second-order Raman amplification to extend the sensing distance of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors. Using 255-bit Simplex coding, the power levels of the Raman pumps and the Brillouin pump and probe signals were adjusted in order to extend the real physical sensing distance of a BOTDA sensor up to 120 km away from the sensor interrogation unit, employing a 240-km long loop of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with no repeater. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that distributed measurements are carried out over such a long distance with no active device inserted into the entire sensing loop, constituting a considerable breakthrough in the field.


This paper's main concern is to assess which "industrial policies" would be meaningful for Latin America nowadays. The first section introduces the theme while the second section considers definitions of "industrial policies" and their nature in the past. The third section centers on national growth experiences that may serve as paradigms. Section IV is on economies, which are growth paradigms, and on their policies. Section V is on present multilateral constraints on "industrial policies". Section VI explains the institution building, macroeconomics and industrial policies. Section VII analyses industrial policy alternatives. The paper concludes with section VIII that is on policy recommendations seeking to improve criteria to pick winners where market failures are especially costly.


Catch rates or catch per unit of effort (CPUE) are used for data-poor exploratory fisheries without integrated assessments in the CPUE by seabed area method to estimate stock biomass in the interim of collecting sufficient tag recaptures. Here, we address the two questions: (1) which unit of effort should be used for catch rates in mixed longline fisheries, and (2) how do different parameters such as gear type, vessel, fishing season, month, bait, fishing depth and area affect estimates of trend and magnitude of catch rates.Using data from the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish fishery, we compared effort units including length of line (km), total number of hooks per line, and a combination of total number of hooks per line for autoline and Spanish line and total number of clusters for trotline (hooks/cluster) with Generalised Linear Models (GLMs). The model with total hook numbers was preferred with the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), however standardised catch rates over the fishing season differed little between the models with the three effort units, so the effect of the choice of effort unit on the estimated standardised catch rates is small.The parameters with the largest effects in the catch rate models were vessel, gear and bait, with vessels showing by far the largest effect size. This confirms previous advice that research fishing is conducted with a high level of spatial and temporal overlap between vessels and gear types to allow for a meaningful standardisation of variables such as catch rates.To assist in future quality checking of data, we also recommend a new reporting field in the C2 form for the number of droplines per line deployed.


A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the suitability of animal oils as total replacement for cod liver oil (CO) in rainbow trout juvenile feeds. Four experimental diets were formulated: CO, goose fat, sheep tail fat and beef tallow. The final weights of fish were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Survival rate recorded during the experimental period was 100 % for all treatment groups. Highly significant relationships between oil source and whole body fatty acid composition were determined in all treatment groups. The preliminary saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid were 16:0 and 18:1 n-9, respectively. The CO diet contained highest levels of total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The n-3/n-6 ratio of in fish fed CO diet was also quite higher compared to that in fish fed the other diets. In conclusion, the results of this study show that total substitution of fish oil with animal fats impairs nutritional value of the fatty acid composition of rainbow trout juveniles.


To determine whether a computer-assisted reminder would alter prescribing habits for the treatment of hypertension in accordance with current clinical guidelines in a general internal medicine clinic. A randomized trial. The General Internal Medicine Clinic of the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division. Clinic providers were randomized to a control group (n=35) or intervention group (n=36). We targeted the providers of patients being treated for hypertension with calcium channel blockers, a class of drug not recommended for initial therapy. An automated computer query identified eligible patients and their providers. A guideline reminder was placed in the charts of patients of intervention providers; the charts of patients of control providers received no reminder. During the 5-month study period, 346 patients were seen by the 36 primary care providers (staff physicians, nurse practitioners, residents, and fellows) in the intervention group, and 373 patients were seen by the 35 providers in the control group. Intervention providers changed 39 patients (11.3%) to other medications during the study period, compared with 1 patient (<1.0%) of control providers (p<.0001). For patients whose therapy was unchanged, providers noted angina in 23.1%, indications other than those for hypertension in 9.5%, intolerable adverse effects with first-line therapy in 13.9%, and inadequte control with first-line therapy in 13.9%. Of those patients without provider-indicated contraindications, 23.6% were switched from calcium channel blockers to first-line agents during the intervention period. The use of a computerized, clinic-based intervention increased compliance with guidelines in the treatment of primary hypertension in general, and decreased the use of calcium channel blockers for the treatment of hypertension in particular.


Recent findings have shown that humans can adapt their internal control model to account for the changing dynamics of systems they manipulate. In this paper, we explore the effects of magnitude and phase cues on human motor adaptation. In our experiments, participants excite virtual second-order systems at resonance via a two-degree of freedom haptic interface, with visual and visual plus haptic feedback conditions. Then, we change the virtual system parameters and observe the resulting motor adaptation in catch trials. Through four experimental conditions we demonstrate the effects of magnitude and phase cues on human motor adaptation. First, we show that humans adapt to a nominal virtual system resonant frequency. Second, humans shift to higher and lower natural frequencies during catch trials regardless of feedback modality and force cues. Third, participants can detect changes in natural frequency when gain, magnitude, and phase cues are manipulated independently. Fourth, participants are able to detect changes in natural frequency when the feedback (visual or visual plus haptic) is delayed such that the phase shift between the nominal system and catch trial system is zero. The persistent ability of participants to perform system identification of the dynamic systems which they control, regardless of the cue that is conveyed, demonstrates the human's versatility with regard to manual control situations. We intend to further investigate human motor adaptation and the time for adaptation in order to improve the efficacy of shared control methodologies for training and rehabilitation in haptic virtual environments.


Specifying parameters of analytic BRDF models is a difficult task as these parameters are often not intuitive for artists and their effect on appearance can be non-uniform. Ideally, a given step in the parameter space should produce a predictable and perceptually-uniform change in the rendered image. Systems that employ psychophysics have produced important advances in this direction; however, the requirement of user studies limits scalability of these approaches. In this work, we propose a new and intuitive method for designing material appearance. First, we define a computational metric between BRDFs that is based on rendered images of a scene under natural illumination. We show that our metric produces results that agree with previous perceptual studies. Next, we propose a user interface that allows for navigation in the remapped parameter space of a given BRDF model. For the current settings of the BRDF parameters, we display a choice of variations corresponding to uniform steps according to our metric, in the various parameter directions. In addition to the parametric navigation for a single model, we also support neighborhood navigation in the space of all models. By clustering a large number of neighbors and removing neighbors that are close to the current model, the user can easily visualize the alternate effects that can only be expressed with other models. We show that our interface is simple and intuitive. Furthermore, visual navigation in the BRDF space both in the local model and the union space is an effective way for reflectance design.


Abstract : Lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) is an insulating wide-band gap material currently under development for tritium breeding and radiation detection and dosimetry applications. Point defects are imperfections in a crystal lattice localized over a few atomic lengths that can alter the electrical, mechanical, or optical properties of materials. An understanding of point defect behavior is a necessary precursor for optimizing lithium aluminate for nuclear applications. This dissertation has identified and characterized the major point defects created and induced through x-ray and neutron radiation using electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy, thermoluminescence, and optical absorption. This dissertation explains for the first time the mechanism responsible for OSL in copper-diffused LiAlO2 and characterizes for the first time the hole (Li vacancies) and electron-trapping (F and F+ centers and transition-metal ions) defects. These results should prove useful to any researcher that utilizes LiAlO2 in applications involving radiation.


Often seen as a magical paradise at the end of the world, Bhutan is inaccessible to most travellers. Set against the dramatic scenery of the Himalaya, this beguiling memoir recalls hardships and happiness in a land almost untouched by the West. When Britta Das goes to work as a physiotherapist in a remote village hospital, her good intentions are put to the test amid monsoons, fleas, and startling conditions. But as she visits homes in the mountains and learns the mysteries of Tantric Buddhism, the country captivates her very soul. Gaining insights into the traditions of the mystical kingdom, Britta makes friends, falls in love, and battles illness. Throughout it all, as she writes, she worries about the "destructive nearness of technology" and fears that Bhutan's charm and innocence may soon be lost. Still, Bhutan has endured for centuries, and there is no denying that the country has transformed her life forever.


We propose and demonstrate the controlled modification and selective enhancement of surface-state emission in white-luminophor CdS nanocrystals (NCs) by plasmon-coupling them with proximal metal nanostructures. By carefully designing nano-Ag films to match their localized plasmon resonance spectrally with the surface-state emission peak of CdS NCs, we experimentally show that the surface-state emission is substantially enhanced in the visible wavelength, while the interband (band-edge) transition at the shorter wavelength far away from the plasmon resonance is simultaneously significantly suppressed. With such plasmon tuning and consequent strong plasmon coupling specifically for the surface-state transitions, the surface-state emission is made stronger than the band-edge emission. This corresponds to an enhancement factor of 12.7-fold in the ratio of the surface-state peak emission to the band-edge peak emission of the plasmon-coupled film sample compared with that in solution. Such a plasmonic engineering of surface-state emission in trap-rich CdS white nanoluminophors holds great promise for future solid-state lighting.


This article focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of patients' responses to different types of doctors' prediagnostic statements. Prediagnostic statements document the doctors' process of understanding in the on going interactive event and simultaneously move it to an intersubjective level within the boundaries of communicability, for example, in the case of problematic symptom patterns. Four types of prediagnostic statements will be distinguished: the preliminary, unspecific diagnosis, the establishing of a (causal) link, information about the findings, and diagnoses of exclusion. On the basis of 29 doctor-patient-conversations, 150 patients' responses to prediagnostic statements are analyzed in their contextual organization. Although many patients' responses turn out to be affirmatively minimal, there are differences both in the elaborateness and regarding the reference type, depending on the statements' degree of certainty, the patients' self-diagnoses as well as on influences of the interaction type's asymmetrical properties. Both patients and doctors work together on establishing interactive and epistemic territories and pay attention to the maintenance of their self-images and their interaction relationship.


Several mechanisms are involved in the acquisition and maintenance of desiccation tolerance by the seeds. One of these mechanisms is related to the induction of heat resitant proteins. The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the electophorectic patterns of the heat resistant proteins of corn seeds submitted to high drying temperature associating their expression with drying tolerance. Seeds of breeding lines, simple hybrids and respective reciprocals hybrids were utilized. The seeds were harvested with approximately 35% of water content and dried at 45°C. Seeds of lines dried under shadow were used as control and the physiological quality was evaluated by germination test. The heat resistant proteins were extracted from embryonic axis of seeds in Tris-HCl 0.05 M buffer. It was not possible to determine a specific band of heat resistant proteins which can be of use as a molecular marker of tolerance to high drying temperature. There was stability in the patterns of the bands of proteins of seeds submitted to artificial drying compared to the ones after shadow drying even for the lines of high variation in the germination values. The electrophorectic patterns of the heat resistant proteins were similar for both the hybrid seeds and respective reciprocals.


The study presented here uses Q methodology to explore the perceptions of teachers, paraprofessionals, administrators, and head teachers about leadership. Altogether, 84 employees from four different Norwegian primary schools were asked to rank-order 27 statements related to leadership. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of leadership for the staff of a primary school. The results present two perspectives: Appreciates Faculty and Appreciates the School. Appreciates Faculty seems to prefer leadership that has a focus on individual staff development over management practices and setting directions. The people whose sorts loaded significantly on Appreciates the School, on the other hand, had quite the opposite view. These people saw management practices and setting directions as the most important leadership traits, as opposed to leadership with an individual stafffocus which they saw as least important The findings are discussed in light of research and theory on the topic of transformational and transactional leadership. This study contributes to the literature on subjectivio/ and school leadership by revealing the opinions about what leadership practices are important.


The Outermost European Regions (OERs) are geographic areas which are part of a European Union Member State, but situated outside continental Europe. All OERs except French Guiana are islands or archipelagos. They face several challenges to full development – remoteness, insularity, terrain and climate constraints, economic dependence and a narrow range of exportable commodities or services. Nevertheless, the European Commission advocates for these regions the assumption of a new paradigm: turning their natural and socioeconomic handicaps into assets. This strategy makes the sustainable development and environmental conservation strategies and policies of OERs especially challenging in scientific, technical and political terms. This Island Studies Journal special section on Sustainable Development and Environmental Conservation in the Outermost European Regions includes five articles that describe, analyse and address directly social-ecological systems' issues in insular Portuguese and Spanish OERs (Azores and Canaries, respectively). These studies propose novel concepts, strategies and models aiming towards designing and implementing better and more cost-effective sustainability and environmental conservation policies in these remote European regions.


ABSTRACT High-choice media environments allow people to cocoon themselves with like-minded messages (confirmation bias), which could shape both individual attitudes and perceived prevalence of opinions. This study builds on motivated cognition and spiral of silence theory to disentangle how browsing political messages (both selective exposure as viewing full articles and incidental exposure as encountering leads only) shapes perceived public opinion and subsequently attitudes. Participants (N = 115) browsed online articles on controversial topics; related attitudes and public opinion perceptions were captured before and after. Multi-level modeling demonstrated a confirmation bias. Both selective and incidental exposure affected attitudes per message stance, with stronger impacts for selective exposure. Opinion climate perceptions mediated selective exposure impacts on attitudes.


The degree of environmental control exerted by female inmates was examined as a function of gender role identity. The sample was obtained at the Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women, the only female prison in the state. The prison environment was assumed to offer very few control options. The options studied were those under the direct authorization of the social services division of the prison, and from individuals external to the prison. It was assumed that the flexibility found in androgynous individuals would allow for a greater level of perceived control than with either the masculine or feminine gender role identity people. It was also predicted that a congruent feminine or androgynous gender role identity would enable the women more perceived control than would be found with those with a masculine gender role identity. A locus of control in Likert format and the Bern Sex Role Inventory scored using the androgynous T-ratio were used to assess control beliefs and gender role identity. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between gender role identity and environmental control. The masculine gender role identity had the lowest level of control, followed by the feminine, and apexing at the androgynous gender role identity.