We report our efforts to constrain the form of the low-mass star and brown dwarf mass function via Bayesian inference. Recent surveys of M, L, and T dwarfs in the local solar neighborhood are an essential component of our study. Uncertainties in the age distribution of local field stars make reliable inference complicated. We adopt a wide range of plausible assumptions about the rate of Galactic star formation and show that their deviations from a uniform rate produce little effect on the resulting luminosity function for a given mass function. As an ancillary result, we calculate the age distribution for M, L, and T spectral types. We demonstrate that late L dwarfs, in particular, are systematically younger than objects with earlier or later spectral types, with a mean age of 3 Gyr. Finally, we use a Bayesian statistical formalism to evaluate the probability of commonly used mass functions in the light of recent discoveries. We consider three functional forms of the mass function, including a two-segment power law, a single power law with a low-mass cutoff, and a lognormal distribution. Our results show that at a 60% confidence level the power-law index α for the low-mass arm of a two-segment power law has a value between -0.6 and 0.6 for objects with masses between 0.04 and 0.10 M☉. The best-fit index is α = 0.3 ± 0.6 at the 60% confidence level for a single-segment mass function. Current data require this function to extend to at least 0.05 M☉ with no restrictions placed on a lower mass cutoff. Inferences of the parameter values for a lognormal mass function are virtually unaffected by recent estimates of the local space density of L and T dwarfs. We find that we have no preference among these three forms using this method. We discuss current and future capabilities that may eventually discriminate between mass function models and refine estimates of their associated parameter values.


A sequence-based multiple-input-multiple-output receiver incorporating channel estimation and tracking for a frequency selective fading environment is developed. It employs near-maximum likelihood sequence estimation using the partitioned Viterbi algorithm and offers linearly increasing complexity with the number of transmit antennas. The receiver implements channel estimation and tracking using a vector-polynomial-based generalized recursive least squares algorithm. The resulting integrated receiver can operate in a continuously time-varying Rayleigh or Rician fading environment. Simulation results show that it offers a good tradeoff between complexity and performance. Further complexity reduction can be achieved using tentative decisions as reference signals to the estimator and a reduced complexity form of the estimator.


In this report a mathematical model is formulated which is sufficiently accurate to describe the typical behaviour of a ship berthing to a vertical quay-wall fitted with fenders as well as to determine the response of the fenders themselves. In order to achieve this a three-dimensional set of governing equations is drawn up by which the lateral transient motions of shiplike bodies nearby a closed wall with a vertical front can be described adequately. To this end use is made of two separate methods both originating from the mathematical model presented, viz. the so-called 'impulse response function'-technique, which has the restriction that the ship-fluid system is supposed to be linear, and a direct 'timedomain approach' where non-linearities can be taken into account. Both methods enable the inclusion of external forces of arbitrary nature. The 'impulse response function'-technique makes allowance for the fluid reactive forces by means of the hydrodynamic coefficients which are incorporated in the impulse response functions representing the properties of the linear ship-fluid system. Application of the 'timedomain approach' amounts to a direct solution of the governing set of equations which is simplified to a two-dimensional situation (strip theory). The ship is schematized to a prismatic body with a rectangular crosssection so that coupling between the respective ship motions is not present. The closed berthing structure consists of a long, straight wall with an impermeable, vertical front and fitted with one fender, the reaction force of which acts perpendicular to the front side of the berth. Although not essential, the fender applied is ndamped and linear. The influence of a restrictive water depth is taken into account. Since berthing manoeuvres and ship-fender interactions take mainly place in the horizontal plane and the ship is supposed to maintain a lateral motion with its longitudinal axis of symmetry parallel to the face of the berth, only the sway mode of motion needs to be considered; the effect of a forward speed is not included. The 'impulse response function'-technique as well as the direct 'time-domain approach' are applied to the case of shallow water with a horizontal bottom and relatively large horizontal dimensions in front of the berthing structure. Only centric impacts are considered. Each of both methods presented describes the behaviour of the schematized ship during the berthing operation as well as the behaviour of the fender itself. An extensive experimental verification was carried out by means of model tests. Four water depths were regarded. The results of theoretical calculations and model tests show a reasonably good agreement.


The article examines the scientific and methodical basis of psychological preparation of athletes: models, model characteristics, monitoring of preparedness of athletes, innovative psychodiagnostic, psychocorrective and psychotherapeutic measures of psychological care of sports activities. The article justified new approaches to psychological preparation of young athletes 7-10 years old through the use of desktop games. In this article you can find author's table game "psysports," disclosed psychological purpose that solved by using this games when working with young athletes. The game «PSY-SPORT» is aimed at achieving the following objectives: a) improving the socio-psychological climate of young athletes and developing their ability to communicate effectively with their teammates; b) the formation of a positive attitude to the favorite sport, training and competitive activities, teammates; c) the formation of motivation to chosen sports; d) increasing the level of psychological culture of young athletes; e) acting out of emotions and feelings; f) the development of skills of self-control, controlling your thoughts, emotions, feelings, actions; g) analysis of the hidden psychological problems manifesting themselves in gaming activities; h) increasing confidence and self-esteem; i) acquisition of knowledge about the sport; j) development of moral qualities. The main features of table games are vivid emotional coloring, the ability to display each child's personal qualities and creative qualities of a psychologist and a coach during their preparation, organization and carrying out.


ABSTRACT States seek to influence or alter political outcomes in other states by supporting non-governmental groups located within their rivals or enemies. While a dyadic-relation model explains much of state support for non-governmental ethnopolitical organizations, its static view fails to capture the changing nature of their relationships. By bringing violent and non-violent organizations into the same analysis, and examining data across different international systemic periods, we add new empirical evidence to previous studies, arguing that the external support for resistance is influenced by a specific context in the post-Cold War period as well as the behaviour and characteristics of the organizations vying for support. Analysing the Middle East Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior (ME-MAROB) dataset, we find that violent organizations are more likely to obtain external support than those organizations adhering to the principles of non-violence in both the Cold War and the post-Cold War periods. However, organizational popularity, capability, and kinship with the state sponsor encourage state support only after the end of the Cold War. This suggests that the shift in the international system caused by the collapse in bipolarity encouraged state actors to reconsider their behaviour in supporting ethnopolitical organizations inside other states.


Background: The occurrence of adiposity has increased in recent decades, and the detrimental consequences of obesity on health and disease constitutes a major challenge for public health. Parental obesity is a strong determinant of offspring obesity. This is in part due to genetic influences, but also environmental factors are of importance. Physical activity is a consistent and robust indicator associated with good health and reduced mortality, and a significant familial influence has been found linked to exercise participation. An association between parents' health behaviors and body mass index (BMI) in offspring has also been reported. The aim of this study was to examine parental physical activity habits in relation to BMI and risk of obesity in their adult offspring.Methods: The study was based on data from 18493 father-offspring pairs and 17885 mother-offspring pairs who attended at least one of the two latest waves of the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT 2 and HUNT 3). Height and weight were measured, and participants completed a detailed questionnaire including questions on physical activity. Mean differences in offspring BMI were estimated between categories of parental physical activity using a general linear model, and logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) for offspring obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) associated with parental physical activity.Results: Offspring with physically active parents showed lower mean BMI and lower risk of obesity in adulthood than offspring with less active or inactive parents. A statistically significant dose-response -relation between parental level of physical activity and risk of obesity in offspring showed that the association strengthened with increasing parental physical activity level. Mothers had a slightly stronger association with offspring than fathers. In relation to fathers and mothers high level of physical activity, the adjusted OR (95 % confidence interval) for offspring obesity was 0.76 (0.66 to 0.89) and 0.64 (0.54 to 0.76) compared to physically inactive parents.Conclusion: In this population-based family linkage study, we found an inverse association between parental physical activity and offspring BMI for all measures of physical activity. Offspring of parents who were physically active had a lower risk of obesity than offspring of parents who were less active or inactive, and this was shown by a significant dose-response relation. The mother-offspring association was slightly stronger than the father-offspring association.


Abstract.
 Knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among species is fundamental to understanding basic patterns in evolution and underpins nearly all research programs in biology and paleontology. However, most methods of phylogenetic inference typically used by paleontologists do not accommodate the idiosyncrasies of fossil data and therefore do not take full advantage of the information provided by the fossil record. The advent of Bayesian 'tip-dating' approaches to phylogeny estimation is especially promising for paleosystematists because time-stamped comparative data can be combined with probabilistic models tailored to accommodate the study of fossil taxa. Under a Bayesian framework, the recently developed fossilized birth–death (FBD) process provides a more realistic tree prior model for paleontological data that accounts for macroevolutionary dynamics, preservation, and sampling when inferring phylogenetic trees containing fossils. In addition, the FBD tree prior allows for the possibility of sampling ancestral morphotaxa. Although paleontologists are increasingly embracing probabilistic phylogenetic methods, these recent developments have not previously been applied to the deep-time invertebrate fossil record. Here, I examine phylogenetic relationships among Ordovician through Devonian crinoids using a Bayesian tip-dating approach. Results support several clades recognized in previous analyses sampling only Ordovician taxa, but also reveal instances where phylogenetic affinities are more complex and extensive revisions are necessary, particularly among the Cladida. The name Porocrinoidea is proposed for a well-supported clade of Ordovician 'cyathocrine' cladids and hybocrinids. The Eucladida is proposed as a clade name for the sister group of the Flexibilia herein comprised of cladids variously considered 'cyathocrines,' 'dendrocrines,' and/or 'poteriocrines' by other authors.


This insightful research review discusses some of the most influential papers in the economics field of global value chains. Focusing on globalization, fragmentation and coordination of production across geographical as well as enterprise boundaries. It pays particularly close attention to how businesses in developing countries are incorporated into global production and distribution networks. The review analyses many of the texts that framed the global value chain approach together with in-depth case-studies of particular sectors and policy-oriented research concerned with reducing poverty and accelerating growth in poorer countries. This review would be of great interest to students and researchers working in the fields of globalisation, geography and international business.


As the Second World War in Europe came to an end the Russians advanced from the east towards Berlin. German occupation of Poland and Czechoslovakia had been particularly brutal. Both of these countries, products of German defeat at the end of World War I contained millions of ethnic Germans, who had previously co-existed with their Slav neighbours, often for many centuries, but were now perceived by these neighbours as having encouraged and collaborated with Nazi Germany. Russians, Poles and Czechs now sought revenge triggering the largest forced expulsion in recorded history. Somewhere between 8 and 16.5 million ethnic Germans fled to the west, and between 2 and 3 million perished during flight. Expellee property was subsequently seized by the Poles and Czechs. In broad terms, until the 1990s these events were seen within Germany as part of a submerged collective memory, suppressed in part by their having lost the war. In the last 20 years with an increasingly powerful expellee organisation (the Bund der Vertriebenen, Federation of Expellees) influencing mainstream German politics, academia, and the German media, an attempt has been made to change historical memory, or rewrite what has been referred to as an 'unacceptable past'. This, in recent years has led to claims by former expellees against the Czech Republic, and Poland for restitution. This in itself has led to bitter accusations by these countries that the expellees have rewritten German history portraying themselves as victims of the Second World War. This thesis explores the methods employed by the expellee groups and their supporters in the restructuring of their historical memory by examining literature dating from the 1950s until the present day from primarily German and American sources, as well as German television documentaries from 2000. These sources are considered in relation to how collective and historical memory have evolved into a position that has allowed the expellees to create an 'acceptable past'. Publication date 2010-04-22 Other links http://hdl.handle.net/2299/4445 Metadata Show full item record


Closed cell aluminium foams with various densities have been made through stir casting technique. The crucible temperature and melt temperature have been controlled to control the foaming temperature for controlling foam cell size and foam densities. The foam made has been then characterized for their micro-architectural characteristics as well as deformation responses. The crash of vehicle takes place at very high speed and therefore, the foams have been tested both at quasi-static and dynamic conditions. It is noted that at dynamic conditions the foams exhibit much higher strength and energy absorption. Then the foams have been filled manually inside the commercially available crash-box and tested using drop weight test methodology. The weight is varied up to 375 kg and speed is varied up to 55 km/h. The deformation behavior of bare foam blocks, foam filled crash box and empty crash boxes have been studied. It is observed that the foam synthesized through this technique is excellent for crash energy absorption. It is also noted that hardly any significant weight will be added into the vehicle. These closed cell foam has also the potential to be used in other transport sectors.


In two samples of antigorite serpentinite from Sasaguri, Kyushu, Japan, we have found trace amounts of a NiFe-rich silicate whose atomic proportions in terms of the ratio of M to T cations match those of the fibrous MgFe-silicate hydrate balangeroite. Balangeroite in serpentinite at the type locality in Italy is not reported to contain Ni, whereas the balangeroite analogue from Japan has very little MgO. One sample from Japan is nickel-rich (up to 39 wt% NiO), and the other Fe-rich (up to 61 wt% total FeO). The Ni-rich sample appears to contain ~2 wt% Cl, and the Fe-rich sample contains up to 2.3 wt% P2O5. A wide miscibility gap in the ternary system Mg-Fe-Ni separates the Italian and Japanese minerals. Anhydrous microprobe totals are low, and we attribute this to a submicroscopic porosity, which is imaged by electron-beam scanning. Owing to its small grain-size (<25 μm) and very low modal abundance, our identification is as yet not confirmed by physical methods, such as XRD or micro-Raman spectroscopy.


Abstract. Optical depth distributions (P(σ)) are a useful measure of radiatively important cirrus (Ci) inhomogeneity. Yet, the relationship between P(σ) and underlying cloud physical processes remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing processes, ice particle growth and fallout, and mesoscale vertical velocity fluctuations on P(σ) shape during an orographic Ci event. We evaluate Lagrangian Ci evolution along kinematic trajectories from a mesoscale weather model (MM5) using an adiabatic parcel model with binned ice microphysics. Although the presence of ice nuclei increased model cloud cover, our results highlight the importance of homogeneous freezing and mesoscale vertical velocity variability in controlling Ci P(σ) shape along realistic upper tropospheric trajectories.


The focus of this paper is the regulation of standard terms in consumer contracts at common law, i.e., judges deciding cases in published opinions. In particular, I focus on the two most important common law doctrines in this area — unconscionability and good faith — and to a lesser extent on court decisions that interpret consumer statutes. They have all played a central role in regulating standard terms in consumer contracts over the years, yet their continuing role is being threatened by the proliferation of mandatory arbitration provisions in consumer contracts. If this trend continues, the ability of courts to further develop contract doctrine in consumer transactions may be severely limited. I begin with a discussion of the role that common law plays in regulating consumer transactions. I then discuss how the unconscionability and good faith doctrines have evolved as limitations on standard terms in consumer contracts. Next I discuss the increasing use of mandatory arbitration clauses in consumer contracts and the likely effects of this trend on consumer contract litigation. Toward the end of the paper, I explore what this might mean going forward if the common law of unconscionability and good faith in consumer contracts are essentially frozen in time, and if mandatory arbitration results in fewer published decisions interpreting and applying consumer statutes.


"This paper discusses enabling and constraining factors related to the scaling-up of the Scaling Up HIV/AIDS Interventions Through Expanded Partnerships (STEPs) initiative, supported by Save the Children U.S.A. (SC), to combat HIV/AIDS in Malawi. It also discusses potential threats to and contextual factors limiting scaling up of STEPs. The report draws primarily upon the available literature and qualitative data collected during a five-day visit to SC Malawi in December 2002. STEPs started in 1995 as Community-Based Options for Protection and Empowerment (COPE). COPE was a service-delivery program in Mangochi District to assist children affected by HIV/AIDS. Through evaluations, SC realized that such an approach was unsustainable, not cost-effective, and not scalable. Based on the recommendations of the evaluations and on field experience, the program changed course to mobilize collective action to combat the epidemic. Working in the Namwera community in Mangochi under the National AIDS Commission (NAC), STEPs revitalized the dormant decentralized AIDS committees and their technical subcommittees at the district, community, and village levels. Based on the positive experience in Namwera, the program changed its initial strategy to that of an external change agent, assisting communities with community mobilization and capacity building so that communities became empowered to act collectively to address their problems. Village AIDS committees (VACs) first identify the vulnerable. Then VACs plan responses on the basis of the nature and magnitude of vulnerability within the villages, needs of the vulnerable, and capacity within villages to respond. The committees also monitor activities and mobilize resources. As the needs of the most affected communities are crosscutting, the program has become truly multisectoral, with activities along the continuum of prevention, care, support, and mitigation. STEPs has also been influencing national policies related to HIV/AIDS and children." Authors' Abstract


Chronic activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling is found in a variety of human malignancies including melanoma, colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Interestingly, expression of the HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28 in intestinal epithelial cells promotes intestinal neoplasia in transgenic mice, which is associated with increased nuclear accumulation of ß-catenin. In this study we show that this viral receptor constitutively activates ß-catenin and enhances ß-catenin-dependent transcription. Our data illustrate that this viral receptor does not activate ß-catenin via the classical Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway. Analysis of US28 mediated signaling indicates the involvement of the Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway in the activation of ß-catenin. Moreover, cells infected with HCMV show significant increases in ß-catenin stabilization and signaling, which is mediated to a large extent by expression of US28. The modulation of the ß-catenin signal transduction pathway by a viral chemokine receptor provides alternative regulation of this pathway, with potential relevance for the development of colon cancer and virus-associated diseases.


Breast cancer affects more than 1.500.000 of women and it is responsible for more than 500.000 worldwide each year. Tumour cells have the ability to synthesize fatty acids de novo to supply the high demand of energy and synthesis of structures resulting from the high rates of proliferation. Thus, Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), an enzyme of 270 KDa responsible of lypogenesis, is overexpressed and hyperactivated in most cancers, including breast cancer. The inhibition of FASN causes specific cytotoxicity to cancer cells. For this reason, the development of FASN inhibitors is an interesting strategy for cancer treatment.
In this work, we studied a potentially FASN inhibitory molecule, the FASN Inhibitor X (FIX), and we analyzed its effects on breast cancer cells HER2+. We have evaluated its effects on cell proliferation, FASN expression and activity and on associated signalling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK. The results obtained show that the compound presents antiproliferative properties and it inhibits FASN activity without modifying its expression. Regarding FIX effects of signalling pathways,it has been observed an inhibition of proteins involved in cell proliferation, as Akt or S6, parallel to an AMPK activation, a sensor protein of cell energy levels. AMPK is activated at drug concentrations in which Akt is inhibited. Akt inhibition concomitant to AMPK activation is also observed in other FASN inhibitors, consequently these two mechanisms might be related. However, the relationship between AMPK and Akt is not well described and further studies would be needed to confirm it.
To sum up, FIX molecule has shown an ability to inhibit FASN activity and to block proliferation signaling pathways. Consequently it could represent a potential anticancer drug if these results were confirmed in other cell lines and animal models


The relationship between tax authorities and large corporate taxpayers is a concern world-wide as can be seen from the 2008 OECD Study into the Role of Tax Intermediaries. In the United Kingdom, HMRC have been developing a risk rating approach to tax risk management as part of their Review of Links with Large Business. The approach is designed to promote an enhanced relationship between HMRC and the taxpayer, based on trust and transparency. The objectives include the improvement of resource allocation and the encouragement of companies to consider their position so as to achieve the benefits of low risk rating, which may involve altering their tax planning strategy. In addition, new approaches to tax avoidance legislation such as targeted anti-avoidance rules and principles-based legislation are being introduced or considered. This article discusses a survey of tax directors in which the authors used detailed tax planning scenarios to investigate the views of tax directors on the impact and success or otherwise of these new approaches. The views of tax directors are only one factor in judging the success of these developments, but given that one aim of current tax policy is an enhanced relationship with corporate taxpayers, directors' views are significant in assessing the progress being made. The article analyses these views and comments on these new approaches to tax risk management.


Radiographic, myelographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies from sixteen dogs with histologically diagnosed vertebral or spinal cord neoplasia (seventeen lesions) were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographs were compared with CT images to evaluate vertebral bony changes (bone production, lysis or both). Myelographic and CT images were evaluated to separate lesions into one of three categories, extradural, intradural/extramedullary, or intramedullary. These findings were compared to histologic tumor type from surgical or necropsy samples. Histologically, seven lesions were vertebral tumors and were classified as extradural lesions; ten lesions were spinal cord tumors of which eight were classified as intradural/extramedullary and two as intramedullary. Using CT, the amount of bony change associated with extradural lesions was greater than or equal to the amount of bony change visualized using radiographs. Myelography more correctly differentiated between intradural/ extramedullary and intramedullary lesions than did CT, although three open diagnoses detracted from the CT results. This study suggests that when evaluating extradural lesions, the amount of bony change was better visualized using CT than survey radiographs. Myelography was better when compared to CT for classifying spinal cord lesions, however, standardization of the CT imaging protocol may help determine the specific clinical indications for using CT in dogs with suspected vertebral or spinal cord tumors.


Questions and problems that emerged during operational conservation of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) have been addressed by a wide variety of studies. Early results from such studies often were communicated orally during meetings of recovery groups and in written form using memoranda, unpublished reports, and theses. Typically, implementation of results preceded their publication in widely distributed journals. Many of these studies eventually were published in journals, and we briefly summarize the contents of 8 volumes and special features of journals that have been dedicated to the biology of ferrets and issues in ferret recovery. This year marks the 30th anniversary of rediscovery of the black-footed ferret, and the 7 papers of the following Special Feature summarize data collected over nearly that span of time.


The aim of this paper is to show what sorts of logics are required by externalist and internalist accounts of the meanings of natural kind nouns. These logics give us a new perspective from which to evaluate the respective positions in the externalist--internalist debate about the meanings of such nouns. The two main claims of the paper are the following: first, that adequate logics for internalism and externalism about natural kind nouns are second-order logics; second, that an internalist second-order logic is a free logic—a second order logic free of existential commitments for natural kind nouns, while an externalist second-order logic is not free of existential commitments for natural kind nouns—it is existentially committed.


This study seeks to study the social processes of community reorganization through the changing technological organization of flaked stone tools. The Mogollon Rim region of east-central Arizona, between AD 1000 and AD 1400, was the scene of remarkable social changes. In this period, migrants were attracted into the region and new small communities were created. After a period of dispersed settlement pattern communities, some of the communities developed large, aggregated settlements. In this process of aggregation, community growth was facilitated by the incorporation of migrants. Social integrative forces at work included the development of interhousehold exchanges, as well as informal and formal suprahousehold organizations. In spite of these social integrative forces, community dissolution and abandonment sooner or later came to all of these settlements. The technology of daily life is one means of exploring these social organizational forces. Chipped stone studies have been behind the times in the American Southwest when addressing social organization research through the examination of Pueblo chipped stone assemblages. Technological organization is a creation of households and suprahousehold groups. Technological organization changes as community organization changes. This study examines the chipped stone tools and debitage from ten east-central Arizona pueblos, forming inferences about how the organization of chipped stone tool production, distribution, consumption, and discard was arranged in each community. Each community studied was a product of migrants and resident families, social exchanges, social integration, and social dissolution. This study demonstrates the utility of chipped stone analysis for studying the social processes at work in communities.


Summary and Conclusion
1.
The results of a survey of skin sensitivity to histoplasmin, coccidioidin and tuberculin on the north coast of Honduras are reported.
2.
Of 421 hospitalized patients, the histoplasmin skin test was positive in 47.7 per cent, doubtful in 5.2 per cent, and negative in 47.1 per cent. The coccidioidin skin test was positive in 1.0 per cent, doubtful in 2.1 per cent, and negative in 96.9 per cent.
3.
Of 360 patients tested with tuberculin (P.P.D. 0.005 mg.), the result was positive in 89.5 per cent, doubtful in 2.2 per cent, and negative in 8.3 per cent.
4.
Pulmonary calcifications were present in 84 (59.2 per cent) of 142 selected patients. Of these, 45.2 per cent were tuberculin positive, histoplasmin negative; 42.9 per cent were tuberculin positive, histoplasmin positive; 8.3 per cent were tuberculin negative, histoplasmin positive; and 3.6 per cent were negative to both.
5.
These results suggest that, in addition to the high prevalence of tuberculosis in this area, infection with Histoplasma capsulatum is common whereas infection with Coccidioides immitis is rare.


College football and men's basketball teams, once racially segregated, are now disproportionately populated by African Americans whose labor has helped make the college sports business stunningly lucrative. At the same time, National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") amateurism rules forbid these young men from receiving any compensation beyond the cost of attending college and reserve the vast financial rewards of the college sports industry for its managers who are almost exclusively of European American descent. This regime, thus, adversely burdens African Americans who are required to relinquish the pecuniary fruits of their labor.Of course, despite its many flaws, even this system is vastly superior to the prior regime under which African Americans were excluded altogether from participating in college sports. History demonstrates, however, that racial integration occurred not always as a result of enlightened wisdom on the part of university administrators, but instead primarily out of their commercial interests. In that sense, the racial integration of college sports fits nicely within Professor Derrick Bell's interest convergence theory that the advancement of African Americans in society has been possible only when it converges with the interests of European Americans and not when it challenges the superior social status of the majority. Thus, while the inclusion of African Americans in college football and men's basketball has enabled college athletic teams to compete successfully — and therefore to enjoy bountiful economic gain — longstanding NCAA amateurism rules simultaneously require those athletes to labor under a modern form of peonage where others harvest the fruits of their labor. Under such a system, the superior social and economic status of the European American managers of college sports remains intact.Among other things the Article traces the history of racial integration in college sports and demonstrates that integration usually took place when it simultaneously served the economic interests of white-run bowl organizations and universities to field the most competitive teams and thereby to enjoy the consequent financial reward. In doing so, the Article shows that the history of racial integration in college sports closely mirrors Bell's interest convergence theory regarding the advancement of African Americans in society generally.


We present an agent-based model of manipulating prices in financial markets through spoofing: submitting spurious orders to mislead traders who learn from the order book. Our model captures a complex market environment for a single security, whose common value is given by a dynamic fundamental time series. Agents trade through a limit-order book, based on their private values and noisy observations of the fundamental. We consider background agents following two types of trading strategies: the non-spoofable zero intelligence (ZI) that ignores the order book and the manipulable heuristic belief learning (HBL) that exploits the order book to predict price outcomes. We conduct empirical game-theoretic analysis upon simulated agent payoffs across parametrically different environments and measure the effect of spoofing on market performance in approximate strategic equilibria. We demonstrate that HBL traders can benefit price discovery and social welfare, but their existence in equilibrium renders a market vulnerable to manipulation: simple spoofing strategies can effectively mislead traders, distort prices and reduce total surplus. Based on this model, we propose to mitigate spoofing from two aspects: (1) mechanism design to disincentivize manipulation; and (2) trading strategy variations to improve the robustness of learning from market information. We evaluate the proposed approaches, taking into account potential strategic responses of agents, and characterize the conditions under which these approaches may deter manipulation and benefit market welfare. Our model provides a way to quantify the effect of spoofing on trading behavior and market efficiency, and thus it can help to evaluate the effectiveness of various market designs and trading strategies in mitigating an important form of market manipulation.


Abstract. Mainly depending on their lithology, coastal cliffs are prone to changes due to erosion. This erosion could increase due to climate change leading to potential threats for coastal users, assets, or infrastructure. Thus, it is important to be able to understand and characterize cliff face changes at fine scale. Usually, monitoring is conducted thanks to distance computation and manual analysis of each cliff face over 3D point clouds to be able to study 3D dynamics of cliffs. This is time consuming and inclined to each one judgment in particular when dealing with 3D point clouds data. Indeed, 3D point clouds characteristics (sparsity, impossibility of working on a classical top view representation, volume of data, …) make their processing harder than 2D images. Last decades, an increase of performance of machine learning methods for earth observation purposes has been performed. To the best of our knowledge, deep learning has never been used for 3D change detection and categorization in coastal cliffs. Lately, Siamese KPConv brings successful results for change detection and categorization into 3D point clouds in urban area. Although the case study is different by its more random characteristics and its complex geometry, we demonstrate here that this method also allows to extract and categorize changes on coastal cliff face. Results over the study area of Petit Ailly cliffs in Varengeville-sur-Mer (France) are very promising qualitatively as well as quantitatively: erosion is retrieved with an intersection over union score of 83.86 %.


European legislation requires Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) of national offshore wind farm (OWF) programmes and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for individual projects likely to affect birds. SEAs require extensive mapping of waterbird densities to define breeding and feeding areas of importance and sensitivity. Use of extensive large scale weather, military, and air traffic control surveillance radar is recommended, to define areas, routes and behaviour of migrating birds, and to determine avian migration corridors in three dimensions. EIAs for individual OWFs should define the key avian species present; as well as assess the hazards presented to birds in terms of avoidance behaviour, habitat change and collision risk. Such measures, however, are less helpful in assessing cumulative impacts. Using aerial survey, physical habitat loss, modification, or gain and effective habitat loss through avoidance behaviour can be measured using bird densities as a proxy measure of habitat availability. The energetic consequences of avoidance responses and habitat change should be modelled to estimate fitness costs and predict impacts at the population level. Our present ability to model collision risk remains poor due to lack of data on species-specific avoidance responses. There is therefore an urgent need to gather data on avoidance responses; energetic consequences of habitat modification and avoidance flights and demographic sensitivity of key species, most affected by OWFs. This analysis stresses the importance of common data collection protocols, sharing of information and experience, and accessibility of results at the international level to better improve our predictive abilities.


Eating and drinking are among life's most pleasurable activities and among the most multisensory as well. However, cognitive neuroscientists have only recently come to realise that their insights, derived from studies of the multisensory integration of auditory, visual and tactile stimuli, can be extended to help explain flavour perception. This approach is already starting to impact upon the design of foods, drinks and dining experiences in locations as diverse as the supermarket and Michelin-starred restaurants. Psychology and cognitive neuroscience can help create novel flavours, taste sensations and dining experiences that can more effectively stimulate the mind, and not just the mouth, of the consumer.


This paper examines one of the major ethical challenges in the practice of sports medicine, confidentiality. Drawing on interview and questionnaire data with doctors and physiotherapists working in English professional football clubs, it explores the degree to which ethical compliance has improved since the publication of, and publicity surrounding, an earlier study of medical practice in professional football conducted by Waddington and Roderick. Thus, it provides an updated empirical examination of the management of medical ethics in sport. The data illustrate how the physical and social environmental constraints of sports medicine practice impinge upon the protection of athlete-patient confidentiality, how ethical codes and conflicting obligations converge to shape clinician behaviour in relation to lifestyle and injury issues, and the ethically problematic contractual constraints under which clinicians and athletes operate. It demonstrates that medical ethical practice continues to be very variable and draws on Freidson's work on medical 'work settings' to argue that there is a need to augment existing confidentiality policies with more structurally oriented approaches to ensure both professional autonomy and medical ethical compliance in sport.


This article examines the legacy and ongoing threat of historical neglect and marginalisation of youth in Sierra Leone, and the implications for the peacebuilding process in the country. This threat, embedded in the current socio-economic status quo, has bred energetic but disillusioned, violence-tested and frustrated youth willing to resort to any means for survival. Such societal vulnerabilities, stemming in part from young people's willingness to engage in violence, continue to test the resilience of the peacebuilding process. Underpinning this article are extensive interviews and focus group discussions conducted with youth and other relevant stakeholders across the country on issues related to youth and the peacebuilding process in Sierra Leone. Findings from this study provide new perspectives on the challenges faced by youth, the government's inability to meet their needs, and the implications for the country's peacebuilding process.


Abstract Fire simulation codes are powerful tools for use in risk-informed and performance-based approaches for risk assessment. Following initial work performed in a joint effort between the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Electric Power Research Institute of a verification and validation of five popular fire simulation codes and research performed at the University of Maryland to quantify total code output uncertainty following a "black-box" approach, this research presents a "white-box" methodology with the goal of also accounting for uncertainties within a simulation code prediction. In this paper the white-box probabilistic approach is discussed to assess uncertainties associated with fire simulation codes. Uncertainties associated with the input variables to the codes as well as the uncertainties associated with the submodels and correlations used inside the code are accounted for. To validate code output calculations, experimental tests may also be available to compare against code calculations. These experimental results may also be used in the assessment of the code uncertainties. Building upon earlier research on model uncertainty performed at the University of Maryland, the methodology employed to estimate the uncertainties is based on a Bayesian estimation approach. This Bayesian estimation approach integrates all evidence available to arrive at an estimate of the uncertainties associated with a reality of interest being estimated by the simulation code. Examples of applications with results of the associated uncertainties are discussed in this paper.


The discovery of oil should transform economies, since oil revenues can be invested in infrastructure and the non-oil sector. Whilst oil discovery has transformed the economy of countries such as Indonesia, Norway and UK, the story is different in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available evidence in countries like Angola, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria suggests that economic growth has an inverse relationship with oil production. Some researchers have attributed this to lack of quality institutions and the politics surrounding oil production. In this study, we take a critical look at the politics of oil production in Ghana and its potential implications for the oil sector and national development.


A Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser operating at a repetition rate of 2 GHz is demonstrated. A mirror-dispersion-controlled unidirectional ring cavity delivers nearly bandwidth-limited pulses of 23-fs length. Mode locking is self-starting without a hard aperture in the cavity. The advantages of this high-repetition-rate oscillator in optical time-resolved spectroscopy are demonstrated.


Machine Learning and Big Data Analysis are seen as the silver bullet to detect and counteract attacks on critical communication infrastructure. Every message is analysed and is to some degree under suspicion. The principle of innocent until proven guilty does not seem to apply to modern communication usage. On the other hand, criminals would gain easily upper hand in communication networks that are not protected and on the outlook for attacks. This poses quite a problem for the technical implementation and handling of network communication traffic. How can a communication network provider protect user data against malicious activities without screening and data analysis and loss of the human right of privacy? This article provides a classification system for data usage, privacy sensitivity and risk through which we will illustrate on a concrete example how to provide user privacy, while still enabling protection.


As a variation of ranked set sampling (RSS); double ranked set sampling (DRSS) was introduced by Al-Saleh and Al-Kadiri (2000), and it has been used only for estimating the mean of the population. In this paper DRSS will be used for estimating the distribution function (cdf). The efficiency of the proposed estimators will be obtained when ranking is perfect. Some inference on the distribution function will be drawn based on Kolomgrov-Smirnov statistic. It will be shown that using DRSS will increase the efficiency in this case.


GE Energy Hydro has developed a new procedure for the CFD analysis of the unsteady rotor-stator interaction between the wicket gates and runner blades of Francis turbines. The results from the CFD calculations have been successfully validated by means of high quality unsteady pressure measurements on a model turbine performed at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. Due to the efficiency of the procedure and the available computational capacities, unsteady rotor-stator analyses are now routinely employed in the design of Francis runners.


Within an incomplete contract framework, we analyze the enlargement strategy of a club facing applicants that differ in wealth and reform status. While an applicant benefits from entry, the club only gains if the entrant makes an adjustment investment. The club has a choice between early admittance, using its limited internal enforcement powers to ensure reform, and late admittance conditional on prior reform. Wealthy candidates enter early as the club can charge a higher entrance fee for undiscounted membership benefits. For poor applicants, the club applies a reversed admittance order: A less advanced applicant is admitted early to reform as member, while a more advanced enters late after it has reformed. Moreover, the admittance rents increase in the ratio of reform distance to wealth. The viability of the late admittance strategy depends on the club's commitment ability. If the club can credibly commit to a stage-financing schedule, it can induce applicants to reform without overfunding. In the repeated game, the threat of denying additional funding is not credible, and more overfunding is required for reform.


FASTtrack: Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing focuses on what you really need to know in order to pass exams. Concise, bulleted information, key points, tips and an all-important self-assessment section which includes MCQs, case studies, sample essay questions and worked examples. Based on the successful textbook, Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing, this FASTtrack book has been designed to assist the student compounder in understanding the key dosage forms encountered within extemporaneous dispensing. For this new second edition all the references to modern texts (for example, the BNF) have been updated, as well as labelling to reflect changes since the publication of the first edition. Some worked examples have been changed owing to the availability of pharmaceutical ingredients. Free access to online videos demonstrating various dispensing procedures is included. Are your exams coming up? Are you drowning in textbooks and lecture notes and wondering where to begin? Take the FASTtrack route to successful study for your examinations. FASTtrack provides the ultimate lecture notes and is a must-have for all pharmacy students wanting to study and test themselves for forthcoming exams.


Abstract Background In November 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for two novel virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies, bamlanivimab, and REGN-COV2 (casirivimab plus imdevimab), for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adolescents and adults in specified high-risk groups. This has challenged clinicians to determine the best approach to use of these products. Methods A panel of experts in pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric infectious diseases pharmacy, pediatric intensive care medicine, and pediatric hematology from 29 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a guidance statement was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion. Results The course of COVID-19 in children and adolescents is typically mild and there is no high-quality evidence supporting any high risk groups. There is no evidence for safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapy for treatment of COVID-19 in children or adolescents, limited evidence of modest benefit in adults, and evidence for potential harm associated with infusion reactions or anaphylaxis. Conclusions Based on evidence available as of December 20, 2020, the panel suggests against routine administration of monoclonal antibody therapy (bamlanivimab, or casirivimab and imdevimab), for treatment of COVID-19 in children or adolescents, including those designated by the FDA as at high risk of progression to hospitalization or severe disease. Clinicians and health systems choosing to use these agents on an individualized basis should consider risk factors supported by pediatric-specific evidence, and ensure implementation of a system for safe and timely administration that does not exacerbate existing healthcare disparities.


The complex dielectric permittivity has been measured as a function of temperature, and the bias electric field for a ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixture having low spontaneous polarization. By applying the I,ias electric field we have been able to measure the soft mode 2 degrees C inside the smectic-C* phase. From the experimental results, relaxation frequency and dielectric strength of the Goldstone mode in the Sm-C* phase and soft mode in the smectic-C* and smectic-A* phases have been determined. The parameter beta, which determines the importance of biquadratic coupling compared to the bilinear coupling of extended Landau model near to the transition temperature in the Sm-C* phase, has been determined from known valuer of spontaneous polarization and tilt angles at various temperatures. The experimental results have been compared to those of numerically calculated values and a good agreement between the results has been obtained. The Sm-C*-Sm-A* transition temperature T-C has been determined from the dielectric results. The deviation between the T-C determined experimentally and the T-C observed from texture studies is around 0.3 degrees C for the ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixture studied in this paper.


Empirical models to estimate the probability of occurrence and volume of postwildfire debris flows can be quickly implemented in a geographic information system (GIS) to generate debris-flow hazard maps either before or immediately following wildfires. Models that can be used to calculate the probability of debris-flow production from individual drainage basins in response to a given storm were developed using logistic regression analyses of a database from 388 basins located in 15 burned areas located throughout the U.S. Intermountain West. The models describe debris-flow probability as a function of readily obtained measures of areal burned extent, soil properties, basin morphology, and rainfall from short-duration and low-recurrence-interval convective rainstorms. A model for estimating the volume of material that may issue from a basin mouth in response to a given storm was developed using multiple linear regression analysis of a database from 56 basins burned by eight fires. This model describes debris-flow volume as a function of the basin gradient, aerial burned extent, and storm rainfall. Applications of a probability model and the volume model for hazard assessments are illustrated using information from the 2003 Hot Creek fire in central Idaho. The predictive strength of the approach in this setting is evaluated using information on the response of this fire to a localized thunderstorm in August 2003. The mapping approach presented here identifies those basins that are most prone to the largest debris-flow events and thus provides information necessary to prioritize areas for postfire erosion mitigation, warnings, and prefire management efforts throughout the Intermountain West.


Our understanding of the biological effects of reactive oxidants has deepened considerably over the past decade. Less the indiscriminate loose cannons we previously imagined, both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide appear to target relatively specific molecular structures. Perhaps the most consequential of such targets within proteins is the reduced sulfhydryl of cysteine residues. Because protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) all harbor an absolutely conserved catalytic cysteine residue, oxidation of this residue inactivates PTPs, rendering tyrosine kinase signaling pathways highly sensitive to the local redox environment. Therefore, tyrosine phosphorylation–dependent signaling involving receptor tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Abl, Src, and Pyk2 is known to be initiated or amplified by reactive oxidants. We describe a nonradioisotopic method that discriminates between reduced and oxidatively modified tyrosine phosphatases, thus facilitating studies that may mechanistically link oxidant activity with specific signaling pathways.


Employing new IT to react to external changes and developing IS effectively and efficiently are critical for IS department in contemporary business environment. In order to solve wicked problems that are never faced before, IS department needs to use knowledge uncommonly through twisting current knowledge slightly or analogizing from other areas. In addition to understand its impact on performance, this study also explores the antecedents of uncommon knowledge use from a human resource management perspective. Specifically, we hypothesize that uncertainty avoidance culture, communication, shared decision making, team style work design, and human resource policies are critical antecedents of knowledge augmentation and adaptation, which in turns lead to better IS performance. The results show that while knowledge adaptation can be enhanced by uncertainty avoidance culture and communication, knowledge augmentation is a function of shared decisionmaking, use of team, and innovation-based policies. The results serve as guidance for managers to choose needed HRM practices to boost desired uncommon knowledge use style.


Recent works have demonstrated great success in pre-training large-scale autoregressive language models on massive GPUs. To reduce the wall-clock training time, a common practice is to increase the batch size and learning rate. However, such practice is often brittle and leads to a so-called stability-efficiency dilemma: increasing the batch sizes and learning rates leads to better training efficiency but can also result in training instability, leading to poor generalization accuracy or failed runs. To better understand this phenomenon, we conduct an in-depth analysis on large-scale pre-training experiments replicating the GPT-2 model. We find that there is a strong correlation between training instability and extreme values of gradient variance, and that samples with long sequence lengths contribute to these extreme gradient variance values, especially at the beginning of the training, indicating that long sequence length can be a main source of training instability. Based on the analysis, we present a Sequence Length Warmup method that aims to solve the training stability-efficiency dilemma. Experiments replicating GPT-2 models show that our approach enables stable training with 8x larger batch size and 4x larger learning rate, whereas the baseline approach struggles with training instability. To achieve the same or better zero-shot evaluation results, our method reduces the required number of training tokens and wall clock time by up to 2.2x and 3.7x, respectively. Experiments replicating GPT-3 model (125M) show that our approach enables stable training with 8x larger batch size and 40x larger learning rate, and retains 99% of the zero-shot accuracy on 11 tasks using 10x less data and 17x less time compared to the original GPT-3 training recipe, while the baseline diverges under the same settings and only retain 95% of accuracy under lower learning rate.


As we move through our daily lives, the cogency of the world shifts and changes. Many constructs exist to explain and account for how we view and interact with our environment. Education is where our understandings become formalized and are challenged. To this end, a plethora of pedagogical tools are made available to aid educators in illuminating the world(s) around and within each student. However, there is always room for new ways of presenting information, concepts, and ideas. I put forth the mathematical trope of asymptotes as a new pedagogical tool. Asymptotes, as metaphor, work as a pedagogical tool for their utility as both visual and conceptual space. Through highlighting how asymptotes can map conceptualizations of 'the body', be utilized as a means to build and comprehend theoretical inquiry, and reconceptualize difficult issues and concepts within Women's Studies and Feminist classrooms, I posit the asymptotes metaphor as both visual/conceptual space and pedagogical tool.


Hitherto, it has not been easy to interpret the meaning of the amount of discrimination information conveyed in a term rationally and explicitly within practical application contexts; it has not been simple to introduce the concept of the extent of semantic relatedness between two terms meaningfully and successfully into scientific discussions. This study is part of an attempt to do this. We attempt to answer two important questions: (1) What is the discrimination information conveyed by a term and how to measure it? (2) What is the relatedness between two terms and how to estimate it? We focus on the first question and present an in-depth investigation into the discrimination measures based on several information measures, which are widely used in a variety of applications. The relatedness measures are then naturally defined according to the individual discrimination measures. Some key points are made for clarifying potential problems arising from using the relatedness measures, and solutions are suggested. Two example applications in the contexts of text mining and information retrieval are provided. The aim of this study, of which this paper forms part, is to establish a unified theoretical framework, with measurement of discrimination information (MDI) at the core, for achieving effective measurement of semantic relatedness (MSR). Due to its generality, our method can be expected to be a useful tool with a wide range of application areas.


In this study, Tectona grandis was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed cylindrical-typed pyrolysis reactor for bio-oil production at a reaction temperature between 410 oC and 530 oC. The product yields were collected at an interval of 30 oC. The highest product yield occurred at 500 oC. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out using iso-conversional methods and GC-MS, respectively. The proximate analysis of the raw sample showed that the moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were 6.4%, 77.94%, 14.4%, 1.26% respectively while ultimate analysis of the raw materials showed that the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen were 49.85%, 4.47%, 0.65%, 0.52%, and 44.51% respectively. The ultimate analysis of bio-oil showed that the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen were 43.56%, 6.25%, 0.62%, 48.89%, 0.68% respectively. The HHV and LHV of the bio-oil obtained were 35.65 MJ/kg and 17.35 MJ/kg respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil of T. grandis showed the presence of 22 compounds amounted 98.9%. The most abundant component was palmitic acid (15.0%). The other major compounds present in the bio-oil were oleic acid (12.3%), cis-1, 9- hexadecadiene (12.0%), cis-10-pentadecen-1-ol (12.0%), 9- octadecenal (12.0%), trans-2-octadecadecen-1-ol (12.0%), myristic acid (5.0%) and stearic acid (5.0%). The bio-oil was active against all the tested bacteria with high zones of inhibition (20.0-30.0 mm). This study established that bio-oil should not only be used as a fuel but can also be purified and served as inhibitor of biofilm and bio-corrosion and natural antibiotic agent.


Despite decades of clinical and biomedical research, the pathogenesis of sepsis and its spectrum of diseases (severe sepsis and septic shock), which are leading causes of death in intensive care units, are still poorly understood. In this article, we show that signaling via the p110δ isoform of PI3K is critical for survival in experimental sepsis. Mice with an inactive knock-in mutation in the p110δ gene (p110δD910A) succumbed acutely to nonlethal dose LPS challenge. The susceptibility of p110δD910A mice to LPS was associated with increased neutrophil numbers and activities in the tissues, due in part to delayed apoptosis resulting mostly from inherent reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers. Adoptive transfer of wild-type or p110δD910A Tregs abrogated exaggerated neutrophil activity, increased neutrophil apoptosis, and rescued p110δD910A mice from mortality after LPS challenge. We confirmed the clinical relevance of these findings by showing that human Tregs also regulate neutrophil function and survival. Collectively, our results show that PI3K δ is essential for survival during sepsis. In addition, our data highlight the importance of Tregs in regulating the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock via their effects on neutrophil survival and function, and provide evidence of regulation of innate immunity by cells of the adaptive immune system.


The main purpose of this study was to examine the f actors contributing to road traffic accidents in Dar es Salaam. The study wanted to add ress the puzzle, why despite of all efforts that have been implemented to prevent r oad traffic accidents in Tanzania, the incidence of accident are increasing; by employ ing both qualitative and quantitative methodology the research gap/puzzle wa s addressed. This was done by raising three key research questions; first, what are the major types of road traffic accidents in Temeke District? Second, what are the major causes of road traffic accidents in Temeke District? And third, what are the impacts of road traffic accidents to various road users? The study found that there are five types of road traffic accidents happening in Temeke District, the se are between people versus vehicles, vehicles versus motorcycle, vehicle to ve hicl , public vehicle versus individual vehicle and public vehicle versus public vehicle. However, the study noted that the dominant one is the accidents involv es vehicles versus motorcycles. The following were noted to be the major causes to those types of accidents. The causes are categorized in several groups such as hu man, technical, mechanical and political factors. However, human factors was noted to be dominant factors influence's the occurrence of road traffic accident s i.e. alcoholism, carelessness, drugs, and over speed. Furthermore, the study noted the following impacts death, injuries, disabilities and psychological problem as well as poverty and the loss of property. Finally, the study recommends that, road s fety measure needs to be taught as a subject in primary school. This is because lar ge number of people ends with that level of education, strict enforcement of road laws , and road traffic injuries should be considered as a public health issue.


The anti-subordination principle exists at the margins of equality law. This article seeks to revive the anti-subordination principle by taking a fresh look at its structure and underlying justification. First, the article provides an account of the harm of subordination that focuses on one's position in society, rejecting the focus on groups popular in the existing anti-subordination literature. Second, it argues for a theory of state liability that goes beyond both the existing state action doctrine of the Equal Protection Clause and the failure to protect doctrine most associated with Charles Black. The article argues instead that the anti-subordination principle mandates affirmative action due solely to the existence of subordination, regardless of its causes. Third, the affirmative action required by the anti-subordination principle requires preferential treatment that burdens innocent persons. Rather than defend affirmative action on past discrimination or diversity grounds, the article argues that these sacrifices are justified by the arbitrary nature, or fortuity, of the circumstances into which we are born. Unlike John Rawls and other philosophers who have recognized this fortuity, but have argued that it only implicates what persons are entitled to, the article instead argues that this fortuity provides the basis for a solidarity with those born into subordinated positions. Because anyone could have occupied positions of subordination but for the accident of birth, we all have reason to make reasonable sacrifices to end subordination.


Carrageenan/epoxy amine ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels were fabricated on a 3D printer. The thermal gel transition behaviour of the biopolymer kappa-carrageenan was exploited to fix the shape of the patterned ink until a covalent polymer network formed by epoxy amine addition chemistry. The printed hydrogels display a work of extension value of 1.4 ± 0.3 MJ m−3.


Knowledge is considered as an enterprise's invisible assets. Surviving in today's highly competitive and ever expanding global economy requires efficiently managing corporate knowledge. Increasing requirements for extended enterprises have stimulated the integration of knowledge management (KM) function into ERP systems for knowledge asset management. So far enterprise information systems such as ERP systems are developed and implemented for mainly managing physical assets of an enterprise since 1990s. Due to the fact that both types of assets need to be properly managed, the integration of KM and ERP becomes a strategic initiative for providing competitive advantages to enterprises. This paper discusses how to deploy KM and ERP concurrently in the framework of enterprise information systems, with a discussion of the interaction of KM and ERP systems in systems perspectives. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


It has been a global trend, since the 1980s, that the process of marketisation has been influential in the decision making of social policies around the world, and that this tidal wave is now crossing over to the Asia-Pacific region as well. Education policy, as one of the important social policies for many developing countries, has been influential in the forefront of national development in terms of manpower training, as well as in other arenas of economic and social developments. In this way, these countries are trying to improve the quality of their educational services so that they can be more competitive in order to cater for the demands in the international markets. One of the outcomes of this global trend is the international quality assurance movement in streamlining the educational institutions as well as in using different coping strategies to promote quality education for all concerned. For the Chinese mainland, it seems that the central government is adopting a policy of decentralisation in getting local governments to use multiple channels of resources and other methods to provide for their own educational services. Hong Kong as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China, however, has adopted quite a different approach by employing the principle of managerialism in order to enhance its competitiveness in providing quality education to meet the increasing market demands. Hence, the present study is to compare and contrast the educational reforms and coping strategies that have been adopted by the socialist mainland, on the one hand, and the capitalist Hong Kong SAR, on the other hand, in order to face this new challenge of marketisation.


There is growing use of household surveys by conservation organizations as they seek to measure the social impacts of conservation initiatives, especially in developing countries. Several recent health-sector studies suggest that computer-aided personal interviewing may be a cheaper and faster alternative to the traditional paper-based interviewing. Here, a comparison of The Nature Conservancy-funded tablet computer-based and paper-based household surveys is presented. Because the tablet and paper surveys were not identical except for the data collection tool, the results are suggestive. In the comparison, the cost per completed interview for the tablet-based survey was 74% less than the paper-based survey average, and the average time per interview question for the tablet-based survey was 46% less than the paper-based survey average. The cost saving came primarily from less need for data cleaning and lower enumerator fees. The time saving came primarily from faster data entry. The results suggest that there may be substantial savings in costs and time when using tablets rather than paper for survey data collection in a developing country.


We present an experimental observation of the output responses of a Nd:YAG microchip laser with an anisotropic external cavity under weak optical feedback. The feedback mirror is stationary during the experiments. A pair of acousto-optic modulators is used to produce a frequency shift in the feedback light with respect to the initial light. The laser output is a beat signal with 40 kHz modulation frequency and is separated into two orthogonal directions by a Wollaston prism. Phase differences between the two intensity curves are observed as the laser works in two orthogonal modes, and vary with the external birefringence element and the pump power. Theoretical analyses are given, and the simulated results are consistent with the experimental phenomena.


"The Wheel of Fortune" describes the rapid and traumatic change experienced by a small community of kampung dwellers living in the centre of Jakarta. Between the 1930s and the 1980s, a market garden on the edge of Batavia was transformed into a shanty town, and finally into multi-storey flats. The book tells of the changes affecting the lives of this self-contained community, and how the kampung dwellers found themselves caught in a vacuum: having lost a community and gained no access to the modern city. Students of urban anthropology, development studies and Asian studies will welcome this book for providing many insights into the plight of the urban poor in the Third World.


Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, the thesis provides both empirical evidence and theoretical explanations to show the nature, behaviour, and roles of job satisfaction and personality on self-employed entrepreneurship survival. The thesis poses three research questions: Does self-employed job satisfaction adapt? Does job satisfaction predict the likelihood of survival of self-employed businesses after start-ups? Does personality play a role in the survival probability of men and women who manage self-employed enterprises?
The first question hypothesises that the initial boost in job satisfaction associated with the transition into self-employment is transitory, dissipating rapidly during the early years of the self-employment venture. Findings suggest that men who become self-employed enjoy a more permanent boost in overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with pay and, to some extent, satisfaction with the nature of the work itself. Women experience a boost in satisfaction with the nature of the work itself and to, a lesser extent, a boost in satisfaction with pay. Both of these effects for women are short-lived, casting doubt on the importance of job satisfaction, work-schedule flexibility, and work-life balance as pull factors into self-employment.
The second question re-examines the link between job satisfaction and self-employment survival and argues that the relationship is not necessarily a contemporaneous one. That is, job satisfaction at time t is not necessarily the best predictor of survival/exit at time t, but it is the whole self-employment experience that matters rather than the last reported satisfaction. The results show that job satisfaction does not predict the probability of survival. Rather, the maximum job satisfaction and the peak-end combinations during the self-employment episode are better predictors of survival.
 The last question draws on the robust measures of personality to forecast the survival chances of men and women-managed enterprises, paying attention to occupational differences. Findings show that, unlike previous studies, different personality traits predict men and women-managed ventures survival chances over time; and that the likelihood of survival overtime of both men and women-managed enterprises by occupational categories is dependent on the different personality traits complementing themselves in different scenarios.
 The thesis contributes to the existing literature by offering a novel behavioural research perspective into the analysis of self-employment dynamics.


We present sound and complete environmental bisimilarities for a variant of Dybvig et al.'s calculus of multi-prompted delimited-control operators with dynamic prompt generation. The reasoning principles that we obtain generalize and advance the existing techniques for establishing program equivalence in calculi with single-prompted delimited control. The basic theory that we develop is presented using Madiot et al.'s framework that allows for smooth integration and composition of up-to techniques facilitating bisimulation proofs. We also generalize the framework in order to express environmental bisimulations that support equivalence proofs of evaluation contexts representing continuations. This change leads to a novel and powerful up-to technique enhancing bisimulation proofs in the presence of control operators.


We use insurance claims data for 27.6 percent of individuals with private employer-sponsored insurance in the US between 2007 and 2011 to examine the variation in health spending and in hospitals' transaction prices. We document the variation in hospital prices within and across geographic areas, examine how hospital prices influence the variation in health spending on the privately insured, and analyze the factors associated with hospital price variation. Four key findings emerge. First, health care spending per privately insured beneficiary varies by a factor of three across the 306 Hospital Referral Regions (HRRs) in the US. Moreover, the correlation between total spending per privately insured beneficiary and total spending per Medicare beneficiary across HRRs is only 0.14. Second, variation in providers' transaction prices across HRRs is the primary driver of spending variation for the privately insured, whereas variation in the quantity of care provided across HRRs is the primary driver of Medicare spending variation. Consequently, extrapolating lessons on health spending from Medicare to the privately insured must be done with caution. Third, we document large dispersion in overall inpatient hospital prices and in prices for seven relatively homogenous procedures. For example, hospital prices for lower-limb MRIs vary by a factor of twelve across the nation and, on average, two-fold within HRRs. Finally, hospital prices are positively associated with indicators of hospital market power. Even after conditioning on many demand and cost factors, hospital prices in monopoly markets are 15.3 percent higher than those in markets with four or more hospitals.


This paper measures profit efficiency and examines the effect of access to microfinance on the performance of rice firms in Bangladesh. An extended Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier profit function was used to assess profit efficiency and profit loss of rice farmers in Bangladesh in a survey data of 360 farms throughout the 2008-2009 growing seasons. Model diagnostics reveal that serious selection bias exists that justifies the uses of sample selection model in stochastic frontier models. After effectively correcting for selectivity bias, the mean profit efficiency of the microfinance borrowers and non-borrowers were estimated at 68% and 52% respectively, thereby suggesting that a considerable share of profits were lost due to profit inefficiencies in rice production. The results from the inefficiency effect model show that households' age, extension visits, off-farm income, region and the farm size are the significant determinants of inefficiency. Some indicative policy recommendations based on these findings have been suggested.


One of the greatest threats to lotic ecosystems is flow regulation. The impacts of flow regulation on native fish are often mitigated using periodic water allocations, termed environmental flows. The effectiveness of environmental flows has been studied in some systems, but the role of flow conditions prior to water allocation (i.e. antecedent conditions) has rarely been quantified. We evaluated the effects of floodplain inundation due to variable river flows on fish abundance in wetlands of the mid-Murray River, Australia, using a hierarchical multi-species model parameterized to estimate fish abundance while accounting for variable detection. We evaluated the effects of antecedent conditions on three time-scales, including patterns in long-term (5 years prior), medium-term (1 year prior) and short-term (3 months prior) wetland inundations. While species-specific responses to antecedent conditions varied, we found a general divergence in the responses of native and non-native species. Native fish tended to respond positively to consistent frequent inundation of wetlands, while non-native fish tended to respond positively to long- or medium-term dry periods and short-term wet periods. Fish detection probability varied among species, sampling gears, wetland areas and wetlands, indicating that accounting for variable detection can be critical when evaluating patterns in fish abundance. Synthesis and applications. We found that antecedent conditions can be important for determining environmental water allocation policies. Our results indicated that native fish generally responded positively to frequent inundation of wetlands, while non-native species generally responded positively to long dry periods followed by short-term inundation events. For some non-native species, long dry periods not only generated a positive response in abundance, but enhanced the positive response to short-term inundation events. The divergence between native and non-native fishes' responses to antecedent conditions provides opportunities for managers to allocate water to favour native fish assemblages. Future research of environmental flows for managing fish assemblages should consider antecedent conditions and apply models that account for incomplete detection, such as the one developed here, to better inform the management process.


Persons living with HIV (PLWH) may be at increased risk for severe COVID-19-related illness. Our community-based participatory research partnership collected and analyzed semi-structured interview data to understand the early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a sample of racially/ethnically diverse gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV. Fifteen cisgender men participated; their mean age was 28. Six participants were Black/African American, five were Spanish-speaking Latinx, and four were White. Seventeen themes emerged that were categorized into six domains: knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19; COVID-19 information sources and perceptions of trustworthiness; impact of COVID-19 on behaviors, health, and social determinants of health; and general COVID-19-related concerns. Interventions are needed to ensure that PLWH have updated information and adhere to medication regimens, and to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on social isolation, economic stability, healthcare access, and other social determinants of health within this vulnerable population.


Our picture of Iron Age and Archaic Crete is constantly changing due to the increasing number of field investigations that reveal new information on these centuries. Results from many recent excavations (at sites like Azoria in Eastern Crete and Thronos/Kephala (ancient Sybrita) in the Western region of the island) will eventually transform our view of the period. The focus of this particular study is centred on sites with a long-established history of research. Sites like, for example, Phaistos, Knossos, Praisos, Axos, Dreros, Gortyn, Vrokastro, Kavousi, Kato Syme and Aphrati have thus received a large amount of attention in the analyses. However, the author has also tried to introduce lesser well-known sites of a rural character in order to obtain a more varied rendering of Iron Age and Archaic Crete. As the title indicates, she is interested in site variations within the different site-categories and how these change during the 8th, 7th and 6th centuries. 84 tables, figures, maps, plans; illustrations and drawings; site Gazeteer.


Although academics have paid much attention to contentious politics in China and elsewhere, research on the outcomes of social protests, both direct and indirect, in non-democracies is still limited. In this new work, Yongshun Cai combines original fieldwork with secondary sources to examine how social protest has become a viable method of resistance in China and, more importantly, why some collective actions succeed while others fail. Cai looks at the collective resistance of a range of social groups--peasants to workers to homeowners--and explores the outcomes of social protests in China by adopting an analytical framework that operationalizes the forcefulness of protestor action and the cost-benefit calculations of the government. He shows that a protesting group's ability to create and exploit the divide within the state, mobilize participants, or gain extra support directly affects the outcome of its collective action. Moreover, by exploring the government's response to social protests, the book addresses the resilience of the Chinese political system and its implications for social and political developments in China.


Objective: Medicinal, edible, and aromatic plants have been used as folk remedies in traditional treatments worldwide. This study investigates the antidiabetic efficacy and action mode of Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae). Methods: Effects of aqueous extracts (AEs) of C. longa on insulin secretion and action were studied using the insulin-secreting BRIN-BD11 and the adipocyte-like 3T3-L1 cell lines, respectively. In vitro models were employed to evaluate effects on starch digestion using α-amylase/amyloglucosidase and protein glycation. Results: C. longa AEs stimulated basal insulin output and potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion concentration-dependently in the clonal pancreatic beta cell line, BRIN-BD11 (P < 0.001). The insulin secretory activity of plant extract was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ and by inhibitors of cellular Ca 2+ uptake, diazoxide and verapamil (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the extract increased insulin secretion in depolarized cells and augmented insulin secretion triggered by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, tolbutamide, and glibenclamide. C. longa AEs lacked insulin mimetic activity but enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 370% (P < 0.001). Similar to aminoguanidine, C. longa AEs (1-50 mg/ml) effected concentration-dependent inhibition of protein glycation (24-70% inhibition, P < 0.001) in vitro. In bioassays of enzymatic starch digestion, C. longa AEs lacked inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, unlike acarbose, the classical reference drug. Conclusion: This study has revealed that water soluble bioactive principles in C. longa AEs stimulate basal- and potentiate glucose evoked-insulin secretion, enhance insulin action and inhibit insulin glycation, but not starch digestion. Future work assessing the use of C. longa AEs as dietary adjunct or as a source of active antidiabetic agents may provide new opportunities for the combinatorial treatment/prevention of diabetes.


1. The effects of ingested grilled beef steak (250 g raw weight of lean meat) and infusion of leucine (3.8 g) on human forelimb metabolism were studied by monitoring the concentrations of various metabolites in arterial (A) and venous (V) blood of four overnight fasted and rested men. 2. The mean basal A—V for branched-chain 2-oxo acid (BCOA) was small (−3.6 μmol/l). After ingestion of steak or administration of leucine there were large positive increases in the A—V for branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) but increase in the negative A—V for BCOA was relatively small. 3. Within 2 h of ingestion of steak, BCAA accounted for approx. 50% of those amino acids with a positive A—V and glutamine for up to 75% of those with a negative A—V; the negative A—V for alanine decreased to 10% of its basal value. Infusion of leucine produced a large positive A—V for leucine by forelimb, a doubling in the negative A—V for glutamine and a rise in the blood glutamine concentration; the negative A—V for alanine was virtually unchanged and the blood alanine concentration showed a late significant decrease. 4. After ingestion of steak there was a two- to three-fold rise in the arterial insulin concentration, little change in the positive A—V for glucose and a decreased negative A—V for 'glycolytic products' (alanine + lactate + pyruvate), suggesting increased utilization of glucose carbon. Infusion of leucine doubled the arterial insulin concentration; the A—V for glucose decreased, that for lactate, pyruvate and alanine remained unchanged, suggesting decreased utilization of glucose carbon. 5. Circulating BCOA was distributed almost entirely in the plasma space. 6. in a variety of clinical conditions (insulin-dependent diabetes, cirrhosis, muscular dystrophy and starvation), the basal plasma concentrations of BCOA correlated well with those of BCAA ( r = 0.989). Infusion of leucine increased the plasma BCAA/BCOA ratio to the same extent (about 40%) in each clinical condition despite considerable variations in the rate of leucine clearance. 7. The observations indicate that both ingested steak and infused leucine produce important changes in the selection of respiratory fuels by the human forelimb, that BCOA is preferentially oxidized rather than released from human limb tissues, and that glutamine, not alanine, is the major amino group carrier leaving the forelimb both after a protein meal and after leucine administration. Changes in cellular uptake or transamination of leucine appear not to be responsible for the varied rates of leucine clearance in a variety of clinical conditions.


The possibility of distributing user-generated content through online social networks (OSNs) has had liberating effects on society, with prominent examples such as the Arab Spring. Yet, since then, many dark sides of OSNs have been brought up. An example is the echo chambers phenomenon. Theory suggests that cognitive dissonance causes individuals to associate themselves with groups of like-minded individuals that are only exposed to content that confirms their previously held beliefs. In turn, deliberation amongst segregated groups increases social extremism and causes polarization, rather than moderation. Previous research endeavors to identify echo chambers in OSNs have scarcely investigated the community structures of a network on a fine granular level, specifically in the context of multi-party systems. To contribute to the scientific body of knowledge, we propose a framework that summarizes existing work and outlines a way for future research to fill this void. We further propose a new way to measure homophily in multi-party systems based on the cosine similarity between users. We evaluate our framework through real world data and find that members of the political right experience the least amount of crosscutting communication and the highest degrees of homophily.


BACKGROUND
Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmented skin disorder. Tranexamic acid (TXA) prevents ultraviolet radiation induced pigmentation in melasma through interfering with the plasminogen-plasmin pathway.

OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of TXA by intradermal injection versus TXA with microneedling for melasma treatment.

METHODS
Fifty-six female patients with bilateral symmetrical melasma were recruited in a split-face study. All patients received an intradermal injection of TXA on one side of the face, and the other side received TXA with microneedling for 6 sessions at 2 weeks intervals. Clinical efficacy was assessed using a modified Melasma Area Severity Index (mMASI) score at the baseline and after treatment. Global photographs underwent blinded review by 2 dermatologists. Patient self-assessment and satisfaction were recorded.

RESULTS
After the treatment, the mMASI score was significantly reduced compared with the baseline in both treated sides (p < .001). No significant difference between both treated sides (p > .05). Patient satisfaction was higher in the microneedling-treated side than the intradermal-injected side (p < .001). No significant adverse effects were observed in both treated sides.

CONCLUSION
Intradermal injection and microneedling of TXA could be safe and effective in melasma treatment. Microneedling of TXA was significantly more satisfying to the patients.


The main objective of this project is to design the full-rate Space-Time-Frequency Trellis code (STFTC), which is based on Quasi-Orthogonal designs for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed Quasi-Orthogonal Space-TimeFrequency Trellis code combines set partitioning and the structure of quasi-orthogonal space-frequency designs in a systematic way. In addition to multipath diversity and transmit diversity, the proposed code provides receive diversity, array gain, and achieve high-coding gain over a frequency selective fading channel. As simulation results demonstrate, the code outperforms the existing Quasi-Orthogonal SpaceTime-Frequency Trellis codes in terms of frame error rate performance.


Objective To develop and validate a diagnostic score that aids in identifying macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Methods The clinical and laboratory features of 362 patients with sJIA-associated MAS and 404 patients with active sJIA without evidence of MAS were collected in a multinational collaborative project. Eighty percent of the study population was used to develop the score and the remaining 20% constituted the validation sample. A Bayesian Model Averaging approach was used to assess the role of each clinical and laboratory variables in the diagnosis of MAS and to obtain the coefficients of selected variables. The final score, named MAS/sJIA (MS) score, resulted from the linear combination of these coefficients multiplied by the values of each variable. The cut-off that best discriminated MAS from active sJIA was calculated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Score performance was evaluated in both developmental and validation samples. Results The MS score ranges from −8.4 to 41.8 and comprises seven variables: central nervous system dysfunction, haemorrhagic manifestations, active arthritis, platelet count, fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin. A cut-off value ≥−2.1 revealed the best performance in discriminating MAS from active sJIA, with a sensitivity of 0.85, a specificity of 0.95 and a kappa value of 0.80. The good performance of the MS score was confirmed in the validation sample. Conclusion The MS score is a powerful and feasible tool that may assist practitioners in making a timely diagnosis of MAS in patients with sJIA.


Route maps, which depict a path from one location to another, have emerged as one of the most popular applications on the Web. Current computer-generated route maps, however, are often very difficult to use. In this paper we present a set of cartographic generalization techniques specifically designed to improve the usability of route maps. Our generalization techniques are based both on cognitive psychology research studying how route maps are used and on an analysis of the generalizations commonly found in handdrawn route maps. We describe algorithmic implementations of these generalization techniques within LineDrive, a real-time system for automatically designing and rendering route maps. Feedback from over 2200 users indicates that almost all believe LineDrive maps are preferable to using standard computer-generated route maps alone.


Abstract Objective: This paper provides the rationale for the Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) for fat, saturated fat and other nutrients that appear on food labels in the UK. These GDAs are provided voluntarily by manufacturers and retailers and were developed to help people make better use of nutrition labelling – the format of which is prescribed by the European Union's nutrition labelling directive. The paper also describes the basis to some Rules of Thumb for what counts as 'a lot' or 'a little' of fat, saturated fat and other nutrients, in an individual food. Design: The paper gives the background to, and purpose of, the GDAs and Rules of Thumb and explains how they were calculated. It briefly describes their subsequent usage by food producers and others. Results: Both GDAs and the Rules of Thumb first appeared in a leaflet developed by the authors and published in 1996 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. GDAs for fat, saturated fat and energy were adopted subsequently by the Institute of Grocery Distribution and then by many retailers and some manufacturers. The Rules of Thumb for fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium have recently been republished in some leaflets published by the Food Standards Agency in the UK. Conclusions: GDAs and Rules of Thumb may provide useful ways of helping consumers make sense of nutrition labelling. The current GDAs and the Rules of Thumb could usefully be updated in the light of recent developments.


Adult stem cells (ASCs) contribute to long-term homeostasis and regeneration of many adult tissues. Some ASCs proliferate continuously, others remain quiescent awaiting activation. To identify pathways that regulate ASC quiescence and tissue homeostasis, we study melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) that drive vertebrate pigmentation. In larval zebrafish, MSCs are quiescent, but can be recruited to regenerate the larval pigment pattern following melanocyte ablation. Through pharmacological experiments, we found that inhibition of GABA-A receptor function, specifically the GABA-A rho subtype, induces excessive melanocyte production in larval zebrafish. Conversely, pharmacological activation of GABA-A inhibited melanocyte regeneration. We used CRISPR to generate two mutant alleles of gabrr1, a subtype of GABA-A. Both alleles exhibited robust melanocyte overproduction, while conditional overexpression of gabrr1 inhibited larval melanocyte regeneration. Our data suggest that gabrr1 signaling is necessary and sufficient to maintain MSC quiescence and prevent excessive pigmentation of the larval zebrafish.