We investigate how macroeconomic drivers affect the predictive inflation distribution as well as the probability that inflation will run above or below certain thresholds over the near term. This is what we refer to as Inflation-at-Risk–a measure of the tail risks to the inflation outlook. We find that the recent muted response of the conditional mean of inflation to economic conditions does not convey an adequate representation of the overall pattern of inflation dynamics. Analyzing data from the 1970s reveals ample variability in the conditional predictive distribution of inflation that remains even when focusing on the post-2000 period of stable and low mean inflation. We also document that in the United States and in the Euro Area tight financial conditions carry substantial downside inflation risks, a feature overlooked by much of the literature. Our paper offers a new empirical perspective to existing macroeconomic models, showing that changes in credit conditions are also key to understand the dynamics of the inflation tails.


With the emergence of high data rate sensor network applications, there is an increasing demand for high-performance query services. To meet this challenge, we propose Dynamic Conflict-free Query Scheduling (DCQS), a novel scheduling technique for queries in wireless sensor networks. In contrast to earlier TDMA protocols designed for general-purpose workloads, DCQS is specifically designed for query services in wireless sensor networks. DCQS has several unique features. First, it optimizes the query performance through conflict-free transmission scheduling based on the temporal properties of queries in wireless sensor networks. Second, it can adapt to workload changes without explicitly reconstructing the transmission schedule. Furthermore, DCQS also provides predictable performance in terms of the maximum achievable query rate. We provide an analytical capacity bound for DCQS that enables DCQS to handle overload through rate control. NS2 simulations demonstrate that DCQS significantly outperforms a representative TDMA protocol (DRAND) and 802.11b in terms of query latency and throughput.


Motivation as a psychological factor can affect the mental health of employees and consequently the health of work place. It has been recently concerned in the social science literature. The present study aimed to assess the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relation of motivation, perceived support and training to perceived commitment. The data study analyzed in the structural equation modeling method. The data were gathered in library field, and, also using questionnaire. The data were achieved from staff of Sabzevar city municipality using validity and reliability approved questionnaires. For validity, face and construct validity and for reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. Finally, data from 159 questionnaires were analyzed. The findings showed that motivation, perceived support and training had positive significant effects on normative and continuance commitment of employees. Also, positive significant effect of job satisfaction on continuance and normative commitment was confirmed. In addition, the findings of this study indicated positive effect of motivation, perceived support and training on perceived commitment with mediating role of job satisfaction. In other words, the more motivation, perceived support and training are, the more job satisfaction will be, which in turn can result in the increased continuance and normative commitment.


The texts of 630 knowledge management articles were analyzed to address the question of what research methodologies are used in the knowledge management literature. It was found that 27.8 percent of knowledge management-related articles in knowledge management journals used no identifiable research method. Of the remaining 455 refereed articles, 60 percent employed mainstream social sciences research methodologies. The remaining 40 percent of the articles using an identifiable methodology were characterized by the use of "provisional methods" that appeared to substitute for more formally defined or scientifically based research methodologies.


The Economic Incentives of Cultural Transmission: Spatial Evidence from Naming Patterns across France* This paper aims at studying how economic incentives influence cultural transmission. We do so in the context of naming decisions, a crucial expression of cultural identity. Our focus is on Arabic versus Non-Arabic names given by parents to their newborn babies in France over the 2003-2007 period. Our model of cultural transmission disentangles between three determinants: (i) vertical transmission of parental culture; (ii) horizontal influence from the neighborhood; (iii) economic penalty associated with names that sound culturally distinctive. Our identification is based on the sample of households being exogenously allocated across public housings dwellings. We find that economic incentives largely influence naming choices: In the absence of economic penalty, the annual number of babies born with an Arabic name would have been more than 50 percent larger. Our theory-based estimates allow us to perform a welfare analysis where we gauge the strength of cultural attachment in monetary units. We find that the vertical transmission of an Arabic name provides the same shift in parents' utility as a 3% rise in lifetime income of the child. JEL Classification: D19 and Z10


Recent methods for estimating sparse undirected graphs for real-valued data in high dimensional problems rely heavily on the assumption of normality. We show how to use a semiparametric Gaussian copula---or "nonparanormal"---for high dimensional inference. Just as additive models extend linear models by replacing linear functions with a set of one-dimensional smooth functions, the nonparanormal extends the normal by transforming the variables by smooth functions. We derive a method for estimating the nonparanormal, study the method's theoretical properties, and show that it works well in many examples.


Precipitation downscaling improves the coarse resolution and poor representation of precipitation in global climate models and helps end users to assess the likely hydrological impacts of climate change. This paper integrates perspectives from meteorologists, climatologists, statisticians, and hydrologists to identify generic end user (in particular, impact modeler) needs and to discuss downscaling capabilities and gaps. End users need a reliable representation of precipitation intensities and temporal and spatial variability, as well as physical consistency, independent of region and season. In addition to presenting dynamical downscaling, we review perfect prognosis statistical downscaling, model output statistics, and weather generators, focusing on recent developments to improve the representation of space‐time variability. Furthermore, evaluation techniques to assess downscaling skill are presented. Downscaling adds considerable value to projections from global climate models. Remaining gaps are uncertainties arising from sparse data; representation of extreme summer precipitation, subdaily precipitation, and full precipitation fields on fine scales; capturing changes in small‐scale processes and their feedback on large scales; and errors inherited from the driving global climate model.


The Formal Kinship of Architecture and Urbanism: Design in the Italian Renaissance/ Mannerism/ and Baroque. By William D. Faught This thesis investigates and defines the nature of the esthetic associated with historical styles in general, and examines in some detail the operation of an estheti upon the works of architecture and urbanism in each of the three periods which are its area of concern. Some historical background for each period is presented, the esthetic arising from those events is described, and specific architectural and urbanistic projects are examined which seem to be representation of the periods. The works of archi¬ tecture and urbanism will be seen to react in similar ways to changes in the Italian society.


This article puts forward three linked sets of claims. First, it argues that Robert W. Cox's framework of historical materialism can be adapted to articulate a suitable conceptual schema for understanding financial governance at the global level. Second, it emphasises how globally oriented financial institutions have increasingly become purveyors of "risk products", with the effect that modalities of financial governance have been altered towards a more market-oriented and globalised form. Finally, it considers the extent to which Cox's claim that the structure of world order is becoming non-hegemonic can be illustrated with respect to the implications of governance outlined above. The argument pursued in the article is that institutional changes make possible a shift in the modalities of financial regulation, away from an emphasis on rules geared towards specific activities and more towards procedures targeted at the actual capacities of financial institutions and towards the development of a more fully globalised policy framework. The future of financial governance has thus become more globalised in scope and our conceptual understanding of governance should reflect this development more adequately.


We study the causal impact of credit constraints on exporters using a natural experiment provided by two policy changes in India, first in 1998 which made small-scale firms eligible for subsidised direct credit, and a subsequent reversal in policy in 2000 wherein some of these firms lost their eligibility. Using firms that were not affected by these policy changes as our control group in each case, we find that credit expansion increased the growth rate of bank borrowing and had a positive effect on exports. The subsequent policy reversal in 2000 had no impact on the growth rate of bank borrowing or on exports.


Background Increased lactate is associated with high mortality among patients with suspected infection or trauma in the emergency department (ED), but the association with patients with other aetiologies is less well described. The aim of this study was to describe the relation between lactate, aetiology and 7-day mortality in adult ED patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study of all adult patients who had a lactate measured within 4 h after arrival to the ED at Odense University Hospital between June 2012 and May 2013. The categorisation of suspected aetiology was based on discharge diagnoses. Results 5360 patients were included; 51.7% were men, and the median age was 67 years (IQR 50–79). 77.2% had low lactate (0–1.9 mmol/L), 16.2% intermediate lactate (2–3.9 mmol/L), and 6.6% high lactate (≥4 mmol/L). 7-day mortality was 2.9% (95% CI 2.4% to 3.5%) for patients with low lactate, 7.8% (95% CI 6.1% to 9.8%) for patients with intermediate lactate, and 23.9% (95% CI 19.6% to 28.8%) for patients with high lactate. The association between lactate level and mortality varied across different diagnostic groups. Based on Area Under the Curve in receiver operating characteristic analysis, lactate level showed to be useful in patients with infection (0.78, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.84), trauma (0.78, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), cardiac diseases (0.83, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.91) and gastrointestinal diseases (0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.98). Lactate level was not useful in neurological (0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.67) and respiratory disease (0.64, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.74), and of uncertain value in the remaining diagnostic groups. Conclusions Among adult ED patients, the prognostic value of lactate varies between diagnostic groups.


Objective: This study examined genetic roots of later life social integration, and their confounding of this social factor's health linkages. Method: Data were from the 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Two dimensions of integration were examined: with one's "stakeholder" network of family and friends and with the community. Genetic measures included polygenic scores for extraversion and educational attainment. Results: Ties to one's stakeholder network had no genetic associations. The extraversion polygenic score was linked to community integration among Blacks as well as Whites. Among the latter, the same was true of one's genetic propensity for educational attainment. Although this score also influenced self-rated health, neither confounded associations of social integration with this indicator. Discussion: Later life social integration seems influenced by genetically rooted propensities for both sociability and human capital accumulation. Health linkages of integration, however, may not reflect mutual dependencies on the same genetic substrates.


This article studies representations of the Algerian population promoted by francophone intellectuals in a context of longstanding crisis and uncertainty. Borrowing the category of symbolic analysts from Robert Reich, it looks at the way in which novelists, scholars and journalists try to make sense of a critical situation by diagnosing the culture of the Algerian population as deviant or backward. Aiming to encourage social and political reform, these actors try to understand the characteristics of their "people", often by pointing to their so-called pre-modern or passive behaviors. This article analyzes two aspects of this activity: first, attempts to determine who is responsible for the ongoing crisis, and second, the reproduction of cultural prejudices in a context of increased transnationalization. Moreover, it argues that one can interpret the political and intellectual commitments of these analysts by drawing on the triad concept of "Naming, Blaming, Claiming", which as been used to study the publicization of disputes.


Aims: To evaluate the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with various cultures on growth and yield parameters of maize. Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design. Place and Duration of Study: Field experiments were carried out at Otonglo Division in Kisumu County and greenhouse trials were carried out at Kenyatta University from November 2011 to August 2012. Methodology: The water hyacinth compost was prepared using effective microorganisms Original Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(4): 617-633, 2014 618 (EM) solution, cow manure and molasses separately as starter cultures for composting. The compost was applied on maize (H513) on separate growth pots in the greenhouse and plots in the field. The treatments applied included compost prepared with EM (8.84 g/pot), compost prepared with cow manure (8.84 g/pot), compost prepared with molasses (8.84g/pot), diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer (70.7 mg N/pot) and control (without fertilizer). For the field experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied at a rate of 5000 kg ha and DAP at 40 kg N/ha. The experiments had five treatments and three replications for each treatment in the greenhouse and four treatments replicated four times in three farmers' fields. Results: Application of water hyacinth compost and DAP significantly influenced positively (P ≤ 0.05) the growth attributes of maize. Among the various treatments of the compost, water hyacinth compost prepared with EM (WHE) performed better in most parameters evaluated including plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root collar diameter. Yield parameters such as 100 seed weight and grain yield were not significantly (p > 0.05) influenced by various treatments. Conclusion: Water hyacinth which is locally available and in large quantities (especially in lake Victoria) can be composted to prepare organic fertilizers and effectively used as an organic soil amendment to restore soil and increase maize production.


Increasing price levels, high price volatility and the suspicion of collusive behavior are important topics of public debates on competition in retail gasoline markets in many countries. Several governments and competition authorities introduced fuel price regulations in form of restrictions on the frequencies of fuel price changes per day. We present empirical evidence of the effects of fuel price regulation in Austria and Western Australia using difference-in-differences methods to estimate treatment effects of the implementation of such pricing rules. Our estimates provide evidence that fuel price levels in Austria decreased after implementation of regulation. However, we cannot find robust significant effects of regulation on fuel price levels in Western Australia.


OBJECTIVE
To test the ability of a single injection of a sustained-release formulation of moxidectin (moxidectin SR) to protect dogs against heartworm infection for 180 days after inoculation with infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Dirofilaria immitis.

ANIMALS
32 adult mixed-breed dogs.

PROCEDURE
Dogs were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of weight and sex. Dogs were injected SC with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or moxidectin SR at the rate of 0.06, 0.17, or 0.5 mg/kg of body weight (day 0). Each dog was inoculated SC with 50 D immitis L3 180 days later. On days 330 and 331, dogs were euthanatized. The heart, lungs, and thoracic cavity were examined, and number and sex of heartworms were determined.

RESULTS
A mean of 35.9 heartworms was recovered from untreated control dogs. Fourteen worms were recovered from 1 of 8 dogs given moxidectin SR at the lowest dosage, and none of the dogs in the 2 highest moxidectin treatment groups were infected. Small barely palpable granulomas were detected at injection sites of moxidectin-treated dogs. Frequency and size of granulomas were positively correlated with dose of moxidectin administered.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
A single dose of moxidectin SR at a dosage as low as 0.17 mg/kg can safely and reliably confer complete protection against infection after challenge-exposure with D. immitis L3, and protection lasts for at least 180 days. This mode of prophylactic treatment against infection with heartworms effectively eliminates failure of prophylaxis that results from erratic administration of medications designed for monthly administration.


Spent nuclear fuel, mainly UO 2 , is chemically unstable under oxidizing conditions. Alteration occurs by oxidation and hydration and can be rapid and substantial. Uranyl minerals, containing U 6+ , form when commercial spent fuel is altered in a moist, oxidizing environment. During the alteration and dissolution of the UO 2 , fission-product radionuclides and transuranium elements are released. Uranyl minerals that form locally as alteration products in a geologic repository may incorporate many of these radionuclides, thereby immobilizing them for lengthy periods and thus improving the long-term performance of the repository. Here we discuss one very important radionuclide, 237 Np (half-life = 2.14 million years), and focus on mineralogical studies that probe the potential impact of uranyl minerals on neptunium mobility.


Our research focus is the assessment of functional activity, specifically how functional ability is assessed for stroke survivors. Central research questions are the following: What is the relationship between quantitative assessments of functional status and day-to-day functioning? And how can narratives be used to help guide rehabilitative programs for stroke survivors living in the community? Rehabilitation policy emphasizes quantitative measures of physical functioning, with these measures often used to assess existing practices and develop new institutional directives. Stroke patients rated high in motor functioning and communicative ability are frequently discharged home with little if any follow-up services provided. Rehabilitative specialists have not adequately addressed rehabilitation in home settings, traditionally paying little attention to home contexts or the everyday lived experiences of patients. In order for quantitative results to be of practical use, the operational definitions used to define the variables in the research-that is, the specific procedures for measuring each variable-must capture the lived, practical experiences of respondents (Cicourel, 1964). In our study, high-functioning stroke survivors time and time again communicated how their lives have changed since having the stroke. A few participants noted little change in their daily lives, but the majority of participants reported how they have slowed down, how routine tasks such as mowing the lawn and putting on their socks have become extremely laborious, sometimes impossible chores, and how their interpersonal activities have become greatly limited. The relationship between a scientifically constructed world and the everyday experiences of the people being studied is often left unquestioned. One measurement scale may be compared with another as a method to demonstrate validity, but it is extremely rare for quantitative measures to be compared with participants' practical accounts of everyday life. Doing so, however, enables researchers to match the ways participants attach meaning to their lived experiences with the responses reported on quantitative measurement scales. The links among body, self, and world commonly neglected in quantitative analyses become meaningful in respondents' narratives. For example, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores generated in our sample of stroke survivors indicate that they are already high in motor functioning when discharged from the hospital. The Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) enables us to categorize these stroke survivors as low, moderate, or high in domestic, work and leisure, and outdoor activities. While this typology provides some useful descriptive information, it fails to distinguish among stroke survivors who are categorized in the same measurement construct. The typology also fails to convey the personal meaning these categories have for stroke survivors. Although similarly categorized in quantitative analysis, our respondents employ different recovery strategies, ranging from sitting on the couch waiting for the medication effects to cure them to constantly moving their bodies, thereby testing their physical limits. TRADITIONAL STROKE REHABILITATION Medical practitioners use the Functional Independence Measure in a wide variety of circumstances, particularly in acute rehabilitation settings. It is the most widely applied instrument in determining patients' rehabilitative status (Williams et al., 1997). The FIM is the tool and measurement system of the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation (UDS). The goal of the UDS is to nationally document rehabilitation outcome results as objectively as possible (Brown et al., 1990). Approximately 60 percent of U.S. rehabilitation hospitals participate in the UDS (Hinkle, 2000). The UDS collects FIM results from more than 400 facilities nationwide (Williams et al., 1997), serving as a uniform language and measurement system for rehabilitation (Brown et al. …


Despite the retrenchment of the hedge fund industry in 2008, hedge fund assets under management are currently over one and a half trillion dollars. We analyze the potential biases in reported hedge fund returns, in particular survivor-ship bias and back fill bias. We then decompose the returns into three components: the systematic market exposure (beta), the value added by hedge funds (alpha), and the hedge fund fees (costs). We analyze the performance of a universe of about 8,400 hedge funds from the TASS database from January 1995 through December 2009. Our results indicate that both survivor-ship and back fill biases are potentially serious problems. Adjusting for these biases brings the net return from 14.26% to 7.63% for the equally weighted sample. Over the entire period, this return is slightly lower than the S&P 500 return of 8.04%, but includes a statistically significant positive alpha. We estimate a pre-fee return of 11.42%, which we split into a fee (3.78%), an alpha (3.01%), and a beta return (4.62%). The positive alpha is quite remarkable, since the mutual fund industry in aggregate does not produce alpha net of fees. The year by year results also show that alphas from hedge funds were positive during every year of the last decade, even through the recent financial crisis of 2008 and 2009.


OBJECTIVES
To compare three outpatient methods of endometrial evaluation in terms of performance, patient acceptability and cost-effectiveness.

DESIGN
Pragmatic unblinded trial randomised separately within three groups determined by risk of endometrial cancer.

SETTING
The gynaecology outpatient clinic of a large city hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland.

PARTICIPANTS
Women referred for investigation and management of abnormal bleeding between January 1999 and May 2001.

INTERVENTIONS
Investigations were: blind biopsy alone, hysteroscopy with biopsy, ultrasound evaluation including transvaginal ultrasound, and, in the low-risk group, the option of no investigation. Within this design, two devices for obtaining endometrial biopsy were compared, the Pipelle sampler and the Tao brush.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Successful (informative) completion of the investigation, acceptability of the investigation method to women, women's satisfaction with clinic care in the short term and at 10 months and 2 years of follow-up, and cost-effectiveness to the end of investigation.

RESULTS
Minor adverse events (e.g. shock, patient distress) did not occur for ultrasound, but occurred in 16% and 10% of women for hysteroscopy and biopsy procedures respectively. Pipelle biopsy provided an acceptable endometrial sample for 79% of moderate-risk women, but only 43% of high-risk women. The Tao brush gave similar performance in moderate-risk women (77%), but was more successful than the Pipelle sampler in postmenopausal (high-risk) women (72%). There were significantly more successful visualizations for ultrasound than for hysteroscopy in both the low-risk and the moderate-risk group, and a similar but non-significant trend in the high-risk group. Ultrasound was significantly better than hysteroscopy at detecting fibroids, but hysteroscopy significantly better for polyps. At the 10-month follow-up, high-risk women who had been investigated by hysteroscopy (with biopsy) had the most positive views of their clinic experience, but this effect had largely disappeared by 24 months. In the moderate-risk group, the subgroup randomised to biopsy alone gave the most negative responses about their clinic experience and health now. Women wishing they had more investigation comprised 22% of moderate-risk women and 38% of low-risk women, but only 14% of postmenopausal women. At follow-up the moderate-risk women (with menstrual bleeding problems), compared with postmenopausal women, had much worse ratings for clinic experience and health now. Resource use tended to be higher in the moderate- and low-risk women. There was minimal difference in cost-effectiveness between investigation options in the high-risk group, with the option involving hysteroscopy being marginally better than ultrasound. The most cost-effective investigation in the moderate-risk group was biopsy alone and in the low-risk group ultrasound.

CONCLUSIONS
Decision-making about investigation would be clarified if postmenopausal women were studied separately from premenopausal women with menstrual bleeding problems. For postmenopausal women exclusion of cancer is a main objective, so once investigation has been completed discharge follows, but in the woman with abnormal menstrual bleeding, even if serious pathology is excluded, the original presenting symptoms require management. About 60% of premenopausal women with abnormal bleeding reported that their symptoms were not 'much improved' at 10 months. Research is needed to understand this phenomenon, and to explore ways to integrate patient factors into optimising evaluation and treatment. The significance of benign pathologies in this group also requires clarification. Given the relatively small differences observed in cost-effectiveness, there is justification for allowing other issues (such as clinician preferences and women's perspectives) to influence decisions as to the investigation method. There is scope to make better use of patient factors to inform decisions as to the most efficient and acceptable method of investigation for an individual woman. Additional analyses, using data available as a result of this study, will contribute to this agenda.


Liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry of peptides using stable isotope dilution (SID) provides a powerful tool for targeted protein quantitation. However, the high cost of labeled peptide standards for SID poses an obstacle to multiple reaction monitoring studies. We compared SID to a labeled reference peptide (LRP) method, which uses a single labeled peptide as a reference standard for all measured peptides, and a label-free (LF) approach, in which quantitation is based on analysis of un-normalized peak areas for detected MRM transitions. We analyzed peptides from the Escherichia coli proteins alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase spiked into lysates from human colon adenocarcinoma RKO cells. We also analyzed liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry data from a recently published interlaboratory study by the National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomic Technology Assessment for Cancer network (Addona et al. (2009) Nat. Biotechnol. 27: 633–641), in which unlabeled and isotopically labeled synthetic peptides or their corresponding proteins were spiked into human plasma. SID displayed the highest correlation coefficients and lowest coefficient of variation in regression analyses of both peptide and protein spike studies. In protein spike experiments, median coefficient of variation values were about 10% for SID and 20–30% for LRP and LF methods. Power calculations indicated that differences in measurement error between the methods have much less impact on measured protein expression differences than biological variation. All three methods detected significant (p < 0.05) differential expression of three endogenous proteins in a test set of 10 pairs of human lung tumor and control tissues. Further, the LRP and LF methods both detected significant differences (p < 0.05) in levels of seven biomarker candidates between tumors and controls in the same set of lung tissue samples. The data indicate that the LRP and LF methods provide cost-effective alternatives to SID for many quantitative liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry applications.


Her eyes were not exactly blue or grey. They were the colour of the sea, the sea on a dull morning without sunlight. That was how they were when he looked, but he didn't often look. They had been together too long to take much notice of such details, but now he saw the way the strands of hair fell across her eyes and he asked her to marry him, for no other reason.

'Don't let's make a big production out of it,' he said, 'not at our age. Lets just go away together somewhere quiet.'


The 2019 ice-based survey of Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas bowhead whales was challenged by missed survey effort, unusual ice conditions, and frequent use of motor-powered skiffs by hunters. All three of these likely led to downward bias in the abundance estimate of Givens et al. (2021). Data were collected about boat excursions during the survey period. Indices of short-term whale abundance at the survey perch and short-term boat noise disturbance were computed from the available data, where 'short term' refers to a few hours. A generalized additive model (GAM) was fit to the results, predicting short-term whale abundance as a smooth function of the boat noise disturbance index, after controlling for long-term variation in the whale passage rate over the course of the season. The fitted GAM was then used to predict passage with and without the presence of boat noise. The ratio of the integrals of these two predicted passage curves provided a correction factor which can be applied post hoc to the abundance estimate of Givens et al. (2021). Variance of this correction factor was estimated using two approaches, and found to be small. A wide array of sensitivity analyses was conducted to examine the robustness of the result to potential changes in methodology, and the correction factor was found to be quite stable. The estimated correction factor would inflate the original abundance estimate by about 12%, yielding a corrected abundance of 14,025 (CV=0.228). We recommend that this replace the original abundance estimate.


OBJECTIVE
Currently, the methods for assessing milk ejection in women include serial sampling of plasma oxytocin and measurement of intraductal pressure, both of which are invasive and may induce stress. We hypothesized that milk ejection would cause an increase in milk-duct diameter that could be observed noninvasively with ultrasound, and this could be used to investigate the physiology of milk ejection in women.

METHODS
One milk duct was scanned in the unsuckled breast in 2 groups of mothers: group BB (n = 21) for the beginning of a breastfeed and group EB (n = 24) for the entire breastfeed. A duct also was monitored for a 5-minute period on 2 separate days in the absence of factors that may induce milk ejection in group EB to provide a baseline duct diameter. Milk intake at a breastfeed was measured by test weighing.

RESULTS
A significant increase in milk-duct diameter was observed when milk ejection was sensed and/or the infant changed its swallowing pattern in both groups. Multiple increases and decreases (mean: 2.5 per breastfeed; standard deviation: 1.5; n = 62) in duct diameter occurred in group EB. Duct diameter remained relatively stable between breastfeeds (coefficient of variation: 1.4%-8.3%). Infant milk intake was positively related to the number of milk ejections (r2 =.365; n = 57).

CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasound is an objective, noninvasive technique for detecting milk ejection by observing an increase in milk-duct diameter. However, this technique requires an experienced ultrasonographer, adequate imaging time, and surroundings conducive to breastfeeding. Multiple milk ejections were common during breastfeeding, although they were not sensed by mothers. The number of milk ejections influenced the amount of milk the infant consumed.


Background: Considering that many nursing actions affect other people's health and life, sensitivity to ethics in nursing practice is highly important to ethical leaders as a role model. Objective: The study aims to explore ethical sensitivity in ethical nursing leaders in Iran. Method: This was a qualitative study based on the conventional content analysis in 2015. Data were collected using deep and semi-structured interviews with 20 Iranian nurses. The participants were chosen using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. In order to increase the accuracy and integrity of the data, Lincoln and Guba's criteria were considered. Results: Fourteen sub-categories and five main categories emerged. Main categories consisted of sensitivity to care, sensitivity to errors, sensitivity to communication, sensitivity in decision making and sensitivity to ethical practice. Conclusion: Ethical sensitivity appears to be a valuable attribute for ethical nurse leaders, having an important effect on various aspects of professional practice and help the development of ethics in nursing practice.


Background The patient visits to Norwegian emergency departments (EDs) have increased significantly over the last few years. A national evaluation revealed a lack of systematic activity control, resource management and quality improvement. This paper describes some variables in patient visits to an urban Norwegian university hospital. Methods The retrospective data were collected from a database (Akuttdatabasen) and included all patients admitted to the main ED at the St. Olav's University Hospital between 1 December 2010 and 1 December 2011. Results ED visits have increased by 44% over the last decade and show considerable timely variations. Almost 50% of the patients are older than 65 years of age. The rate of patients triaged with the highest acuity level was 11%, but only 1.3% of the patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The total admission rate was 89%. Conclusions The increase in ED visits to the St. Olav's Hospital in recent years follows the same trend as in other countries. The authors see a slightly higher percentage of high level acuity patients compared with international studies due the general practitioner's intended 'gatekeeper' function. The authors also found a high total admission rate and a low ICU admission rate compared with other countries. These differences cannot be explained solely by differences in the healthcare system in Norway. The cultural and traditional organisation of the Norwegian Health Care System needs to change and this creates an excellent opportunity to improve the competence by establishing emergency medicine as a specialty in Norway.


Entrepreneurship in most advanced economies is in decline. This comes as a surprise: many scholars have expected an upsurge in entrepreneurship. What are the reasons for the decline? In this paper I first document the extent of the decline in terms of entrepreneurial entry rates; the share of young and small firms; and in terms of labor market mobility and in innovativeness. I then critically discuss the explanations that have been offered in the literature, which variously ascribes the decline to either the slowing of population growth, and/or growing market concentration, zombie-firm congestion, slower diffusion of knowledge, and burdensome business regulations. While having merit, these explanations tend to take a supply-side view and moreover fail to explain why the decline in entrepreneurship is largely confined to economies with high levels of economic complexity. I argue that we need to consider the potential of negative scale effects and evolutionary pressures from rising complexity, as well as long-run changes in aggregate demand and energy costs. Whether the decline in entrepreneurship and the ossification of the economy is undesirable, is a point for debate, calling for more research and more attention to entrepreneurship in growth theories.


The ESRD Quality Incentive Program (QIP) is the first mandatory federal pay for performance program launched on January 1, 2012. The QIP is tied to the ESRD prospective payment system and mandated by the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, which directed the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to expand the payment bundle for renal dialysis services and legislated that payment be tied to quality measures. The QIP links 2% of the payment that a dialysis facility receives for Medicare patients on dialysis to the facility's performance on quality of care measures. Quality measures are evaluated annually for inclusion on the basis of importance, validity, and performance gap. Other quality assessment programs overlap with the QIP; all have substantial effects on provision of care as clinicians, patients, regulators, and dialysis organizations scramble to keep up with the frequent release of wide-ranging regulations. In this review, we provide an overview of quality assessment and quality measures, focusing on the ESRD QIP, its effect on care, and its potential future directions. We conclude that a patient-centered, individualized, and parsimonious approach to quality assessment needs to be maintained to allow the nephrology community to further bridge the quality chasm in dialysis care.


Automatic Device Driver Synthesis is a research collaboration project between Intel and National Information Communications Technology Australia (NICTA) that aims to synthesize device drivers automatically using formal OS and device specifications. We have built a tool chain that uses Simics* DML Device model sources as an input to the driver synthesis tool chain. The tool chain has a frontend compiler that extracts the device behavior from the Device Modeling Language (DML) model and outputs a formal representation of the device behavior that we refer to as a device specification. The driver synthesis tool combines this specification with a similar O/S specification and applies the principles of game theory to compute a winning strategy on behalf of the driver and eventually converts it into driver C code. This approach aims to use the existing device models for producing device drivers resulting in highly reliable drivers and faster time to market. We have synthesized a number of drivers using our tool chain. Some examples include legacy IDE controller, UART, SDHCI controller, and a minimal Ethernet adapter.


Abstract. The new NMMB/BSC-Dust model is intended to provide short to medium-range weather and dust forecasts from regional to global scales. It is an online model in which the dust aerosol dynamics and physics are solved at each model time step. The companion paper (Pérez et al., 2011) develops the dust model parameterizations and provides daily to annual evaluations of the model for its global and regional configurations. Modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) was evaluated against AERONET Sun photometers over Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe with correlations around 0.6–0.7 on average without dust data assimilation. In this paper we analyze in detail the behavior of the model using data from the Saharan Mineral dUst experiment (SAMUM-1) in 2006 and the Bodélé Dust Experiment (BoDEx) in 2005. AOD from satellites and Sun photometers, vertically resolved extinction coefficients from lidars and particle size distributions at the ground and in the troposphere are used, complemented by wind profile data and surface meteorological measurements. All simulations were performed at the regional scale for the Northern African domain at the expected operational horizontal resolution of 25 km. Model results for SAMUM-1 generally show good agreement with satellite data over the most active Saharan dust sources. The model reproduces the AOD from Sun photometers close to sources and after long-range transport, and the dust size spectra at different height levels. At this resolution, the model is not able to reproduce a large haboob that occurred during the campaign. Some deficiencies are found concerning the vertical dust distribution related to the representation of the mixing height in the atmospheric part of the model. For the BoDEx episode, we found the diurnal temperature cycle to be strongly dependant on the soil moisture, which is underestimated in the NCEP analysis used for model initialization. The low level jet (LLJ) and the dust AOD over the Bodélé are well reproduced. The remaining negative AOD bias (due to underestimated surface wind speeds) can be substantially reduced by decreasing the threshold friction velocity in the model.


John Harold Horlock was one of the outstanding engineers of his generation. His expertise was in the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics of turbines and compressors, as used for jet engines and for power generation. He made major contributions to this field over 60 years. After graduating from Cambridge he worked for Rolls-Royce for two years before returning to Cambridge to study for his PhD, and was subsequently appointed a lecturer in engineering and a Fellow of St John's College. At the age of 30 he was elected to the Harrison Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Liverpool, where he remained for nine years, producing an impressive amount of individual research as well as transforming the department into one of the best in the country. Returning to a chair at Cambridge he reorganized the Mechanical Sciences Tripos and founded the Whittle Laboratory, which became one of the world's leading centres for turbomachinery research. He then became Vice-Chancellor of Salford University, remaining there for seven years before moving on to become Vice-Chancellor of the Open University. After retirement at the of age 62 he continued to be very active: as a consultant, as Treasurer and Vice President of the Royal Society, as a frequent visitor to the Whittle Laboratory and as the author of many papers and several books. Knighted in 1996, Sir John Horlock will be remembered not only for his intellectual abilities but also for his personal skills, which enabled him to interact freely with all levels of society, from cabinet ministers to graduate students.


Relative uterine inactivity during pregnancy changes to vigorous rhythmic contractility during labour. We hypothesized that mechanisms involved in the regulation of uterine quiescence and contractility differ between term and preterm myometrium and in labour and non-labour states. Myometrial strips, prepared from biopsies taken at Caesarean section from labouring and non-labouring women preterm and at term, were mounted in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. Oxytocin (10(-9) mol/l) was added to maintain stable contractions, and effects of various inhibitors of uterine contractility were studied. The inhibitory effects of L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker nifedipine and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel opener pinacidil were greater in myometrium from the non-labour versus the labour group, both preterm and at term. In addition, pinacidil's effect was greater at term compared with preterm in the non-labour group. Mg(2+) and the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside significantly inhibited contractility in all groups without significant differences with regard to labour or gestational age. Decreased inhibition of human uterine contractility by L-type Ca(2+)-channel blockers and K(+)(ATP)-channel openers in preterm and term labour may reflect changes in expression and activity of these channels. Effects of nitric oxide and Mg(2+) are not affected by gestational age or labour.


Date of Award 2-1-2017 Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctorate of Education, Ed.D. College College of Education Department Education First Advisor Julie McCann, Ph.D. Second Advisor Chad Lakies, Ph.D. Third Advisor JeVon Marshall, Ph .D. Abstract This study was conducted with administrators of four charter schools located in the west, the south, and southeast portions of the United States that had courses in religious and biblical literacy in each school's curricula. A multiple case study methodology was employed to describe the experiences of public charter schools implementing religious and biblical literacy courses to discover commonalities to successful implementation. The data was gathered using semi-structured interviews conducted during the summer and fall of 2016. Areas of interest were specific to course descriptions, the fit within the specific charter school vision and mission, teacher training, and resources. The most common factor supporting the implementation of the courses, revealed by all administrators, was the need for teacher training and preparedness before taking on a specific religious or biblical literacy course. The researcher chose schools where the course fit into the mission and vision of the school, as an indicator of purpose, and where teachers used primary source documents in lesson plans. A framework of implementation strategy is provided as well as the implications needing to be addressed by staffing. The research may inform other charter schools looking to implement such coursework and the researcher outlines additional areas of study needed to investigate other specific indicators. Recommended Citation Goers, S. M. (2017). In God We Trust: A Multiple Case Study of the Implementation of Religious and Biblical Literacy Courses in Public Charter Schools (Thesis, Concordia University, St. Paul). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/cup_commons_grad_edd/55  Download


The black-white gap in schooling among southern-born men narrowed sharply between the world wars. From 1914 to 1931, nearly 5,000 schools were constructed as part of the Rosenwald Rural Schools Initiative. Using census data and World War II records, we find that the Rosenwald program accounts for a sizable portion of the educational gains of rural southern blacks. We find significant effects on school attendance, literacy, years of schooling, cognitive test scores, and northern migration. The gains are highest in the most disadvantaged counties, suggesting that schooling treatments have the largest impact among those with limited access to education.


If the measure of a writer"s relevance is the extent to which he or she registers the discursive range of the period in which they write and the extent to which subsequent generations can recover that discursive energy from his or her work, then Emily Lawless should require no justification for inclusion in a tradition of significant Irish literary voices. The fictional work, in particular, of this writer facilitates access to an expanse of issues which constituted a major part of late nineteenth-century political, social and cultural debate in both Ireland and Britain. Most notably, the dissident alternative aspiration which she voiced to an increasingly monologic Irish nationalism renders a study of her work indispensable to a thorough and meaningful appraisal of that period.
The methodology employed in this study is, through a close textual reading of the four major novels which have a direct bearing on the national project, Hurrish, With Essex in Ireland, Grania and Maelcho, to discover and examine the specific discursive elements operating in each and, widening the analysis, to both contextualize Lawless"s use of such elements and evaluate their social and political function with reference to current critical interpretations. By such a method, the relevance which Lawless registered in her own period is reflected by a comparable relevance in the current critical attitude to her period"s literature. Also, only through such a primarily textualist study can the threads which make up each novel"s subtext be picked up and followed. One such subtext appears in Hurrish by which the natural environment is represented equivocally as both familiar homeland and as a landscape inscribed by an estranging antipathy. By revealing the correspondence of this textual thread to the overt narrative of a fractured community it is possible to explore the close interaction of an ideological position taken by the author to both agrarian violence and Irish national belonging and the personal disquiet regarding her position. Similarly in Grania, the uncovering of Lawless"s inflection of a Bildungsroman concerning a West of Ireland peasant woman with metropolitan discourses of degeneration and Social Darwinism allows for an in-depth evaluation of the narrative as a critique of essentialist doctrines deployed by Gaelic and Cultural Revivalists in
1890s Ireland which centred on the regenerative ethnic purity of the western native peasant stock. That such a discursive element operates through a comparative and evaluative incompatibility signals the misgivings which Lawless appears to harbour concerning an integrative and accommodating national future.
As in the case of Grania, the method of close reading employed in this thesis will also allow for a positioning of Lawless within a broader British literary current in its capacity to reveal discursive, generic and technical aspects of her writing which correlate with the wider imperial and social literary tradition to which Lawless also addressed herself. This is particularly evident in Maelcho in which Scottish Enlightenment stadial theory and the historical novel form pioneered by Sir Walter Scott will be shown to play a significant role in Lawless"s conceptualisation of Irish social and historical development. Likewise in With Essex in Ireland the use of the female element in the narrative as a mechanism for managing the social category of competitive male violence will be seen to reflect that employed by the English novel of the same period as outlined by Nancy Armstrong. It will be the intention of this dissertation, therefore, to demonstrate that Lawless"s engagement with contemporary social issues, whether directly as in Hurrish and Grania or indirectly through her historical fiction in With Essex in Ireland and Maelcho, is motivated by a determination to tease out the co-ordinates of an Irish national consciousness and thus concentrate attention on the knots and wrangles which conceptions of national identity and social formation posed. In doing so she tended to shade much of her representations of Irish issues with traditional Ascendancy political values which inevitably rendered her evaluations and solutions tellingly partisan. Within her fiction, the authorial emphasis is invariably brought down to the level of the individual -- a level to which Lawless consistently reduces the issues with which she grapples. It will be the argument of this dissertation that Lawless"s use of alienated subjects as protagonists of each of the novels discussed here demonstrates the attempt by her to focus attention on the displacement of a significant tradition in Irish historical and cultural inheritance, a tradition which she viewed as progressively excluded from and dispossessed of meaningful participation in contemporary political and social formations of a modern national identity.


Gauteng Province is the industrial heartland of South Africa and is one of the few large urbanised areas in the world that is not located adjacent to a major source of water. The demand for water in Gauteng outstripped the local resource of the Vaal River many years ago with the result that the area relies heavily on large water schemes which transfer water from adjacent river basins into the Vaal River basin. The water transfer schemes associated with the Vaal River basin are large by any international standards and the water resource system is one of the most complex and integrated anywhere in the world. As the demand for water continues to grow in Gauteng, the Department of Water Affairs and forestry is investigating the various alternative water resource development options as well as the potential for reducing the growth in demand through water conservation (WC) and water demand management (WDM) measures. From the most recent investigations it has become clear that WDM is no longer considered a possible option but rather a necessity that must be implemented as a matter of urgency. It has been established that even if new water resource development options are implemented, it will still be necessary to introduce the WDM measures. In this regard, several of the large municipalities in Gauteng have already commenced with various WDM interventions, some of which are already in operation and showing significant savings. The paper will highlight the need for WDM in Gauteng and provide details of the latest investigations into the potential savings that can be achieved. Some of the key problems that are hampering the implementation of WDM interventions in Gauteng will be discussed and the measures taken to overcome these difficulties will be explained. The benefits that can be obtained from a potent web-based data acquisition system which is already operational in several parts of Gauteng will also be highlighted. The paper concludes with the clear message that wasting water in Gauteng province is a luxury that cannot be sustained and measures to eliminate the wastage must be introduced as a priority before the situation  deteriorates to such an extent that water shortages become a common occurrence.


As resources of social support can modify the process of stress, patient confidentiality may increase risk of health problems among doctors by interfering with proper stress adaptation by seeking support, termed as the subjective burden of confidentiality. The study investigated the prevalence of subjective burden of confidentiality, and whether this are associated with mental health and burnout among physicians.We used data of 2078 university hospital physicians from Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Italy that participated in phase I of the HOUPE study (Health and Organization among University hospital Physicians in Europe). The participants completed measures of mental health (GHQ-12), burnout (Molbi), (Index) of Confidentiality as a Barrier for Support (ICBS) and factors of social resources and job demands.Concerns about protecting patient's privacy were experienced as a limitation in the opportunity to obtain and utilize social support by many physicians. Regression analysis showed that ICBS was significantly associated with mental health and the burnout dimension of Exhaustion and not with Disengagement. These findings were present when controlling for factors known to diminish or increase the likelihood of and mental health problems and burnout. These results are the first to demonstrate that patient confidentiality is a relevant factor in support seeking and associated with health in the process of stress management among European physicians.


Make the 7 habits a part of your life every day... Stephen R. Covey has helped millions of readers attain professional success and personal fulfillment. With penetrating insight Dr. Covey reveals a pathway for living with fairness, integrity, honesty, and human dignity -- principles that give us the security to adapt to change and the wisdom and power to take advantage of the opportunities that change creates. Now, as a succinct introduction to Dr. Covey's revolutionary thinking or as a reminder of key principles, "Daily Reflections for Highly Effective People" provides an inspirational recharge that will bring you closer to a holistic sense of personal effectiveness and purpose."


Objective There is significant interest in the role of digital health technology in enabling optimal monitoring of heart failure patients. To harness this potential, it is vital to account for users' capacity and preferences in the development of technological solutions. We adopted an iterative approach focussed on learning from users' interactions with a mobile-health monitoring system. Methods We used a participatory mixed methods research approach to develop and evaluate a mobile-health monitoring system. Fifty-eight heart failure patients were recruited from three health care settings in the UK and provided with Internet-enabled tablet computers that were wirelessly linked to sensor devices for blood pressure, heart rate and weight monitoring. One to two home visits were conducted with a subgroup of 29 participants to evaluate the usability of the system over a median follow-up period of six months. The thematic analysis of observational data and 45 interviews was informed by the domestication of technology theory. Results Our findings indicate that digital health technologies need to create and extend connections with health professionals, be incorporated into users' daily routines, and be personalised according to users' technological competencies and interest in assuming a proactive or more passive role in monitoring their condition. Conclusions Users' patterns of engagement with health technology changes over time and varies according to their need and capacity to use the technology. Incorporating diverse user experiences in the development and maintenance of mobile-health systems is likely to increase the extent of successful uptake and impacts on outcomes for patients and providers.


The automated system enables to find an efficient way of irrigation control mechanism for a large farm based on the crop variety and other primary factors. While each crop variety requires a different amount of irrigation at a regular interval of time, to make it still more efficient, additional factors are put under the consideration for irrigation to take place. These factors are moisture content of the soil, area of each plot and weather forecast. These data sets are processed using machine learning model, which provides a processed prioritized list of plots with their keys for irrigation. While these data inputs are used to process the irrigation requirement, the farmers are eased with an interactive UI in their android mobile. The UI provides a clear view of the plots and the irrigation level with additional data under the hands of the farmer. On the other hand, on the farm, the automated irrigation is accessed by controlled solenoid valves which work on the basis of a pre-defined operation.


Background Unintentional falls from windows are an important cause of paediatric morbidity. There have been no controlled studies to identify modifiable environmental risk factors for window falls in young children. The authors have piloted a case–control study to test procedures for case identification, subject enrolment, and environmental data collection. Methods Case windows were identified when a child 0–9 years old presented for care after a fall from that window. Control windows were identified (1) from the child's home and (2) from the home of an age- and gender-matched child seeking care for an injury diagnosis not related to a window fall. Study staff visited enrolled homes to collect window measurements and conduct window screen performance tests. Results The authors enrolled and collected data on 18 case windows, 18 in-home controls, and 14 matched community controls. Six potential community controls were contacted for every one enrolled. Families who completed the home visit viewed study procedures positively. Case windows were more likely than community controls to be horizontal sliders (100% vs 50%), to have deeper sills (6.28 vs 4.31 inches), to be higher above the exterior surface (183 vs 82 inches), and to have screens that failed below a threshold derived from the static pressure of a 3-year-old leaning against the mesh (60.0% vs 16.7%). Case windows varied very little from in-home controls. Discussion Case–control methodology can be used to study risk factors for paediatric falls from windows. Recruitment of community controls is challenging but essential, because in-home controls tend to be over-matched on important variables. A home visit allows direct measurement of window type, height, sill depth, and screen performance. These variables should all be investigated in subsequent, larger studies covering major housing markets.


Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition across Europe increased substantially from the 1950s to the 1990s. Targeted surveys suggest a negative correlation between N deposition and species richness within quadrats in sensitive habitats. However, it remains unclear whether plant species losses at national recording scales are correlated with nitrogen deposition. We relate plant species losses before 1987 in Great Britain to reduced and oxidized N deposition, land use change and climate change. The mean Ellenberg fertility (N) indices of plant species lost in each 100 km2 cell before 1987 was compared with those of species that were recorded between 1987 and 1999. In 45% of squares, indices of species lost were significantly lower than those for species present after 1986. For 17%, primarily upland, squares, the opposite effect was found. A generalized least squares regression model, with difference in the mean Ellenberg N index between samples as the dependent variable, showed that higher deposition of reduced N was significantly associated with selective loss of species with a lower index. Arable land use and change in arable land use also demonstrated this positive relationship. Rough grazing, change in rough grazing, change in pasture and change in annual precipitation showed negative effects. Difference in Ellenberg R index was highly correlated with difference in Ellenberg N and was negatively correlated with oxidized N deposition, suggesting that the lack of a significant effect of oxidized N deposition on Ellenberg N was because it had effects through both acidification and eutrophication, while the effect of reduced N deposition was primarily through eutrophication. Our results suggest that N deposition, along with land use and precipitation changes, has been a significant driver of local plant extinctions. With N deposition increasing in many parts of the world, local extinctions of plant species may be experienced in other regions.


Early Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) deployments feature a "fat"
Access Point (AP), which serves as a \%stand-alone interface between
the wired and wireless network segments. However, this model raises
scaling, mobility, and manageability issues, and the Control and
Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) protocol is meant to
address these issues. CAPWAP effectively splits the fat AP
functionality into two network elements, and the communication channel
between these components may traverse potentially hostile hops. This
document analyzes the security exposure resulting from the
introduction of CAPWAP and summarizes the associated security
considerations for IEEE 802.11-based CAPWAP implementations and
deployments. This memo provides information for the Internet
community.


1. Tracer influx kinetics have been analysed theoretically to determine the size of the transport pool with no assumptions regarding the transport pathway. 2. For a calculation of the size of the transport pool to be made, the following six conditions are required by the theory: tracer steady state attained, tissue steady state attained, Isc measures next flux, small magnitude and constant time-course of efflux, and correction for decay in pumping rate. 3. The size of the pool, SI, is given by the steady state influx, Finfinity, divided by the mixing-time constant, alpha. 4. Some experimental results are analysed by three different graphical methods, and it is shown that these three methods are equivalent. Specifically, alpha is equal to the reciprocal of the 75% mixing time, t75, divided by 1n 4 and is equal to the reciprocal of the lag time, X. 5. The tracer kinetic theory is applied to active potassium transport across the isolated short-circuited midgut: the transport meets the six conditions required by the theory. 6. The size of the transport pool of potassium in one midgut is calculated to be 80.5 muequiv./g wet weight under high-K steady-state conditions. A value as high as this suggests that the pool is intracellular.


Large tumors located on the upper surface of the tentorium, extending to the posterior edge of the tentorial incisura and affecting the posterior temporo-mesial region, are challenging to reach without damaging the surrounding brain. Typically, these lesions are approached through a subtemporal or a transcortical transtemporal corridor. To avoid temporal lobe transgression or retraction, and venous drainage compromise, we use a supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach which gives a direct exposure to the posterior temporo-medial region and the posterior incisural space. In this video, we demonstrate the surgical technique of the SCTT approach. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/g3ilMO8vo4g .


During appendage regeneration in urodeles and teleosts, tissue replacement is precisely regulated such that only the appropriate structures are recovered, a phenomenon referred to as positional memory. It is believed that there exists, or is quickly established after amputation, a dynamic gradient of positional information along the proximodistal (PD) axis of the appendage that assigns region-specific instructions to injured tissue. These instructions specify the amount of tissue to regenerate, as well as the rate at which regenerative growth is to occur. A striking theme among many species is that the rate of regeneration is more rapid in proximally amputated appendages compared with distal amputations. However, the underlying molecular regulation is unclear. Here, we identify position-dependent differences in the rate of growth during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. These growth rates correlate with position-dependent differences in blastemal length, mitotic index and expression of the Fgf target genes mkp3, sef and spry4. To address whether PD differences in amounts of Fgf signaling are responsible for position-dependent blastemal function, we have generated transgenic fish in which Fgf receptor activity can be experimentally manipulated. We find that the level of Fgf signaling exhibits strict control over target gene expression, blastemal proliferation and regenerative growth rate. Our results demonstrate that Fgf signaling defines position-dependent blastemal properties and growth rates for the regenerating zebrafish appendage.


Aim of work: The purpose of this study was to prepare the ranges of critical process parameters (CPP) (spray rate, pan speed, and inlet temperature) in the coating process of valsartan and pravastatin fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets using design of experiment (DoE). A central composite face-centered DoE with three center points was employed in this study. Method: Valsartan and pravastatin FDC tablets were manufactured by wet granulation, drying, sieving, blending, tableting and coating. For the coating process, 3-factorial (spray rate, pan speed and inlet temperature), 4-level (defect, coating efficiency, disintegration time and dissolution), and 1-center (n=3) points as critical quality attributes (CQAs) were applied for the DoE batch using Design Expert Software. Results: Spray rate and inlet temperature were an important factor in the defect and coating efficiency results (p<0.05). The results indicated that spray rate (4.1 g/min), pan speed (from 18 to 23 rpm), and inlet temperature (from 63 to 67oC) for coating process were optimal for valsartan and pravastatin FDC tablets. Conclusion: These studies illustrated that coating process spaces can be defined that CQAs based on levels of risk (defects, coating efficiency, disintegration and dissolution). It can be concluded that the wide process ranges of operation leading to high quality (low defect and coating efficiency) for the CPPs of coating process were successfully observed by the DoE approach.


This policy Brief addresses the results of the fifth European Conference on Corporate R&D and Innovation, CONCORDi 2015, on 'Industrial Research and Innovation: evidence for policy'. Taking stock from the underlined background issues, the document presents the main evidence-based insights for policy drawing upon the contributions and debates. It also highlights the main implications for industrial and innovation policies making and for the science-policy interface. A series of open questions for policy and evidence makers conclude the brief.


BACKGROUND
The association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and risk of diabetes remains unclear, especially among US Hispanic/Latino adults who have lower levels of physical activity and a higher diabetes burden compared with other racial/ethnical populations in the country.

OBJECTIVES
To examine the association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and incident diabetes in a US Hispanic/Latino population.

METHODS
We included 7280 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos who aged 18-74 y and free of diabetes at baseline. Data on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were collected using a 7-d accelerometer measurement. Incident diabetes was assessed after a mean ± SD of 6.0 ± 0.8 y using standard procedures including blood tests. RRs and 95% CIs of diabetes associated with MVPA were estimated using survey Poisson regressions. The associations of MVPA with 6-y changes in adiposity measures were also examined.

RESULTS
A total of 871 incident cases of diabetes were identified. MVPA was inversely and nonlinearly associated with risk of diabetes (P-nonlinearity = 0.006), with benefits accruing rapidly at the lower end of MVPA range (<30 min/d) and leveling off thereafter. The association differed by population age (P-interaction = 0.006). Higher MVPA was associated with lower risk of diabetes among individuals older than 50 y (RRQ4 versus Q1 = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.73; P-trend < 0.001) but not among younger individuals (RRQ4 versus Q1 = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.66, 1.47; P-trend = 0.92). An inverse association between MVPA and 6-y gain in waist circumference was also limited to the older group (P-interaction with age < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Among US Hispanic/Latino adults, baseline accelerometer-derived MVPA was inversely associated with incident diabetes only among individuals aged 50 y and older. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to clarify potential mechanisms underlying the possible age differences in the MVPA-diabetes association. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02060344.


The presented thesis documents the investigation and development of the mathematical
foundations for a novel knowledge-based system for surface texture (VitualSurf
system). This is the first time that this type of novel knowledge-based system has been
tried on surface texture knowledge. It is important to realize that surface texture
knowledge, based on new generation Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) system,
are considered to be too theoretical, abstract, complex and over-elaborate. Also it is not
easy for industry to understand and implement them efficiently in a short time.

The VirtualSurf has been developed to link surface function, specification through
manufacture and verification, and provide a universal platform for engineers in
industry, making it easier for them to understand and use the latest surface texture
knowledge. The intelligent knowledge-base should be capable of incorporating
knowledge from multiple sources (standards, books, experts, etc), adding new
knowledge from these sources and still remain a coherent reliable system. In this
research, an object-relationship data model is developed to represent surface texture
knowledge. The object-relationship data model generalises the relational and object
orientated data models. It has both the flexibility of structures for entities and also good
mathematical foundations, based on category theory, that ensures the knowledge-base
remains a coherent and reliable system as new knowledge is added.

This prototype system leaves much potential for further work. Based on the framework
and data models developed in this thesis, the system will be developed into
implemental software, either acting as a good training tool for new and less
experienced engineers or further connecting with other analysis software, CAD
software (design), surface instrument software (measurement) etc, and finally applied
in production industries.


To support the phonic work that all children between the ages of 4-7 are doing in school, Ladybird has developed a phonic reading scheme. Part of that scheme, this story is designed to help children have fun learning the relationship between a letter, or a group of letters, and the sound it makes.


Sidewall curl is a type of springback deformation resulting from successive bendingunbending when a sheet metal is drawn over a die radius or through a drawbead. In this study, the sidewall curl in stamped AHSS parts (TRIP780 and DP980) was predicted using four models from LS-DYNA material library: 24, 36, 37, 125 and a UMAT in ABAQUS based on the Yoshida-Uemori model. Various material characterization tests were analyzed to identify the input parameters. Plane-strain channel sections were drawn in a specialized die with adjustable drawbeads and various die entry radii and compared with simulation results. By increasing drawbead penetration, the springback angle decreased but the sidewall curl increased in the channel sections. For simulations in LS-DYNA, MAT37 with increased integration points predicted the most accurate results. The YU model in ABAQUS showed less than 8% error compared to the predicted sidewall curl for channel sections with shallow drawbeads.


The purpose of this research is to know the implementation of thematic instructional model and the achievement of student learning outcomes in the field of knowledge, skills, and attitude/character. This quantitative research was conducted in Elementary School in Surakarta City, from November 2015 to February 2016. The teachers and 63,433 students from 253 elementary schools became the population of this study. Samples were obtained through multistage cluster random sampling technique. The samples were eight classes from six schools in Laweyan Sub-district. Data collection involved observation, interview, questionnaire, and documentation technique. Data analysis used comparative analysis technique. The result of the research showed that in general, the thematic learning works appropriately. It can be elaborated as follows: (1)The planning and implementation of thematic learning is classified appropriate, (2) Student learning activity is less optimal mainly due to direct learning methods, (3) Average score of learning implementation is 76.5 on a scale from 0-100, (4) Average score of learning outcomes in terms of knowledge and skills is 83.5 on a scale from 0-100, (5) Average score of attitude aspect (behavior, craft, and neatness) is classified as 'Good', (5) Average score of student characters is 2.77 on a scale from 0-4. The score is categorized 'Good' or 'in progress', in which the students have shown particular but inconsistent behaviors. This character should be improved. In overall, the thematic model in Elementary School has been successfully implemented.


Complicit Witnessing: Distant Suffering in Contemporary White Canadian Women's Writing Hannah McGregor Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Smaro Kamboureli Complicit Witnessing: Distant Suffering in Contemporary White Canadian Women's Writing examines twenty-first-century literature by white Canadian women that represents, or bears witness to, the lives of "distant others" (Boltanski). Camilla Gibb's Sweetness in the Belly and The Beauty of Humanity Movement, Kim Echlin's The Disappeared, and Karen Connelly's The Border Surrounds Us, The Lizard Cage, and Burmese Lessons: A Love Story can be read as examples of Canadian literature gone "global" and situated within the tradition of literature of sentiment that works to educate Western readers about the lives of distant others while also forging transnational affective bonds. In the context of globalization and the commodification of transnational empathy via neoliberal civilizing regimes, however, care for distant others is irrevocably complicit with a fantasy of distance that would produce the white Western woman as an innocent, rather than implicated, subject. These texts demand a rethinking of complicity beyond accusations of representational guilt based in Orientalist paradigms of power/knowledge. Through an understanding of Canadian literature as a middlebrow institution of national pedagogy, this project questions the discursive production of Canada as a benevolent middle power characterized by humanitarian outreach and white civility, and asks how Gibb, Echlin, and Connelly's work both endorses and complicates this view. Through the articulation of an ethics of complicity, this project argues for an expansion of the term beyond accusations of criminal collusion to include the sense of enfoldment, implication, and complex affiliation that takes the form, in these texts, of affectively charged transnational (usually romantic) relationships. This focus on sentimental narratives and border-crossing affiliations complicates the ethics of reading that champions textual resistance. Instead, this project explores the tension between resistance and veracity through a methodological approach that heeds both textual complexity and paratextual framing. Complicity is a grounds for neither celebration nor outright dismissal, but provides a way to engage with books that expand the problem of distant suffering and responsibility for the other in the context of how discourses new and old both curtail and overdetermine the possibilities of caring for distant others.


Agriculture generates positive externalities to society in addition to food production without receiving compensation, which is called the multifunctionality of agriculture. The educational function of agriculture has not been fully examined despite the growing need for such services from urbanites. This paper focused on the educational function of agriculture by considering it as a joint product of farm production in terms of not only technical complementarity, but also of institutional complementarity, which includes institutional aspects such as food and rural culture. Data were obtained from the URL of the Farm Experience Net, launched in May 2003 and operated by the National Association for Promotion of Rural Youth Education in Japan. We employed statistical tests to clarify the features of the bodies or individual farmers who provide experience services. Findings and implications were as follows. Firstly, from the perspective of complementarity, we can classify that crop-wise or operation-wise experiences showed a strong connection with the technical complementarity of farms with seasonality, while food and rural cultural experiences had a strong connection with institutional complementarity with less seasonality. Secondly, non-governmental organizations, the quasipublic sector and farmers' groups played important roles in food and rural culture experience services. Thus, we should recognize the significance of both technical and institutional complementarity to extend the educational function of agriculture and the rural heritage. The combination of the two types of complementarity is effective in building a wide range of networks of those stakeholders who provide food and rural experience services while easing the constraints of seasonality.


This article is based on two assumptions which have already been evidenced in the literature of environmental discourse analysis. The first is that the normal congruent active material process clause (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004), if the empathy hierarchy (Langacker 1991) is imposed upon it, tends to represent humans as acting in a unidirectional way upon a passive environment (Goatly 2002, 2007). The second is that much pro-environmental discourse, such as the Worldwatch Institute's reports, for the most part adopts this grammar and thereby undervalues the power of nature as a force independent of humans but with power over them (Goatly and Hiradhar 2016). This article builds on work already done in Goatly (2000, 2007) and Goatly and Hiradhar (2016) on non-congruent grammar, co-ordination, along with personification and other forms of metaphor, to represent the human-nature relationship in ways which are more in keeping with modern science, and more helpful from an ecological viewpoint. The poetic texts discussed are taken from Wordsworth's The Prelude , Edward Thomas' Collected Poems and Alice Oswald's Woods etc. Besides the use of grammatical co-ordination and metaphor/literalisation to blur the human nature boundary, they illustrate the use of nominalisations, ergative verbs, the activation of tokens and existents, the emphasis on nature as sayer and experiencer, rather than goal, which is a grammar (and use of metaphor) quite different from the patterns in so-called environmental and news discourse.


In this study, we examined how habitat and tidal stage influence predation upon molting blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. On 3 separate occasions we monitored the survival of tethered soft crabs in each of 2 different-sized marsh creeks and 2 seagrass sites, during both low and high tides. On one of these occasions, we also tethered hard crabs. Survival was much lower for soft crabs than for hard crabs, indicating that crabs may be particularly vulnerable when they molt. In both seagrass and marsh creeks, there was a tidal influence upon soft crab survival, with greater survival during low tides. There was no generalized difference in survival of soft crabs between habitats, i.e. marsh creek versus grassbed. Survival was high in the small marsh creek, but lower ~n the large marsh creek. In both creeks survival remained relatively constant throughout the summer. In contrast, survival did not differ between the 2 seagrass sites and was comparable to that in the small marsh creek early in the summer, but decreased to levels comparable to the large marsh creek by summers end. In the marsh creek, micro-habitat also influenced survival, with greater survival along the creek edge micro-habitats than in the creek centers. Cannibalism was the only identifiable source of mortality among tethered crabs. These results demonstrate that where and when a crab molts may greatly influence its chances for survival.


This article marries the positive literature regarding judicial behavior to the normative literature regarding judicial review. Though scholars in the legal and political science academies both study judicial review, their approaches are dramatically different. Legal scholars tend to the normative, studying how judges should behave. Political scientists and political economists ask positive questions: how do judges behave, and why? The central thesis of the article is that normative literature about judicial review will remain impoverished until it takes account of the positive scholarship. Ought implies can; much of the positive literature suggests judges cannot or will not behave as normative scholars demand. The article proceeds in four parts. After an Introduction, there is a brief historical discussion to explain why normative and positive scholarship parted company in the early 1940s. The heart of the article follows. This part is a comprehensive examination of the political influences on the constitutional judges. Beginning with the politics of the judge herself, the article then moves out in concentric circles to examine (a) the politics of judging on a collegial court; (b) the difficulties the Supreme Court faces in managing a large judicial hierarchy; (c) the influences of the other branches on Supreme Court decisionmaking; and (d) the relationship between public opinion and judicial review. In each section the goal is to show how confronting normative aspiration with political reality refocuses the questions that ought to be asked about judicial review. A subsidiary goal is to introduce normative scholars who are unaware to the vast positive literature about judicial behavior. The final part examines how the political influences described here ought to bear upon normative scholarship on judicial review.


Study Design. In vitro and in vivo experiment using degenerated human ligamentum flavum (LF) and Type 5 adenovirus construct with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) cDNA. Objectives. To demonstrate in vitro and in vivo osteogenic effect of BMP-2 gene transfer to human LF and to propose genetically modified LF as a substitute for autogenous bone graft in spinal fusion. Summary of Background Data. Spinal fusion is still considered to be an important option for treating various spinal disorders. To induce solid spinal fusion, osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive agents have been widely adopted. Autogenous LF, however, has never been seriously considered as a carrier for ex vivo osteoinductive gene therapy for spinal fusion. Methods. In vitro experiment: Degenerated human LF was harvested and cultured. Type 5 adenovirus lacZ (Ad/lacZ) and BMP-2 construct (Ad/BMP-2) were produced. LF cell cultures were then exposed to Ad/BMP-2. Expressions of osteocalcin and BMP-2 mRNA were analyzed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot analysis was performed to detect osteocalcin protein. Alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa stains were used to detect osteogenic markers and bone nodule formation, respectively. In vivo experiment: Human LF tissues treated with Ad/lacZ, Ad/BMP-2, and saline were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice. After 4 weeks, nude mice were radiographed and killed. Implanted LF tissues were harvested and histologically stained. Results. LF cell cultures with Ad/BMP-2 revealed strong expression of BMP-2 and osteocalcin mRNA in RT-PCR and osteocalcin protein in western blot analysis. LF cell culture with saline showed baseline expression of BMP-2, osteocalcin mRNA, and osteocalcin protein, respectively. Furthermore, LF cell culture with Ad/BMP-2 demonstrated the expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone nodule formation in the aforementioned histochemical stain. LF tissues with Ad/BMP-2 revealed de novo osteogenesis in nude mice, whereas LF with Ad/lacZ or saline showed only remaining LF tissue without sign of bone formation. Conclusion. Human LF cells transduced with Ad/BMP-2 exhibited the expression of osteogenic phenotype and bone nodule formation. Additionally, genetically modified human LF with BMP-2 cDNA clearly demonstrated de novo osteogenesis, which supports the concept that biologically modified LF can be a substitute for autogenous bone graft in spinal fusion surgery.


Geomorphosites stand for relief forms or geomorphologic processes that in time have gained an aesthetic, scientific, cultural, historical or economic value, as a result of human perception (Panizza, 2001). Taking into consideration the above mentioned definition, the present paper aims at inventorying and evaluating part of the geomorphosites in the Bucegi Mountains. The final purpose is to propose some measures for a better protection and tourist promotion. The presence of numerous geomorphosites in the Bucegi Mountains is the direct result of the presence of limestones and conglomerates, as well as the succession of different modelling systems in time (glacial, periglacial, fluvial). We analysed this area since there are many and varied geomorphosites, and at the same time, it is one of the major tourist destinations (the largest number of tourists and the best tourist infrastructure within the Romanian Carpathian Mountains).


The Qatar Genome Programme (QGP) is an ambitious project promoting the implementation of genomic medicine in Qatar. The project has an overarching mission including developing guidelines and policies, encouraging research collaborations, building a national genomic data infrastructure, investing in local talent; and promoting the integration of genomics within the national healthcare system. The first phase of the project started in September 2015, with the objective of unraveling the genetic map of the local population. More than 18,000 whole genomes have been sequenced since then. Qatar Genome fosters local genomic research by direct funding as well as by facilitating the formation of research consortia to analyze the big data it produces. QGP also plays an important role in training local young researchers through internships and workshops in addition to two new graduate programs established in collaboration with local partner universities. Furthermore, QGP have performed national surveys to gauge public and professional attitudes and awareness levels on precision medicine. The outcomes of these surveys will guide the design of future phases of the project to fit the specific requirements of the Qatari population. The focus of Qatar Genome in the near future will move in the direction of introducing more precision medicine practices into the local health care system. National level partnerships are built between major local stakeholders and early implementation projects are launched to show the impact of precision medicine on patients.


The oil crystallization induction time is an important kinetic parameter that provides
fundamental information in elucidating their physical and chemical properties. The main
criterion for the selection of technique in determining oil induction time is sensitivity in
order to apply the data into the Fisher-Turnbull model for estimation of nucleation
activation fie. energy. However, most currently available techniques possessed certain
limitations and drawbacks. This study investigates viscometry's potential as a new
technique for oil induction time determination. Palm oil, palm kernel oil and their
mixtures in different proportions were used as model systems. The catalytic nature, the
efficacy and differences in chemical composition changes of the different regiospecific
lipases used on the various oil substrates were also looked into. The changes in
crystallization behavior of these lipase-catalyzed interesterified oils were studied by
means of viscometry in complement with other techniques.In this study, lipase-catalyzed interesterification of palm oil and palm kernel oil using
non-specific Pseudornonas sp. and 1,3-specific Rhizornucor miehei lipases demonstrated
distinct chemical composition changes. Interesterification of palm oil tends to form more
medium and long chain triacylglycerols while interesterification of palm kernel oil
synthesized medium and short chain triacylglycerols. The two lipases showed high
affinity in hydrolyzing palm oil fatty acids, resulting in high amounts of triacylglycerol
losses and formation of partial glycerides. For palm kernel oil, the synthesis is enhanced.
The hydrolysis preference of the two lipases toward palm oil acylglycerols were
postulated to decrease in the order of triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and
monoacylglycerol while the opposite order is true for palm kernel oil.
For the three palm oil - palm kernel oil binary blends (3:l; 1: 1 and 1:3; wlw),
interesterification caused similar chemical composition changes especially on the
synthesis of medium chain triacylglycerols. The lipase catalytic process was influenced
by the major fiaction in the blends. Among these blends, 1:l ratio exhibited the highest
degree of interesterification in terms of the total triacylglycerols concentration that
increased in value while the other two blends indicated similar degrees of increment. The
diversity and amount of triacylglycerols available are postulated to be the main reasons
for the different catalytic activity in these binary blends. Pseudornonas sp. lipase showed
higher degree and rate of interesterification compared to R. miehei lipase under all
conditions. Also, differences in the regiospecificity of the two lipases did not cause
different chemical composition changes to all interesterified products. However, the
positional specificity and the fatty acids preference of the two lipases had effixts on the
lipases' degree of interesterificatio Viscometry was an excellent and simple technique in monitoring oil crystallization
process where it was able to determine the various stages of crystallization induction
time. This unique capability of viscometry has merits in oil crystallization studies:
correlating the phenomenon of oil fractionation (various crystallization stages) to
polymorphism, polymorphic transformation and metastability of the crystal polymorphs.
However, viscometry was relatively insensitive in comparison to laser polarized light
anisotropy in detection of the initial nucleation event.
Under isothermal cooling, palm oil and the binary blend at 3:l ratio exhibited
fractionation behavior at lower temperature ranges. A two-stage crystallization process
was observed where the initial stearin crystallized in the a form while olein crystallized
later in the p' form. At higher isothermal temperature, no fiactionation occurred and the
p' form was the only polymorph observed in a single stage crystallization process. The .
transition temperature for the two-stage to a single-stage crystallization process varied
with different oil compositions, indicating the effect of chemical composition on
crystallization behavior. Palm kernel oil, 1 : 1 and 1 :3 blends only crystallized in a singlestage
process, in the p' polymorphic form with different microstructures. The coexistence
possibility of a and P' crystals and the metastability of a crystal in fat crystallization
were also discussed.
Interesterification using the two lipases displayed opposing effect towards crystallization
behavior and nucleation rate of the two native oils. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification
promoted fiactionation behavior at higher temperatures and rate in palm oil. This was not
observed for palm kernel oil. Crystallization behavior changes of the 3:l and 1:3 blends
confirmed our hypothesis that the two lipases showed high affinity toward the major fraction in the blend. The trend of crystallization behavior changes in the 1:l blend
indicated that palm oil triacylglycerols were synthesized first before palm kernel oil. The
occurrence of sequential synthesis process signified that the lipases used had higher
afinity towards palm oil than palm kernel oil fatty acids. Differential scanning
calorimeter thermal profiles of the various lipase-catalyzed oils were in agreement with
their chemical composition and crystallization behavior changes. These thermal profiles
also provided detailed information of the minor component changes that was not revealed
in their crystallization behavior.
The applicability of the Fisher-Turnbull model in fat and oil crystallization is discussed
in the final part of this study. A review of published literatures indicated that numerous
modifications and assumptions had been made to justiQ the application of this model for
fats and oils nucleation. In this study, nucleation data obtained fiom laser polarized light
anisotropy for the various fat systems were used to investigate those proposed
modifications and assumptions. The study showed that a single slope constant might not
fully represent the complex fat crystallization phenomenon as compared to multiple slope
constants. The multiple slope constants established in fats nucleation may be correlated
to the nucleation of compound nucleus with different triacylglycerol compositions.
However, the present study also showed that application of multiple slope constants
resulted in inconsistencies during calculation of the nucleation energies when statistically
different induction data fiom viscometry and laser techniques were used. The results of
this study thus indicate that the validity of the various modifications and assumptions
made to the Fisher-Turnbull equation need further verification while the application of
this model in fats and oils crystallization need further refinement.