Stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) services have become more popular recently amid promise of providing immersive quality of experience (QoE) to the end-users with the help of binocular depth. However, various arisen artifacts in the stereoscopic 3D processing chain might cause discomfort and severely degrade the QoE. Unfortunately, although the causes and nature of artifacts have already been clearly understood, it is impossible to eliminate them under the limitation of current stereoscopic 3D techniques. Moreover, their influence on the perceived quality is not well understood. Therefore, quality evaluation, both subjective assessment and objective metrics are necessarily required to understand, measure and eventually, model and predict stereoscopic 3D quality. The thesis, composed of six collected papers, contributes to the field of quality evaluation of stereoscopic 3D media in three aspects.First, quality evaluation of crosstalk perception was carried out on polarized stereoscopic display, since crosstalk is one of the most annoying artifacts in the visualization stage of stereoscopic 3D and can not be completely eliminated with current technologies. The subjective tests were customized for crosstalk perception with varying independent parameters of scene content, camera baseline and crosstalk level. An objective metric for crosstalk perception was proposed based on our findings of perceptual attributes of crosstalk perception, namely shadow degree, separation distance and spatial position of crosstalk. Furthermore, subjective crosstalk assessment methodologies for auto-stereoscopic displays at arbitrary viewing positions in a specified area were suggested, supported by a head and score tracking system.Second, an extension from crosstalk perception to QoE in the simplest stereoscopic system was studied, since QoE is often referred as a criterion for the acceptance of any commercial system and determines the success or not. In addition to crosstalk level, other requisite factors of the simplest stereoscopic system, including scene content, camera baseline, screen size and viewing position have also been investigated on their relationships to perceptual attributes of QoE. Specifically, those perceptual attributes are crosstalk perception and depth enabled visual comfort, which cover the main negative and positive aspects of stereoscopic QoE. By modeling these perceptual attributes separately and combining them thereafter, an objective QoE metric was proposed.Third, further work on the complex stereoscopic system was carried out by investigating the influence of coding artifacts on QoE. This work was done under the context of assessing 3D video compression technologies within MPEG's effort for standardizing 3D video coding techniques. However, the subjective scores can be used as ground truth dataset for proposing QoE model which will incorporate both the coding artifacts and configurations of the complex stereoscopic system. Meanwhile, since the subjective tests were conducted at 13 laboratories around the world with large amount of test sessions, it can be used for defining a process for certification of subjective test campaigns.


Not only is housing a major activity, in which the building industry
plays a significant role in the life cycle of the housing stock, but
today, society is becoming aware of its dependency on scarce resources
particularly "energy constraints", rising construction costs and a growing
dissatisfaction with housing standards. It was against this background
that this study was carried out. This work :-
(i) traces the growth of G.B.'s housing stock
from 1800 to the present time and discusses briefly
those historical and current influences which have
shaped its condition, state and housing standards,
(ii) ." . included an extensive field impression survey to
identify how dwellings aged or decayed and failed
and how long did a differing construction form
survive.
(iii) discusses the fiscal life in the public sector
Which, may be taken as sixty years and questions how
long a dwelling lasts. What constitutes unfitness,
and housing standards are also briefly reviewed.
(iv) examines, what causes a dwelling to fail; modes
of failure, significance of failure patterns whether
attributed to twilight areas, physical ageing, economic,
functional or social obsolescence or technical
failures or due to other shortcomings, e.g, in
legislation, design, manufacture, tenure, construction
form or maintainance standards.
(v) considers the difficulties of differing decay rates,
mismatch of component/material life to a dwelling life
and their significance on survivorship are explored.
Likewise the problem of an ageing housing stock and
early failure of newer forms of construction are con-
sidered with Government policy favouring rehabilitation
in preference to clearance.
(vi) highlights the significance of the dwelling stock
state for the future and considers the mean stock age,
replacement and clearance years with the implication
of changing legislative and preference standards with a
stock which cannot be replaced in one's life time.
(vii) involved developing a methodology of both appraising
the housing stock's physical status and setting up
likely future levels of build and clearance to highlight
the problem of mismatched clearance to replacement year
ratios and the need to consider how will society
(xii)


Latin America was in turmoil in 2019. Protests raged across different countries and against governments across the political spectrum. Widespread mobilisation from social organisations denounced corruption and voiced various demands, including greater political freedoms, better and affordable public services, and the urgent need to tackle corruption and inequality. The region ended 2019 with unfulfilled promises of a new social pact, and the promise of intensified mobilisations. With COVID-19, Latin American governments can rewrite the region's socioeconomic path, engaging different actors and recovering the legitimacy of their social contracts above the interests of particular elites and international stakeholders. Failing to do so will be the preamble to period of instability and conflict.


A private ordering regime has developed within the payment card industry to define appropriate security practices and to monitor compliance by network participants. Market demands for trustworthy systems upon which consumers and merchants could rely provide incentives for security, which the card brands supplement by privately designed fines and sanctions imposed through contract. Although private ordering has functioned sufficiently well to make payment cards a trusted payment method, the system is not completely secure, as data security breaches continue to occur. This is not surprising, as complete security is not a feasible goal. Nevertheless, some have questioned whether additional government regulation is necessary to protect consumers. This article explores the effects of legal intervention, including disclosure laws, on this private ordering system. It questions whether additional government intervention would enhance consumer welfare, particularly when consumers will likely bear the ultimate costs of such regulation. It recommends modifications in breach disclosure laws to eliminate individual notice requirements in favor of public notices, which may reduce costs and enhance consumer welfare. It challenges "bounty" enforcement regimes, such as FACTA, which offer little marginal benefit to consumers while substantially raising costs. It identifies practical and political problems presented by the different capacities of large and small firms to bear security costs, which are not easily solved under either private ordering or legislative approaches. Finally, it offers a set of policy issues as a possible agenda for consideration by policy makers and researchers in this domain.


ABSTRACT In order to test the hypothesis that elevation may be an important factor accounting for the distribution of myxomycetes in tropical forests, this project was designed and conducted in Costa Rica. Two lower elevational belts were selected for this work due to their floristic and structural resemblance. Using the moist chamber technique, 40 different sites located in four different transects in two different macroclimatic regions were surveyed using three substrates during the rainy and the dry periods of 2014 and 2015. The results showed a lack of differences in diversity-based estimators according to elevation using different approaches and taxonomic differences were found across transects, collecting periods and substrates but not in relation with elevation either. Our results suggest that when increased spatial sampling resolution is implemented and floristic elements are common, elevation may not be as important of a factor in shaping the distribution of myxomycetes in tropical forests as commonly believed.


CONTEXT
Radial head subluxation, also known as 'pulled elbow', 'dislocated elbow' or 'nursemaid's elbow', is one of the most common upper extremity injuries in young children and a common reason to visit Emergency Department (ED).

AIM
To compare supination of the wrist followed by flexion of the elbow (the traditional reduction technique) to hyperpronation of the wrist in the reduction of radial head subluxations (nursemaid's elbow) maneuvers in children presented to ED with painful pronation and to determine which method is less painful by children.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
This prospective randomize study involved a consecutive sampling of children between 1-5 year old who were presented to the ED with painful pronation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The initial procedure was repeated if baseline functioning did not return 20 minutes after the initial reduction attempt. Failure of that technique 30 minutes after the initial reduction attempt resulted in a cross-over to the alternate method of reduction.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Datas were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 16.0. Mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, Chi-square test, and paired t test were used in the assessment of pain scores before and after reduction.

RESULTS
When pain scores before and after reduction were compared between groups to determine which technique is less painful by children, no significant difference was found between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
It was found that in the reduction of radial head subluxations, the hyperpronation technique is more effective in children who were presented to ED with painful pronation compared with supination-flexion. However, there was no significant difference between these techniques in terms of pain.


This paper provides an overview of recent insights from MARKAL modelling activities at ECN. The models have been extended in order to cover the full spectrum of Kyoto mechanisms. Using varying new modelling approaches the bottom-up MARKAL type models can provide new insights regarding optimal policy selection. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the methodology and the results. The analysis indicates that non-CO2 GHG emission reduction is a key strategy for emission reduction representing 25% of the total EU emission reduction in the Kyoto period. The bulk of non-CO2 emissions is not energy related. Agriculture is an important source of non-CO2 emissions. Forestry is important because of the carbon storage potential and the potential to produce renewable biomass. The calculations show that greenhouse gas emission reduction may well have significant impacts on agriculture and forestry on the long term. MARKAL studies for non-EU countries allow the identification of important strategies and key projects for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and JI (Joint Implementation). If all Kyoto mechanisms and all reduction potentials can be used, the global equilibrium price of emission credits can be as low as 3 – 8 EUR/t CO2 eq. (excluding transaction costs and assuming an ideal market). If non-CO2 reduction options are excluded the equilibrium price of CO2 emission credits will be significantly higher, up to 15 EUR/t. The inclusion of non-CO2 gases will increase the annual global trade in emission credits from 1.4 Gt to 1.9 Gt in the Kyoto period. Non-Annex 1 countries may benefit from important secondary benefits of GHG emission reduction, for example an improvement of the local air quality. However the relevance of such benefits should not be overestimated, given cheap competing end-of-pipe technologies. New insights regarding carbon leakage and regarding regional economic impacts of GHG policies have been obtained by applying a MARKAL type global sector model for the petrochemical industry. The calculations suggest that despite the significant technological potential to reduce emissions, an ambitious global GHG policy will affect the industry location selection in favour of developing countries. The extent of relocation of Western European industries is approximately twice as high in case non-Annex 1 countries are not included in future GHG policies for this industry sector. Finally the optimal selection of policy instruments has been investigated. Policies aiming for a long term target of 50% emission reduction based on generic pricing instruments can reduce costs for Western Europe by as much as 150 billion EUR per year in 2030, compared to policies with ambitious regulation and exclusion of exposed sectors.


This thesis is a collection of three independent essays on policy-making incentives of government.
The first essay examines whether citizens can indirectly control bureaucrats. If voters and bureaucrats prefer different types of politicians, i.e., they have a conflict of interest, incumbents need to increase the budget to prevent bureaucrats from information manipulation, which leads to an oversized government. If, instead, voters and bureaucrats prefer the same type of politicians, i.e., they have an alignment of interests, bureaucrats can send to voters a credible signal about the type of incumbents, which enhances the selection effect of election.
Although political appointees enable politicians to implement the first-best policy in the case of the conflict of interests, they lead to the persistence of inefficient government in the case of the alignment of interests.
The second and third essays study how autocrats commit not to confiscate private property. The second essay argues that the potential of economic growth would help the ruler to make a credible commitment. Since a predatory policy reduces the citizens' income, it would reduce capital accumulation
because of the income effect. Then, the ruler faces a trade-off between the current consumption with the predatory policy and the larger future consumption with the moderate policy, which would lead to economic growth.
The third essay models endogenous judicial independence (JI) as a commitment device in the political commitment game. If information on JI is transmitted to citizens with positive probability, the ruler creates JI and does not renege on an announcement. Even if not, the ruler still can guarantee property rights by granting human rights as a signal on JI if the cost of the signal is low.


Bacteriocin leader pepides are currently receiving much attention due to their possible functions. It is predicted that these leaders prevent cytoplasmic toxicity within the producer organism by rendering the bacteriocin inactive. Leucocin A, a class IIa bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc gelidum UAL187-22 is synthesized with a 24 amino acid leader pepide which is cleaved during extracellular translocation. The antimicrobial activity of the leucocin A precursor, pre-leucocin A, was determined to gain insight into whether, the presence of a leader peptide has an impact on anti-listerial activity. The leucocin A and pre-leucocin A genes were generated by PCR of L. gelidum UAL187-22 plasmid DNA. Recombinant plasmids, pLcaA and pPreLcaA were isolated by cloning the amplified genes into the Escherichia coli pMAL.c2 vector, and by screening transformant colonies using blue white selection methods. The malE-LcaA and malE-preLcaA fusion genes were expressed, and resulting maltose binding fusion proteins, were purified using amylose affinity chromatography. Fractions collected, contained partially pure forms of MBP-LcaA (46.433 kDa) and MBP-preLcaA (49.088 kDa) fusion proteins. Following Factor Xa digestion, the MBP affinity tag was removed; and recombinant peptides, leucocin A and pre-leucocin A were further purified by reverese phase high performance liquid chromatography. It was determined that leucocin A was eluted with a retention time of 24.893, while pre-leucocin A was eluted with a retention time of 31.447. Fractions of pure leucocin A and pre-leucocin A were thereafter assayed for activity using a deferred antagonism assay, with Listeria monocytogenes being the indicator strain. Pre-leucocin A tested positive for antimicrobial activity. However, when compared to leucocin A it was found that the leucocin A precursor inhibits Listeria to a lesser degree than leucocin A. The relative bactericidal activities of leucocin A and pre-leucocin A was calculated at 6.0 x 10 AU and 4.0 x 10 AU. Taking this into consideration, it was estimated that the leucocin A precursor is ~66.667 % active as mature leucocin A. Hence the presence of a leader peptide does not have an influence on leucocin A antimicrobial activity.


Among children's earliest spatial words are topological forms like 'in' and 'on'. Although these forms name spatial relationships, they also presuppose a classification of ground objects into entities such as "containers" and "surfaces"; hence their relevance for a volume on "spatial entities". Traditionally, researchers have assumed that semantic categories of space are universal, reflecting a human way of nonlinguistically perceiving and cognizing space. But, as this chapter discusses, spatial categories in fact differ strikingly across languages, and children begin to home in on language-specific classifications extremely early, before age two. Learners do not, it seems, draw only on purely nonlinguistic spatial concepts; they can also actively construct spatial categories on the basis of the linguistic input. Evidence is drawn primarily from research on children learning Korean vs. English.


This paper describes an experimental investigation into the effect of unsteady fuel injection on the performance of a valveless pulse combustor. Two fuel systems were used. The first delivered a steady flow of ethylene through choked nozzles, and the second delivered ethylene in discrete pulses using high-frequency fuel injectors. Both fuel systems injected directly into the combustion chamber. The high-frequency fuel injectors were phase locked to the unsteady pressure measured on the inlet pipe. The phase and opening pulse width of the injectors and the time-averaged fuel mass flow rate through the injectors were independently varied. For a given fuel mass flow rate, it is shown that the maximum pressure amplitude occurs when fuel is injected during flow reversal in the inlet pipe, i.e. flow direction is out of the combustor. The optimal fuel injection pulse width is shown to be approximately 2/9th of the cycle. It should, however, be noted that this is the shortest time in which the injectors can reliably be fully opened and closed. It is shown that by using unsteady fuel injection the mass flow rate of fuel needed to achieve a given amplitude of unsteady pressure can be reduced by up to 65% when compared with the steady fuel injection case. At low fuel mass flow rates unsteady fuel injection is shown to raise the efficiency of the combustor by a factor of 7 decreasing to a factor of 2 at high fuel mass flow rates. Copyright © 2008 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.


The purpose of this research study was to investigate the ways in which current MSW students experience different forms of the stigma of mental illness. The broader research question for this study is: Do current MSW students experience self-stigma of mental illness? Self-stigma is the internalization of negative attitudes and stereotypes created by general stigma (Corrigan et al., 2008). This study will examine the relationship between levels of general stigma and self-stigma in order to answer an additional question: If social work students are non-judgmental towards others in the general population with mental illness, are they similarly less judgmental towards themselves or each other? The sample population of this study included 48 current MSW students enrolled at two separate MSW programs in Minnesota. These students consented to participate in a quantitative study by completing an online questionnaire distributed by faculty members representing each MSW program. Findings highlight the prevalence of self-stigma of mental illness within the two MSW programs, demonstrating some discrepancies in the literature about the relationship between levels of general stigma and self-stigma. The goal of this research will be to enhance general knowledge about how MSW students experience mental illness in order to identify gaps in current research related to levels of general and self-stigma experienced within current MSW programs. Generalized knowledge about MSW students will benefit the professional field of social work by focusing on important subject areas in need of more social work research.


Vehicular networks, in which cars communicate wirelessly to exchange information on traffic conditions, offer a promising way to improve road safety. Yet ensuring the correct functioning of such a system is essential: malicious or faulty devices transmitting inaccurate messages could trigger accidents. Therefore, any errant device, along with the messages it generates, must be identified and ignored as quickly as possible. This task is especially challenging because traditional approaches to revoking credentials use a central authority, causing long delays during which the network is vulnerable. To eliminate this window of vulnerability, we propose that vehicles locally decide whether to exclude errant devices. We describe two ways of doing so: first, LEAVE, an existing protocol which allows devices to vote by exchanging signed claims of impropriety, and second, Stinger, a new protocol where a device unilaterally removes a misbehaving neighbor by agreeing to limit its own participation. We provide detailed simulations that offer insight into the protocols' operations in the context of vehicular networks and enable a powerful comparison between the strategies. We compare the security and performance properties of LEAVE and Stinger while varying attacker capabilities, traffic conditions, and the accuracy of the misbehavior detection mechanisms. We identify several interesting trade-offs: Stinger is significantly faster than LEAVE at removing errant devices, but LEAVE excludes fewer good devices when the attacker has compromised several devices simultaneously; LEAVE is better at handling false positives, but Stinger scales better when the traffic density increases. As a result, we conclude by outlining a combined protocol that balances the security and performance characteristics of both strategies.


Received: 5 April 2008 Revised: 10 May 2008 ABSTRACT. Multimedia plays an increasing role in education, especially in science instruction. Unlike the conventional teaching media, multimedia allows flexible combination of different modes of representation, such as written text, pictures, animations, and sound. Using multimedia, teachers can use a combination of pictures and texts to explain a complex structure. Multimedia also allows a simulation of complex processes in simpler forms of animations. The research results reported here represent the first year results of a tree-year research project, which aims at developing a Web-based instruction utilizing multimedia. The aim of the first year is to develop multimedia, and to analyze its impact on the improvement of students' understanding of science concepts, and on the improvement of their generic skills. This study finds that the use of multimedia in science instruction can promote students' understanding of science concepts. Relatively high gains were observed in biology lessons (junior high school) and chemistry lessons (senior high school), while a mediocre impact was observed in the thermodynamics course (pre-service teacher training) and magnetic induction course (in-service teacher training). The use of multimedia in instruction also promotes the participants' generic science skills.


Carsharing is a mode of transportation which allows its users to rent cars for short periods of times. Although one-way systems are more attractive to their users, operators prefer to implement easy-to-operate and implement round-trip systems. Furthermore, round-trip systems provide the flexibility of early reservation which is not an option in most of the operating one-way systems. In these systems, users are usually allowed to reserve vehicles which are available at the time of reservation shortly (not longer than 30 minutes) before the pick-up time. With an additional feature of early reservations, one-way systems can attract more customers and increase their efficiency without requiring additional investment. In this research, our ultimate aim is to combine early and last-minute reservations for one-way non-floating electric carsharing systems. For this purpose, we developed a simulation framework which takes the demand and other system information as input. This simulator replicates a generic carsharing system including rental requests, movements of vehicles and relocation personnel. Furthermore, it allows developing different algorithms to decide on operational decisions that include vehicle (and personnel) relocation and rental decisions. We also developed a mathematical model which maximises the number of rentals served with minimum relocation cost without violating operational constraints. This mathematical model is integrated to this simulation framework to test the system performance in real time with the data from carsharing system in Nice, France.


It is challenging for large-scale stream management systems to return always perfect results when processing data streams originating from distributed sources. Data sources and intermediate processing nodes may fail during the lifetime of a stream query. In addition, individual nodes may become overloaded due to processing demands. In practice, users have to accept incomplete or inaccurate query results because of failure or overload. In this case, stream processing systems would benefit from knowing the impact of imperfect processing on data quality when making decisions about query optimisation and fault recovery. In addition, users would want to know how much the result quality was degraded. In this paper, we propose a quality-centric relational stream data model that can be used together with existing query processing methods over distributed data streams. Besides giving useful feedback about the quality of tuples to users, the model provides the distributed stream management system with information on how to optimise query processing and enhance fault tolerance. We demonstrate how our data model can be applied to an existing distributed stream management system. Our evaluation shows that it enables quality-aware load-shedding, while introducing only a small pertuple overhead.


Recently a lot of attention is paid to the search for efficiently implementable MDS matrices for lightweight symmetric primitives. Most previous work concentrated on locally optimizing the multiplication with single matrix elements. Separate from this line of work, several heuristics were developed to find shortest linear straightline programs. Solving this problem actually corresponds to globally optimizing multiplications by matrices. In this work we combine those, so far largely independent lines of work. As a result, we achieve implementations of known, locally optimized, and new MDS matrices that significantly outperform all implementations from the literature. Interestingly, almost all previous locally optimized constructions behave very similar with respect to the globally optimized implementation. As a side effect, our work reveals the so far best implementation of the Aes Mix- Columns operation with respect to the number of XOR operations needed.


BACKGROUND: The health and well-being of those
sexual-minority men who are often behaviourally defined
as men who have sex with men (MSM) is affected by a
system of interlinked factors that interact on the structural,
interpersonal, and individual levels. Recently, two of the
most common MSM health issues have been (a) the risks
of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), mostly
HIV, and (b) the sexualized use of addictive substances,
known as chemsex. AIMS: On the basis of the first
comprehensive Czech dataset to integrate several mutually
interlinked factors on the behavioural, as well as the
psychological and structural domains, we attempt to shed
light on the barriers to HIV testing and adherence to safer
sex practices, including the most thorough description
of the chemsex phenomenon that is available. We aim to
go beyond the behavioural perspective and draw links
to the well-being and satisfaction of this sexual minority
and their sex lives. METHODS: A series of descriptive
statistical analyses was conducted on a sample of 547
respondents obtained within a self-administered online
survey. RESULTS: More than half of our respondents
(55%) and three-quarters (72%) of the men younger
than 25 years have never been tested for HIV. One-third
of the respondents considered testing services to be
insufficiently friendly to gay, bisexual, or other men, and
they also reported stigmatization and discrimination by
healthcare workers as a problem that exists. 84% of the
MSM have experience with anal sex; 43% of them always
use condoms. Of all the respondents, nearly 6% have had
at least one chemsex experience during their life. Only
46% of the MSM reported being satisfied with their sex
lives; 52% of those who were dissatisfied attributed this
to "not having a steady partner" and 49% to "not having
any sex". CONCLUSION: The sexual behaviour of MSM
and their experience with HIV testing, chemsex, perceived
stigma, and satisfaction with their sex lives are among the
phenomena that deserve to be more regularly covered
by relevant epidemiological examinations. Although our
current analysis was more exploratory than in-depth, it
may contribute to a better understanding of the syndemic
and multifactorial conditions that influence the sexual
behaviour of MSM, including the minority stress that
may be rooted in deficiencies in our understanding of
these populations.


In the context of unprecedented rates of urban unemployment, in the early 2000s young men in Ethiopia struggled with an overabundance of time. I examine changes in urban young men's experiences of time and progress over a period of 13 years to better understand the nature of boredom and modernity. Young men simultaneou sly experienced a sense a linear progress in their own lives, and feelings of frustration when shift s in their built environment did not translate into a more abstract sense of change. Ultimately I argue that in contrast to conceptions of boredom that emerge out of the West, Ethiopian boredom was profoundly social in the sense that it was based on an inability to experience progress in one's relations of reciprocity with others.


Individual differences in arithmetic have been explained by differences in cognitive processes and by arithmetic strategy use and selection. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of reactive and proactive control processes. We explored how variation in proactive and reactive control was related to individual differences in strategy selection. We correlated proactive and reactive measures obtained from the AX-CPT and an adjusted N-back task with a measure of strategy adaptiveness during a numerosity judgment task. The results showed that both measures of reactive control (of the AX-CPT and N-back task) correlated positively with strategy adaptiveness, while proactive control was not. This suggests that both cognitive control modes might have a different effect on adaptive strategy selection, where adaptive strategy selection seems to benefit from a transient (late) control mode, reactive control. We discuss these results in the light of the Dual Mechanisms Framework.


The rapid development and characterization of the mouse genome sequence, coupled with comparative sequence analysis of human, has been paralleled by a reinforced enthusiasm for mouse functional genomics. The way to uncover the in vivo function of genes is to analyze the phenotypes of the mutant animals. From this standpoint, the mouse is a suitable and valuable model organism in the studies of functional genomics. Therefore, there have been enormous efforts to enrich the list of the mutant mice. Such a trend emphasizes the random mutagenesis, including ENU mutagenesis and gene-trap mutagenesis, to obtain a large stock of mutant mice. However, since various mutant alleles are needed to precisely characterize the role of a gene in vivo, mutations should be designed. The simplicity and utility of transgenic technology can satisfy this demand. The combination of RNA interference with transgenic technology will provide more opportunities for researchers. Nevertheless, gene targeting can solely define the in vivo function of a gene without a doubt. Thus, transgenesis and gene targeting will be the major strategies in the field of functional genomics.


Background Anatomical and functional deficits have been studied in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it is unclear whether and how the anatomical deficits are related to the functional alterations. Present study aims to characterize the association between anatomical and functional deficits in MCI patients. Methods Seventeen amnestic MCI patients and 18 healthy aging controls were scanned using a T1 Weighted MPRAGE sequence and a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence. Clinical severity of MCI patients was evaluated by using Clinical Dementia Rating, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Activities of Daily Living. VBM with DARTEL was used to characterize the gray matter deficits in MCI. Regional amplitude of low-frequency (0.01–0.08 Hz) fluctuations (ALFF) was used to evaluate regional functional alteration in MCI and fractional ALFF(fALFF) in slow 4 (0.027–0.073 Hz) and slow 5 (0.01–0.027 Hz) were also calculated. Results Significantly decreased gray matter volume (GMV) was observed in amnestic MCI group mainly in bilateral prefrontal, left temporal and posterior cingulate cortex. Significant positive correlation was observed between the GMV in left inferior frontal gyrus and MMSE scores. Interestingly, decreased ALFF/fALFF was revealed in MCI group compared to controls mainly in prefrontal, left parietal regions and right fusiform gyrus, while the increased ALFF/fALFF was found in limbic and midbrain. Furthermore, the changes of fALFF in MCI in the slow-5 band were greater than those in the slow-4. No significant correlation was found between the morphometric and functional results. Conclusions Findings from the study document that wide spread brain volume reduction accompanied with decreased and increased regional function in MCI, while the anatomical and functional changes were independently. Therefore, the combination of structural and functional MRI methods would provide complementary information and together advance our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the symptoms of MCI.


Recent works have shown that on sufficiently over-parametrized neural nets, gradient descent with relatively large initialization optimizes a prediction function in the RKHS of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK). This analysis leads to global convergence results but does not work when there is a standard $\ell_2$ regularizer, which is useful to have in practice. We show that sample efficiency can indeed depend on the presence of the regularizer: we construct a simple distribution in d dimensions which the optimal regularized neural net learns with $O(d)$ samples but the NTK requires $\Omega(d^2)$ samples to learn. To prove this, we establish two analysis tools: i) for multi-layer feedforward ReLU nets, we show that the global minimizer of a weakly-regularized cross-entropy loss is the max normalized margin solution among all neural nets, which generalizes well; ii) we develop a new technique for proving lower bounds for kernel methods, which relies on showing that the kernel cannot focus on informative features. Motivated by our generalization results, we study whether the regularized global optimum is attainable. We prove that for infinite-width two-layer nets, noisy gradient descent optimizes the regularized neural net loss to a global minimum in polynomial iterations.


Objective: To evaluate the impact pharmacist-provided screening and education had on patient knowledge of osteoporosis and preventive strategies.
Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted at 16 locations of a national supermarket chain pharmacy in the Richmond, Virginia area. Women 30 years and older with no history of osteoporosis were enrolled in the study. Patients self-selected into the study by agreeing to the bone density screening, pharmacist-provided education, and completion of a knowledge survey. Subjects were randomized to complete the osteoporosis-related knowledge survey either before (Group A) or after (Group B) the screening and education session. The survey was developed after guideline and literature evaluation and was pretested with a group of patients for content and clarity. The survey evaluated knowledge of osteoporosis, risk factors for the disease, appropriate age for testing, and preventive strategies. Groups A and B were compared using t-tests. Results: A total of 110 women were enrolled in the study. The mean (±SD) age was 52.5 ± 13.1 years in Group A (n=52) and 52.7 ± 11.5 years in Group B (n=58). Knowledge scores were higher in the group who received pharmacist-provided education prior to completing the survey in each category (knowledge of the disease, risk factors, preventive strategies, and appropriate age for testing) and overall (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Community pharmacist-provided osteoporosis screening and education increased patient knowledge about osteoporosis and preventive strategies. Community pharmacist involvement with increasing patient knowledge may empower patients to engage in prevention strategies to improve bone mass.

Type: Original Research


Nicotinic receptor systems are involved in a wide variety of behavioral functions including cognitive function. Nicotinic medications may provide beneficial treatment for cognitive dysfunction such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nicotine has been shown to improve attentional performance in all of these disorders. Better efficacy with fewer side effects might be achieved with novel nicotinic ligands selective for particular nicotinic subtypes. To develop these novel selective nicotinic ligands it is important to use animal models to determine the critical neurobehavioral bases for nicotinic involvement in cognitive function. Nicotine-induced cognitive improvement in rats is most consistently seen in working memory tasks. We have found that both acute and chronic nicotine administration significantly improves working memory performance of rats in the radial-arm maze. The pharmacologic and anatomic mechanisms for this effect have been examined in our laboratory in a series of local drug infusion studies. Both alpha 4 beta 2 and alpha 7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala are involved in working memory function. Working memory impairments were caused by local infusion of either alpha 4 beta 2 or alpha 7 antagonists. Ventral hippocampal alpha 4 beta 2 blockade-induced working memory deficits are reversed by chronic systemic nicotine treatment, while ventral hippocampal alpha 7 blockade-induced working memory deficits were not found to be reversed by the same nicotine regimen. Interestingly, alpha 4 beta 2 and alpha 7 induced deficits were not found to be additive in either the ventral hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala. In fact, in the amygdala, alpha 7 antagonist cotreatment actually reversed the working memory impairment caused by alpha 4 beta 2 antagonist administration. These studies of the neural nicotinic mechanisms underlying cognitive function are key for opening avenues for development of safe and effective nicotinic treatments for cognitive dysfunction.


This article examines the legal nature of the payment mechanism and discusses the rationale for a unified doctrine governing the legal relations arising in connection with the transmission of money. Against the background of the fragmentary and inadequate laws governing the various payment mechanisms, it is acknowledged that no one set of rules is to govern them all It is nonetheless argued that there is a sufficiently wide common denominator to all payment mechanisms that justifies their inclusion under a distinct branch of law. Legal issues common to all payment mechanisms ought thus to be treated from a standpoint broadly embracing the entire range of machineries for the transmission of money in payment of debts rather than looked upon in isolation.


Social and other surveys have indicated that traffic noise affects more people than any other type of pollution. It was recently concluded that approximately 20% of the population of the European Union is exposed to noise levels which are usually considered to be intolerable (L Aeq > 65 dB) and 60% to levels which are considered undesirable (L Aeq > 55 dB). Reduction of traffic noise is possible only when all preventive measures are taken collectively (improvements in tyres, road surfaces and traffic management). The paper presents a basic noise model and selected data necessary to predict the noise of slow maneuvering road vehicles. The model may be used for noise assessment studies, required by law before the start of construction or serious modification of parking lots, gas stations, ferry or container terminals. The model is based on recent noise emission measurements performed in Poland.


Current British government policy on sex work aims to reduce prostitution, challenge its inevitability and in terms of support services for sex workers is heavily focused towards exiting strategies for those in sex work. Exiting programmes are complex, often lengthy and need to meet a range of holistic needs in order to assist individuals who want to leave sex work and problematic drug use. Addressing drug use has been to the fore as part of exiting programmes due to the very high rates of problematic drug use reported amongst female street sex workers and drug use being identified as a key factor shaping routes into and sustaining involvement with street-based sex work. This contrasts with the much lower levels of problematic drug use found amongst indoor sex workers. This article brings together findings from a 2002 Home Office funded study of sex work and drug use careers and a 2007 UK Network of Sex Work Projects review of specialist services for sex workers which looked at the provision of 'exiting services' within projects. The principle of sex worker choice united all of the surveyed projects so that irrespective of whether exiting was seen as a vital goal or a potential end point, choice was seen as crucial for client engagement and for the ethics of service delivery. Findings suggest that current government policy focused on exiting is unlikely to meet its aims and whilst exit support is a vital part of holistic needs, an emphasis on exiting at a strategic level can endanger and erode other vital aspects of support.


Current methods of gene delivery for therapeutic angiogenesis are invasive, requiring either intraarterial or intramuscular administration. A noninvasive method of gene delivery has been developed using ultrasound-mediated destruction of intravenously administered DNA-bearing carrier microbubbles during their microcirculatory transit. Here we show that chronic ischemia could be markedly improved by ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles bearing vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165) plasmid DNA. Using a model of severe chronic hindlimb ischemia in rats, we demonstrated that ultrasound mediated VEGF165/green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid delivery resulted in a significant improvement in microvascular blood flow by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and an increased vessel density by fluorescent microangiography, with minimal changes in control groups. The improvement in tissue perfusion was attributed predominantly to increases in noncapillary blood volume or arteriogenesis, with perfusion peaking at 14 days after delivery, followed by a partial regression of neovascularization at 6 weeks. Transfection was localized predominantly to the vascular endothelium of arterioles in treated ischemic muscle. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of VEGF165/GFP mRNA within treated ischemic muscle, being highest at day 3 postdelivery, and subsequently decreasing, becoming almost undetectable by 6 weeks. We found a modulation of endogenous growth factor expression in VEGF-treated ischemic muscle, consistent with a biologic effect of ultrasound mediated gene delivery. The results of our study demonstrate the utility of ultrasonic destruction of plasmid-bearing microbubbles to induce therapeutic arteriogenesis in the setting of severe chronic ischemia.


In this article we address the nexus between Internet and politics looking in particular at the link between social media and collective action. In making a general plea for abandoning radical approaches that either consider social media as causative of collective action or fear the spread of "slacktivism," we propose to implement current reflections on transformative effects of social media on collective action dynamics with an explicit focus on the networked structures of participation that derive from the use of these communication tools. Thus we propose to consider these structures as an integral part of what we call collective action socio-technical systems, i.e., a multipolar and multidimensional system of technologically enabled social relations that deploys simultaneously online and offline; and to analyze them empirically through a network approach and techniques paying specific attention to actors, connections between them, contents they produce and patterns of contents circulation. We provide here a preliminary application of our framework to the study of a snapshot of online campaigning on Twitter considering the case of the annual campaign Take Back the Tech! to reclaim media to end gender-based violence.


Chemically selective microscopy based on broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is demonstrated on a mixed sample of 4 μm diameter polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads. The CARS signal from the PS or the PMMA beads is enhanced or suppressed, depending on the phase profile applied to the broadband spectrum. Using a combination of negative and positive (sloped) π-phase steps the purely nonresonant background signal is removed.


In an integrative approach, this thesis addressed thermal tolerance in temperate and Antarctic fish examining its functions, limits and mechanistic links between the organismic, cellular and molecular level. The role of oxygen in limiting thermal tolerance of the Antarctic eelpout P. brachycephalum was investigated in in vivo NMR experiments. Temperature effects on respiration, blood flow, intracellular pH and tissue oxygenation were studied under normoxia and hyperoxia. Thermal tolerance was limited by the capacities of the circulatory system supplying oxygen to the tissues. At a lower level of organismic complexity, thermal sensitivity of cellular energy allocation was studied in Antarctic fish. Organismic thermal limitations were not reflected at the cellular level. Provided with sufficient oxygen, cellular energy budgets show greater thermal tolerance than the organism. These findings corroborate that capacity limitations of the organismic level constrict thermal tolerance and support the recent concept of a systemic to molecular hierarchy. At the molecular level, temperature sensitive expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) was studied during acclimation of P. brachycephalum and the temperate eelpout Z. viviparus. Increased levels of UCP may be necessary to regulate high mitochondrial membrane potentials resulting from unchanged capacities in the warm, possibly indicative of an alternative way of mitochondrial warm adaptation in Antarctic fish. The data demonstrate that thermal tolerance of the various levels of organisation in fish differ when studied alone, but in a complex organism are in control of each other, with the highest organisational level showing highest thermal sensitivity. Within a narrow thermal window, slow warm acclimation of the individual appears possible in Antarctic fish, which in an integrated response of all levels of organisational complexity may shift towards a eurythermal mode of life, thus increasing thermal tolerance.


Uncertainty analysis on reactivity and discharged inventory for a typical pressurized water reactor fuel element as a result of uncertainties in 235,238U, 239,240,241Pu, and fission products nuclear data was performed. A typical Westinghouse three-loop fuel assembly fueled with UO2 fuel with 4.8% enrichment was selected. The Total Monte Carlo method was applied using the deterministic transport code DRAGON. This code allows the generation of the few-groups nuclear data libraries by directly using data contained in the nuclear data evaluation files. The nuclear data used in this study are from the JEFF3.1 evaluation, with the exception of the nuclear data files for U, Pu, and fission products isotopes (randomized for the generation of the various DRAGON libraries). These are taken from the TALYS evaluated nuclear data library TENDL-2012. Results show that the calculated total uncertainty in keff (as a result of uncertainties in nuclear data of the considered isotopes) is virtually independent of fuel burnup, and amounts to 700 pcm. The uncertainties in the inventory of the discharged fuel are dependent on the element considered and lie in the range 1% to 15% for most fission products, and are <5% for the most important actinides. The total uncertainty on the reactor parameters was also split into different components (different nuclear reaction channels), and the main sources of uncertainties were identified.


Study after study confirms that career development is the single most powerful tool managers have for driving retention, engagement, productivity, and results. Nevertheless, it's frequently back-burnered. When asked why, managers say the number one reason is that they just don't have time—for the meetings, the forms, the administrative hoops.

 But there's a better way. And it's surprisingly simple: frequent short conversations with employees about their career goals and options integrated seamlessly into the normal course of business. Kaye and Giulioni identify three broad types of conversations that have the power to motivate employees more deeply than any well-intentioned development event or process. These conversations will increase employees' awareness of their strengths, weaknesses, and interests; point out where their organization and their industry are headed; and help them pull all of that together to design their own up-to-the-minute, personalized career paths.

 Help Them Grow or Watch Them Go is filled with practical tips, guidelines, and templates, as well as nearly a hundred suggested conversation questions. Illuminated with stories, quotes, and the perspectives of real managers and employees, this book proves that careers are best developed one conversation at a time.


Dynamics of few cycle optical pulses in non-Fermi liquid was considered. Energy spectrum of non-Fermi liquid was taken from the AdS/CFT compliance. Conditions of quasiparticle excitation existence were defined. Non-Fermi liquid parameters impact on the shape of few cycle pulses were estimated. It was shown that extremely short optical pulse propagation in the non-Fermi liquid is a stable pattern. The value of chemical potential has a significant impact on extremely short pulse shape. An increase in initial pulse amplitude does not result in pulse-shape distortions under its propagation in considered medium that is why the non-Fermi liquid can be used in applications inherent in extremely short pulse processing.


This note argues that tradable tax credits offer advantages as compared to other mechanisms the federal government can use to affect social and economic policy. Policymakers should consider the tradable tax credit as a potentially desirable form of tax incentive, rather than a necessity of political compromise as was the case in the enactment of existing tradable credits. First, the note establishes that tradable tax credits can be the economic equivalent of direct spending programs and of refundable tax credits. Next, the note examines a limited but significant set of circumstances in which the tradable tax credit can offer efficiency and political benefits as compared to refundable tax credits or direct subsidies. The note creates a simplified example that illuminates how tradable tax credits can be beneficial, considering various forms of government intervention to prompt private building owners to retrofit buildings to be energy efficient. The tradable tax credit mechanism can give rise to positive externalities, above and beyond the positive externality that prompts policymakers to implement a tax incentive, that are created solely because of the tradable mechanism by which the incentive is delivered. The resulting welfare gain distinguishes tradable tax credits from refundable tax credits or direct subsidies. Additionally, the form of the tradable tax credit may help create strong coalitions behind a policy proposal by uniting direct beneficiaries of the social or economic policy with investors and other interested outside parties. The tradable mechanism also provides significant equity benefits, similar to refundable tax credits, and potentially reduces enforcement costs as compared to government interventions that do not make use of third party expertise. Tradable tax credits therefore constitute a viable and potentially useful form of tax incentive in ways not previously recognized.


Lauren is a photographer who lives in New York City. The daughter of a urologist, she grew up in Westchester County and graduated cum laude from NYU. Lauren's master's degree in photography has served her well at Punk Rock Heavy Metal Karaoke (PMK), a live band karaoke night in New York City she attends almost every week. (1) The gaze of her camera is frequently trained on friends and strangers as they sing, scream, and pose onstage. With over one hundred of her photos posted online, this is still only a small portion of the thousand-plus PMK photos on the photo-sharing website flickr.com. In documenting this amateur event, Lauren is also joined by a host of videographers, including a number of professionals. PMK has inspired a documentary film that played the independent festival circuit, Punk Rock Heavy Metal Karaoke: The Movie (2001), and videos of individual singers have been uploaded on YouTube. (2) The joy found in looking and being looked at is a big part of PMK's appeal, and, as one might expect, hearing and being heard is also central to the event. Every week the voice is "gazed" upon by listeners much as the body is gazed upon by spectators. A great deal of attention focuses on how individual singers emulate the original vocalist of a song and the degree to which they stake out a vocal identity of their own, as well as how they present themselves in relation (or contrast) to familiar rock star visual codes. The power of this bodily and vocal display is illustrated one Monday night as Lauren prepares to venture into the more aggressive reaches of the punk songlist. Having previously limited herself to a handful of pop-tinged songs--songs that are in keeping with her friendly offstage demeanor--Lauren has taken a bit of ribbing for her ever-present smile and what one PMK regular, Rico, calls her "aura of niceness." So when Rico dares her to sing "something with the words 'fuck,' 'cunt,' or 'abortion,'" whether intended as a joke or not, she decides to accept the challenge. After the emcee calls Lauren's name, she nervously accepts the microphone and the beer-stained plastic-sheathed lyric sheet. As the band launches into a stampeding, overdriven two-note riff Lauren's eyes intensify and she spits out the words: I'VE FUCKED A SHEEP AND I'VE FUCKED A GOAT! I RAMMED MY COCK RIGHT DOWN ITS THROAT! SO WOT?! SO WOT?! SO WOT SO WOT YEW BORING LITTLE CUNT! In the act of singing "So What" by Anti-Nowhere League ([1981] 1996), (3) Lauren's entire demeanor changes. The smile remains but there is a visible gleam of malice in her eye. On the small stage her body is propelled forward as she moves aggressively toward the audience. Likewise her voice is cast out of her body with a shrieking force that twists the simple melody of the song into new shapes. The reaction of the audience to Lauren's new persona is overwhelming positive. Those nearest the stage gaze up and scream the next lines together, ending with an accusatory "WHO CARES ABOUT YOU! YOU! YOU! YOU!" as they point alternately toward the stage and each other. At the song's end, after Lauren has sung about her further adventures "spewing up on a pint of piss," "jacking up until [she] bleed[s]," "suck[ing] an old man's cock," and "fuck[ing] a schoolgirl's crack," the audience breaks out into rapturous applause and approving catcalls. By her own admission, singing "So What" for the first time destabilizes Lauren's sense of discrete selfhood. Afterwards, she describes feeling "momentarily possessed" by her newly discovered "dark side," letting out "a devilish fit of laughter" when she left the stage. Even a couple of years later, in a quote taken from her wedding announcement (she married the karaoke band's drummer), Lauren describes the PMK experience in similar terms: "it unleashed something I never knew existed." Drawing on imagery appropriate to a horror movie, she could just as easily be describing The Exorcist and its depiction of a young girl whose body and voice become instruments of the Devil. …


In a recent work, we proposed an acoustic data-driven grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion approach, where the probabilistic relationship between graphemes and phonemes learned through acoustic data is used along with the orthographic transcription of words to infer the phoneme sequence. In this paper, we extend our studies to under-resourced lexicon development problem. More precisely, given a small amount of transcribed speech data consisting of few words along with its pronunciation lexicon, the goal is to build a pronunciation lexicon for unseen words. In this framework, we compare our G2P approach with standard letter-to-sound (L2S) rule based conversion approach. We evaluated the generated lexicons on PhoneBook 600 words task in terms of pronunciation errors and ASR performance. The G2P approach yields a best ASR performance of 14.0% word error rate (WER), while L2S approach yields a best ASR performance of 13.7% WER. A combination of G2P approach and L2S approach yields a best ASR performance of 9.3% WER.


Interest in stochastic simulations of chemical systems is growing. One of the aspects of simulation of chemical systems that has been the prime focus over the past few years is accelerated simulation methods applicable when there is a separation of time scale. With so many new methods being developed we have decided to look at four methods that we consider to be the main foundation for this research area. The four methods that will be the focus of this thesis are: the slow scale stochastic simulation algorithm, the quasi steady state assumption applied to the stochastic simulation algorithm, the nested stochastic simulation algorithm and the implicit tau leaping method. These four methods are designed to deal with stiff chemical systems so that the computational time is decreased from that of the "gold standard" Gillespie algorithm, the stochastic simulation algorithm. These approximation methods will be tested against a variety of stiff examples such as: a fast reversible dimerization, a network of isomerizations, a fast species acting as a catalyst, an oscillatory system and a bistable system. Also, these methods will be tested against examples that are marginally stiff, where the time scale separation is not that distinct. From the results of testing stiff examples, the slow scale SSA was typically the best approximation method to use. The slow scale SSA was highly accurate and extremely fast in comparison with the other methods. We also found for certain cases, where the time scale separation was not as distinct, that the nested SSA was the best approximation method to use.


This paper discusses the spatial terminology of the N!aqriaxe variety of ǂ'Amkoe and compares it to the spatial terms of the two genealogically unrelated languages Taa and Gǀui, as well as to the related Ju dialect cluster. Taa, Gǀui, N!aqriaxe and some of the Ju varieties are spoken in or close to the Central Kalahari and are in contact with each other. All the languages investigated here have grammaticalised spatial terminology from different lexical sources, such as body parts or landmarks. We analyse the N!aqriaxe spatial terminology and investigate to what extent it is borrowed or inherited. Similarities across languages with respect to spatial terminology can sometimes be observed not only in the terms themselves, but also in spatial conceptualisations; since grammaticalisation pathways can also be borrowed, it is worthwhile to investigate these as well.


ABSTRACT In this study, we explore the role of specific network structures that enhance social capital and assess the extent to which gender, social ties, and communication interaction relate to content popularity within online social networks (OSNs). Our results are based on an extensive OSN data set, containing over 100,000 members, connected by over 1.7 million links. The findings indicate that content popularity inference is more accurate when considering activity interaction among users and that network structures known as advantageous for amassing social capital in the offline environment are relevant online as well. We conclude by discussing how gender mediates the correlation between some network measures and the growth of users' content popularity and provide a potential explanation for the emergence of gender differences.


Denitrification in metalimnetic water was examined under different conditions to determine how addition of nitrate (NO3-) and particulate carbon (PC), aeration, and concentrations of nitrate affect denitrification. In the first experiment, water samples from a metalimnion were treated with different combinations of NO3and PC. Changes in excess N2-N concentration for 10 days were measured using membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). The second experiment used the same treatments as the first experiment after aeration of water. Besides excess N2-N concentrations, O2 concentrations were measured for 16 days. The third experiment examined how different initial concentrations of NO3influenced denitrification; and changes in the samples with the four different concentrations of NO3were measured using MIMS for 42 days. The first experiment indicated that all samples in this experiment had completed denitrification before this experiment, and denitrification occurred only in the samples added with NO3-. An aeration event in the second experiment resulted in low initial excess N2-N concentrations; and excess N2-N concentrations increased most in the samples containing both PC and NO3and second most in PC amended samples. Excess N2-N concentrations did not increase in other two treatments, indicating the effect of PC on creating anoxic conditions for denitrification. Differences in initial NO3concentrations did not result in differences in denitrification. This study showed denitrification in metalimnion can be enhanced by adding NO3and PC and by repeating oxic and anoxic condition of water, which can be a way to remove nitrogen from aquatic systems. * Aki Kogo is a 2013 Honors graduate with a major in Environmental, Soil, and Water Science. † Erin M. Grantz is a graduate student in the Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences. § Thad Scott, the faculty mentor, is an assistant professor in the Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences.


The only known predictable aggregation of dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subsp.) occurs in the Australian offshore waters of the northern Great Barrier Reef in May-August each year. The identification of individual whales is required for research on the whales' population characteristics and for monitoring the potential impacts of tourism activities, including commercial swims with the whales. At present, it is not cost-effective for researchers to manually process and analyze the tens of thousands of underwater images collated after each observation/tourist season, and a large data base of historical non-identified imagery exists. This study reports the first proof of concept for recognizing individual dwarf minke whales using the Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).The "off-the-shelf" Image net-trained VGG16 CNN was used as the feature-encoder of the perpixel sematic segmentation Automatic Minke Whale Recognizer (AMWR). The most frequently photographed whale in a sample of 76 individual whales (MW1020) was identified in 179 images out of the total 1320 images provid-ed. Training and image augmentation procedures were developed to compen-sate for the small number of available images. The trained AMWR achieved 93% prediction accuracy on the testing subset of 36 positive/MW1020 and 228 negative/not-MW1020 images, where each negative image contained at least one of the other 75 whales. Furthermore on the test subset, AMWR achieved 74% precision, 80% recall, and 4% false-positive rate, making the presented approach comparable or better to other state-of-the-art individual animal recognition results.


This paper summarizes recent research on 'kulning', a surprisingly understudied Swedish cattle call singing style. In a previous study (Eklund, McAllister & Pehrson, 2013), we compared kulning and head voice ('falsetto') as recorded in a normal room and in an anechoic chamber. This paper reports from an analysis of the same "kulning" song recorded outdoors on location in Sater, Dalarna (Sweden), close to the singer's home, which makes the data more ecologically valid and allows comparisons between "clean" indoor recordings and more authentic outdoor recordings. Several recordings were made, but the present article analyses recordings made simultaneously at 1 meter and 11 meters from the singer. Results indicate that for the vowels [a] and [u] partials in kulning, as compared to head voice, are visible at both higher frequencies and at a longer distance, which provides an acoustic rationale for the development of the singing style, intended to be heard at a long distance.


The transition from adolescence to adulthood is associated with increased risk for excess weight gain. Transitioning adults are relatively difficult to study, however, because unless they matriculate to secondary education there are few opportunities to track them. Thus, demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with overweight obesity are not well-documented, much less so among adolescents who have maintained normal weight throughout adolescence. We examined the incidence of overweight and obesity among 10,723 healthy, normal weight (body mass index [BMI] 2 )18-year olds in 2008 who remained members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California through 2012. Sex, race/ethnicity, height, and weight were recorded in electronic medical records; BMI was calculated. Neighborhood education was determined from US 2000 Census block group data, and quartiles defined by the proportion of adults with an education below high school. We followed 3,677 men (BMI: 21.5±1.96) and 7,046 women (BMI: 21.2±2.0). Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, neighborhood education, and smoking history. During 34,660 person-years of follow-up (mean 3.23±1.34 years), we documented 2,672 incident cases of overweight (24.9%) and 237 of obesity (2.2%). The RR of overweight was 1.25 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.38) in the lowest quartile of neighborhood education compared with the highest quartile (test for trend p=0.001). The RR for obesity was 1.50 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.25; test for trend p=0.025). While women were less likely to become overweight than men (RR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.94), they were twice as likely to become obese (RR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.72). Hispanics had greater risk of overweight (RR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18) and Blacks had greater risk of obesity (RR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.15) than non-Hispanic whites. Compared with their non-Hispanic white peers, Asians had lower risk of overweight and obesity (RR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93 and RR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.99, respectively). In conclusion, normal weight adolescents are at risk for becoming overweight as they transition to adulthood. Sociodemographic factors predict incidence of overweight and obesity. Women and Blacks are at particular risk for excessive weight gain trajectories.


Men are underrepresented in weight loss programs and little is currently known about the weight loss strategies men prefer. This study describes the weight loss strategies used by men during a men-only weight loss program. At baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, participants reported how frequently they used 45 weight loss strategies including strategies frequently recommended by the program (i.e., mentioned during every intervention contact; e.g., daily self-weighing), strategies occasionally recommended by the program (i.e., mentioned at least once during the program; e.g., reduce calories from beverages), and strategies not included in the program (e.g., increase daily steps). At baseline participants (N = 107, 44.2 years, body mass index = 31.4 kg/m2, 76.6% White) reported regularly using 7.3 ± 6.6 (M ± SD) strategies. The intervention group increased the number of strategies used to 19.1 ± 8.3 at 3 months and 17.1 ± 8.4 at 6 months with no changes in the waitlist group. The intervention group reported increased use of most of the strategies frequently recommended by the program (4 of 5), nearly half of the strategies occasionally recommended by the program (10 of 24), and one strategy not included in the program (of 16) at 6 months. The intervention effect at 6 months was significantly mediated by the number of strategies used at 3 months. This study adds to what is known about men's use of weight loss strategies prior to and during a formal weight loss program and will help future program developers create programs that are tailored to men.


Perception of space is a multimodal construct and orienting our eyes towards a light, sound or touch occurs effortlessly, despite coordinate transformations that have to occur from head-based (sounds) or body-centred (touch) coordinates to eye-centred coordinates. One possible explanation for this effortless orientation behaviour is that space is coded on a common, supramodal map utilised in maintaining locations. Here we present two experiments in support of the view that space is coded on such a common map. The first experiment shows that both, auditory and visual space show similar illusory distortions induced by saccades. Sixteen subjects were asked to judge the direction of an apparent motion straddling a saccade, revealing shifts in judging the direction of auditory as well as visual stimuli in direction of the saccade. Furthermore, the effects were correlated across modalities: Individuals with a large effect in one modality also revealed a large effect in the other modality. This finding suggests that eye movements affect perception of position regardless of the modality in which it is presented. Further evidence comes from the flash-grab effect, the illusory position shift of a brief transient presented on a moving object. We asked observers to judge the location of a transient presented on a moving target in the auditory or visual modality. In both cases, observers reported the location to be further in direction of the motion, suggesting that this position extrapolation is modality invariant. Together the results of these experiments suggest a common mechanism underlying the perception of space across modalities. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Importance Whether and under which conditions D-cycloserine (DCS) augments the effects of exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders is unclear. Objective To clarify whether DCS is superior to placebo in augmenting the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders and to evaluate whether antidepressants interact with DCS and the effect of potential moderating variables. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 10, 2016. Reference lists of previous reviews and meta-analyses and reports of randomized clinical trials were also checked. Study Selection Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) double-blind randomized clinical trials of DCS as an augmentation strategy for exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy and (2) conducted in humans diagnosed as having specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Data Extraction and Synthesis Raw data were obtained from the authors and quality controlled. Data were ranked to ensure a consistent metric across studies (score range, 0-100). We used a 3-level multilevel model nesting repeated measures of outcomes within participants, who were nested within studies. Results Individual participant data were obtained for 21 of 22 eligible trials, representing 1047 of 1073 eligible participants. When controlling for antidepressant use, participants receiving DCS showed greater improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment (mean difference, −3.62; 95% CI, −0.81 to −6.43; P = .01; d = −0.25) but not from pretreatment to midtreatment (mean difference, −1.66; 95% CI, −4.92 to 1.60; P = .32; d = −0.14) or from pretreatment to follow-up (mean difference, −2.98, 95% CI, −5.99 to 0.03; P = .05; d = −0.19). Additional analyses showed that participants assigned to DCS were associated with lower symptom severity than those assigned to placebo at posttreatment and at follow-up. Antidepressants did not moderate the effects of DCS. None of the prespecified patient-level or study-level moderators was associated with outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance D-cycloserine is associated with a small augmentation effect on exposure-based therapy. This effect is not moderated by the concurrent use of antidepressants. Further research is needed to identify patient and/or therapy characteristics associated with DCS response.


Introduction: As the physical activity of respiratory patients is the strongest predictor of their mortality, the maintenance is an important aim of a sustainable disease management. Therefore, it is necessary to change the patients9 activity behavior. Aims and objectives: The objective of the study is to examine the effect of a behavior-orientated exercise intervention during an inpatient rehabilitation to maintain the physical activity in the long term. Methods: In a randomized controlled study, data were collected from 121 patients (Age: M=69,3 years; FEV1=2,18l) with occupational lung diseases at the beginning (T1), to the end (T2), as well as two (T3), six (T4) and twelve (T5) month after an inpatient rehabilitation in a german clinic for occupational diseases in Falkenstein. The physical activity level was measured with the help of a standardized questionnaire. Compared to the control group, the intervention group (IG) received a behavior-orientated exercise intervention additionally to the standardized therapies during the rehabilitation. Results: The overall physical activity does not differ between both groups at T1 (p>0,05). Multivariate analyses revealed significant increases (p 2 =0,25) of the physical activity level two, six and twelve month after the rehabilitation in both groups but with higher improvements in the IG. There are only significant increases in leisure time-activity in the IG with an improvement of 1,3 hours per week (p Conclusions: The rehabilitation and the additional intervention improve the physical activity level of patients with occupational lung diseases. Because of the higher activity in the IG, the intervention seems to be successful.


Introduction The Current Employment Statistics (CES) 2 program uses a birth/death model to account for changes in employment that are not captured in the CES sample. One part of this model, the net birth/death residual forecasts, has regularly added between 800,000 and 1,000,000 jobs to the CES employment level on an annual basis from 2003 to 2008. During the most recent recession, the birth/death residual dropped to less than 300,000, a change that was not picked up by the forecasting model and contributed to a very large benchmark revision. CES has been conducting research to determine if the CES birth/death model, based currently on historical time series, could benefit from the incorporation of an additional, more timely regression variable.


Drugs targeting β-cells have provided new options in the management of T2DM; however, their role in β-cell regeneration remains elusive. The recent emergence of cell-based therapies such as autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ABM-MSCs) and mononuclear cells (ABM-MNCs) seems to offer a pragmatic approach to augment β-cell function/mass. This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety of ABM-MSC and ABM-MNC transplantation in T2DM and explores alterations in glucose-insulin homeostasis by metabolic studies. Thirty patients of T2DM with duration of disease ≥5 years, receiving triple oral antidiabetic drugs along with insulin (≥0.4 IU/Kg/day) with HbA1c ≤7.5%(≤58.0 mmol/mol), were randomized to receive ABM-MSCs or ABM-MNCs through targeted approach and a sham procedure (n = 10 each). The primary endpoint was a reduction in insulin requirement by ≥50% from baseline, while maintaining HbA1c <7.0% (<53.0 mmol/mol) during 1-year follow-up. Six of 10 (60%) patients in both the ABM-MSC and ABM-MNC groups, but none in the control group, achieved the primary endpoint. At 12 months, there was a significant reduction in insulin requirement in ABM-MSC (P < 0.05) and ABM-MNC groups (P < 0.05), but not in controls (P = 0.447). There was a significant increase in second-phase C-peptide response during hyperglycemic clamp in the ABM-MNC (P < 0.05) group, whereas a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity index (P < 0.05) accompanied with an increase in insulin receptor substrate-1 gene expression was observed in the ABM-MSC group. In conclusion, both ABM-MSCs and ABM-MNCs result in sustained reduction in insulin doses in T2DM. Improvement in insulin sensitivity with MSCs and increase in C-peptide response with MNCs provide newer insights in cell-based therapies.


Transparency International considers New Zealand the least corrupt country in the world. Yet ranking systems can flatter to deceive. This article takes a critical stance towards their global classification, which is a perceptions‐based measure that ignores the private sector. In so doing, it heeds David Beetham's (2015) call for a broader definition of corruption, one that acknowledges the subjugation of the public sphere to secure private advantage. Jane Kelsey (2015: 11, 150) has noted that New Zealand is 'at the pure end of the neoliberal spectrum', being 'first to liberalise, last to regulate'. These points are examined with particular reference to corruption, the construction industry and the country's numerous housing problems. The opening section of How Corrupt is Britain?, in which Beetham's work appears, is titled 'Neoliberalism and Corruption'. This article questions the need for the conjunction.


Abstract We present regional in situ stress analyses based on publicly available log and pressure data from coal seam gas developments in the Permian Bowen basin, Australia. Together with earlier data from the eastern part of the Jurassic Surat basin, our results show a broad, but systematic, rotation of SHmax azimuths in this part of eastern Australia as well as systematic changes in stress state with depth. Overall, the geomechanical state of the region appears to reflect the interplay between basin-controlling structures and a complex far-field stress regime. At the reservoir level, within and between Permian coal seams, this stress complexity is reflected in highly variable stress states both vertically and laterally. Stress data, including direct pressure measurements and observations of borehole failure in image logs, have been used to calibrate sonic-derived one-dimensional wellbore stress models that consistently exhibit a change in tectonic stress regime with depth. Shallow depths (<600 m) are characterized by a reverse-thrust stress regime and deeper levels are characterized by a strike-slip regime. Changes in the stress state with depth influence the mechanical stratigraphy of rocks with widely contrasting mechanical attributes (coals and clastic sediments). Our results highlight the interdependency between regional tectonic, local structural and detailed rheological influences on the well scale geomechanical conditions that have to be taken into consideration in drilling and completion designs. Supplementary material: Database of additional wells with image log data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3785849


This book explores the application of concepts of fiduciary duty or public trust in responding to the policy and governance challenges posed by policy problems that extend over multiple terms of government or even, as in the case of climate change, human generations. The volume brings together a range of perspectives including leading international thinkers on questions of fiduciary duty and public trust, Australia's most prominent judicial advocate for the application of fiduciary duty, top law scholars from several major universities, expert commentary from an influential climate policy think-tank and the views of long-serving highly respected past and present parliamentarians.

The book presents a detailed examination of the nature and extent of fiduciary duty, looking at the example of Australia and having regard to developments in comparable jurisdictions. It identifies principles that could improve the accountability of political actors for their responses to major problems that may extend over multiple electoral cycles.


Today about 50 percent of marriages end in divorce and 40 percent of these divorces have children involved. Divorce can be a traumatic event and because of this divorce can be considered an ambiguous loss. This study looked at the losses that could be experienced by children from a parental divorce. Using attachment theory as the lens, literature was reviewed surrounding the effects of divorce on children. After completing the literature review the loss of the parent-child relationship was the primary focus for this study. A quantitative study was conducted to answer the question: does the custodial arrangement alleviate or exacerbate the loss of the parent-child relationship after a parental divorce? A total of 74 respondents, who experienced a parental divorce as a child, completed a survey to determine their legal custodial arrangement after the divorce and their Parent Child Relationship Survey (PCRS) scale score for both mother and father. The findings of this study concluded that there is a significant difference between a respondent in one legal custodial arrangement to a respondent with a different legal custodial arrangement and their mean PCRS scale score for father but not for mother. Recommendations for further research of other factors that can influence respondent's parentchild relationship and research before and after the divorce occurred would be beneficial. Implications for social workers were also discussed in providing more education to parents and children experiencing a divorce to support resilience. DIVORCE AND THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 3


In this article we will introduce a new psychoanalytic dimension of relatedness, which derives from the relational family paradigm. It offers a new understanding of the sacredness of human personality and also of the relationships from which it is woven. This new psychoanalytic approach basically surmises that the relationship between the therapist and the client is sacred. In that way we create new foundations for an understanding of psychopathology and essentially soteriology which is materialized on the basis of interpersonal relationships.


The recent privatisation of careers guidance provision in the United Kingdom has
resulted in major cultural change in the organisation of guidance companies. This
research examines the effect this external change has had on the quality of working
life for professionals engaged in the practice of careers guidance. The intention of
the policy was to improve service delivery not the quality of careers guidance.
Nevertheless, the implementation of the policy has had a discernible effect on the
way professionals experience work and on the guidance they give. Questions of
professional ownership and protectionism arise and are addressed with reference to
guidance and ethical frameworks.
Field research was undertaken with careers practitioners working in the South East
and in the North of England. The data collection comprised a questionnaire
administered to these two groups, followed by focus groups conducted with some
respondents from the South East sample. The concern was to understand how these
careers professionals are finding their way in changed circumstances; the approach
was phenomenological and interpretative (Huberman & Miles, 1994).
The findings demonstrate that guidance professionals are feeling under pressure
from targets introduced after contracting out. Practitioners are struggling to satisfy
the individual needs of their clients against policy requirements for standardised
outcomes: a tension familiar in the professionalism and managerialism debate
(Friedson, 1994; Edwards, 1998 and Becher, 1999). This pressure is exacerbated by
the anticipation of further policy changes for careers guidance delivery.
Where the organisation sees the strategic imperative as contract compliance,
commercial success has been at some cost to guidance professionals and their
practice. A more explicit consideration of ethical practice during strategy
formulation might be a way forward in the management of change in careers
companies. There is evidence that policy fails fully to understand how careers
guidance works.


Judaism and Christianity both arose in times of empire, with roots in Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. In order to understand these religious movements, we must first understand the history and society of these imperial cultures. In these formative years, wisdom and apocalyptic traditions flourished as two significant religious forms. In Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea, distinguished New Testament scholar Richard A. Horsley analyzes the function and meaning of these religious movements within their social context, providing essential background for the development of early Judaism and early Christianity. It is an ideal textbook for classes on the rise of Judaism or the Second Temple period, as well as the Dead Sea Scrolls and Apocrypha.


Advertising is the key for building, creating and sustaining brands. Advertising is a form of communication intended to convince an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, information, or services etc. Advertisements play a major role in persuading, informing and reminding both potential and existing customers towards making a buying decision. It plays a vital role in shaping dreams and aspirations and helps customer take conscious product and brand decisions. Advertisements with endorsements create easy remembrance for the customers for the advertised brand or product as the customers associate the brand with the celebrity and can easily register the brand. Some products or brands will hold a stronger position in the mind of the customers compared to others from the same category. Position of a brand in the mind of the customer is always relative. When a brand's name is recalled before others it is called top of the mind positioning of that brand. Advertising also helps in creating Top of the Mind Awareness of a brand and aims at facilitating brand recall. The focus of this paper is to study the impact of advertisement on consumer behaviour for home appliances.


Morphological variables such as phytomass, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, have been used to express the influence of mineral nutrients on plant growth patterns, since the vegetative development responds, in general, favorably to fertilizer applications. This work evaluates the effect of P on both, some morphological characteristics and total [P] in the shoot of eight grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. Genetic materials were grown in nutrient solution under three concentrations of P (0; 0.5 and 1.0 mmol L-1). Plants were harvested 41 days after sowing, and leaf area per plant (LA), number of leaves (NL) per plant, root volume (RV), plant height (PH), root dry matter (RDM), shoot dry matter (SDM), total dry matter (TDM), RDM/SDM ratio, and total P concentration in shoot were determined. RDM/SDM was high for treatment P(0) and diminished about twice when P was added. Lack of applied P decreased the final NL and LA. Shoot [P] was positively correlated with solution [P], but the increase in P concentration in the nutrient solution from 0.5 to 1.0 mmol L-1 had a negative effect on growth. Both under deficiency and sufficiency conditions of P, Himeca-101 showed the best behavior in terms of RDM, SDM, TDM, RV, LA and NL. LA and PH were identified as the best indicators to predict dry matter yield of sorghum plants under P supply conditions.


This study presents a traffic violation detection and reporting system, that does not rely on costly infrastructure or the presence of law enforcement. It relies solely on broadcast messages among vehicles and reports delivery to the transportation authority. A vehicle is modelled as an automaton (in the computational sense) that has its own state and has a read access to the state of other automata of other vehicles in a constant size neighbourhood. The common traffic rules and communication rules make the program of these automata that guide the transitions of the vehicles in space and time. By observing the transitions of the vehicles in their neighbourhood, a vehicle can decide if these comply with the traffic rules encoded in the system. Whenever a transition is not performed according to the program, a violation occurs. These violations are reported and witnessed to the transportation authority by the vehicles in the neighbourhood, which act as witnesses and reporters. The system preserves privacy and allows no false positives.


The radial particle flux induced by the fluctuation is measured by a Gold Neutral Beam Probe. Then the transient transport phenomenon induced by the fluctuation is investigated in the tandem mirror GAMMA 10. When the drift wave is excited at the central cell, the density near the center is reduced and the divergence of the flux becomes similar to the time derivative of the electron density. It shows that the density reduction is caused by the flux induced by the drift wave. After the density reduction, the drift wave is saturated and comes to the steady state because the density reduction accompanies the reduction of density gradient. Therefore, the transport phenomenon accompanying the growth and saturation of the drift wave is observed experimentally. In the steady state, the phase difference obeys the boltzman relation including the electron non-adiabatic term.


In our modern society with its increasing differentiation in culture and media, language and speech are also confronted with new demands and contexts for their use. In the new media, text and image become increasingly closely interwoven, and what were traditionally thought to be firm boundaries between the material forms of language - between speech and writing - appear as increasingly fluid. The volume deals with the diversity of manifestations of our language and its intermedial relations with other forms of communication, including images, body language, sounds, and music.


Background: Counterfeit pharmaceutical products (CPP) is a lucrative business for illegal operators who constantly try to smuggle their products into Malaysia. Full understanding of the roles and duties of pharmacy enforcement division as well as CPP by Royal Malaysian Custom (RMC) officers are pre-emptive to optimize the operation against drug smuggling. Objective: This study is aimed to examine the awareness of RMC officers on CPP and the roles of Pharmacy Enforcement Division (PED) officers at custom ports. Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire was developed based on the review of relevant Acts and Guidelines. The questionnaire was reviewed by 4 key officers and pre-tested. Stratified purposeful sampling was adopted to recruit RMC officers who worked at 16 custom ports in Sarawak where PED officers were stationed. Ethics approval and permission to collect data were obtained prior to data collection. Results: A total of 110 RMC respondents (48.9% response rate) were sampled. As a whole, the mean scores of awareness level towards CPP and the roles of PED officers are satisfactory at 4.12 ( ± SD 0.967) and 4.21 ( ± SD 0.785) respectively. RMC officers who have worked for more than 10 years are significantly having greater awareness towards CPP as compared to those who have worked for 10 years or less. Conclusion: This study reveals that the awareness of RMC officers towards CPP and the roles of PED officers are sufficient to curb the entering of CPP through the collaboration of PED officers. However, the awareness program for the RMC officers who have less experience is necessary to reinforce their understanding of CPP. Key words: Awareness, Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products, Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Royal Malaysian Custom Officer.


Cancer cells release high levels of lactate that has been correlated to increased metastasis and tumor recurrence. Single-cell measurements of lactate release can identify malignant cells and help decipher metabolic cancer pathways. We present here a novel droplet microfluidic method that allows the fast and quantitative determination of lactate release in many single cells. Using passive forces, droplets encapsulated cells are positioned in an array. The single-cell lactate release rate is determined from the increase in droplet fluorescence as the lactate is enzymatically converted to a fluorescent product. The method is used to measure the cell-to-cell variance of lactate release in K562 leukemia and U87 glioblastoma cancer cell lines and under the chemical inhibition of lactate efflux. The technique can be used in the study of cancer biology, but more broadly in cell biology, to capture the full range of stochastic variations in glycolysis activity in heterogeneous cell populations in a repeatable and high-throughput manner.