International criminal law, for much of its history, has been a law characterized by dissents. However, international law scholarship has largely ignored the role of the dissenting opinion in shaping the discourse of international criminal law. This Article critically examines the nature and function of dissents at international criminal tribunals at a particularly crucial moment in the life of these courts, when the project of establishing accountability of mass atrocity through criminal trials is increasingly under attack. The Article argues that the dissenting opinion is a crucial legal device that can have a transformative potential in international criminal adjudication through its creation of a civic space for contestation that paradoxically shores up the legitimacy of the international criminal trial. To this end, it constructs a discrete category of dissenting opinions at international criminal courts: "radical dissents". The content and rhetorical style of a radical dissent enables actors invested in the project of international criminal justice to use it as a vital dissentient voice both within and outside the courtroom. Agents who operate within the confines of the legal trial, such as defendants, lawyers, appellate chambers, and future judges, may channel its authority to challenge the idiom in which the majority judgment speaks. Likewise, the radical dissent could provide a legal language through which academics, victims, civil society, and other affected communities continue to grapple with constructing and coming to terms with events that defy human understanding.


The structure and mixing dynamics of shallow tropical reservoirs was investigated using data collected in the Kranji Reservoir in Singapore. Water temperature data spanning a 2 month period in 2007 shows that diurnal cycles of stratification and destratification were formed in various locations in the reservoir. Temperature stratification of 0.5°C to 3.5°C was formed during the daylight hours and reduced nightly when cooling occurred. Substantial horizontal redistribution of heat was also observed between the side arms and the main body of the reservoir. The Kranji's dynamics can be summarized in terms of three physical forcing regimes: a solar radiation—dominated regime, a windy regime, and a cold inflow regime. We delineate the three physical forcing regimes by two potentially useful dimensionless numbers that quantify the relative influences of surface heating, wind stirring, and inflow buoyancy fluxes. For most of the measurement period (88% of the data record), the solar radiation—dominated regime characterized the hydrodynamics. In spite of the dominance of solar radiation in setting local stratification, it is shown that Kranji Reservoir is a three‐dimensional system in which there can be significant variations in temperature in the vertical and along‐reservoir directions, as determined by cold inflow events, differential heating, and reservoir releases. Moreover, the data suggest that the dynamical balance of the Kranji system is sensitive to small forcing events, with the timescales of stratification and mixing as short as a day or less.


Three neurologists have called on health secretary Jeremy Hunt to intervene after a drug company withdrew off label use of its drug alemtuzumab for patients with multiple sclerosis ahead of trial results into its efficacy.

The doctors said they are disappointed by the actions of Genzyme, a subsidiary of the multinational drug company Sanofi. One called the company "morally corrupt" for disrupting the treatment of patients in favour of future profits.

Genzyme funded two trials of alemtuzumab that were published in the Lancet .1 2 These found that alemtuzumab dramatically cut the relapse rate compared with the current most effective treatment, interferon beta-1a.

Researchers from the University of Cambridge announced that they had found the best treatment yet for multiple sclerosis, which had a "transformative" effect on patients. Alemtuzumab could be suitable for up to two …


The Black Panther Party suffers from a distorted image largely framed by television and print media, including the Panthers' own newspaper. These sources frequently reduced the entire organization to the Bay Area where the Panthers were founded, emphasizing the Panthers' militant rhetoric and actions rather than their community survival programs. This image, however, does not mesh with reality. The Panthers worked tirelessly at improving the life chances of the downtrodden regardless of race, gender, creed, or sexual orientation. In order to chronicle the rich history of the Black Panther Party, this anthology examines local Panther activities throughout the United States---in Seattle, Washington; Kansas City, Missouri; New Orleans, Louisiana; Houston, Texas; Des Moines, Iowa; and Detroit, Michigan. This approach features the voices of people who served on the ground---those who kept the offices in order, prepared breakfasts for school children, administered sickle cell anemia tests, set up health clinics, and launched free clothing drives. The essays shed new light on the Black Panther Party, re-evaluating its legacy in American cultural and political history. Just as important, this volume gives voice to those unsung Panthers whose valiant efforts have heretofore gone unnoticed, unheard, or ignored.


Due to limited water resources and the increasing demand for agricultural products, it is significantly important to operate surface water reservoirs optimally, especially those located in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper investigates uncertainty-based optimal operation of a multi-purpose water reservoir system by using four optimization models. The models include dynamic programming (DP), stochastic DP (SDP) with inflow classification (SDP/Class), SDP with inflow scenarios (SDP/Scenario), and sampling SDP (SSDP) with historical scenarios (SSDP/Hist). The performance of the models was tested in Zayandeh-Rud Reservoir system in Iran by evaluating how their release policies perform in a simulation phase. While the SDP approaches were better than the DP approach, the SSDP/Hist model outperformed the other SDP models. We also assessed the effect of ensemble streamflow predictions (ESPs) that were generated by artificial neural networks on the performance of SSDP/Hist. Application of the models to the Zayandeh-Rud case study demonstrated that SSDP in combination with ESPs and the K-means technique, which was used to cluster a large number of ESPs, could be a promising approach for real-time reservoir operation.


peripheral with unrelated CBT, particularly in the context of HLA mismatch and a T-replete graft,mayreduceleukemicrelapse.TostudytheroleofCBTcellsinmediatinggraft-versus-tumor responses and dissect the underlying immune mechanisms for this, compared the ability of HLA-mismatched CB and adult peripheral blood (PB) T cells to eliminate Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven human B-cell lymphoma in a xenogeneic numbersofPBTcells,leadingtoimprovedsurvivalintheCBgroup( P < .0003).Comparison of CB T cells that were autologous vs allogeneic to the lymphoma demonstrated that this antitumor effect was mediated by alloreactive rather than EBV-specific T cells. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes demonstrated that CB T cells mediated this enhanced antitumor effect by rapid infiltration of the tumor with CCR7 1 CD8 1 T cells and prompt induction of cytotoxic CD8 1 and CD4 1 T-helper (Th1) T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, in the PB group, this antilymphoma effect is impaired because of delayed tumoral infiltration of PB T cells and a relative bias toward suppressive Th2 and T-regulatory cells. Our data suggest that, despite being naturally programmed toward tolerance, reconstituting T cells after unrelated T-replete CBT may provide superior Tc1-Th1 antitumor effects against high-risk hematologic malignancies. ( Blood 2015;126(26):2882-2891)


AIM
Social media has transformed the interaction between healthcare professionals and consumers, yet research of its use in dietetics is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of dietetic user networks on use of social media and test the applicability of a social media metrics tool to determine influential users.

METHODS
An online survey about social media use and practices based on the scientific literature was developed and implemented online with dietitians. Feasibility of a social media metrics analysis was conducted via Twitter using the NodeXL metrics tool to determine influential dietetic networks based on four measures of network centrality (betweenness, eigenvector, closeness and degree).

RESULTS
The survey (n = 340) revealed social networking sites were the most widely used (by user) (n = 282) and micro-blogging was the most regularly used (by frequency of use). Among respondents who used social media in a professional capacity (n = 130), the greatest benefit was communicating internationally and remotely while the delivery of health care was of least benefit. The majority of respondents (87.3%) indicated their primary efforts were to maintain e-professionalism. Time restraints (18.6%) and not knowing where to start (18.6%) were common barriers to use. Highly influential connections between users were observed from network visualisations of dietitians in Australia and the United States.

CONCLUSIONS
Professional use of social media among dietitians needs to be monitored over time for shifts of influential networks. Influential users from key networks can be identified from metrics analyses and should be engaged via professional bodies to upskill new users.


The purpose of this experiment is to determine the role of KU70, a nuclear gene, in maintaining mitochondrial DNA in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the budding yeast. The mitochondrion is an organelle in eukaryotes that produces much of the ATP used by a cell. ATP, or adenosine-triphosphate, is a molecule within a cell that provides energy for cellular functions via its high energy holding phosphate bonds. Mitochondria have their own genomes, separate from nuclear DNA, which encodes many proteins needed for cellular respiration. Mutations can occur in the mitochondria of humans that could result in decrease or loss of mitochondrial function, which leads to neuromuscular or neurodegenerative diseases. The KU70 gene is actually a subunit of a heterodimer that works in coordination with KU80. These genes function in the stability of the genome during DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and telomere maintenance. The goal of this project is to determine the effects caused by the loss of KU70 on the mitochondrial stability. By completing two different assays, respiration loss and direct repeat-mediated deletion (DRMD), the role of the gene can be predicted. The respiration loss assay showed a 1.4-fold decrease (p=0.027) in spontaneous respiration loss compared to the wild type strain. The rate of DRMD events in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes showed 1.42-fold decrease (p= 0.014) in spontaneous mutation rates in nuclear DNA and a 1.69-fold decrease (p=0.075) in mitochondrial DNA compared to the wild type. Finally, the Burkhart 6 induced-DRMD assay showed a 1.23-fold decrease (p=0.029) in homologous recombination events compared to the wild type. These results suggest that Kuindependent end joining may be a more efficient repair pathway and promote mitochondrial stability.


Plants have been doing it with ease for millions of years, and yet science has yet to fully comprehend how: Photosynthesis. It's a fundamental process of all plant life on Earth, using the simple and abundant ingredients of water and light to create food and enrich the planet's atmosphere with life-giving oxygen. In this talk, Professor Yachandra discusses how understanding the process of photosynthesis holds the key to a whole new level of mastery of how energy is produced, with enormous implications for the economy and the environment.


The practice of Corporate Sustainability Management (CSM) is to believed strongly associated with management attitudes about the relationship of corporate sustainability management and corporate social responsibility. This literature review provides comprehensive indications that the CSM is an important management issue, complex and global nature. It is not apart from the company's position as a business institution that is able to influence and influenced by social conditions and environmental and position of management dilemma in meeting its profit and social responsibilities. CSM states that to survive in the long term, the management should have a balance between financial, social and environmental performance. The paradox attitude indicates economic interests are still the main reference in determining attitudes and policies of CSM. This article explores factors that determines the success of CSR program, which is corporate sustainability management. Using literature reviews, this article presents that at least there are five factors that should be met as a successful condition for the practice of CSM, namely: (1) the amount of commitments of shareholder to encourage the management engaged in solving social and environment issues, (2) the strength of humanist paradigm adopted by the management, (3) the ability of management achieves higher level sustainability performance, (4) the ability of management builds and run a strong sustainability culture that reflects the principles of sustainability properly and (5) the ability of management builds mutually beneficial collaboration with the economic stakeholders.


Abstract Hydrodynamic stability of round viscous fluid jets is considered within the framework of the non-modal approach. Both the jet fluid and surrounding gas are assumed to be incompressible and Newtonian; the effect of surface capillary pressure is taken into account. The linearized Navier–Stokes equations coupled with boundary conditions at the jet axis, interface and infinity are reduced to a system of four ordinary differential equations for the amplitudes of disturbances in the form of spatial normal modes. The eigenvalue problem is solved by using the orthonormalization method with Newton iterations and the system of least stable normal modes is found. Linear combinations of modes (optimal disturbances) leading to the maximum kinetic energy at a specified set of governing parameters are found. Parametric study of optimal disturbances is carried out for both an air jet and a liquid jet in air. For the velocity profiles under consideration, it is found that the non-modal instability mechanism is significant for non-axisymmetric disturbances. The maximum energy of the optimal disturbances to the jets at the Reynolds number of 1000 is found to be two orders of magnitude larger than that of the single mode. The largest growth is gained by the streamwise velocity component.


SUMMARYThe number and distribution of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) pollen grains on the bodies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and a solitary bee (Centris tarsata) were studied. There was a significant difference between the number of pollen grains found on the bodies of male and female C. tarsata and A. mellifera foragers. Female C tarsata carried twice as much pollen as A mellifera foragers. It is shown that cashew pollen was selectively distributed on a pollinator's body and that it had little mobility on the bodies of the bees, tending to remain on the body parts upon which it was initially deposited. Areas of the body of the bee which had greater densities of cashew pollen had also touched cashew stigmas, supporting suggestions that A. mellifera and C. tarsata are effective cashew pollinators. It is suggested that for plant species with pollen deposition on and reception from localized areas of a floral visitor, displacement of their pollen over the entire visitor's body reduces its efficiency as a...


[F]DPA-714 [N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2[F]-fluoroethoxy)phenyl) 5,7dimethylpyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide] is a new radioligand currently used for imaging the 18-kDa translocator protein in animal models of neuroinflammation and recently in humans. The biodistribution by positron emission tomography (PET) in baboons and the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of [F]DPA-714 were investigated in rats, baboons, and humans. Whole-body PET experiments showed a high uptake of radioactivity in the kidneys, heart, liver, and gallbladder. The liver was a major route of elimination of [F]DPA-714, and urine was a route of excretion for radiometabolites. In rat and baboon plasma, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) metabolic profiles showed three major radiometabolites accounting for 85% and 89% of total radioactivity at 120 minutes after injection, respectively. Rat microsomal incubations and analyses by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified seven metabolites, characterized as O-deethyl, hydroxyl, and N-deethyl derivatives of nonradioactive DPA-714, two of them having the same retention times than those detected in rat and baboon plasma. The third plasma radiometabolite was suggested to be a carboxylic acid compound that accounted for 15% of the rat brain radioactivity. O-deethylation led to a nonradioactive compound and [F] fluoroacetic acid. Human CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were shown to be involved in the oxidation of the radioligand. Finally an easy, rapid, and accurate method—indispensable for PET quantitative clinical studies—for quantifying [F]DPA-714 by solid-phase extraction was developed. In vivo, an extensive metabolism of [F]DPA-714 was observed in rats and baboons, identified as [F]deethyl, [F]hydroxyl, and [F]carboxylic acid derivatives of [F]DPA-714. The main route of excretion of the unchanged radioligand in baboons was hepatobiliary while that of radiometabolites was the urinary system.


Black Venus is a feminist study of the representations of black women in the literary, cultural, and scientific imagination of nineteenth-century France. Employing psychoanalysis, feminist film theory, and the critical race theory articulated in the works of Frantz Fanon and Toni Morrison, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting argues that black women historically invoked both desire and primal fear in French men. By inspiring repulsion, attraction, and anxiety, they gave rise in the nineteenth-century French male imagination to the primitive narrative of Black Venus.

The book opens with an exploration of scientific discourse on black females, using Sarah Bartmann, the so-called Hottentot Venus, and natural scientist Georges Cuvier as points of departure. To further show how the image of a savage was projected onto the bodies of black women, Sharpley-Whiting moves into popular culture with an analysis of an 1814 vaudeville caricature of Bartmann, then shifts onto the terrain of canonical French literature and colonial cinema, exploring the representation of black women by Baudelaire, Balzac, Zola, Maupassant, and Loti. After venturing into twentieth-century film with an analysis of Josephine Baker's popular Princesse Tam Tam , the study concludes with a discussion of how black Francophone women writers and activists countered stereotypical representations of black female bodies during this period. A first-time translation of the vaudeville show The Hottentot Venus, or Hatred of Frenchwomen supplements this critique of the French male gaze of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Both intellectually rigorous and culturally intriguing, this study will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of nineteenth- and twentieth-century French literature, feminist and gender studies, black studies, and cultural studies.


Denitrification in sediments is of major importance to the Baltic Sea nitrogen (N) budget. However, little is known about denitrification in the water column in the Baltic. We tested whether denitrification could be active in pelagic cyanobacterial aggregates, commonly found in the Baltic Sea during warm summer months. In these aggregates, anoxic microniches may form. Such micro-zones suggest a possibility for anaerobic processes, such as denitrification by the heterotrophic bacteria associated with the cyanobacteria. Denitrification and nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation in a cyanobacterial bloom were measured on a 3 wk cruise in the Baltic Sea in order to determine whether the Baltic Sea cyanobacterial blooms act as sources or sinks of N. Experimental conditions analogous to formation of anoxic microniches within cyanobacterial aggregates did not activate the denitrification process, even when anoxic conditions prevailed for several hours. Only in 3 cases was denitrification, measured using the 15 N-isotope pairing method, detectable, giving rates of 0.8 to 1.8 nmol N 2 l -1 h -1 . Nitrogen fixation, determined using the acetylene reduction assay, varied from 0.03 to 1.85 μmol N 2 l -1 h -1 . According to this study, the blooms of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea must be seen solely as sources, not sinks for N in the marine pelagic environment.


We develop a practical and novel method for inference on intersection bounds, namely bounds defined by either the infimum or supremum of a parametric or nonparametric function, or equivalently, the value of a linear programming problem with a potentially infinite constraint set. Our approach is especially convenient in models comprised of a continuum of inequalities that are separable in parameters, and also applies to models with inequalities that are non-separable in parameters. Since analog estimators for intersection bounds can be severely biased in finite samples, routinely underestimating the length of the identified set, we also offer a (downward/upward) median unbiased estimator of these (upper/lower) bounds as a natural by-product of our inferential procedure. Furthermore, our method appears to be the first and currently only method for inference in nonparametric models with a continuum of inequalities. We develop asymptotic theory for our method based on the strong approximation of a sequence of studentized empirical processes by a sequence of Gaussian or other pivotal processes. We provide conditions for the use of nonparametric kernel and series estimators, including a novel result that establishes strong approximation for general series estimators, which may be of independent interest. We illustrate the usefulness of our method with Monte Carlo experiments and an empirical example.


Ethiopia's energy sector faces critical challenges to meeting steadily increasing demand given limited infrastructure, heavy reliance on hydroelectric power, and underdevelopment of alternative energy resources. The main aim of this paper is to investigate an optimal least cost investment decisions for integrated energy source diversification. We seek to contribute to the relevant literature by paying particular attention to the role of public policy for promoting renewable energy investment and to better understand future energy security implication of various uncertainties. Dynamic linear programming model created using General Algebraic Modelling Systems (GAMS) software was used to explore the national energy security implications of uncertainties associated with technological and efficiency innovations, and climate change or drought scenarios. To cope with the impacts of drought on hydroelectric power production Ethiopia would need to invest in the development of alternative energy resources. This would improve sustainability and reliability, but these changes would also increase production costs. But greater technical and efficiency innovations found to improve electricity diversification, reduce production costs and shadow prices or resources scarcity; and are, thus, key for reducing the risks posed by drought and for enhancing energy security.


Privacy concern is becoming one of the most important issues for personalized online services like websites, computer software and mobile apps, especially those offered for free. In this paper, we develop a dynamic adoption model that combines new product diffusion theory with online services privacy, and seek to offer marketing strategies to maximize vendors' profit for online services. We divide the diffusion process into two steps: awareness and adoption, and assume awareness process is mainly influenced by word of mouth effect. The adoption process occurs when benefits adjusted personal information demand level (PIDL) from vendors is lower or close to privacy disclosure tolerance level (PDTL) of consumers. We get numerical solutions for this optimal control problem with two differential equations. Our findings suggest WOM effect, network externalities and the initial state of awareness proportion are effective marketing tools for vendors, and parameters or variables like marginal value for consumer information (MVI), population size and the initial state of adoption amount are less effective. Our study should be considered preliminary with limitations and extensions for future research.


Background and aim: In the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ)measures of community at workplace, horizontal and vertical trust have been developed, but the validity of the measures in a specific context as dentistry is unknown. The aim was to apply the measurements from COPSOQ to a population of general dental practitioners from Denmark and Sweden, comparing factor solutions and scoring norms to the original results. Materials and methods: In 2008, a questionnaire was sent to 1835 general dental practitioners, randomly selected among members of the dental associations in Sweden and Denmark. The response rate was 68% after two reminders. Distribution analyses of two items concerning the importance of colleagues and relationship with patients were performed. Principal Components Analysis with Varimax rotation (PCA) was applied to seven COPSOQ items on trust and two on community together with three new developed questions. The analyses were performed for the total sample and for subgroups according to gender, country, employment sector and managerial responsibility. Results: The PCA resulted in two stable factors, interpreted as "trust" and "hindered information flow". Conclusions: The suggested concepts from COPSOQ: vertical and horizontal trust and community could not be reproduced in the present study. Consequently, the constructs cannot be regarded as valid for small enterprises as dentistry in Sweden and Denmark. The authors wish to acknowledge the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, Malmo University and The Danish Dental Association for financial support.


This paper is intended as a technical overview of the research and development work initially undertaken at the University of Manchester and subsequently transferred to the University of Leicester as part of the EPSRC-funded SCORE project (Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity supply). The objectives of the work were twofold: Firstly, to develop an early demonstrator of a low-power electricity generator (to deliver approximately 10–20 W of electricity). This was to be based on the concept of using low-cost materials, working fluids and linear alternators suitable for deployment in rural areas of developing countries. The issues of concern here were the development of a suitable thermoacoustic engine topology and control measures; design of suitable heat exchanger configurations from initial use of electrical heaters to heat input through propane combustion; and characterisation of commercial loudspeakers to work as linear alternators and subsequent incorporation of selected models for engine prototyping purposes. These matters will be illustrated by a number of demonstrators and their testing in the laboratory environment. Secondly, to develop a demonstrator of a combustion driven thermoacoustic cooler for storage of vital medical supplies in remote and rural areas where there is no access to electricity grid. To this end, the paper will describe the design, construction and test results of an electrically driven demonstrator of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine coupled to a travelling wave thermoacoustic cooler. The final part of the paper will summarise the achievements to date and outline future work that has spun out from the original SCORE project. This will in particular include the current work on a scaled up version of electricity generator designed to deliver 100 W of electricity by using a two-stage engine configuration and the issues of integration of the thermoacoustic electricity generator and thermoacoustic cooler into one system.


The mobility of the node plays a crucial role in route discovery process for Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET). Typically, the high-speed node affects the routing process in terms of packet relay, packet delivery. In this paper, we propose a mobility prediction model FMPM using Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method for estimating futuristic speed values of the nodes in MANET. The ARIMA is a time series forecasting approach using autocorrelations of the data. The ARIMA model applied to mobile nodes for predicting its future speeds in the network. This prediction supports the route discovery process for selection of moderate mobility nodes, which provides the reliable routing with the nodes. The nodes are trained by ARIMA model using neural network time-series tool of Matlab. Roughly, each node trained about 10 iterations. Simulation results show that the forecasted values almost match with the simulated node speed values. Performance analysis of the predicted mobility values exhibits the enhancement of current methodology compared to other works in terms of performance metrics such as mean square error, covariance, and computation overhead. FMPM yields more perfection in the speed prediction of a mobile node with a maximum of 80-100 % throughout the time series.


Professional counselors have the task of helping individuals cope with a vast range of mental health and developmental issues. In 2015, approximately 43 million Americans over the age of 18 had experienced a mental health issue within the past year (SAMHSA, 2015). Recognizing that there are a growing number of mental health counselors entering the field each year (CACREP, 2016; U.S. Department of Labor, 2017), it is important that counselor training programs take steps to ensure that trainees are prepared to provide competent counseling services. Researchers and scholars (Auxier, Hughes, & Kline, 2003; Greason & Cashwell, 2009; Skovholt & McCarthy, 1988; Skovholt & Ronnestad, 2003) have determined many factors that influence counselor development. One such factor, counselor self-efficacy (CSE), seems imperative to counselor development (Goreczny, Hamilton, Lubinski, & Pasquinelli, 2015; Kozina, Grabovari, De Stefano, & Drapeau, 2010; Larson & Daniels, 1998; Lent et al., 2009; Lent, Hill, & Hoffman, 2003). Further, attachment anxiety and avoidance may be important in the development of CSE. Accordingly, it is important to understand the influence of attachment anxiety and avoidance on trainee's counselor self-efficacy during training because trainees with elevated attachment-related anxiety and/or avoidance may experience negative consequences on their development as counselors. Mindfulness training however, may be key to increasing CSE and buffering the effects of attachment anxiety and/or avoidance. Researchers have examined the relationship between attachment and counselor self-efficacy (Marmarosh et al., 2013; Smothers, 2009), mindfulness and counselor self-efficacy (Greason & Cashwell, 2009), and attachment strategies and mindfulness (Caldwell & Shaver, 2013; Davis, Morris, & Drake, 2016; Walsh, Balint, Smolira, Fredericksen, & Madsen, 2009). To date, however, researchers had not considered how the three may interact. The purpose of this study was to address an important gap in the counselor training literature by examining whether mindfulness moderates the relationships between attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and CSE among trainees. The researcher implemented a correlational design, using multiple regression and multiple regression with the interaction term in order to explore the relationships among attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, mindfulness, and counselor self-efficacy. Bivariate correlations were found among several of the variable including mindfulness and CSE, attachment avoidance and CSE, mindfulness and attachment anxiety, and mindfulness and attachment avoidance. Although mindfulness did not emerge as a predicted moderator variable findings from this study support previous researchers findings that mindfulness is related to CSE. Implications for counselor educators and counselor trainees are discussed.


Elementary classrooms are full of children's literature. The classroom libraries hold stories of adventure, fantasy, and mystery and are the home of many beloved characters from the past and present. Children read these stories and relate to these characters every day. The roles that these characters hold and the behaviors that they have, often serve as the model for children to personify. The problem is that most male characters have typical masculine traits such as being the hero of a situation and saving the damsel in distress. And female characters often have the typical female traits such as being the one who is weak and in need of help from the male. Children who read about these characters begin to think that this is normal behavior and that it isn't acceptable to stray from the roles that these characters represent. For my comprehensive essay, I examine gender roles in children's literature and the implications that these gender roles have on students and instruction in the elementary classroom. Children relate to story characters as they read books and begin to develop gender schemas at a young age. These characters and plot lines of a story help shape a child's view of gender in society and help to shape their own developing gender role. I observed the changes in gender throughout history, looking at other gender studies done in 1971, 1985, and 1998. Through the research of these   previous studies, I found that gender roles in children's literature reflect societal roles of the time period in which they were published. I concentrated my research on the Newbery award winning books, because they are the symbol of quality children's literature. They are found in almost every classroom and school library and they are the books that teachers rely on to be examples of the best children's literature each year. By looking at the winners over time, I was able to see that the gender roles have evolved since the award began in 1922. Because a study has not been done since 1998, I looked at the past ten years (1998-2008) to see what roles and issues were significant in these recent titles. While male and female characters were represented equally, relevant topics such as single parent homes and cancer occurred in the recent winners. This essay also addresses learners and learning, the learning environment, curriculum, and assessment in the classroom in terms of gender roles in literature and what implications there are in the field. Teachers have opportunities to expose their students to gender neutral characters and plot lines by putting books in their classroom that have both traditional and progressive gender roles. Children will be able to decide what their gender role is in society by being exposed to progressive roles in the classroom. Show full item record


The article reflects the results of an empirical research conducted in the travel agency «Voyage» in Gatchina in order to reveal the preferences of its customers about weekend routes to Saint Petersburg for the spring of 2016 and their willingness to pay for the service of the travel agency via online payment services. The authors describe the most perspective areas for routes in St. Petersburg in the spring of 2016 and specific examples. The research contains recommendations concerning implementation of online payment services of the travel agency.


Despite recent advances in prosthetics and assistive robotics in general, robust simultaneous and proportional control of dexterous prosthetic devices remains an unsolved problem, mainly because of inadequate sensorization. In this paper, we study the application of regression to muscle activity, detected using a flexible tactile sensor recording muscle bulging in the forearm (tactile myography—TMG). The sensor is made of 320 highly sensitive cells organized in an array forming a bracelet. We propose the use of Gaussian process regression to improve the prediction of wrist, hand and single-finger activation, using TMG, surface electromyography (sEMG; the traditional approach in the field), and a combination of the two. We prove the effectiveness of the approach for different levels of activations in a real-time goal-reaching experiment using tactile data. Furthermore, we performed a batch comparison between the different forms of sensorization, using a Gaussian process with different kernel distances.


The Early Cretaceous New England-Quebec igneous province is a classic example of postrift magmatism along the eastern North American passive margin. Although a suite of 40Ar/39Ar ages has been available for the Monteregian Hills lobe in the Quebec portion of the New England-Quebec igneous province for many years, only a single high accuracy radiometric age has been published for the Burlington lobe and none for the Taconic lobe in the New England portion of the province. As a result, the timing of and driving mechanisms behind the magmatism have remained unresolved, and a hotspot origin for the entire province persists in the literature. We have dated four dikes and one pluton in the Burlington and Taconic lobes using 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb geochronology to improve understanding of the age of magmatism in the New England portion of the province. In the Burlington lobe, 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages include a 137.55 ± 1.80 Ma biotite age and a 136.9 ± 4.2 Ma amphibole age for a lamprophyre dike from Charlotte, Vermont, and a 133.6 ± 2.2 Ma biotite age for a lamprophyre dike from Colchester, Vermont. In the Taconic lobe, ages include an 40Ar/39Ar plateau amphibole age of 107.09 ± 1.32 Ma for a lamprophyre dike from Castleton, Vermont, a 122 Ma minimum 40Ar/39Ar biotite age for a lamprophyre dike from Poultney, Vermont, and a 103.13 ± 0.53 Ma LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age from the quartz syenite of the Cuttingsville complex. These results show that magmatism spanned at least 35 Ma, from ∼138 to 103 Ma, which is broadly consistent with the span of magmatism suggested by workers in the 1970s and 1980s based on K–Ar and Rb–Sr ages. This extended span of magmatism for the Burlington and Taconic lobes is in contrast to the brief 1 to 2 Ma episode of magmatism at ∼124 Ma inferred for the Monteregian Hills lobe. The New England-Quebec igneous province has traditionally been attributed to passage of the Great Meteor hotspot. However, given the close proximity of the Burlington and Taconic lobes, the magmatism in these lobes should span only a few Ma if the product of a hotspot. The age data are also difficult to reconcile with a more complex expression of hotspot magmatism in continental lithosphere related to either plume head magmatism or long-distance migration of plume material. Instead, the extended duration of Early Cretaceous New England-Quebec igneous province magmatism in New England may represent an expression of edge-driven convection, a process known to occur along passive margins and inferred to be operating beneath the eastern North American margin today.


1. Adrenaline was infused at a rate of 25 ng min-1 kg-1 into seven healthy volunteers and its effects on adipose tissue were studied by microdialysis. 2. Adrenaline infusion led to a rapid rise in plasma adrenaline concentration from a basal value of 0.15 +/- 0.03 nmol/l to a peak value of 1.82 +/- 0.15 nmol/l within 30 min (analysis of variance: P < 0.001). Plasma noradrenaline levels increased from the basal value of 1.48 +/- 0.21 nmol/l to 1.78 +/- 0.20 nmol/l within 30 min of infusion (analysis of variance: P < 0.05). Once the infusion was stopped the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels returned to basal values within 15 min. 3. The arterialized blood glycerol concentration increased from the basal value of 47 +/- 6 mumol/l to 101 +/- 8 mumol/l (analysis of variance: P < 0.001), and the interstitial glycerol concentration increased from 181 +/- 17 mumol/l to 350 +/- 47 mumol/l (analysis of variance: P < 0.001) within 30 min of adrenaline infusion. Thereafter the concentrations declined gradually towards basal values. When the infusion was discontinued the levels declined further, below the basal value. 4. Adrenaline infusion caused a significant increase in the plasma glucose and blood lactate concentration (analysis of variance: P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), but no such effect was observed in the interstitial concentrations. 5. The basal dialysate concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were 43 +/- 37 pmol/l and 1170 +/- 430 pmol/l respectively. There were difficulties in estimating the absolute interstitial concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline which are discussed. The dialysate adrenaline concentration increased to a peak value of 112 +/- 48 pmol/l (analysis of variance: P < 0.05) within 30 min. The dialysate noradrenaline concentration increased to a peak value of 2830 +/- 1470 pmol/l, but the rise was not significant. 6. These results show that the interstitial concentrations of metabolites and hormones can be significantly different from those of blood and plasma and these differences reflect tissue specialization.


Deriving gradient algorithms for time-dependent neural network structures typically requires numerous chain rule expansions, diligent bookkeeping, and careful manipulation of terms. In this paper, we show how to derive such algorithms via a set of simple block diagram manipulation rules. The approach provides a common framework to derive popular algorithms including backpropagation and backpropagationthrough-time without a single chain rule expansion. Additional examples are provided for a variety of complicated architectures to illustrate both the generality and the simplicity of the approach.


Purpose
There is substantial research on the experiences, needs and well-being of unaccompanied refugee adolescents, but less is known about existential aspects of their lives. The purpose of the current study is to explore existential meaning-making among unaccompanied refugee children.

Design/methodology/approach
The informants in this study are young unaccompanied refugees (n = 30) living in Norway, and young Norwegians (n = 46). The authors undertook a secondary analysis of in-depth qualitative refugee interview data and a quantitative analysis of questionnaire data from Norwegian informants.

Findings
Both the refugee youths and the Norwegian youths expressed that social relationships and connections to others were most important for meaning. Moreover, both groups emphasized the importance of relatedness and generativity, i. e. commitment to worldly affairs beyond one's immediate needs. The main differences between the two groups were related to the significance attached to religion and to loneliness.

Research limitations/implications
The comparison between the two groups is only possible to some degree. Secondary analyses have some limitations, as well as strengths.

Practical implications
The findings may be useful for supporting young refugees, as they provide insights into less-studied aspects of their lives.

Originality/value
The originality of this study lies in the focus on and broad interpretation of meaning, of secondary data analyses, and of comparisons between youths that are refugees versus non-refugees.


This study looked into tree-growing behavior of rural households in Ethiopia. With data collected at household and parcel levels from the four major regions of Ethiopia, we analyzed the decision to grow trees and the number of trees grown, using such econometric strategies as a zero-inflated negative binomial model, Heckman's two-step procedure, and panel data techniques. Our findings show the importance of analysis at the parcel level in addition to the more common household-level. Moreover, the empirical analysis indicates that the determinants of the decision to grow trees are not necessarily the same as those involved in deciding the number of trees grown. Land certification, as an indicator of tenure security, increases the likelihood that households will grow trees, but is not a significant determinant of the number of trees grown. Other variables, such as risk aversion, land size, adult male labor, and education of household head, also influence the number of trees grown. In general, the results suggest the need to use education and/or awareness of the role and importance of trees and point out the importance of household endowments and behavior, such as land, labor, and risk aversion, for tree growing. Finally, we observed that, while tree planting is practiced in all four regions covered, there are variations across regions.


About the book: Recent decades have witnessed the transition from the government of rural areas towards processes of governance in which the boundaries between the state and civil society are blurred. As a result, governance is commonly linked to 'bottom-up' or community-based approaches to planning and development, which are said to 'empower' rural citizens and liberate them from the disabling structures of top-down government control. At the same time, however, a range of other actors beyond the local level have also become increasingly influential in determining the future of rural spaces, thereby embedding rural citizens within new configurations of power relations.
This book critically explores the social causes and consequences of these emerging governance arrangements. In particular, the book seeks to move beyond questions of empowerment in governance debates and to consider how new kinds of power relations arise between the various actors involved. The book addresses questions concerning the nature of power relations in contemporary forms of rural governance, including: how community participation is negotiated and achieved; the effects of such participation upon the formulation and delivery of rural policies; the kinds of conflicts that arise between various stakeholder groups and the capacity of each group to promote its interests; and the prospects of this new approach for enhanced democratic governance in rural areas.


Indoor location-based services (LBS), such as POI search and routing, are often built on top of typical indoor spatial queries. To support such queries and indoor LBS, multiple techniques including model/indexes and search algorithms have been proposed. In this work, we conduct an extensive experimental study on existing proposals for indoor spatial queries. We survey five model/indexes, compare their algorithmic characteristics, and analyze their space and time complexities. We also design an in-depth benchmark with real and synthetic datasets, evaluation tasks and performance metrics. Enabled by the benchmark, we obtain and report the performance results of all model/indexes under investigation. By analyzing the results, we summarize the pros and cons of all techniques and suggest the best choice for typical scenarios.


Mitochondrial DNA sequences isolated from ancient dog remains from Latin America and Alaska showed that native American dogs originated from multiple Old World lineages of dogs that accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait. One clade of dog sequences was unique to the New World, which is consistent with a period of geographic isolation. This unique clade was absent from a large sample of modern dogs, which implies that European colonists systematically discouraged the breeding of native American dogs.


This interview begins the Lifetime Achievement in Counseling Series at TPC that will present an annual interview with a seminal figure who has attained outstanding achievement in counseling over a career. Although there are many people in counseling who deserve to be designated as the first interviewee, I am honored to present the inaugural interview of Dr. Theodore P. Remley, Jr. I have known Ted for 25 years and consider him to be a mentor, a colleague and foremost, a friend. His contributions to the counseling profession, from teaching, research and scholarship to mentoring and introducing students to the globalization of counseling, is laudable. Dr. Neal Gray and Lindsay Kozak are no less worthy in accepting my editorial assignment of interviewing Dr. Remley. What follows are thought-provoking reflections from an outstanding counseling leader and visionary. —J. Scott Hinkle, Editor


INTRODUCTION ERA can be viewed as a cultural problem, and analyzed according to what anthropologists and social historians call "material culture": the tools, implements, and various material products of a culture. ERA can be examined from the perspective of a narrow segment of the university, the Office of Sponsored Projects (OSP) or the Post-Awards Office (PAO), which can help us understand some of the complexities involved in implementing ERA. Other dimensions of academic culture also should be explored. A detailed picture of the complex culture of public higher education will provide an understanding of cultural impediments and inducements affecting the implementation of ERA. Culture includes behavior, attitudes, values, and institutions as well as language and ideology. The more complex a culture, the greater its diversity. Complex cultures are not homogeneous; the balance between conflict and consensus is always precarious. Cultures include stratification systems, often based on the distribution of wealth. Diversity, exacerbated by an unequal distribution of wealth, means that on careful examination, cultures that appear unitary are really a collection of subcultures. This is the case with American higher education, where such parameters as public or private status and level of wealth tend to define subcultures. Institutions pioneering the implementation of ERA often are drawn from the ranks of leading private universities, endowed with financial and technical resources (including personnel), and led by people with vision and political skill. Institutions that have spent vast sums developing in-house systems for ERA are role models only for institutions with the same level of resources. Informal conversations with participants at ERA workshops reveal that many research administrators are impressed by the achievements of elite institutions, but depressed because they cannot imagine how these lessons could be applied at their institutions. At the March NCURA workshop, a panelist from a major West Coast university was asked how much had been spent on reengineering research administration. The answer brought laughter from the audience: between $1 million and $2 million, exclusive of the medical school and college of engineering. Perhaps the most striking example of cultural diversity occurred at the San Diego workshop, when an administrator from a well-funded Midwestern university was asked how he secured the support of his superiors to implement ERA. The question had no meaning. Support was not problematic at that university; it was a given. But for those closer to the mean, or several standard deviations away, it is very much an issue. Listen carefully to informal conversations at workshops. Repeatedly, they center on the lack of support from top administrators, and a feeling of helplessness because of the difficulty communicating with senior leadership. Knowing the culture of state universities and state colleges is invaluable in effectively marketing ERA. While painted in broad strokes, the following may help ERA champions understand cultural factors that prevent implementation of ERA, as well as the factors that can be turned to its advantage. Higher education in the United States is diverse. Material, administrative, and technical resources are not uniformly distributed. While elite institutions are blessed with adequate, if not superior, technological support, other institutions make do with less. A show of hands at a session at the March NCURA workshop suggested that many participants still used 386 microprocessors. The recommendation from the panelists - get new high-end machines - was not really helpful. One audience member responded, "Will you pay for them?" HIGHER EDUCATION CULTURES Let us begin by looking at an important segment of the academic population. Administrators preside over a diverse and remarkably independent faculty. …


Adsorption properties of silica gel have been attributed to the surface hydroxyl groups of silica gel. Some hydroxyl groups are free standing and called free silanol groups. Some are hydrogen bonded to neighbouring silanol groups. Christy has shown that a high silanol number and a balanced concentration proportionality between these two different types of hydroxyl groups is necessary for effective adsorption of water molecules. Thermal treatment of silica gel samples alters the proportions of these groups and the above fact was investigated by using thermally treated silica gel samples. Two silica gel samples of varying surface areas and silanol numbers were dried under vacuum at 200 o C and their adsorption characteristics were followed by using NIR spectroscopy. Then the samples were subjected to heating at 350, 450, 600 degrees to cause changes in the concentrations of the surface silanol groups and their surface and adsorption characteristics were followed. The results clearly indicate that the heating process both remove free and hydrogen bonded silanol groups and alter the ratio between the two. Furthermore, the heating causes reduction in silanol umber and upsets the balance in the proportionality of the silanol groups for effective adsorption of water molecules.


This master's thesis presents an algorithm for homing and docking of NTNU's AUV, REMUS 100. Such an algorithm would ease the retrieval of the AUV and facilitate for future underwater docking missions. The homing phase of the algorithm steers the AUV safely close to the docking station, where the docking phase takes over until the AUV is successfully docked. After docking, communication can be established and batteries charged, while the AUV is securely held in place. For this to happen, the algorithm needs to be complex and address guidance, navigation and control systems. The Digital Ultra-short Baseline (DUSBL) and Long Baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning systems are both considered for the homing and docking task. Only one transponder is used in the acoustic system, namely the one mounted on the docking station. This motivated to create a particle filter for position estimation from range-only LBL measurements. The REMUS 100 AUV simulator, AUVSim, was used to make all simulations. AUVSim was extended with a homing/docking block that could simulate LBL/DUSBL measurements, as well as the homing and docking algorithm. Results from simulations show that the DUSBL sensor with the proposed algorithm is suitable for autonomous homing and docking. Simulations also showed that a particle filter which used range-only data from the LBL sensor was able to dock successfully. A mission conducted on Trondheimsfjorden June 2, 2016, made clear that the acoustic ping rate and LBL settings need modifications before LBL docking is possible in real life. The ping rates were too low and the LBL sensor did not get any measurements close to the transponder. LBL homing was still possible in AUVSim when adjusting the simulations to the real ping rates.


A large collection of time series poses significant challenges for classical and neural forecasting approaches. Classical time series models fail to fit data well and to scale to large problems, but succeed at providing uncertainty estimates. The converse is true for deep neural networks. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model that incorporates the benefits of both approaches. Our new method is data-driven and scalable via a latent, global, deep component. It also handles uncertainty through a local classical Gaussian Process model. Our experiments demonstrate that our method obtains higher accuracy than state-of-the-art methods.


"Comprehensive Renewable Energy" is the only multi-volume reference work of its type at a time when renewable energy sources are seen increasingly as realistic alternatives to fossil fuels. As the majority of information published for the target audience is currently available via a wide range of journals, seeking relevant information (be that experimental, theoretical, and computational aspects of either a fundamental or applied nature) can be a time-consuming and complicated process. "Comprehensive Renewable Energy" is arranged according to the most important themes in the field (photovoltaic technology; wind energy technology; fuel cells and hydrogen technology; biomass and biofuels production; hydropower applications; solar thermal systems: components and applications; geothermal energy; ocean energy), and as such users can feel confident that they will find all the relevant information in one place, with helpful cross-referencing between and within all the subject areas, to broaden their understanding and deepen their knowledge. It is an invaluable resource for teaching as well as in research. Available online via SciVerse ScienceDirect and in print. Editor-in Chief, Professor Ali Sayigh (Director General of WREN (World Renewable Energy Network) and Congress Chairman of WREC (World Renewable Energy Congress, UK) has assembled an impressive, world-class team of Volume Editors and Contributing Authors. Each chapter has been painstakingly reviewed and checked for consistent high quality. The result is an authoritative overview which ties the literature together and provides the user with a reliable background information and citation resource. The field of renewable energy counts several journals that are directly and indirectly concerned with the field. There is no reference work that encompasses the entire field and unites the different areas of research through deep foundational reviews. "Comprehensive Renewable Energy" fills this vacuum, and can be considered the definitive work for this subject area. It will help users apply context to the diverse journal literature offering and aid them in identifying areas for further research. Research into renewable energy is spread across a number of different disciplines and subject areas. These areas do not always share a unique identifying factor or subject themselves to clear and concise definitions. This work unites the different areas of research and allows users, regardless of their background, to navigate through the most essential concepts with ease, saving them time and vastly improving their understanding. There are more than 1000 references from books, journals and the internet within the eight volumes. It is full of color charts, illustrations and photographs of real projects and research results from around the world. The only reference work available that encompasses the entire field of renewable energy and unites the different areas of research through deep foundational reviews. Allows readers, regardless of their background, to navigate through the most essential concepts with ease, saving them time and vastly improving their understanding.


Desalination is an integral component of water supply for many cities and regions around the globe. Although, desalination can offer a rainfall independent source of water and provide social benefits, it is energy intensive compared to conventional water sources and can have significant impacts upon the environment. Therefore an interdisciplinary approach is required when planning for water supply by desalination. A life cycle assessment of a desalination supply chain can be integrated into an optimisation framework to simultaneously consider all possible planning alternatives and find the combination of planning decisions that optimizes environmental and economic objectives. This thesis aimed to develop a desalination supply chain optimization life cycle framework to analyze the economic and environmental impacts and trade-offs for alternative planning scenarios. The framework used life cycle assessment and a levelised cost model to quantify and compare the supply chain environmental and economic impacts for a range of planning scenarios. The framework incorporated a mixed integer linear programming model to determine optimal planning decisions such as water capacity expansion of each type of desalination technology over a planning horizon, and optimal locations of new desalination plants while considering interdependencies among water distribution and treatment processes. The framework was tested for future seawater reverse osmosis desalination planning in the northern metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia over the next 20 years.

Results indicated that, a decentralised desalination supply system with small and medium-sized SWRO plants integrated into the Perth metropolitan area could achieve a lower environmental and economic impact, when compared to a centralised supply system with a large desalination plant located far from final demand. Improving seawater quality by introducing beach well intake - a mature intake technology for smaller-sized plants - could further promote the decentralised supply system environmental and economic performance. The capital expenditure contribution to total cost for the treatment facilities in the decentralised supply system was found to be higher than for the centralised supply system. However, this was outweighed by the significant water distribution pipeline construction and operational expenditure savings and also the operational expenditure savings associated with lower chemical and electricity use in the beach well plants. Construction phase contribution to treatment facilities life cycle environmental impact for the decentralised supply system was found to be higher than for the centralised supply system due to diseconomy of scale in smaller-sized plants. However, this was outweighed by significant water distribution pipeline construction and operational environmental impacts savings. Smaller plants with beach well intake benefit from operational environmental impact savings associated with lower chemical and electricity use. Multi-staged construction of successive small plants compared to single-stage construction of a large plant provided better economic outcomes due to lower interest costs. However, multi-staged construction led to higher environmental impacts associated with diseconomy of scale in the plant construction phase.

The case study provided numerous insights that were only possible through the use of a life-cycle optimization framework. For example, in desalination planning for a metropolitan area with land scarcity for siting new plants, the factors of supply system configuration, land-use patterns, environmental impacts and economic costs are highly inter-related and decision makers can consider these as a whole rather than considering each separately. The transparency and flexibility of the framework allows professionals from different disciplines to test the scenarios in a quantitative manner, to understand potential planning implications.


The increasing availability of cloud computing and scientific super computers brings great potential for making R accessible through public or shared resources. This allows us to efficiently run code requiring lots of cycles and memory, or embed R functionality into, e.g., systems and web services. However some important security concerns need to be addressed before this can be put in production. The prime use case in the design of R has always been a single statistician running R on the local machine through the interactive console. Therefore the execution environment of R is entirely unrestricted, which could result in malicious behavior or excessive use of hardware resources in a shared environment. Properly securing an R process turns out to be a complex problem. We describe various approaches and illustrate potential issues using some of our personal experiences in hosting public web services. Finally we introduce the RAppArmor package: a Linux based reference implementation for dynamic sandboxing in R on the level of the operating system.


Offering in-depth yet accessible coverage, Cummings's HUMAN HEREDITY PRINCIPLES AND ISSUES, Eighth Edition, draws from the most current research in genetics as it presents the latest challenges facing physicians, researchers, and society. Designed for the introductory genetics or heredity course, this concise, well-written, and well-illustrated text combines thorough coverage with a superior supplement and media package that offers a wealth of study tools--including the customized learning paths of CengageNOW . The new eighth edition includes streamlined art, chapter sidebars that address everyday issues, and numerous cases that help you analyze tough decisions. Written by a widely respected genetics authority, HUMAN HEREDITY PRINCIPLES AND ISSUES is known for its student-friendly presentation that introduces complex topics and important concepts with precise logic, without oversimplifying. Demonstrating the process of science while focusing on basic genetics concepts, the text gives you a working knowledge of heredity without the rigorous scientific/quantitative details. It discusses the various genetic services that are now developing--highlighting the social relevance and real-world applications to your other courses and personal life. Emphasizing relevant issues, the text equips you with the insight to make informed decisions about your personal health and public policy, as well as teaches you how to recognize genetic disorders, their causes, and their patterns of inheritance."


Medicine was developed to exert influence on the evolution of individuals to solve involution processes that are a consequence of diseases or that trigger diseases. That is why the essential functionality of "curing/healing" is homologous to the functionality of evolution. This study establishes the necessary structural knowledge and the epistemological framework to empower the development of drugs and therapeutics, following the nature of evolution processes.
Medicine, as a science, is materialized by two curing principles that were discovered by Hippocrates, which are homologous with the principles that regulate evolution. These principles are "similia similibus curentur" (like cures like) and "contraria contrariis curentur" (opposite cures opposite). This defines the triadic functionality of Medicine. This research does not include surgical medicine.
Both principles are materialized in functions. While the principle of "like cures like" works based on the use of external catalysts that provide the necessary energy focused on the need that has to be fulfilled to recover health, on the other hand, the "opposite cures opposite" principle is based on medical objects that are introduced into the system.


Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a novel endoscopic procedure first developed in the 1990s which enables en bloc resection of gastric neoplastic lesions that are difficult to resect via conventional endoscopic mucosal resection. However, given that ESD increases the risk of intra- and post-ESD delayed bleeding and that platelet aggregation and coagulation in artificial ulcers after ESD strongly depend on intragastric pH, faster and stronger acid inhibition via proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) as well as endoscopic hemostasis by thermocoagulation during ESD have been used to prevent ESD-related bleeding. Because PPIs more potently inhibit acid secretion than H2RAs, they are often the first-line drugs employed in ESD treatment. However, acid inhibition after the initial infusion of a PPI is weaker in the early phase than that achievable with H2RAs; further, PPI effectiveness can vary depending on genetic differences in CYP2C19. Therefore, optimal acid inhibition may require tailored treatment based on CYP2C19 genotype when ESD is performed, with a concomitant infusion of PPI and H2RA possibly most effective for patients with the rapid metabolizer CYP2C19 genotype, while PPI alone may be sufficient for those with the intermediate or poor metabolizer genotypes.


The optical gradient force provides optomechanical interactions, for particle trapping and manipulation, as well as for near-field optical imaging in scanning probe microscopy. Based on recent spectroscopic experiments, its extension and use for a novel form of chemical scanning probe nano-imaging was proposed. Here, we provide the theoretical basis in terms of spectral behavior, resonant enhancement, and distance dependence of the optical gradient force from numerical simulations in a coupled nanoparticle model geometry. We predict an asymmetric line shape of the optical gradient force for molecular electronic or vibrational resonances, corresponding to the real part of the dielectric function of the sample materials. Yet the line shape can become symmetric and absorptive for collective polaritonic excitations. The corresponding magnitudes of the force range from fN to pN, respectively. The distance dependence scales considerably less steeply than simple point dipole model predictions due to multipole effects. The combination of these characteristics of the optical gradient force offers the chance to experimentally distinguish it from competing processes such as thermal expansion induced forces. In addition we provide a perspective for further resonant enhancement and control of optical forces.


As substantial numbers of new electric generation facilities are added to the U.S. grid, transmission congestion can be expected to correspondingly intensify, particularly in the high-growth urban areas already experiencing serious congestion problems. This increasing transmission congestion will present new risks to electric power project developers and their lenders. When generation resources encounter congested paths in their regional transmission grids, the resultant barriers can thwart the achievement of the market prices that both developers and lenders either contract for or optimistically anticipate. Just as traffic congestion on U.S. highways threatens to constrict the nation's economic development, electric transmission constraints threaten to complicate the development of new generation assets. Assessing these power congestion risks and the need to design action programs to mitigate these risks is the subject of this article.


A new algorithm is proposed for novel-view synthesis, with particular application to teleconferencing. Given the video streams acquired by two cameras placed on either side of a computer monitor, the proposed algorithm synthesises images from a virtual camera in arbitrary position (typically located within the monitor area) to facilitate eye contact. The new technique is based on an improved, dynamic-programming, stereo algorithm for efficient novel-view generation. The two main contributions of this paper are: i) a new four-layer matching graph for dense-stereo dynamic-programming, that supports accurate occlusion labeling; ii) a compact geometric derivation for novel-view synthesis by direct projection of the minimum-cost surface. Furthermore, the paper presents an algorithm for the temporal maintenance of a background model to enhance the rendering of occlusions and reduce temporal artefacts (flicker); and a cost aggregation algorithm that acts directly in three-dimensional matching cost space. The proposed algorithm has been designed to work with input images with large disparity range, a common situation in one-to-one video-conferencing. The enhanced oc-clusion-handling capabilities of the new DP algorithm are evaluated against those of the most powerful state-of-the-art dynamic-programming and graph-cut techniques. A number of examples demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm to artefacts in stereo video streams. This includes demonstrations of cyclopean view synthesis in extended conversational sequences, synthesis from a freely translating virtual camera and, finally, basic 3D scene editing.


In the digital age, the old rules of marketing and branding are in desperate need of overhaul. Word of mouth has evolved to word of type as customers promote or deride products and services to a massive Internet audience at a moments notice.Any misstep away from the brand message becomes a catastrophe as companies are no longer afforded the luxury of tweaking their message as a commercial, ad, or story develops, resulting in damage control that not only costs the brand money, but also costs customer support, hurting a brand's image and integrity. In The Edge, Allen Adamson examines how the leading brands of today maintain their dominance in the market utilizing the strategies put forth in his previous books BrandSimple and BrandDigital. Adamson succinctly accounts specific challenges facing the biggest brands of today, from major companies like Apple and General Mills to celebrity brands like Lady Gaga and Jay Z. He reveals the guiding principles employed to ensure the message stays focused, remains clear, and continues to drive a brand to the top of the market.


Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a dispersed interferometric technology used to obtain tomographic images, typically of tissue for medical applications. OCT is a competing technology with confocal microscopy (CM) and confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM), which are both used for biopsy imaging for pathology as the gold standard. OCT offers several advantages over CM/CFM: it is able to acquire a full 3D image in a single pass, it requires little or no sample preparation time, and the axial (depth) and lateral (transverse) resolution are not dependent on one another. SD-OCT is limited in imaging depth to a few millimetres due to the quality performance of the spectrograph section of the instrument–that which determines the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system. In this thesis a design for an SD-OCT system is presented that is suitable for biopsy imaging for pathological studies, i.e. an OCT microscope. The purpose of this system is to provide a fast diagnosis to be made in a surgical environment to reduce the amount of tissue removed from a patient and lower the chance of a returned visit at a later date due to insufficient tissue removal. The secondary purpose of the SD-OCT microscope is to serve as a research testbed system for implementing novel hardware advancements. One such technology, called an optical pupil slicer (OPS), will be implemented in the instrument to improve the depth imaging performance of the SD-OCT system over conventional SD-OCT systems. The OPS is a device that generally improves the performance of a dispersive-type spectrograph by increasing the spectral resolution without a loss in throughput, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system.


The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the relative antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and some polyphenol contents in selected Nigerian vegetable foods. The flavouoid contents varied from 1.55± 4.23 to 17.300 ± 0.200% in the extracts. Total phenol contents were between 0.263 ± 0.00 to 1.328 ± 0.318% in the plant extracts. 2,2- Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically. Rapid radical scavenging screening using thin layer chromatographic plate (TLC) was also performed. The highest radical scavenging effect was observed in C. esculenta leaf extract with IC 50 = 180.20 >g/mL. This is comparable to the standards quercetin and ascorbic acid used. The higher amount of the polyphenolic compounds is attributable to more potent radical scavenging effects as demonstrated by C. esculenta leaf extract. The extracts possessed very low cytotoxicity to brine-shrimp, when compared with the reference standard (Potassium dichromate, LC 50 = 180.142 >g/mL). The results obtained in the present study indicate that these vegetables can be potential sources of natural antioxidant agents and are relatively safe for the purposes utilized.


Fossil derived fuels are not renewable and have a finite supply. The search for alternative sources that are renewable will play an important role in meeting US long-term energy requirements. Almost all tractors in 1982 were diesel. Oil from sunflowers could stretch fuel supplies. There are four major types of oil crops grown in the US: soybeans, cottonseed, sunflower and peanuts. Sunflower has the highest percentage of oil in it's seed - 40%. It was suggested that it would require over 2.3 million acres of sunflowers to replace all diesel fuel requirements for all agricultural needs for North Dakota. If sunflowers were to replace all diesel fuel needs for agriculture in the US, it would require close to 6.8 million acres to be planted. The economic incentives for the development of alternatives to diesel fuel are determined by the relationship of diesel prices to the cost of the production of vegetable oils. Substitutes will be produced when diesel prices rise to a level equal to or above the cost of producing substitutes. Another thing to consider is the energy inputs required to produce any new alternative energy. One needs to consider the costs of on-farm processing of these alternative fuel sources.


The increased security risk in society and the availability of low cost sensors and processors has expedited the research in surveillance systems. Visual surveillance systems provide real time monitoring of the environment. Designing an optimized surveillance system for a given application is a challenging task. Moreover, the choice of components for a given surveillance application out of a wide spectrum of available products is not an easy job. In this report, we formulate a taxonomy to ease the design and classification of surveillance systems by combining their main features. The taxonomy is based on three main models: behavioral model, implementation model, and actuation model. The behavioral model helps to understand the behavior of a surveillance problem. The model is a set of functions such as detection, positioning, identification, tracking, and content handling. The behavioral model can be used to pinpoint the functions which are necessary for a particular situation. The implementation model structures the decisions which are necessary to implement the surveillance functions, recognized by the behavioral model. It is a set of constructs such as sensor type, node connectivity and node fixture. The actuation model is responsible for taking precautionary measures when a surveillance system detects some abnormal situation. A number of surveillance systems are investigated and analyzed on the basis of developed taxonomy. The taxonomy is general enough to handle a vast range of surveillance systems. It has organized the core features of surveillance systems at one place. It may be considered an important tool when designing surveillance systems. The designers can use this tool to design surveillance systems with reduced effort, cost, and time.


This paper contributes to the current literature of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by studying the existence of waves and the determinants of M&A activity in the economies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. From a sample of 2,490 M&As announcements reported by Thomson One for these countries, and applying the methodology proposed by Harford (2005), evidence of M&A waves is found for the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010 as reported for other regions in various international studies. After controlling for economic and business environment variables, as well as for profitability and book-to-market variables at industry level, we find evidence in favor of the neoclassical theory as a main explanation for M&As, but not for the misvaluation effect. For this purpose, a Prais-Winsten data model with panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) is used, and the results are confirmed through a negative binomial panel data estimation.


Raman Spectroscopy enables fast, sensitive and label-free chemical analysis of a large range of materials and has become a routine analytical tool in a wide range of material science and process-control applications. As the Raman signal is weak it is critical that the illumination laser has a very high level of spectral purity, for efficient detection of the Raman signal. Most materials can be characterized by studying Raman shifts down to 100 cm-1, but in some cases, for instance for determining the crystallinity of pharmaceutical compounds, it is required to study Raman shifts in the low-frequency regime; <100 cm-1 . 785 nm is the most common illumination wavelength for Raman spectroscopy as it offers the best compromise between Raman signal strength and fluorescence background suppression. In this paper, we present a novel design for a frequencystabilized 785 nm diode laser using a highly reflective volume Bragg grating (VBG) element that offers not only a narrow spectral linewidth and low wavelength drift, but also a very high level of spectral purity. Using the VBG reflected light as output from the laser suppresses Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) from the diode so that a very high level of sidemode suppression ratio (SMSR) in the laser output is reached within just a few cm-1 away from the main peak without any external spectral filtering. This enhanced spectral purity directly from the laser enables simpler, more compact and more cost-efficient detection of Raman shifts in the very low frequency range.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine hydrochloride administration for off-state (poor motor function) periods in patients with Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations under both inpatient titration and outpatient therapeutic conditions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twenty-nine patients had advanced Parkinson disease with 2 hours or more off time despite aggressive oral therapy. Patients randomly received titrated doses of subcutaneous apomorphine hydrochloride (2-10 mg, n = 20) or pH-matched vehicle placebo (n = 9) during an inpatient and 1-month outpatient phase. A change in the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor score 20 minutes after inpatient dosing during a practically defined off-state event and the percentage of injections successfully aborting off-state events were the primary inpatient and outpatient efficacy factors.

RESULTS
The average (SEM) levodopa equivalent dose of apomorphine hydrochloride was 5.4 +/- 0.5 mg and the mean placebo dose was 1.0 mL. Mean inpatient United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores were reduced by 23.9 and 0.1 points (62% and 1%) by apomorphine treatment and placebo, respectively (P<.001). The mean percentage of outpatient injections resulting in successful abortion of off-state events was 95% for apomorphine and 23% for placebo (P<.001). Inpatient response was significantly correlated with and predictive of outpatient efficacy (P<.001). The levodopa dose was not predictive of the apomorphine dose requirement. Frequent adverse events included dyskinesia, yawning, and injection site reactions.

CONCLUSION
Apomorphine by intermittent subcutaneous injection is effective and safe for outpatient use to reverse off-state events that occur despite optimized oral therapy.


This study examines the development of request modification strategies in eight graduate students from Taiwan, China, Korea and Japan in a British university. The study employed open role plays (Kasper 2008) to collect interlanguage data on three occasions over eight months. The role plays comprised two sociocontextually varied (status unequal, status equal) situations and sought to investigate (i) the patterns of request strategy development in relation to internal and external modification and (ii) the effect of situational variation on the selection of modification strategies. Qualitative data in the form of retrospective interviews informed on learners' states of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic knowledge in pragmatic development. Comparison with baseline data indicated convergence to, and divergence from native speaker patterns of request modification over time.


Anticancer activity of the rhizomes of turmeric was evaluated in vitro using tissue culture methods and in vivo in mice using Dalton's lymphoma cells grown as ascites form. Turmeric extract inhibited the cell growth in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml and was cytotoxic to lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells at the same concentration. Cytotoxic effect was found within 30 min at room temperature (30°C). The active constituent was found to be 'curcumin' which showed cytotoxicity to lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells at a concentration of 4 pg/ml. Initial experiments indicated that turmeric extract and curcumin reduced the development of animal tumours.


MASS (Mesospheric Aerosol Sampling Spectrometer) is a multichannel mass spectrometer for charged aerosol particles, which was flown from the Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, through NLC and PMSE on 3 August 2007 and through PMSE on 6 August 2007. The eight-channel analyzers provided for the first time simultaneous measurements of the charge density residing on aerosol particles in four mass ranges, corresponding to ice particles with radii 3 nm (approximately). Positive and negative particles were recorded on separate channels. Faraday rotation measurements provided electron density and a means of checking charge density measurements made by the spectrometer. Additional complementary measurements were made by rocket-borne dust impact detectors, electric field booms, a photometer and ground-based radar and lidar. The MASS data from the first flight showed negative charge number densities of 1500–3000 cm−3 for particles with radii >3 nm from 83–88 km approximately coincident with PMSE observed by the ALWIN radar and NLC observed by the ALOMAR lidar. For particles in the 1–2 nm range, number densities of positive and negative charge were similar in magnitude (~2000 cm−3) and for smaller particles, 0.5–1 nm in radius, positive charge was dominant. The occurrence of positive charge on the aerosol particles of the smallest size and predominately negative charge on the particles of largest size suggests that nucleation occurs on positive condensation nuclei and is followed by collection of negative charge during subsequent growth to larger size. Faraday rotation measurements show a bite-out in electron density that increases the time for positive aerosol particles to be neutralized and charged negatively. The larger particles (>3 nm) are observed throughout the NLC region, 83–88 km, and the smaller particles are observed primarily at the high end of the range, 86–88 km. The second flight into PMSE alone at 84–88 km, found only small number densities (~500 cm−3) of particles >3 nm in a narrow altitude range, 86.5–87.5 km. Both positive (~2000 cm−3) and negative (~4500 cm−3) particles with radii 1–2 nm were detected from 85–87.5 km.


The reduction of the prevalence of zoonoses and zoonotic agents like campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis requires eradication, control and monitoring measures to protect both animal and public health. Therefore, it is important to identify the main sources of infections within the poultry production chain. As the latest EFSA results show, these zoonotic agents were mostly found on fresh poultry meat as well as in live poultry. Consequently, the main entrance paths have to be identified directly at farm level. Based on a literature review, the 112 risk factors for an introduction of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. infections were summarised and attributed to 14 risk categories such as farm management, biosecurity, staff hygiene and carcass handling. Afterwards, the main risk factors were identified by elicitation of expert opinion using the Delphi methodology. In the explorative study, an international expert panel defined and weighted the relative importance of the risk categories and risk factors within a three-stage procedure. According to the working hypothesis, risk factors related to hygiene in the poultry house as well as external service crews are the main determinants for infection. Based on the results an evaluation and assessment scheme for poultry farms will be developed. Furthermore, the results can help to assess the status of poultry farms, to raise awareness in farmers and their staff for relevant farm management techniques within education and training manuals.


This thesis studies the colonisation and abandonment of Mediterranean
islands in prehistory by placing them within a comparative framework. The
geographical scope is pan-Mediterranean and chronologically it encompasses
prehistory from the time when the earliest-known human records are found
on a few islands to the time when most Mediterranean islands had been
colonised (approximately from the end of the Pleistocene to the end of the
Iron Age). By questioning established geographical boundaries and
chronological restrictions and by incorporating recent theoretical advances in
island archaeology, this thesis provides alternative explanations to
colonisation paradigms prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s, expanding these to
include considerations of abandonment and recolonisation. After
investigating leading theoretical approachesto colonisation and abandonment,
the study reviews the bulk of available publications on Mediterranean islandbased
projects from the past ten years, and presents a series of revised
colonisation and abandonment dates and models for the islands. At a broader
level') these new data indicate the need for clearer distinctions between
different types of island-human interaction (e. g. visitation, utilisation,
occupation, establishment, abandonment, and re-colonisation). The thesis
therefore also analyses - through a series of case studies - how human
activity on islands varied spatially and temporally and potential reasons
behind different colonisation and abandonment processes. The resulting
observations are placed against the backdrop of the changing
palaeogeography of the prehistoric Mediterranean, by taking into account
changes in sea levels and in the islands' environments, and contextualised
within the broader scheme of reference of Mediterranean prehistory.


Information security is an essential issue in communication system. Advance Encryption Standard (AES) is utilized as a part of many embedded applications to give data security. Different counter measures are present in AES against fault injection attacks. Plain text and key of 128-bit is given as an input to the system and encryption and decryption operations are performed. Flag error shows the status of fault. Fault is produced randomly during encryption and decryption. For this reason, round transformation is broken into two sections and a pipeline stage is inserted in between. After fault detection one operation is performed that is redundancy check. Detected error or fault is corrected using redundancy check. The scheme is implemented using FPGA.


This volume presents the proceedings of the 5th edition of the annual conference series on CMC and Social Media Corpora for the Humanities (cmc-corpora2017). This conference series is dedicated to the collection, annotation, processing, and exploitation of corpora of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and social media for research in the humanities. The annual event brings together language-centered research on CMC and social media in linguistics, philologies, communication sciences, media and social sciences with research questions from the fields of corpus and computational linguistics, language technology, text technology, and machine learning.The 5th Conference on CMC and Social Media Corpora for the Humanities was held at Eurac Research on October, 4th and 5th, in Bolzano, Italy. This volume contains extended abstracts of the invited talks, papers, and extended abstracts of posters presented at the event. The conference attracted 26 valid submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least two members of the scientific committee. This committee decided to accept 16 papers and 8 posters of which 14 papers and 3 posters were presented at the conference. The programme also includes three invited talks: two keynote talks by Aivars Glaznieks (Eurac Research, Italy) and A. Seza Dogruoz (Independent researcher) and an invited talk on the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure (CLARIN) given by Darja Fiser, the CLARIN ERIC Director of User Involvement.


An evaluation of the methodological premises of the Dutch Reformed Church's "Kerkspieels" (surveys reflecting the state of the Church) The Dutch Reformed Church conducted eight surveys reflecting the state of the church since 1981. This article investigates the methodology of these surveys. Inseparate sections the problem-statement, sampling, administration of the response rate, the validity and reliability of the surveys are analysed. It is found that the surveys are not properly theoretical based, the sampling does not fulfil applicable assumptions, the response rate declined considerably in following surveys, the validity criteria are not satisfied and the standards of reliability are not adhered to. In view of this the article concludes that the Dutch Reformed Church will have to ensure a thorough ecclesiological reasoning that informs the operationalisation of the surveys and their problem-statements. The church also needs to involve expertson survey methodology in designing its surveys. For successful surveys the church will therefore have to ensure that expertise, means and support systems are properly utilised.


OBJECT
The purpose of this study was to assess the durability and completeness of pain relief in patients treated using stereotactic gamma knife surgery (GKS) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN).

METHODS
Thirty-eight patients with refractory TN were treated with stereotactic GKS. All patients received a prescription radiation dose of 35, 40, or 45 Gy to the 50% isodose surface through a 4-mm collimator helmet. The group was assessed regularly based on physician-directed interviews for a median follow up of 24 months (range 6-27 months). Pain relief was classified as excellent (no pain without medication), good (well-controlled pain with continued medication), fair (decreased but residual pain with continued medication), or poor (unimproved or increased pain with the same or increased medication). Three months after treatment, pain relief was good or excellent in 71% of patients. By 24 months post-GKS, 50% of the original cohort had poor pain relief, 21% continued to have either excellent or good relief, 3% had fair relief, and 26% had not reached the 24-month follow up. Based on their status at the last follow up, 29% of patients had excellent and 16% had good pain relief. Thirty-seven percent experienced facial numbness, which was dose related. In addition, there was a significantly higher rate of complete pain relief in patients who had facial numbness following treatment (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS
Stereotactic GKS is an effective treatment in patients with TN; however, the durability of pain relief and the time to treatment response are limiting factors. As with other types of ablative treatment, facial numbness is strongly associated with better treatment response.


This paper questions the adequacy of the explicit cancellability test for conversational implicature as it is commonly understood. The standard way of understanding this test relies on two assumptions: first, that that one can test whether a certain content is (merely) conversationally implicated, by checking whether that content is cancellable, and second, that a cancellation is successful only if it results in a felicitous utterance. While I accept the first of these assumptions, I reject the second one. I argue that a cancellation can succeed even if it results in an infelicitous utterance, and that unless we take this possibility into account we run the risk of misdiagnosing philosophically significant cases.


The synthesis of pyrazoles 13–24 has been accomplished by treatment of 3-benzylchromones 1–5, 3-benzylflavones 6–12 and their 4-thio analogues 25–29 with hydrazine hydrate in hot pyridine. A plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of pyrazoles 13–24 is discussed. A 1H NMR study in [D6]DMSO allowed the presence of both pyrazole annular tautomers to be observed, due to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in each tautomer (OH--N and NH--O). GIAO/B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations were carried out on some model pyrazoles to provide a theoretical basis for the NMR experimental observations.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)


This paper presents usage scenarios of the platform being developed within the TTC project (Terminology Extraction, Translation Tools and Comparable Corpora) along with the first feedback from potential users. The TTC project aims at leveraging translation tools, computer-assisted translation tools, and terminology management tools by automatically generating bilingual terminologies from comparable corpora in several languages of the European Union (English, French, German, Latvian and Spanish), as well as in Chinese and Russian. The TTC platform includes a web crawler and a corpora management tool, as well as tools for monolingual term extraction and bilingual terminology alignment, online terminology management, and terminology export into CAT tools and MT systems. Overall, the paper focuses on the language activities to be carried out with the TTC tools, issues with respect to the availability of required language resources and linguistic knowledge, and different user profiles and needs. Regarding potential user needs, we discuss the results of an online questionnaire-based survey on terminology and corpora issues conducted in the translation and localization industry to reveal user needs. Furthermore, we present the envisaged usage scenarios as well as first feedback from potential users. The expected TTC input and outputs are also outlined. Finally, as it seems clear that the amount of available data and resources will not be the same for all languages, we discuss technical solutions to achieve language coverage: the TTC tools will offer different approaches depending on the amount and type of linguistic knowledge available.