The SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 proteins, which are required for regulated transcription of numerous yeast genes, were found also to be essential for rat glucocorticoid receptor function in yeast; the receptor failed to activate transcription in strains with mutations in the SWI1, SWI2, or SWI3 genes. Certain mutations in genes encoding components of chromatin, identified as suppressors of swi mutations, partially relieved the SWI- requirement for receptor function. Immunoprecipitation of glucocorticoid receptor derivatives from wild-type (SWI+) yeast extracts coprecipitated the SWI3 protein; such receptor-SWI3 complexes were not detected in swi1- or swi2- mutant strains, implying that a complex of multiple SWI proteins may associate with the receptor. Prior incubation of a Drosophila embryo transcription extract with the yeast SWI3-specific antibody inhibited receptor function in vitro whereas the antibody had no effect if added after initiation complex formation. Thus, positive regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo and in vitro appears to require its interaction, at an early step, with one or more SWI proteins.


In this paper, we used cloud imagery from a NASA field experiment in conjunction with three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations to show that cloud spatial structure manifests itself as a spectral signature in shortwave irradiance fields – specifically in transmittance and net horizontal photon transport in the visible and near-ultraviolet wavelength range. We found a robust correlation between the magnitude of net horizontal photon transport (H) and its spectral dependence (slope), which is scale-invariant and holds for the entire pixel population of a domain. This was surprising at first given the large degree of spatial inhomogeneity. We prove that the underlying physical mechanism for this phenomenon is molecular scattering in conjunction with cloud spatial structure. On this basis, we developed a simple parameterization through a single parameter ε, which quantifies the characteristic spectral signature of spatial inhomogeneities. In the case we studied, neglecting net horizontal photon transport leads to a local transmittance bias of ±12–19 %, even at the relatively coarse spatial resolution of 20 km. Since three-dimensional effects depend on the spatial context of a given pixel in a nontrivial way, the spectral dimension of this problem may emerge as the starting point for future bias corrections.


Reacting to the Past is a pedagogical approach that incorporates historical role-playing games into the classroom. In this paper I discuss this approach and demonstrate how it could be adapted for translation studies courses. Two games are described: one is set in England in the early 1500s and focuses on William Tyndale's English translation of the Bible, while the other is set in Canada in 2007 and focuses on the development of the Canadian standard for translation services. Finally, to shed some light on the experiences and reactions of students who are taught using the Reacting to the Past approach, I briefly discuss the results of a survey of translation students who played the two games in an undergraduate theory of translation course during the Fall 2012 term.


Abstract In this paper we study a reducibility that has been introduced by Klaus Weihrauch or, more precisely, a natural extension for multi-valued functions on represented spaces. We call the corresponding equivalence classes Weihrauch degrees and we show that the corresponding partial order induces a lower semi-lattice. It turns out that parallelization is a closure operator for this semi-lattice and that the parallelized Weihrauch degrees even form a lattice into which the Medvedev lattice and the Turing degrees can be embedded. The importance of Weihrauch degrees is based on the fact that multi-valued functions on represented spaces can be considered as realizers of mathematical theorems in a very natural way and studying the Weihrauch reductions between theorems in this sense means to ask which theorems can be transformed continuously or computably into each other. As crucial corner points of this classification scheme the limited principle of omniscience LPO, the lesser limited principle of omniscience LLPO and their parallelizations are studied. It is proved that parallelized LLPO is equivalent to Weak Kőnig's Lemma and hence to the Hahn–Banach Theorem in this new and very strong sense. We call a multi-valued function weakly computable if it is reducible to the Weihrauch degree of parallelized LLPO and we present a new proof, based on a computational version of Kleene's ternary logic, that the class of weakly computable operations is closed under composition. Moreover, weakly computable operations on computable metric spaces are characterized as operations that admit upper semi-computable compact-valued selectors and it is proved that any single-valued weakly computable operation is already computable in the ordinary sense.


Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and probably one of the most challenging cancers to treat. Platinum-based chemotherapy remains as the standard of treatment for most of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and although therapeutic improvements have been achieved in the last years, the benefits are quite modest. One of the most important advances in NSCLC care has been the identification of oncogenic mutations that contribute to the pathogenesis of lung cancer, suggesting that some tumors can rely on a specific gene for their survival and proliferation, and the subsequent development of drugs targeted to these specific alterations. Activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been the first molecular event that can be targeted with specific drugs in NSCLC. The discovery of the first reversible EGFR small-molecule inhibitors (TKIs) in the past decade, has changed the history of lung cancer treatment. EGFR inhibition has emerged to be an important strategy in the treatment of NSCLC. However, all patients will eventually present progression of disease because of both primary and acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. In the future, a better understanding of the tumor heterogeneity as well as tumor resistance mechanisms will evolve more rational therapies and potential combinations of different targeted therapies.


The effect of alpha 1-adrenergic blockade with prazosin on myocardial blood flow at rest and during two levels of treadmill exercise was assessed in 16 chronically instrumented dogs 9-14 days after myocardial infarction had been produced by occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. During resting conditions prazosin did not alter mean myocardial blood flow or the subendocardial-to-subepicardial flow ratio in either normally perfused or collateral-dependent myocardium. However, during exercise at comparable external work loads and comparable rate-pressure products, prazosin significantly increased blood flow to normally perfused (27% increase at the second level of exercise, P less than 0.001) and collateral-dependent myocardium (35% increase at the second level of exercise, P less than 0.001) compared with control. In addition, prazosin caused a small but significant decrease in the subendocardial-to-subepicardial flow ratio in both normal (1.27 +/- 0.04 to 1.19 +/- 0.04; P less than 0.01) and collateral-dependent myocardium (0.57 +/- 0.11 to 0.52 +/- 0.11; P less than 0.01) compared with control, reflecting a disproportionally greater increase in subepicardial flow in response to alpha 1-adrenergic blockade. These data demonstrate that alpha 1-adrenergic vasoconstriction inhibits coronary vasodilation during exercise, even in areas of collateral-dependent myocardium relatively early after coronary artery occlusion.


The effects of colonisation of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil respiration, plant growth, nutrition, and soil microbial communities were assessed using a mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor. Plants were grown in rhizocosms in an automated respiration monitoring system over the course of the experiment (79 days). Soil respiration was similar in the two tomato genotypes, and between P treatments with plants. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased P and Zn content and decreased root biomass, but did not affect aboveground plant biomass. Soil microbial biomass C and soil microbial communities based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were similar across all treatments, suggesting that the two genotypes differed little in their effect on soil activity. Although approximately similar amounts of C may have been expended belowground in both genotypes, they may have differed in the relative C allocation to root construction v. respiration. Further, net soil respiration did not differ between the two tomato genotypes, but root dry weight was lower in mycorrhizal roots, and respiration of mycorrhizal roots per unit dry weight was higher than nonmycorrhizal roots. This indicates that the AM contribution to soil respiration may indeed be significant, and nutrient uptake per unit C expenditure belowground in this experiment appeared to be higher in mycorrhizal plants.


President Carter was encouraged to write this book by a wide coalition of leaders of all faiths. His urgent report is current. It covers the plight of women and girls-strangled at birth, forced to suffer servitude, child marriage, genital cutting, deprived of equal opportunity in wealthier nations and "owned" by men in others. And the most vulnerable, along with their children, are trapped in war and violence. He addresses the adverse impact of distorted religious texts on women, by Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and Muslims. Special verses are often omitted or quoted out of context to exalt the status of men and exclude women. In a remark that is certain to get attention, Carter points out that women are treated more equally in some countries that are atheistic or where governments are strictly separated from religion. Carter describes his personal observations of the conditions and hardships of women around the world. He describes a trip in Africa with Bill Gates, Sr. and his wife, where they are appalled by visits to enormous brothels. He tells how he joined Nelson Mandela to plead for an end to South Africa's practice of outlawing treatments to protect babies from AIDS-infected mothers. Throughout, Carter reports on observations of women activists and workers of The Carter Center. This is an informed and passionate charge about human rights abuses against half the world's population. It comes from one of the world's most renowned human rights advocates.


Background Internet-based interventions to assist in diabetes management have the potential to provide patients with the information and support they need to become effective self-managers. Objective To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of an Internet-based virtual clinic designed to facilitate self-management in patients who used insulin pumps to manage their diabetes. Methods For a period of 6 months, 17 patients joined the virtual clinic. The system allowed patients to communicate with health professionals, interact with peers and access information. HbA1c, quality of life, and self-efficacy were monitored at baseline and after 6 months. Questionnaires and qualitative interviews examined patient experiences. Results Participants found the virtual clinic easy to use and positively rated its design. Peer support was the most valued aspect and the discussion boards the most used component. All participants highly rated the virtual clinic in terms of improving communication with peers, but few agreed it had improved communication with health care professionals. No significant improvements in physiological and psychological measurements were found. Regarding HbA1c measurements, there was no significant difference found between the pre- and post-test results (P = .53). Mean ADDQoL scores at baseline were -2.1 (SD 1.1, range -3.4 to -0.5) compared to -2.0 (SD 1.2, range, -4.6 to -0.4) post-test (n = 12), (P = .62). Surprisingly, patients' confidence in their ability to perform self-care tasks was found to be significantly reduced from baseline to follow up (P = .045). Conclusions An Internet-based system to aid the management of diabetes appears feasible and well accepted by patients. The pilot study did not identify evidence of an impact on improving quality of life or self-efficacy in patients who used insulin pump therapy.


We analyze how firms can design contracts to strategically induce consumer misperceptions. A fraction of consumers is naive and underestimates the costs of claiming a warranty payment in the event of product breakdown. This leads to an inference error that makes consumers prone to overpredict product quality, which a firm can profitably exploit. The channel persists under different market structures and can reduce the quality provision to sophisticated consumers. We argue that our results apply more generally to cases in which consumers are inattentive or illiterate with respect to contract fine print, and provide supporting evidence from TV infomercials.


We propose and investigate a unifying class of sparse random graph models, based on a hidden coloring of edge-vertex incidences, extending an existing approach, random graphs with a given degree distribution, in a way that admits a nontrivial correlation structure in the resulting graphs. The approach unifies a number of existing random graph ensembles within a common general formalism, and allows for the analytic calculation of observable graph characteristics. In particular, generating function techniques are used to derive the size distribution of connected components (clusters) as well as the location of the percolation threshold where a giant component appears.


In the Variscan Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic), no agreement has been reached on the nature of the relationship between the Teplá-Barrandian and the Moldanubian terranes. However, the Teplá-Barrandian is interpreted as a central segment separating the Moldanubian and Saxothuringian terranes and its position is therefore essential for any reconstruction of this part of the Variscan belt. Our petrological and structural study in the Domazlice-Klatovy region spans the boundary between the Teplá-Barrandian and Moldanubian terranes. There is no conformity of ductile structures in both domains near their interface and their P–T evolution is separate in time. The development of major structures and associated metamorphism in the southwestern part of the Barrandian was accompanied by syntectonic intrusions of granitoid and diorite bodies, dated at about 520 Ma. The Moldanubian migmatites are characterized by a LP-HT metamorphism that possibly took place at about 320 Ma. The metamorphic record of the Barrandian rocks shows no influence of the Moldanubian partial melting. The contacts are marked by semi-brittle to brittle structures: sinistral strike-slip faulting developed in the Central Bohemian Shear Zone, whereas the West Bohemian Shear Zone acted as a semi-brittle normal fault with a dextral component. Both shear zones may be nearly contemporaneous, accommodating a bulk N-S compression. The Central Bohemian Shear Zone was later reactivated in a dextral regime. Although timing is uncertain, the juxtaposition of both terranes took place probably in the waning stages of the Variscan orogeny, earlier than the late Stephanian. We argue that the late-orogenic (semi)brittle strike-slip tectonics modified considerably the face of the Bohemian Massif and the geodynamic models of the Bohemian Massif have to be reviewed with reference to this essential point.


The effects of cadmium (Cd2+) on Na+,K(+)-ATPase in disrupted human erythrocyte membranes and on various transmembrane Na+ and K+ transport systems in intact erythrocyte suspensions were studied. Cadmium2+ inhibited the erythrocyte Na+,K(+)-ATPase enzyme with a 50% inhibition at a Cd2+ concentration of 6.25 microM. The Cd2+ inhibition in the human erythrocyte was non-competitive with respect to Na+,K+, and ATP. Cadmium2+ exerted no acute effect, however, on the Na+,K(+)-ATPase pump activity as measured by the ouabain sensitive 86Rb uptake or Na+ efflux in intact red blood cells. Cadmium2+ also inhibited the Ca2+ dependent K+ channels in human red blood cells, whereas it had no effect on Na+,K+ cotransport, Na+,Li+ countertransport, anion carrier, and the number of active Na+ pump units. The data indicate that in human erythrocytes under acute conditions Cd2+ exerts an inhibitory effect on Na+,K(+)-ATPase enzyme in disrupted erythrocytes and the Ca2+ stimulated K+ efflux in intact red blood cells without affecting the Na+ pump, Na+,K+ cotransport, and Na+,Li+ countertransport activity.


Objective—Arginase 2 (Arg2) is a critical target in atherosclerosis because it controls endothelial nitric oxide, proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Regulators of Arg2 transcription in the endothelium have not been characterized. The goal of the current study is to determine the role of specific histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the regulation of endothelial Arg2 transcription and endothelial function. Approach and Results—The HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A increased levels of Arg2 mRNA, protein, and activity in both human aortic endothelial cells and mouse aortic rings. These changes occurred in both time- and dose-dependent patterns and resulted in Arg2-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Trichostatin A and the atherogenic stimulus oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhanced the activity of common promoter regions of Arg2. HDAC inhibition with trichostatin A also decreased endothelial nitric oxide, and these effects were blunted by arginase inhibition. Nonselective class I HDAC inhibitors enhanced Arg2 expression, whereas the only selective inhibitor that increased Arg2 expression was mocetinostat, a selective inhibitor of HDACs 1 and 2. Additionally, mouse aortic rings preincubated with mocetinostat exhibited dysfunctional relaxation. Overexpression of HDAC2 (but not HDAC 1, 3, or 8) cDNA in human aortic endothelial cells suppressed Arg2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, and siRNA knockdown of HDAC2 enhanced Arg2 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated direct binding of HDAC2 to the Arg2 promoter, and HDAC2 overexpression in human aortic endothelial cells blocked oxidized low-density lipoprotein–mediated activation of the Arg2 promoter. Finally, overexpression of HDAC2 blocked oxidized low-density lipoprotein–mediated vascular dysfunction. Conclusions—HDAC2 is a critical regulator of Arg2 expression and thereby endothelial nitric oxide and endothelial function. Overexpression or activation of HDAC2 represents a novel therapy for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.


The cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglc) was measured with positron emission tomography and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in 14 healthy subjects with Down's syndrome, 19 to 33 years old, and in six healthy Down's syndrome subjects over 35 years, two of whom were demented. Dementia was diagnosed from a history of mental deterioration, disorientation and hallucinations. All Down's syndrome subjects were trisomy 21 karyotype. CMRglc also was examined in 15 healthy men aged 20-35 years and in 20 healthy men aged 45-64 years. All subjects were at rest with eyes covered and ears plugged. Mean hemispheric CMRglc in the older Down's syndrome subjects was significantly less, by 23%, than in the young Down's syndrome group; statistically significant decreases in regional metabolism (rCMRglc) also were present in all lobar regions. Comparison of the younger control group with the older control group showed no difference in CMRglc or any rCMRglc (p greater than 0.05). Assessment of language, visuospatial ability, attention and memory showed significant reductions in test scores of the old as compared with the young Down's syndrome subjects. These results show that significant age differences in CMRglc and rCMRglc occur in Down's syndrome but not in healthy controls, and that, although only some older Down's syndrome subjects are demented, significant age reductions in neuropsychologic variables occur in all of them.


As per the UKCIP 09 climate change projections the United Kingdom is very likely to experience increased sea level rise, increased winter rainfall, heat waves and an increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Such inevitable impacts of climate change will require adaptation measures to be implemented for the management of existing commercial built assets if they are to continue to fulfil their primary function and support every organisation's business operations. However, it is not clear as to how far adaptation solutions are effectively integrated into facilities or built-asset management planning?

While seeking the answers to above questions, this thesis develops an approach for facilities and built-asset management, which will improve the resilience of existing commercial built assets to future physical climate-change impacts. The study undertakes a participatory study with a large commercial organisation and a questionnaire survey of UK facilities managers. The participatory study involved selective team of facilities management and operational (FM&O) professionals from a commercial organisation that managed around 3,400 built assets valued at £370 billion in 2003–05 in the United Kingdom. By working closely with the organisation, an approach to built-asset management was developed which integrated the existing UKCIP decision-making framework and UKCIP02 climate-change projections. In developing this approach, the strategic risk perception and managerial attitude to climate change were identified and included as important factors affecting the decision-making process.

To test the wider applicability of the decision-making framework that was developed in the participatory study, a questionnaire survey of the wider facilities management community was undertaken. It was deduced from the survey results that the intent and process of decision making remains constant amongst FM professionals in commercial settings – for example: (a) The experience of a financial loss due to an existing climate-related extreme event is the initiation point for strategic stakeholders for considering future action regarding climate change; and (b) The operational adaptation measures are restricted to securing insurance deals and making renewed disaster-recovery and business-continuity plans. Additional outcomes from participatory and survey study covered logistic models describing the adaptation and mitigation approaches within a commercial setting.

Taken as a whole, the findings from this study show that mitigation efforts which are supported by legislation and have well defined targets achieve a strategic importance within an organisation, while an absence of such targets and external drivers means that adaptation is viewed as an operational activity and, , as a short-term activity that has to compete for funds within annual budgets.

To raise the profile of adaptation within commercial organisations requires a shift in the perception of climate change as risks amongst FM&O professionals and ability to better recognize climate change impacts on the business and built asset functions. This requires action to be initiated at both governmental and organisational level. However, such action needs to consider other constraints, such as the time span of the climate change projections. In particular, as FM&O professionals consider adaptation as an operational issue for which the planning period is normally short term (3–5 years), while the long-term projections associated with climate change are for 20–30 years as a minimum. In order to support decision making, this 'temporal scale' discrepancy needs to be addressed.

The study has demonstrated that although decision-making frameworks and projections are useful tools to the adaptation of existing commercial built assets, they need to be synchronised with the short-term business planning and operational time line. The mitigation approach due to legislative and market-performance forces is quantified and gains a strategic importance, securing substantial financial support. In contrast to this, the adaptation agenda is taken into account only in the presence of an extreme event-related financial and functional loss. In this case, adaptation to climate change remains a reactive rather than a planned process and lacks legislative drivers. In the absence of legislative impetus and a standardised quantitative assessment method, it is difficult to derive short term or long-term targets according to which maintenance management interventions can be planned and strategic support can be achieved. In addition, the perception of built-asset managers about climate change risk is also found to be affecting the adaptation and mitigation agenda for built-asset maintenance and management.


A viscoelastic-plastic mathematical model was used to calculate the thermal stress and strain generated during the quenching of an infinite plate of high hardenability steel (835M30) in water, oil and Polymer. In the present work the mathematical model was modified to include the effect of initial stress on the rate of stress relaxation, which has been found to be significant. The data required to incorporate this effect into the calculations, were obtained experimentally during the-.present investigation. The effect of an applied stress during transformation (transformation plasticity) was also introduced in the mathematical model. The new model produced a marked improvement in the degree of agreement between the calculated and experimental residual stress, although the corresponding level of agreement in the case of residual strain was less good. In particular, strains after water quenching agreed less well with experiment as a consequence of the change in the model, although this drawback was not found after oil and polymer quenching. The new mathematical model was used to investigate the effect of martempering, section size and transformation temperature range on the generation of thermal stress and strain. A salt bath treatment above the Ms temperature followed by air cooling prevented residual stress development, but an oil quench after the salt bath treatment generated a level of residual stress at the end of cooling that was similar to that obtained after a direct oil quench from 850°C. Neither martempering process was successful in reducing residual strain.With.an increase in section size a reduction in the residual stress and an increase in the distortions was obtained after a water quench. However, after oil quenching the overall effect of section size on residual stress and strain was small. The effect of variation in the transformation temperature range was found to be small in the case of residual stress but an increase in Ms temperature produced a significant increase in the level of residual strain.


As the practice of healthcare becomes more technologically advanced, specialized and complex, there is an increasing demand for accountability. Certification demonstrates that an individual practitioner has maintained an acceptable, or perhaps more advanced level of qualifications, knowledge, and skills in a specialty practice area. Although certification for nurses has been available for decades a detailed evaluation of its meaning and implications for practice seems to be unavailable. The purpose of this qualitative study, conducted in Chicago, Illinois and also online, was to describe the perceptions of perioperative nurses as related to the impact that certification has had on both their professional practice and on a personal level. A qualitative survey design was used for this study. A purposive sample (N = 149) was obtained from board certified perioperative specialty nurses. Thematic analysis was used to explain the nurses' perceptions. Thematic analysis involves searching through data, in this case the narrative responses to the survey, to identify any recurrent patterns. A theme is a cluster of linked categories conveying similar meanings and usually emerges through the inductive analytic process. Themes that emerged from the data were categorized into two groups--impact on professional practice and personal impact. The primary theme that emerged related to respondents' personal perspectives was pride in accomplishment or achievement and increased confidence. The theme that described professional impact was credibility. Some themes, such as knowledge, confidence, and opportunity, overlapped both groups. The nurses' perceptions, as shared in this study, revealed positive aspects related to their achievement of certification in perioperative practice. The findings of this research expand knowledge about how certification impacts on the nurses' personal and professional experiences.


The set of DNS requests that an individual makes can provide a monitor
with a large amount of information about that individual. DNS Private
Exchange (DPRIVE) aims to deprive this actor of this information. This
document describes methods for measuring the performance of DNS
privacy mechanisms, particularly it provides methods for measuring
effectiveness in the face of pervasive monitoring as defined in
RFC7258. The document includes example evaluations for common use
cases.


Rich and correct metadata still plays a central role in accessing data sources in a semantic fashion. However, at the time of content creation it is often virtually impossible to foresee all possible uses of content and to provide all interesting index terms or categorizations. Therefore semantic retrieval techniques have to provide ways of allowing access to data via missing metadata, which is only created when needed, i.e. at query time. Since the creation of most such metadata will to some degree depend on human judgement (either how to create it in a meaningful way or by actually providing it), crowdsourcing techniques have recently raised attention. By incorporating human workers into the query execution process crowd-enabled databases already can facilitate intelligent, social capabilities like completing missing data at query time or performing cognitive operators. Typical examples are ranking tasks, evaluating the correctness of automatically extracted information, or judging the similarity or subjective appeal of images. But for really creating metadata for probably large data sources, the number of crowd-sourced mini-tasks to fill in missing metadata values may often be prohibitively large and the resulting data quality is doubtful. Instead of simple crowd-sourcing to obtain all values individually, in this talk utilizing user-generated data found in the Social Web is discussed By exploiting user ratings semantically meaningful perceptual spaces can be built, i.e. highlycompressed representations of opinions, impressions, and perceptions of large numbers of users. Then, using few training samples obtained by expert crowd sourcing, missing metadata can be extracted automatically from the perceptual space with high quality and at low costs. First experiments show that this approach actually can boost both performance and quality of crowd-enabled databases, while also providing the flexibility to expand schemas in a querydriven fashion. (Dagstuhl Seminar Series Nr 12171. 22. 27.04.12 G. Antoniou, O. Corcho, K. Aberer, E. Simperl, R. Studer: Semantic Data Management)


This book proposes a selection model for explaining cross-national variation in economic voting: Rational voters condition the economic vote on whether incumbents are responsible for economic outcomes, because this is the optimal way to identify and elect competent economic managers under conditions of uncertainty. This model explores how political and economic institutions alter the quality of the signal that the previous economy provides about the competence of candidates. The rational economic voter is also attentive to strategic cues regarding the responsibility of parties for economic outcomes and their electoral competitiveness. Theoretical propositions are derived, linking variation in economic and political institutions to variability in economic voting. The authors demonstrate that there is economic voting, and that it varies significantly across political contexts. The data consist of 165 election studies conducted in 19 different countries over a 20-year time period.


This cruise formed part of the continuing Atlantic Margin Environmental Survey (AMES). The objectives of the cruise were: a) to complete TOBI sidescan sonar survey of the "White Zone", begun on RRS Charles Darwin cruise 119C Leg A; b) to carry out photographic surveys of the "White Zone" to ground truth the sidescan sonar imagery and provide an assessment of the seabed fauna; and c) to carry out seabed sampling to further ground truth the sidescan sonar imagery and generate samples for the future analysis of selected environmental parameters (hydrocarbons, elements, particle size). The cruise was undertaken in three phases: I) seabed photography and sampling of the southern "White Zone" area (Wyville Thomson Ridge and adjacent areas of the Faroe Bank Channel and Faroe-Shetland Channel) surveyed by TOBI during RRS Charles Darwin cruise 119C Leg A; II) TOBI survey of the central Faroe-Shetland Channel, Faroe Slope and an area north of Shetland; and III) seabed photography and sampling of the areas surveyed by TOBI during phase two. The survey encountered a very wide

variety of seafloor environments, including areas of extremely dense gravel cover, areas of near complete cobble / rock / boulder cover, and a field of small barchan sand dunes on the floor (1,200m) of the Faroe Bank Channel. Two other notable TOBI features were also examined: 1. A new field of "Darwin Mounds", in the northern Rockall Trough, with associated colonies of the coral Lophelia pertusa and populations of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima. 2. Localised areas of complex seabed topography (mud diapirs), in the area north of

Shetland.


The long-tail distribution of the visual world poses great challenges for deep learning based classification models on how to handle the class imbalance problem. Existing solutions usually involve class-balancing strategies, e.g., by loss re-weighting, data re-sampling, or transfer learning from head- to tail-classes, but most of them adhere to the scheme of jointly learning representations and classifiers. In this work, we decouple the learning procedure into representation learning and classification, and systematically explore how different balancing strategies affect them for long-tailed recognition. The findings are surprising: (1) data imbalance might not be an issue in learning high-quality representations; (2) with representations learned with the simplest instance-balanced (natural) sampling, it is also possible to achieve strong long-tailed recognition ability by adjusting only the classifier. We conduct extensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art performance on common long-tailed benchmarks like ImageNet-LT, Places-LT and iNaturalist, showing that it is possible to outperform carefully designed losses, sampling strategies, even complex modules with memory, by using a straightforward approach that decouples representation and classification. Our code is available at this https URL.


This dissertation is a theoretical and evaluative study of the quality of global
governance, explored through case studies of four global institutions in the
environmental policy domain addressing forest management: the Forest
Stewardship Council, the ISO 14000 Series (Environmental Management
Systems), the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, and the
United Nations Forum on Forests. It examines the international
relations/international politics and comparative politics/public administration
literature concerning the institutional theory and practice of contemporary
governance, particularly the nature of democracy beyond the nation-state. Given
the ongoing evolution of global governance, it is important to determine whether
the institutions in which actors operate are sufficiently effective to address the
problems of the contemporary era. Previous methods of evaluating governance
quality have been based largely upon input/output legitimacy. Using a theoretical
framework based around 'new' governance, the thesis argues that contemporary
global governance is best understood as being built around 'participation as
structure' and 'deliberation as process', and that the more deliberative the
interactions within a given institution, the higher the quality of governance. The
method of analysis is built upon a new arrangement of the accepted attributes of
'good' governance, using a set of qualitative principles, criteria and indicators,
and applied to the structures and processes of governance. Recognising that
contemporary global institutions are manifold, the analytical framework also
locates the institutions typologically, determined by their source of authority
(state/non-state), democratic mode (aggregative/deliberative) and degree of
governance innovation (old/new). The research findings confirm that the more
deliberative the model of democratic interaction, the better the systems' quality of
governance and by extension, the more legitimate the institution.


Introduction Due to a high global incidence of unintended pregnancy, finding novel ways to increase the accessibility of contraceptive products and information is critical. One proposed strategy is to use the accessibility of community pharmacies and expand the role of pharmacists to deliver these services. This protocol reports the methods of a proposed scoping review of pharmacy-based initiatives for preventing unintended pregnancy. We intend to identify the range of interventions employed by pharmacists worldwide and their outcomes and aim to infer the value of task sharing for reducing certain access and equity barriers to contraception. Methods and analysis This protocol was developed with guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology for Scoping Reviews. Reporting is compliant with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocols. The scoping review will be reported according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Seven electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were systematically searched for relevant literature published in English from 2000, on 22 August 2019. Two authors will individually screen articles for eligibility in Covidence and data will be charted and reported using a tool developed for the purpose of this review. Ethics and dissemination Findings will be disseminated in publications and presentations with relevant stakeholders. Ethical approval is not required as we will be using data from publicly available literature sources. We will map available evidence across the breadth of studies that have been conducted and identify the effectiveness and acceptability of interventions.


Differentiated positioning becomes increasingly difficult when brand salience weakens. Also, the daily increase in new media use and information load has led to a social climate that regards advertising stimuli as spamming. For these reasons, the focus of advertisement-related communication is shifting from persuading consumers through the direct delivery of information to an emphasis on appealing to their emotions using matching stimuli to enhance persuasion effects. Recently, both academia and industry have increasingly shown an interest in storytelling methods that can generate positive emotional responses and attitude changes by arousing consumers` narrative processing. The purpose of storytelling is to elicit consumers` emotional experience to meet the objectives of advertisement producers. Therefore, the most important requirement for storytelling in advertising is that it evokes consumers` sympathy for the main character in the advertisement. This does not involve advertisements directly persuading consumers, but rather, consumers themselves finding an answer through the advertisement`s story. Thus, consumers have an indirect experience regarding the product features and usage through empathy with the advertisement`s main character. In this study, we took the results of a precedent study as the starting point, according to which consumers` emotional response can be altered depending on the storytelling methods adopted for storytelling ads. Previous studies have reported that drama-type and vignette-type storytelling methods have a considerably different impact on the emotional responses of advertising audiences, due to their different structural characteristics. Thus, this study aims to verify that emotional response aroused by different types of advertisement storytelling (drama ads vs. vignette ads) can be controlled by the socio-psychological gender difference of advertising audiences and that the interaction effects between the socio-psychological gender differences of the audience and the gender stereotype of emotions to which advertisements appeal can exert an influence on emotional responses to types of storytelling in advertising. To achieve this, an experiment was conducted employing a between-group design consisting of 2 (storytelling type: drama ads vs. vignette ads) x 2 (socio-psychological gender of the audience: masculinity vs. femininity) x 2 (advertising appeal emotion type: male stereotype emotion vs. female stereotype emotion). The experiment revealed that the femininity group displayed a strong and consistent empathy for drama ads regardless of whether the ads appealed to masculine or feminine emotions, whereas the masculinity group displayed a stronger empathy for drama ads appealing to the emotional types matching its own gender as well as for vignette ads. The theoretical contribution of this study is significant in that it sheds light on the controllability of the audiences` emotional responses to advertisement storytelling depending on their socio-psychological gender and gender stereotype of emotions appealed to through advertising. Specifically, its considerable practical contribution consists in easing unnecessary creative constraints by comprehensively analyzing essential advertising strategic factors such as the target consumers` gender and the objective of the advertisement, in contrast to the oversimplified view of previous studies that considered emotional responses to storytelling ads were determined by the different types of production techniques used. This study revealed that emotional response to advertisement storytelling varies depending on the target gender of and emotion type appealed to by the advertisement. This suggests that an understanding of the targeted gender is necessary prior to producing an advertisement and that in deciding on an advertisement storytelling type, strategic attention should be directed to the advertisement`s appeal concept or emotion type. Thus, it is safe to use drama-type storytelling that expresses masculine emotions (ex. fun, happy, encouraged) when the advertisement target, like Bacchus, includes both men and women. For brands and advertisements targeting only women (ex. female clothes), it is more effective to use a drama-type storytelling method that expresses feminine emotions (lovely, romantic, sad). The drama method can be still more effective than the vignette when women are the main target and a masculine concept-based creative is to be produced. However, when male consumers are targeted and the brand concept or advertisement concept is focused on feminine emotions (ex. romantic), vignette ads can more effectively induce empathy than drama ads.


The R-matrix method is used to calculate elastic and excitation cross sections of four low-lying electronic states of the OClO molecule, designated as the X 2B1, 1 2A1, 1 2B2 and 1 2A2 states. Eight states, four doublets and four quartets are included in the close-coupled expansion; these excited states are predicted to have vertical excitation energies in the range 2.956-8.206 eV, in fair agreement with published multireference configuration-interaction calculations. The experimentally determined excitation energy of the atmospherically most important state 1 2A2 centred around 3.5 eV is in excellent agreement with our value of 3.44 eV. A bound state of OClO- with 1A1 symmetry with an adiabatic electron affinity of 1.558 eV at equilibrium geometry of OClO is found. There is a shape resonance of 3B1 symmetry at 2.96 eV and higher-lying shape resonances of 1B1, 1A2 and 3A2 symmetries located at 5.75, 8.06 and 7.22 eV, respectively. All the resonances are rather broad. The resonance positions correlate well with the maxima found in dissociative electron attachment cross section measurements. Rotationally inelastic scattering cross sections are compared with experiment and there is very good agreement for electron energies above 100 meV. Excitation cross sections for three excited states are presented for electron-impact energies up to 10 eV. Total integral cross sections are also compared with experiment.


This article proposes a revision of the ancient literary sources concerning the conservation of fish stocks in the Black Sea region in Greek and Roman classical antiquity. The abundance and the chronological variety of the sources indicate, on the one hand, that these economic activities have always been part of people's lives, and on the other hand the quality of Pontic fish products, known from Britannia to Egypt . It seeks, in addition to spatial and chronological approach, the types of sources that are subject to submission, taking into account the category of recipients to whom they were addressed and the purpose for which they were written, in order to verify their typicality and credibility.


Holographic display is capable of reconstructing the whole optical wave field of a three-dimensional (3D) scene. It is the only one among all the 3D display techniques that can produce all the depth cues. With the development of computing technology and spatial light modulators, computer generated holograms (CGHs) can now be used to produce dynamic 3D images of synthetic objects. Computation holography becomes highly complicated and demanding when it is employed to produce real 3D images. Here we present a novel algorithm for generating a full parallax 3D CGH with occlusion effect, which is an important property of 3D perception, but has often been neglected in fully computed hologram synthesis. The ray casting technique, which is widely used in computer graphics, is introduced to handle the occlusion issue of CGH computation. Horizontally and vertically distributed rays are projected from each hologram sample to the 3D objects to obtain the complex amplitude distribution. The occlusion issue is handled by performing ray casting calculations to all the hologram samples. The proposed algorithm has no restriction on or approximation to the 3D objects, and hence it can produce reconstructed images with correct shading effect and no visible artifacts. Programmable graphics processing unit (GPU) is used to perform parallel calculation. This is made possible because each hologram sample belongs to an independent operation. To demonstrate the performance of our proposed algorithm, an optical experiment is performed to reconstruct the 3D scene by using a phase-only spatial light modulator. We can easily perceive the accommodation cue by focusing our eyes on different depths of the scene and the motion parallax cue with occlusion effect by moving our eyes around. The experiment result confirms that the CGHs produced by our algorithm can successfully reconstruct 3D images with all the depth cues.


Background: Musculoskeletal infections (MSKIs) are a common cause of pediatric hospitalization. Children affected by MSKI have highly variable hospital courses, which seem to depend on infection severity. Early stratification of infection severity would therefore help to maximize resource utilization and improve patient care. Currently, MSKIs are classified according to primary diagnoses such as osteomyelitis, pyomyositis, etc. These diagnoses, however, do not often occur in isolation and may differ widely in severity. On the basis of this, the authors propose a severity classification system that differentiates patients based on total infection burden and degree of dissemination. Methods: The authors developed a classification system with operational definitions for MSKI severity based on the degree of dissemination. The operational definitions were applied retrospectively to a cohort of 202 pediatric patients with MSKI from a tertiary care children's hospital over a 5-year period (2008 to 2013). Hospital outcomes data [length of stay (LOS), number of surgeries, positive blood cultures, duration of antibiotics, intensive care unit LOS, number of days with fever, and number of imaging studies] were collected from the electronic medical record and compared between groups. Results: Patients with greater infection dissemination were more likely to have worse hospital outcomes for LOS, number of surgeries performed, number of positive blood cultures, duration of antibiotics, intensive care unit LOS, number of days with fever, and number of imaging studies performed. Peak C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count, and temperature were also higher in patients with more disseminated infection. Conclusions: The severity classification system for pediatric MSKI defined in this study correlates with hospital outcomes and markers of inflammatory response. The advantage of this classification system is that it is applicable to different types of MSKI and represents a potentially complementary system to the previous practice of differentiating MSKI based on primary diagnosis. Early identification of disease severity in children with MSKI has the potential to enhance hospital outcomes through more efficient resource utilization and improved patient care. Level of Evidence: Level II—prognostic study.


Oxygen supply is an important parameter for the evaluation of tissue viability and therefore of high interest in cancer diagnosis and therapy. One promising approach to extract relevant information from imaging data is the determination of oxygen saturation by means of the BOLD-effect. Using a simple model of tissue structure allows to evaluate the susceptibility difference between tissue and venous blood, from which the blood oxygen extraction fraction can be derived indirectly. The present study tested the validity of two model assumptions needed for exact quantification: the independence of the results of both capillary diameter d and the relative blood volume lambda. For this purpose a phantom was built, which allows the evaluation of susceptibility differences depending on d (27 microm-238 microm) and lambda (3%-12%). In agreement with model assumptions, delta chi(lambda) was widely constant and independent of ) lambda. In contradiction to the model, delta chi (d) showed a positive slope (delta chi range: 0.35-0.57 ppm). The present study suggests that the simple model investigated here has shortcomings in the quantification of oxygen extraction due to insufficient model assumptions.


The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of an ESL teacher and her students in computer assisted classroom discussion (CACD) and how these experiences were shaped and constructed. Thirty-four ESL students from two listening/speaking classes and one writing class enrolled in the English Language Program (ELP) affiliated with a large university in the U.S. and a teacher of those three classes participated. Main data sources included interviews with every student and the teacher, observation notes both in the classroom and in the computer lab, and transcripts from the weekly CACD sessions.
The results of study indicated that (1) students' individual differences (typing skills, English language proficiency, pre-conceived beliefs about language learning and learning in general, and perceptions of the CACD); (2) the nature of the CACD (its fast pace, multiple voices and information overload, students' empowerment, and written communication); (3) the language of the CACD (off-topic and abusive messages, low quality language input, lack of error correction); and (4) social factors in the CACD (group dynamics, responsiveness, and tension among Korean participants) considerably influenced students' experiences in the CACD. In addition, four major themes that fashioned the teacher's experiences in the CACD were identified: (1) limited resources, (2) the teacher's goals for the class and the CACD, (3) the teacher's roles in implementing and participating in the CACD, and (4) the influence of the students' messages in the CACD.
Further analysis revealed that students' experiences in the CACD that were influenced by those numerous factors contributed considerably to constructing students' beliefs about the use of CACD in language learning. One of the critical factors that led many students to their negative beliefs about the use of CACD in language learning was their pre-conceived beliefs about language learning and learning in general.
It was also found that students' empowerment could be perceived differently according to their cultural backgrounds, and that some of the factors, especially abusive discourses, group dynamics, knowledge of relevant skills such as language proficiency and typing skills, and social identity of Korean students established power structures within CACD that sometimes constrained students' empowerment.


Based on a secondary analysis of representative survey data of journalists in Germany (n= 1536), this paper draws attention to two variables that are important when it comes to explain whether journalists accept questionable reporting practices, such as paying people to obtain information or using confidential government documents without permission. First, perceived role achievement is important, as journalists who do not feel able to achieve an active role tend to accept
questionable reporting practices more often. Second, however, this relationship is only true for journalists having a moderate tendency to the political left. Findings are explained by means of the theory of cognitive dissonance


Abstract. Measurements of OH, total peroxy radicals, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and various other trace gases were made at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg in June 2000. The data from an intensive measurement period characterised by high solar insolation (18-21 June) are analysed. The maximum midday OH concentration ranged between 4.5x106 molecules cm-3 and 7.4x106 molecules cm-3. The maximum total ROx (ROx =OH+RO+HO2+RO2) mixing ratio increased from about 55 pptv on 18 June to nearly 70 pptv on 20 and 21 June. A total of 64 NMHCs, including isoprene and monoterpenes, were measured every 1 to 6 hours. The oxidation rate of the NMHCs by OH was calculated and reached a total of over 14x106 molecules cm-3 s-1 on two days. A simple photostationary state balance model was used to simulate the ambient OH and peroxy radical concentrations with the measured data as input. This approach was able to reproduce the main features of the diurnal profiles of both OH and peroxy radicals. The balance equations were used to test the effect of the assumptions made in this model. The results proved to be most sensitive to assumptions about the impact of unmeasured volatile organic compounds (VOC), e.g. formaldehyde (HCHO), and about the partitioning between HO2 and RO2. The measured OH concentration and peroxy radical mixing ratios were reproduced well by assuming the presence of 3 ppbv HCHO as a proxy for oxygenated hydrocarbons, and a HO2/ RO2 ratio between 1:1 and 1:2. The most important source of OH, and conversely the greatest sink for peroxy radicals, was the recycling of HO2 radicals to OH. This reaction was responsible for the recycling of more than 45x106 molecules cm-3 s-1 on two days. The most important sink for OH, and the largest source of peroxy radicals, was the oxidation of NMHCs, in particular, of isoprene and the monoterpenes.


In this study, we utilized mouse hybridoma cell lines stably expressing ectopic wild-type Rad51, or the Rad51-K133A and Rad51-K133R catalytic mutants deficient in ATP binding and ATP hydrolysis, respectively, to investigate effects on the Rad51 nucleoprotein filament in vivo. Immunoprecipitation studies reveal interactions between ectopic wild-type Rad51, Rad51-K133A and Rad51-K133R and endogenous Rad51, Brca2 and p53 proteins. Importantly, the expression of Rad51-K133A and Rad51-K133R catalytic mutants (but not wild-type Rad51) targets endogenous Rad51, Brca2 and p53 proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. Expression of Rad51-K133R significantly reduces nascent DNA synthesis (3' polymerization) during homologous recombination (HR), but the effects of Rad51-K133A on 3' polymerization are considerably more severe. Provision of additional wild-type Rad51 in cell lines expressing Rad51-K133A or Rad51-K133R does not restore diminished levels of endogenous Brca2, Rad51 or p53, nor restore the deficiency in 3' polymerization. Cells expressing Rad51-K133A are also significantly reduced in their capacity to drive strand exchange through regions of heterology. Our results reveal an interesting mechanistic dichotomy in the way mutant Rad51-K133A and Rad51-K133R proteins influence 3' polymerization and provide novel insight into the mechanism of their dominant-negative phenotypes.


In recent years, the international debate on Transnational Human Rights Litigation has mainly focused, although not exclusively, on the role of the Alien Tort Claims Act as a way of redress for serious Human Rights violations. This Act has given the possibility of granting a restorative response to victims, in a Country, such as the United States of America, that assumes the defense of an interest of the International Community as a whole: to guarantee the access to justice to the aforesaid victims. The purpose of this article is to analyze the recent and restrictive position on this Act of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the Kiobel case, and especially when, as a means of modulating the limitative doctrine affirmed there, the Touch and Concern test was introduced. It has generated from its very inception a strong discussion amongst international legal scholars and also great repercussions concerning the practice of the U.S. District and Circuit Courts.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Services have variable practices for identifying and providing interventions for 'severe attachment problems' (disorganised attachment patterns and attachment disorders). Several government reports have highlighted the need for better parenting interventions in at-risk groups. This report was commissioned to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of parenting interventions for children with severe attachment problems (the main review). One supplementary review explored the evaluation of assessment tools and a second reviewed 10-year outcome data to better inform health economic aspects of the main review.

DATA SOURCES
A total of 29 electronic databases were searched with additional mechanisms for identifying a wide pool of references using the Cochrane methodology. Examples of databases searched include PsycINFO (1806 to January week 1, 2012), MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (1946 to December week 4, 2011) and EMBASE (1974 to week 1, 2012). Searches were carried out between 6 and 12 January 2012.

REVIEW METHODS
Papers identified were screened and data were extracted by two independent reviewers, with disagreements arbitrated by a third independent reviewer. Quality assessment tools were used, including quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies - version 2 and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parenting interventions was undertaken. A health economics analysis was conducted.

RESULTS
The initial search returned 10,167 citations. This yielded 29 RCTs in the main review of parenting interventions to improve attachment patterns, and one involving children with reactive attachment disorder. A meta-analysis of eight studies seeking to improve outcome in at-risk populations showed statistically significant improvement in disorganised attachment. The interventions saw less disorganised attachment at outcome than the control (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.65; p < 0.00001). Much of this focused around interventions improving maternal sensitivity, with or without video feedback. In our first supplementary review, 35 papers evaluated an attachment assessment tool demonstrating validity or psychometric data. Only five reported test-retest data. Twenty-six studies reported inter-rater reliability, with 24 reporting a level of 0.7 or above. Cronbach's alphas were reported in 12 studies for the comparative tests (11 with α > 0.7) and four studies for the reference tests (four with α > 0.7). Three carried out concurrent validity comparing the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) with another assessment tool. These had good sensitivity but poor specificity. The Disturbances of Attachment Interview had good sensitivity and specificity with the research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for attachment disorders. In our supplementary review of 10-year outcomes in cohorts using a baseline reference standard, two studies were found with disorganised attachment at baseline, with one finding raised psychopathology in adolescence. Budget impact analysis of costs was estimated because a decision model could not be justifiably populated. This, alongside other findings, informed research priorities.

LIMITATIONS
There are relatively few UK-based clinical trials. A 10-year follow-up, while necessary for our health economists for long-term sequelae, yielded a limited number of papers.

CONCLUSIONS
Maternal sensitivity interventions show good outcomes in at-risk populations, but require further research with complex children. The SSP and RDC for attachment disorders remain the reference standards for identification until more concurrent and predictive validity research is conducted. A birth cohort with sequential attachment measures and outcomes across different domains is recommended with further, methodologically sound randomised controlled intervention trials. The main area identified for future work was a need for good-quality RCTs in at-risk groups such as those entering foster care or adoption.

STUDY REGISTRATION
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001395.

FUNDING
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.


Objective This article describes the implementation of a population-based strategy to manage depression in a patient-centered medical home. Methods Review of English language articles; description of specific protocols utilized in one medical home. Results Depression is a global concern estimated to affect 350 million people worldwide. Rates for depression vary between the United States and the Peoples' Republic of China, possibly due to significant factors in under diagnosis of this often hidden burden. Given the comorbidity of depression with other health factors and the need for ongoing monitoring and care of this chronic illness, primary care has become a significant part of treatment interventions. Utilizing electronic health records (EHR), our strategy included the creation of a patient registry; selection of evidence-based treatment guidelines and protocols for point of care procedures; patient outreach and screening. Conclusion The population-based program we outline is highly dependent on the EHR and the flexibility of roles and responsibilities of clinical staff. Further investigation is warranted into improved patient outcomes.


Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106 km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already 'cultivated' and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades.


Trends and issues in ELT methods and methodology can be identified at two main levels. One is in terms of the theoretical pronouncements of the 'professional discourse', as manifested by major publications, conference presentations, and so on. This article therefore begins by briefly summarising some of the main developments of this kind from 1995 onwards. In this respect, the period as a whole is seen to be characterised primarily by increased advocacy of a 'communicating to learn' approach. However, methods and methodology also manifest themselves, of course, in the form of classroom practice. The attempt is therefore made to characterise developments since 1995 at this level as well, by comparing earlier and more recent editions of a unit from a widely-used international ELT coursebook. Their methodology is seen to have remained relatively similar, and, in contrast to the theoretical level, to have taken a mainly 'learning to communicate' orientation. The article concludes by also considering what form future developments in the area might take.


Scant research exists on the patterns of changes in older women's housing, and whether and when women transition into residential aged care (RAC). This study aimed to identify groups of women with different housing patterns (latent classes) over time, with a secondary aim to describe socio-demographic and health characteristics of women in each class. We analysed linked data for 9575 women born 1921–1926 from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH), Australian National Death Index, and Residential Aged Care (RAC) administrative records for the years 1999 through to 2011. Seven distinct housing patterns (classes) were identified over time. Four classes showed a stable pattern: living in a house for most surveys (47.0%), living in a house but with earlier death (13.7%), living in an apartment (12.8%), living in a retirement village (5.8%). One class showed a pattern of downsizing: moving from a house to retirement village (6.6%). Two patterns showed transition: from an apartment or retirement village, to RAC and death (7.8%), and from house to RAC (6.4%). This study provides new evidence about socio-demographic and health influences on housing patterns and entry into residential care in later life. These findings can inform policy and aged care planning for women in later life, by identifying patterns of transition into residential aged care, or alternatively, remaining in the community.


Abstract. During the last decade, the GRACE mission has provided valuable data for determining the mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Yet, discrepancies still exist in the published mass balance results, and comprehensive analyses on the sources of errors and discrepancies are lacking. Here, we present monthly mass changes together with trends derived from GRACE data at basin scale for both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and we assess the variability and errors for each of the possible sources of discrepancies, and we do this in an unprecedented systematic way, taking into account mass inference methods, data sets and background models. We find a very good agreement between the monthly mass change results derived from two independent methods, which represents a cross validation. For the monthly solutions, we find that most of the scatter is caused by the use of the two different data sets rather than the two different methods applied. Besides the well-known GIA trend uncertainty, we find that the geocenter motion and the recent de-aliasing corrections significantly impact the trends, with contributions of p13.2 Gt yr−1 and −20 Gt yr−1, respectively, for Antarctica, which is more affected by these than Greenland. We show differences between the use of release RL04 and the new RL05 and confirm a lower noise content in the new release. The overall scatter of the solutions well exceeds the uncertainties propagated from the data errors and the leakage (as done in the past); hence we calculate new sound total errors for the monthly solutions and the trends. We find that the scatter in the monthly solutions caused by applying different estimates of geocenter motion time series (degree-1 corrections) is significant – contributing with up to 40% of the total error. For the whole GRACE period (2003–2011) our trend estimate for Greenland is −234 ± 20 Gt yr−1 and −83 ± 36 Gt yr−1 for Antarctica (−111 ± 15 Gt yr−1 in the western part). We also find a clear (with respect to our errors) increase of mass loss in the last four years.


Some actions necessary to conserve wildlife sit uncomfortably with those who are concerned about the ethics of animal use. The statutory framework for protecting wildlife is outlined, and examples of the range of issues faced in a State wildlife management agency are discussed, including city wildlife, invasive species, hunting, keeping native animals, threatened species recovery and preparing for climate change. To maintain public support, government wildlife managers need to engage with the different views in society of how we should treat animals. Palmer (2010), a philosopher, identified three zones - wild, contact, and dependent - where humans and animals interact, each with a different ethical context and requiring a different response from people. Geography can determine attitude and destiny, particularly when an animal is foreign to a place, such as rabbits and foxes in Australia. The concept of native animals as pests and/or commercially valuable species has a complicated history, with shooting and commercial hunting reflecting the first half of the European history of wildlife management in Australia. No one word defines our optimal relationship to animals, be it minding, looking, liberation, protection or management, and this range of words identifies the scale of the test facing wildlife managers tasked with making decisions about wildlife. Sutherland et al. (2009) identified 100 questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity. I would expand this to 101, to encourage the active engagement of wildlife managers and conservation biologists in the debate on the ethics of animal use.


The use of mechanical or animal derived valves were replaced by tissue engineered (TE) heart valves (HV) due to their disadvantages such as thrombogenicity and poor durability. A tissue engineered valve, ideally mimics the function of a native valve by responding to growth and physiological forces. It is also believed to have a longer life span, close to that of a native valve. Knitting is a versatile technology, which offers a large spectrum of products and solutions that are of interest in heart valve (HV) tissue engineering (TE). One of the main advantages of knitting is its ability to construct complex geometries and structures by precisely assembling the yarn by forming interlocked loops to desired positions. Furthermore, the yarns can be knitted precisely to reproduce the anisotropic structure of native heart valve. The advantages of this industry has convinced scientists to employ knitting to construct a HV scaffold. Inherently the knitting yields strong but open structures that individually, cannot be used due to their permeability to the fluids. Several studies to seal the pores with hydrogels have shown poor results. Therefore, a new composite material, which is a combination of knitted structure with non-woven structure of the same polymer, namely bioresorbable polycaprolactone (PCL) has been developed and described in this study. The knitted layer provides the desired mechanical stability while nano-fibers of non–woven PCL seals the construct, and makes it functional. Moreover, both types of employed fibers (micro and nano) facilitate the oriented growth of cells in a longitudinal direction, and, consequently, enable the deposition of extra-cellular matrixes (ECM) proteins in an oriented manner. This technique, therefore, has a potential to provide a functional composite PCL-based scaffold. An additional task of this report is to describe example of interaction between tissue and textile engineers. To enable that interaction the textile engineers had to gain a basic understanding of structural and mechanical aspects of the heart valve and, tissue engineers needed to acquire the knowledge of tools and capacities that are essential in knitting technology.


This paper explores the Neoplatonic interpretations of the distinction that Plato draws at the beginning of Timaeus (27d6 – 28a1) between "that which always is and has no becoming" and "that which is always becoming but never is". Philoponus tries to show that Plato understands "generated" in the sense of "generated in time", rejecting Aristotle's incompatible thesis. According to the Neoplatonic reading that Plotinus inaugurates, and Porphyry subsequently develops, "generated" (γενητóν) has two meanings: to depend on a cause and to exist by virtue of a composition. The first meaning is assigned to the incorporeal – the Intelligence and the Soul; the two meanings, on the other hand, are assigned to bodies. The Intelligence depends on a cause, the One-Good; and, in turn, the Soul depends on a cause, the Intelligence. These realities are not in the range of "that which is always generated and never is", but of "that which always is and is not generated", i.e. of "that which is without ceasing to be".


Karen Knorr will be showing work from two series, Belgravia and Punks (jointly with Olivier Richon).

The exhibition will be displayed over three floors of Burberry's new show venue Old Sessions House in Clerkenwell, which will open to the public for the first time since its restoration. Featuring over 200 works, the exhibition will be divided into themes which reflect different aspects of the British way of life, whilst showcasing important bodies of work by individual photographers as discrete, monographic presentations, alongside the thematic displays.

'Here We Are' is curated by Christopher Bailey, President and Chief Creative Officer of Burberry; Lucy Kumara Moore, writer, curator and Director of Claire de Rouen; and co-curated by photographer, Alasdair McLellan.

'Here We Are' will feature over 200 works by over 30 photographers including: Bill Brandt, Brian Griffin, Chris Steele-Perkins, Dafydd Jones, Daniel Meadows, Homer Sykes, Ian Berry, Jane Bown, Janette Beckman, Jo Spence, Karen Knorr, Ken Russell, Mark Power, Martin Parr, Olivier Richon, Roger Mayne, Shirley Baker, Tessa Traeger, Tom Wood.


Well-characterized selective inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are invaluable chemical tools for testing biological and therapeutic hypotheses. Based on 4, a fragment-like inhibitor of type I PRMTs, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and explored three regions of this scaffold. The studies led to the discovery of a potent, selective, and cell-active dual inhibitor of PRMT4 and PRMT6, 17 (MS049). As compared to 4, 17 displayed much improved potency for PRMT4 and PRMT6 in both biochemical and cellular assays. It was selective for PRMT4 and PRMT6 over other PRMTs and a broad range of other epigenetic modifiers and nonepigenetic targets. We also developed 46 (MS049N), which was inactive in biochemical and cellular assays, as a negative control for chemical biology studies. Considering possible overlapping substrate specificity of PRMTs, 17 and 46 are valuable chemical tools for dissecting specific biological functions and dysregulation of PRMT4 and PRMT6 in health and disease.


Whilst greatly valuing recent critiques of the vertical imaginary and reified ontology of scale theory, and of the unfettered flows of network theory, this paper argues against a human geography without scale. Rather, four propositions from the theoretical literature are used to provide a tool-kit to analyse the practical negotiation of scalar politics, namely that: scales should be considered as effects, not frames or structures, of practice; networks must be considered in all their complexity and heterogeneity; networks can be interpreted as assemblages, the more re-territorialising and re-scaling of which can be analysed as apparatuses; and that state apparatuses work to create the impression that scales are ahistorical, hierarchical and possess exclusive relationships. These propositions are used to explore a period of history when the scalar constitution of the world was under intense debate. The interwar era saw the imperial scale clash with that of the international, both as ideological worldviews, and as a series of interacting institutions. The assemblages of internationalism and imperialism were embodied by apparatuses such as the League of Nations and the colonial Government of India respectively. Attempts by the League to encourage the abolition of tolerated brothels in an attempt to reduce the trafficking of women and children led to intense debates between the 1920s and 1930s over what constituted the legitimate domains of the international and the 'domestic'. These explicitly scalar debates were the product of League networks that threatened the scalar sovereignty of the Raj, most directly through the travelling Commission of Enquiry into Traffic in Women and Children in the East in 1931.


This paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding kinetic plasma turbulence as a generalized form of energy cascade in phase space. It is emphasized that conversion of turbulent energy into thermodynamic heat is only achievable in the presence of some (however small) degree of collisionality. The smallness of the collision rate is compensated for by the emergence of a small-scale structure in the velocity space. For gyrokinetic turbulence, a nonlinear perpendicular phase-mixing mechanism is identified and described as a turbulent cascade of entropy fluctuations simultaneously occurring at spatial scales smaller than the ion gyroscale and in velocity space. Scaling relations for the resulting fluctuation spectra are derived. An estimate for the collisional cutoff is provided. The importance of adequately modelling and resolving collisions in gyrokinetic simulations is briefly discussed, as well as the relevance of these results to understanding the dissipation-range turbulence in the solar wind and the electrostatic microturbulence in fusion plasmas.


High-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are developed. A concept of using multiple-emissive layer (EML) configuration is adopted. In this letter, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4(phenylphenolato)Al (BAlq) and 9,10-di(naphtha-2-yl)anthracene (ADN), which serve n- and p-type EMLs, respectively, are used to evaluate and demonstrate the multi-EML concept for blue OLEDs. The thickness effect of individual EMLs and the number of EMLs, e.g., triple and quadruple EML components, on the power efficiency of blue OLEDs are systematically investigated. To illustrate the point, the total thickness of the emissive region in different blue OLEDs are kept contact at 30 nm for comparison. The power efficiency of blue OLEDs with a quadruple EML structure of BAlq/ADN/BAlq/ADN is about 40% higher than that of blue OLEDs having a single EML unit. The Commission Internationale deL'eclairage color coordinates of multi-EML OLEDs have values that represent the average of blue emissions from individual EMLs of BAlq and ADN. OCIS codes: 230.0230, 230.3670, 230.0250, 160.4890, 130.5990. doi: 10.3788/COL201412.012302.


In rule-based artificial intelligence (AI) planning, expert, and learning systems, it is often the case that the left-hand-sides of the rules must be repeatedly compared to the contents of some working memory. Normally, the intent is to determine which rules are relevant to the current situation (i.e., to find the conflict set). A technique using a multilayer perceptron to solve the match phase problem for rule-based AI systems is presented. A syntax for premise formulas (i.e., the left-hand-sides of the rules) is defined, and working memory is specified. From this, it is shown how to construct a multilayer perceptron that finds all of the rules which can be executed for the current situation in working memory. The complexity of the constructed multilayer perceptron is derived in terms of the maximum number of nodes and the required number of layers. A method for reducing the number of layers to at most three is presented. >


"Once referred to derisively as "vanity publishing," self-published books are finally taking their place alongside more accepted indie categories such as music, film, and theater. Indie Publishing is a practical guide to creating and distributing printed books regardless of your background, skill set, or ambition. It will help you realize projects of every scale and budget, from the traditional bookmaking techniques used to create zines to the more ambitious industrial production methods required to produce hardcover books in large quantity." -- Publisher's website.


Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumors with variable clinical, morphologic, and phenotypic characteristics. Transcriptome analysis was performed on multiple FDC sarcomas and compared with other mesenchymal tumors, microdissected Castleman FDCs, and normal fibroblasts. Using unsupervised analysis, FDC sarcomas clustered with microdissected FDCs, distinct from other mesenchymal tumors and fibroblasts. The specific endowment of FDC-related gene expression programs in FDC sarcomas emerged by applying a gene signature of differentially expressed genes (n = 1,289) between microdissected FDCs and fibroblasts. Supervised analysis comparing FDC sarcomas with microdissected FDCs and other mesenchymal tumors identified 370 and 2,927 differentially expressed transcripts, respectively, and on the basis of pathway enrichment analysis ascribed to signal transduction, chromatin organization, and extracellular matrix organization programs. As the transcriptome of FDC sarcomas retained similarity with FDCs, the immune landscape of FDC sarcoma was investigated by applying the CIBERSORT algorithm to FDC sarcomas and non-FDC mesenchymal tumors and demonstrated that FDC sarcomas were enriched in T follicular helper (TFH) and T regulatory (TREG) cell populations, as confirmed in situ by immunohistochemistry. The enrichment in specific T-cell subsets prompted investigating the mRNA expression of the inhibitory immune receptor PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, which were found to be significantly upregulated in FDC sarcomas as compared with other mesenchymal tumors, a finding also confirmed in situ. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time the transcriptional relationship of FDC sarcomas with nonmalignant FDCs and their distinction from other mesenchymal tumors. Implications: The current study provides evidence of a peculiar immune microenvironment associated with FDC sarcomas that may have clinical utility. Mol Cancer Res; 15(5); 541–52. ©2017 AACR.


Salt Lake City is one of the most seismically hazardous urban areas in the interior of the United States because of its location along the Wasatch Fault, at the eastern edge of the highly faulted Basin and Range province.  Living in an active fault zone requires significant thought about how to protect people and objects when designing a new structure.  The Natural History Museum of Utah's new home, the Rio Tinto Center, was designed to fit into the hillside above the city, using a variety of engineering solutions such as soldier piles and shear walls to minimize the potential for collapse in a magnitude 7 or greater earthquake.  The architects also used the concept of seismic faulting as inspiration for the form and facade of this beautiful, award-winning building.
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BACKGROUND
Most individuals with mental disorders complain about the problems they experience with sleeping and waking. It is becoming evident that careful diagnosis of sleep-wake disorders is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Since the introduction of the DSM-IV, clinical scientific research has provided important new insights in this field.

AIM
To find out whether the new classification of sleep-wake disorders in DSM-5 is likely to improve the diagnosis of disorders of this type.

METHOD
We discuss the main changes in the DSM-5 classification of sleep- wake disorders, comparing the new version with the version in DSM-IV.

RESULTS
Because considerable attention is being given to the symptom-orientated and dimensional approach, the classification of sleep-wake disorders in the DSM-5 is closer to current psychiatric practice and it does justice to the current scientific insights into the dimensional nature of psychiatric disorders.

CONCLUSION
The DSM-5 classification takes recent scientific insights into account and might help to improve the diagnosis of sleep-wake disorders in psychiatry.


In Mobilizing Youth , Susan B. Whitney examines how youth moved to the forefront of French politics in the two decades following the First World War. In those years Communists and Catholics forged the most important youth movements in France. Focusing on the competing efforts of the two groups to mobilize the young and harness generational aspirations, Whitney traces the formative years of the Young Communists and the Young Christian Workers, including their female branches. She analyzes the ideologies of the movements, their major campaigns, their styles of political and religious engagement, and their approaches to male and female activism. As Whitney demonstrates, the recasting of gender roles lay at the heart of Catholic efforts and became crucial to Communist strategies in the mid-1930s.

Moving back and forth between the constantly shifting tactics devised to mobilize young people and the circumstances of their lives, Whitney gives special consideration to the context in which the youth movements operated and in which young people made choices. She traces the impact of the First World War on the young and on the formulation of generation-based political and religious identities, the role of work and leisure in young people's lives and political mobilization, the impact of the Depression, the importance of Soviet ideas and intervention in French Communist youth politics, and the state's attention to youth after the victory of France's Popular Front government in 1936. Mobilizing Youth concludes by inserting the era's youth activists and movements into the complicated events of the Second World War.


The present study aimed at evaluating if the three-item sense of coherence (SOC) scale developed by Lundberg and Nystrom Peck (1995) can be effectively used for research purpose in both nonclinical and clinical samples. To provide evidence that it represents adequately the measured construct we tested its validity in a nonclinical (N = 658) and clinical sample (N = 764 patients with cancer). Results obtained in the nonclinical sample attested a positive relation of SOC – as measured by the three-item SOC scale – with Antonovsky's 13-item and 29-item SOC scales (convergent validity), and with dispositional optimism, sense of mastery, anxiety, and depression symptoms (concurrent validity). Results obtained in the clinical sample confirmed the criterion validity of the scale attesting the positive role of SOC – as measured by the three-item SOC scale – on the person's capacity to respond to illness and treatment. The current study provides evidence that the three-item SOC scale is a valid, low-loading, and time-saving instrument for research purposes on large sample.


Due to its abundance and its relevance for life, water is one of, if not the, most important liquid(s). It has various anomalies and an extremely rich phase diagram. Not only are water, and correspondingly aqueous solutions, everywhere, but often they are found in confined conditions. Examples range from the biological, e.g. the cells in our own bodies, to technical applications of microfluidics and, of course, geological concerns.
There are many areas concerning the behavior of water that are still not completely understood. In many such cases molecular dynamics simulations can play an important role, since they not only allow us to experience a resolution on the molecular scale, but also the possibility to actualize gedanken experiments which are not accessible to current experimental methods - or if accessible, at the very least, highly expensive. Of course, it is of utmost importance concerning the insights from such simulations to be aware of their limitations, and to keep the influence of the inevitable simplifications any molecular dynamics model will necessitate in mind. It is necessary to distinguish between effects from geometrical parameters, finite-size effects, the characteristics of different water models, and their interaction potentials.
The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of pure water and aqueous solutions, namely isobutyric acid and water, in confinement, with special regard given to the roughness and structure of the confining interfaces. This is done by first considering hydrophobic and hydrophilic confining walls, with a planar geometry, and systematically varying wall roughness while keeping the same average potential, as well as observing the effects on different water models, namely TIP3P, TIP4P and TIP5P. We find that in the hydrophobic regime the smooth wall generally represents a usable abstraction of the atomically rough walls, while in the hydrophilic regime there are pronounced differences in structure and dynamics between all stages of wall roughness. For a small lattice constant, however, the smooth and the atomically rough wall still share a number of structural and dynamical similarities, although the degree of conformity depends on the water model. Out of the three water models, TIP5P water shows the largest degree of tetrahedral ordering and is often the one that is least perturbed by the presence of the wall.
Further, the behavior of SPC/E water in cylindrical confinement is investigated. In this case confinement refers to amorphous silica pores and amorphous ice pores as well as completely smooth pores, where the potential felt at a given distance from the pore wall is an averaged atomic potential. As compared to rough walls, smooth walls induce stronger distortions of water structure for both silica and ice confinements. On the other hand, unlike the smooth pores, the rough pores strongly slow down water dynamics at the pore wall. The slowdown vanishes when reducing the atomic charges in the wall, i.e. when varying the hydroaffinity, while keeping the surface topology intact, indicating that this is not a geometric effect, but rather due to the fact that the wall atoms provide a static energy landscape along the surface, e.g. fixed anchor-points for hydrogen bonds, to which the water molecules need to adapt, blocking channels for structural rearrangement. In the smooth pores, water dynamics can be faster than in the bulk liquid, not only at the pore wall, but also in the pore center. Changes in the tetrahedral order rather than in the local density are identified as the main cause for this change of the dynamical behavior in the center of smooth pores.
Lastly, molecular dynamics simulations of an isobutyric acid (iBA) and TIP3P water mixture in a cylindrical silica nanopore are performed for a number of different weight percentages. The general behavior is only weakly dependent on the mixture ratio and contrary to expectations the iBA features prominently at the pore wall, despite the hydrophilic nature of the pore. Increasing temperature triggers more thorough mixing of the components which, coupled with other results, suggests an energetic cause for the accretion of iBA at the pore boundary.


Military recommendations for dietary protein are based on the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g of protein per kilogram of body mass (BM) established by the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. The RDA is likely adequate for most military personnel, particularly when activity levels are low and energy intake is sufficient to maintain a healthy body weight. However, military recommendations account for periods of increased metabolic demand during training and real-world operations, especially those that produce an energy deficit. Under those conditions, protein requirements are higher (1.5-2.0 g/kg BM) in an attempt to attenuate the unavoidable loss of muscle mass that occurs during prolonged or repeated exposure to energy deficits. Whole foods are recommended as the primary method to consume more protein, although there are likely operational scenarios where whole foods are not available and consuming supplemental protein at effective, not excessive, doses (20-25 g or 0.25-0.3 g/kg BM per meal) is recommended. Despite these evidence-based, condition-specific recommendations, the necessity of protein supplements and the requirements and rationale for consuming higher-protein diets are often misunderstood, resulting in an overconsumption of dietary protein and unsubstantiated health-related concerns. This review will provide the basis of the US military dietary protein requirements and highlight common misconceptions associated with the amount and safety of protein in military diets.


Using a panel logit framework, the paper provides an estimate of the likelihood of a house price correction in 18 OECD countries. The analysis shows that a simple measure of the degree of house price overvaluation contains a lot of information about subsequent price reversals. Corrections are typically triggered by a sharp tightening in the monetary policy interest rate relative to a baseline level in each country. Two different assessments of the current and future baseline estimates of monetary policy interest rates are provided: a simple Taylor rule and one extracted from a term structure model. A case study based on the Canadian housing market is presented.


We know facts, but we also know how to do things. To know a fact is to know that a proposition is true. But does knowing how to ride a bike amount to knowledge of propositions? This is a challenging question and one that deeply divides the contemporary landscape. A Critical Introduction to Knowledge-How introduces, outlines, and critically evaluates various contemporary debates surrounding the nature of knowledge-how. Carter and Poston show that situating the debate over the nature of knowledge-how in other epistemological debates provides new ways to make progress. In particular, Carter and Poston explore the question of what knowledge-how involves, and how it might come apart from propositional knowledge, by engaging with key epistemological topics including epistemic luck, knowledge of language, epistemic value, virtue epistemology and social epistemology. New frontiers for research on knowledge-how are also explored relating to the internalism - externalism debate as well as embodied and extended knowledge.

A Critical Introduction to Knowledge-How provides an accessible introduction to the main arguments in this important and thriving debate suited for undergraduates and postgraduates in philosophy and related areas. A strength of the book is its methodology which places a premium on placing the debates over knowledge-how in a broader conversation over the nature of knowledge. This book also offers an opinionated discussion of various lines of argument which will be of interest to professional philosophers as well.


We study possible motivations for co-entrepenurial couples to start up a joint firm, using a sample of 1,069 Danish couples that established a joint enterprise between 2001 and 2010. We compare their pre-entry characteristics, firm performance and post-dissolution private and financial outcomes with a selected set of comparable firms and couples. We find evidence that couples often establish a business together because one spouse – most commonly the female – has limited outside opportunities in the labor market. However, the financial benefits for each of the spouses, and especially the female, are larger in co-entrepreneurial firms, both during the life of the business and post-dissolution. The start-up of co-entrepreneurial firms seems therefore a sound investment in the human capital of both spouses as well as in the reduction of income inequality in the household. We find no evidence of non-pecuniary benefits or costs of co-entrepreneurship