This paper provides an information theoretic analysis of the signal identification problem in singular spectrum analysis. We present a signal‐plus‐noise model based on the Karhunen‐Loève expansion and use this model to motivate the construction of a minimum description length criterion that can be employed to identify the dimension (rank) of the signal component. We show that under very general regularity conditions the criterion will identify the true signal dimension with probability one as the sample size increases. A by‐product of this analysis is a procedure for selecting a window length consistent with the Whitney embedding theorem. The upshot is a modeling strategy that results in a specification that yields a signal‐noise reconstruction that minimises mean squared reconstruction error. Empirical results obtained using simulated and real world data series indicate that theoretical properties presented in the paper are reflected in observed behaviour, even in relatively small samples, and that the minimum description length modeling strategy provides the practitioner with an effective addition to the SSA tool box.


Abstract. We explore coupling to a configurable subsurface reactive transport code as a flexible and extensible approach to biogeochemistry in land surface models. A reaction network with the Community Land Model carbon–nitrogen (CLM-CN) decomposition, nitrification, denitrification, and plant uptake is used as an example. We implement the reactions in the open-source PFLOTRAN (massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport) code and couple it with the CLM. To make the rate formulae designed for use in explicit time stepping in CLMs compatible with the implicit time stepping used in PFLOTRAN, the Monod substrate rate-limiting function with a residual concentration is used to represent the limitation of nitrogen availability on plant uptake and immobilization. We demonstrate that CLM–PFLOTRAN predictions (without invoking PFLOTRAN transport) are consistent with CLM4.5 for Arctic, temperate, and tropical sites. Switching from explicit to implicit method increases rigor but introduces numerical challenges. Care needs to be taken to use scaling, clipping, or log transformation to avoid negative concentrations during the Newton iterations. With a tight relative update tolerance (STOL) to avoid false convergence, an accurate solution can be achieved with about 50 % more computing time than CLM in point mode site simulations using either the scaling or clipping methods. The log transformation method takes 60–100 % more computing time than CLM. The computing time increases slightly for clipping and scaling; it increases substantially for log transformation for half saturation decrease from 10−3 to 10−9 mol m−3, which normally results in decreasing nitrogen concentrations. The frequent occurrence of very low concentrations (e.g. below nanomolar) can increase the computing time for clipping or scaling by about 20 %, double for log transformation. Overall, the log transformation method is accurate and robust, and the clipping and scaling methods are efficient. When the reaction network is highly nonlinear or the half saturation or residual concentration is very low, the allowable time-step cuts may need to be increased for robustness for the log transformation method, or STOL may need to be tightened for the clipping and scaling methods to avoid false convergence. As some biogeochemical processes (e.g., methane and nitrous oxide reactions) involve very low half saturation and thresholds, this work provides insights for addressing nonphysical negativity issues and facilitates the representation of a mechanistic biogeochemical description in Earth system models to reduce climate prediction uncertainty.


Mutations in proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), an X-linked gene causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) in humans. The most frequent cause of PMD is the duplication of PLP1, which encodes the major myelin membrane protein of the human CNS. The #66 transgenic mice with extra copies of the wild type Plp1 gene are a valid model of PMD caused by increased gene dosage (Readhead et al., 1994). These mice develop dysmyelinating or demyelinating phenotypes dependant on the gene dosage. This study investigated the effects of both low and high increased Plp1 gene dosage on various different selected aspects of myelin, including morphology, message and protein levels of PLP/DM20 and other representative myelin proteins and PLP/DM20 dynamics.
Early in development mice with low increased gene dosage (hemizygous) are indistinguishable at the protein and myelin levels from their wild type littermates. During myelination these animals display elevated levels of PLP/DM20 in the oligodendrocyte cell body and alterations in other myelin protein levels and to the structure of myelin but these are transitory effects. These transient changes suggest the oligodendrocytes at low gene dosage retain the ability to regulate expression, production and incorporation of proteins into myelin thus maintaining the normal process of myelination.
At high increased gene dosage (homozygous), oligodendrocytes in culture, pre and early myelinating oligodendrocytes in vivo and oligodendrocytes in vivo during peak myelination all exhibit elevated levels of PLP/DM20 in the their cell bodies. The protein is sequestered into autophagic vacuoles and late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/Ls), while the levels in myelin are reduced compared to wild type and hemizygous cells. Synthesis, partitioning with lipids and incorporation of PLP/DM20 are all also affected in the homozygous animals. The increased Plp1 gene dosage does affect other myelin proteins, in particular MBP, which showed a consistent and dramatic reduction in oligodendrocytes and myelin.
These results indicate the heterogeneity of phenotypes and underlying changes caused by low and high increased Plp1 gene dosage. The cause of the dysmyelination observed in #66 mice and patients with PMD does not appear to be due to one single change in myelinogenesis. Each alteration observed in #66 transgenic mice could be a contributing factor. Importantly, the perturbation of MBP expression, in the light of this gene's pivotal role in myelination, highlights that the relationship between Plp1 and Mbp expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of dysmyelination.


The availability and accessibility of food is constrained by the environments where people live, work and purchase goods, and the pathways which they use to traverse these. This recognition has given rise to innovative conceptual frameworks including "food environments" and "food deserts". These concepts add a spatial dimension to food security research that could inform food systems governance. Although the concepts have expanded the understanding of food security in the global North, their application to the South African context, and to value chains analysis, is still in its infancy. This paper introduces these frameworks and considers their utility in South African cities. The paper presents recent data emerging from case studies of local food geographies conducted by the African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN). This research proceeded from recognising the importance of informal retail in South African urban food systems. The case studies mapped formal sector food retail outlets in urban Johannesburg, correlating these with socio-economic data. Informal food processing and trade were also mapped in smaller research areas to explore food prevalence and diversity in the local geography and map the spatial patterns of informal food outlets. These studies reveal that the distribution of supermarkets entrenches spatial inequalities and constrains access to food distributed through formal value chains. The studies also reveal spatial and temporal patterns of informal food retail, which provides diverse food retail outlets clustered around public transport access points, along high traffic pedestrian routes, and distributed throughout residential spaces. Although healthy foods are available, unhealthy foods and risky food environments are pervasive. These findings confirm that the concept of food deserts fails to reflect the diversity of food available and accessible through informal livelihoods and suggests that scalar network models of food geographies offer better conceptual frameworks.


The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) mandated utilizing the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) approach for all new bridges initiated in the United States after October 1, 2007. To achieve part of this goal, a database for Drilled SHAft Foundation Testing (DSHAFT) was developed and reported on by Garder, Ng, Sritharan, and Roling in 2012. DSHAFT is aimed at assimilating high-quality drilled shaft test data from Iowa and the surrounding regions. DSHAFT is currently housed on a project website (http://srg.cce.iastate.edu/dshaft) and contains data for 41 drilled shaft tests. The objective of this research was to utilize the DSHAFT database and develop a regional LRFD procedure for drilled shafts in Iowa with preliminary resistance factors using a probability-based reliability theory. This was done by examining current design and construction practices used by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) as well as recommendations given in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the FHWA drilled shaft guidelines. Various analytical methods were used to estimate side resistance and end bearing of drilled shafts in clay, sand, intermediate geomaterial (IGM), and rock. Since most of the load test results obtained from O-cell do not pass the 1-in. top displacement criterion used by the Iowa DOT and the 5% of shaft diameter for top displacement criterion recommended by AASHTO, three improved procedures are proposed to generate and extend equivalent top load-displacement curves that enable the quantification of measured resistances corresponding to the displacement criteria. Using the estimated and measured resistances, regional resistance factors were calibrated following the AASHTO LRFD framework and adjusted to resolve any anomalies observed among the factors. To illustrate the potential and successful use of drilled shafts in Iowa, the design procedures of drilled shaft foundations were demonstrated and the advantages of drilled shafts over driven piles were addressed in two case studies.


Due to the attractiveness of butterflies, and their usefulness as model systems for biological questions, there has been a considerable amount of material written on butterfly biology, largely in Europe. This book synthesizes all relevant and recent knowledge in the field, which is a must for those making use of this taxonomic group as a model system. It is divided into five major parts which deal with habitat use, population ecology and genetics, evolutionary ecology, distribution and phylogeny, and global change and conservation. There are growing numbers of scientific projects and networks in Europe in which the use of butterflies as tools and targets for conservation is central, and application of knowledge is closely related to European cultural landscapes. However, the chapters can also be applied to a wide geographic scope. Written by an international team of experts, this timely book is suitable for students, researchers and enthusiasts.


The performance of the EPA Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) technique for monitoring ambient concentrations of O 3 via ultraviolet absorption (UV) has been evaluated using data from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign (MCMA-2003). Comparisons of UV O 3 monitors with open path Differential Optical Absorption Spec-troscopy (DOAS) and open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy instruments in two locations revealed average discrepancies in the measured concentrations between +13% to –18%. Good agreement of two separate open path DOAS measurements at one location indicated that spatial and temporal inhomogeneities were not substantially influencing comparisons of the point sampling and open path instruments. The poor agreement between the UV O 3 monitors and the open path instruments was attributed to incorrect calibration factors for the UV monitors, although interferences could not be completely ruled out. Applying a linear correction to these calibration factors results in excellent agreement of the UV O 3 monitors with the co-located open path measurements; regression slopes of 0.94 to 1.04 and associated R 2 values of >0.89. A third UV O 3 monitor suffered from large spurious interferences, which were attributed to extinction of UV radiation within the monitor by fine particles (<0.2 µm). The overall performance of this particular monitor was poor owing to a combination of interferences from a contaminated particle filter and/or ozone scrubber. Suggestions for improved operation practices of these UV O 3 monitors and recommendations for future testing are made.


Intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is commonly disrupted in acute pancreatitis. Sustained Ca2+ release from internal stores in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs), mediated by inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR), plays a key role in the initiation and propagation of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis induced by cerulein, an analogue of cholecystokinin, causes premature activation of digestive enzymes and enhanced accumulation of cytokines and Ca2+ in the pancreas and, as such, it is a good model of acute pancreatitis. High concentrations of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine expression in PACs treated with cerulein. In the present study, we determined the effect of DHA on key regulators of Ca2+ signaling in cerulein-treated pancreatic acinar AR42 J cells. The results of RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed that cerulein up-regulates the expression of IP3R1 and RyR2 genes, and that pretreatment with DHA blocks these effects. The results of real-time PCR confirmed that DHA inhibits cerulein-induced IP3R1 and RyR2 gene expression, and demonstrated that DHA pre-treatment decreases the expression of the Relb gene, which encodes a component of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcriptional activator complex, and the c-fos gene, which encodes a component of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activator complex. Taken together, DHA inhibits mRNA expression of IP3R1, RyR2, Relb, and c-fos, which is related to Ca2+ network in cerulein-stimulated PACs.


In my thesis, Bleached Bones Rattling: Reviving the Art of Sacramental Reading, I examine recent novels by David Adams Richards, Michael Winter, Lisa Moore, and Michael Crummey in order to flesh-out the idea of "holiness" and to show ways in which this idea has been refigured in contemporary Atlantic Canadian fiction. I begin with Richards because he is a writer who has long claimed that the holiness of human life is his central subject matter: a theme that has received harsh, cursory criticism by Christopher Armstrong and Herb Wyile (1997) and more in-depth, historical treatment by Tony Tremblay in David Adams Richards of the Miramichi (2010). Beginning with Richards and working through novels by these three other Atlantic Canadian authors (who do not necessarily share Richards' Catholic worldview), I examine varying ways in which holiness confronts a reader, calls her to responsibility, draws her out of herself into a world of others, and, through a sacramental encounter, returns that reader to herself and her world with a broader view and experience of others. -- Each chapter begins with an articulation of these stages in terms of theory and then explores the shape that theory takes in a reading of a specific novel. In chapter one, I bring the "religious" philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida to bear on David Adams Richards' Incidents in the Life of Markus Paul (2011) in order to illuminate how a reader is called to responsibility through the "adieu" of another. In the second chapter, I examine the covenant a reader makes with a story (and the dialogic world of others therein) in a discussion that approaches Michael Winter's The Death of Donna Whalen (2010) through the literary criticism of J. Edward Chamberlin and Deborah Bowen. In the third chapter, I give shape to a reader's journey out from herself- her own ego- in looking at Lisa Moore's February (2009), Gregory Wolfe's essay "Stalking the Spirit," and the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. And in the fourth and final chapter, I examine the sacramental nature of the reading experience by comparing the theoretical views of Daniel Coleman with those of Richard Kearney and "tasting" the substantiation of these views in Michael Crummey's Galore (2009). -- My aim throughout this work is to construct a new theoretical language, out of an old religious language, in which to house the idea of holiness and to give it new critical shape in contemporary literary studies. In doing so, I demonstrate how holiness, despite its religious history and connotations, is more than an "idea" but a "real" life-giving and humanizing presence in fiction that can be encountered by all readers. -- This encounter, far from being idealistic or utopian, is a messy, combative affair which I depict as Jacob wrestling the angel: a reader grappling with that which is beyond her. In doing so, I demonstrate what Jean-Louis Chretien, in Hand to Hand: Listening to the Work of Art (2003), describes as the "intimate violence" of this encounter: this covenant. I do this by confronting theories of holiness with their "twin" forms in specific novels, forcing these theories to wrestle with their fictive figurations-like the left-handed and right-handed twins of Mother Earth in Iroquoisian myth- in order to see how stories can wound and bless these theories and transfigure them into a new theory of holiness. -- Ultimately, I argue that reading allows for a continuing substantiation of holiness-an
empathetic sense of human worth-in the life of a reader. Such readings, as I demonstrate in my encounters with novels by Richards, Winter, Moore, and Crummey, open a reader to be both wounded and blessed by the humanity of others, allowing that reader imaginative opportunities to become ever more human herself. This involves more than "recovering the human in an ideological age," to riff on the subtitle of Gregory Wolfe's recent book Beauty Will Save the World (2011). What I propose is are-imagination of what it can mean to be human if we see our fellow humans as, in some way, holy and irreplaceable: utterly unique and of infinite value. -- Central to my thesis is the belief that stories wrestle from us such re-imaginations: of ourselves and our worlds. And we too leave our mark on stories in our interpretations of them. Stories, after all, can be catalysts for imaginative awakenings in the life of a reader, and these awakenings-these re-imaginations-are, ultimately, the prophetic outworking of sacramental readings: Ezekiel's valley of dry bones rattling, beginning to rise up.


Preliminary evidence supports an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and thoracic aortic dilatation, although potential causative mechanisms are incompletely understood; these may include an increase in aortic wall transmural pressures, induced by obstructive apneas and hypopneas. In patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, mean blood pressure (MBP) in the thoracic aorta and esophageal pressure was simultaneously recorded by an indwelling aortic pigtail catheter and a balloon-tipped esophageal catheter in randomized order during: normal breathing, simulated obstructive hypopnea (inspiration through a threshold load), simulated obstructive apnea (Mueller maneuver), and end-expiratory central apnea. Aortic transmural pressure (aortic MBP minus esophageal pressure) was calculated. Ten patients with a median age (range) of 64 (46-75) yr were studied. Inspiration through a threshold load, Mueller maneuver, and end-expiratory central apnea was successfully performed and recorded in 10, 7, and 9 patients, respectively. The difference between aortic MBP and esophageal pressure (and thus the extra aortic dilatory force) was median (quartiles) +9.3 (5.4, 18.6) mmHg, P = 0.02 during inspiration through a threshold load, +16.3 (12.8, 19.4) mmHg, P = 0.02 during the Mueller maneuver, and +0.4 (-4.5, 4.8) mmHg, P = 0.80 during end-expiratory central apnea. Simulated obstructive apnea and hypopnea increase aortic wall dilatory transmural pressures because intra-aortic pressures fall less than esophageal pressures. Thus OSA may mechanically promote thoracic aortic dilatation and should be further investigated as a risk factor for the development or accelerated progression of thoracic aortic aneurysms.


This paper presents a processing pipeline for fusing 'raw' and / or feature-level multi-sensor data — upstream fusion — and initial results from this pipeline using imagery, radar, and radio frequency (RF) signals data to determine which tracked object, among several, hosts an emitter of interest. Correctly making this determination requires fusing data across these modalities. Our approach performs better than standard fusion approaches that make detection / characterization decisions for each modality individually and then try to fuse those decisions — downstream (or post-decision) fusion. Our approach (1) fully exploits the inter-modality dependencies and phenomenologies inherent in different sensing modes, (2) automatically discovers compressive hierarchical representations that integrate structural and statistical characteristics to enhance target / event discriminability, and (3) completely obviates the need to specify features, manifolds, or model scope a priori. This approach comprises a unique synthesis of Deep Learning (DL), topological analysis over probability measure (TAPM), and hierarchical Bayesian non-parametric (HBNP) recognition models. Deep Generative Networks (DGNs — a deep generative statistical form of DL) create probability measures that provide a basis for calculating homologies (topological summaries over the probability measures). The statistics of the resulting persistence diagrams are inputs to HBNP methods that learn to discriminate between target types and distinguish emitting targets from non-emitting targets, for example. HBNP learning obviates batch-mode off-line learning. This approach overcomes the inadequacy of pre-defined features as a means for creating efficient, discriminating, low-dimensional representations from high-dimensional multi-modality sensor data collected under difficult, dynamic sensing conditions. The invariant properties in the resulting compact representations afford multiple compressive sensing benefits, including concise information sharing and enhanced performance. Machine learning makes adaptivity a central feature of our approach. Adaptivity is critical because it enables flexible processing that automatically accommodates a broad range of challenges that non-adaptive, standard fusion approaches would typically require manual intervention to begin to address. These include (a) interest in unknown or unanticipated targets, (b) desire to be rapidly able to fuse between different combinations of sensor modalities, and (c) potential need to transfer information between platforms that host different sensors. This paper presents results that demonstrate our approach enables accurate, real-time target detection, tracking, and recognition of known and unknown moving or stationary targets or events and their activities evolving over space and time.


From July to March, the testis of the spring-spawning freshwater goby Padogobius martensi is characterized by spermatogonial proliferation. A close correlation exists among type of proliferating spermatogonia, gonado-somatic (IG) profiles and morphological and functional variations of the Leydig cells. The IG reach their minimal levels by the end of summer and increase progressively but modestly during autumn and winter. Declining IG levels are associated with proliferation of primary spermatogonia only, whereas increasing IG levels are associated with predominant proliferation of secondary spermatogonia. Minimal IG levels are reached when the germinal epithelium is formed by a continuum of primary spermatogonia and associated Sertoli cells. The proliferation of secondary spermatogonia begins only at this time. Spermatogenesis in autumn occurs when spermatogonial cysts contain at the most 16 cells and it rarely results in the maturation of several cysts so that the amount of sperm cells produced is either negligible or scarce. A number of degenerating cells are usually present within the spermatogonial and meiotic cysts. Leydig cells are the unique cells that display features of steroidogenic cells: mitochondria with tubular cristae, extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and sudanophilia. Light and dark Leydig cell varieties are always present. During regression, Leydig cells undergo a marked decrease in SER amount, mitochondrial sizes and number of mitochondrial cristae. In parallel, the 3β-HSD and G6PD activities and sudanophilia decrease progressively until they become undetectable by the end of regression. In autumn, mitochondria increase in size, reaching sizes similar to those observed at the end of the spawning season in the light cells, but not in the dark cells. The SER, on the contrary, undergoes a modest and irregular increase only in a part of the Leydig cells, mostly of the light type. In parallel, the 3β-HSD and G6PD activities increase until they become moderately intense by the end of autumn. At the end of winter, the SER is extensive and regularly dilated in both Leydig cell types, whereas mitochondria still have sizes similar to those observed in December. The 3β-HSD and G6PD activities are strong and sudanophilia is again detectable. Sertoli cells undergo changes in shape and position in relation to the proliferation of primary spermatogonia and the development of cysts. A junction modulation occurs in association with these changes. Sertoli cells also undergo changes indicative of a decrease in activity immediately after spawning (loss of mitochondrial cristae and clarification of the mitochondrial matrix) and of an increase in activity by the end of the regressing phase (darkening of the mitochondrial matrix and increase in mitochondrial cristae, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes). In addition, they are involved in the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells at all stages of their development. Macrophages are found in the testis interstitium only, where they are usually adjacent to Leydig cells, myoid cells and blood capillaries and do not participate in the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells. Myoid cells do not undergo ultrastructural changes except for an increase in the amount of heterochromatin by the end of spawning. The meaning of the autumnal spermatogenic wave and the relationships between the development of the germinal epithelium and the changes of the Leydig and Sertoli cells are discussed.


The perennial problem for students of every generation is the problem of cheating or cribbing on assignments and examinations. Many people consider themselves capable of understanding and partially solving the problem, hence a great flood of literature is continually being written over the years. Much of the literature is repetitious as persons from different localities and different college generations say essentially the same things. However, there has been much said which has been significant. It is of crucial importance that continuing research in this area be done with as many new techniques as can be devised. Despite the mass of articles on cheating, the majority pertain to the opinions of persons as to the causes and solutions of the problem, there is a shortage of competent research published which either demonstrates that cheating takes place or is able to study its many motivational forces. It is proposed in the present investigation to study the responses of college students when given the opportunity to cheat. One reason for the lack of responsible research is the difficulty in determining when cheating is actually taking place. New and better methods of studying the problem are in need of discovery. It is proposed in this experiment to utilize one method of studying the incidence of classroom cheating which has by now become almost standard among researchers. This method will be compared with a new test which has not, to this writer's knowledge, been formally published in the literature. However, the fundamental idea of this new method has been utilized in a previous study. This will be a new innovation.


Phytosaurs were the largest and most common semi-aquatic predators of the Late Triassic. Although
their skulls are relatively common in the fossil record, articulated, or even associated skeletons are extremely rare, so it has always been difficult to gauge just how large (mass or length) an individual phytosaur may have been. Body mass in particular is an important physiological variable, often used for the scaling of organs, biomass determination, biomechanics, and locomotion. We take advantage of phytosaurs' general similarity to extant crocodilians to attempt to reconstruct body mass and length based on measurements of the skulls and limbs of phytosaurs from the Upper Triassic Snyder and Canjilon quarries in north-central New Mexico. These quarries, in the Painted Desert Member of the Petrified Forest Formation (Revueltian: early-mid Norian) preserve catastrophic death assemblages that appear to well-represent discrete populations of phytosaurs. We also utilize a snout-vent measurement based on an articulated skeleton from the Canjilon quarry to compare the accuracy of different equations based on discrete limb elements. Body mass estimates for Snyder quarry phytosaurs range between 25 and 500 kg, with most specimens yielding estimates of approximately 200-350 kg. The Canjilon quarry sample encompasses fewer juveniles and more robust adults, including one individual that may have weighed as much as 535 kg. From equations based on nine extant crocodilian genera, these Revueltian phytosaurs appear to have approached 4.5 m total body length for a ~ 400 kg phytosaur. The prevalence of subadult to adult phytosaurs in both quarries based on body mass estimates corroborates qualitative estimates of the population structure based on skull sizes alone, thereby reinforcing the hypothesis that both quarries are catastrophic assemblages.


This paper investigates how precisely short-term, job-search oriented training programs as opposed to long-term, human capital intensive training programs work. We evaluate and compare their effects on time until job entry, stability of employment, and earnings. Further, we examine the heterogeneity of treatment effects according to the timing of training during unemployment as well as across different subgroups of participants. We find that participating in short-term training reduces the remaining time in unemployment and moderately increases job stability. Long-term training programs initially prolong the remaining time in unemployment, but once the scheduled program end is reached participants exit to employment at a much faster rate than without training. In addition, they benefit from substantially more stable employment spells and higher earnings. Overall, long-term training programs are well effective in supporting the occupational advancement of very heterogeneous groups of participants, including those with generally weak labor market prospects. However, from a fiscal perspective only the low-cost short-term training schemes are cost efficient in the short run.


A simple, sensitive and cost effective visible spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of sumatriptan succinate in bulk and dosage forms. The method is based on the formation of purple red colored species with sodium nitroprusside –acetaldehyde reagent exhibiting maximum absorption at 552 nm. Beer's law obeyed in the concentration range of 4 - 20 μg/ml. commercially available tablets were analysed, the results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with the labeled amounts. These methods are reproducible with an accuracy of ±1 %.


In this paper we analyse if there is a diffused interest among consumers about the environmental impacts of their food choices, and try to capture the different types of attitudes of Italian consumers with respect to environmental sustainability of food products. The analysis builds on a survey based on vis-a-vis interviews with 240 consumers in Milan, and on a cluster analysis. The results highlight a high level of stated concern about environmental issues and about possible impacts of personal food consumption choices on the environment. Nevertheless, when investigating their actions during everyday shopping we have identified four groups of consumers: (1) those who take into consideration the environmental information on labels and do not require additional information; (2) those for which environmental information on labels does not have a great effect on purchase, but would like to receive more information; (3) those for which the presence of environmental information directs product selection and would also like to receive more; (4) those that do not take into account environmental issues when purchasing and are not interested in receiving more information about the impacts of the products.


Introduction. Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) survivors often sustain head–neck–shoulder impairments from conventional treatments, which could disturb sleep. This novel study aimed to examine the efficacy of Tai Chi (TC) Qigong in optimizing temporomandibular joint (TMJ), cervical, and shoulder joint mobility and reducing sleep problems in NPC survivors. Methods. Fifty-two NPC survivors participated in the study. The experimental group (n = 25) received 6 months of TC Qigong training (1.5 h/session; 4 sessions/wk including self-practice) while the control group (n = 27) received no training. Cervical side flexion and rotation, shoulder flexion and horizontal flexion range of motion (ROM), mouth opening capacity (interincisor distance), and sleep problems (Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale) were assessed at baseline, mid-intervention (3 months), immediately after TC Qigong training, and at 6-month follow-up. Results. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed improvement in cervical side flexion ROM only (P < .008) and unchanged shoulder and TMJ mobility (P > .008) after the TC Qigong training. Deterioration was observed in shoulder flexion ROM and mouth opening capacity in the no-training controls over time (P < .008). Sleep problems also decreased in the TC Qigong group (P < .008), and this effect was most profound during the follow-up period. In addition, improvement in cervical side flexion ROM was associated with a reduction in sleep problems in the experimental group after TC Qigong training (P < .05). Conclusions. The 6-month TC Qigong intervention improved neck mobility, maintained TMJ and shoulder joint mobility, and reduced sleep problems for NPC survivors. TC Qigong could be an effective nonpharmacological intervention for managing progressive trismus, chronic neck and shoulder hypomobility, and reducing sleep problems among NPC survivors.


This analysis of establishment-level call center survey data from 14 countries in 2003–2006 explores relationships among technology, selection, and training for both newly hired and more experienced workers. The findings suggest, consistent with the more generic literature, that information and communication technology (ICT) increased training investments. However, the effects on both training and informal learning in the first year differed by technology type. Workflow automation technologies had particularly strong influence on training demands for newly hired agents in call centers. In contrast, interaction automation technologies (such as interactive voice response and speech recognition) and enhanced interaction technologies (such as media blending, electronic customer relationship management, and web-enablement) only led to more ongoing training, and interaction automation technologies had a negative relationship with informal learning in the first year. The findings also suggest that call centers with high levels of ICT recruited a work force with higher returns to training.


In recent years, research on the fabrication of semiconductor nanowires has attracted increasing interest in various fields of research. Especially, the successful synthesis of ZnO micro- and nanoscale structures has paved the way to numerous applications for devices including nanogenerators, sensors, solar and fuel cells.
This work focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nanowire arrays and nanowire networks by means of electrochemical deposition in etched ion-track membranes. Three different geometries of nanowire-based structures are discussed: arrays of vertically aligned (1) cylindrical ZnO nanowires and (2) ZnO nanocones as well as (3) mechanically stable three-dimensional (3D) ZnO and ZnO/TiO2 nanowire networks.
To establish a reproducible growth process of ZnO in track-etched membranes, the electrodeposition parameters of vertically aligned cylindrical ZnO nanowires are adjusted by independently varying the applied potential during the electrodeposition, the pore diameter of the membranes, and the concentration of the electrolyte (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O). The influence of these parameters on the morphological and crystallographic properties of the nanowires is analysed by means of high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). ZnO nanocone arrays with µm-size bases and nm-size tips are fabricated applying two growth approaches: base-to-tip and tip-to-base. The arrays are analysed by SEM in terms of mechanical stability.
An important part of this thesis is the design and synthesis of 3D ZnO nanowire networks. The number density and diameter of the nanowires in the network are optimized in order to obtain mechanically stable 3D building blocks exhibiting a high surface area. The crystallographic properties are studied by XRD, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging. Knowledge drawn from these investigations is crucial for the implementation of these 3D nanoarchitectures into devices, including photodiodes and -electrodes.
Furthermore, the durability of ZnO-based nanowire networks in aqueous environment under applied potential and illumination is tested. In particular, they are employed as photoanode model systems for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The measurements are performed on pure ZnO and core/shell ZnO/TiO2 nanowire networks and compared to those of their film counterparts. The role of the TiO2 layer as a protection layer against photo(electro)chemical corrosion of ZnO as well as the efficient charge separation and transport from nanowires to the electrolyte is highlighted.
By using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) the contamination and chemical composition on the surface of the networks are quantified before and after photoelectrochemical measurements. Additionally, the Schottky barrier heights formed at the ZnO-Au and TiO2-Au contacts are theoretically determined from the values of the work function and the valence band position.
The work presented in this thesis shows how the outstanding flexibility of the ion-track technology combined with electrochemical deposition leads to new options for fabrication of complex ZnO-based nanowire structures. The possibility to tune the length, diameter and orientation allows the production of free-standing, high aspect ratio structures which are promising for a wide range of applications, including energy conversion and storage.


Face detection is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. Despite the well documented success of classical machine learning techniques in controlled situations, face detection in completely uncontrolled settings remains a difficult task. Recent progress with bio-inspired approaches have addressed challenging areas of invariance including scale, occlusion and illumination issues, but there remains a lack of concentrated effort into truly multi-view detection of faces in different poses and orientations. This paper introduces a novel strategy to address this through the enhanced implementation of a hierarchical bio-inspired HMAX framework using spiking neurons that implements feature extraction with unsupervised STDP. A multiple trial training scheme is introduced to train separate pools of neurons on different face poses. The trained neurons are then processed by an additional STDP mechanism to generate a streamlined repository of broadly tuned multi-view neurons. Experimental results demonstrate that the new system achieves robust invariant detection of in-plane and out-of-plane rotated faces with single face per image datasets. In addition, extending the multi-view system by introducing lateral inhibition between merged pools of multi-view face detecting neurons, results in a single model that is able to achieve simultaneous face detection and accurate face pose estimation.


Following infection of baboons with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, a rapid four-fold increase in mean  serum haptoglobin concentrations was observed. These concentrations dropped to near pre-infection levels  following curative treatment of the infected animals with praziquantel. On challenge of the animals with a  second cercarial dose, haptoglobin concentrations demonstrated a more gradual increase that did not attain  the heights of the initial infection. Albumin concentrations displayed an inversely disproportionate relationship  to those of haptoglobin and decreases were much less pronounced. Whereas albumin was not a  sensitive indicator of schistosomiasis mansoni, haptoglobin proved to be useful in detecting the acute infection  and in determining prognosis of the disease in the olive baboon.Â


We are investigating and applying a semantically enhanced query answering machine for the needs of addressing semantically meaningful data and operations within a scientific information system. We illustrate a context based

querying paradigm on the basis of a Regional Avalanche Information and Forecasting System - RAIFoS which is concerned with the collection and analysis of snow and weather related physical parameters in the Swiss Alps. The querying paradigm relies upon the issue of interactively constructing a semantically valid query rather than formulating one in a database specific query language

and for a particular implementation model. In order to achieve this goal, the query answering machine has to make inferences concerning the properties and value domains, as well as data analysis operations, which are semantically valid within particular contexts. These inferences take place when the intended query is being constructed interactively on a Web-based blackboard. A graph-based display presentation formalism is used with elements including natural language terms, measurement units, statistical quantifiers and/or specific value domains.

A meta-data database is used to organise and provide the elements of the graph each time the graph, and consequently the intended query, is expanded or further refined. Finally, the displayed graph is transformed into elements of the implementation model from which, in turn, SQL statements and/or sequences of statistical operations are created.


We present a realization of astronomical relativistic reference frames in the solar system and its application to the GRAIL mission. We model the necessary spacetime coordinate transformations for light-trip time computations and address some practical aspects of the implementation of the resulting model. We develop all the relevant relativistic coordinate transformations that are needed to describe the motion of the GRAIL spacecraft and to compute all observable quantities. We take into account major relativistic effects contributing to the dual one-way range observable, which is derived from one-way signal travel times between the two GRAIL spacecraft. We develop a general relativistic model for this fundamental observable of GRAIL, accurate to 1 $\mu$m. We develop and present a relativistic model for another key observable of this experiment, the dual one-way range-rate, accurate to 1 $\mu$m/s. The presented formulation justifies the basic assumptions behind the design of the GRAIL mission. It may also be used to further improve the already impressive results of this lunar gravity recovery experiment after the mission is complete. Finally, we present transformation rules for frequencies and gravitational potentials and their application to GRAIL.


This paper discusses a process of supplier relationship development and evolution within the agri-food chain of Central and Eastern Europe during transition. We use the case of Belgian multinational brewing company Interbrew to suggest that independent facilitators holding sufficient private enforcement capital with local farmers can be used to facilitate the required supply base of local raw materials. Traditional business models for local product procurement have been found to be inappropriate for operating within business environments characterized by financially distressed local farmers who possess limited trust in processors, lack the necessary relationship-specific assets, and face weak external enforcement. In such environments the presence of sufficient initial private enforcement capital is necessary to facilitate exchange and assist in the development of a sustainable local supply base. When the processors lack sufficient capital, we argue that independent facilitators can be successfully employed to provide the link between farmers and processors. Further increases to the private enforcement capital through provision of inputs, technical assistance, and guaranteed payments widen the self-enforcing range of the contract and reduce the risk of contractual breach. Thus the presence of sufficient private enforcement capital was critical in facilitating the development of a sustainable supply that, once established, enabled Interbrew to continue divesting of malting facilities and to focus on the core competencies of brewing and marketing beer.


In the present work, a ternary nanocomposite of Co3O4doped/PANI/MWCNTs (cobalt oxide-doped polyaniline multi-walled carbon nanotubes) was synthesized via the in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline. The composite was fully characterized using instrumental analysis, and further tested for its potential in electrochemical, photocatalytic and biomedical applications. The Co oxide nanoparticles were first synthesized using the sol–gel approach in the presence of starch as a capping agent so as to prevent agglomeration and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, elemental mapping and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). For the measurement of electrochemical activity, the electrodes were synthesized with MWCNTs and functionalized with a conducting polymer (PANI). For the composite, the Co metal oxide provides a pseudo-capacitance which, in general, improves the performance characteristics of the electrode and has been the focus of many researchers. Further, the specific capacitance of the prepared composite was tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy. The capacitive studies reveal that the composite has a synergistic effect and is observed to have the highest specific capacitance of 382 F g−1 run at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. The composite was also found to have excellent photocatalytic degradation properties and outstanding antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The minimum MIC (6.25 μg mL−1) and MBC (12.5 μg mL−1) values against E. coli and maximum values against B. amyloliquefaciens (25 and 50 μg mL−1) at fourth dilution were observed. Furthermore, the anticancer efficiency of the composite was tested by making use of two different cancer cell types (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) confirming the importance of its biological activity for biomedical applications.


A simple, single-mode, coherent Gaussian laser beam with wavefronts that are spherical as they pass through a reference plane is assumed, and then by using only the Huygen's principle and scalar diffraction theory, the propagation characteristics are found, and the formulas for the beam at a distance from the reference plane are derived. The action of a lens on a wavefront is discussed, and the lens formula is derived.


An incremental computation updates its result based on a change to its input, which is often an order of magnitude faster than a recomputation from scratch. In particular, incrementalization can make expensive computations feasible for settings that require short feedback cycles, such as interactive systems, IDEs, or (soft) real-time systems. This paper presents i3QL, a general-purpose programming language for specifying incremental computations. i3QL provides a declarative SQL-like syntax and is based on incremental versions of operators from relational algebra, enriched with support for general recursion. We integrated i3QL into Scala as a library, which enables programmers to use regular Scala code for non-incremental subcomputations of an i3QL query and to easily integrate incremental computations into larger software projects. To improve performance, i3QL optimizes user-defined queries by applying algebraic laws and partial evaluation. We describe the design and implementation of i3QL and its optimizations, demonstrate its applicability, and evaluate its performance.


A round-robin of self-field ac loss measurements on Bi-2223 tapes has been performed for the first time, under the Brite EuRam research programme SACPA. Excellent agreement on loss data has been obtained by the four measurement partners. This further confirms the validity of the electrical technique employed and allows reliable comparisons between the loss data of the individual partners in the project. The different measurement systems and sample mounting procedure are described. For accurate measurement of the loss voltage to the required sensitivity, only a lock-in technique was suitable. The phase of the applied current was measured with a Rogowski coil (with or without compensation) or a non-inductive resistor.


Joan Williams' Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict And What To Do About It (Oxford, 1999) is a "theoretically sophisticated and thoroughly accessible treatise" that offers a new vision of work, family, and gender. (Publisher's Weekly, Nov. 1, 1999) It examines our system of providing for children's care by placing their caregivers at the margins of economic life. This system that stems from the way we define our work ideals, notably from our definition of the ideal worker as one who takes no time off for childbearing or childrearing and who works full-time and is available for overtime. The ideal-worker norm clashes with our sense that children should be cared for by parents. The result is a system that is bad for men, worse for women, and disastrous for children. Williams documents that mothers remain economically marginalized, and points out that when mothers first marginalize and then divorce, their children often accompany them into poverty. Williams argues that designing workplaces around the bodies of men (who need no time off for childbearing) and men's life patterns (for women still do 80% of the child care) often constitutes discrimination against women. She also engages the work/family literature to show that "flexible" workplaces are often better than existing practices for employers' bottom line. On the family side, she argues that the ideal worker's wage -- after as well as before divorce -- reflects the joint work of the ideal worker and the primary caregiver of his children, and should be jointly owned. In a comprehensive examination of the theoretical issues surrounding work/family issues, she uses the work of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu to explain why gender has proved so unchanging and unbending, reframing the special treatment/equal treatment debate, the debate over "women's voice," and offering new perspective on how to avoid the persistent race and class conflicts that emerge in debates over work and family issues.


Teaching writing is not easy to conduct because it needs a process. Furthermore, the goal of teaching writing is to develop fluent writers and it is necessary to examine how fluent writers compose and reexamine the teacher's writing methodology in the light of the information. Dealing with this problem, the researcher wanted to know the problems faced by the teachers in teaching Writing II to the fourth semester students at English Department of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
The design used in this study was descriptive research design because it was designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena and directed toward determining the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study. Meanwhile, the instrument used in this study was interview to gather the data on subjects' opinions, beliefs, and feelings about the situation in their own words.
The finding showed that there were fifth problems faced by the teachers in teaching Writing II, they were as follows: (1) The teachers had a problem with students' difficulty in limiting or narrowing their ideas. It was because of their cultural background. (2) The teachers faced a problem with the students' difficulty to make a concluding sentence. It was because of the students' less vocabularies, synonym and low grammatical ability. (3) The teachers faced the students who did not focus in one unity when they wrote a paragraph. It was because the students' limited idea to develop a paragraph well. (4) The teachers faced the students who often used transition signals monotonously in writing paragraph coherence. It was because the students' limited ability in using appropriate transition signals. (5) The teachers faced the students who were not able to write good types of paragraph. It was because the students could not control the developing of ideas; they had a too broad topic sentence; and they did not show critical thinking to support their ideas.


International trade literature rationalizes that inexperienced firms mostly start exporting
with small shipments to a neighboring country to discover their own capabilities. This
strategy is called sequential exporting and is observed in different countries and with
different products.
On the other hand, recent evidence shows that manufacturing firms do not actually
produce all of their exports. Carry-along Trade (CAT) refers to the exports of
manufacturing firms that are not produced by themselves. CAT exports turn out to be
relevant in terms of intensive and extensive margins of firms' aggregate exports.
The aim of the thesis is to combine these two different strands of literature by using the
theoretical and empirical characteristics of CAT (not self-produced), and MAN (selfproduced)
products.
In the theoretical framework, MAN products have high sunk costs and low marginal costs,
whereas CAT products have higher marginal costs and lower sunk costs. The sequential
exporting model of Albornoz et al., (2012) is adjusted slightly to allow for different CAT
and MAN cost structures and new predictions are derived.
In the empirical section, these predictions are tested by exploiting matched firm-level
Turkish Foreign Trade, Production, and Structural Business Statistics datasets for the
period 2005-2011. New exporters which survive to export in the second year are classified
into two groups: sequential exporters that experiment in only one market and
simultaneous exporters that experiment in at least two markets. The results show that both
sequential and simultaneous exporters tend to use CAT exports for experimentation and
for expanding their market coverage. For second-year expansion in their first-markets,
simultaneous exporters' use CAT and MAN products roughly equally while sequential
exporters derive their export growth largely from CAT products. Operating in non-credit
constrained sectors accentuates the previous findings of first year-first market export
growth and the probability of second-year entry to new markets. Findings of first yearfirst
market export growth are intact for added specifications of productivity and foreign
ownership. However, no inferences can be drawn for the probability of entering new
markets in the second-year of exporting.


"African American Farmers and Land Loss in Texas," surveys the ways that discrimination at the local, state, and national levels constrained minority farmers during the twentieth century. It considers the characteristics of small-scale farming that created liabilities for landowners regardless of race, including state and federal programs that favored commercial and agribusiness interests. In addition to economic challenges African American farmers had to negotiate racism in the Jim Crow South. The Texas Agricultural Extension Service, the state branch of the USDA's Extension Service, segregated in 1915. The "Negro" division gave black farmers access to information about USDA programs, but it emphasized their subordinate position relative to white farmers. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not reverse decades of racial discrimination. Instead, USDA officials relied on federalism, a theory as old as the Constitution, to justify their tolerance of civil rights violations in Texas and elsewhere. Then, special needs legislation passed during the 1970s and 1980s did not realize its potential to serve ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged rural Texans. Discrimination based on race combined with a bias toward commercial production. This crippled most black farmers and led to their near extinction.


Concentrating solar power (CSP) technology, possessing an inherent capacity to couple with energy storage ideally, attracts a great deal of attention nowadays. However, these power plants with various types of CSP system still cannot compete with the traditional thermal power plants in terms of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and their potential for utilizing clear and renewable solar energy cannot be overestimated. To improve the total efficiency of the solar power tower (SPT) plant is the key factor for its development. In this present paper, a SPT plant based on an S-CO2 Brayton cycle (with S-CO2 serving as heat transfer and working fluid) is proposed. A numerical simulation is carried out to calculate the effects of key operating parameters, including power cycle and subsystem parameters, on the overall performance of the SPT plant. The results show that there is an optimum value for the compression ratio for the SPT plant. For the heat receiver, the trends of exergy and thermal efficiency varying with turbine inlet temperature are reversed, because of the significant energy loss caused by high temperature of the surface of the heat receiver. As for the overall performance, the SPT plant proposed in this paper is better than other SPT plants based on a steam Rankine system and an S-CO2 Brayton system with molten salt serving as heat transfer fluid (HTF) operating under the similar condition. Its overall thermal efficiency is 1.04% and 3.42% higher than that of two other SPT plants, respectively.


Excellent optical interference was experimentally demonstrated in the near infrared region using asymmetric Mach-Zehnder (MZ) type GaAs-based two-dimensional photonic crystal (2DPC) slab waveguides with directional couplers (DCs). As one of two MZ arm lengths changed in units of the lattice constant, the output intensities exhibited sinusoidal curves in excellent agreement with coupled-mode theory. In another experiment where the DCs were operated by two incident optical beams with externally controlled phase's difference, a sinusoidal change was observed also in output intensities according to the theory of the DC. These results were obtained by virtue of excellent nano-fabrication of the 2DPC structures and pave the way to successful operation of a PC-based ultra-small symmetrical MZ (SMZ) all-optical switch.


Background The Pennsylvania Cancer Alliance Bioinformatics Consortium (PCABC, http://www.pcabc.upmc.edu) is one of the first major project-based initiatives stemming from the Pennsylvania Cancer Alliance that was funded for four years by the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The objective of this was to initiate a prototype biorepository and bioinformatics infrastructure with a robust data warehouse by developing a statewide data model (1) for bioinformatics and a repository of serum and tissue samples; (2) a data model for biomarker data storage; and (3) a public access website for disseminating research results and bioinformatics tools. The members of the Consortium cooperate closely, exploring the opportunity for sharing clinical, genomic and other bioinformatics data on patient samples in oncology, for the purpose of developing collaborative research programs across cancer research institutions in Pennsylvania. The Consortium's intention was to establish a virtual repository of many clinical specimens residing in various centers across the state, in order to make them available for research. One of our primary goals was to facilitate the identification of cancer-specific biomarkers and encourage collaborative research efforts among the participating centers. Methods The PCABC has developed unique partnerships so that every region of the state can effectively contribute and participate. It includes over 80 individuals from 14 organizations, and plans to expand to partners outside the State. This has created a network of researchers, clinicians, bioinformaticians, cancer registrars, program directors, and executives from academic and community health systems, as well as external corporate partners - all working together to accomplish a common mission. The various sub-committees have developed a common IRB protocol template, common data elements for standardizing data collections for three organ sites, intellectual property/tech transfer agreements, and material transfer agreements that have been approved by each of the member institutions. This was the foundational work that has led to the development of a centralized data warehouse that has met each of the institutions' IRB/HIPAA standards. Results Currently, this "virtual biorepository" has over 58,000 annotated samples from 11,467 cancer patients available for research purposes. The clinical annotation of tissue samples is either done manually over the internet or semi-automated batch modes through mapping of local data elements with PCABC common data elements. The database currently holds information on 7188 cases (associated with 9278 specimens and 46,666 annotated blocks and blood samples) of prostate cancer, 2736 cases (associated with 3796 specimens and 9336 annotated blocks and blood samples) of breast cancer and 1543 cases (including 1334 specimens and 2671 annotated blocks and blood samples) of melanoma. These numbers continue to grow, and plans to integrate new tumor sites are in progress. Furthermore, the group has also developed a central web-based tool that allows investigators to share their translational (genomics/proteomics) experiment data on research evaluating potential biomarkers via a central location on the Consortium's web site. Conclusions The technological achievements and the statewide informatics infrastructure that have been established by the Consortium will enable robust and efficient studies of biomarkers and their relevance to the clinical course of cancer.


The piezomodulated-, electromodulated-, and photomodulated-reflectivity spectra of a pseudomorphic ZnTe epilayer, grown on an InAs epilayer by molecular-beam epitaxy, exhibit heavy- and light-hole excitonic signatures split by the lattice mismatch induced biaxial compressive strain. This splitting in the pseudomorphic epilayer is studied as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure using photomodulated reflectance spectroscopy at 80 K. With increasing hydrostatic compression, the compressive strain is progressively compensated by the pressure-induced tensile strain. At [similar to]55 kbars the epilayer becomes strain-free, and is under a biaxial tension at higher pressures. The separation between the heavy- and light-hole signatures is superlinear in pressure, suggestive of a strain or volume deformation-dependent shear deformation-potential constant. We also compare the pressure dependence of the Raman LO phonon of the ZnTe epilayer on InAs with that of a bulk ZnTe sample at 13 K. The pressure-dependent strain is found to be linear. Accurate values of the first-order strain derivatives of the LO phonons and mode Grueneisen constants are obtained.


We study what features an economic environment might possess, such that it would be Pareto efficient for the exchange of goods in that environment to be conducted on spot markets where those goods trade for money. We prove a conjecture that is essentially due to Bewley [1980,1983]. Monetary spot trading is nearly efficient when there is only a single perishable good (or a composite commodity) at each date and state of the world; random shocks are idiosyncratic, privately observed, and temporary; markets are competitive; and the agents are very patient. This result is a fairly close analogue, for trade using outside, fiat money, of a recent characterization by Levine and Zame [2002] of environments in which spot trade using inside money, in the form of one-period debt payable in a commodity, is nearly Pareto efficient. We also study a example where expansionary monetary mechanism Pareto dominates laissez-faire or contractionary monetary mechanism in an environment with impatient agents.


This collection of fifty-three early pieces by Thoreau represents the full range of his youthful imagination. Collected, arranged, and carefully edited for the first time here, the writings date from 1828 to 1852 and cover a broad range of subjects: learning, morals, literature, history, politics, and love. Included is a major essay on Sir Walter Raleigh that was not published during the author's lifetime and a fragmentary college piece here published for the first time. Titles of essays published in the volume are given below. Early Essays * The Seasons * Anxieties and Delights of a Discoverer * Men Whose Pursuit Is Money * Of Keeping a Private Journal *"We Are Apt to Become What Others ...Think Us to Be" * Forms, Ceremonies, and Restraints of Polite Society * A Man of Business, a Man of Pleasure, a Man of the World * Musings * Kinds of Energetic Character * Privileges and Pleasures of a Literary Man * Severe and Mild Punishments * Popular Feeling * Style May ...Offend against Simplicity * The Book of the Seasons * Sir Henry Vane * Literary Digressions * Foreign Influence on American Literature * Life and Works of Sir W. Scott * The Love of Stories * Cultivation of the Imagination * The Greek Classic Poets * The Meaning of "Fate" * Whether the Government Ought to Educate * Travellers & Inhabitants * History ...of the Roman Republic * A Writer's Nationality and Individual Genius * L'Allegro & Il Penseroso * All Men Are Mad * The Speeches of Moloch & the Rest * People of Different Sections * Gaining or Exercising Public Influence * Titles of Books * Sublimity * The General Obligation to Tell the Truth *"Being Content with Common Reasons" * The Duty, Inconvenience and Dangers of Conformity * Moral Excellence * Barbarities of Civilized States * T. Pomponius Atticus * Class Book Autobiography *"The Commercial Spirit of Modern Times" Miscellanies * * DIED ...Miss Anna Jones * Aulus Persius Flaccus * The Laws of Menu * Sayings of Confucius * Dark Ages * Chinese Four Books * Homer. Ossian. Chaucer. * Hermes Trismegistus ...From the Gulistan of Saadi * Sir Walter Raleigh * Thomas Carlyle and His Works * Love * Chastity & Sensuality


Background
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, severe adverse event during treatment with raltegravir. The occurrence of DRESS syndrome during treatment with other drugs is strongly associated with particular HLA alleles.

Methods
We performed HLA testing in 3 of the 5 patients previously reported to have developed raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome and in 1 previously unreported patient. We then used virtual modeling to visualize interactions between raltegravir and the imputed HLA molecule.

Results
Five of the 6 patients who developed raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome were African, and 1 was Hispanic. HLA typing was performed in 4 patients, all of whom carried both the HLA-B*53 allele and the HLA-C*04 allele to which it is commonly haplotypic. No other HLA alleles were shared by all of the tested patients. Given the approximate prevalence of HLA-B*53 carriage in African (20%) and Hispanic (6%) populations, the probability of all 4 patients being HLA-B*53 carriers, and 2 of 3 African patients being homozygous for HLA-B*53:01, is approximately 0.00002.

Conclusions
These data implicate the prevalent African allele HLA-B*53:01 in the immunopathogenesis of raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome. Although the immunopathogenic mechanisms are currently unknown, virtual modeling suggests that raltegravir may bind within the antigen binding cleft of the HLA-B*53:01 molecule, but not within the closely related HLA-B*35:01 molecule. Further studies are necessary to confirm the strength of the association between carriage of the HLA-B*53:01 allele and raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome, and the potential utility of HLA screening before raltegravir treatment.


This study identified leisure constraints, constraints negotiation strategies, and their relative frequencies among 114 high school students from one under-resourced area of South Africa. Through focus group discussions, participants identified intrapersonal, interpersonal, structural, and sociocultural constraints to leisure, suggesting some degree of universality in this previously documented typology. Intrapersonal constraints were mentioned most often. Whereas participants readily identified ways to overcome interpersonal and structural constraints, strategies for overcoming intrapersonal and sociocultural constraints were not mentioned frequently, suggesting a potential need to help adolescents identify and employ these types of strategies.


LoRa (along with its upper layers definition—LoRaWAN) is one of the most promising Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies for implementing Internet of Things (IoT)-based applications. Although being a popular technology, several works in the literature have revealed vulnerabilities and risks regarding the security of LoRaWAN v1.0 (the official 1st specification draft). The LoRa-Alliance has built upon these findings and introduced several improvements in the security and architecture of LoRa. The result of these efforts resulted in LoRaWAN v1.1, released on 11 October 2017. This work aims at reviewing and clarifying the security aspects of LoRaWAN v1.1. By following ETSI guidelines, we provide a comprehensive Security Risk Analysis of the protocol and discuss several remedies to the security risks described. A threat catalog is presented, along with discussions and analysis in view of the scale, impact, and likelihood of each threat. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work is one of the first of its kind, by providing a detailed security risk analysis related to the latest version of LoRaWAN. Our analysis highlights important practical threats, such as end-device physical capture, rogue gateway and self-replay, which require particular attention by developers and organizations implementing LoRa networks.


Abstract A counterexample is presented to show that the sufficient condition for one transformation dominating another by the second degree stochastic dominance, proposed by Theorem 5 of Levy (Stochastic dominance and expected utility: Survey and analysis, 1992), does not hold. Then, by restricting the monotone property of the dominating transformation, a revised exact sufficient condition for one transformation dominating another is given. Next, the stochastic dominance criteria, proposed by Meyer (Stochastic dominance and transformations of random variables, 1989) and developed by Levy (1992), are extended to the most general transformations. Moreover, such criteria are further generalized to transformations on discrete random variables. Finally, the authors employ this method to analyze the transformations resulting from holding a stock with the corresponding call option.


Abstract Objective To test the effect of image size and presence of size cues on the accuracy of portion size estimation by children. Design Children were randomly assigned to seeing images with or without food size cues (utensils and checked tablecloth) and were presented with sixteen food models (foods commonly eaten by children) in varying portion sizes, one at a time. They estimated each food model's portion size by selecting a digital food image. The same food images were presented in two ways: (i) as small, graduated portion size images all on one screen or (ii) by scrolling across large, graduated portion size images, one per sequential screen. Setting Laboratory-based with computer and food models. Subjects Volunteer multi-ethnic sample of 120 children, equally distributed by gender and ages (8 to 13 years) in 2008–2009. Results Average percentage of correctly classified foods was 60·3 %. There were no differences in accuracy by any design factor or demographic characteristic. Multiple small pictures on the screen at once took half the time to estimate portion size compared with scrolling through large pictures. Larger pictures had more overestimation of size. Conclusions Multiple images of successively larger portion sizes of a food on one computer screen facilitated quicker portion size responses with no decrease in accuracy. This is the method of choice for portion size estimation on a computer.


The rate of capacity utilisation is an important business cycle indicator, as it relates directly to the stress on the current capacity to produce goods and services. From a policy perspective, technical bottlenecks indicate inflationary pressure, whereas idle capacity above normal points to a deflationary situation. Unfortunately, it is not clear which rate of capacity utilisa-tion should be regarded as normal. In addition, the level of normal capacity utilisation can change over time. When the substitutability of physical capital declines, firms will tend to keep more idle reserves to make sure they can cope with unexpected orders. On the other hand, with technical and organisational progress making production more flexible, the level of normal rate of capacity utilisation could increase. In a similar fashion, a move on to just-in-time production could lift the normal rate of capacity utilisation. These reflections imply that the rate of capacity utilisation is not, or not always, a stationary variable. However, due to the ambiguity of the theoretical predictions, it is not clear whether we should expect an increase or a decline in the level that is considered normal. In this paper we refer to business tendency surveys from 34 countries to address this question empirically. Apart from this 'global' per-spective, we undertake a more detailed examination of a large set of micro data referring to Switzerland. Our main findings are that the level of capacity utilisation to be considered nor-mal is indeed not constant. During the last few decades, it appears to have decreased rather than increased.


Max Weber believed that bureaucracy could be understood by analysing its ideal-typical characteristics, and that these characteristics would become more pervasive as the modern age advanced. Weber's horizontal account of bureaucracy can be criticised on various grounds, including its unrealistic notion of bureaucratic rationality. An alternative view is proposed, namely, that the development of state bureaucracies is driven by the trajectory of the highpower politics in which they are nested. This claim is examined in the light of historical examples of the evolution of bureaucracies – in Prussia, Britain, the USA and Japan. In analysing these cases, the paper examines the original visions behind different institutional designs in different countries, and discusses how the vision was formed and how durable it proved to be. In contrast to sociological and historical explanations, the analytical contribution of new institutional economists to understanding the problems of bureaucratic evolution is assessed. Then, moving from positive to normative, it is asked why there is an evaluative ambiguity in the idea of modern bureaucracy. In other words, why is it at the same time regarded as an essential requirement of a developmental state, and as a pathological aspect of the state's executive action? Five common complaints about bureaucracy are discussed in the light of Peter Evans's 'hybridity model' of public action, leading to the conclusion that some of these problems are quite deep-seated and likely to be unyielding to recent attempts at reform.


The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has long affirmed that the recognition and management of individuals with an inherited susceptibility to cancer are core elements of oncology care. ASCO released its first statement on genetic testing in 1996 and updated that statement in 2003 and 2010 in response to developments in the field. In 2014, the Cancer Prevention and Ethics Committees of ASCO commissioned another update to reflect the impact of advances in this area on oncology practice. In particular, there was an interest in addressing the opportunities and challenges arising from the application of massively parallel sequencing-also known as next-generation sequencing-to cancer susceptibility testing. This technology introduces a new level of complexity into the practice of cancer risk assessment and management, requiring renewed effort on the part of ASCO to ensure that those providing care to patients with cancer receive the necessary education to use this new technology in the most effective, beneficial manner. The purpose of this statement is to explore the challenges of new and emerging technologies in cancer genetics and provide recommendations to ensure their optimal deployment in oncology practice. Specifically, the statement makes recommendations in the following areas: germline implications of somatic mutation profiling, multigene panel testing for cancer susceptibility, quality assurance in genetic testing, education of oncology professionals, and access to cancer genetic services.


Today, carbon-rich fossil fuels, primarily oil, coal and natural gas, provide 85% of the energy consumed in the United States. Fossil fuel use increases CO2 emissions, increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases and raising the risk of global warming. The high energy content of liquid hydrocarbon fuels makes them the preferred energy source for all modes of transportation. In the US alone, transportation consumes around 13.8 million barrels of oil per day and generates over 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year. This has spurred intense research into alternative, non-fossil energy sources. The DOEfunded Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI) is a partnership between seven leading research institutions (Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Sandia Labs, Lawrence Livermore Lab, Pacific Northwest National Lab, UC-Berkeley, UC-Davis, and the Carnegie Institute for Science) that is focused on the production of infrastructure compatible biofuels derived from non-food lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass is a renewable resource that is potentially carbon-neutral. Plant-derived biomass contains cellulose, which is more difficult to convert to sugars. The development of costeffective and energy-efficient processes to transform cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass into fuels is hampered by significant roadblocks, including the lack of specifically developed energy crops, the difficulty in separating biomass components, low activity of enzymes used to hydrolyze polysaccharides, and the inhibitory effect of fuels and processing byproducts on the organisms responsible for producing fuels from monomeric sugars. This presentation will highlight the research efforts underway at JBEI to overcome these obstacles, with a particular focus on the development of an ionic liquid pretreatment technology for the efficient production of monomeric sugars from biomass.


Open Display Networks represent a new paradigm for large scale networks of public displays that are open to applications and content from third parties. Web technologies may be particularly interesting as a technological framework for third-party application development in Open Display Networks because of their portability and widespread use. However, there are also significant challenges involved that result from the specificities of this particular usage domain and the lack of specific development insights for this context. In this work, we address the concept of public display application (display app) from a development perspective. The overall goal of this paper is to identify and characterize some of the key specificities of display applications and the appropriate Web solutions that can serve in the development of this type of application. The contribution of this paper builds on our extensive experience with the application development for a real world public display infrastructure and also on a short-term experiment with third party developers. Overall, the results show that Web technologies are valuable building blocks for public displays applications and their adoption is not only a subject for adaptation procedures but also for redesigning their use according to the characteristics and user experience offered by public displays. This research will inform the design of new Web-based models of display applications and shed light on the challenges that may impede third party development and the evolution of an application ecosystem in this area.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumour activities and genotoxic effects of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) combined with cyclophosphamide (CP) in vitro and in vivo. U14 cells were treated with either of ISL (5–25 μg/mL) or CP (0.25–1.25 mg/mL) alone or with combination of ISL (5–25 μg/mL) and CP (1.0 mg/mL) for 48 h. The proliferation inhibitory effect in vitro was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays. KM mice bearing U14 mouse cervical cancer cells were used to estimate the antitumour activity in vivo. The genotoxic activity in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes was assayed by frequency of micronuclei. The DNA damage in peripheral white blood cells was assayed by single cell gel electrophoresis. The results showed that ISL enhanced antitumour activity of CP in vitro and in vivo, and decreased the micronucleus formation in polychromatic erythrocytes and DNA strand breaks in white blood cells in a dose-dependent way.


In many water distribution systems, water losses are a major problem and an integrated management strategy is required for both the efficient use of water resources and the minimisation of non-revenue water. For foul sewer systems, the inflow of stormwater and infiltration of groundwater affects the management of both sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Monitoring of flows represents a critical task within approaches for control of either water losses in distribution systems and infiltration and rain-induced inflows in foul systems. Implementation of monitoring typically involves the following steps: (i) system information updating and digital mapping; (ii) system zoning; and (iii) system flow monitoring. Costs for monitoring are essential for utilities to estimate more accurately the costs of control of water losses, infiltration and inflow and to support more robust decision-making. Costs and infrastructure data were collected from 20 Portuguese water and wastewater utilities. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to obtain cost functions for meter chambers as a function of the volume and for purchase and installation of flow meters as a function of nominal diameter in water supply systems. For the steps of system information updating, digital mapping and system zoning single unit costs are estimated.


Late Objects Version: C++ How to Program, 7/e is ideal for Introduction to Programming (CS1) and other more intermediate courses covering programming in C++. Also appropriate as a supplement for upper-level courses where the instructor uses a book as a reference for the C++ language. This best-selling comprehensive text is aimed at readers with little or no programming experience. It teaches programming by presenting the concepts in the context of full working programs and takes a late objects approach. The authors emphasize achieving program clarity through structured and object-oriented programming, software reuse and component-oriented software construction. The Seventh Edition encourages students to connect computers to the community, using the Internet to solve problems and make a difference in our world. All content has been carefully fine-tuned in response to a team of distinguished academic and industry reviewers. The Late Objects Version delays coverage of class development until Chapter 9, presenting control statements, functions, arrays and pointers in a non-object-oriented, procedural programming context.


We present a method for machine translation of clinical texts without using bilingual clinical texts, leveraging the rich terminology and structure of the System-atized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which is considered the most comprehensive, multilingual clinical health care terminology collection in the world. We evaluate our method for Basque to Spanish translation, comparing the performance with and without using clinical domain resources. As a method to leverage domain-specific knowledge, we incorporate to the training corpus lexical bilingual resources previously used for the automatic translation of SNOMED CT into Basque, as well as artificial sentences created making use of the relations specified in SNOMED CT. Furthermore, we use available Electronic Health Records in Spanish for backtrans-lation and copying. For assessing our proposal, we use Recurrent Neural Network and Transformer architectures, and we try diverse techniques for backtranslation, us-ing not only Neural Machine Translation but also Rule-Based and Statistical Machine Translation systems. We observe large and consistent improvements ranging from 10 to 15 BLEU points, obtaining the best automatic evaluation results using Transformer for both general architecture and backtranslation systems.


This study investigates the impacts of integration into global value chains (GVCs) on formal and informal employment in Viet Nam. Utilising the Viet Nam Household Living Standard Surveys and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Trade in Value Added database (in 2010, 2012, and 2014), we examine how GVCs' engagement affects the share of formal employment (through a fixed effects estimator) and the likelihood of being a formal employee (through a probit estimator). Our estimation results show a positive relationship between the level of GVC engagement and the share of formal employment at the provincial level. While the GVC participation index (measured as the sum of backward and forward participation indices) does not have a statistically significant effect on the share of formal employment at the provincial level, each component of GVC participation (i.e. backward and forward participation) has effects at the provincial level in different directions. At the individual level, we find that provincial GVC engagement is also positively correlated with individuals' likelihood of being formally employed. However, the probability of being a formal employee (individual) is not directly affected by GVC engagement at the provincial level, but is indirectly affected through the local labour market. Such results indicate that individual and household characteristics are robust determinants of being employed as a formal employee.


Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder which affects many organ systems. There are well-known associations between OSA and several ophthalmic disorders. This case reports the association between OSA and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). The exact mechanism through which OSA may contribute to NAION is not fully understood. While the association between NAION and OSA is now well established, there is no strong evidence whether positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy can prevent the development of NAION. We report this case to encourage ophthalmologists, pulmonologist and primary care providers to consider screening for OSA in patients who are recently diagnosed with NAION.


The diffusion process of cadmium into gallium arsenide from the gaseous phase has been investigated as a function of temperature and arsenic vapor pressure by means of the radio-activation analysis and electrical conductivity method. The diffusion profile of cadmium without excess arsenic vapor follows the complementary error functions and its temperature dependence can be described well by the equation D=D0exp (-E/kT), where E, the activation energy of diffusion, is 2.2 eV and D0 is 1.3×10-3 cm2 sec-1. The surface concentrations and the diffusion depth of cadmium increase as the cadmium vapor pressure increases. Under the excess arsenic vapor, the diffusion profiles of cadmium are given by two overlapping complementary error functions. The effective diffusion coefficients of cadmium, as obtained from both branches of the diffusion profiles, are found to increase in proportion to the fourth root of the arsenic vapor pressure. These results suggest that the diffusion of cadmium into gallium arsenide proceeds through the gallium sublattice of the crystal.


The present study focuses on the evaluation of the energy and environmental performance (EEP) of a typical multi-storey building in Tlemcen, Algeria. It aims to contribute to the development of Algeria's thermal regulation by establishing a list of actions to be taken in short, medium and long term, in terms of thermal rehabilitation in existing housing areas as well as in new ones, in urban regions with a similar climate. An appropriate multi-criteria methodology is developed by determining its thermal performance using a static method as well as establishing a multiobjective strategy of EEP optimization. The assessment of: the potential of primary-energy-saving and that of the CO2emissions' reduction and indoor-environmental-quality of a real state of construction by simulation using DesignBuilder software, together with investment-cost are reported. Therefore, this study is conducted using the potential of parametric evaluation methodology to investigate the impact of passive energy-efficiency-measures on the building envelope from energy, environmental, economic and thermal-comfort points of view. Insulation and ventilation reduction are the main measures saving more than 75% of energy and 44% of CO2-emissions. Besides, the winter comfort is significantly improved. But from the economic standpoint, policy measures must be taken; namely tariffs reforms and energy control law enforcement.


Different types of base fluids, such as water, engine oil, kerosene, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol etc. are usually used to increase the heat transfer performance in many engineering applications. But these conventional heat transfer fluids have often several limitations. One of those major limitations is that the thermal conductivity of each of these base fluids is very low and this results a lower heat transfer rate in thermal engineering systems. Such limitation also affects the performance of different equipments used in different heat transfer process industries. To overcome such an important drawback, researchers over the years have considered a new generation heat transfer fluid, simply known as nanofluid with higher thermal conductivity. This new generation heat transfer fluid is a mixture of nanometre-size particles and different base fluids. Different researchers suggest that adding spherical or cylindrical shape of uniform/non-uniform nanoparticles into a base fluid can remarkably increase the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. Such augmentation of thermal conductivity could play a more significant role in enhancing the heat transfer rate than that of the base fluid.

Nanoparticles diameters used in nanofluid are usually considered to be less than or equal to 100 nm and the nanoparticles concentration usually varies from 5% to 10%. Different researchers mentioned that the smaller nanoparticles concentration with size diameter of 100 nm could enhance the heat transfer rate more significantly compared to that of base fluids. But it is not obvious what effect it will have on the heat transfer performance when nanofluids contain small size nanoparticles of less than 100 nm with different concentrations. Besides, the effect of static and moving nanoparticles on the heat transfer of nanofluid is not known too. The idea of moving nanoparticles brings the effect of Brownian motion of nanoparticles on the heat transfer. The aim of this work is, therefore, to investigate the heat transfer performance of nanofluid using a combination of smaller size of nanoparticles with different concentrations considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. A horizontal pipe has been considered as a physical system within which the above mentioned nanofluid performances are investigated under transition to turbulent flow conditions.

Three different types of numerical models, such as single phase model, Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model and Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model have been used while investigating the performance of nanofluids. The most commonly used model is single phase model which is based on the assumption that nanofluids behave like a conventional fluid. The other two models are used when the interaction between solid and fluid particles is considered. However, two different phases, such as fluid and solid phases is also considered in the Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model. Thus, these phases create a fluid-solid mixture. But, two phases in the Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model are independent. One of them is a solid phase and the other one is a fluid phase.
In addition, RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) based Standard κ-ω and SST κ-ω transitional models have been used for the simulation of transitional flow. While the RANS based Standard κ-ϵ, Realizable κ-ϵ and RNG κ-ϵ turbulent models are used for the simulation of turbulent flow. Hydrodynamic as well as temperature behaviour of transition to turbulent flows of nanofluids through the horizontal pipe is studied under a uniform heat flux boundary condition applied to the wall with temperature dependent thermo-physical properties for both water and nanofluids.

Numerical results characterising the performances of velocity and temperature fields are presented in terms of velocity and temperature contours, turbulent kinetic energy contours, surface temperature, local and average Nusselt numbers, Darcy friction factor, thermal performance factor and total entropy generation. New correlations are also proposed for the calculation of average Nusselt number for both the single and multi-phase models. Result reveals that the combination of small size of nanoparticles and higher nanoparticles concentrations with the Brownian motion of nanoparticles shows higher heat transfer enhancement and thermal performance factor than those of water.

Literature suggests that the use of nanofluids flow in an inclined pipe at transition to turbulent regimes has been ignored despite its significance in real-life applications. Therefore, a particular investigation has been carried out in this thesis with a view to understand the heat transfer behaviour and performance of an inclined pipe under transition flow condition. It is found that the heat transfer rate decreases with the increase of a pipe inclination angle. Also, a higher heat transfer rate is found for a horizontal pipe under forced convection than that of an inclined pipe under mixed convection.


Race and Society is a thoughtful and critically engaging exploration of some of the key issues around race and racialisation, which have arisen in what is considered to be a highly diverse and complex society.
With a progressive approach emphasising the social construction of race issues within a post-racial era, moving away from essentialist and polarized explanations of raced interaction, Tina Patel:
- Introduces the main concepts and key theories, including their post-developments.
- Focuses on the processes and impact of racial categorisation in contemporary society.
- Highlights the intersectional and multifaceted nature of race and related conceptualizations.
- Illustrates how race has morphed into newer forms of categorizations.
- Is packed with topical examples and international case studies to engage students, along with chapter summaries, study questions and further reading.

Race and Society is a highly readable and thought-provoking guide to the study of race and racialisation processes for students of sociology, criminology and related disciplines.


AbstractPost-earthquake operations, such as search and rescue and damage assessment, require efficient and effective surveying technologies to rapidly capture the "as-damaged" state of buildings. Recent research has shown early feasibility of methods for compilation of as-damaged building information models (BIM) from as-damaged point cloud data and "as-built" models. Yet research efforts to develop and rigorously test appropriate methods are seriously hampered by the obvious scarcity of access for researchers to earthquake-damaged buildings for surveying specimens and hence the lack of terrestrial laser scanning data of post-earthquake buildings. Full-scale or reduced-scale physical models of building components can be built and damaged using a shaking table or other structural laboratory equipment, and these can be scanned, all at reasonable cost. However, equivalent full-scale building samples are unavailable. The solution is to synthesize accurate and representative data sets. A computational approach...