Objective Adult formulations of medicines are frequently administered to children. Excipients are often described as 'inactive ingredients,' yet they can exert pharmacological, and possibly toxic, effects. The objective was to review the suitability of formulations given to children and neonates, by identifying excipients within medicines administered and evaluating the literature for adverse drug reactions associated with each. Method Medicines administered to children and neonates were reviewed over 4 weeks in January to February 2010. Every time a medicine was administered the drug name, brand or manufacturer and dose prescribed were recorded. Data were collected within general paediatric and emergency care assessment wards and within a level three neonatal unit (NNU). The excipients within each medicinal product administered were found using the SPC, or by contacting the manufacturer directly. The suitability of each individual excipient was assessed following literature review. Results 759 doses of medicine were logged. 80 different medicines were administered. 44 excipients were identified that were potentially unsuitable for use in children and neonates. From a literature review of the relative safety of each excipient they were grouped into four classes. Excipients that have potential harmful effect, which should be considered when prescribing. These included: acetone, aspartame, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, chloroform, citric acid, ethanol, galactose, methylhydroxybenzoate, phenol, polysorbate 20 and 80, propylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Excipients with potential harmful effects only in extremely high concentrations. These included: diethanolamine, disodium edetate, hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, sucrose, sulphuric acid and triethyl citrate. Excipients with potential to affect the gastrointestinal tract in excess and cause flatulence or act as a laxative. These included: carboxymethylcellulose sodium, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, maltitol liquid and mannitol. Excipients with potential to cause an adverse drug reaction, such as hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. These included: cetyl alcohol, lactose, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, potassium sorbate, propylhydroxybenzoate and butylhydroxybenzoate, protamine sulphate, saccharin sodium, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium metabisulphate, sorbitol and tragacanth. On paediatric wards some products contained up to five potentially harmful excipients. On NNU most products used contained only one potentially harmful excipient. Conclusion Excipients used within medicinal products that are given to children and neonates, often from adult formulations, may not be safe. The quantity of each excipient should be advertised on each medicinal product to enable an informed choice to be made on its relative safety in the neonatal and paediatric setting.


Tetra Pak is a packaging solutions company that develops equipment for processing and packaging of food and beverages. Considering the users of our equipment, for example operators and technicians, is important for several reasons: to ensure a safe and comfortable working environment, to ensure an effective and efficient way of working, and to increase the performance of the system. To gain success, we need to regard the human as an important and integrated part of the system and fully incorporate the end user perspective into our way of working. Therefore, Human System Integration (HSI) was established through a global improvement project, focusing on developing HSI related processes, methods and tools. This paper presents the improvement project approach, its results and our reflections from the journey. We also discuss some of the challenges we have experienced, and what remains to be done in the future.


Using Norwegian individual register data of young workers, from the period 1986-2008, we analyse whether there are large and persistent negative relationships between unemployment and the risk of repeated unemployment and being out of labour force. A nearest-neighbour propensity score matching method is applied to make the treatment group (the unemployed) and the control group (the employed) as similar as possible. By tracking workers over a 10-year follow-up period, we find that unemployment has a negative effect on later labour market attachment. This is consistent with existing findings in the literature. The negative effects decrease over time. Using the bounding approach proposed by Rosenbaum (2002) to analyse the importance of unobserved variables, our results indicate that a relatively high level of unobserved selection bias could be present in the data before changing the inference. Thus, unemployment leaves young workers with long-term scars.


Motorcyclists are vulnerable in traffic. A popular measure to reduce crash risk is motorcycle training. However, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of training. SWOV therefore evaluated the lRiskr advanced training course of the Royal Dutch Motorcyclists Association (KNMV). This one-day course teaches motorcyclists to recognize, analyse, and anticipate potential traffic hazards. Results from the two-year evaluation indicate that the lRiskr training has a positive effect on safe riding behaviour and hazard perception of motorcyclists in the short term (the first few months after training). Even in the long term (one year to eighteen months after training) lRiskr trained motorcyclists showed safer traffic behaviour than a control group without lRiskr training. This is a remarkable result, because until now no studies were found that scientifically establish positive effects of an advanced rider training course.


In this interdisciplinary paper written by a socio-legal scholar and a computer scientist, we explain a novel holistic approach to Internet regulation in the broader public interest. We argue for 'prosumer law' and give an example of our proposed solution to the problems of dominant social networking sites. What should prosumer law consist of? We examine the international governance of information, especially the apparent incompatibility of human rights and trade-related concerns exposed in such multi-stakeholder fora as the OECD. Finally, we argue for holistic regulation of the Internet, taking a trans-disciplinary perspective to solve those 'hard cases' we have examined. Prosumer law suggests a more directed intervention, to prevent Facebook or Google or any other network from erecting a fence around its piece of the information commons: to ensure interoperability with open standards. It is not sufficient for it to permit data deletion as that only covers the user's tracks. It requires some combination of interconnection and interoperability, more than transparency and the theoretical possibility to switch. It needs the ability for exiting prosumers to interoperate to permit exit. We argue that it is untrue to state that there is so much convergence between platforms that there is no clear distinction between open commons and closed proprietary environments, though 'voluntary forfeiture' of IPR to permit greater innovation has always been commonplace. We base our argument on the empirical case studies presented in 'Regulating Code' (MIT Press, 2013), but we extend our argument from that monograph to assess the environmental preconditions for prosumer law to operate in Europe. We describe the multistakeholder environment for Internet governance and regulation, in which user groups lobbied along with business and governments. We also describe the insights of new institutionalism, with exit and competition for standards becoming increasingly critical in the information economy. We then describe interoperability as a means of lowering entry barriers and increasing consumer welfare. We consider United States administrative and academic arguments (Wu 2010, Zittrain 2008, Lessig 1999, 2006) for self-regulation to have demonstrably failed, and focus on the European regulatory space as more fertile ground to explore prosumerism as both a market-based and citizen-oriented regulatory tool.


Molecular design and synthesis planning are two critical steps in the process of molecular discovery that we propose to formulate as a single shared task of conditional synthetic pathway generation. We report an amortized approach to generate synthetic pathways as a Markov decision process conditioned on a target molecular embedding. This approach allows us to conduct synthesis planning in a bottom-up manner and design synthesizable molecules by decoding from optimized conditional codes, demonstrating the potential to solve both problems of design and synthesis simultaneously. The approach leverages neural networks to probabilistically model the synthetic trees, one reaction step at a time, according to reactivity rules encoded in a discrete action space of reaction templates. We train these networks on hundreds of thousands of artificial pathways generated from a pool of purchasable compounds and a list of expert-curated templates. We validate our method with (a) the recovery of molecules using conditional generation, (b) the identification of synthesizable structural analogs, and (c) the optimization of molecular structures given oracle functions relevant to drug discovery.


Most of the United States have laws mandating the recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW). In order to comply, municipalities recycle quotas of materials, without regard to fluctuating prices. An inventory system is proposed that allows municipalities to be sensitive to materials prices as they recycle in accordance with state mandates. A dynamic model is developed; it uses historical secondary material prices as exogenous inputs to minimize the net present value of MSW recycling system cost. The model provides a cost-effective method for municipalities to achieve their MSW recycling targets. The savings is approximately $1.43 per ton of MSW generated based on total MSW management costs of $13.5 per ton. The model also allows one to investigate the effectiveness of various strategies for increasing the recycling rate. These strategies include: reducing the transportation cost for recyclables, supporting the market price of selected secondary materials, and landfill bans on selected materials. This model may also be used to investigate the effect of market price changes on the portfolio of materials held in inventory for recycling.


All children deserve a quality education, regardless of their life at home, the availability of school resources, or even one's criminal record. Though most current and aspiring educators would find this statement agreeable, the fact of the matter is that very few educators pursue a career in teaching inside a juvenile detention facility. Whether it is due to lack of comfort in this setting or the pre-fixed opinions about what someone who is convicted of a crime "deserves," the reality is that educating privileged students is safer and more desirable. The result is that children who have been convicted of a criminal act are often provided educators who can be categorized as "the bottom of the barrel"—teachers who could not find a job elsewhere and are "stuck" working with kids that they do not care about. On the other end of the spectrum, there are also educators who are passionate about helping and educating this population of youth and make this type of work their life-long work. These educators believe that all, especially the most vulnerable and with the greatest of needs, are deserving of a quality education. Moreover, these educators believe their work is not just to "save" youth, but to open up their perspective on different paths available in their life. So, how do we fix this? A search must be made for educators who are passionate about not only educating youth in the criminal justice system, but towards providing them with an education that allows them to decide upon a life trajectory they would like to pursue. Acknowledging that making "better choices" is undoubtedly the more difficult route, but through a sound education, there is this opening up of another route instantly made available. Creating Teachers Who Care 2


Crossplots are commonly used in the geosciences to gain qualitative insight about relationships between different variables, typically three (for two-dimensional colored crossplots). On rare occasions, the relationships among four variables are explored by using three-dimensional colored crossplots. The variable used to color the crossplot is usually related to the property of interest, sand or pay for instance. In these cases, crossplots can be used in a quantitative sense by selecting (drawing) a region in the crossplot where most of the property of interest "lives." Drawing a polygon in a 2D crossplot to separate "good" from "bad" areas is the extension to 2D of simple cutoffs commonly applied to 1D well-log data to separate scenarios of interest. One drawback of this approach is that it works best only when there is no overlap between the region occupied by the property of interest and the region occupied by the background. Another drawback is that it is difficult to extend to three-dimensional crossp...


Cdt1 plays a key role in licensing DNA for replication. In the somatic cells of metazoans, both Cdt1 and its natural inhibitor geminin show reciprocal fluctuations in their protein levels owing to cell cycle-dependent proteolysis. Here, we show that the protein levels of Cdt1 and geminin are persistently high during the rapid cell cycles of the early Xenopus embryo. Immunoprecipitation of Cdt1 and geminin complexes, together with their cell cycle spatiotemporal dynamics, strongly supports the hypothesis that Cdt1 licensing activity is regulated by periodic interaction with geminin rather than its proteolysis. Overexpression of ectopic geminin slows down, but neither arrests early embryonic cell cycles nor affects endogenous geminin levels; apparent embryonic lethality is observed around 3-4 hours after mid-blastula transition. However, functional knockdown of geminin by ΔCdt1_193-447, which lacks licensing activity and degradation sequences, causes cell cycle arrest and DNA damage in affected cells. This contributes to subsequent developmental defects in treated embryos. Our results clearly show that rapidly proliferating early Xenopus embryonic cells are able to regulate replication licensing in the persistent presence of high levels of licensing proteins by relying on changing interactions between Cdt1 and geminin during the cell cycle, but not their degradation.


This article proposes a model describing the nature of associative processes as diagnostic cues for formulating attitudes and judgments. The assumption of the model is that attitudes, judgments and behaviours are based on how people selectively activate, interpret and integrate previously associated signals (selectively limiting the excess of information from both the senses and from our immediate environment). The model specifies which factors hinder or facilitate the formulation of associations between diagnostic signals and how it translates into attitudes, judgments and behaviours. To test the predictions derived from this model, we first showed that linguistic cues of diminutives can indicate physical properties – they were associated with the belief that the described objects were smaller but also worse or less valuable. The second line of research dealt with embodied moral judgments – we demonstrated that the usage of a hand over heart gesture led to more honest behaviour, an increase in judgments of honesty but also reduced tendency to lie for one's own profit. Our findings also suggest that using "standing at attention" body manipulation increased participants' submissiveness to the experimenter and their obedience to norms. This pattern of results suggests that the described model integrates perspectives of embodied cognition and social cognition, documenting the cognitive mechanism needed to formulate and adjust attitudes and judgments.


An evaluation and comparison of the flow of geochemicals through three systems of farm management is made, using Vicia faha L. as a crop phytometer. Organic manures form the only nutrient addition to one system (Organic), artificial fertilizers alone are applied to the second (Stockless), and the third system receives a mixture of the two nutrient sources (Mixed). The influence of the farm management upon each of the main components of the agricultural ecosystem is determined, and these are discussed separately in the five main sections of the text. Crude balance sheets are constructed to demonstrate the magnitude of the annual flow of geochemicals through each system. -The soil of the three farms is compared by chemical analysis. It is shown that where organic manures have been used, the content of available plant nutrients is significantly higher than in the soils where only inorganic fertilizers have been applied. The flow of water through the ecosystem is determined by the use of lysimeters. A study of the chemical composition of the leachate shows that the system receiving both manures and fertilizers provides the greatest threat of eutrophication. The maximum loss of plant nutrients from the soil is shown to occur during the season of the greatest rainfall. The rate of the fixation of energy into the system is determined by a study of the growth and yield of the crop phytometer. It is found that the long-term practice of growing separate stocks of seed on each farm, (imprinting), does not cause any physiological evolution to occur by which each plant type could become better suited to its own farm type. It is demonstrated that, the magnitude of the growth of the bean plants does not show any significant effect of farm management, despite the differences in nutrient availability from the three soils. It is suggested that this lack of growth response is due to the high background level of nutrients in all the soils. The only effect of nutrient availability is shown by the size of the bean seed yield, but this effect is seen to be drastically modified by weed competition. The flow of geochemicals into the standing crop is investigated by detailed chemical analysis of the plants throughout the season. Corresponding to the lack of growth response to the farm management, no significant effect of soil treatment can be shown to be influencing the chemical composition of the crop. There is no evidence to show any eutrophication of the crop by nitrates, but a marked death reaction is demonstrated to be causing high concentrations of lead in the bean seeds. Due to a greater biomass on the Mixed section, it was this management which incurred the greatest flow of geochemicals into the standing crop. The phenomenon of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by the phytometer is investigated. A close relationship between the rate of fixation, the extent of nodulation and the availability of soil nitrogen is determined. The former two characteristics are show to provide an accurate assay of the level of nitrogen in the soil. Calculation of the probable annual fixation of nitrogen shows that this is maximal on the farm where no organic manures are supplied. From the construction of the balance sheets, and the discussion in the text, it is indicated that the management system, which is the most geo- chemically and economically viable, is the Mixed system. This farm produces the highest yield of bean seeds, and permits a reasonable level of nitrogen fixation by the legume, but also poses the most serious threat of eutrophication to other ecosystems. Even so, the concentration of nitrates in the leachate never exceeded the maximum safe limit suggested by the World Health Organization.


Mentoring expectations, activities, and support in Canadian college and university libraries were investigated by surveying 332 recent MLIS graduates, practicing academic librarians, and library administrators. Findings indicate that the presence of a mentoring program will help attract new librarians, retain them, and aid in restructuring efforts that are currently facing many academic libraries. Preferred mentoring activities include those belonging to psychosocial support, career guidance, and role modeling themes. Other results find that librarians who were mentored as new librarians, have more than 10 years of experience, and work in large academic institutions are significantly more likely to mentor others. Although currently not well-supported by academic administrators, this research shows that mentoring programs could be sustainable. Mentoring improves the professional experience for librarians who are more satisfied and engaged with their careers, which in turn benefits the organization with less turnover. Practical information from this research will guide academic library practitioners in current mentoring relationships, and library leaders can extrapolate results to support planning and implementation of mentoring programs. Implications for LIS education are also discussed.


Introduction: Responsible for a high mortality rate and for causing numerous sequels in the general population, stroke arises from a deficiency in cerebral oxygen supply, commonly caused by obstruction of the arteries or extravasation of blood for the tissue. Genetic factors, style and quality of life are factors directly related to the incidence of stroke and its numerous hospitalizations.
Objective: The study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of hospitalized patients after clinical diagnosis of stroke.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study, with a quantitative approach, carried out through the analysis of 252 medical records of patients hospitalized in the Medical Clinic and in the Mixed Stroke Unit of the Deputado Janduhy Carneiro Regional Hospital, in the municipality of Patos - PB, in the period of January 1 to December 31 2015. All medical records of patients affected by stroke in 2015 were included; internal with clinical diagnosis of stroke; Computed Tomography of Skull; Neurologist's evaluation; and readable handwriting. Data were collected using a questionnaire with objective questions, including variables related to the objective of study. They were submitted to simple statistical analysis and later, discussed and related to the literature from the reading and the comprehension of the researchers.
Results: It was observed that the affected victim is woman, over 70 years of age, brown, living in an urban area and retired. The most frequent etiology of the stroke is of the ischemic type, being able to notice preexisting diseases in the patients, such as Arterial Hypertension and Heart diseases. 42% of patients were discharged after treatment in less than 15 days (78%). By causing many deaths and disabilities, bringing not only human, but social and financial damage to the health and social security system.
Conclusion: More and more studies are needed to diagnose the causes of stroke, consequences and possible decisions that attenuate this problem.
Keywords: Vascular Encephalic Accident. Hospitalization. Prognosis.


After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in late August 2005, and the world was shocked by the images of the thousands of victims stranded in the Superdome of New Orleans, many people asked, "How could this happen in the United States?" The images broadcast from New Orleans and other affected areas resembled too closely what we typically see in developing countries. Yet while the parallels are many, the most striking one is the impact of natural disasters on the poor. While those with the means to heed the evacuation order fled the area, those left behind were the most vulnerable: the sickest, the oldest, the youngest and the poorest. Katrina provided a grim reminder that any city can be caught unprepared for disaster, while also reminding us of the level of poverty that exists in parts of one of the world's wealthiest nations. The tragedies that Katrina wrought upon the United States are much more common in developing countries, particularly among the poorer segments of the population. It is this undeniable link between poverty and the impacts of disasters that makes disaster risk management an integral part of the World Bank's mission to fight poverty Natural disasters are a major source of risk for poor people. However, this vulnerability also happens to be one of the most overlooked dimensions of poverty. One possible reason is that disasters have traditionally been considered a humanitarian assistance issue rather than one of development. Relief and development were viewed as two different "industries" with very separate mandates, actors and sources of funds. This approach is being reconsidered by members of the international community, and particularly by its largest reconstruction and development investor, the World Bank. If the Millennium Development Goals are to be achieved, then the reduction of disaster risk must be addressed in an aggressive manner. This article reviews various experiences in disaster risk management, particularly those of the World Bank, explores the inadequacies of the traditional approach that has focused on reaction and recovery and looks at efforts to change the policy frameworks that attend this field. THE WORLD BANK'S DISASTER PROJECT PORTFOLIO The World Bank has a long tradition of supporting the disaster management efforts of its client countries, particularly in post-disaster reconstruction. In fact, "reconstruction" is literally its middle name--the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Beginning with the European reconstruction efforts after the Second World War, the World Bank has always played a major role in post-disaster reconstruction and recovery. Since 1980, the World Bank has approved more than $14 billion to support over 160 emergency reconstruction projects. However, this underestimates the amount the World Bank has provided in post-disaster reconstruction support, as these figures do not include amounts reallocated from ongoing development projects in the immediate wake of disasters. In these scenarios, the World Bank typically reviews the ongoing country project portfolio to see what funding can be released for emergency relief. These amounts remain under the original loan or credit agreements, and often go unnoticed in disaster lending figures. The amount of reallocated funding probably adds another 30 percent to overall reconstruction figures. Through its development projects, the World Bank has also provided support for ex ante risk reduction investments. Nearly 390 additional projects approved since 1980 have components dedicated to mitigating the impacts of disasters. The total lending amounts of these initiatives near $27 billion. However, this figure overestimates the amount invested in pre-disaster risk reduction, as it includes the entire loan amount of projects that may include risk reduction components. For instance, a forestry project may incorporate funding to train firefighters, promote fire prevention in communities, build firebreaks, etc. …


The major objectives of the Food and Agriculture Program (FAP) of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis are to evaluate the nature and dimensions of the world food situation, to identify factors affecting it, and to suggest policy alternatives at the national, regional, and global levels to alleviate current food problems and to prevent future ones. The present shortrun problems of policy are explored in FAP's Task 1, "Strategies: National Policy Models for Food and Agriculture" by means of a set of descriptive, general-equilibrium, price-endogenous national models of various countries linked in a consistent international framework.

From a longer term perspective the food problem acquires added dimensions; and questions of availability of resources to produce adequate food, efficiency of techniques, and environmental consequences become important. These questions are addressed by FAP's Task 2 "Technological Transformations in Agriculture: Resource Limitations and Environmental Consequences". Quantitative knowledge of the interactions between agriculture and the environment requires a great deal of detailed information on the site-specific nature of resource inputs and on alternative land use practices. A general-equilibrium approach to such types of investigation is not empirically feasible. The research methodology of Task 2 is to formulate a series of region-specific case studies within a general recursive programming framework.

The regional-national recursive model specified in this paper represents the intermediate stage of development of the Iowa Case Study. The Iowa model has been specified by a team of researchers including Dr. Earl 0. Heady, James Langley, Andrew Morton, and Burton English of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, and Wen-yuan Huang and Klaus Alt of the Natural Resources Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Work is continuing on the specification of various components of the Iowa model along with preliminary applications in accordance with the framework of FAP's Task 2.


This Article considers the Fourth Amendment implications of a study on a passive monitoring system where employees shared data from wearables, phone applications, and position beacons that provided private information such as weekend phone use, sleep patterns in the bedroom, and emotional states. The study's authors hope to use the data collected to create a new system for objectively assessing employee performance that will replace the current system which is plagued by the inherent bias of self-reporting and peerreview and which is labor intensive and inefficient. The researchers were able to successfully link the data collected with the quality of worker performance. This technological advance raises the prospect of law enforcement gaining access to sensitive information from employers for use in criminal investigations. This Article analyzes the Fourth Amendment issues raised by police access to this new technology. Although the Supreme Court currently finds government collection of a comprehensive chronicle of a person's life to constitute a Fourth Amendment search, widespread employee acceptance of mobile sensing could undermine any claim in having a reasonable expectation of privacy in such information. Additionally, employee tolerance of passive monitoring could make employer data available to the government through third party consent. When previously assessing employees' privacy, the Court demonstrated a willingness to accept the needs of the employer and society as justification for limiting workers' Fourth Amendment rights. Ultimately, then, Court precedent suggests that passive monitoring could erode Fourth Amendment rights in the long term.


Lambda tree syntax (a variant of HOAS) and nominal techniques are two approaches to representing and reasoning about languages containing bindings. Although they are based on separate foundations, recent advances in the proof theory of generic judgments have shown that one may be able to incorporate some aspects of nominal techniques (i.e., the equivariant principle) to simplify reasoning about λ-tree syntax specifications, while still maintaining the crucial aspects of λ-tree syntax. In this paper, we present a logic, called LGnω , which incorporates a notion of generic judgments and equivariant reasoning. The logic LGnω is a simple extension of a logic called LGω by Tiu, and can be seen as a special case of the logic G by Gacek, Miller and Nadathur. A central idea of LGnω is the representation of a data type for names (represented by a predicate). Although the data type is inhabited by infinitely many elements, the judgments of the logic only ever use finitely many of them, and more importantly, validity of these judgments are preserved under arbitrary permutation of names, i.e., they are equivariant judgments. This finite support of judgments allows for tractable introduction rules of the name predicate. We illustrate with two examples how this simple extension can be used for reasoning about specifications involving bindings. In the first example, we show how one can represent the data type for λ-terms, and derive a structural induction principle for inductive reasoning over λ-terms. In the second example, we re-examine previous known encodings of open and late bisimulations for the π-calculus. We show that the difference between open and late bisimulation can be characterized by the choice of the encodings of names: the "untyped" version (for the former) versus the "typed" one (for the latter).


This work is concerned with the behaviour of thin webbed rolled steel joists or universal beams when they are subjected to concentrated loads applied to the flanges. The prime concern is the effect of high direct stresses causing web failure in a small region of the beam. The review shows that although many tests have been carried out on rolled steel beams and built up girders, no series of tests has restricted the number of variables involved to enable firm conclusions to be drawn. The results of 100 tests on several different rolled steel universal beam sections having various types of loading conditions are presented. The majority of the beams are tested by loading with two opposite loads, thus eliminating the effects of bending and shear, except for a small number of beams which are tested simply supported on varying spans. The test results are first compared with the present design standard (BS 449) and it is shown that the British Standard is very conservative for most of the loading conditions included in the tests but is unsafe for others. Three possible failure modes are then considered, overall elastic buckling of the web, flexural yielding of the web due to large out of plane deflexions and local crushing of the material at the junction of the web and the root fillets. Each mode is considered theoretically and developed to establish the main variables, thus enabling a comparison to be made with the test results. It is shown that all three failure modes have a particular relevance for individual loading conditions, but that determining the failure load given the beam size and the loading conditions is very difficult in certain instances. Finally it is shown that there are some empirical relationships between the failure loads and the type of loading for various beam serial sizes.


High-performance photorefractive materials based on the layered photoconductive polymers PPT-CZ [rigid backbone of poly(p-phenyleneterephthalate) with pendent carbazole groups] are studied. The composites are composed of PPT-CZ and are doped with the sensitizer C60 and nonlinear optical chromophores. Despite the absence of a plasticizer and the lower concentration of the carbazole photoconductive moieties as compared with poly(N-vinyl carbazole), these materials show high photorefractive sensitivity, i.e., Sn2 of 70± 7 cm2/kJ at E0=100 V/μm for PPT-CZ(n=12):diethylaminodicyanostyrene:C60. The low glass transition temperature (<0°C) leads to a high rotational mobility of the chromophores that results in large refractive-index changes. For all the composites that were investigated, the two-wave mixing gain Γ exceeds 100 cm-1 at an applied field of 50 V/μm.


Sensory neurons in the leech excite the S interneuron, which in turn excites motoneurons that shorten the leech, although activity in the S cell reportedly cannot by itself shorten the animal. Experiments were performed in semi-intact leeches using established dishabituation and sensitization protocols. S-cell activity increased during reflexive shortening once the animal was sensitized or dishabituated with a strong shock. S-cell activity otherwise was not associated with shortening. To test the role of the S-cell in dishabituation and sensitization of the shortening reflex, single S cells were ablated in vivo by intracellular injections of pronase. S-cell lesions reduced but did not eliminate dishabituation; however, sensitization was completely disrupted. This was consistent with recent evidence that separate processes contribute to dishabituation and sensitization. Since the S cell in each ganglion is a link in a rapidly conducting chain along the length of the animal, it may be sufficient to break the chain at a single point to eliminate sensitization.


Black phosphorus is a newly rising layered material with tremendous and intriguing physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Recently, it was reintroduced into the community from the perspective of two-dimensional (2D) materials, showing excellent carrier mobility, strong light–matter interactions in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) range, and unique anisotropic physical properties. These features are beyond the existing 2D materials in terms of bandgap range and mobility/bandgap trade-off, making it possible to bridge the application gaps ranging from mid-IR photonics to high-performance field-effect devices. In this paper, we review the status and perspectives of the optical properties of black phosphorus, with a particular emphasis on their broadband tunable bandgap and anisotropic optical properties. We began with a brief introduction on the history, synthesis, crystal/band structures, and basic physical properties of black phosphorus. In Section 3, we discuss the optical properties of black phosphorus, including comparison of the electronic-excitation-induced versus phonon-excitation-induced optical properties, linear versus nonlinear absorption, and static versus dynamic photoresponse, as well as the quasi-particle effect versus the effect. After that, we exemplify typical black phosphorus photonic devices in Section 4. We highlight recent progress in photodetectors covering mid-IR and terahertz wavelength, ultrafast Q-switching and mode-locking pulse lasers and nanophotonic devices. Finally, we present a summary and outlook of black phosphorus regarding current challenges and future application opportunities in Section 5.


From its origins nearly two centuries ago, Hamiltonian dynamics has grown to embrace the physics of nearly all systems that evolve without dissipation, as well as a number of branches of mathematics, some of which were literally created along the way. This volume contains the proceedings of the International Conference on Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems; its contents reflect the wide scope and increasing influence of Hamiltonian methods, with contributions from a whole spectrum of researchers in mathematics and physics from more than half a dozen countries, as well as several researchers in the history of science. With the inclusion of several historical articles, this volume is not only a slice of state-of-the-art methodology in Hamiltonian dynamics, but also a slice of the bigger picture in which that methodology is imbedded.


With improved prognosis for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), interest has increasingly focused on high-risk groups such as elderly patients. Advanced age at presentation is still one of the strongest negative risk factors. Many different factors influence the prognosis in elderly patients. These include biologic differences such as more aggressive histology, different distribution of disease, more frequent diagnosis of advanced stage, and shorter history of disease. In addition, however, aging itself and associated factors such as comorbidity, reduced tolerability of conventional therapy, more severe toxicity and treatment-related deaths, failure to maintain dose intensity, shorter survival after relapse, and death due to other causes contribute to the poorer outcome in elderly patients. Besides the evaluation of specific causes and risk factors, this review highlights recent and ongoing studies for elderly patients with HL as well as international approaches and recommendations for this age group.


This paper provides a general survey of the contributions made by women to science, knowledge and welfare in Islamic civilisation. The paper determines that early Muslims approached Islam and science in a holistic fashion, after adopting an epistemology which maintained a unity between
science, technology and spiritual knowledge. The paper also suggests that, in the early age of Islam, women were given positions of trust and high responsibility in the spheres of leadership, education, and science. But, this empowerment of women in early Islam bears little relation to the conditions
of women in modern-day Muslim societies, where women often suffer the most in conflict-ridden regions, whether from insecurity, domestic abuse, low education levels or poor medical care. The paper accordingly establishes a direct link between the absence of good governance and issues like gender
inequality, the violation of the rights of women, and the current weakness of Muslims in science and technology. Without good governance, the status of women is unlikely to improve. If women's rights to both a proper education and
an occupation continue to be neglected, the equilibrium of Muslim society will be damaged, hindering its ability to produce innovative and passionate minds.


'Go ka bo go ne go le botoka go nna le HIV gona le bolwetse jwa sukiri' ('It would have been better if I had HIV instead of diabetes'). This flippant comment was overheard in a diabetes clinic waiting room in southern Botswana earlier this year. Although a new diagnosis of diabetes does not carry the stigma of a new HIV diagnosis, for many patients it nonetheless feels like a life sentence. While there are no local data to support the suggestion that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) confers a worse prognosis than HIV, patients with T2DM in Botswana face at least as many obstacles to high-quality care as do patients with HIV.


This paper describes how we strengthened the theory of change approach to evaluating a complex social initiative by integrating it with a quasi-experimental, comparison group design. We also demonstrate the plausibility of selecting a credible comparison group through the use of cluster analysis, and describe our work in validating that analysis with additional measures. The integrated evaluation design relies on two points of comparison: (1) program theory to program experience; and (2) program cities to comparison cities. We describe how we are using this integrated design to evaluate the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Urban Health Initiative, an effort that aims to improve health and safety outcomes for children and youth in five distressed urban areas through a process of citywide, multi-sector planning and changed public and private systems. We also discuss how the use of two research frameworks and multiple methods can enrich our ability to test underlying assumptions and evaluate overall program effects. Using this integrated approach has provided evidence that the earliest phases of this initiative are unfolding as the theory would predict, and that the comparison cities are not undergoing a similar experience to those in UHI. Despite many remaining limitations, this integrated evaluation can provide greater confidence in assessing whether future changes in health and safety outcomes may have resulted from the Urban Health Initiative (UHI).


Signature microbes follow you from house to house Householders share more than habitation; they also share inhabitants. In a diverse sample of U.S. homes, Lax et al. found that people and animals sharing homes shared their microbial communities (microbiota) too, probably because of skin shedding and hand and foot contamination. When families moved, their microbiological "aura" followed. If one person left the home even for a few days, their contribution to the microbiome diminished. These findings have implications not only for household identity and composition, but also for indicators of the members' health and well-being. Science, this issue p. 1048 Microbes colonize not only our guts, but also our homes. The bacteria that colonize humans and our built environments have the potential to influence our health. Microbial communities associated with seven families and their homes over 6 weeks were assessed, including three families that moved their home. Microbial communities differed substantially among homes, and the home microbiome was largely sourced from humans. The microbiota in each home were identifiable by family. Network analysis identified humans as the primary bacterial vector, and a Bayesian method significantly matched individuals to their dwellings. Draft genomes of potential human pathogens observed on a kitchen counter could be matched to the hands of occupants. After a house move, the microbial community in the new house rapidly converged on the microbial community of the occupants' former house, suggesting rapid colonization by the family's microbiota.


The present research study investigated screening and referral practices for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) among a group of Canadian primary care physicians. The purposes of the study were to compare physicians' reported practices with published best practice guidelines, to explore whether demographic and attitudinal factors predict physicians' behaviour, and to investigate gender and age differences in ASD-related attitudes. A random sample of General Practitioners (GPs) within the province of Ontario and a subsample of Ontario medical school students were surveyed. Participants included 126 GPs and 65 students (65 males and 126 females between the ages of 25 and 79). GPs completed a questionnaire examining their screening and referral practices for ASDs, perceived barriers to conducting screening and referral activities, and ASD-related beliefs and attitudes. Students completed an abbreviated questionnaire examining their beliefs and attitudes. Slightly less than half of the physician sample endorsed using some type of formal screening measure in conjunction with informal methods. Consistent with previous research findings, female physicians reported a significantly higher rate of using formal screening tools than did male physicians. With respect to perceived barriers to screening and referral, the top rated barriers reported by participants were insufficient time to screen, a lack of familiarity with available screening tools, and long waitlists to access referral services. In addition, physician attitudes were found to significantly predict reported screening and referral behaviour, independent of physician gender and age. Specifically, GPs with more favourable attitudes towards early identification and GPs with stronger feelings of self-efficacy in identifying and screening for ASDs reported that they would conduct a greater number of best practice activities. Last, the


"Internships: Theory and Practice" focuses on the history, theory, value, design, administration, and evaluation of professional internships as an educational experience for college students. Internships are guided, pre-professional experiences that combine academic and professional components as a managed transition to professional careers. Touted by many as an educational innovation for the 21st century, internships (or experiential learning, or apprenticeships, as they once were called) have been a staple of professional preparation for centuries, dating back at least to the earliest documentation in the Middle Ages and no doubt far beyond that.Charles Sides and Ann Mrvica trace this history through primary sources to explore the development of internship experiences over the past 800 years, create an introduction to the topic of internships, and provide a foundation for modern college-corporation partnerships in professional education and training. The authors present specific guidelines and discussions on issues important to corporations, in terms of providing for internship experiences; issues important to colleges, in terms of designing and evaluating internships; and issues important to students, in terms of participating in and learning from internships.


Objective To synthesise the association of shift work with major vascular events as reported in the literature. Data sources Systematic searches of major bibliographic databases, contact with experts in the field, and review of reference lists of primary articles, review papers, and guidelines. Study selection Observational studies that reported risk ratios for vascular morbidity, vascular mortality, or all cause mortality in relation to shift work were included; control groups could be non-shift ("day") workers or the general population. Data extraction Study quality was assessed with the Downs and Black scale for observational studies. The three primary outcomes were myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and any coronary event. Heterogeneity was measured with the I2 statistic and computed random effects models. Results 34 studies in 2 011 935 people were identified. Shift work was associated with myocardial infarction (risk ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.31; I2=0) and ischaemic stroke (1.05, 1.01 to 1.09; I2=0). Coronary events were also increased (risk ratio 1.24, 1.10 to 1.39), albeit with significant heterogeneity across studies (I2=85%). Pooled risk ratios were significant for both unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for risk factors. All shift work schedules with the exception of evening shifts were associated with a statistically higher risk of coronary events. Shift work was not associated with increased rates of mortality (whether vascular cause specific or overall). Presence or absence of adjustment for smoking and socioeconomic status was not a source of heterogeneity in the primary studies. 6598 myocardial infarctions, 17 359 coronary events, and 1854 ischaemic strokes occurred. On the basis of the Canadian prevalence of shift work of 32.8%, the population attributable risks related to shift work were 7.0% for myocardial infarction, 7.3% for all coronary events, and 1.6% for ischaemic stroke. Conclusions Shift work is associated with vascular events, which may have implications for public policy and occupational medicine.


Fungi are of increasing importance in sepsis. However, culture-based diagnostic procedures are associated with relevant weaknesses. Therefore, culture- and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based fungal findings as well as corresponding plasma levels of β-d-glucan, interferon gamma (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A, and mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) were evaluated in 50 septic patients at six consecutive time points within 28 days after sepsis onset. Furthermore, immune-response patterns during infections with Candida spp. were studied in a reconstituted human epithelium model. In total, 22% (n = 11) of patients suffered from a fungal infection. An NGS-based diagnostic approach appeared to be suitable for the identification of fungal pathogens in patients suffering from fungemia as well as in patients with negative blood cultures. Moreover, MR-proADM and IL-17A in plasma proved suitable for the identification of patients with a fungal infection. Using RNA-seq., adrenomedullin (ADM) was shown to be a target gene which is upregulated early after an epithelial infection with Candida spp. In summary, an NGS-based diagnostic approach was able to close the diagnostic gap of routinely used culture-based diagnostic procedures, which can be further facilitated by plasmatic measurements of MR-proADM and IL-17A. In addition, ADM was identified as an early target gene in response to epithelial infections with Candida spp.


We present experimental observations of microjets formed by cavitation microbubbles. An underwater electric discharge, applied beneath a flat free surface, produces a primary compression wave, which undergoes several phase inversions upon reflections from the free surface and spark-bubble interface. The first reflection yields a tension wave, which produces a cloud of secondary cavitation bubbles in the liquid, some of which form microjets upon collapse. The tuning of these reflections enables an effective control of the microjet direction in the bubble cloud. All of the jets of the microbubbles between the spark bubble and free surface are directed radially away from the spark bubble. The mechanical response of an alumina plate placed between the electrodes and free surface generates a quasi-planar compression wave, which, following its multiple reflections from the free surface and plate, orients the microjets in the same direction toward the plate. These observations imply that the jet direction is determined mainly by the secondary compression wave, which is the first and thus most energetic compression wave acting on a sufficiently grown cavitation bubble.


Generally, adolescents/teenagers sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs are largely unmet in developing countries despite this group's size. This paper examines teenage girls' accessibility to reproductive health services and factors contributing to teenage pregnancy. The study on which the paper is based adopted a cross-sectional explanatory design and was conducted in Mtwara Region, Tanzania covering four secondary schools. Teenage girls in the four secondary schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus groups discussions and key informant interviews. A total of 156 people participated in the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPPS while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis.  Generally, results show that teenage pregnancy is a major problem in Mtwara and the attributing factors include poverty, culture, desire for money, peer pressure, lack of education on reproductive health issues and poor parental support. Results also show that teenagers in Mtwara lack access to youth friendly reproductive health services. Additionally, the findings show a disparity in terms of access to reproductive health services (RHS) between rural and urban teenage girls: those in the urban area had relatively more access compared with their rural counterparts. It is therefore concluded that access to reproductive health services for teenage girls is a serious challenge in Mtwara region. It is hereby recommended it is recommended that households be empowered to earn sufficient income to provide for their families, particular emphasis should be put on non-farm income generating activities. It is also recommended that youth friendly SRH services be established in the study areas; doing so will improve youth's access to the same. Keywords : Teenage, Teenage pregnancy, Youth friendly services


This document establishes an IANA registry for Level of Assurance
(LoA) Profiles. The registry is intended to be used as an aid to
discovering such LoA definitions in protocols that use an LoA concept,
including Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0 and OpenID
Connect. This document is not an Internet Standards Track
specification; it is published for informational purposes.


Background— Body fat distribution has been cross-sectionally associated with atherosclerotic disease risk factors, but the prospective relation with coronary heart disease remains uncertain. Methods and Results— We examined the prospective relation between fat distribution indices and coronary heart disease among 24 508 men and women 45 to 79 years of age using proportional hazards regression. During a mean 9.1 years of follow-up, 1708 men and 892 women developed coronary heart disease. The risk for developing subsequent coronary heart disease increased continuously across the range of waist-hip ratio. Hazard ratios (95% CI) of the top versus bottom fifth of waist-hip ratio were 1.55 (1.28 to 1.73) in men and 1.91 (1.44 to 2.54) in women after adjustment for body mass index and other coronary heart disease risk factors. Hazard ratios increased with waist circumference, but risk estimates for waist circumference without hip circumference adjustment were lower by 10% to 18%. After adjustment for waist circumference, body mass index, and coronary heart disease risk factors, hazard ratios for 1-SD increase in hip circumference were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.87) in men and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) in women. Hazard ratios for body mass index were greatly attenuated when we adjusted for waist-hip ratio or waist circumference and other covariates. Conclusions— Indices of abdominal obesity were more consistently and strongly predictive of coronary heart disease than body mass index. These simple and inexpensive measurements could be used to assess obesity-related coronary heart disease risk in relatively healthy men and women.


T HE call for more effective leadership in medicine, and specifically in anesthesiology, is not new. In 1999, Dr. Francis M. James III, in his Rovenstine lecture, outlined both the importance of leadership in medicine as well as the breadth of leadership opportunities available both inside and outside anesthesiology. Eleven years later, Dr. Peter J. Pronovost, also in his Rovenstine lecture, turned up the volume by setting out an agenda focused on accountability, performance measurement, teamwork, peer-to-peer reviews, and the need for participation from anesthesiologist-leaders in change initiatives within and outside the specialty. Driven by a heightened focus on cost reduction, quality improvement, patient safety, performance measurement, and technological innovation, anesthesiology is going through a period of upheaval. Effective leadership is essential to the success of this transformation, because leadership is all about envisioning and guiding people through change. If anesthesiology is to continue to thrive as a medical specialty within a rapidly evolving healthcare system, anesthesiologists will need to envision and manifest change beyond simply providing efficient care. The specialty is confronting what has been coined an "adaptive" challenge, i.e., a challenge for which there is no preexisting solution. Furthermore, there is evidence both inside and outside of medicine that organizations that focus exclusively on cost reduction and efficiency during times of rapid change ultimately do not fare well. As a result, anesthesiologists need to become change agents who envision, lead, and implement initiatives that ultimately result in greater patient safety, better patient outcomes, improved quality, and sustainable finances. Medicine, however, as a whole underinvests in leadership development because, according to Dr. Wiley W. Souba, a surgeon and a prolific writer about leadership, the profession is not sure where to invest or how to "prepare people for the practice of leadership." He points out that although leadership training is available, the focus on "managerial skills" fails to get at the heart of leadership. More recently, a qualitative study of emergency medicine residents at a major academic center found that the approaches to learning leadership are underdeveloped, resulting in a narrow view of leadership. What is still missing is a roadmap for cultivating leadership behaviors in clinicians and relevant tools to guide their actions. In this article, with the help of a case scenario, we propose a practical framework for turning anesthesiologists into leaders.


Fluids confined in a nanoscale space behave differently than in the bulk due to strong interactions between fluid molecules and solid atoms. Here, we observed water confined inside "open" hydrophilized carbon nanotubes (CNT), with diameter of tens of nanometers, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A 1-7 nm water film adhering to most of the inner wall surface was observed and remained stable in the high vacuum (order of 10-5 Pa) of the TEM. The superstability of this film was attributed to a combination of curvature, nanoroughness, and confinement resulting in a lower vapor pressure for water and hence inhibiting its vaporization. Occasional, suspended ultrathin water film with thickness of 3-20 nm were found and remained stable inside the CNT. This film thickness is 1 order of magnitude smaller than the critical film thickness (about 40 nm) reported by the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and previous experimental investigations. The stability of the suspended ultrathin water film is attributed to the additional molecular interactions due to the extended water meniscus, which balances the rest of the disjoining pressures.


This paper aims at providing an overview of the most relevant trade issues raised by the current agricultural domestic and trade policies of the European Union (EU) and at drawing policy implications for the future of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and for international trade negotiations. The focus of the paper is the period after the 2003 CAP reform which largely decoupled EU direct payments. The paper assesses the trade impacts of the EU policies by: a) analysing the evolution of the policy instruments and of the financial resources under Pillars 1 and 2 of the CAP; b) reviewing the theoretical literature and the empirical tools and evidence on the production and trade impacts of direct payments, market management measures and rural development policies; c) analysing the evolution of the bound, applied and preferential agricultural tariffs and of the tariff rate quotas applied by the EU; d) reviewing the theoretical literature and the empirical tools and evidence on the degree of agricultural protection provided to the EU agricultural sector by the EU multilateral and preferential tariffs, tariff rate quotas and non-tariff measures; and e) discussing the policy implications with a focus on the debate about the future of the CAP.


The Dischma is a typical high mountain valley in the alpine source area of the River Rhine. A knowledge of the daily and seasonal water balance is important for understanding and predicting the effects of climatic fluctuations on river discharge. Traditional methods of analysing the water cycle usually involve deriving evaporation from precipitation and discharge. However, in mountain regions single station precipitation and discharge data cannot simply be extrapolated to represent regional evaporation characteristics. Measurements of precipitation in mountains are both limited in accuracy and spatial representativeness in contrast to well-defined discharge data. Field measurements of evaporation in the Dischma valley recorded over five summers give a fairly accurate picture of this component over space and time. New results on the characteristics of evaporation, transpiration and condensation are obtained from automated evaporation pans, lysimeters and climatological stations. The water cycle can be defined with greater precision by measuring discharge and evaporation and deriving precipitation than the more traditional technique of deriving evaporation.


Despite intensive research, there is no clear empirical evidence to explain the evolution and persistence of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. A recent hypothesis presented by Reinhold proposes that natal homing could lead directly to the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination. According to his hypothesis, daughters are produced in rare high-quality sites (associated with higher survival rates) to which they return and use to nest, thus deriving higher fitness than sons for whom the quality of the natal patch does not affect their reproductive output if they survive to maturity. We performed an initial empirical evaluation of several assumptions and predictions of this hypothesis as applied to painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), using data from five consecutive nesting seasons, on a major nesting beach. Females were somewhat philopatric to microgeographic sites and to vegetation cover types within the nesting beach, consistent with one of the assumptions of Reinhold's hypothesis. The variables we examined that influence hatchling fitness (predation, hatching success and sex ratio) were not stable at microgeographic nesting sites or at vegetation cover types. Predation was repeatable within females, whereas hatching success and sex ratio were not. Contrary to Reinhold's hypothesis, females did not nest more frequently in open sites (which tend to produce more females) than in patches with more vegetation (which tend to produce more males). Furthermore, preferred nest sites (as measured by nest density) did not produce predominantly females. However, nests with higher hatching success tended to produce slightly more females (although the magnitude of this effect was very small). Therefore, Reinhold's hypothesis is not applicable to C. picta at the level studied – that is, within a nesting beach over a 5 year period – because most of the essential conditions were not met by our data.


A series of donor–acceptor type trans-A2B2 porphyrins and their Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes 5–13 have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The effect of the donor moieties (e.g., N-butylcarbazole, N-butylphenothiazine, and triphenylamine) on the spectroscopic properties of the porphyrins has been studied. The structural changes indeed affected the optical and electrochemical properties of these porphyrins. Higher energy shifts of the Soret bands were observed for porphyrins upon varying the donor moieties. The electrochemical studies of all the derivatives indicated increased interactions between the donor groups and the porphyrin core, which in turn are reflected in the anodic shifts in their reduction potentials. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies revealed effective energy transfer (EET; up to 87%) from donor groups to the porphyrin core in the porphyrins, 5–10. The palladium(II) porphyrin complexes, 11–13, showed characteristic phosphorescence in the near IR region. Density functional theory (DFT) studies support the presence of donor–acceptor interaction between the porphyrin core and the meso-substituents in the dyads. Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) studies showed that in 5, 8 and 11, the transitions are of π → π* type; whereas in the other molecules viz.6, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 13 intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is involved in all the respective highest intensity absorption transitions.


Abstract Presentation of different party / program standpoints by political parties in the political scene during the mankind history has influenced the fact that the political parties have played an irreplaceable role in the establishment of democracy. In this article we will discuss the empirical validity of the views of Kosovar political parties in relation to the process of European integration, because party attitudes can often be transformed into state attitudes. In order to give an answer to this complex phenomenon, qualitative methods such as content and document analysis and interviews will be used in order to gather and analyze the data found. The findings of this article are very significant because, based on the analysis of party documents and the responses received from the interviews, we can conclude that the views of Kosovar political parties have not only prioritized European integration but also linked them with the idea of functioning of a modern state. In this regard, the importance of this research is related to the facts and a realistic situation to understand the complexity and the importance of the integration and transformation processes. In this context, the views of Kosovar political parties go beyond the themes of European integrations, they actually link this concept to a much wider dimension of social transformation, because it includes fundamental democratic values. In this form, by such standpoints, political parties transmit to Kosovo society an interethnic and religious awareness and tolerance.


The aim with the current study was to investigate whether coaching could help to reduce perceived stress in the workplace. Part I of the study measured stress before and after coaching comparing a coaching (N=16) and a control group (N=15) in a sample of employees from a UK fmancial organisation. The results showed that the coaching did not significantly reduce stress. Part II of the study investigated the relationship between coaching and stress. Employees from the UK fmance organisation and from a Scandinavian telecommunications organisation participated (N=103). Stress levels were measured after coaching in a coaching and control group. Multiple regression analyses showed that participation in coaching did not have a relationship with lower stress levels. Nevertheless, high levels of coaching effectiveness were reported by the participants in both Part I and II of the study. Thus, the coaching appeared to be effective at tackling the specific issues targeted in coaching while failing to significantly reduce levels of stress. Part III of the study used a qualitative methodology. Employees from the participating organisations were interviewed about their experiences of coaching (N=9). The interviews were analysed by using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and four main themes emerged: management of stress - coaching helped to reduce stress indirectly; the coaching relationship - this relationship was found to be very important; confidence - coaching helped to increase confidence; and coaching = investment in staff - the provision of coaching was viewed as a sign that the employer cared for and valued their employees. The purpose of the case study was to outline the therapeutic intervention with a client suffering from workplace stress in a primary care setting. A cognitive behavioural approach (Beck, 1976; Beck, 1995) was used, and, accordingly, the therapeutic interventions focused on the client's cognitions, moods, behaviour and physiology. In addition, the client's work situation was explored and organisational stressors were identified. The critical literature review investigated literature relating to the impact of gender on the level of workplace stress. Many of the studies indicate that women report higher levels of stress, however, several studies report no difference between the genders. Furthermore, research and theory concerning working women and the stressors 'multiple roles', 'lack of career progress', and 'discrimination and stereotyping' were also reviewed. The evidence for the adverse effects of these stressors is inconsistent. Gaps and limitations of the research are discussed.


This study characterizes the location and subtype of peptide YY (PYY) receptors in rat and rabbit kidney and the effect of PYY on renal function and renal hemodynamics in rats. Receptor autoradiography performed on kidney sections revealed a dense concentration of specific high-affinity binding sites [dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM] in the papilla of the rat, as well as cortical and papillary binding in the rabbit (papilla, Kd = 1.6 +/- 0.6 nM) and some medullary binding in both species. In the rat papilla, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the Y1 agonist [Leu31,Pro34]NPY competed with PYY for binding (Kd = 1.1 +/- 0.4 nM and 1.6 +/- 0.5 nM, respectively), but NPY-(13-36) (Y2 agonist) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP, Y4 agonist) were without effect, demonstrating that the PYY receptor in the rat papilla is of the Y1 subtype. In the rabbit papilla, NPY and NPY-(13-36) competed with PYY (Kd = 0.5 +/- 0.1 and 3.1 +/- 0.6 nM, respectively), but [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and PP were without effect, evidence that the PYY receptor in the rabbit papilla is of the Y2 subtype. Infusion of PYY into rats (47 pmol x kg(-1) x min[-1]) increased mean arterial pressure (103 +/- 6 to 123 +/- 8 mmHg) and decreased renal plasma flow (13 +/- 1.8 to 8.4 +/- 2.1 ml/min) but produced no significant change in glomerular filtration rate or sodium excretion. Injection of PYY or angiotensin II directly into the renal artery caused a dose-related vasoconstriction, which was less intense but of longer duration for PYY than for angiotensin II. These results show that receptors for PYY are widely distributed in the kidney and that exogenously administered PYY causes renal vasoconstriction and may influence renal sodium excretion.


This thesis presents a study of transcendent experiences (TXs) — experiences of connection with something greater than oneself — focusing on what they are, how artefacts support them, and how design can contribute to that support. People often find such experiences transformative, and artefacts do support them — but the literature rarely addresses designing artefact support for TXs. This thesis provides a step toward filling that gap.

The first phase of research involved the conduct and analysis of 24 interviews with adults of diverse spiritual perspectives, using constructivist Grounded Theory methods informed by relevant literature and by studies performed earlier in the PhD programme. Analysis found that TXs proceed in three phases — creating the context, living the experience, integrating the experience — and that artefacts support two phases and people desire enhancements to all three. This TX framework supports and extends experience structures from the literature: it recognises the top-level categories as phases in a cycle where integration may alter future contexts, and it extends the structure of TX by incorporating the relationships of artefacts and of enhancement desires to the phases of these experiences. This extended structure constitutes a grounded theory of transcendent user experience (TUX).

The second phase involved the design and conduct of three "Transcendhance" game workshops for enhancing transcendence, which incorporated themes from the grounded theory and aimed to elicit design ideas in an atmosphere of imagination, fun, and play. Participants sketched 69 speculative ideas for techno-spiritual artefacts, and analysis mapped them to TX phases and identified possible extensions inspired by relevant research. The great majority of ideas mapped to the phase Creating the Context, with very few mapping to Living the Experience, which suggests that context may be easier than lived experience to understand and address directly. This point is especially important for experiences such as TX that are tricky to define, impossible to arrange or anticipate, and thus unsuitable for straight-forward "classic" user experience methods.

The final phase involved the elaboration of workshop ideas to explore the extension of design fiction for TUX. Analysis related design fiction to the TX phases and suggested features that affect design ideas' potential for TUX design fiction. This phase ended with the proposal and analysis of three new forms of design fiction — extended imaginary abstracts, comparative imaginary abstracts, and design poetry — using workshop ideas to illustrate the forms, their construction and use, and their benefits to TUX design.

Transcendhance workshops and TUX design fictions approach techno-spiritual design peripherally, "sneaking up" on lived experience by addressing context and enabling the consideration of ineffable experience through storytelling, metaphors, and oblique imagery.

This thesis combines the grounded theory of transcendent user experience with the Transcendhance workshop process and new forms of design fiction, presenting peripheral design as a promising strategy for facilitating design to enhance transcendent experience.


Maurice Ravel was born in March 7th 1875 in Ciboure, village near Spanish border. In his early childhood, he moved to Paris. His father - Joseph Ravel - had Swiss background, and was a highly skilled engineer and inventor. His mother - Maria Delouart (Ravel) - had Basque origin from a notable family. His brother - Edouard Ravel - became engineer like his father. Maurice remained close to him all their lives.Ravel's music talent was early expressed. At the age of 7 he started both piano and harmony lessons under Henry Ghys. When he was 14 he enrolled the Paris Conservatory, surprisingly not getting very good marks, and even got temporarily expelled. When he came back, he continued his studies with Gabriel Faure. Although they were 40 years apart, they became great friends. Ravel was a student of Paris Conservatory for 14 years, composing several pieces. He entered the competition for The Prix de Rome five times but never won. It was an annual award of a fouryear studentship, won by competition, and available to unmarried Frenchmen under thirty. Among those who had won it were Berlioz, Gounod, Bizet, Massenet, and Debussy. It was regarded as prestigious and guaranteed the winner a moderate regular income for four years.In 1901, he composed his first masterpiece 'Jeux d'eau' (dedicated to Faure). He noticed: "... Chabrier, Satie, Saint Saens and Mozart have the greatest influence on my music ... ". At first, he was an admirer of Debussy, they probably influenced each other as the two most prominent protagonists of the French and international musical impressionism. The public considered them rivals. Around 1902, when Ravel was in his twenties, he joined an avant-garde group of artists, writers and musicians known as the "Apaches". They used to meet regularly on Saturdays and various members of the group became the long-term friends of Ravel. In 1905, he started as a freelance musician, mostly sponsored and helped by his parents. Next decade, when he was in his 30s, he was at his most productive. He showed his own style and taste for sharply defined ideas and closed formal units and impressed the world with grand virtuosity of his piano music. Ravel's works show his fascination with things temporally or geographically distant: historical musical styles - post-Schubertian Valses nobles et sentimentales, imagination of childhood - Ma mere l'oye, eastern influence - Sheherezade, both Ancient Greece and 18th century French classicism - Daphnis and Cloe, repeatedly Spanish - Rapsodie espagnole, L'heure espagnole. Spanish influence became obvious in 1907. He had never spent much time in Spain, but his mother had grown up in Madrid. She had sung the theatre and folk songs of her youth around their home. Those songs had been important to Maurice. Ravel wrote three "Spanish" pieces specifically for the orchestra: Rhapsodie, La Valse, and Bolero. The Ballet Russes were important introducing him to Stravinsky. They collaborated on a version of Musorgsky's Khovanshchina. Igor Stravinsky was impressed with Ravel - described him as a "Swiss watchmaker" -"...Maurice is a per-fectionist in his compositional process, paying scrupulous attention to detail... ". He began international conceit tours, starting in England in 1909. On one trip to England, he met the author Joseph Conrad, who gave him a gift of cigarettes. Ravel became a very heavy smoker. Sometimes his biggest worry on some of his foreign tours was how to get the French cigarettes he loved so much. During his life he also misused alcohol, especially liqueurs.In 1914, Europe was thrown into war. Ravel became a truck driver, sent to the Verdun front. He named his truck Adelaide. They had many exciting and dangerous encounters together during that time. In his cheery letters home, he described those adventures with Adelaide - and he signed each letter "Driver Ravel". After the war, Ravel bought a house - in Montfort l'Amaury, a little French town west of Paris, he fixed it up and named it Belvedere. …


The recent advances in the computer based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tools in the study of airflow behavior in the nasal cavity have opened an entirely new field of medical research. This numerical modeling method has provided both engineers and medical specialists with a clearer understanding of the physics associated with the flow in the complicated nasal domain. The outcome of any CFD investigation depends on the appropriateness of the boundary conditions applied. Most researchers have employed plug boundary condition as against the pull flow which closely resembles the physiological phenomenon associated with the breathing mechanism. A comparative study on the effect of using the plug and pull flow boundary conditions are evaluated and their effect on the nasal flow are studied. Discretization error estimation using Richardson's extrapolation (RE) method has also been carried out. The study is based on the numerical model obtained from computed tomographic data of a healthy Malaysian subject. A steady state Reynold averaged Navier–Stokes and continuity equations is solved for inspiratory flow having flow rate 20 L/min representing turbulent boundary conditions. Comparative study is made between the pull and plug flow model. Variation in flow patterns and flow features such as resistance, pressure and velocity are presented. At the nasal valve, the resistance for plug flow is 0.664 Pa-min/L and for pull flow the value is 0.304 Pa-min/L. The maximum velocity at the nasal valve is 3.28 m/s for plug flow and 3.57 m/s for pull flow model.


BACKGROUND
Influenza vaccinations are currently recommended in the care of people with COPD, but these recommendations are based largely on evidence from observational studies with very few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported. Influenza infection causes excess morbidity and mortality in COPD patients but there is also the potential for influenza vaccination to cause adverse effects or not to be cost effective.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the evidence from RCTs for a treatment effect of influenza vaccination in COPD subjects. Outcomes of interest were exacerbation rates, hospitalisations, mortality, lung function and adverse effects.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials, and reference lists of articles. References were also provided by a number of drug companies we contacted.

SELECTION CRITERIA
RCTs that compared live or inactivated virus vaccines with placebo, either alone or with another vaccine in persons with COPD. Studies of people with asthma were excluded.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers extracted data. All entries were double checked. Study authors and drug companies were contacted for missing information.

MAIN RESULTS
Eleven trials were included but only six of these were specifically performed in COPD patients. The others were conducted on elderly and high-risk individuals, some of whom had chronic lung disease. Inactivated vaccine in COPD patients resulted in a significant reduction in the total number of exacerbations per vaccinated subject compared with those who received placebo (weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.37, 95% confidence interval -0.64 to -0.11, P = 0.006). This was due to the reduction in "late" exacerbations occurring after three or four weeks (WMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.18, P = 0.0004). In Howells 1961, the number of patients experiencing late exacerbations was also significantly less (odds ratio 0.13, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.45, P = 0.002). Both Howells 1961 and Wongsurakiat 2004 found that inactivated influenza vaccination reduced influenza -related respiratory infections (WMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.48, P = 0.0005). In both COPD patient and in elderly patients (only a minority of whom had COPD), there was a significant increase in the occurrence of local adverse reactions in vaccinees, but the effects were generally mild and transient. There was no evidence of an effect of intranasal live attenuated virus when this was added to inactivated intramuscular vaccination. The studies are too small to have detected any effect on mortality. An updated search conducted in September 2001 did not yield any further studies. A search in 2003 yielded two further reports of the same eligible study Gorse 2003. A search in 2004 yielded two reports of the another eligible study Wongsurakiat 2004. The author informed us of another report of the same study Wongsurakiat 2004/2.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
It appears, from the limited number of studies performed, that inactivated vaccine reduces exacerbations in COPD patients. The size of effect was similar to that seen in large observational studies, and was due to a reduction in exacerbations occurring three or more weeks after vaccination, and due to influenza. There is a mild increase in transient local adverse effects with vaccination, but no evidence of an increase in early exacerbations.


Major strategic issues facing the global thermoelectric sector include environmental regulation, climate change and increasing electricity demand. We have addressed such issues by modeling thermoelectric generation in the Northeastern United States that is reliant on cooling under five sensitivity tests to evaluate losses/gains in power production, thermal pollution and suitable aquatic habitat, comparing the contemporary baseline (2000–2010) with potential future states. Integral to the analysis, we developed a methodology to quantify river water availability for cooling, which we define as an ecosystem service. Projected climate conditions reduce river water available for efficient power plant operations and the river's capacity to absorb waste heat, causing a loss of regional thermoelectric generation (RTG) (2.5%) in some summers that, compared to the contemporary baseline, is equal to the summertime electricity consumption of 1.3 million Northeastern US homes. Vulnerabilities to warm temperatures and thermal pollution can be alleviated through the use of more efficient natural gas (NG) power plants that have a reduced reliance on cooling water. Conversion of once-through (OT) to cooling tower (CT) systems and the Clean Water Act (CWA) temperature limit regulation, both of which reduce efficiencies at the single plant level, show potential to yield beneficial increases in RTG. This is achieved by obviating the need for large volumes of river water, thereby reducing plant-to-plant interferences through lowering the impact of upstream thermal pollution and preserving a minimum standard of cooling water. The results and methodology framework presented here, which can be extrapolated to other regional assessments with contrasting climates and thermoelectric profiles, can identify opportunities and support decision-making to achieve more efficient energy systems and riverine ecosystem protection.


ABSTRACT The output of interdisciplinary research is unexpected that one particular field cannot reach with his/her own expertise. In traditional architectural workflow, computational tools associated with performance simulation are utilized during the later stage of the design process following the concept design. However, this reduces the efficiency by alterations of the conceptual model. Based on the fact that material, form and performance aspects of design can be integrated together, by specifying their parameters, rules and relationships as observed in natural systems, a Material-based Integrated Computational Design Model (MICD-m) in architecture is developed combining architectural design with biology, material science, mathematics, mechanical engineering, structural engineering and computer science for the early stage use in architectural design. A custom-designed user interface, database and reports are included in the MICD-m, designed as a plug-in for a 3D geometric modelling tool. The MICD-m is tested with a case study in parametric modelling environment.


This issue of Frontiers of CLTS shares and builds on the learning from a desk study that explores examples of men's and boys' behaviours and gender roles in sanitation and hygiene (S&H). Of particular interest is the extent to which the engagement of men and boys in S&H processes is leading to sustainable and transformative change in households and communities and reducing gendered inequality. The review focuses on men and boys: how to engage them (or not), how to mobilise them as allies in the transformation of S&H outcomes and the problems they contribute to and experience.


Meta-analyses indicate the efficacy of positive psychology interventions in promoting well-being. But, despite accumulating empirical and anecdotal evidence of these interventions' implementation in real-world settings, no review of effectiveness research exists. Accordingly, we identified 40 positive psychology intervention effectiveness trials targeting adults, and scored their reporting using the practice-friendly RE-AIM tool which assesses five dimensions of intervention utility: Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance. Reporting levels varied substantially: reporting on Reach scored 64%; Efficacy scored 73%; Adoption scored 84%; Implementation scored 58%; and Maintenance scored 16%. Within these five dimensions, reporting on participation rates, methods to select delivery agents, differences between participants and non-participants, programme maintenance and costs, was particularly sparse. The studies involved 10,664 participants, approximately half required specialist delivery, and 12 were researcher delivered. To maximize the potential of PPIs for population health promotion, expanded reporting on effectiveness trials is required. Recommendations to assist this process are offered.


This paper aims at unveiling the roots of integration-induced trade effects for MERCOSUR. For this purpose, its methodology combines previous dummy-variables- and continuous variable approaches to identifying trade creation and trade diversion effects in a gravity model framework. Applying a straightforward accounting exercise to the integration-induced trade effects which are found for MERCOSUR en bloc, two results are central: Firstly, with sectoral exceptions, I generally identify pure trade creating effects on the import side but also find trade diversion with associate countries when refining extra-bloc country status. Secondly, while extra-bloc import growth seems to be driven predominantly by non-tariff determinants, trade creation in pooled commodity imports for the largest fraction stems from differences in the tariff treatment between trading partners.


Current estimates of global halocarbon emissions highlight the tropical coastal environment as an important source of very short-lived (VSL) biogenic halocarbons to the troposphere and stratosphere, due to a combination of assumed high primary productivity in tropical coastal waters and the prevalence of deep convective transport, potentially capable of rapidly lifting surface emissions to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. However, despite this perceived importance, direct measurements of tropical coastal biogenic halocarbon emissions, notably from macroalgae (seaweeds), have not been made. In light of this, we provide the first dedicated study of halocarbon production by a range of 15 common tropical macroalgal species and compare these results to those from previous studies of polar and temperate macroalgae. Variation between species was substantial; CHBr 3 production rates, measured at the end of a 24 h incubation, varied from 1.4 to 1129 pmol g FW −1 h −1 (FW = fresh weight of sample). We used our laboratory-determined emission rates to estimate emissions of CHBr 3 and CH 2 Br 2 (the two dominant VSL precursors of stratospheric bromine) from the coastlines of Malaysia and elsewhere in South East Asia (SEA). We compare these values to previous top-down model estimates of emissions from these regions and, by using several emission scenarios, we calculate an annual CHBr 3 emission of 40 (6–224 Mmol Br −1 yr), a value that is lower than previous estimates. The contribution of tropical aquaculture to current emission budgets is also considered. Whilst the current aquaculture contribution to halocarbon emissions in this regional is small, the potential exists for substantial increases in aquaculture to make a significant contribution to regional halocarbon budgets.


Most previous studies on burglars' target selection assumed a rational cognitive state on the part of the burglar. However, if different arousal factors affected the rational model of decision making with respect to burglars' target selection, the explanatory power of such a model could be regarded as limited. The goal of this study was to determine to what extent that burglary decision making was distorted or short-circuited by arousal. An in-depth interview with fifty-two burglars using a purposive sampling was employed to suit the specific needs of the study. The results showed that when a subject was under the influence of alcohol, or allowed himself to be, in whichever form, swayed by a partner or partners, his rational decision making processes were undermined.


The acute angulation of Roux-en-Y (R-Y) limb precludes endoscopic access for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) even using a balloon enteroscopy. Here, we describe a case of successful single balloon enteroscopy (SBE)-assisted ERCP using a rendezvous technique in a patient with sharply angulated R-Y limb in a 79-year-old woman who had bile duct stones. Method. At first, a guidewire was passed antegradely through the major papilla after the needle puncture using percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage technique. A hydrophilic guidewire with an ERCP catheter was antegradely advanced beyond the Roux limb. After a guidewire was firmly grasped by a snare forceps, it was pulled out of the body, resulting that the enteroscope could advance to the papilla. After papillary dilation, complete removal of bile duct stones was achieved without any procedure-related complication. In conclusion, although further study is needed, SBE-assisted ERCP using a rendezvous technique may have a potential for selected patients.


Smart antenna is recognized as promising technologies for higher user capacity in third generation (3G) wireless networks. The core of this technology is the selection of smart algorithms in adaptive array. As signals are received from each antenna element, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) algorithm computes the angle of arrival of all impinging signals. A systematic study and comparison of the performance of two famous Eigen structure based DOA algorithms known as the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and the Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) has been extensively studied in this research work. Simulation results revealed that MUSIC algorithm exhibits high resolution, but it can be computationally intensive. Whereas ESPRIT algorithm also provides the high resolution of MUSIC, but it does not require a costly search and can be used with different array geometries.


In this dissertation, a set of general purpose single-field finite-difference time-domain updating equations for solving electromagnetic problems is derived. The formulation uses a single-field expression for full-wave solution. This formulation can provide numerical results similar to those obtained using the traditional formulation with less required computer resources. Traditional finite-difference time-domain updating equations are based on Maxwell's curl equations whereas the single-field updating equations used here are based on the vector wave equation. General formulations are derived for normal and oblique incidence plane wave cases for linear, isotropic, homogeneous and non-dispersive as well as dispersive media. To compare the single-field updating equations with the traditional ones, twodimensional transverse magnetic, two-dimensional transverse electric and one-dimensional electromagnetic problems are solved. Fields generated by a current sheet and a filament electric current are calculated for one and two-dimensional formulations, respectively. Performance analyses of the single–field formulation in terms of CPU time, memory requirement, stability, dispersion, and accuracy are presented. Based on the simulations of several two-dimensional problems excited by a filament of electric current, it was observed that the single-field method is more efficient than the traditional one in terms of speed and memory requirements. One scattering problem consisting of three infinitely long dielectric cylinders excited by an obliquely incident plane wave and another scattering problem consisting of a point source exciting a dispersive sphere, utilizing Lorentz-Drude model, are also formulated and analyzed. The numerical results obtained confirmed the validity and efficiency of the single–field formulations. A SINGLE-FIELD FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN FORMULATION FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATIONS By Gokhan Aydin B.S. in EEE, Gaziantep University, 2005 M.S. in EE, Syracuse University, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of Syracuse University May 2011 © Copyright 2011 Gokhan Aydin All rights reserved


Abstract Self-replicating nanorobots were foreseen in technological dreams and visions whose scientific ground found solid criticism from chemical and physical reasoning. If one, however, views such constructs as three-dimensionally defined noncovalent nanoscaffolding of a multitude of modular functions whose array is replicatable in a nonautonomous way, many pieces of technology needed for their implementation became recently available. Gold cluster-labeled molecules were remotely controlled by GHz radio frequency causing local and selective inductive heating, and monoconjugable thermostable gold clusters will become commercially available soon. Charged molecules were electrophoretically steered and manipulated on the surface of microelectrode array chips. Surface-promoted replication and exponential amplification of DNA analogs (SPREAD) may find particular applications for the cloning and copying of informational nanostructures on the surface of such chips. Synthetic trisoligonucleotidyl junctions were reported as covalent building blocks for noncovalent DNA nanostructures, and it was shown that kinetic control during noncovalent synthesis favors small and defined nanostructures instead of polymeric networks. Very recently, it was demonstrated that functionalized DNA nanoscaffolds with stiff tensegrity such as tetrahedra self-assemble from maximally instructed sets of 3- or [3+1]-arm junctions, and that the connectivity information in such nanoscaffolds can be copied. The implications of these developments are discussed with respect to a possible implementation scheme for the issue of the title.