The Transatlantic slave trade radically impaired Africa's potential to develop economically and maintain its social and political stability. The arrival of Europeans on the West African Coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent triggered a continuous process of exploitation of Africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. This exploitative commerce influenced the African political and religious aristocracies, the warrior classes and the biracial elite, who made small gains from the slave trade, to participate in the oppression of their own people. The Europeans, on the other hand, greatly benefited from the Atlantic trade, since it allowed them to amass the raw materials that fed the Industrial Revolution to the detriment of African societies whose capacity to transform their modes of production into a viable entrepreneurial economy was severely halted.


ABSTRACT Early region 3 (E3) of group C human adenoviruses (Ad) encodes several inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytolysis, including an E3 14.7-kDa protein (E3-14.7K) and a heterodimer containing two polypeptides of 10.4 and 14.5 kDa. To understand the mechanism by which the viral proteins inhibit TNF-α functions, the E3-14.7K protein was used to screen a HeLa cell cDNA library to search for interacting proteins in the yeast two-hybrid system. A novel protein containing multiple leucine zipper domains without any significant homology with any known protein was identified and has been named FIP-2 (for 14.7K-interacting protein). FIP-2 interacted with E3-14.7K both in vitro and in vivo. It colocalized with Ad E3-14.7K in the cytoplasm, especially near the nuclear membrane, and caused redistribution of the viral protein. FIP-2 by itself does not cause cell death; however, it can reverse the protective effect of E3-14.7K on cell killing induced by overexpression of the intracellular domain of the 55-kDa TNF receptor or by RIP, a death protein involved in the TNF-α and Fas apoptosis pathways. Deletion analysis indicates that the reversal effect of FIP-2 depends on its interaction with E3-14.7K. Three major mRNA forms of FIP-2 have been detected in multiple human tissues, and expression of the transcripts was induced by TNF-α treatment in a time-dependent manner in two different cell lines. FIP-2 has consensus sequences for several potential posttranslational modifications. These data suggest that FIP-2 is one of the cellular targets for Ad E3-14.7K and that its mechanism of affecting cell death involves the TNF receptor, RIP, or a downstream molecule affected by either of these two molecules.


University-level chemistry courses that contain a substantial laboratory component have always been a challenge to deliver effectively through distance education. One potential solution is to enable students to carry out real experiments in the home environment. This not only raises issues of logistics and safety, but also the fundamental question of whether an equivalent learning experience could be achieved with home laboratories. Athabasca University, Canada's Open University, has been successfully running chemistry courses for almost three decades. The migration from traditional supervised laboratories to home-study experiments over a fifteen year period in a general chemistry course is described. The study examines both student experience using the home-study laboratory kits, and their actual performance. Student grades in the course essentially remain the same as supervised laboratories are replaced by home-study laboratories, while at the same time offering the student increased access and flexibility. Furthermore, bringing experiments into a home environment contextualizes learning for the student and raises the possibility of incorporating the home-study laboratory experience, in whole or in part, into traditional general chemistry course offered on campus. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2007, 8 (3), 337- 346.]


Introduction Libraries have responsibility to support their parent bodies in achieving their goals. University libraries are established to promote the learning, teaching, research and community development mandates of their parent institutions. Libraries, therefore, engage in the selection, acquisition, organization and dissemination of information and/of materials in furtherance of their patrons' ideals. Libraries today are challenged to shoulder more responsibilities in their bid to provide services to their users. The adoption of modern technologies; the sky-rocketing costs of library materials; and highly sophisticated patrons with their expectations of quality and efficient services are additional challenges that must be confronted. To function effectively therefore, libraries require different categories of staff with relevant qualifications and background. Professionals, paraprofessionals, and auxiliary staff are needed to operate the library system. It is the function of library managers to make the library function effectively. Management is not supposed to inhibit people's desire and determination to perform their duties. It should not be obstructive. Closing the 'commitment gap' which, according to Dell (1988), is the gap between an employee's actual and potential output is the business of managers. Management has the obligation to provide a very conducive and pleasant environment that will encourage all employees to develop and bring out their best skills. In fact, in principle, employees spend most part of their time daily at the workplace. There lies the enormity of management's responsibility. So, the impact of the work environment affects staff physiologically, sociologically and psychologically. In order to make staff more productive and not just stay at work doing nothing, management should continually design strategies that will gear people to work. These strategies are usually in form of motivation. Objectives of the Study This study focuses on the motivation and job satisfaction of mid-level staff of KDL. The study seeks to provide answers to questions on incentives, remunerations, interpersonal relationships, communications, job environment and satisfaction. "Mid-level staff" is defined, for the purpose of this study, as the senior staff working in the library. This includes academic librarians, library officers and other senior auxiliary staff. These cadres of staff are expected to have an understanding of different management styles and appreciate the essence of effective library administration. They should be able to show the perceptions of the different cadres of staff of the administration that will enable us make an assessment that will lead to the improvement of human resources management in the library. Literature Review Several studies had earlier been conducted on job satisfaction and motivation to work of librarians (Nzotta, 1987), library assistants (Thapisia, 1992) and junior staff (Alemna, 1992). According to Alemna (1992), library management is intended to be an activity and not a person or group of persons or something tangible. This means that management is supposed to be a set of principles or policies guiding the functioning of an organization. The complexity in the library setting now demands great expertise and professional proficiency. It is important to recognize that libraries, just like most organizations today are complex and interdependent for leadership to reside solely with those who, according to Euster (1990), are called 'designated leaders'. According to her, "Although the literature of management and librarianship are full of exhortations for more effective leadership, in today's interconnected and interdependent environment, it is patently impossible for any leader to be fully in control of the organization or to know what is necessary to run it. A principal point in discussion of non-hierarchical organization is that both leadership and expertise must reside at all levels of the organization. …


Low-volume roadbeds surfaced with aggregate and native soil are a vital part of many U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service road networks. A common concern of low-volume road designers is the development of ruts through short, unstable sections. Ruts reduce vehicle access, affect local streams and hydrology, increase maintenance, and accelerate the loss of surfacing material as a result of erosion. The Forest Service has investigated portable surfaces as an alternative to continuous maintenance, use of crushed aggregate, or reconstruction. This report discusses field evaluation to quantify the reduction of rut depth for two types of wood portable surfaces. Wood pallets and wood mats were installed on native soil timber harvest roads in northcentral Florida. On average, the surface reduced rut depth by 127 mm (5 in.).


This commentary accompanies a portfolio of compositions created between 2014 and 2018, and describes two methods of transformative mimicry: transcription (used in the notated compositions) and automatic singing (non-notated embodied research). Transformative mimicry refers to an act of imitating, translating, or tracing that is both transformative and generative. In the first method, transcription, recordings of live musical performances are used as borrowed source material, and the notate-able details of their vocality are translated (i.e., transformed through imprecise imitation) through the technology of notation. The second method, automatic singing, involves variations of vocalising-while-listening-whilemeditating (i.e., imprecise vocal mimicry), in an iterative process that generates a resonance between melodic sound and interoceptive experience. This commentary is organised around a close analysis of three sets of work. In the first set of compositions, referred to collectively as Research Phase 1, my role is that of a composer behind a desk. The making of the next set of work, in Research Phase 2, involves myself as an untrained singer on stage, or myself as an uncomposerly director creating music together with a performer–collaborator. I combine these two areas of practice in a short Research Phase 3, which opens the door to future explorations.

This commentary details not only my own practice as a composer but also its associated technique and knowledge, with the aim of addressing the following Guiding Questions: What knowledge structures my practice of notating? When notating is cast aside, which areas of technique replace it? How can one describe the knowledge that structures my non-notated or post-notated compositional practice? On this methodological foundation, I provide a detailed commentary on the processes involved in the making of each piece. I then compare and contrast the making-processes through an exploration of three musical tools common to each piece: the relationship between melody and repetition; the distillation of musical material and meditative focussing-in; and types of unison and togetherness (accord and attunement). The dissertation concludes by reflecting on the Guiding Questions, and by proposing areas for future development.


Abstract The April to May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) volcano was characterized by a large compositional variability of erupted products. To contribute to the understanding of the plumbing system dynamics of this volcano, we present new EMPA and LA-ICP-MS data on groundmass glasses of ash particles and minerals erupted between April 15 and 22. The occurrence of disequilibrium textures in minerals, such as resorption and inverse zoning, indicate that open system processes were involved in determining the observed compositional variability. The variation of major and trace element data of glasses corroborates this hypothesis indicating that mixing between magma batches with different compositions interacted throughout the whole duration of the eruption. In particular, the arrival of new basaltic magma into the plumbing system of the volcano destabilized and remobilized magma batches of trachyandesite and rhyolite compositions that, according to geophysical data, might have intruded as sills over the past 20 years beneath the Eyjafjallajökull edifice. Two mixing processes are envisaged to explain the time variation of the compositions recorded by the erupted tephra. The first occurred between basaltic and trachyandesitic end-members. The second occurred between trachyandesite and rhyolites. Least-squares modeling of major elements supports this hypothesis. Furthermore, investigation of compositional histograms of trace elements allows us to estimate the initial proportions of melts that interacted to generate the compositional variability triggered by mixing of trachyandesites and rhyolites.


Clinical mastitis cows normally produce clotted milk, thus the much higher somatic cells in milk are unable to be counted by routine FOSS machine. The proteins coded by CD4 and LAG-3 genes can bind to MHC class II molecules and play important roles in in-flammatory diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bovine CD4 and LAG-3 genes on the somatic cell counts (SCCs) of clinical mastitis Holstein cows. For the first time, we detected SCCs in the clinical mastitis cows' milk by Newman's staining combined with microscope assays. Our association results showed that two novel SNPs (T104010752C and C104028410T) identified in bovine CD4 and LAG-3 genes respectively were significantly associated with SCCs of clinical mastitis cows (P<0.05). In addition, the combined genotypic effect of both the SNPs was also significant on SCCs (P<0.05). The results imply that the novel SNPs in CD4 and LAG-3 genes could be significant candidate markers against Clinical mastitis in Holstein cattle.


Copper oxide is one of the promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high energy density. However, it suffers from fast capacity fading and poor cycling stability, arising from the low electrical conductivity and the large volume expansion. Herein, we report a chemical vapor and solid deposition strategy for the synthesis of hollow copper nanoparticles supported by N-doped carbon nanosheets (Cu@NCSs) on Cu foil, adopting a polymer as the carbon source. After successive oxidation treatment, the construction of hollow copper oxide encapsulated into N-doped carbon nanosheets (CuO@NCSs) is achieved. The resulting products are used as anodes in LIBs, displaying a capacity of 688 mA h g−1 over 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1 and a capacity of 400 mA h g−1 at 4 A g−1. Such superior performance is attributed to the well-designed hollow CuO@NCS composites, which not only improve the electrical conductivity of electrode materials, but also allow easy penetration of electrolyte and mitigation of the volume expansion.


Egocentric network analysis is used widely across the social sciences, especially in anthropology, political science, economics, and sociology, and is increasingly being employed in communications, informatics, and business and marketing studies. Egocentric network analysis requires a unique set of data collection and analysis skills that overlap only minimally with other network methodologies. However, until now there has been no single reference for conceptualizing, collecting, and analyzing egocentric social network data. This comprehensive guide to study design, data collection, and analysis brings together the state of knowledge with the most effective research tools to guide newcomers to this field. It is illustrated with many engaging examples and graphics and assumes no prior knowledge. Covering the entire research process in a logical sequence, from conceptualizing research questions to interpreting findings, this volume provides a solid foundation for researchers at any stage of their career to learn and apply ego network methods.


We propose a framework for engineering emergent behaviour that allows system specification and design at the level of the emergence. We discuss how rule migration can be used to translate this high-level multi-layer design (mobile process model) into an equivalent simple cellular automaton model with only local rules, and emergent behaviour. In this paper, we use a case study in 2D to illustrate the process involved in deriving a migration rule for a simple random walk. We discuss how the mobile process architecture may be extended to model systems with multiple levels of emergence.


Silicon Carbide (SiC) has received a special attention in the last decades thanks to its superior electrical, mechanical and chemical proprieties. SiC is mostly used for applications where Silicon is limited, becoming a proper material for both unipolar and bipolar power device able to work under high power, high frequency and high temperature conditions. Aside from the outstanding theoretical and practical advantages still to be proved in SiC devices, the need for more accurate models for the design and optimization of these devices, along with the development of integrated circuits (ICs) on SiC is indispensable for the further success of modern power electronics.
The design and development of SiC ICs has become a necessity since the high temperature operation of ICs is expected to enable important improvements in aerospace, automotive, energy production and other industrial systems. Due to the last impressive progresses in the manufacturing of high quality SiC substrates, the possibility of developing ICs applications is now feasible. SiC unipolar transistors, such as JFETs and MESFETs show a promising potential for digital ICs operating at high temperature and in harsh environments.
The reported ICs on SiC have been realized so far with either a small number of elements, or with a low integration density. Therefore, this work demonstrates that by means of our SiC MESFET technology, multi-stage digital ICs fabrication containing a large number of 4H-SiC devices is feasible, accomplishing some of the most important ICs requirements. The ultimate objective is the development of SiC digital building blocks by transferring the Si CMOS topologies, hence demonstrating that the ICs SiC technology can be an important competitor of the Si ICs technology especially in application fields in which high temperature, high switching speed and harsh environment operations are required.
The study starts with the current normally-on SiC MESFET CNM complete analysis of an already fabricated MESFET. It continues with the modeling and fabrication of a new planar-MESFET structure together with new epitaxial resistors specially suited for high temperature and high integration density. A novel device isolation technique never used on SiC before is approached. A fabrication process flow with three metal levels fully compatible with the CMOS technology is defined. An exhaustive experimental characterization at room and high temperature (300ºC) and Spice parameter extractions for both structures are performed.
In order to design digital ICs on SiC with the previously developed devices, the current available topologies for normally-on transistors are discussed. The circuits design using Spice modeling, the process technology, the fabrication and the testing of the 4H-SiC MESFET elementary logic gates library at high temperature and high frequencies are performed. The MESFET logic gates behavior up to 300ºC is analyzed. Finally, this library has allowed us implementing complex multi-stage logic circuits with three metal levels and a process flow fully compatible with a CMOS technology.
This study demonstrates that the development of important SiC digital blocks by transferring CMOS topologies (such as Master Slave Data Flip-Flop and Data-Reset Flip-Flop) is successfully achieved. Hence, demonstrating that our 4H-SiC MESFET technology enables the fabrication of mixed signal ICs capable to operate at high temperature (300ºC) and high frequencies (300kHz). We consider this study an important step ahead regarding the future ICs developments on SiC.
Finally, experimental irradiations were performed on W-Schotthy diodes and mesa-MESFET devices (with the same Schottky gate than the planar SiC MESFET) in order to study their radiation hardness stability. The good radiation endurance of SiC Schottky-gate devices is proven. It is expected that the new developed devices with the same W-Schottky gate, to have a similar behavior in radiation rich environments.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine whether anterior crowns fabricated using a computerized shade selection system (ShadeScan, Cynovad) (experimental procedure) match adjacent teeth better than anterior crowns fabricated using conventional shade prescription and clinical slides (control).

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Five subjects who required a crown to restore a maxillary central incisor were selected. Two metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated for each incisor, 1 using the experimental procedure and 1 using the control method. The shade selection method to be used for the first and second crowns was randomly assigned. The duration of each procedure was recorded. Each restoration was tried-in in a double-blind manner and evaluated for its level of match to adjacent teeth using modified Ryge criteria. Data were analyzed within each subject using descriptive statistics and paired t test (alpha = .05).

RESULTS
In 40% of the cases, both procedures did equally well. In the remaining 60% of the cases the control procedure (two-thirds of the cases) performed better than the experimental procedure (one-third of the cases). Duration of the control procedure was 14.4 +/- 5 minutes, and the experimental procedure was 5.2 +/- 3.3 minutes. A paired t test showed the difference was significant (P = .0045).

CONCLUSION
The level of matching of crowns fabricated with the ShadeScan system was not different from crowns fabricated using the control. However, it took significantly less time to record the shade with the ShadeScan system.


This paper presents the numerical simulations results carried out using Discrete Element Method (DEM) on the shear behaviour of Methane Hydrate (MH) bearing sand during monotonic loading. A series of triaxial drained loading tests were carried on an assembly of particles for different methane hydrate saturations. In this study, pore filling habit of MH leading to load bearing distribution is considered for the DEM simulation. In qualitative sense, the DEM simulations results have captured the shear behaviour of MH bearing sand similar to the laboratory experiments. The DEM simulation results highlights that MH saturation and confining pressure has a profound influence on the shear behaviour of hydrate bearing sand. Moreover, the evolution of micro-mechanical parameter (e.g. contact force) during shear loading has been presented and discussed. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication Details Vinod, J. S., Hyodo, M., Indraratna, B. & Kajiyama, S. (2015). Shear behaviour of methane hydrate bearing sand: DEM simulations. In K. Soga, K. Kumar, G. Biscontin & M. Kuo (Eds.), Geomechanics from Micro to Macro (pp. 355-359). United Kingdom: Taylor & francis Group. This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/4736


Histamine, ATP, and two microsomal Ca(2+)-pump inhibitors, thapsigargin (TG) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), were able to release intracellular Ca2+ in human leukaemic HL-60 cells. The relationships between the agonist-, TG- and CPA-sensitive Ca2+ pools were investigated with optimal concentrations of these agents in Ca(2+)-free medium. CPA failed to release Ca2+ after the Ca2+ stores of the cells had been discharged by TG, and vice versa, suggesting that the TG- and CPA-sensitive pools exactly overlap. Using this protocol, it was further demonstrated that (a) histamine and ATP utilized the same agonist-sensitive pool, and (b) the CPA- or TG-sensitive pool was much larger than, and encompassed, the agonist-sensitive pool. Although optimal (30 microM) CPA treatment for 5 min totally emptied the agonist-sensitive pool, a brief exposure (1.5 min) to a sub-optimal concentration (3 microM) of CPA, which only slightly raised cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), substantially enhanced subsequent agonist-induced Ca2+ release. Brief pretreatments with sub-optimal concentrations of TG or ionomycin, which caused moderate [Ca2+]i elevation, also caused such enhancement. However, sub-optimal CPA pretreatment had no prominent effect on Ca2+ release, which was InsP3-independent: it did not enhance TG-induced Ca2+ release, and only relatively weakly augmented ionomycin-induced Ca2+ release. Our results represent a novel observation showing that low concentrations of CPA, TG and ionomycin can potentiate subsequent agonist-induced Ca2+ release, and suggest that a 'priming' moderate [Ca2+]i elevation can amplify subsequent InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release in HL-60 cells.


The solution of the diffusion equation in multiple-scattering media with photon density wave is investigated and expanded in the theoretical aspect. A second-order analytical solution of diffusion equation in semi-infinite cube space with photon density was researched. Because the flux is the general measure value, and then the relationship between 'delta'mu'_(a) and flux Jn is obtained. The relative error between second-order and first-order was presented by the light flux. It is shown that second-order solution is more precise than first-order solution in computation, and the computational precision is more increase especially around the abnormal body. The more accurate theory contributes to the image reconstruction and the quality improvement in imaging.


Dr. Bill and Martha Sears draw from their vast professional and personal experience to provide autjoritative, comprehensive information on virtually every aspect of infant care. THE BABY BOOK focuses on the essential needs of babies - eating, sleeping, development, health and comfort- as it addresses the questions of greatest concerns to today's parents. The Sears present a practical, contemporary approach to parenting that reflects the way we live today. They offer the basic guidance and inspiration one needs to develop the parenting style that best suits carer and baby.


Modern biological analysis techniques supply scientists w i h various forms of data. One category of such data are the so called "expression data". These data i ndicate the quantities of biochemical compounds present in tissue samples. Recently, expression data can be generated at a high speed. T his leads in turn to amounts of data no longer analysable by classical statistical techniq ues. Systems biology is the new field that focuses on the modelling of this information. At present, various methods are used for this purpose. One su perordinate class of these methods is machine learning. Methods of this kind had, until rece ntly, predominantly been used for classification and prediction tasks. This neglected a power ful secondary benefit: the ability to induce interpretable models. Obtaining such models from data has become a key issue within Systems biology. Numerous approaches have been proposed and intensively discussed. T his thesis focuses on the examination and exploitation of one basic technique: decision trees. The concept of comparing sets of decision trees is developed . This method offers the possibility of identifying significant thresholds in continuo s or discrete valued attributes through their corresponding set of decision trees. Finding signific ant thresholds in attributes is a means of identifying states in living organisms. Knowing about st ates is an invaluable clue to the understanding of dynamic processes in organisms. Applied to m etabolite concentration data, the proposed method was able to identify states which were not fo und with conventional techniques for threshold extraction. A second approach exploits the structure of sets of decision trees for the discovery of combinatorial dependencies between attributes. Previous wor k on this issue has focused either on expensive computational methods or the interpretation of s ingle decision trees a very limited exploitation of the data. This has led to incomplete or unsta ble results. That is why a new method is developed that uses sets of decision trees to overcome the s limitations. Both the introduced methods are available as software tools . They can be applied consecutively or separately. That way they make up a package of analy tic tools that usefully supplement existing methods. By means of these tools, the newly introduced methods were ab le to confirm existing knowledge and to suggest interesting and new relationships betwe en m tabolites.


With the advent of the distinctive characterization of academic languagein the past thirty years, there has been atremendous move in the ESL/EFL world towardsformulatinginstructional techniques compatible with the very nature of these skills. As a part of this effort, this studyinvestigated the role of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach in achieving these ends. The study employed quantitative tools of data collection and analysis. The results of the study revealed that this pedagogical approach is far better than the conventional approaches to the teaching of English for academic purposes (EAP) in raising academic genre awareness and thereby fostering writing skills indispensable for learners in the learning context at hand.Also,the procedures followed in the investigationprocess have important pedagogical implications in targeting academiclanguage skills across various disciplines.


Hypoxia damages multiple organ systems especially those with high oxygen utilization such as the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to compare the neuropathological and neuropsychological effects of hypoxia in patients with either carbon monoxide poisoning or obstructive sleep apnea. Neuroimaging revealed evidence of hippocampal atrophy in both groups although a linear relationship between hippocampal volume and memory performance was found only for selected tests and only in the sleep apnea group. There were significant correlations between hippocampal volume and performance on measures related to nonverbal/information processing. Generalized brain atrophy, as measured by the ventricle-to-brain ratio, was more common in the carbon monoxide poisoning group compared to the obstructive sleep apnea group. Performance on tests of executive function improved following treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment in the obstructive sleep apnea group but there was no associated improvement in general intellectual function. We found that hypoxia due to obstructive sleep apnea and CO poisoning resulted in neuropathological changes and neuropsychological impairments. The observed group differences provide insight into the relationship between etiology of injury, neuropathological changes, and clinical presentation. (JINS, 2004, 10, 60–71.)


The Biology of Claudin 6 (Cldn6) in the Developing Mouse Lung Felix Ruben Jimenez Rondan Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy The tight junctions (TJ), which are located in the apical region between epithelial and endothelial cells, regulate the paracellular diffusion of ions and small molecules and play an important role in maintaining cell polarity, cell-cell integrity, and permeability. In the lung, epithelial cells are attached by TJ structures. They provide a permeable barrier and cell communication. The loss of barrier integrity, which is maintained by the expression of claudins (Cldn), results in cellular permibilization and leads to paracellular diffusion of solutes and harmful molecules. There are 27 known Cldn homologous members in mice and human. Cldn6 is mostly expressed in embryonic stem cells and associated with the programing of epithelial cells during embryo development and lung morphogenesis. In order to test the hypothesis that Cldn6 expression affects lung morphogenesis, we analyzed the expression pattern of Cldn6 during lung ontogenesis to examine cell-specific expression pattern of Cldn6 during each embryonic period in the mouse lung. Also, we assessed transcriptional regulators and control mechanisms that precisely influence Cldn6 expression in pulmonary cells. We discovered that Cldn6 is an important tight junctional component expressed by pulmonary epithelium during lung organogenesis. We found that normal down-regulation of Cldn6 as development proceeds influences differentiation associated with the transition between the embryonic to the alveolar stage. Conditional gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments in animal models prove to be the most beneficial tool in deciphering the impact of Cldn in organ formation and maintenance. We generated a conditional transgenic mouse that provides the opportunity to genetically up-regulate Cldn6 in distal lung. Our transgenic mouse showed a delay in lung development and down-regulation of transcriptional factors. Cldn6 is both temporally and spatially controlled in the developing lung and its regulation is maintained by critical transcriptional control networks managed by TTF-1. In lung diseases, altered Cldn expression leads to diseases such as COPD, asthma, and ARDS. The tight junctional proteins are differentially regulated by tobacco smoke exposure and Cldn6 is potentially involved as neighboring epithelial cells respond to tobacco smoke. We exposed adult mice to controlled doses of second hand smoke during four days and A-549 cells to 10% CSE for 6 hours. We discovered that mice lungs respond by down-regulating Cldn6 basal levels and impair barrier function. These results reveal that midgestational up-regulation of Cldn6 and its marked downregulation as development proceeds illustrate the notion that Cldn6 function is important during early programming stages of lung morphogenesis.


Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sample efficient approach to automatically tune the hyperparameters of machine learning models. In practice, one frequently has to solve similar hyperparameter tuning problems sequentially. For example, one might have to tune a type of neural network learned across a series of different classification problems. Recent work on multi-task BO exploits knowledge gained from previous tuning tasks to speed up a new tuning task. However, previous approaches do not account for the fact that BO is a sequential decision making procedure. Hence, there is in general a mismatch between the number of evaluations collected in the current tuning task compared to the number of evaluations accumulated in all previously completed tasks. In this work, we enable multi-task BO to compensate for this mismatch, such that the transfer learning procedure is able to handle different data regimes in a principled way. We propose a new multi-task BO method that learns a set of ordered, non-linear basis functions of increasing complexity via nested drop-out and automatic relevance determination. Experiments on a variety of hyperparameter tuning problems show that our method improves the sample ef


With clear instructions and plenty of screenshots, this book provides all the support and guidance you will need as you begin to convert your teaching to Moodle. Step-by-step tutorials use real-world examples to show you how to convert to Moodle in the most efficient and effective ways possible. Moodle Course Conversion carefully illustrates how Moodle can be used to teach content and ideas and clearly demonstrates the advantages of doing so. This book is for teachers, tutors, and lecturers who already have a large body of teaching material and want to use Moodle to enhance their course, rather than developing brand new ones. You won't need experience with Moodle, but will need teacher-access to a ready-installed Moodle site. Teachers with some experience of Moodle, who want to focus on incorporating existing course materials will also find this book very useful


After 9/11, it has become increasingly obvious that strongly held religious convictions about the end of the world cannot be dismissed as the predictable consequences of deprivation, as several generations of social scientists once claimed. Instead, it has become clear that these kinds of ideas, having a life of their own, may establish discourses which may have extraordinary capacity to cross nations, cultures and even religions, encouraging passive withdrawal from the political world as well as inspiring vicious and sometimes violent attempts at its subjugation, underwriting the 'war on terror' as well as inspiring some of those intent on the destruction of the United States. This article describes one of Ireland's most successful intellectual exports - a very specific system of thinking about the end of the world known as 'dispensational premillennialism.' And the article will move from county Wicklow in the early nineteenth century, through the troubled decades of American modernity, to arrive, perhaps unexpectedly, in the company of the soldiers of radical jihad. The article will describe the globalisation of a discourse which was developed among the most privileged classes of early nineteenth- century Ireland to explain and justify their attempt to withdraw from the world, and which has more recently been used to explain and justify sometimes violent political interventions by both prominent Western politicians and some of the most marginalised and desperate inhabitants of our broken twenty-first century.


This working paper first introduces tradable permits as part of an overall taxonomy of economic instruments in the field of water management. In this context, three fundamentally different fields of application of tradable permits systems relating to water are presented: tradable water abstraction rights, tradable rights to water-based resources and tradable water pollution rights. Next, the authors provide literature-based empirical evidence of the international experience with tradable water pollution rights (case studies from the US and Australia). Subsequently, the authors make recommendations on the strategies for introducing tradable water pollution rights, they point out opportunities and limitations and discuss the instrument's compatibility in instrument 'mixes'. This paper was prepared for the Technical Seminar on the Feasibility of the Application of Tradable Water Permits for Water Management in Chile, organized by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the National Environment Commission of Chile (CONAMA) held on November 13th and 14th, 2003 in Santiago de Chile.


1. In a prospective study involving fifty-six women, measurements of body weight, urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium and plasma sodium, potassium and renin activity were made in mid-pregnancy and at 36 weeks. The effect of sodium restriction and sodium ldading on these measurements was assessed in midpregnancy. 2. Mean plasma renin activity was significantly high'er throughout pregnancy than the normal non-pregnant mean level. It was lower at 36 weeks than in mid-pregnancy in those whose pregnancy was normal but not in those who developed toxaemia of pregnancy between 38 and 40 weeks. In mid-pregnancy in both groups sodium depletion was significantly elevated but sodium loading did not significantly depress plasma renin activity. 3. The urinary potassium/creatinine ratio in mid-pregnancy and urinary sodium/ creatinine ratio at 36 weeks were lower in those who subsequently developed toxaemia, raising the possibility of a functional renal lesion which antedates the morphologically recognizable lesion of late pregnancy. 4. In a second study involving sixty-six different women plasma angiotensin I1 levels between 6 and 40 weeks of pregnancy were mostly above the normal range, and highest levels were observed between 21 and 30 weeks. The plasma angiotensin I1 levels in six women with established toxaemia of pregnancy were not significantly different from the levels in nine women with normal pregnancy of the same duration. 5. While the renal glomerular lesion is presumably the major determinant in the development of toxaemia, the heightened activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is appropriate to normal pregnancy is an aggravating factor in established toxaemia, and may predispose to its development in some patients by failing to decline in late pregnancy.


The possibilities of the operando XAS analysis of catalysts will be presented on two case
studies of promising new catalytic materials: alkali doped nano-dispersed copper oxide
clusters on ordered mesoporous SiO2, which is highly active and selective towards propylene
epoxidation [1], and nanoshaped CuO/CeO2 catalysts used in N2O decomposition reaction [2].
Operando Cu K-edge and Ce L3-edge XANES and EXAFS analysis was performed during
catalytic reactions under controlled reaction conditions in a tubular reactor filled with
protective He atmosphere at 1 bar. The spectra were measured before the reaction at RT, then
during heating, and during catalytic reaction at 400 °C under controlled atmosphere.
Operando XANES analysis is used to monitor the changes in valence states and local
symmetries of Cu and Ce cations in the catalysts. A partial reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and Cu0
and Ce4+ to Ce3+ species was detected during catalyst activation, and re-oxidation during
catalytic reaction. Different dynamics of reaching a quasi-steady oxidation state were revealed
as the tested catalysts approached the quasi-steady state after 300 min of reaction.
Operando EXAFS spectra are used to precisely determine local structure of Cu and Ce
cations, to identify structural characteristics and changes of Cu and Ce species during the
catalytic reactions. In this way, the active site in the catalytic reactions can be identified and
the mechanism of the reaction clarified.
The results of operando XAS analyses are crucial to guide further material modification, to
obtain more effective catalyst, and material which is more resistant to inhibiting effects that
cause catalyst deactivation during catalytic reaction.


Lesions in the transcribed strand block transcription and are repaired more rapidly than lesions in the nontranscribed (coding) strand which do not block RNA polymerase (RNAP). It has been shown previously that in Escherichia coli the mfd (mutation frequency decline) gene is necessary for strand-specific repair. The mfd gene was cloned and sequenced and the Mfd protein was purified and used to reconstitute strand-specific repair in a completely defined system. The mfd gene encodes a protein of 130 kilodaltons and contains the so-called "helicase motifs," a leucine zipper motif, and regions of sequence similarity to UvrB and RecG proteins. The Mfd protein was shown to (i) displace RNAP stalled at a lesion in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent reaction, (ii) bind to the damage recognition subunit (UvrA) of the excision nuclease, and (iii) stimulate the repair of the transcribed strand only when transcription is taking place. Thus, Mfd appears to target the transcribed strand for repair by recognizing a stalled RNAP and actively recruiting the repair enzyme to the transcription blocking lesion as it dissociates the stalled RNAP.


AIM
To describe and evaluate the structures and processes involved in a hospital in the Nursing Home programme.

BACKGROUND
Older Australians are the largest consumers of healthcare, and as a result of the ageing process are at risk of developing hospital acquired iatrogenic complications. Hospital admission avoidance programmes that aim to provide care for patients in their own environment include Hospital in the Home and, more recently, Hospital in the Nursing Home.

METHODS
In 2006, a qualitative evaluation of a nurse-led Hospital in the Nursing Home programme using semi-structured interviews with 19 stakeholders was undertaken. Data analysis involved using start codes and content analysis.

FINDINGS
Effective referral and communication strategies were important for Hospital in the Nursing Home implementation. Furthermore, the Hospital in the Nursing Home programme manager had acute care and community experience and worked in an advanced practice role. These elements were integral to the programme's operation.

CONCLUSION
As the population ages, reducing hospital admissions for aged-care facility residents has the potential to improve patient outcomes. A structurally and procedurally sound programme is a key element in achieving this aim.


The most complete and detailed book devoted to middle range theories, Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research and Practice examines theories and their applications in clinical nursing research and practice. In this fourth edition, the authors address this dynamic relationship with increased emphasis on applications of middle range theories to practice. Every theory chapter includes examples of the theory's use in research, its application to clinical practice and critical thinking exercises. The authors provide expert advice on selecting the appropriate theory for a nursing research project and developing the critical thinking skills needed to critique theories. Each theory chapter provides the nurse researcher with a variety of tools. Key features of the fourth edition include: *Brand New chapters exploring concepts surrounding Spiritual Care and Change*Definitions of key terms to define concepts and aid the reader's understanding of theories*New research studies, diagrams, and explanations to illustrate "The Arc"-how theory improves practice and practice shapes theory*Research Application boxes provide a sample application of the theory modeling the research process*Critical Thinking Exercises at the end of each chapter engage readers in analysis of the theory and its application to practice*Examples of Theory in Practice tables link research to evidence-based practice


The thesis addresses the research question of how and why 'prosuming' solar electricity evolves over time among social housing tenants with prepayment electricity meters. Prosuming is defined here as deliberately and simultaneously producing and consuming electricity. Using a Social Practice Theory framework, but also drawing on Time Geography, the thesis analyses prosuming as a 'project'. This sees practitioners actively mobilising elements (meanings, skills and materials), as well as orchestrating everyday practices (i.e. laundering) and projects (i.e. 'Feeding-the-Meter') to the fulfilment of the 'Prosuming Project'.

The overarching research question is 'How and why does prosuming evolve for social housing tenants?' It is broken down into four subsidiary questions that firstly explore the period before solar panels, and then the three stages of the conceptual framework – adopting, establishing and committing to the Prosuming Project. The first question addresses how householders use electricity prior to the installation of solar panels and the role of two dominant, institutional projects: 'Feeding-the-Meter' and 'Maintaining-Family-Routines'. The second examines the features of households adopting the Prosuming Project and the need to mobilise a set of elements from within a disadvantaged community. The third question explores how the establishing phase is marked by a complex relationship between prosuming as a secondary, voluntary project, and dominant, institutional projects. This is further complicated by the role of synchronicity, finances and the changing seasons. The final subsidiary question addresses how a new vocabulary of elements emerged as practitioners committed to the Prosuming Project. It also explores how a transformative process took place both for practitioner and the project itself. In particular it highlights the potential in the future for an Energy Shifting, Storing, Saving & Sharing Project that could support disadvantaged communities, if they are able to mobilise the elements they need to perform it.

This case study adopts an in-depth qualitative methodology, using serial interviews with seven households over ten months. The interviewees live in an area that in 2010 was ranked as within the ten percent most deprived in England, according to English Indices of Deprivation (DCLG). The research explores their lived experiences of the Prosuming Project. The thesis focuses on UK social housing tenants, who appear not to have been researched before for a prosuming-focused, social practice study. This enables the research to contribute to topical debates about future sustainability 'winners and losers'. It also offers methodological insights into undertaking a social practice case study that explored lived experiences within a disadvantaged community. The research provides insights into how prosuming solar power is embedded in everyday life: how it can be supported or challenged by dominant projects, and how householders may develop new skills, understandings, and ways of using materials as their performances evolve.


In this evocative and thrilling epic novel, fifteen-year-old Yoshi Kobayashi, child of Japan's New Empire, daughter of an ardent expansionist and a mother with a haunting past, is on her way home on a March night when American bombers shower her city with napalm-an attack that leaves one hundred thousand dead within hours and half the city in ashen ruins. In the days that follow, Yoshi's old life will blur beyond recognition, leading her to a new world marked by destruction and shaped by those considered the enemy: Cam, a downed bomber pilot taken prisoner by the Imperial Japanese Army; Anton, a gifted architect who helped modernize Tokyo's prewar skyline but is now charged with destroying it; and Billy, an Occupation soldier who arrives in the blackened city with a dark secret of his own. Directly or indirectly, each will shape Yoshi's journey as she seeks safety, love, and redemption.


Demand-side frequency control can complement traditional generator controls to maintain the stability of large electric systems in the face of rising uncertainty and variability associated with renewable energy resources. This paper presents a hierarchical frequency-based load control strategy that uses a supervisor to flexibly adjust control gains that a population of end-use loads respond to in a decentralized manner to help meet the NERC BAL-003-1 frequency response standard at both the area level and interconnection level. The load model is calibrated and used to model populations of frequency-responsive water heaters in a PowerWorld simulation of the U.S. Western Interconnection (WECC). The proposed design is implemented and demonstrated on physical water heaters in a laboratory setting. A significant fraction of the required frequency response in the WECC could be supplied by electric water heaters alone at penetration levels of less than 15%, while contributing to NERC requirements at the interconnection and area levels.


Summer 1967. The turmoil of the Maoist revolution is spilling over into Hong Kong and causing unrest as war rages in neighboring Vietnam. "White Ghost Girls" is the story of Frankie and Kate, two American sisters living in a foreign land in a chaotic time. With their war-photographer father off in Vietnam, Marianne, their beautiful but remote mother, keeps the family close by. Although bound by a closeness of living overseas, the sisters could not be more different Frankie pulses with curiosity and risk, while Kate is all eyes and ears. Marianne spends her days painting watercolors of the lush surroundings, leaving the girls largely unsupervised, while their Chinese nanny, Ah Bing, does her best to look after them. One day in a village market, they decide to explore with tragic results. In Alice Greenway s exquisite gem of a novel, two girls tumble into their teenage years against an extraordinary backdrop both sensuous and dangerous. This astonishing literary debut is a tale of sacrifice and solidarity that gleams with the kind of intense, complicated love that only exists between sisters."


Ovarian
  cancer
   is
   the
  deadliest
  of
  all
   the
  gynecologic
   cancers
  and
   is
  known for
  its
  clinically
  occult
  and
  asymptomatic
  dissemination.

  Most
  ovarian
  malignancies are
   diagnosed
   in
   the
   late
   stages
   of
   the
   disease
   and
   the
   high
   rate
   of
   morbidity
   is thought
   to
   be
   due,
   in
   part,
   to
   the
   highly
  metastatic
   nature
   of
   ovarian
   carcinomas. Cancer
  metastasis
  relies
  on
  the
  ability
  of
  cells
  to
  migrate
  away
  from
  primary
  tumors and
   invade
   into
   target
   tissues.
   Though
   the
   processes
   are
   distinct,
   cancer
   cell invasion
  relies
  on
  the
  underlying
  migration
  machinery
  to
  invade
  target
  tissues. Cell
   migration
   requires
   the
   coordinated
   effort
   of
   numerous
   spatially-‐ regulated
   signaling
   pathways
   to
   extend
   protrusions,
   create
   new
   adhesion
   to
   the extracellular
  matrix
  (ECM),
  translocate
  the
  cell
  body,
  and
  retract
  the
  cell
  rear.

  Our lab
   established
   that
   the
   cyclic-‐AMP
  dependent
   protein
   kinase
   (PKA)
   subunits
   and enzymatic
   activity
   are
   localized
   to
   the
   leading
   edge
   of
   migrating
   cells
   and
   are required
   for
   cell
   movement.
   Despite
   the
   importance
   for
   localized
   PKA
   activity during
  migration,
   neither
   its
   role
   in
   regulating
   ovarian
   cancer
   cell
   migration
   and invasion
   nor
   the
   mechanism
   regulating
   leading
   edge
   PKA
   activity
   have
   been determined.

   Therefore,
   the
   objective
   of
   the
   enclosed
   work
   is
   to
   establish
   the importance
  of
  PKA
  for
  ovarian
  cancer
  cell
  migration
  and
  invasion
  and
  elucidate
  the molecular
  mechanism
  governing
  leading
  edge
  PKA. We
  demonstrate,
  for
  the
  first
  time,
  that
  PKA
  activity
  and
  spatial
  distribution through
   A-‐Kinase
   Anchoring
   Proteins
   (AKAPs)
   is
   required
   for
   efficient
   ovarian cancer
   cell
   migration
   and
   invasion.

   Additionally,
   we
   establish
   a
   link
   between leading
   edge
   PKA
   activity
   in
   migrating
   cells,
   ECM
   stiffness
   sensing,
   and
   the regulation
  of
  both
  PKA
  activity
  and
  ovarian
  cancer
  cell
  migration
  by
  the
  mechanical properties
  of
   the
  ECM.

  Finally,
  we
  delineate
   the
  hierarchy
  of
   cell
   signaling
  events that
   regulate
   leading
   edge
   PKA
   activity
   and,
   ultimately,
   the
   migration
   of
   ovarian cancer
  cells.

  Specifically,
  we
  elucidate
  a
  mechanism
  where
  leading
  edge
  protrusions elicit
   leading
  edge
   calcium
  currents
   through
   the
   stretch-‐activated
   calcium
  channel (SACC)
  of
   the
   transient
   receptor
  potential
   family
  melastatin
  7
   (TrpM7)
   to
  activate actomyosin
  contractility.
  ECM
  substrate
  stiffness
  is
  sensed
  by
  the
  actin
  cytoskeleton and
  actomyosin
   contractility,
  which,
   in
   turn,
   regulates
   the
   activity
   of
   leading
   edge PKA
  activity.
  These
  studies
  have
  provided
  important
  insights
  into
  the
  regulation
  of cell
  migration
  and
  have
  established
  the
  mechanistic
  details
  governing
  leading
  edge PKA
  activity
  during
  cell
  migration.


Three sets of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) leaf samples were collected on three dates: 20 April 2002, 23 July 2002 and 11 September 2001, respectively, for Sudden Oak Death (SOD) monitoring. A total of 330 reflectance spectra (covering 350–2500 nm) were measured in the laboratory with a spectrometer FieldSpec®Pro FR. In this study, the spectroscopic determination of two health levels of the coast live oak leaves was conducted with three sets of spectra. We used two classification algorithms, penalized discriminant analysis (PDA) and cross correlogram spectral matching (CCSM), to discriminate between healthy and infected leaves. PDA is a penalized version of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and can considerably improve upon LDA when it is used for the classification of hyperspectral data. CCSM is practised by calculating the cross correlation at different match positions between a test spectrum and a reference spectrum and is also suitable for processing hyperspectral data. Experimental results indicate that the PDA algorithm has produced approximately 7% higher classification accuracy than that produced by CCSM, although both are very low. When considering the subtle spectral differentiation between the two health levels, the PDA method demonstrates its promise as a classification algorithm. Among the 10 spectral ranges, some higher accuracies are produced by both PDA and CCSM algorithms from those spectral range wavelengths shorter than 1400 nm. Based on our experimental results and previous work, existing remote sensing techniques, including airborne or satellite remote sensing and multispectral or hyperspectral remote sensing, may be insufficient for monitoring and mapping disease-induced moisture stress in trees that have recently been infected. However, this does not preclude the analysis of trees at very advanced stages of disease, and the practicality of finding trees within weeks of dying is considerable.


Project-based climate cooperation between industrial and developing countries was first proposed in the early l990s, then under the name of joint implementation (JI). Once in place, this cooperation could lead to a high amount of additional financial flows to developing countries. Nevertheless, many NGOs and developing country representatives were in the beginning very sceptical about JI and feared it would not take into account development priorities and create new kinds of dependence on industrial countries. Therefore, developing countries and industrial countries found a compromise at the Berlin Conference of the Parties as they instituted a pilot phase for so-called activities implemented jointly (AIJ), lasting until 2000. Since the Kyoto conference, this concept has existed in the design of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows for industrialised countries to account this kind of activity against their national obligation for greenhouse gas reduction, starting with the year 2000. This paper discusses the first results of the Au pilot phase in Costa Rica, which is important for the evaluation of the whole pilot phase and the ultimate design of the CDM. Costa Rica has a relatively high level of economic and social development and a well-developed environmental policy, which is comparable with that of advanced industrial countries. It is a major destination for ecotourism. Nevertheless, it suffers from high deforestation, owing to unequal distribution of land, migration and cattle ranching, as well as plantation expansion. Moreover, transport emissions are rising rapidly and fossil fuel electricity generation is growing, despite a target of phasing out fossil fuels completely. Building on a broad knowledge base, Costa Rica was able to develop creative environmental policy instruments, such as debt-for-nature swaps and biodiversity prospecting, to attract foreign funding. It is not surprising that it was the first developing country to open an JI office, develop project approval criteria and host AIJ pilot projects. The framework for climate cooperation in Costa Rica can therefore be described as ideal compared with the average developing country. After an initial phase of single bilateral projects, the Costa Rican JI office tried to attract more finance by offering certified tradeable carbon certificates resulting form these projects' offsets. Now it encourages multi-sector large-scale programmes, where transaction costs are lower and coherence with national development objectives can be more easily checked. It directs its attention to public Au investors, such as the Norwegian government. The renewable energy projects suffer from the unrealistic target to phase out fossil fuels by 2001, thus making AIJ projects in this sector impossible from that time. Therefore, the bulk of projects concern forestry, which is prone to uncertainties in the calculation of emission sequestration. A comparison of the estimates shows wildly differing assumptions in baselines and the sequestration capacity of the forests. Whether actual project implementation conforms to the plans remains to be seen. The analysis of the Costa Rican case shows that climate cooperation can be successful in the long run only if the industrial countries offer incentives for investors and if baseline determination rests on a clear set of guidelines. Human and technical capacities are necessary but not sufficient conditions for successful climate cooperation projects in developing countries. They seem to be able to prevent complete project failures, however, and can lead to innovative approaches. The issue will be settled only if large-scale investment is forthcoming under a regime of legally binding emission targets for industrial countries, as stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol. Then the ability to process a huge number of project proposals and to check whether they conform to development priorities, as well as monitoring and verification, becomes crucial.


Latent Semantic Web Service Discovery and Composition Framework (Winnie) Yuki B. Yick A web service is a software system that supports interoperable machine to machine interaction over the network. It can be any kind of service provided on the web that can exchange data between applications. In simple terms, it is any program that is callable by another program across the web using standard protocols. Web services are special because they are independent of the platform, programming language, and model design. In current web applications, more businesses are gradually publishing their business as services over the web. This growing number of web services available within an organization and on the Web raises a new and challenging search problem: locating desired web services. Searching for web services with conventional web search engines is insufficient in this context. In this paper, a latent semantic web service discovery and composition framework, addressing both discovery and composition of web services, is introduced. The framework provides a graphical visualization interface that can facilitate users in finding the desired web service beyond the general keyword search and provide composition of complex services if the service does not exist. A novel approach based on an information retrieval technique known as latent semantic analysis is applied to a large web service descriptions data set collection. By using co-occurrence patterns across the entire data collection, and then using those patterns to infer semantic relationships between documents, relevant results in a ranked order can be retrieved. Moreover, a back to front algorithm is applied to the composition search interface in order to compose complex web services in full or partial terms from pre-existing web services when the requested service does not exist. An experimental study conducted on a collection of 2525 publicity available web service shows improved performance to the technique applied in obtaining much better search results.


"Don't Call Me Urban!" is the definitive contemporary documentary record exploring one of the biggest social issues in the UK - drug use, the wayward behaviour of deprived black (and white) youth - it is the only book to give an unbiased account of a significant and vibrant genre of music in the UK and abroad. The pictures in Wheatley's book are unique and, unlike similar books, feature ordinary people as well as the people that have emerged to bring the ethos of grime to the attention of a wider audience. The book analyses the culture of 'grime' that has burst out of London's decaying council estates over the past decade. Although ostensibly a genre of 'urban' music, acknowledged as the UK's answer to hip hop, the author sees 'grime' as an era when youths living in these deprived areas began to behave in an increasingly wild manner. These youths live a fantasy largely based on an 'urban' culture imported from the USA, where Simon believes rap music has degenerated from an originally 'conscious' base to one in which the 'gangsta' strain that emerged in the late 1980s/early 1990s is now dominant. "Don't Call Me Urban!" seeks to cut through the perceived glamour of 'urban' culture and document through photographs and stories what is the social reality of being black (and white) on a London council estate, where 'urban' music - specifically the culture of emceeing and rapping - has become a standard means to communicate and express feeling. The mindless postcode warfare that now plagues London, and is the cause of many of the sudden wave of teenage killings, can be seen to have roots in the confrontation of east and west coast in US hip hop. Simon Wheatley gained the trust of the key figures in the grime culture who allowed him to capture the harsh elements of the street with its raw violence and drug taking as well as the more intimate and tender moments of their lives. The portraits and commentary from the likes of Dizee Rascal, Wiley, Jammer, Skepta, Fumin', P Money, Flirta D and Kano make "Don't Call Me Urban" a contemporary and definitive account of a culture which remains a frightening mystery to many. The title takes its inspiration from the objection to the word 'urban' that many black youths feel.


Considerable behavioural research has suggested that it is important to understand the constraining as well as the facilitating factors when attempting to identify potential clients for specific tourism activities. If personal constraints can be surmounted the likelihood of participation increases. In many tourism enterprises - skiing being no exception - the challenge is to transform latent or potential demand into existing demand. In this thesis, the author operationalised the negotiation of constraints model proposed by Crawford et al. (1991), who contend that there are psychological orientations, or intrapersonal constraints, that may prevent individuals from experiencing higher level constraints. Therefore individuals who are most affected by intrapersonal constraints would be less likely to want to participate in a given leisure activity and therefore would not reach higher order constraints (interpersonal and structural constraints). A qualitative approach was used to develop a detailed and accurate categorisation of constraints which was built into a questionnaire, that was subsequently completed by a sample of 412 individuals. Analysis of the qualitative research showed that non-skiers reported a high proportion of intrapersonal constraints, whereas skiers were constrained by time, family or economic factors. Analysis of the questionnaires indicated that these economic factors were the major constraints for both groups. When the two groups were compared, not surprisingly non-skiers reported higher constraints for all statements apart from their fear of lack of snow. T-tests indicated that their differences were significantly greater for intrapersonal constraints, supporting the findings from the qualitative research. Factor analysis with an oblique rotation of the 30 constraints resulted in the extraction of three factors which appeared to correspond to the three constraint typologies, suggesting that the model of leisure constraints is tenable. A metamodel was used to determine the possible existence of a hierarchy of constraints, and the results did not support the existing hierarchical model. Based on these results, the author proposed a new model of leisure constraints, showing a relationship between existing participants and intrapersonal constraints, suggesting that there is a clear distinction between the intrapersonal constraints of participants and non-participants. The new model also indicates that if intrapersonal constraints are successfully negotiated, then structural constraints will be the next stage in the hierarchy, and not interpersonal constraints. The author suggests that consumer behaviour models of the future should acknowledge the constraints facing consumers in the decision making process, and should not assume that attitude leads directly to purchase. A new model of consumer behaviour in tourism is proposed. The author recommends that different marketing strategies should be implemented for both skiers and non-skiers to influence participation. Based on the primary and secondary research, a variety of strategies are proposed, each targeting a different segment of the market. The author concludes that the skiing industry needs more sophisticated marketing policies not just to maintain loyal skiers, but more importantly to attract new ones into the market.


Mammalian spermatozoa have complex structures. The structure-function relationship of sperm has been studied from various viewpoints. Accumulated evidence has shown that the sperm components undergo sequential changes from the beginning of spermatogenesis to the time of fertilization/embryogenesis. Structural analyses have been performed using various new techniques of light and electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry in combination with specific probes such as antibodies against sperm components. Recently developed gene-manipulation techniques have accelerated investigations on the events that govern the relationship between the structure and the molecular components of sperm. In addition, animal models with gene manipulations have been shown to exhibit various morphological and functional abnormalities that lead to infertility. In humans, male infertility is caused by a number of factors, such as the external environment, nutrient changes, genotoxins, and mutagens. These factors affect not only the development of germ cells during spermatogenesis but also the functions of mature sperm, ultimately impairing fertilization or embryogenesis. Typical phenotypes of impaired fertilization or embryogenesis are visible in conditions such as azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia, which have been induced in model animals with gene deficiencies. Thus, comparative analyses of the phenotypes expressed by model animals carrying gene mutations and infertile human patients should be performed in relation to the normal (natural) fertilization process to clarify the etiology of infertility due to male factors. In this book, I discuss the events that occur in the normal sperm head and govern the structure-function relationship from the time of spermatogenesis to that of fertilization or egg activation. In this regard, I describe dynamic modifications and maturation events that occur in sperm-head components and compare the outcomes of these events with the outcomes of their failure.


Lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) were investigated in 160 local and imported meat samples of cattle and buffalo collected from markets of Mosul city by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results reported mean concentrations of Pb and Cr in local cattle meat 0.136 and 0.0651 mg/kg, respectively significantly higher than that reported for Co 0.008 mg/kg. In imported cattle meat, results revealed that Pb presented a mean concentration 0.182 mg/kg significantly higher than that presented by Cr and Co 0.0486 and 0.00971 mg/kg, respectively. No significant differences in the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr and Co in local buffalo meat 0.119, 0.0896 and 0.017 mg/kg, respectively, and imported buffalo meat 0.106, 0.102 and 0.041 mg/kg, respectively, were reported. The results revealed that 20% from each local cattle and buffalo meat samples, 12.5% from imported cattle meat and 22.5% from imported buffalo meat were exceeded the maximum permissible limit for lead in meat. Concerning Cr, 2.5% from imported cattle meat and 5% from each of local and imported buffalo meat surpassed the maximum acceptable limit. Ultimately, results showed that all samples of local and imported cattle and buffalo meat were within the maximum allowable limits for Co. The hazards of metals on public health was discussed.


Primary production in coastal wetlands is conventionally thought to be limited by nitrogen. Although the plant community in a pristine salt marsh was found to be limited primarily by nitrogen availability, the bacterial community in the soil was limited by phosphorus. Hence, in coastal wetlands, and possibly in many ecosystems, individual trophic groups may respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus loading. Phosphorus limitation of the growth of nitrogen-transforming bacteria will affect carbon fixation, storage, and release mediated by plants, a result that has important implications for ecosystem management.


Did you ever try getting Businesspeople and IT to agree on the project scope for a new application? Or try getting Marketing and Sales to agree on the target audience? Or try bringing new team members up to speed on the hundreds of tables in your data warehouse - without them dozing off? Whether you are a businessperson or an IT professional, you can be the hero in each of these and hundreds of other scenarios by building a High-Level Data Model. The High-Level Data Model is a simplified view of our complex environment. It can be a powerful communication tool of the key concepts within our application development projects, business intelligence and master data management programs, and all enterprise and industry initiatives. Learn about the High-Level Data Model and master the techniques for building one, including a comprehensive ten-step approach and hands-on exercises to help you practice topics on your own. In this book, we review data modeling basics and explain why the core concepts stored in a high-level data model can have significant business impact on an organization. We explain the technical notation used for a data model and walk through some simple examples of building a high-level data model. We also describe how data models relate to other key initiatives you may have heard of or may be implementing in your organization. This book contains best practices for implementing a high-level data model, along with some easy-to-use templates and guidelines for a step-by-step approach. Each step will be illustrated using many examples based on actual projects we have worked on. One example spans an entire chapter and will allow you to practice building a high-level data model from beginning to end, and then compare your results to ours. Building a high-level data model following the ten step approach you will read about is a great way to ensure you will retain the new skills you learn in this book. As is the case in many disciplines, using the right tool for the right job is critical to the overall success of your high-level data model implementation. To help you in your tool selection process, there are several chapters dedicated to discussing what to look for in a high-level data modeling tool and a framework for choosing a data modeling tool, in general. This book concludes with a real-world case study that shows how an international energy company successfully used a high-level data model to streamline their information management practices and increase communication throughout the organization - between both businesspeople and IT. Data modeling is one of the under-exploited, and potentially very valuable, business capabilities that are often hidden away in an organizations Information Technology department. Data Modeling for the Business highlights both the resulting damage to business value, and the opportunities to make things better. As an easy-to follow and comprehensive guide on the why and how of data modeling, it also reminds us that a successful strategy for exploiting IT depends at least as much on the information as the technology. Chris Potts, Corporate IT Strategist and Author of fruITion: Creating the Ultimate Corporate Strategy for Information Technology The authors of Data Modeling for the Business do a masterful job at simply and clearly describing the art of using data models to communicate with business representatives and meet business needs. The book provides many valuable tools, analogies, and step-by-step methods for effective data modeling and is an important contribution in bridging the much needed connection between data modeling and realizing business requirements. Len Silverston, author of The Data Model Resource Book series


Children and young people's physical activity levels are of continuing concern as the health implications for both childhood, and later on in adulthood, may be determined by their experiences of physical activity whilst growing up. Although many attempts have been made to increase physical activity levels relatively little attention has been paid to listening to the voices of children and how they experience physical activity.
The publications presented in this thesis provide evidence to support the tenets of the Self Determination Theory. The results of three studies, one mixed methods, one literature review and one qualitative, have been synthesised to provide a commentary on why children engage with physical activity. The original contribution to knowledge arises from collecting evidence directly from active children and young people, many of whom have been previously disengaged from activity, to inform future interventions.
For some children and young people being forced to be active is counterproductive as they associate activity as something that has to be 'got out of the way' or avoided where possible. If they are to take part in physical activity of their own volition it has to be enjoyable. The results of this thesis suggest that for it to be enjoyable participation should be in activities of their choice, where they feel competent and in control of their bodies whilst exercising. They want to be supported by parents and peers and respected, but not controlled, by teachers/instructors. Many children, in particular obese children, lack confidence in both their physical and social skills to interact with their peers in a physical activity setting. In providing separate activity sessions, which promote a caring and supportive climate, and a variety of non-traditional activities, children can develop competencies which enable them to enjoy being physically active. These findings need to be understood and further developed if we are to engage all young people in physical activity.


A neuronal circuit for overeating Recurrent binge eating is a common eating disorder. Zhang and van den Pol investigated an understudied brain region known as the zona incerta and found that it projects inhibitory inputs to the paraventricular thalamus, a brain region involved in suppressing feeding behavior. In mice, acute stimulation of this inhibitory projection resulted within seconds in overeating, especially high-fat food. Chronic stimulation induced persistent overeating and weight gain. Science, this issue p. 853 The neuronal substrate for binge eating, particularly of high-fat food, is identified in mice. The neuronal substrate for binge eating, which can at times lead to obesity, is not clear. We find that optogenetic stimulation of mouse zona incerta (ZI) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons or their axonal projections to paraventricular thalamus (PVT) excitatory neurons immediately (in 2 to 3 seconds) evoked binge-like eating. Minimal intermittent stimulation led to body weight gain; ZI GABA neuron ablation reduced weight. ZI stimulation generated 35% of normal 24-hour food intake in just 10 minutes. The ZI cells were excited by food deprivation and the gut hunger signal ghrelin. In contrast, stimulation of excitatory axons from the parasubthalamic nucleus to PVT or direct stimulation of PVT glutamate neurons reduced food intake. These data suggest an unexpected robust orexigenic potential for the ZI GABA neurons.


The transmembrane protein Kekkon 1 (Kek1) has previously been shown to act in a negative feedback loop to downregulate the Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (DER) during oogenesis. We show that this protein plays a similar role in other DER-mediated developmental processes. Structure-function analysis reveals that the extracellular Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domains of Kek1 are critical for its function through direct association with DER, whereas its cytoplasmic domain is required for apical subcellular localization. In addition, the use of chimeric proteins between Kek1 extracellular and transmembrane domains fused to DER intracellular domain indicates that Kek1 forms an heterodimer with DER in vivo. To characterize more precisely the mechanism underlying the Kek1/DER interaction, we used mammalian ErbB/EGFR cell-based assays. We show that Kek1 is capable of physically interacting with each of the known members of the mammalian ErbB receptor family and that the Kek1/EGFR interaction inhibits growth factor binding, receptor autophosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation in response to EGF. Finally, in vivo experiments show that Kek1 expression potently suppresses the growth of mouse mammary tumor cells derived from aberrant ErbB receptors activation, but does not interfere with the growth of tumor cells derived from activated Ras. Our results underscore the possibility that Kek1 may be used experimentally to inhibit ErbB receptors and point to the possibility that, as yet uncharacterized, mammalian transmembrane LRR proteins might act as modulators of growth factor signalling.


Book description: Does gender play a role in library information technology (I.T.)? For the last several decades, libraries have primarily employed women, whereas I.T. jobs have been held by men. What happens when the two collide? What is it like for women who are working for I.T. within the library? Has it changed over time? Through personal narratives, we explore these questions and seek to provide guidance and encouragement for women and men in library I.T., those pursuing a career in library I.T., and library management. The collection includes themes concerning "Imposter Syndrome," career trajectory, experiences of sexism and biases. Contributors also offer advice and encouragement to those entering or already in the field. Examples of positions held by the contributors include managers, web developers, system librarians, programmers, and consultants. This collection provides a voice for women in library I.T., bringing their experiences from the margins to the center, and encouraging conversation for positive change.


This paper studies the dynamic generator model for spatialtemporal processes such as dynamic textures and action sequences in video data. In this model, each time frame of the video sequence is generated by a generator model, which is a non-linear transformation of a latent state vector, where the non-linear transformation is parametrized by a top-down neural network. The sequence of latent state vectors follows a non-linear auto-regressive model, where the state vector of the next frame is a non-linear transformation of the state vector of the current frame as well as an independent noise vector that provides randomness in the transition. The non-linear transformation of this transition model can be parametrized by a feedforward neural network. We show that this model can be learned by an alternating back-propagation through time algorithm that iteratively samples the noise vectors and updates the parameters in the transition model and the generator model. We show that our training method can learn realistic models for dynamic textures and action patterns.


We share the findings of the first shared task on improving robustness of Machine Translation (MT). The task provides a testbed representing challenges facing MT models deployed in the real world, and facilitates new approaches to improve models' robustness to noisy input and domain mismatch. We focus on two language pairs (English-French and English-Japanese), and the submitted systems are evaluated on a blind test set consisting of noisy comments on Reddit and professionally sourced translations. As a new task, we received 23 submissions by 11 participating teams from universities, companies, national labs, etc. All submitted systems achieved large improvements over baselines, with the best improvement having +22.33 BLEU. We evaluated submissions by both human judgment and automatic evaluation (BLEU), which shows high correlations (Pearson's r = 0.94 and 0.95). Furthermore, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the submitted systems using compare-mt, which revealed their salient differences in handling challenges in this task. Such analysis provides additional insights when there is occasional disagreement between human judgment and BLEU, e.g. systems better at producing colloquial expressions received higher score from human judgment.


This article examines coverage presented in a news campaign (on asylum and immigration) by the UK tabloid newspaper, the Sun, from January to March 2003. The analysis reveals how tabloid news conventions rather than government definitions or viewpoints frame the character and contours of campaign representations, an observation that throws into sharp relief existing explanations of elite influence or authority skew. This campaign includes portrayals of the asylum seeker as 'the other' or 'folk devil', a moral framework explaining their deviant intentions and actions, as well as expressions of irreverence at elite decision-making and government UK asylum policy. Yet it is striking how accompanying tabloid representations of public opinion, featuring consistently through the coverage, offer additional hostility to asylum policy and government officials. The article outlines how such representations and appeals garner the attention of the political elite and elite media on this occasion and develop new concerns over the newspaper's role in negatively shaping the asylum agenda.


A 360 W photovoltaic (PV) module power with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is analysed and presented. In this study, the control algorithm is improved and then applied to the PV system. The results obtained show the ability of this algorithm to control high powers when weather conditions are changing. Under the same conditions, this improved technique offers, in steady state regime, a high dynamic tracking, but also a very satisfactory stability and precision of the MPP which has an improvement of the overall conversion system.


Explaining the predictions of AI models is paramount in safety-critical applications, such as in legal or medical domains.
One form of explanation for a prediction is an extractive rationale, i.e., a subset of features of an instance that lead the model to give its prediction on the instance. Previous works on generating extractive rationales usually employ a two-phase model: a selector that selects the most important features (i.e., the rationale) followed by a predictor that makes the prediction based exclusively on the selected features. One disadvantage of these works is that the main signal for learning to select features comes from the comparison of the final answers given by the predictor and the ground-truth answers. In this work, we propose to squeeze more information from the predictor via an information calibration method. More precisely, we train two models jointly: one is a typical neural model that solves the task at hand in an accurate but black-box manner, and the other is a selector-predictor model that additionally produces a rationale for its prediction. The first model is used as a guide to the second model. We use an adversarial-based technique to calibrate the information extracted by the two models such that the difference between them is an indicator of the missed or over-selected features. In addition, for natural language tasks, we propose to use a language-model-based regularizer to encourage the extraction of fluent rationales. Experimental results on a sentiment analysis task as well as on three tasks from the legal domain show the effectiveness of our approach to rationale extraction.


This article explores three forms of violence in the prison place: physical, cultural and structural. The article starts with an overview of the nature and extent of 'everyday mundane' physical violence in the prison place, drawing upon but also problematising official data. The article then looks at 'cultures of violence' and the role that they perform in legitimating everyday prison violence. Finally, and most importantly, the article then explores the problem of 'structural violence' (Galtung, 1969) in the prison place and the manner in which it underscores both physical and cultural violence. Making connections with the 'deprivation' thesis in the sociology of imprisonment literature and detailing harmful outcomes and consequences of structural violence, such as the generation of suicidal ideation and self inflicted deaths in prison, the article concludes by arguing that prisons are inevitably places of violence, iatrogenic harm, injury and death. Any successful anti-violence and harm reduction strategies must therefore be directly tied to broader radical reductionist and penal abolitionist agendas.


Feeding experiments were performed with riverine Bosmina to investigate how their somatic growth rate responded to variation in food resources arising from changing hydrodynamic conditions. Experimental manipulations of food quality and quantity were achieved by diluting riverine suspended particulate matter (seston) to obtain a range of food concentrations and by amending natural seston with laboratory‐grown Scenedesmus acutus. Bosmina experienced food limitation during periods of elevated discharge when the P content of seston was low (C : P > 600). Growth rates covaried with body RNA and P contents (R2 = 0.96 and 0.86, respectively; content expressed as percent of dry mass), which is consistent with the hypothesis that high growth rates require increased allocation to P‐rich ribosomal RNA and that high seston C : P induces P limitation in riverine Bosmina. P limitation arises in riverine consumers of riverine seston when hydrologic conditions favor terrestrial inputs, sediment resuspension, and low algal productivity, thereby resulting in seston fractions dominated by P‐poor materials. During low discharge, riverine seston was P‐rich relative to Bosmina requirements and growth rates were decoupled from body P content. Bosmina RNA content was strongly and linearly related to growth over a broad range of resource conditions, suggesting that it may be a useful surrogate to assess dietary sufficiency of food resources in natural settings.


This research combines Institutional Rational Choice (IRC), the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, Return Migration theories and International Development theories to understand how Mozambican highly skilled returnees (HSRs) interact with the institutional setting in the home country while pursuing their personal aspirations. Institutional setting in this context is defined as a multidimensional space of factors – institutions plus other contextual variables co-evolving as they interact with each other – in which HSRs try to mobilize resources over time towards their personal goals. Factors impose elements of order in the context where they operate and they affect the distribution of preferences, incentives, and outcomes. A better understanding of the constraints imposed by these factors/elements on HSRs' behavior and personal satisfaction could allow governments in extremely poor countries to prioritize interventions for institutional development given the very scarce resources available. These could have the interacting effect of increasing the capacity of HSRs to contribute to the development of Mozambique and provide positive signals to encourage the return of more. Hypotheses around three specific types of factors/domains – professional opportunities, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and governmental programs – are tested. The methodology applied includes (i) a cross-sectional purposive sample of Mozambicans who recently returned to the home country after obtaining post-secondary education abroad; (ii) an online survey complemented with field interviews; (iii) bivariate analysis; and (iv) multivariate model-building. The results demonstrate, first, that all three factors tested are associated with retention. This finding supports the IAD's argument that new policies and institutions can be devised to shape those other contextual variables. Second, this research demonstrates that the degree of this association differs across factors. Third, this research shows that the degree of association also differs from urban to rural settings. Moreover, the first and foremost role played by professional-related elements in the capacity of a country to retain some of its most well-educated citizens supports previous literature. Further, this research supports the argument that institutional development precedes economic development. Also, this research does not find empirical support for the hypothesis that Mozambique has been facing increasing levels of the brain drain. In addition, the "Satisfaction With Life Scale" (SWLS) proxy for retention is among all proxies tested the one mostly associated with the institutional setting in the home country. More specifically, the possibility of achieving personal goals is the most important component of one's overall life satisfaction. Finally, there is a temporal "ripple-effect" on the association (i.e., progressively weaker) of the current institutional setting both with past and with the possibility of future behavior. The implications resulting from these findings are discussed and classified into three categories: (i) theoretical; (ii) practical for policy; and (iii) for future research.


Memory-based attacks represent one of the largest attack classes in the field. Many techniques have been proposed to protect applications from certain classes of memory exploits, however, few of these techniques can protect the application from all memory attacks, and few permit the protection of only select variables. We present a technique to provide protection of select variables from a wide range of memory attacks. The protection is provided by computing the dependence tree of each critical variable, ensuring that no variable or instruction within the dependence tree is corrupted by utilizing hardware supported runtime checks. We evaluate the technique using software based emulation.


Peripheral interaction, like ambient information systems (AIS), aims at leveraging the periphery of our attention. While ambient information systems address the perception of information, peripheral interaction targets lightweight interaction outside of the current focus of attention. A number of prototypes have demonstrated the value of peripheral interaction through long-term in-situ deployments. Such studies are particularly suited to evaluate peripheral interaction since they enable the integration of devices into daily routines and thereby move interaction to the periphery of attention. However, they do not lend themselves well to early design phases. In fact, the design process completely lacks early evaluation tools to assess design choices.
 We propose an experimental method for the evaluation of peripheral interaction in early design phases. In a case study, we compared the results of an eight-week in-situ deployment with the results of this laboratory experiment. We carried out the study with both, novice and experienced users (who had participated in the in-situ), and found comparable results across all three situations (in-situ and lab with novice and experienced users).


This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in population, Reproductive Health, Gender and Development of East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.


PURPOSE
Hypertensive encephalopathy, a complex of cerebral disorders, including headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and other neurologic manifestations, is associated with a variety of conditions in which blood pressure rises acutely. It has been ascribed to either exuberant vasospasm with ischemia/infarction or breakthrough of autoregulation with interstitial edema. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging may be used to determine whether the edema in hypertensive encephalopathy is cytotoxic or vasogenic in origin.

METHODS
Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed using the double line scan diffusion imaging technique on a 1.5-T MR system. Seven patients with hypertensive encephalopathy were imaged within 1 day of the onset of their symptoms. Apparent diffusion coefficient maps as well as low and high b-factor images were acquired. The two-tailed paired Student's t-test was used to compare the apparent diffusion coefficients in edematous brain regions with those of normal white matter.

RESULTS
In all cases the apparent diffusion coefficient maps of the patients with hypertensive encephalopathy showed increased signal in regions corresponding to increased T2 signal on standard T2-weighted (low b-factor) images. Quantitative apparent diffusion coefficients in regions of abnormal T2 signal were 1.36 +/- 0.14 microm2/ms, compared with 0.80 +/- 0.05 microm2/ms in normal white matter. Diffusion-weighted (high b-factor) T2-weighted images did not show abnormal signal.

CONCLUSION
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging shows that the edema in hypertensive encephalopathy is of vasogenic origin and does not represent ischemia or infarction. This finding may have therapeutic implications.