Reading foreign language texts is a frequently used strategy for language learning. Visual text augmentation methods further support the learning experience, e.g., by annotating vocabulary or grammar. Common approaches are integrated dictionaries or static grammar highlights. This work investigates how we can further support grammar learning with the dynamic visualization and interaction opportunities offered by digital reading devices. In collaboration with teachers and potential learners, we identify difficulties learners experience with English grammar and gather ideas for suitable interactive text augmentations. Based on this, we design four different concepts that augment adjectives and adverbs in English-language texts using typographic cues and interactive information displays. The concepts are evaluated in a within-subject study (N = 16). Results show that participants preferred concepts that presented case-specific support, did not distract too much from the text, and gave details on demand. We conclude with design recommendations for designing text augmentation for language learning.


As more and more emphasis is placed on the food we eat and the effect that diet has on
our health, nurses and health professionals are fmding they are increasingly being asked
for advice on diet and lifestyle.
Government guidelines on caring for older people, patients with coronary heart disease
and diabetes sufferers, emphasise the need for health professionals to focus more on
aspects of diet and lifestyle. But many professionals still lack the specialist skills and
knowledge to enable them to do this most effectively.
Now Dr Pat Judd, nutritionist and dietitian in the Postgraduate School of Medicine and
Health at the University of Central Lancashire, has developed a learning programme
specially designed to tackle this problem. The 'Nutrition Matters' course will equip
nurses and practitioners with the know-how to give basic dietary advice and to identify
when referral to a specialist dietician is necessary.
With over 25 years of experience in teaching dietitians, Dr Judd has highlighted the
main areas of concern and designed a pro gramme which will enable health care
professionals to understand the nutritional and dietary requirements of some of the most
at-risk patient groups and to give high quality advice.
Covering areas such as the overweight patient, raised blood cholesterol, the under fives,
older people, diabetes, food intolerance and allergies, the course comprises eight
optional three-hour study sessions led by Dr Judd and local specialist dietitians. The
course will he held in September and October 2002 a the Preston Business Centre next
to Sharoe Green Hospital in Preston.
Dr Pat Judd says: "Good nutrition is now recognised to be an important part in
maintaining health and treating disease. Nurses and practitioners need to be able to
understand the nutritional and dietary requirements of a whole range of patients if they
are to provide the best quality advice."
Anyone requiring any further information about the course should contact Sarah Davies
in the Faculty of Health at the University on 01772 893837, email
stdavies @uclan.ac.uk.
31 July 2002
nr081kjf


This essay conducts a rhetorical analysis of the efforts to commemorate Charles "Buddy" Bolden with a mock jazz funeral in 1996. Widely recognized as a jazz pioneer today, Bolden acquired most of his acclaim posthumously. Bolden spent the last twenty-five years of his life in the Louisiana State Insane Asylum where he died in obscurity in 1931. Bolden's mock funeral provides a useful case for extending public memory scholarship by exploring the rhetorical dimensions of defleshed memories. Drawing from interviews, archives, and textual analysis, this essay theorizes defleshed memories as memories whose physical trace—or evidence of a physical trace—is attenuated to a state close to non-existence by coercive acts of institutional repression and neglect that sanitize and depoliticize memories. Further, this essay finds that defleshed memories are often rebodied to serve commercial interests but can also be reincorporated into more robust living traditions through rhetorical acts of commemoration.


Thirty-four cows (26 Holsteins and 8 Jerseys) were subjected to an estrous synchronization protocol administering 2 PGF2α injections 11 d apart prior to beginning the lactation-induction protocol. Artificial induction of lactation yielded a 92% success rate for Holstein cows with success defined as achieving >9 kg milk/d, and a 88% success rate for Jersey cows with success defined as achieving > 5 kg milk/d. Mean accumulated milk yield for induced cows at 150 DIM was 65% of mean yield for nontreated cows. Mean peak milk yield for lactationinduced Holsteins and Jerseys was 32 kg/d and 20 kg/d, respectively. Mean serum and milk progesterone concentrations for samples collected during the first 6 d of lactation were not different between lactation-induced and nontreated cows. However, mean serum estradiol concentrations for induced cows were higher (P <0.05) in samples collected 3 and 5 DIM. Lactation-induced cows exhibited an increase in serum alpha-lactalbumin concentrations 2 d prior to initiation of milking, reaching values of ~260 ng/ml. Mean days-to-first service was greatly reduced in cows induced into lactation compared to nontreated cows, while mean services per conception was similar between induced and nontreated cows. Mean days to conception was lower for induced cows than for nontreated cows. By 150 DIM, pregnancy rate of induced cows was 70%, whereas nontreated cows averaged 56% pregnancy rate.


The increased mobility in society has led to a need for convenient mobile communication in many different type of environments. Environments such as a motorcycle helmet, engine rooms and most industrial sites share a common challenge in that they often offer significant acoustic background noise. Noise reduces the speech intelligibility and consequently limits the potential of mobile speech communications. Existing single channel solutions for speech enhancement may perform adequately when the level of noise is moderate. When the noise level becomes significant, additional use of the spatial domain in order to successfully perform speech enhancement is a potential solution. This is achieved by including several microphones in an array placed in the vicinity of the person speaking. A beamforming algorithm is hereby used to combine the microphones such that the desired speech signal is enhanced. The interest in using microphone arrays for broadband speech and audio processing has increased in recent years. There have been a considerable amount of interesting applications published using beamforming techniques for hands-free voice communication in cars, hearing-aids, teleconferencing and multimedia applications. Most of proposed solutions deal exclusively with environments where the noise is moderate. This thesis is a study of noise reduction in a helmet communication system on a moving motorcycle. The environment is analyzed under different driving conditions and a speech enhancement solution is proposed that operates successfully in all driving conditions. The motorcycle environment can exhibit extremely high noise levels, when driving at high speed, while it can produce a low noise levels at moderate speeds. This fact implies that different solutions are required. It is demonstrated in the thesis that a cascaded combination of a calibrated subband beamforming technique, together with a single channel solution provides good results at all noise levels. The proposed solution operates in the frequency domain, where all microphone signals are decomposed by a subband filter bank prior to the speech enhancement processing. Since the subband transformation is an important component of the overall system performance, a method for filter bank design is also provided in the thesis. The design is such that the aliasing effects in the transformations are minimized while a small delay of the total system is maintained.


The classic angular unconformity at Siccar Point became a landmark location in the history of geology after a boat trip to the site by James Hutton and his colleagues Professor John Playfair and Sir James Hall in 1788. Hutton successfully used the unconformity to support his view that the Earth's landforms and geological record resulted from uniform natural processes such as sedimentation, uplift, erosion, and renewed sedimentation through deep geologic time. At Siccar Point, gently dipping Devonian fluviatile Old Red Sandstones unconformably onlap vertical Silurian deep-water greywackes (schistus) to produce the most classic of angular unconformities that remains a must-see outcrop for geologists to this day. The relevance of this outcrop for the petroleum geologist is that it provides the opportunity to view an end-member stratal relationship in the continuum of unconformable surfaces (i.e., angular unconformity, disconformity, paraconformity, correlative conformity). The locality also aids the visualization of geometries relevant to unconformity (subcrop) traps and to onlap and pinchout (supracrop)–type traps. Although most Scottish geoscientists will have seen this outcrop in their student days, as a teaching aid to illustrate basic principles, a trip later in life can remind us of the importance of the site in a historical geology context. The location continues to inspire and instills a sense of duty in us, as scholars of the Earth's formation, to communicate and share the principles of deep time with those who have not had the privilege of an education that included the fundamentals of geology.


LBSkeleton is a interactive installation, creating an alternative ambient display from a blend of pneumatic sound and magnificent shadows, and showing an emotional communication between audience and the kinetic sculpture in a soothing way. It is made of dense replicated foldable space truss studying the configuration of origami tessellation and mechanical techniques, to design a transformable body. LBSkeleton detects the presence of one or more persons by the proximity sensing in the space and reacts through a change of shape, sound, light, and gracefully enables the audience to immerse and control a harmonious and augmented musical environment through the body movement.


Deep neural networks currently demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in several domains. At the same time, models of this class are very demanding in terms of computational resources. In particular, a large amount of memory is required by commonly used fully-connected layers, making it hard to use the models on low-end devices and stopping the further increase of the model size. In this paper we convert the dense weight matrices of the fully-connected layers to the Tensor Train [17] format such that the number of parameters is reduced by a huge factor and at the same time the expressive power of the layer is preserved. In particular, for the Very Deep VGG networks [21] we report the compression factor of the dense weight matrix of a fully-connected layer up to 200000 times leading to the compression factor of the whole network up to 7 times.


In its early days, ca. 1945-1965, molecular biology was a particularly collegial undertaking, characterized by free sharing of research data and a relative lack of egotistical behavior. The reason for this marvel may well have been that there was so much to discover—so many low hanging fruits—that there was room for everybody and enough money for the pursuit. This was a special period in the history of science, not only because stunning discoveries were made with great frequency, but also for the way science was done.


In the domain of design, there are two ways of viewing the competitiveness of evolved structures: they either improve in some manner on previous solutions; they produce alternative designs that were not previously considered; or they achieve both. In this paper we show that the way in which designs are genetically encoded influences which alternative structures are discovered, for problems in which a set of more than one optimal solution exists. The problem considered is one of the most ancient known to humanity: design a two-dimensional shape that, when rolled across flat ground, maintains a constant height. It was not until the late 19th century— roughly 7000 years after the discovery of the wheel—that Franz Reuleaux showed that a circle is not the only optimal solution. Here we demonstrate that artificial evolution repeats this discovery in under one hour.


Summary

1. Fire is a major driver of ecosystem structure and function worldwide. It is also widely used as a management tool to achieve conservation goals. A common objective is the maintenance of 'fire mosaics' comprising spatially heterogeneous patches of differing fire history. However, it is unclear what properties of fire mosaics most enhance conservation efforts. Here we focus on the spatial and temporal properties of fire-prone landscapes that influence the distribution of small mammals.

2. We surveyed small mammals in 28 landscapes (each 12·6 km²) representing a range of fire histories in the Murray Mallee region (104 000 km²) of semi-arid Australia. Generalised linear mixed models were used to examine the influence of five landscape properties on the capture rate of individual species and the species richness of native small mammals. We investigated the influence of the proportional extent of fire age-classes, the diversity of fire age-classes, the extent of the dominant vegetation type, rainfall history and biogeographic context.

3. Three of four study species were associated with the spatial extent of fire age-classes. Older vegetation was found to provide important habitat for native small mammals. Overall, however, rainfall history and biogeographic context were dominant influences: for example, the species richness of native mammals was positively associated with above-average rainfall. There was little evidence that the diversity of fire age-classes influenced either the capture rate of individual species or species richness.

4. Synthesis and applications. In fire-prone environments, habitat availability can change markedly over short time-scales. Sufficient habitat at a suitable seral stage within the landscape is a key requirement for species conservation. In mallee ecosystems, the retention of older vegetation is recommended to create more desirable fire mosaics for native small mammals. In addition to such spatial properties of mosaics that are amenable to manipulation, an understanding of how ecological processes affect the biota (such as variation in rainfall-driven productivity) is also essential for informed conservation management.


We develop a model for slow light based on the coherent population oscillation of quantum dots at room temperature. With the absorption dip and corresponding variation of the refractive index due to the coherent population beating induced by the pump and probe signal, quantum dots can be used as a slow-light medium. Our theoretical model matches the experimental results very well. We also experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that both the forward-bias injection current and reverse-bias voltage can change the group index in a semiconductor quantum-dot waveguide. Our results indicate that quantum-dot devices can be potentially used as electrically and optically controllable slow light devices


The purpose of the study is to assess the imbalance between the quality of labor and the needs of the national labor market and harmonize the supply of the national education system to meet the demands of social production. The analysis of actual (statistical) data is carried out; the method of expert survey is used to identify imbalances between labor and education markets. The needs of the national labor market for experts with digital and creative skills are substantiated. The authors focused on the problem of imbalance in the market of educational services and demand for labor with appropriate skills in the labor market of Ukraine. According to the results of the analysis, it has been found that the domestic labor market is characterized, on the one hand, by excessive qualification of the labor force, which is manifested in the excess of the educational level of employees over the demand for such specialists. This is reflected in the lack of decent jobs in the national labor market. On the other hand, the national labor market is characterized by a shortage of employees with digital skills. Expert assessments of specialists in labor, education and digital economy have revealed a lack of focus of all education levels on the formation of digital and creative skills in the actual and potential labour force. Approaches to the study of imbalances in national labor markets and educational services have been further developed. The main trends in labor skills formation and demand for them among employers in the national labor market in the context of digitalization have been identified. Compared with previous studies, the research contains the results of an expert survey. The obtained results serve as a research basis for the development of strategic decisions in the field of markets balancing and education in the context of digitalization of the economy.


Chess is thought to be a game demanding high cognitive abilities to be played well. Although many studies proved the link between mastery in chess and high degree of intelligence, just few studies proved that chess practice can enhance cognitive abilities. Starting from these considerations, the main purpose of the present research was to investigate the potential benefits of in-presence chess lessons and on-line training on mathematical problem-solving ability in young pupils (8 to 11 years old). Five hundred sixty students were divided into two groups, experimental (which had chess course and on-line training) and control (which had normal school activities), and tested on their mathematical and chess abilities. Results show a strong correlation between chess and math scores, and a higher improvement in math in the experimental group compared with the control group. These results foster the hypothesis that even a short-time practice of chess in children can be a useful tool to enhance their mathematical abilities.


Interacting with dynamic ride sharing systems for ad-hoc travel is a complex spatio-temporal task. The uncertainty of service supply and demand in this constrained arena challenges the rigidity of traditional human-computer interfaces. Without knowledge of service potential or the effect of their own limiting constraints, clients may simply not find any matching ride. Previous work on an intuitive interface concept, launch pads, resolves this issue by providing clients with visual feedback during a novel 2-step negotiation. Whilst computationally valid, human understanding of the launch pad metaphor and its interaction design still has to be assessed to close the system's feedback loop. For this purpose usability testing of launch pads is proposed in a directed wayfinding scenario. Results of testing will allow tuning of the system towards validation of the proposed visualization.


Ion channels and transporters have increasingly recognized roles in cancer progression through the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and death. Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) are a source of tumor formation and recurrence in glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive brain cancer, suggesting that ion channel expression may be perturbed in this population. However, little is known about the expression and functional relevance of ion channels that may contribute to GSC malignancy. Using RNA sequencing, we assessed the enrichment of ion channels in GSC isolates and non-tumor neural cell types. We identified a unique set of GSC-enriched ion channels using differential expression analysis that is also associated with distinct gene mutation signatures. In support of potential clinical relevance, expression of selected GSC-enriched ion channels evaluated in human glioblastoma databases of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project correlated with patient survival times. Finally, genetic knockdown as well as pharmacological inhibition of individual or classes of GSC-enriched ion channels constrained growth of GSCs compared to normal neural stem cells. This first-in-kind global examination characterizes ion channels enriched in GSCs and explores their potential clinical relevance to glioblastoma molecular subtypes, gene mutations, survival outcomes, regional tumor expression, and experimental responses to loss-of-function. Together, the data support the potential biological and therapeutic impact of ion channels on GSC malignancy and provide strong rationale for further examination of their mechanistic and therapeutic importance.


The action of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is regulated by phosphorylation, cyclin levels, the abundance of CDK inhibitors, and, as recently has been shown for cyclin B/cdc2, their localization. It is unclear how localization regulates the action of cyclin E/Cdk2 and its inhibitors. Here, we show that the closest known Xenopus laevis homolog of mammalian Cdk2 inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p21(CIP1), Xic1, is concentrated, ubiquitinated, and destroyed in the nucleus. Furthermore, Xic1 destruction requires nuclear import, but not nuclear export, and requires the formation of a transport-competent nuclear envelope, but not interactions between the lamina and chromatin. We show that (i) cyclin E/Cdk2 and Xic1 are transported into the nucleus as a complex and that Xic1 destruction requires the activity of cyclin E, (ii) that phosphorylation of Xic1 by cyclin E/Cdk2 bypasses the requirement for nuclear formation, and (iii) that the phosphorylation of Xic1 by cyclin E/Cdk2 is concentration dependent and likely realized through second-order interactions between stable cyclin E/Cdk2/Xic1 ternary complexes. Based on these results we propose a model wherein nuclear accumulation of the cyclin E/Cdk2/Xic1 complex triggers a concentration-dependent switch that promotes the phosphorylation of Xic1 and, consequently, its ubiquitination and destruction, thus allowing subsequent activation of cyclin E/Cdk2.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the extent to which policies and practices of Canadian hospitals providing maternity care are consistent with the World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional mailed survey.

SETTING
Canada.

PARTICIPANTS
Representatives of 572 hospitals providing maternity care across Canada were sent a questionnaire in the spring and summer of 1993, 523 (91.4%) responded.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Self-reported implementation of policies and practices concerning infant feeding; hospitals were grouped according to location, size (number of live births per year) and university affiliation status.

MAIN RESULTS
Although 58.4% (296/507) of the respondents reported that their hospital had a written policy on breast-feeding, only 4.6% (21/454) reported having one that complied with all of the WHO/UNICEF steps surveyed. This figure dropped to 1.3% (6/453) when compliance with the WHO code (distribution of free samples of formula to formula-feeding and breast-feeding mothers) was added. Hospitals in Quebec and the Prairie provinces were significantly more likely than those in Ontario to give free samples of formula to both breast-feeding (OR 2.39 [95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.39 to 4.09] and 20.22 [95% Cl 9.27 to 44.33] respectively) and formula-feeding mothers (OR 1.82 [95% Cl 1.07 to 3.11] and 8.03 [95% Cl 3.29 to 19.6] respectively), after adjustment for hospital size and university affiliation status.

CONCLUSION
There are considerable variations in the implementation of individual WHO steps and provisions of the WHO code according to hospital location, size and university affiliation status. Very few Canadian hospitals meet all of the criteria that would enable them to be considered "baby friendly" according to the WHO/UNICEF definition.


Abstract. We study the phasespace behaviour of heliospheric pick-up ions after the time of their injection as newly created ions into the solar wind bulk flow from either charge exchange or photoionization of interplanetary neutral atoms. As interaction with the ambient MHD wave fields we allow for rapid pitch angle diffusion, but for the beginning of this paper we shall neglect the effect of quasilinear or nonlinear energy diffusion (Fermi-2 acceleration) induced by counterflowing ambient waves. In the up-to-now literature connected with the convection of pick-up ions by the solar wind only adiabatic cooling of these ions is considered which in the solar wind frame takes care of filling the gap between the injection energy and energies of the thermal bulk of solar wind ions. Here we reinvestigate the basics of the theory behind this assumption of adiabatic pick-up ion reactions and correlated predictions derived from it. We then compare it with the new assumption of a pure magnetic cooling of pick-up ions simply resulting from their being convected in an interplanetary magnetic field which decreases in magnitude with increase of solar distance. We compare the results for pick-up ion distribution functions derived along both ways and can point out essential differences of observational and diagnostic relevance. Furthermore we then include stochastic acceleration processes by wave-particle interactions. As we can show, magnetic cooling in conjunction with diffusive acceleration by wave-particle interaction allows for an unbroken power law with the unique power index γ=−5 beginning from lowest velocities up to highest energy particles of about 100 KeV which just marginally can be in resonance with magnetoacoustic turbulences. Consequences for the resulting pick-up ion pressures are also analysed.


Verbs that present synonymous relations usually articulate, due to their meaning identity, correlations of the syntactic-semantic order, and due to this, they constitute an interesting field of study for delimiting, with exactitude, where the specific character of each lexical unit resides. This work will try to delve into the similarities and divergences of two synonymous verbs, recordar and acordar(se). With this objective in mind, a comparative analysis on their peculiar syntactic-semantic behavior will be performed, using the information extracted from two databases (ADESSE and FramNet). The results point to the existence of zones of convergences, but also to specific features in their semotactic combination that helps with the configuration of their singular syntactic-semantic profile within the semantic class of cognition verbs.


This paper proposes the novel Pose Guided Person Generation Network (PG$^2$) that allows to synthesize person images in arbitrary poses, based on an image of that person and a novel pose. Our generation framework PG$^2$ utilizes the pose information explicitly and consists of two key stages: pose integration and image refinement. In the first stage the condition image and the target pose are fed into a U-Net-like network to generate an initial but coarse image of the person with the target pose. The second stage then refines the initial and blurry result by training a U-Net-like generator in an adversarial way. Extensive experimental results on both 128$\times$64 re-identification images and 256$\times$256 fashion photos show that our model generates high-quality person images with convincing details.


Transmit power in wireless cellular networks is a key degree of freedom in the management of interference, energy, and connectivity. Power control in both the uplink and downlink of a cellular network has been extensively studied, especially over the last 15 years, and some of the results have enabled the continuous evolution and significant impact of the digital cellular technology.

This survey provides a comprehensive discussion of the models, algorithms, analysis, and methodologies in this vast and growing literature. It starts with a taxonomy of the wide range of power control problem formulations, and progresses from the basic formulation to more sophisticated ones. When transmit power is the only set of optimization variables, algorithms for fixed SIR are presented first, before turning to their robust versions and joint SIR and power optimization. This is followed by opportunistic and non-cooperative power control. Then joint control of power together with beamforming pattern, base station assignment, spectrum allocation, and transmit schedule is surveyed\break one-by-one.

Throughout the survey, we highlight the use of mathematical language and tools in the study of power control, including optimization theory, control theory, game theory, and linear algebra. Practical implementations of some of the algorithms in operational networks are discussed in the concluding section. As illustrated by the open problems presented at the end of most chapters, in the area of power control in cellular networks, there are still many under-explored directions and unresolved issues that remain theoretically challenging and practically important..


The best warning of human exposure to elevated toxic aerosol particles is a monitor that can provide a near-real-time alarm function. Use of surrogate indices such as particle-number concentration, mass concentration, and/or other flow-diagnostics variables is ineffective and could be costly when false positives do arise. We have developed a field-portable system specifically for monitoring beryllium particles in the air in near real-time. The prototype monitor is installed on a two-shelf handcart that can be used in workplaces involving beryllium extraction, machining, and parts fabrication. The measurement involves no sample preparation and generates no analytical waste. The operating principle of the monitor is electrically enhanced laser-induced electrical-plasma spectrometry assisted with aerosol-focusing technology. Performance data of the monitor indicate a dynamic range spanning over four orders of magnitude, and the monitor is capable of detecting an airborne beryllium concentration of 0.05 μg m-3. In reference, the Department of Energy (DOE) standard for beryllium is 0.2 μg m−3 within an 8-h average, while the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard for beryllium is 2 μg m−3. In addition, the monitor is capable of simultaneous detection of multiple elements using an Echellette spectrometer if needed. The capability of simultaneous detection provides a convenient means for positive identification and possible quantification of multiple elements in near real time. We present the instrument development and calibration data and results from field demonstration conducted at a DOE facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.


Web Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are systems composed by software, hardware, spatial data and computing operations, which aim to collect, model, store, share, retrieve, manipulate and display geographically referenced data. The development of online geospatial applications is currently on the rise, but this type of application often involves dealing with concerns (i.e., properties) which are inherently volatile, implying a considerable effort for system evolution. Nevertheless, geospatial concerns (e.g., temporarily blocked streets), although changeable, are reusable. However, lack of modularization in software artifacts (including system's models) can compromise reusability. In this context, the use of requirements analysis patterns, enriched with aspect-oriented modeling techniques, can support reusability and improve modularity. In this paper, we introduce requirements analysis patterns for geospatial concerns, to facilitate modularity in GIS Web applications. These patterns are generated from the domain analysis of Web GIS applications and described using a template which is supported by a comprehensive tool, enabling the completion of specific geospatial patterns.


Engineering economy set of mathematical techniques for economic evaluation of investment projects that present value and internal rate of return method are among the most important of these methods. Managers and investors have many reasons to using internal rate of return greater willingness shown. This is while the serious problems associated with using internal rate of return method. In recent years, several articles have been published in order to fix the way in which we can approach the Magni in 2010. The aim of this paper is to simplify and facilitate the model is, in other words, by eliminating some of the most simple and straightforward algorithm to calculate the rate of return Magni way we present period.


A bacterial pathogen reverses the modification of a host cell protein involved in membrane trafficking. The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila exploits host cell vesicle transport by transiently manipulating the activity of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab1. The effector protein SidM recruits Rab1 to the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), where it activates Rab1 and then AMPylates it by covalently adding adenosine monophosphate (AMP). L. pneumophila GTPase-activating protein LepB inactivates Rab1 before its removal from LCVs. Because LepB cannot bind AMPylated Rab1, the molecular events leading to Rab1 inactivation are unknown. We found that the effector protein SidD from L. pneumophila catalyzed AMP release from Rab1, generating de-AMPylated Rab1 accessible for inactivation by LepB. L. pneumophila mutants lacking SidD were defective for Rab1 removal from LCVs, identifying SidD as the missing link connecting the processes of early Rab1 accumulation and subsequent Rab1 removal during infection.


The dual electro-absorption modulated laser (D-EML) is a transmitter technology based on distributed feedback laser and electro-absorption modulator integrated on the same chip with dual independent-access modulation. The D-EML allows the adjustment of its optical signal spectral content by controlling independently the laser and modulator amplitude modulations in order to enhance the transmission distance beyond usual chromatic dispersion limit without increasing consumption, cost, and complexity. We develop a D-EML model based on experimental characterization in order to demonstrate by simulation the interest of dual-modulation format for optical systems at 10, 25, and 40 Gb/s.


Teacher shortages have been a significant topic of policy concern in nearly every state. Join this webinar to hear how policy leaders and innovators across the country have successfully addressed this challenge. From supporting new teachers to retaining accomplished teachers to accurately identifying teacher shortage areas, this webinar will provide research-based examples from across the teacher career continuum to equip policy leaders with new insights, ideas and inspiration to ensure a high-quality teacher workforce for each and every student.


While is it widely accepted that adults with poor reading skills have inferior labour market outcomes, little is known about whether low reading proficiency in school is a precursor to inferior labour market outcomes in adulthood. We fill this gap in the literature using education and labour market information to age 25 years for participants in the 2003 Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) who were tracked from age 15 in the 2003 Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth. We find no difference in full-time employment rates or earning capacity of jobs attained at age 25 between those who had low and medium reading proficiency at age 15. Supporting analysis suggests that high rates of participation and positive outcomes from vocational education and training (VET) among those with low reading proficiency helps them avoid any negative effects from poor achievement in school. These results highlight the role of accessible VET pathways in facilitating the labour market participation of youth who may become disengaged from learning in school.


In this paper we present an extension to basic type theory to allow a uniform construction of abstract data types (ADTs) having many of the properties of objects, including abstraction, subtyping, and inheritance. The extension relies on allowing type dependencies for function types to range over a well-founded domain. Using the propositions{as{types correspondence, abstract data types can be identi ed with logical theories, and proofs of the theories are the objects that inhabit the corresponding ADT.


This study investigated two cases in Scotland and Japan regarding government nursing workforce policies related to recently qualified nurses (RQNs) and the responses of clinical practice to these policies. Comparisons of findings and results between Scotland and Japan were made. Mixed methods were used including questionnaires (adapted POWCS and PES-NWI) and semi-structured interviews. In Scotland, five NHS managers, seven ward managers, and nine RQNs participated for the semi-structured interviews. A total of 119 Scottish RNs participated for the questionnaires. In Japan, seven nurse managers, six ward managers, and six RQNs participated for the semi-structured interviews. A total of 83 Japanese RNs responded to the questionnaires.
In Scotland, three government initiatives related to RQNs for the last 5 years were identified; 'One Year Job Guarantee', 'Flying Start'(FS), and 'Early Clinical Career Fellowships'(ECCFs). Several responses in clinical practice to these initiatives were identified from the interviews and questionnaires. Firstly, FS and ECCFs were understood as 'good support' by managers and RQNs. However, RQNs did not find FS helpful for supporting their transition process. Lack of engagement and poor understanding among RNs was found to be an issue as well as a lack of evaluation and tracking system for FS and ECCFs on completion of the programmes
In Japan, two major legislative changes related to RQNs for the last 5 years were identified; change in the Medical Care Fee Schedule for Remuneration and change in 'Public Health Nurses, Midwives, and Nurses Act' and 'Nurse Provision Act'. An Increased number of RNs in the study hospitals was reported as an outcome for the Medical Care Fee Schedule for Remuneration. The increased annual inflow of RQNs caused issues such as increased workload for experienced nurses as well as a lack of the ability of experienced nurses as clinical educators for RQNs. Lack of funding and resources were found to be key issues for maintaining nurse staffing levels as well as the lack of a monitoring system for Japanese nursing workforce such as registration system.
Findings from this study suggested several factors for better policy development and implementation related to RQNs in Scotland and Japan; 1) there is a need to establish an evaluation or monitoring system for government initiatives in both countries, 2) the importance of developing and implementing nursing workforce policies without large fluctuations in nursing workforce was highlighted, 3) the Japanese government needs to develop more integrated nursing workforce policies, 4) the importance of having engagement from RNs with policies related to clinical practice was reported, 5) finally, this study suggests that Scottish and Japanese governments need to keep the attempts to sustain the changes by previous policies. The findings added to the current knowledge by providing the insight of each country related to recently qualified nursing workforce policy from two single case studies.


In December 2018, a Corporate Governance Code aimed at large private companies was unveiled, the culmination of an industry-led effort in producing a set of best practices in large private companies. These standards would also facilitate compliance with the mandatory obligation for large companies, whether public or private, to publicly disclose their corporate governance arrangements. The reform introduced to require mandatory disclosure of large companies' corporate governance arrangements followed from a significant corporate failure, BHS, in 2016. Although significant corporate failures in the UK have given rise to both business and social concerns, the UK has always looked to improving corporate governance as a proportionate remedy. The development of corporate governance policy incorporates government, business and wider collaboration, a tradition that has continued in the production of the Wates Principles for Large Private Companies. This soft law instrument is however part of wider corporate governance reforms, and large private companies that choose to adopt the Principles are asked to 'apply and explain'. We argue that the 'corporate governance' solution to the problems posed by large private companies with a significant social footprint places the Wates Principles at the interstices of public-private and the economic versus ethical framing of the firm. Ultimately we argue that the 'corporate governance' solution cannot be understood or framed merely in the conventional theoretical paradigm of a private and economic nature. There is a need to situate the Principles within an alternative theoretical framework and we argue that the theoretical framework of the social contract is apt for analysing the Wates Principles. We derive a set of benchmark norms according to our preferred theoretical framework in order to evaluate the Wates Principles. We argue that the Principles ultimately fall short of the social expectations for the corporate governance of large private companies.


Currently scientists and engineers are using near-infrared (NIR) technology to detect motions of human body parts, and can develop programming for gesture recognition. Software is being developed by researchers for both stationary and mobile NIR cameras to operate as Sign Language Recognition devices. This thesis focus was on adapting an application of a NIR camera to be used on any device with application compatibility, essentially allowing a Hearing Impaired (HI) person to use a highly portable camera to communicate with non-speakers of Sign Language. Some examples of the devices that are able to use this technology include computers, tablets, and smart phones. I have developed a Sign Language recognition technology to establish better techniques, databases, and interactive applications for improved function of communication in the HI culture. The algorithm performed at a 76.67% accuracy across all gestures tested for first-time participants.


Abstract The objective of this study is the improvement of drinking water treatment with activated carbon by oxidation of the carbon altering its physical and chemical properties. Oxidation is realised by means of two oxidants: ozone or ammonium persulfate. The treatment modifies the distribution of porous volume of carbon, creates surface conditions which appears to affect the rate, the capacity and character of pollutant elimination. Oxidation favors the retention of adsorbable and non–adsorbable compounds (humic substances, phenols, ethanol).


In markets with asymmetric information, only sellers have knowledge about the quality of goods. Sellers may of course make a declaration of the quality, but unless there are sanctions imposed on false declarations or reputations are at stake, such declarations are tantamount to cheap talk. Nonetheless, in an experimental study we find that most people make honest declarations, which is in line with recent findings that lies damaging another party are costly in terms of the liar's utility. Moreover, we find in this experimental market that deceptive sellers offer lower prices than honest sellers, which could possibly be explained by the same wish to limit the damage to the other party. However, when the recipient of the offer is a social tie we find no evidence for lower prices of deceptive offers, which seems to indicate that the rationale for the lower price in deceptive offers to strangers is in fact profit-seeking (by making the deal more attractive) rather than moral.


Children with epilepsy have more peer difficulties than do healthy children or children with other health conditions (i.e., asthma and diabetes). Few studies have investigated which variables relate to peer problems in children with epilepsy. This study examined if variables directly associated with peer difficulties in typically developing children such as inattentive behavior, anxious behavior, and academic achievement were also associated with peer difficulties in children with epilepsy. Neuropsychological functioning and seizure characteristics (i.e., age at epilepsy onset, seizure status), were also examined. Results revealed that, except for the correlations of seizure status to age at epilepsy onset, neuropsychological functioning, and academic achievement, all study variables were related to one another. Anxious behavior mediated the relations between neuropsychological functioning and peer difficulties and seizure status and peer difficulties; inattentive behavior mediated the association between neuropsychological functioning and peer difficulties; neuropsychological functioning mediated the relation between age at epilepsy onset and inattentive behavior, anxious behavior, and academic achievement. Hence, interventions for treating peer difficulties in children with epilepsy may wish to target inattentive and anxious behaviors. Also, given that neuropsychological functioning and seizure status are associated with behavior problems, these may be important to include in the assessment and intervention process as well.


Information and communication technologies have been widely used to achieve the objective of smart city development. A smart air quality sensing and forecasting system is an important part of a smart city. One of the major challenges in designing such a forecast system is ensuring high accuracy and an acceptable computation time. In this paper, we show that it is possible to accurately forecast fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations with low computation time by using different clustering techniques. An Internet of Things framework comprising of Airbox devices for PM2.5 monitoring has been used to acquire the data. Our main focus is to achieve high forecasting accuracy with reduced computation time. We use a hybrid model to do the forecast and a grid based system to cluster the monitoring stations based on the geographical distance. The experiments and evaluation is done using Airbox devices data from 557 stations deployed all over Taiwan. We are able to demonstrate that a proper clustering based on geographical distance can reduce the forecasting error rate and also the computation time. Also, in order to further evaluate our system, we have applied wavelet-based clustering to group the monitoring stations. A final comparative analysis is done for different clustering schemes with respect to accuracy and computational time.


While Learning Analytics (LA) has a lot of potential, educators sometimes doubt whether it is worth to invest in the analysis of LA and whether its use yields additional insights. Drawing on data from a pilot study, we illustrate an application of LA for the evaluation of student workload in online or blended learning courses. Although measuring student workload is essential for optimizing learning, workload research is still under development. The study compares results provided by two data sources: viewing activity logs and a weekly evaluation survey. The results indicate that self-reported data provide higher estimates of workload than LA. Moreover, the two measures are only weakly correlated. The results should be replicated with a larger sample size, different sub-populations, and in different contexts.


Governments across the world are formulating and implementing medical, social, economic and other policies to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and protect their citizens. Many governments claim that their policies follow the best available scientific advice. Much of that advice comes from computational modeling. Two of the main types of model are presented: the SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) model developed by Kermack and McKendrick in the 1920s and the more recent Agent Based Models. The SIR model gives a good intuition of how epidemics spread; including how mass vaccination can contain them. It is less useful than Agent Based Modeling for investigating the effects of policies such as social distancing, self-isolation, wearing facemasks, and test-trace-isolate. Politicians and the public have been perplexed to observe the lack of consensus in the scientific community and there being no single 'best science' to follow. The outcome of computational models depends on the assumptions made and the data used. Different assumptions will lead to different computational outcomes, especially when the available data are so poor. This leads some commentators to argue that the models are wrong and dangerous. Some may be, but computational modeling is one of the few ways available to explore and try to understand the space of possible futures. This lack of certainty means that computational modeling must be seen as just one of many inputs into the political decision making process. Politicians must balance all the competing inputs and make timely decisions based on their conclusions---be they right or wrong. In the same way that democracy is the least worst form of government, computational modeling may be the least worst way of trying to understand the future for policy making.


The criminal system has an uneasy relationship with information. On the one hand, the criminal process is centrally defined by stringent evidentiary and information rules and a commitment to public transparency. On the other, largely due to the dominance of plea bargaining, criminal liability is determined by all sorts of unregulated, non-public information that never pass through the quality control of evidentiary, discovery, or other criminal procedure restrictions. The result is a process that generates determinations of liability that are often unmoored from systemic information constraints. This phenomenon is exemplified, and intensified, by the widespread use of criminal informants, or "snitching," in which the government trades guilt for information, largely outside the purview of rule-based constraints, judicial review, or public scrutiny. With a special focus on the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Ruiz, this Article explores the criminal system's putative stance towards the proper use of information in generating convictions, in contrast with actual information practices that undermine some of the system's foundational commitments to accuracy, fairness, and transparency. It concludes that the evolution of this deregulated information culture is altering the functional meaning of criminal guilt.


Child injury mortality rates have declined steadily over time and across causes of death. This paper investigates alternative explanations for this decline and evaluates their value. I assess changes in children's living circumstances, changes in the professional child injury knowledge base, changes in the information imparted to parents, and changes in the regulation of childhood behavior and, in the context of a model of health production, explore how each of these changes might have been expected to affect child safety. These hypotheses are then tested empirically using data from the National Mortality Detail Files on the number of child deaths by age, cause, and state and combine this information with data from the Current Population Survey on the characteristics of children and their families by state. I find that changes in children's living circumstances can explain little, if any of the change in child health. I find limited evidence that regulatory interventions intended to change behavior have been important. I find substantial evidence suggesting that changes in the knowledge available to parents about child health have become increasingly important, while parents' time has become less important in producing health. These results provide a first effort in understanding the dramatic reduction in child injury mortality. They also illustrate how the development of scientific information, a public good, is translated into private outcomes, and can generate growing inequality in those outcomes.


This paper proposes a novel method to graft "social listening" technique to Quality Attribute Workshop (QAW). QAW is a team facilitation meeting among stakeholders, which was introduced by Software Engineering Institute (SEI). It helps them communicate each other, thereby exposing interactions of quality attributes, and finding new quality attributes which development team may not have surfaced or considered before. Therefore, having all stakeholders in the meeting is very critical in order to cover their quality attribute concerns. In practices, however, inviting real end users to QAW is almost impossible during development phase, even though they are the most important stakeholders whom development them should consider. So we suggest "social listening", which elicits end users' voices or thoughts about a product from SNS, such as Twitter, Facebook, and blogs to compensate end user's absence in QAW.


The purpose of this paper is to outline human resource management strategies in educational institutions and investigate the implications of the systemic approach. The methodology is the combination of primary and secondary research. Primary research is quantitative and refers to a case study on conflict management in an educational organization between the Director and his subordinates. The method of collecting data was the on-site observation from the position of deputy director, since it is an experiential experience. Secondary research is based on content analysis from different case studies, draws data from modern literature, leads to critical analysis of human resource management strategy theories and examines their effectiveness. Conflict in an educational organization is influenced by both structural and personal factors. According to modern theories of management education, conflicts in an educational organization can be both positive and negative and can positively contribute to activating people for greater effort and efficient operation. This research argues that a comprehensive analysis of the environment and complex systems can contribute to the understanding of contemporary issues. It is based on the principles of systemic theory and suggests the imperative need of knowledge of conflict management by education executives. There are bibliographic gaps in the recording and analysis of case studies, dealing with the management and resolution of conflicts between education staff and subordinates.


Among advanced electronic designs, vision systems are perhaps those that have undergone the most dramatic technological revolutions of the last decades. Recently, a new family of vision systems has emerged aimed at three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Many applications exist or will soon come to existence that can use 3D image sensors and the image sensor community is responding with conventional and unconventional solutions. This thesis presents a new concept for imaging and, in particular, for 3D imaging, based on single-photon detection. In our approach, single-photon detection is performed by a device known as single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). Large arrays of SPADs were demonstrated for the first time in this thesis and time resolutions consistently in the picosecond range were achieved. It has thus become feasible to design solid-state 3D imagers with millimeter depth perception based on the time-of-flight principle. Initially, large arrays of SPAD devices and associated circuitry have been investigated in a 0.8µm CMOS technology. Extremely low-noise detectors were implemented in this technology. In arrays of 64x48 pixels, the median dark count rate was 0.5Hz per square micrometer of active area. For these devices, the maximum photon detection probability was 26% at 550nm optical wavelength. Subsequently, a technology migration of SPADs towards deep-submicron CMOS has been successfully achieved. For the first time, SPADs in 0.35µm and 0.13µm CMOS technologies were designed and characterized. Outstanding photon detection probabilities up to 35.4% and 34.5% have been measured in devices manufactured in 0.35µm and 0.13µm CMOS, respectively. Median dark count rate has increased with technology scaling. The median dark count rate over an array of 128x128 pixels was 18 Hz/µm2 in 0.35µm CMOS, whereas it was 385Hz/µm2 in 0.13µm CMOS for a single device. With the aim of enabling high-performance system-on-a-chip implementations using single-photon detectors, appropriate front-end and ancillary circuits utilized in the detection, measurement, and storage of time-of-flight evaluations have been introduced. For the first time, passive quenching circuits using a single MOS transistor were investigated. Based on the proposed biasing regime, the single MOS quenching circuit provides well defined dead time and leads to high pixel fill factor. Active recharge is achieved in this thesis by means of a new dual-threshold quenching and recharge circuit. This circuit allows the implementation of a hold-off time using low in-pixel transistor count, thus improving afterpulsing probability with little or no penalty in fill factor. 3D image sensors based on a pulsed detection technique known as time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) have been investigated. Moreover, a technique has also been investigated for range imaging using SPADs that operate with continuously modulated optical signals. This technique, known as single-photon synchronous detection (SPSD), was invented in the course of this thesis and it is introduced here for the first time. In order to demonstrate the potential of TCSPC in solid-state 3D imaging, a complete theoretical and experimental investigation was conducted. An analytical model for the evaluation of ranging performance based on TCSPC was introduced. A fully-integrated TCSPC system for single-photon time-of-flight evaluation was implemented in CMOS, for the first time. Depth maps of 3D scenes were achieved at millimeter precisions using only 1mW of laser power and an integration time of 50ms. Thanks to SPAD technology, accurate distance measurements are now possible even with extremely low photon count rates of a few thousand per second. The maximum non-linearity in distance measurement was 9 millimeters over the full measurement range. Time-varying uncertainty (1σ) at the farthest distance was 5.2 millimeters. The SPSD approach has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. The design of the first fully-parallel implementation of a single-photon image sensor in CMOS has been introduced. The sensor has enabled the acquisition of real-time 3D images, based on CMOS SPADs, for the first time. A 3D camera prototype was designed and built based on the SPSD image sensor with a field-of-view of 50°. Experimental results showed that the SPSD rangefinder is effective. Distance measurement performance was characterized with a maximum non-linearity error of 11cm within a range of a few meters. In the same range, the maximum repeatability error was 3.8cm.


We present new spectra obtained with the Faint Object Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope of the HH 47A bow shock and Mach disk that cover the entire spectral range between λλ2220 and 6810. In addition to emission lines seen previously from HH objects, we uncover over a dozen weak Fe IItransitions in the ultraviolet. The flux ratios between these permitted lines can only be understood if transitions to the ground state are resonantly scattered within HH 47A. The expected column density of Fe II within HH 47A suffices to scatter these lines, although the scattering optical depths imply that the Fe II line broadening must exceed that expected from thermal motions. Excitation of ultraviolet Fe II occurs locally within HH 47A, probably from collisions within the hot postshock gas and not from UV pumping from some nearby O stars. The data show no evidence for significant depletion of Fe within HH 47A. The emission line's fluxes and ratios indicate that jet material currently enters the Mach disk with a density of ~350 cm-3 and a velocity of ~40 km s-1. The mass-loss rate of the exciting star, as measured by the mass flux through the Mach disk, is 1.6×10 M☉ yr-1. This mass-loss rate is considerably lower than that closer to the star where the jet is brighter, probably because the density along the jet is highly nonuniform. A single-shock velocity does not match the bow shock spectrum well. We propose that secondary shocks reheat the gas within the cooling zone of the HH 47A bow shock. Compression from the first shock will cause these secondary shocks to be strongly magnetized, and the secondary shocks should emit strongly in low-excitation lines such as Mg II, C II], and [S II]. The weak blue continua seen at optical wavelengths in spectra of the Mach disk and bow shock extend into the ultraviolet and have spectral energy distributions and total fluxes consistent with those expected from two-photon emission.


The southern African marine realm is located at the transition zone between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific biomes. Its biodiversity is particularly rich and comprises faunal and floral elements from the two major oceanic regions, as well as a large number of endemics. Within this realm, strikingly different biota occur in close geographic proximity to each other, and many of the species with distributions spanning two or more of the region's marine biogeographic provinces are divided into evolutionary units that can often only be distinguished on the basis of genetic data. In this review, we describe the state of marine phylogeography in southern Africa, that is, the study of evolutionary relationships at the species level, or amongst closely related species, in relation to the region's marine environment. We focus particularly on coastal phylogeography, where much progress has recently been made in identifying phylogeographic breaks and explaining how they originated and are maintained. We also highlight numerous shortcomings that should be addressed in the near future. These include: the limited data available for commercially important organisms, particularly offshore species; the paucity of oceanographic data for nearshore areas; a dearth of studies based on multilocus data; and the fact that studying the role of diversifying selection in speciation has been limited to physiological approaches to the exclusion of genetics. It is becoming apparent that the southern African marine realm is one of the world's most interesting environments in which to study the evolutionary processes that shape not only regional, but also global patterns of marine biodiversity.


Context: Pheniramine is being used harmfully in combination with opiates and benzodiazepines through injecting route. Aims: The present study is an attempt to compare the physiological and psychomotor/cognitive task performance on pheniramine and lorazepam. Settings and Design: The study used a double blind randomly allotted cross-over design. Materials and Methods: The doses of the drugs used were placebo (normal saline) - 2 ml, Pheniramine maleate - 45.5 mg, Lorazepam - 2 mg. The assessments were made at base line and then at 15 min., 120 min and 240 min. The subjects were assessed for the socio-demographic profile, drug use history, physiological parameters (pulse rate, BP, respiratory rate), and psychomotor/cognitive tasks. Statistical Analysis used : Analysis was carried out using SPSS ver 10.0. In between, drug comparisons were done using one-way ANOVA (multiple comparisons). Results: Physiological and cognitive/psychomotor tasks performance did not show any significant difference between pheniramine, lorazepam and placebo. Conclusions: The findings suggest the pheniramine and lorazepam have comparable impairment on physiological and cognitive/psychomotor task performance.


Maize MON 87427 was developed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to express the CP4 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) protein, in all tissues except for the male reproductive tissues, conferring tissue-selective tolerance to glyphosate. The molecular characterisation of maize MON 87427 did not give rise to safety issues. Agronomic and phenotypic characteristics as well as compositional data of maize MON 87427 did not raise food/feed and environmental safety concerns. No differences in the compositional data requiring further safety assessment were identified. There were no concerns regarding the potential toxicity and allergenicity of the newly expressed CP4 EPSPS protein. The nutritional value of maize MON 87427 is not expected to differ from that of non-genetically modified (GM) maize varieties. There are no indications of an increased likelihood of establishment or spread of feral maize plants. Given its intended use in food and feed, interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment were not considered an issue. Risks associated with an unlikely, but theoretically possible, horizontal gene transfer from maize MON 87427 to bacteria have not been identified. The monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the scope of the application for maize MON 87427. In conclusion, the EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms considers that the information available for maize MON 87427 addresses the scientific comments raised by Member States and that the maize MON 87427, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and non-GM reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment in the context of the scope of the application.


Security issues were a central part of Soviet studies. This article considers how the study of security issues has changed with respect to Russia and Eurasia since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. It highlights a series of positive changes: a broadening of vision beyond Moscow, more engagement with mainstream social science, greater attention to security issues internal to post-Soviet states, and the creation of an expert community that spans North America, Europe, and Eurasia. At the same time, I argue that scholarship on Russian and Eurasian security issues has become less strategic, in the sense this word is used by Richard Betts – about the interaction of political ends and military means, rooted in an appreciation of military science. The academy, especially in North America, has become a less welcoming place for scholars working on Russia and Eurasia who care about previously central issues in the field such as nuclear strategy, weapons procurement, military doctrine, and defense planning.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To compare different health outcomes as well as quality of life (QoL) between people with dementia living in shared-housing arrangements (SHA) and special care units (SCU) in nursing homes.

BACKGROUND
Often situated in large apartments in mostly urban settings, SHA are a specific German kind of small-scale living facilities for older care-dependent persons, predominantly suffering from dementia. SHA are completely disconnected from traditional nursing homes.

DESIGN
In a longitudinal design, all new residents of SHA and SCU suffering with dementia in Berlin were surveyed for one year. They were assessed when they moved into the SHA or SCU and again 6 and 12 months later.

METHODS
We surveyed physical and psychological health outcomes including ADL-functioning (Barthel), neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (NPI) and challenging behaviour (Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory) as well as QoL (Qualidem).

RESULTS
Fifty-six persons (43 women, 13 men) were recruited into the longitudinal study. The average age was 82·5 years at admission, participants mostly had a moderate level of cognitive impairment (mean Mini Mental State Examination = 13·3), prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was high. During the one-year follow-up, analyses show a significant decrease in cognitive abilities but also of neuropsychiatric symptoms in both groups. In SHA, QoL increases on average during the one-year study period.

CONCLUSIONS
Both types of facilities attract slightly different populations according to our data. Comparison of SHA residents to SCU residents documented no significant beneficial effects of settings in terms of health outcomes.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
As no clear advantage of either SHA or SCU in nursing homes can be demonstrated for residents with dementia who move in newly, it is impossible to give a clear evidence-based recommendation and the decision for one setting or the other can be made according solely to personal preference of the resident.


The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, one of three core programs of the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV), is producing a massive, high-dimensional integral field spectroscopic data set. However, leveraging the MaNGA data set to address key questions about galaxy formation presents serious data-related challenges due to the combination of its spatially interconnected measurements and sheer volume. For each galaxy, the MaNGA pipelines produce relatively large data files to preserve the spatial correlations of the spectra and measurements, but this comes at the expense of storing the data set in coarse units or "chunks." This coarse chunking and the total volume of the data make it time-consuming to download and curate locally stored data. Thus, accessing, querying, visually exploring, and performing statistical analyses across the whole data set at a fine-grained scale is extremely challenging using just FITS files. To overcome these challenges, we have developed Marvin, a toolkit consisting of a Python package, Application Programming Interface, and web application utilizing a remote database. Marvin allows users to seamlessly work with MaNGA data by abstracting both remote and local (on-disk) interactions to behind-the-scenes data-handling functions. Combining this capability with additional processing and querying tools, users can create powerful Python workflows that are easy to import and share. Marvin's web application uses these tools to enable "point-and-click" examination of data cubes and derived maps, as well as search queries for all publicly released MaNGA galaxies. Marvin's robust and sustainable design minimizes maintenance, while facilitating user-contributed extensions such as high-level analysis code.


ABSTRACT Various empirical and theoretical arguments suggest that early formed cement in sandstone is a product of meteoric water whose chemistry is controlled by climate. The nature and distribution of early silicate cement in Gondwana, Fountain, and Cutler sandstone support this supposition. Sandstones from all three units have experienced a broadly similar diagenetic history characterized by two stages of authigenesis. Stage I was typified by neomorphic development of kaolinite, chlorite, smectite, quartz, and, additionally in the Cutler Formation, laumontite. Stage II was dominated by replacement reactions involving the production mostly of illite, iron oxide, carbonate minerals, and, mostly in the Gondwana sandstone, a second generation of quartz. Thermodynamic relations, hydrologic constraints, and radiometric dating of the late-stage illite indicate that early authigenesis took place within a few million years of deposition at burial depths measured in hundreds of meters. Consequently, the nature of the silicate cement was a function of the groundwater chemistry, as controlled by climate. During times of relative aridity, ionic concentration of the groundwater was high, and high proportions of smectite, chlorite, and, more rarely, laumontite formed. Such was the case in Petrofacies I, IV, V of the Gondwana Supergroup (for a definition of Gondwana petrofacies see part I of this study) in the Cutler Fm., and in the upper 150 m of the Fountain Fm. During times of high precipitation, pore water was dilute, which promoted authigen c formation of kaolinite and quartz. This is represented by sandstones in petrofacies II and VI of the Gondwana and by sandstones in the lower 200 m of the Fountain Fm. Illite is especially abundant as a pseudomorphic replacement of kaolinite in the older Gondwana sandstones. Illitization apparently began at burial depths of about 1,600 m at a temperature of about 75°C. Illite is not common in the Cutler Formation and is present only in subordinate amounts in the Fountain Formation from the study area. The 18O values of early clay cement in the Gondwana sandstones range systematically from base to top from 5.00 to 13.20. The systematic variation in 18O value of Gondwana clay reflects the gradual migratory drift of the Gondwana harm toward lower latitudes through time. Average 18O values for Cutler cement (13.23) and Fountain cement (19.82) are greater than the analogous values for Gondwana cements. This is consistent with the lower-latitude setting of deposition for the Cutler and Fountain relative to the latitudinal location of the Gondwana basins. However, the values are anomalously lower than what have been observed in modern-day neoformed clays in weathering profiles from low latitudes.


This article presents new insights into Spencer's theoretical sociology as he applied it to the professions and professional institutions, which he discussed extensively, particularly in his Principles of Sociology. The first part of this article notes the main conceptual insights which he established and aligns them within the wider context of a re-reading of Spencer's sociology. Particular attention is paid to the "social organism" and the spontaneous cooperation of social individuals in society (with each possessing "social self-consciousness"). This part also reappraises Spencer's account of the emergence of "professionals" and their distinctive "cunning, skill, and acquaintance with the nature of things," which professionals have brought to bear on what has been experienced in the ordinary social lives of people as complexity or the unfamiliar in the world. The subsequent discussion focuses on, first, a retrieval of Spencer's theoretical stance on the activities of the professions, and on work and conditions in general, and, second, on reviewing some of the major resonances which his work has with practical problems and the associated theoretical issues concerning the sociological understanding of professional/service-user interaction in social life today.


This paper presents the concept of Multi-Function Operating Machine mainly carried out for production based industries. Industries are basically meant for Production of useful goods and services at low production cost, machinery cost and low inventory cost. Today in this world every task have been made quicker and fast due to technology advancement but this advancement also demands huge investments and expenditure, every industry desires to make high productivity rate maintaining the quality and standard of the product at low average cost. We have developed a conceptual model of a machine which would be capable of performing different operation simultaneously, and it should be economically efficient .In this machine we are actually giving drive to the main shaft to which scotch yoke mechanism is directly attached, scotch yoke mechanism is used for sawing operation. On the main shaft we have use bevel gear system for power transmission at two locations. Through bevel gear we will give drive to drilling centre and grinding centre. The model facilitate us to get the operation performed at different working centre simultaneously as it is getting drive from single power source. Objective of this model are conservation of electricity (power supply), reduction in cost associated with power usage, increase in productivity, reduced floor space.


This thesis presents the effect of dispersion and Multi Access Interference (MAI) of optical fiber on the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of a Direct Sequence Optical Code Division Multiple Access (DS-OCDMA) network by means of intensity modulation and optical receiver correlators. By using Matlab simulations, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) versus Received Optical Power (ROP) of an OCDMA transmission system can be evaluated with a so-called 7-chip m-sequence for different numbers of system users. This can be done for the ROP versus BER for various lengths of single mode optical fiber by taking into consideration the dispersion effect in the optical fiber. Matlab simulations can be performed in order to illustrate the reduction of the dispersion index gamma, or to visualize different scenarios, e.g., what amount of transmitted power is required in order to obtain a BER of 10-9 when the length of the optical fiber is increased.


The British Pop-artist Richard Hamilton has described the benefits of working collaboratively with printers: "Gaining the wide range of technical skills required in many different print media would be absurdly time-consuming, if not impossible. My habit is to go to the craftsmen who can best serve the requirements of any given project".

The role of the collaborative, independent, print studio is well documented within fine art practice; many examples exist, from the seminal American studios founded in the 1960's such as 'ULAE' (Universal Limited Art Editions) and 'Tyler Graphics', to UK examples such 'Editions Alecto' founded by Chris Prater.

This collaborative model has also developed further in the USA with studios attached to universities such as 'GraphicStudio in Tampa' Florida, (part of the University of Southern Florida) and the 'Tamarind Institute', which is part of the University of New Mexico. In the UK this model has not yet been adopted, but when the artist Richard Hamilton approached CFPR in 2003 to print a specific piece of work, it became apparent that there was the potential to develop the USA model at CFPR.

Since that time, CFPR has pioneered a mixed economy model of Pure Research, Collaboration with Artists and industrial development.

With this in mind, this paper will explore the historical role of the master printer, and how the role has adjusted to the digital print era. How we use this role across the different kinds of research that we undertake when working with established artists such as Richard Hamilton, or a younger generation of artists such as Carolyn Bunt who has recently exhibited at Zoo Art Fair, and in a solo show at Room Gallery, London.


We introduce inventories into an otherwise standard New Keynesian model and study the implications for inflation dynamics. Inventory holdings are motivated as a means to generate sales for demand-constrained firms. We derive various representations of the New Keynesian Phillips curve with inventories and show that one of these specifications is observationally equivalent to the standard model with respect to the behavior of inflation when the model's cross-equation restrictions are imposed. However, the driving variable in the New Keynesian Phillips curve - real marginal cost - is unobservable and has to be proxied by, for instance, unit labor costs. An alternative approach is to impute marginal cost by using the model's optimality conditions. We show that the stock-sales ratio is linked to marginal cost. We also estimate these various specifications of the New Keynesian Phillips curve using GMM. We find that predictive power of the inventory-specification at best approaches that of the standard model, but does not improve upon it. We conclude that inventories do not play a role in explaining inflation dynamics within our New Keynesian Phillips curve framework.


BACKGROUND
Motor control exercise (MCE) is used by healthcare professionals worldwide as a common treatment for low back pain (LBP). However, the effectiveness of this intervention for acute LBP remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness of MCE for patients with acute non-specific LBP.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), four other databases and two trial registers from their inception to April 2015, tracked citations and searched reference lists. We placed no limitations on language nor on publication status.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of MCE for patients with acute non-specific LBP. We considered trials comparing MCE versus no treatment, versus another type of treatment or added as a supplement to other interventions. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability. Secondary outcomes were function, quality of life and recurrence.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors screened for potentially eligible studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. A third independent review author resolved disagreements. We examined MCE in the following comparisons: (1) MCE versus spinal manipulative therapy; (2) MCE versus other exercises; and (3) MCE as a supplement to medical management. We used the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to assess the quality of evidence. For missing or unclear information, we contacted study authors. We considered the following follow-up intervals: short term (less than three months after randomisation); intermediate term (at least three months but within 12 months after randomisation); and long term (12 months or longer after randomisation).

MAIN RESULTS
We included three trials in this review (n = 197 participants). Study sample sizes ranged from 33 to 123 participants. Low-quality evidence indicates no clinically important differences between MCE and spinal manipulative therapy for pain at short term and for disability at short term and long term. Low-quality evidence also suggests no clinically important differences between MCE and other forms of exercise for pain at short or intermediate term and for disability at intermediate term or long term follow-up. Moderate-quality evidence shows no clinically important differences between MCE and other forms of exercise for disability at short term follow-up. Finally, very low-quality evidence indicates that addition of MCE to medical management does not provide clinically important improvement for pain or disability at short term follow-up. For recurrence at one year, very low-quality evidence suggests that MCE and medical management decrease the risk of recurrence by 64% compared with medical management alone.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We identified only three small trials that also evaluated different comparisons; therefore, no firm conclusions can be drawn on the effectiveness of MCE for acute LBP. Evidence of very low to moderate quality indicates that MCE showed no benefit over spinal manipulative therapy, other forms of exercise or medical treatment in decreasing pain and disability among patients with acute and subacute low back pain. Whether MCE can prevent recurrences of LBP remains uncertain.


This paper presents data from a longitudinal study of Vietnamese refugee families acquiring Australian-English. Specifically, the paper is concerned with Vietnamese acquiring proficiency with vowels. It documents the progress made by four members of a Vietnamese family across their first year in the country, reporting on two areas of production known to be difficult for Vietnamese: the long-short vowel distinctions, and diphthongs before a final consonant. It also reports on the subjects' discrimination of the monophthongal vowels of Australian-English. It is shown that, for this family, the long-short distinctions are particularly problematic in terms of both production and discrimination. The report is presented as a family case study. Psycho-social factors influencing the development of the four family members are discussed. It is stressed that we as teachers and researchers need to be aware of these factors, particularly those relating to the family – the most important social unit in Vietnamese culture.


Biotic interactions in aquatic communities are dominated by predation, and the distribution of trophic link strengths in aquatic food webs crucially impacts their dynamics and stability. Although individual body size explains a large proportion of variation in trophic link strengths in aquatic habitats, current predominately body size-based views can gain additional realism by incorporating further traits. Functional traits that potentially affect the strength of trophic links can be classified into three groups: i) body size, ii) traits that identify the spatiotemporal overlap between the predators and their prey, and iii) predator foraging and prey vulnerability traits, which are readily available for many taxa. Relationship between these trait groups and trophic link strength may be further modified by population densities, habitat complexity, temperature and other abiotic factors. I propose here that this broader multi-trait framework can utilize concepts, ideas and existing data from research on metabolic ecology, ecomorphology, animal personalities and role of habitats in community structuring. The framework can be used to investigate non-additive effects of traits on trophic interactions, shed more light on the structuring of local food webs and evaluate the merits of taxonomic and functional group approaches in the description of predator-prey interactions. Development of trait- and size-based descriptions of food webs could be particularly fruitful in limnology given the relative paucity of well resolved datasets in standing waters.


From 24 August 1989 until 18 June 1991, Mount St. Helens produced at least 28 shallow, explosion-like seismic events with signatures similar to those produced by gas explosions on the dome during the mid 1980s. At least six were accompanied by violent emission off non juvenile tephra, ejection of blocks of rock nearly 1 km from the vent, and avalanching of debris off the north side of the dome. Four produced no emission of tephra, and the remainder occurred when the crater could not be observed (although later crater visits found no new tephra deposits). All six confirmed emissions and most (although not all) other seismic events took place hours to days after storms. Over time periods ranging from 2 to 15 days, statistical goodness of fit tests give a probability of 1 x 10 -2 to 1 x 10 -5 that the precipitation prior to emissions was fortuitously greater than normal. Similar tests for precipitation prior to all 28 events give probabilities of 3 x 10 -2 to 1 x 10 -3 . The short delay between storms and emissions suggests that the events that follow storms originate at very shallow depth, probably within the dome itself. Although the exact causal mechanism is not known, it is speculated that slope instability or accelerated growth of cooling fractures following storms may have released gas trapped within or at the base of the dome. Of the events that did not follow storms, three were located seismically between 1.4 and 2.1 km depth. Thus the events as a group are not confined to shallow depth and probably record gas transport from a deeper, magmatic source. A deep source is also suggested by an unprecedented, 4-yr-long increase in background seismicity at 2- to 9-km depth that peaked in 1989 and 1990. Calculations indicate that the energy content of gas exsolved from the crystallizing conduit was probably sufficient to power the emissions.


This study took place in an integrated Physics and Mathematics course for first-year engineering students at a private university in northern Mexico. The integrated course is taught based on Modeling Instruction as well as models and modeling perspective in an active learning environment. This innovative approach, combined with a classroom setting that incorporates the use of technology, promotes the connection and application of the contents from both courses. During the semester, students engage in solving problems (individually and collaboratively), present their models on whiteboards, and have discussions in teams and with the rest of the group. The objective of this study is to analyze how the models and representations shown in students' work evolve throughout the semester. Fifty-four first-year engineering students enrolled in the Physics I and Mathematics I integrated course. When students worked collaboratively in groups of three, they took pictures of their whiteboards, and all pictures were stored in a repository for all (students, instructors and researchers) to review. When students worked individually, instructors assessed their learning based on their written solutions. The analysis of the whiteboards confirmed that at the beginning of the semester students used few representations, whereas by the end of it they were incorporating congruently more than ten different representations, making their models more robust.


All individuals need to determine a withdrawal policy for their retirement. This decision needs to balance the goal of funding a desired lifestyle (and perhaps leaving a bequest) with the goal of not running out of money too early, which can best be achieved by outlining a financial plan. When the returns of their portfolios differ from those expected in their plans, what should retirees do? Should they statically stick to the withdrawals specified in their plans? Should they introduce dynamic adjustments to push their portfolios closer to the path outlined in the plans instead? This article evaluates two types of dynamic policies, broadly referred to as "managing to target" (M2T) strategies, that adjust either the periodic withdrawals or the portfolio's asset allocation. Results reported show that dynamic M2T strategies outperform a static strategy of sticking to the plan and that adjusting withdrawals is superior to adjusting the portfolio's asset allocation. TOPICS: Wealth management, retirement Key Findings • It is critical for retirees to have a financial plan that specifies annual withdrawals and a target bequest, thus outlining an expected path for their portfolio. • When market conditions change, retirees should have the flexibility to adjust their strategy and push the portfolio closer to the expected path. • When adjustments need to be made, it is better to adjust withdrawals than the portfolio's asset allocation.


This important book addresses the organizational and economic implications of the new technologies of information and communication. Jannis Kallinikos analyses the recent spectacular growth of information and the self-propelling processes through which technological information is increasingly generated out of the reshuffling and recombination of available and interoperable information sources. He argues that information is no longer simply a resource but a pervading element of socio-economic life that is crucially involved in the redefinition of a variety of organizational practices and modes of economic action.


In this article, I show that the World Bank, along with other international financial institutions, is the primary architect of neoliberal policy of privatizing the formation of higher education and the migration of skilled labour from the Global South to the Global North. The Bank, through development gurus and theories orchestrating the pro-North development agenda, systematically manoeuvres the neoliberalization of higher education and migrant labour from the 1980s to the late 2000s with the promise of democracy, equity, justice and prosperity. Despite massive doses of The Bank-prescribed neoliberal development pills, the majority of the world's population has yet to experience the promise. The Global South, through three selected countries that see the wisdom of wielding strong state roles in delivering social services, is able to partly parry the deadly sting of the 2008 global economic downturn. The South, immersed as it is in the North's development agenda as shown in selected literature, has become a doppelganger of the North. In determining the South's dynamic in service delivery, I turn to Habermas' communicative rationality that likewise brings to bear similarly framed thoughts as the yardstick of the South's critical voice against the North's continuing espousal of neoliberal policy. It is this critical voice that further cultivates people's micropolitics of beliefs, gender and language, and cries out "no" to The Bank-prescribed neoliberalized higher education and migrant labour – a prescription that leads to and simulates a "back-to-the-cave" circumstance.


This retrospective study was undertaken to determine whether there was any difference in the clinical characteristics of and prognosis in white patients admitted to the Intensive Coronary Care Unit (ICCU) at Tygerberg Hospital with acute non-transmural, transmural anterior and transmural inferior myocardial infarction (MI). The three groups were carefully matched, taking into consideration the possible influence of previous MI and congestive cardiac failure (CCF). There were 187 patients with non-transmural MI, and 176 with transmural anterior and 209 with transmural inferior MI. Patients with acute transmural anterior MI had the worst prognosis while at the ICCU, at 3 months' follow-up and at long-term follow-up (mean 22,2 months). This group had the greatest frequency of CCF, cardiogenic shock, acute pericarditis, ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, left anterior hemiblock and complete left bundle-branch block and the highest mortality. Acute transmural inferior MI was responsible for the highest frequency of ventricular fibrillation in the ICCU and had a worse prognosis than non-transmural MI. Acute non-transmural MI resulted in the highest incidence of early and late myocardial reinfarction; although death in the ICCU was least frequent, mortality among this group had increased dramatically by 3 months' follow-up. Hence, acute non-transmural MI is not benign and an unstable period exists for 3 months thereafter. Because of this, more aggressive diagnostic measures should be instituted during this period in order possibly to improve prognosis in this group. It would appear that this is the first such study undertaken in South Africa.


We introduce a methodology for separating reflective layers of clouds in Earth remote sensing images. We propose a single-channel layer separation framework and extend it to multispectral layer separation. Efficient alternating minimization and fast operator-splitting methods are used to solve minimization problems. Specifically, we apply our methodology to separate strongly stratified and optically thin upper (cirrus) clouds from optically thick lower convective (cumulus) clouds in atmospheric imagery approximated as additive contributions to the observed signal. After setting up synthetic "truth" scenarios, we evaluate the accuracy of the two-layer separation results while varying the effective opaqueness of each of two types of cloud. We show that multispectral cloud layer separation is consistently more accurate than channel-by-channel cloud layer separation.


This paper examines the relationship between nationalism, state formation, and the marginalisation of national minorities through an historical focus on Pakistani state's relationship with the Ahmadiyya community, a self-defined minority sect of Islam. In 1974, a constitutional amendment was enacted that effectively rendered the Ahmadiyya community a non-Muslim minority, in spite of claims by the community that it was Muslim and hence not a minority. This paper attempts to account for this anti-Ahmadiyya state legislation by arguing that the genealogy of the idea of a Pakistani state is key for understanding the politics of exclusion of the Ahmadiyya community from 'Muslim citizenship' - that is, who is and isn't a Muslim.


Platinum mining in the Bushveld Complex has expanded greatly over the last decade with many operations planned for, or already at depths greater than 1000 m. Mine infrastructures, rock fragmentation properties, rock failures and safety issues are important aspects of deeper mining operations and require an understanding of controls and properties which influence rock strength. This study, which includes rock classification of both fresh and altered material, chemical compositions, fabrics and structure, was carried out to investigate mainly the noritic rocks in the vicinity of the Merensky reef in the western Bushveld Complex.

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength (TS) are shown to be broadly dependent on rock type, and strongly dependent on the degree of structural alteration as reflected by the Rock Quality Designation (RQD). In addition, there is an unexpectedly strong correlation between UCS values and both normative quartz and Zr contents of the whole rock. Both of these compositional parameters relate to the entrapment of a late-stage liquid which when solidified acted as cement and influenced the propagation of fractures under conditions of failure. Micrographic observations indicate that interstitial quartz, even in relatively small amounts, is effective in arresting fracture propagation. Relatively small variations in the quartz content could therefore significantly affect the rock strength of the norites. Other possible controls on rock strength include the relative development of foliation fabric, the distribution of crystal sizes, and the way that the rocks have annealed at high temperature.


Peri-urban areas of Bujumbura host a significant number of dairy cattle, which consequently ensure a substantial production of milk consumed in the Burundian capital. The presence of these cows in peri-urban areas has led to the emergence of an atypical market for spontaneous forage species. The present study seeks to determine the food and nutritional value of this fodder. A test on its conservation by transformation into silage was also carried out. Botanical field investigations and plant samples collection were carried out under the guidance of fodders suppliers. Based on the bromatological value deficiency thresholds for cattle, the results showed that the content of digestible nitrogenous matter and major elements (Ca, P, K, and Mg) in the forage is within acceptable limits. The final product obtained after fermentation, based on its color, its smell, and its consistency, is indeed silage. The chemical composition of fermented fodder showed that the nutritional quality has remained almost the same. Further research on digestibility of this forage is necessary. A study of the environmental determinants of spontaneous forage distribution at multiple sites and over a wide range of parameters may contribute to a better understanding of the importance of this fodder particularly in times of fodder deficit.