The media often represent African conflicts from a distant Western ethnocentric perspective. The Darfur crisis coverage by reputable Spanish press – El País, La Vanguardia, El Mundo and ABC – is analysed for the first time using quantitative methods supported by a qualitative approach. The study focuses on how the Darfur crisis was presented, using the sources and analysing the reported causes, situation and consequences of the conflict. Research shows that the Darfur situation was dealt with mainly from the perspective of European humanitarian aid and that of other international organisations' workers. Even when journalists do use political and official sources, the framing still remains humanitarian. Darfuris themselves play a passive and secondary role as recipients of humanitarian aid. Thus, the use of humanitarian framing led newspaper coverage to focus on the consequences and not the causes of the conflict, portraying it as a local struggle and irrelevant to Spanish national interests.


Research and development work on Building Integrated Solar Energy Systems (BISES) has become an area of growing interest, not only in New Zealand (NZ) but worldwide. This interest has led to a significant growth in the use of solar energy to provide heating and electricity generation. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental results of a novel building integrated solar hot water system developed using commercial long run roofing materials. This work shows that it is possible to achieve effective integration that maintains the aesthetics of the building and also provides useful thermal energy. The results of a 6.73m2 glazed domestic hot water systems are presented. The key design parameters of the Building Integrated Thermal (BIT) system were identified and implemented in a TRansient SYstem Simulation (TRNSYS) model. Validation results comparing the simulation in TRNSYS and real experimentation show that experimental and simulation responses are close to each other. The coupling of TRNSYS and Matlab/Simulink shows the possibility to use Matlab/Simulink for developing appropriate control strategies for BIT roofing systems. Preliminary Fuzzy Logic (FL) intelligent controller was implemented in a Fuzzy Integrated System (FIS) toolbox in a Matlab/Simulink model and linked into TRNSYS model. Further work is needed to identify and design advanced predictive control strategies for the Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) solar system and determine how the performance can be optimized.


Ammonius of Alexandria. Testimonia. The aim of this paper is the edition, translation and commentary of the testimonia of life and works of Ammonius of Alexandria, pupil of Aristarchus and his successor at the head of the Library of Alexandria. Not only Ammonius is the key figure in the transmission of the Homeric edition of his master, but he also shows a variety of scholarly interests: Homer, Pindar, the Comedy, Plato. From the study of the testimonia emerges the profile of a learned indipendent scholar, whose closeness to Aristarchus did not prevent him from developing his own reaserch, out of the shadow of the teacher. firstname.lastname@example.com


European Union's energy goals for 2020, inclusion of aviation in EU ETS since 2012 and the important increase of CO2 emissions in Southern Mediterranean countries, all justify to pay careful attention to the challenges of the carbon constraint at the Euro-Mediterranean scale.

The notion of "carbon constraint" stems from the application of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and from the Kyoto Protocol that resulted in the implementation of the EU ETS in European Union countries. Contrary to European countries that committed to emissions reductions goals ("Annex I countries" of UNFCCC and "Annex B countries" of Kyoto Protocol), Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries (SEMC), like other emergent countries, apply the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility" that exempt them from adopting any binding emission reductions goals.

The extension of the EU ETS, with the auctioning of emission credits as of 2013, and the evolution, even though difficult, of international climate negotiations might nevertheless modify the situation of unbalanced commitments that prevails between Northern countries and Southern countries (section 1). Moreover, if the carbon constraint for European countries remains today soft, it might on a short or medium term generate several economic and social impacts, and potentially on the regional trade (section 2). Several green initiatives undertaken on the Southern shore to develop environmental policies and new carbon market mechanisms have to be supported so as to limit these negative impacts and to implement a virtuous regional momentum (section 3).


Considerations of the resources which can provide feedstocks of ilmenite, glass, agglutinates, anorthite, etc. at a lunar base require an appreciation of the geology of the situation. Some of the inherent differences are discussed between lunar rocks and the finer portion of the regolith, the soil. An abbreviated outline of the formation of lunar soil is presented. Beneficiation of rocks versus regolith for the production of an ilmenite feedstock is specifically addressed; however, the concepts and principles discussed therein are applicable to other situations as well. The overall systems design must take into account the range of available feedstocks. Decisions on design must be made which will influence feedstock requirements. These decisions may be complex and not readily apparent.


The 11th September 2003 was quite an ordinary working day in the Royal Library - at least for the first few hours in the morning. At approximately 11.00 a.m., however, I was interrupted by the telephone. A polite lady introduced herself as the rare book specialist from Christie's in London. From a consignor she had received the following work for sale: Propalladia de Bartholome de Torres Naharro. Dirigida... Napoles: por Ioan Pasqueto de Sallo, Naples 1517. Her investigation of a critical edition of Torres Naharro's works from 1943 had established that only two copies of this particular work were known to exist. One incomplete copy in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, and one complete copy in The Royal Library in Copenhagen. This puzzled the keeper of books at the auction company, and she was keen to know whether she had a historic sensation in her hands or simply a stolen book.


Heart Failure Readmission Reduction Strategy via Heart Failure Telephone Script by Michael Todd Williams MSN, Walden University 2012 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University August 2017 Abstract Hospital administrators strive to reduce readmission and over use of the acute care setting for chronic health conditions. Historically hospitals have focused on readmission prevention strategies to improve the transition of patients from the hospital to the community and although the causes of a hospital readmission may span multiple providers along the continuum of care, the hospital is currently the only provider being penalized. The project facility implemented a readmission reduction strategy, ReEngineered Discharge (Project RED), as a means to reduce readmissions and yet continued to have high readmission rates for heart failure (HF) patients. The continued high rate of readmissions led to the practice focused question, which examined the process of developing a discharge phone call script specific for HF patients as a way to reduce readmissions for HF patients. Kristin Swanson's structure of caring model provided the nursing framework for this project with a purpose to plan a telephone call follow up program for HF patients after hospital discharge. The project planning was accomplished in conjunction with the facility's readmission reduction team/LEAN team, resulting in a script about the most prevalent issues among HF patients. Kotter's 8 stepHospital administrators strive to reduce readmission and over use of the acute care setting for chronic health conditions. Historically hospitals have focused on readmission prevention strategies to improve the transition of patients from the hospital to the community and although the causes of a hospital readmission may span multiple providers along the continuum of care, the hospital is currently the only provider being penalized. The project facility implemented a readmission reduction strategy, ReEngineered Discharge (Project RED), as a means to reduce readmissions and yet continued to have high readmission rates for heart failure (HF) patients. The continued high rate of readmissions led to the practice focused question, which examined the process of developing a discharge phone call script specific for HF patients as a way to reduce readmissions for HF patients. Kristin Swanson's structure of caring model provided the nursing framework for this project with a purpose to plan a telephone call follow up program for HF patients after hospital discharge. The project planning was accomplished in conjunction with the facility's readmission reduction team/LEAN team, resulting in a script about the most prevalent issues among HF patients. Kotter's 8 step change model will be used as a guide for the implementation of the telephone call follow up program at a later date. Readmission rates for HF patients will be monitored monthly as an outcome evaluation measure. Project team members provided evaluation of the project which demonstrated satisfaction and success of the planning process. The results of this project will bring about social change by providing access to healthcare providers regardless the socioeconomic status of the patient and by decreasing the use of acute care setting unnecessarily for chronic conditions. Heart Failure Readmission Reduction Strategy via Heart Failure Script by Michael Todd Williams MSN, Walden University 2012 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University August 2017


Ion beam requirements for fast ignition are investigated by numerical simulation taking into account new effects such as ion beam divergence not included before. We assume that ions are generated by the TNSA scheme in a curved foil placed inside a re-entrant cone and focused on the cone apex or beyond. From the focusing point to the compressed core ions propagate with a given divergence angle. Ignition energies are obtained for two compressed fuel configurations heated by proton and carbon ion beams. The dependence of the ignition energies on the beam divergence angle and on the position of the ion beam focusing point have been analysed. Comparison between TNSA and quasi-monoenergetic ions is also shown.


Abstract Aim The present study investigates the effect of signal degradation on perceived listening effort in children with hearing loss listening in a simulated class-room context. It also examines the associations between perceived listening effort, passage comprehension performance and executive functioning. Methods Twenty-four children (aged 06:03–13:00 years) with hearing impairment using cochlear implant (CI) and/or hearing aids (HA) participated. The children made ratings of perceived listening effort after completing an auditory passage comprehension task. All children performed the task in four different listening conditions: listening to a typical (i.e. normal) voice in quiet, to a dysphonic voice in quiet, to a typical voice in background noise and to a dysphonic voice in background noise. In addition, the children completed a task assessing executive function. Results Both voice quality and background noise increased perceived listening effort in children with CI/HA, but no interaction with executive function was seen. Conclusion Since increased listening effort seems to be a consequence of increased cognitive resource spending, it is likely that less resources will be available for these children not only to comprehend but also to learn in challenging listening environments such as classrooms.


Unit construction costs expressed as ranges of values are useful in most preliminary studies, in which detailed designs are not available in order to support specific cost estimates. This paper presents ranges of values for capital costs related to conventional sewerage systems in Brazil. The data were based on published references or information from consulting firms and sanitation companies and comprised budgets made at the design stage or after completion of the works. All cost data were converted to the common date of April 2010. The unit costs were expressed as: collection system (US$/m and US$/inhabitant), transportation system (US$/m and US$/inhabitant) and treatment system (US$/inhabitant). Total costs for the implementation of the overall sewerage system (collection, transportation and treatment) ranged from around US$170 to US$770/inhabitant, depending on pipe diameter and on pipe-laying conditions (percentage of rocks and pavement), as well as on the treatment process employed. In all cases, approximately 60% of the total capital costs were represented by the collection system. The influence of the transportation (interceptor) costs was also investigated and found to indicate that, for small populations, the construction costs associated with the interceptors may be larger than those linked to the treatment plants.


Catchment management is favoured by the Water Framework Directive as a solution to the problem of rising nitrate levels in groundwater. The directive requires that member countries achieve a good, or improving, status in all water bodies by 2015. Currently, Cambridge Water relies on treatment or blending to reduce end-of-pipe nitrate concentrations to below the drinking water standard. The effectiveness of catchment management measures at 21 boreholes in Cambridgeshire was assessed with a combination of models, representing groundwater and soil zone processes. These sources are in predominantly arable catchments; they abstract from the Chalk aquifer, which is covered by Glacial Till in the south and east. Only seven sources showed a response to the catchment management scenarios within 40 years when compared with the current practice scenario. However, nitrate concentrations were not reduced at any sources by 2015 with the simulated catchment management measures. The seven sources that are most responsive to changes in land use or land management are those already affected by high nitrate levels. Catchment management may need to be used in conjunction with treatment and/or blending in the short to medium term so that Cambridge Water can continue to provide compliant drinking water to customers.


Antigen-antibody reaction is an important tool for the analysis of localization of target molecules, including antigenic protein within worm tissues. The purpose of the present research was to demonstrate the ability of immunoglobulin yolk (IgY) anti-excretory/secretory recognized the antigen in the tissue of Ascaridia galli by mean of immunohistochemistry method. The excretory/secretory protein was procured from A. galli and concentrated by mean of vivaspin 30,000 MWCO. IgY was produced by egg yolks of immunized chickens with excretory/secretory, and purified using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) method. A. galli adult worms were cut in transversal and longitudinal section of the center and anterior region. Slides were incubated with both primary IgY for overnight at 4 o C and secondary antibody rabbit anti-chicken IgY HRP-conjugate for one hour at room temperature. The slides were stained with 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) chromogen, counterstained with Lillie Mayer Haematoxylin, and mounted in glyserin aqueous mount.  Antigen-antibody reaction was investigated under a microscope. The result showed that antigen was appeared in the tissues such as cuticle, epicuticle, buccal cavity, and eggs inside the uterine of A. galli . This research concluded that IgY stimulated by the excretory/secretory was able to recognized the antigen scattered in the tissues of A. galli so the IgY could be applied for immunodiagnostic.


Air pollutant emissions from the coking industry in China, the world's largest coke producer, are a major societal concern. This study employed a bottom-up emission-factor methodology to estimate the country's coking-industry air-pollutant emissions. Total suspended particulate matter (TSP), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) were considered. The emissions in 2015 were estimated to be 368.36, 23.28, 402.54, 174.43, 1325.42, 28.24, 2036.43, and 71.68 kt for TSP, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, VOCs, PAHs, CO, and CH4, respectively, with an annual average growth rate of 1.1% during the 12th five-year-plan (2011–2015). A comparative analysis was performed on emission contributions from air pollutants produced by various types of coke ovens and using various coking procedures. The objectives of the 13th five-year-plan (2016–2020) were used to predict China's production of coke and methods of control in 2020 and to analyze the potential reduction in typical air pollutants. The results show that emissions of TSP, SO2, and NOx will be reduced by 82.9%, 94.4%, and 6.9%, respectively. Moreover, this study proposes a series of feasible control measures for air-pollutant emissions from the coking industry in China.


The intrinsic optical absorption spectrum and photo-dissociation pathways of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) mono-anions isolated in vacuo are probed using photo-induced dissociation (PID) action spectroscopy. The main photo-products are lumichrome and formylmethylflavin. Evidence is presented that the dissociation pathway leading to these products is non-statistical i.e. occurs during the excited state lifetime. This suggests that the stacking of the adenine and alloxazine chromophores, which enables ultra-fast quenching of the flavin excited state by photo-induced electron transfer in aqueous solution, is inhibited in vacuo. These results provide firm experimental confirmation that lumichrome formation from flavins proceeds via photo-induced, intra-molecular proton-coupled electron transfer.


The antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic nitrogen mustards including chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, and melphalan is commonly attributed to their ability to induce DNA-DNA cross-links by consecutive alkylation of two nucleophilic sites within the DNA duplex. DNA-protein cross-linking by nitrogen mustards is not well characterized, probably because of its inherent complexity and the insufficient sensitivity of previous methodologies. If formed, DNA-protein conjugates are likely to contribute to both target and off-target cytotoxicity of nitrogen mustard drugs. Here, we show that the DNA repair protein, O (6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), can be readily cross-linked to DNA in the presence of nitrogen mustards. Both chlorambucil and mechlorethamine induced the formation of covalent conjugates between (32)P-labeled double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides and recombinant human AGT protein, which were detected by SDS-PAGE. Capillary HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of AGT that had been treated with the guanine half-mustards of chlorambucil or mechlorethamine revealed the ability of the protein to form either one or two cross-links to guanine. C145A AGT (a variant containing a single point mutation in the protein's active site) was found capable of forming a single guanine conjugate, while cross-linking was virtually abolished upon treatment of the C145A/C150S AGT double mutant with the guanine half-mustards. HPLC-ESI (+)-MS/MS sequencing of tryptic peptides obtained from the wild-type AGT protein that had been treated with nitrogen mustards in the presence of DNA confirmed that the cross-linking took place between the N7 position of guanine in DNA and two active site residues within the AGT protein (Cys (145) and Cys (150)). The exact chemical structures of AGT-DNA cross-links induced by chlorambucil and mechlorethamine were identified as N-(2-[ S-cysteinyl]ethyl)- N-(2-[guan-7-yl]ethyl)- p-aminophenylbuyric acid and N-(2-[ S-cysteinyl]ethyl)- N-(2-[guan-7-yl]ethyl)methylamine, respectively, based upon HPLC-MS/MS analysis of protein hydrolysates in parallel with the corresponding amino acid conjugates prepared synthetically. Mechlorethamine-induced AGT-DNA conjugates were isolated from protein extracts of AGT-expressing CHO cells but not control cells, demonstrating that nitrogen mustards can cross-link the AGT protein to DNA in the presence of other nuclear proteins. Because AGT is overexpressed in many tumor types, further investigations of the potential role of AGT-DNA cross-linking in the antitumor and mutagenic activity of antitumor nitrogen mustards are warranted.


The remarkable story of a father's devotion to his wheelchair-bound son and how their bond inspired millions of people worldwide. Born a spastic quadraplegic, Rick Hoyt was written off by numerous doctors. They advised his parents, Dick and Judy, to put their firstborn son in an institution. But Rick's parents refused. Determined to give their son every opportunity that "normal" kids had, they made sure to include Rick in everything they did, especially with their other two sons, Rob and Russ. But home was one thing, the world at large, another. Repeatedly rebuffed by school administrators who resisted their attempts to enroll Rick in school, Rick's mother worked tirelessly to help pass a landmark bill, Chapter 766, the first special-education reform law in the country. As a result, Rick and other physically disabled kids were able to attend public school in Massachusetts. But how would Rick communicate when he couldn't talk? To overcome this daunting obstacle, Dick and Judy worked with Dr. William Crochetiere, then chairman of the engineering department at Tufts University, and several enterprising graduate students, including Rick Foulds, to create the Tufts Interactive Communication device (TCI). In the Hoyt household, it became known as the "Hope machine," as it enabled Rick to create sentences by pressing his head against a metal bar. For the first time ever, Rick was able to communicate. Then one day Rick asked his dad to enter a charity race, but there was a twist. Rick wanted to run too. Dick had never run a race before, but more challenging still, he would have to push his son's wheelchair at the same time. But once again, the Hoyts were determined to overcome whatever obstacle was put in their way. Now, over one thousand races later, including numerous marathons and triathlons, Dick Hoyt continues to push Rick's wheelchair. Affectionately known worldwide as Team Hoyt, they are as devoted as ever, continuing to inspire millions and embodying their trademark motto of "Yes, you can."


Summary
In this paper, we describe a system to assist the engineer in solving the design problem of pneumatic conveyors. The system is an example of how case-based reasoning (CBR) systems can collaborate with numerical models in order to increase their usability. It is shown how the CBR system is produced from a numerical model, and how it can solve several problems not directly addressed by the numerical model alone. These problems are those of inverse queries, and queries in the presence of constraints. The paper also discusses the solution to several difficulties which arose in querying the CBR system. These are connected with interpolation over nominal values and with interpolation in the presence of constraints. These problems are discussed generally, and examples of their solution for the pneumatic conveyor are presented in detail. This paper describes a CBR system developed on the back of a numerical model for pneumatic conveyors. Computational models of physical processes are an important tool for engineers in many the design of physical systems. They are often complex pieces of software, needing a considerable degree of knowledge and understanding to solve a specific engineering problem. The models are often deterministic in nature, so that they produce unknown outputs, from given specified inputs. The engineer will often use considerable skill in using such the model to solve a particular problem. Sometimes the model will be used in a trial and error fashion, attempting to find the right inputs for a given set of outputs ( i.e. the inverse problem). Often only some of the inputs and some of the outputs will be known, or simple constraints on inputs and outputs may apply. In all of these cases, the usability of the software is of importance. Usability is defined [1] as:
The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. One way to improve usability is simply to build a database from a given numerical model and use the database to solve the queries. However, this is often not a practical alternative. Firstly, the dimensionality of the model is often too great to permit a feasible database from being produced with any satisfactory accuracy. Secondly, the model may take a long time to run, and the time expense involved in the production of a full database may be prohibitive. However, these problems may be overcome to a great extent by using only partial databases, as are common in case based reasoning systems. These systems employ comparatively small databases with well chosen cases. They rely for their accuracy on the retrieval of a set of near cases, and interpolating in some way, in order to construct the required solution. The paper gives illustrative examples of the use of a system called CBR-conveyor. The section gives selected output from the system, in answering some interesting queries. The paper also discusses how a CBR-conveyor can be derived from a numerical model, and then used to answer queries of the types given above. The basic problem associated with a general system of this type is that of interpolation. This problem is described in the paper. It consists of three sub problems: how do we interpolate over nominal values? How do we interpolate over multi valued mappings? And, how do we interpolate with constraints? The solutions to each of these problems are discussed. A brief description of the pneumatic conveyor problem and the numerical model used to simulate its action, are included. Several interesting problems have been solved to overcome this construction. The construction of a dissimilarity matrix for nominal parameters has been solved using the value difference method technique [1]. The solution of the interpolation over nominal values has been solved using the generalised Shephard nearest neighbour technique [2]. The examples show that the system gives a good solution to inverse and constraint problems, which can be confirmed by model runs.


Background—A common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of the Connexin-40 (Cx40) gene GJA5 was suggested to affect Cx40 promoter activity and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but the role of other common Cx40 polymorphisms is unknown. Methods and Results—Eight SNPs within the Cx40 gene region were tested for association with Cx40 levels measured in atrial tissue from 61 individuals. The previously described Cx40 promoter SNP (rs35594137, −44G→A) was not associated with Cx40 mRNA levels. However, a common SNP (rs10465885) located in the TATA box of an alternative Cx40 promoter was strongly associated with Cx40 mRNA expression (P<0.0001) and displayed strong and consistent allelic expression imbalance in human atrial tissue. A promoter-luciferase assay in cultured murine cardiomyocytes demonstrated reduced activity of the promoter containing the minor allele of this SNP (P<0.0001). Both rs35594137 and rs10465885 were tested for association with early-onset lone AF (⩽60 years of age) in 384 cases and 3010 population control subjects. rs10465885 was associated with the AF phenotype (odds ratio, 1.18; P=0.046). This result was confirmed in a meta-analysis including 2 additional early-onset lone AF case-control cohorts (odds ratio, 1.16, P=0.022). rs35594137 was not associated with the lone AF phenotype in any of the cohorts studied or in a combined analysis. Conclusions—A previously described Cx40 promoter SNP was not found to influence Cx40 expression or risk of AF. We describe an alternate promoter polymorphism that directly affects levels of Cx40 mRNA in vivo and is associated with early-onset lone AF.


In future planetary exploration missions, improvements in autonomous rover mobility have the potential to increase scientific data return by providing safe access to geologically interesting sites that lie in rugged terrain, far from landing areas. To improve rover‐based terrain sensing, this paper proposes a self‐supervised learning framework that will enable a robotic system to learn to predict mechanical properties of distant terrain, based on measurements of mechanical properties of similar terrain that has been traversed previously. In this framework, a proprioceptive terrain classifier is used to distinguish terrain classes based on features derived from rover–terrain interaction, and labels from this classifier are used to train an exteroceptive (i.e., vision‐based) terrain classifier. Once trained, the vision‐based classifier is able to recognize similar terrain classes in stereo imagery. This paper presents two distinct proprioceptive classifiers—a novel approach based on optimization of a traction force model and a previously described approach based on wheel vibration—as well as a vision‐based terrain classification approach suitable for environments with unexpected appearances. The high accuracy of the self‐supervised learning framework and its supporting algorithms is demonstrated using experimental data from a four‐wheeled robot in an outdoor Mars‐analogue environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Summary

National and international assessments are increasingly highlighting the unsustainable use of earth's natural resources in the face of population increase, growing material affluence and global change. In all likelihood, the use and degradation of natural resources will continue.
In contrast to resource depletion, the concept of natural capital emphasises how the environment is an asset to be managed, to ensure that the benefits which flow from it are sustained for future generations. These benefits are the ecosystem goods and services upon which all people rely for their continued survival and well-being both now and, ideally, in perpetuity.
Despite their importance, the evidence-base and quantitative understanding of links between biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem services are insufficient to allow informed use and management. Moreover, the concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services are insufficiently mainstream to influence decisions that currently favour the production of food and fibre rather than less tangible services such as climate regulation, air and water purification, pollination or the contributions of environment to health.
There are specific challenges to ecological science in this interdisciplinary endeavour: specifically, to develop frameworks for identifying and monitoring natural capital; to parameterise factors affecting ecosystem services and their resilience to change; to integrate the complexity of ecological systems into ecosystem service valuation; and to characterise the synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in different management and policy scenarios.
Synthesis and applications. The five papers in this Special Profile exemplify just some of the leading work through which ecologists in the UK are contributing nationally and internationally to these needs, stemming from the UK National Ecosystem Assessment - the first national scale exercise of its type in the world. We expect a major, worldwide increase in work on ecosystem services and natural capital in future as decisions on ecosystem use of management are squeezed increasingly between the needs of exploitation and protection.


This is the first book to directly address the physics of urban sustainability, and how urban sustainability may be modelled and optimized. Starting with an introduction to the importance and key aspects of the topic, it moves on to a detailed consideration of the urban climate and pedestrian comfort. Comprehensive techniques for the modelling and optimization of urban metabolism are then described, together with means for defining sustainability as the fitness function to be optimized. It ends with an eye to the future of sustainable urban design and the means available to urban designers and governors to help them to secure a more sustainable urban future. This book will be invaluable both in informing the next generation of urban planners, architects and engineers, and as a tool for current professionals that will directly contribute to the effectiveness of their work by allowing them to more successfully measure and model urban sustainability.


The author discusses in this article what it feels like to be in exile because present educational organization has lost meaning for him. He proposes that the model of external education is no longer relevant in the postmodern world. The author suggests that there is a revolution happening in education today and most of us don't want to face it. Mainly, he suggests a curriculum of possibilities for those 1 ike him in exile. I belong to an organization that for all practical purposes is dead; it no longer has meaning for me in this postmodern world. Lesson plans, competency-based testing, goals, objectives, and so on, and so on! The model of the curriculum having the teacher stand in the front of the room transmitting information to students by the manipulation of rewards and punishments ceased to work for me several years ago. Education of the past was one that always seemed to be extrinsically imposed and superficial. To some extent this model of external education is based on the factory model where industries needed workers with specific skills so that the factory could run more efficiently. Even though the "cult of efficiency" is what drives us in education today, we're losing, and we're losing badly. There is a revolution happening in education today and most of us don't want to come to grips with it. This revolution is not the type where you see people fighting in the streets or throwing bricks through windows. It is a social revolution that has created a climate of uncertainty and discomfort among educators. Basically, we are having an identity crisis in education and many of us feel disoriented. And so many educators almost passionately hold onto the tenets of the dead curriculum because the deterministic and the cult of efficiency-method are all they know. Yet the recent events that took place at Columbine High and other schools throughout the country should force us to look at ourselves and today's students. In fact, the statistics offered by Time magazine (1999) concerning today's students are almost overwhelming. For instance, children spend 11 fewer hours with parents each week as we compare with the 1960s, there is a 721% increase in the number of minutes evening news spent covering homicides from 1993 to 1996, a child now watches 8,000 murders before he leaves elementary school, a 300% increase in teen suicides since the 1960s, and finally there has been a 1,000% increase in depression since the 1950s. (pp. 38-39) Of course, we can blame parents, TV, teen music, availability of guns, unsafe schools; we can blame the neurosis of the shooters, but perhaps we may come to realize that huge schools of 2,000 students and the factory model of schooling is coming apart at its seams along with its "technical rationality" model of curriculum and teaching. Teach the subject and forget the students is what some of this breakdown is about. At the same time this is happening, we are asking schools to do more than ever. Not only are we asking schools to create a safe environment today, but we are also asking schools to convey a solid base in the three R's, to beef up the Math and Science programs, to be more humanistic, to make students more aware of AIDS, drugs, and on and on it goes! I believe many educators can't take much more and they seem to be disconnected from their teaching, students, and the world around them. They have lost hope, meaning, and feel powerless to do anything about the present state of affairs in education. Sometimes, I feel many have become numbed by the events of the last two years and just pretend it is all part of a bad dream and eventually it will go away. But sadly it's not going away, and it may even get worse if we don't do something now. The 90's are an exhausted decade. For some teachers and students alike, there's nothing to look for, and nowhere to go. We are lacking a shared vision for schools and a solid foundation to stand on. Educators, like me, who are in exile sense that our only hope is to journey beyond the dead models of education that are based on deterministic and efficiency methods. …


Travel demand models are for the purpose of estimating future travel demand given changes in transportation infrastructure and socioeconomics/demographics. Given that the methodologies in a travel demand model are a controlled factor, the effect of input data on the accuracy of the traffic volumes projected for a short term horizon has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the Florida Standard Urban Transportation Modeling Structure (FSUTMS) four-step modeling process by examining the accuracy of short-term travel demand forecasts. The FSUTMS model developed in the Jacksonville Urban Area Transportation Study (JUATS) in 1995 is selected as the study case. Three factors, including ZDATA/EETRIP files, highway network, and two-digit coding, were investigated. The findings from this study show that the accuracy of a travel demand model in projecting traffic volumes may be improved with updated and accurate ZDATA/EETRIPS files. However, a highway network that was updated to the projected year had a more significant effect on the model accuracy than the ZDATA/EETRIPS files. The study also found that two-digit coding of area and facility types improved the performance of the model. The three factors of ZDATA, network, and two-digit coding are not independent. In other words, they do not have a fixed effect on the model accuracy. Their effects on the model depend on their combinations. The presence of one factor enhances the effect of another. The findings from this study call for future studies to investigate other effects of parameters in travel demand models.


This book is the first to address the history and future of homegrown, mass Chinese Christianity. Drawing on a large collection of fresh sources-including contemporaneous accounts, diaries, memoirs, archival material, and interviews-Lian Xi traces the transformation of Protestant Christianity in twentieth-century China from a small, beleaguered "missionary" church buffeted by antiforeignism to an indigenous popular religion energized by nationalism and millenarianism. Lian shows that, with a current membership that rivals that of the Chinese Communist Party, and the ability to galvanize China's millions into apocalyptic convulsion and messianic exuberance, the popular Christian movement channels the aspirations and the discontent of the masses and will play an important role in shaping the country's future.


Social enterprises play an important role in tackling societal challenges. Their numbers have grown significantly over recent years, becoming a strong engine of social innovation in the EU. This trend is confirmed by results of the JRC-led IESI project, which supports the implementation of the EU Social Investment Package through the analysis of ICT-Enabled Social Innovation initiatives in Member States. This issue of the 'JRC Insights' presents results from the study of these initiatives, assessed against the three main objectives of the Social Investment Package: implementing active inclusion strategies, investing in individuals throughout their lives and modernizing social protection systems. Evidence gathered shows that social enterprises are crucial in realising these policy goals. Their capacity to identify emerging or unmet needs, engage stakeholders and turn their governance model into a sustainable production process makes them particularly apt to contribute to social investment approaches. Social enterprises are the most innovative forms of social economy and their action tends to be flexible and responsive, thanks to their capacity to involve users and understand their needs. Their governance structures, their roots in local communities, and the fact that they are often multi-stakeholder partnerships contribute to greater social innovation. Nevertheless, more comprehensive socio-economic impact evaluations are required to understand what initiatives could and should be fostered and scaled-up.


From a text message to a war, from a Valentine's rose to a flight or even having a child, How Bad are Bananas? gives us the carbon answers we need and provides plenty of revelations. By talking through a hundred or so items, Mike Berners-Lee sets out to give us a carbon instinct for the footprint of literally anything we do, buy and think about. He helps us pick our battles by laying out the orders of magnitude. The book ranges from the everyday (foods, books, plastic bags, bikes, flights, baths...) and the global (deforestation, data centres, rice production, the World Cup, volcanoes, ...) Be warned, some of the things you thought you knew about green living may be about to be turned on their head. Never preachy but packed full of information and always entertaining.


The Millennium Cohort Study continues the tradition of Britain's national longitudinal birth cohort surveys, but it has broken the design mould of being based on all births in a week. The specification that it should cover a year's births provided the opportunity for some innovative design. This paper describes the disproportionately stratified design, based on a sample of electoral wards and the practicalities of implementing it. The need to sample offered the possibility of over representing populations of particular interest: children living in economically deprived areas, in areas where minority ethnic groups are concentrated, and in the smaller countries of the UK. Eligible families in sampled wards are selected from records held by the Department for Work and Pensions, who also subsequently administer an opt-out to families in sampled areas. Although the final analysis of the sampling process (and the substantive results) will not be ready until 2003, it will be possible to present an interim report on the experience of drawing the sample in this way, focusing particularly on England and Wales, where the survey started earlier. The number of children identified through the administrative records will be compared with those recorded in Birth Registration records, as far as ward boundary changes allow. The cases withdrawn before a sample can be issued to field are analysed by type of ward and type of claimant. A preliminary assessment of the coverage of the Child Benefit Register is offered in a comparison with data from vital registration. This exercise has so far only covered those wards in England where there have been no boundary changes between those used to define the sample in 1998 and those applying in 2000-2001 when the children were actually born. The extent of mobility in and out of target areas by families with children aged 6-9 months is also to be discussed. The strengths of using the Child Benefit register as a sampling frame have been confirmed. The difficulties have in some ways been less than anticipated, and the requirement of a geographically defined sample would have formed a challenge whatever method of sampling had been adopted.


This paper shares the findings from a three year Participatory Action Research Study around the selection, implementation and effectiveness of educational technologies for enhancing learning in a Teacher Education subject for second year pre-service primary teachers. The innovative ProjectBased subject is described using a critical lens. The paper will share how two lecturers and their students explored their changing roles as teachers and learners and the tensions that emerged between their beliefs about student centered, authentic learning and the role of technology. It will explore the ways the technological innovations began to reshape and inform thinking about teaching and learning practices.


Mutations in, or elevated dosage of, SNCA, the gene for α-synuclein (α-syn), cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Mouse lines overexpressing the mutant human A53Tα-syn may represent a model of early PD. They display progressive motor deficits, abnormal cellular accumulation of α-syn, and deficits in dopamine-dependent corticostriatal plasticity, which, in the absence of overt nigrostriatal degeneration, suggest there are age-related deficits in striatal dopamine (DA) signalling. In addition A53Tα-syn overexpression in cultured rodent neurons has been reported to inhibit transmitter release. Therefore here we have characterized for the first time DA release in the striatum of mice overexpressing human A53Tα-syn, and explored whether A53Tα-syn overexpression causes deficits in the release of DA. We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to detect DA release at carbon-fibre microelectrodes in acute striatal slices from two different lines of A53Tα-syn-overexpressing mice, at up to 24 months. In A53Tα-syn overexpressors, mean DA release evoked by a single stimulus pulse was not different from wild-types, in either dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens. However the frequency responsiveness of DA release was slightly modified in A53Tα-syn overexpressors, and in particular showed slight deficiency when the confounding effects of striatal ACh acting at presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) were antagonized. The re-release of DA was unmodified after single-pulse stimuli, but after prolonged stimulation trains, A53Tα-syn overexpressors showed enhanced recovery of DA release at old age, in keeping with elevated striatal DA content. In summary, A53Tα-syn overexpression in mice causes subtle changes in the regulation of DA release in the striatum. While modest, these modifications may indicate or contribute to striatal dysfunction.


Though the high superconducting transition temperature (Tc) is the most interesting technological aspect of high temperature superconductors, the complex way in which the spin, lattice and electronic degrees of freedom interplay, makes them of the highest scientific interest. This is illustrated by their rich phase diagram characterized by a variety of exotic groundstate including; Mott insulating, pseudogap and high temperature superconductivity. One of the most serious barriers that has prevented our understanding of the mechanism of high temperature superconductors thus far is the lack of information on how low energy Landau quasiparticles result from an organization of real particles. This organization, often colloquially referred to as "dressing", is a fundamental general concept in physics that explains a variety of physical phenomena, such as exotic particle formations and phase transitions. The role of the lattice in this dressing is particularly controversial. Phonons are quanta of lattice vibration energy, and play a crucial role in conventional superconductivity. They provide an attractive interaction allowing the electrons to condensate in superconducting Cooper pairs. However, high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates in achieved through hole doping in an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator. In this case, the antiferromagnetic background, the strong coulomb repulsion and the anisotropic superconducting gap all suggest a marginal role of the phonons. In order to assess experimentally the exact role of the phonon, angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is the weapon of choice given its unique ability to probe the electronic structure of solids in an energy- and momentum-resolved manner. In this thesis, I will use ARPES to characterize the various form of dressing of the quasiparticles in the high temperature superconductor from the Fermi level all the way to the valence band complex. I'll show that when combined with isotope substitution and inelastic x-rays scattering, the strong electron-phonon interaction can be probed in vivid details. This thesis presents three fundamental results. 1) Using the isotope effect, the important and unusual role of the phonon is demonstrated, as well as the strong interplay between the magnetic and phonic degrees of freedom. 2) Using inelastic scattering, the intriguing interplay between the Fermi surface and the bond stretching phonon is exposed. And 3) By exploring the ARPES data up to high energy, two new energy scales at high binding energy as well as the spectral waterfalls phenomenon are revealed. When all these new elements are considered together, they clearly show the need to consider simultaneously the spin, lattice, Fermi surface topology and electronic degrees of freedom. The spectacular progress in ARPES techniques over the past two decades was critical for these results, and I will present in this thesis our current effort in pushing the techniques even further. In particular I'll present my efforts in building a laser based ARPES setup with a hemispherical analyzer and a spin resolved time of flight analyzer.


Phases and domains in a (110)-cut Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)0.74Ti0.26O3 (PMNT26%) single crystal have been investigated as functions of temperature and dc electric (E) field by dielectric permittivity, polarizing microscopy, and electric polarization. The unpoled sample has a dominant rhombohedral (R) phase, which coexists with monoclinic (M) phase domains, i.e., R∕M at room temperature. With 45kV∕cm dc poling applied along [110] at room temperature, a single domain of R phase with polar orientation perpendicular to the poling field, i.e., R, was obtained. After the poling was removed, the poled sample has R∕M microdomains, where the M distortion is close to the R phase. The zero-field-heating domain patterns in both unpoled and poled samples exhibit continuous polarization rotation via an intrinsic M phase in the regions of 355-375 and 365-380 K, respectively. Orthohombic and tetragonal phases were not observed in the temperature-dependent study. In general, a rhombohedral/monoclinic→monoclinic→cubic transition s...


Organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) of the Cango Caves and Gamtoos Groups and Sardinia Bay Formation of the Saldania Belt were studied with the aim to unravel the Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic geology of South Africa. Such a micropalaeontological study will also contribute to establish a world-wide biostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic. Distinct assemblages of organic-walled microfossils occur in the Cango Caves (CCG) and Gamtoos Groups (GG). Eleven species of organic-walled microfossils are described from the CCG, six from the GG, and three from the Sardinia Bay Formation. In the CCG, the mixed clastic-carbonatic Nooitgedagt Member and the overlying, predominantly carbonatic Kombuis Member of the Matjies River Formation are dominated by Bavlinella and Soldadophycus respectively. The overlying, mainly siliciclastic Groenefontein and Huis Rivier Formations are leiosphaerid dominated. In the GG, carbonates of the Lime Bank and lower Kaan Formations are Bavlinella -dominated, the asssemblage of the uppermost Kaan and the lower Van Stadens Formations being dominated by Soldadophycus. The microflora of the Kleinrivier Formation is dominated by leiosphaerids. The acritarch assemblages and lithostratigraphy indicate that correlations between units of the GG and CCG become possible and that possible tectonic duplication of lithostratigraphic units occurs in the GG. The acritarch assemblages of the Lime Bank and most of the Kaan Formations of the GG are similar, and can be correlated with the Nooitgedagt Member of the CCG. The uppermost Kaan Formation can be correlated with the Kombuis Member (CCG). The Kleinrivier and the upper Van Stadens Formations are correlative to the Groenefontein Formation and the overlying Huis Rivier Formation. The generally accepted lithostratigraphic subdivision of the GG does not represent a true stratigraphic section, but reflects most probably stacking of thrusted sheets. The acritarch assemblages of the CCG and GG indicate a late Ediacaran age for these units. Correlative successions in southwestern Gondwana include the Nama Group (Namibia), the Arroyo del Soldado Group (Uruguay) and the Corumba Group (Brazil). The occurrence of Leiosphaeridia associated with heavily mineralized, undetermined acritarchs in the Sardinia Bay Formation is also reported.


This article differentiates between descriptive and explanatory factors to develop a typology and a theory of stakeholder and public engagement. The typology describes different types of public and stakeholder engagement, and the theory comprises four factors that explain much of the variation in outcomes (for the natural environment and/or for participants) between different types of engagement. First, we use a narrative literature search to develop a new typology of stakeholder and public engagement based on agency (who initiates and leads engagement) and mode of engagement (from communication to coproduction). We then propose a theory to explain the variation in outcomes from different types of engagement: (1) a number of socioeconomic, cultural, and institutional contextual factors influence the outcomes of engagement; (2) there are a number of process design factors that can increase the likelihood that engagement leads to desired outcomes, across a wide range of sociocultural, political, economic, and biophysical contexts; (3) the effectiveness of engagement is significantly influenced by power dynamics, the values of participants, and their epistemologies, that is, the way they construct knowledge and which types of knowledge they consider valid; and (4) engagement processes work differently and can lead to different outcomes when they operate over different spatial and temporal scales. We use the theoretical framework to provide practical guidance for those designing engagement processes, arguing that a theoretically informed approach to stakeholder and public engagement has the potential to markedly improve the outcomes of environmental decision‐making processes.


De-risking has the potential to develop into a threat to Barbados posing a challenge to the country's continued development and economic stability if left unchecked. Early indications are that the de-risking phenomenon may have already begun to erode Barbados' competitive position as a leading IFC in the Caribbean region. Any sustained loss of IBC business for Barbados will undoubtedly lower government tax receipts, negatively impact employment, and could impact the level of FX availability in the domestic financial system.


We present a large scale database of images and captions, designed for supporting research on how to use captioned images from the Web for training visual classifiers. It consists of more than 125,000 images of celebrities from different fields downloaded from the Web. Each image is associated to its original text caption, extracted from the html page the image comes from. We coin it FAN-Large, for Face And Names Large scale database. Its size and deliberate high level of noise makes it to our knowledge the largest and most realistic database supporting this type of research. The dataset and its annotations are publicly available and can be obtained from http://www.vision. ee.ethz.ch/~calvin/fanlarge/. We report results on a thorough assessment of FAN-Large using several existing approaches for name-face association, and present and evaluate new contextual features derived from the caption. Our findings provide important cues on the strengths and limitations of existing approaches.


Objectives This study aims to evaluate the frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to investigate the impairment of hand functions in patients with prediabetes (PD), and to compare laboratory findings of PD patients with and without CTS. Patients and methods Between June 2018 and January 2019, a total of 115 patients (29 males, 86 females; mean age: 51.4±11.8 years; range, 24 to 78 years) who were recently diagnosed with PD and a total of 54 healthy participants (17 males, 37 females; mean age: 48.4±13.2 years; range, 21 to 78 years) as the control group were included. Demographic and clinical data of the patients including oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were recorded, and both groups were examined for the presence of CTS. Clinically suspected CTS was confirmed by electrodiagnostic studies. The hand grip strength (HGS) was measured and hand functions were evaluated using the Duruöz Hand Index (DHI). Results There were no significant differences in the age, sex, occupation, body mass index (BMI), or insulin resistance between the groups. A total of 24 (20.9%) patients with PD and eight (14.8%) healthy controls had CTS (p=0.349). Hand functions were worse in the PD patients than the control group (p=0.044). Age, occupation, BMI, insulin resistance, OGTT at 0 and 2 h, and HbA1c values were similar between the PD patients with or without CTS. Conclusion Our study, for the first time, reveals that CTS is slightly more common and hand functions are impaired in PD compared to the healthy individuals. Based on these findings, we suggest that hand functions should be evaluated in PD patients.


Science is divided and compartmentalised into distinct areas of research. As science develops new research areas emerge and nurture new technologies, new methodological approaches, new disciplines and new research communities. These demarcations are socially constructed spaces that impose a sense of order on science by authenticating the new forms of knowledge that surface. Simply stated, the specific research areas and the social relations contained within them, enable science to progress in a proficient, communal, and sometimes cumulative manner. In this sense the constructed boundaries can be viewed as a set of ordering devices. The mapping of the Human Genome was a significant technical event that reordered biological activity by creating a number of these new socially constructed spaces. This celebrated scientific achievement helped yield a number of emerging 'omic' disciplines, numerous innovative high-throughput technologies, and a myriad of embryonic scientific communities, each with its own distinct identity. In this thesis the Human Genome Project is viewed as the genomic stage of the omic revolution or stage one. The period directly after the sequencing has been coined the post-genomic era and this is described in the thesis as stage two of the social reorganisation of biology. Underpinning the whole thesis is the understanding that omic science is driven by a systems biology (SB) approach to twenty-first century biology. The realisation of this will constitute stage three. Computational biologists are also using a similar model of scientific practice in order to map, trace and direct future scientific practice. However in using this developmental model, the organisation of scientific practice may turn messy when boundaries need to be permeated, re-aligned and re-ordered in the movement from post-genomic science to systems biology science. Consequently the specific aim of this research is to trace how two of these maturing research areas, 'proteomics' and 'bioinformatics', are emerging and stabilising within stage two of the omic model, and to explore some of the social issues that are being reordered within their infrastructure. Drawing upon thirty-one interviews the research provides valuable insight into the social construction of post-genomic knowledge and adds to the growing literature in the field of science and technology studies (STS) by revealing how socially constructed knowledges are translated and transferred within and between newly created scientific communities. This is achieved through an examination of scientific identity, interdisciplinary expertise and community-based standardisation.


The 7th Edition of the Directory of Curriculum Materials Center and Collections was compiled by the Curriculum Materials Centers Directory Ad Hoc Committee for the Education and Behavioral Sciences Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association. It contains data from 161 institutions which have either a curriculum materials center or collection in the United States and Canada. Data includes information about the size of the collection, types of materials collected, budgets, staffing, etc. There are numerous appendices that aggregate the data provided.


In this thesis, we have explored what information may be gleaned from X-ray observations of galaxies in dense environments. We use X-ray observations from XMM-Newton and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and multi-wavelength ancillary data, to investigate the X-ray emission of galaxies. First, we study the distribution and properties of the intragroup di↵use X-ray emission in compact groups (CGs) of galaxies. From a sample of 19 CGs, we find the morphology of hot gas in low-mass groups is varied, and most systems have hot gas (if any) associated with only individual members. The galaxy-linked hot gas is coupled with high star formation rates (SFRs), while only CGs with high baryonic masses have substantial hot gas linked to the group environment. High-mass CGs also agree well with the scaling relations between di↵use X-ray luminosity (LX), gas temperature, and velocity dispersion predicted and observed in galaxy clusters, indicating that the hot gas in only massive CGs is virialized. We also investigate the relations between LX , SFR, and stellar mass from individual members of CGs and the infall region of the nearby Coma galaxy cluster, which is the only environment that has a mid-infrared galaxy color distribution similar to CGs. The Coma galaxies agree with the scaling relations between LX , SFR, and stellar mass from the literature within uncertainties, while the CG members often show an X-ray excess. We also used our multi-wavelength observations to identify active galaxies in the Coma infall sample and find that the fraction of active galaxies is similar to the CG environment. From our observations of the di↵use X-ray emission in CGs, we find it unlikely that the intragroup hot gas is responsible for the rapid transformation of galaxies from star-forming to quiescent. While the fraction of nuclear activity in Coma infall and CG galaxies is similar, which may reflect the influence of multi-galaxy gravitational interactions, the X-ray emission from individual galaxies in the two environments is also markedly di↵erent.


In the recent past, availability of large data sets of species presences has increased by orders of magnitude. This, together with developments in geographical information systems and statistical methods, has enabled scientists to calculate, for thousands of species, the environmental conditions of their distributional areas. The profiles thus obtained are obviously related to niche concepts in the Grinnell tradition, and separated from those in Elton's tradition. I argue that it is useful to define Grinnellian and Eltonian niches on the basis of the types of variables used to calculate them, the natural spatial scale at which they can be measured, and the dispersal of the individuals over the environment. I use set theory notation and analogies derived from population ecology theory to obtain formal definitions of areas of distribution and several types of niches. This brings clarity to several practical and fundamental questions in macroecology and biogeography.


We enhance auto-regressive language models by conditioning on document chunks retrieved from a large corpus, based on local similarity with preceding tokens. With a $2$ trillion token database, our Retrieval-Enhanced Transformer (RETRO) obtains comparable performance to GPT-3 and Jurassic-1 on the Pile, despite using 25$\times$ fewer parameters. After fine-tuning, RETRO performance translates to downstream knowledge-intensive tasks such as question answering. RETRO combines a frozen Bert retriever, a differentiable encoder and a chunked cross-attention mechanism to predict tokens based on an order of magnitude more data than what is typically consumed during training. We typically train RETRO from scratch, yet can also rapidly RETROfit pre-trained transformers with retrieval and still achieve good performance. Our work opens up new avenues for improving language models through explicit memory at unprecedented scale.


Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by vocal and motor tics. Multiple lines of neurophysiological evidence implicate dysfunction in the corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits in the etiology of TS. We recently identified rare sequence variants in the Slit and Trk‐like family member 1 (SLITRK1) gene associated with TS. SLITRK1, a single‐pass transmembrane protein, displays similarities to the SLIT family of secreted ligands, which have roles in axonal repulsion and dendritic patterning, but its function and developmental expression remain largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that SLITRK1 has a developmentally regulated expression pattern in projection neurons of the corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits. SLITRK1 is further enriched in the somatodendritic compartment and cytoplasmic vesicles of cortical pyramidal neurons in mouse, monkey, and human brain, observations suggestive of an evolutionarily conserved function in mammals. SLITRK1 is transiently expressed in the striosomal/patch compartment of the mammalian striatum and moreover is associated with the direct output pathway; adult striatal expression is confined to cholinergic interneurons. These analyses demonstrate that the expression of SLITRK1 is dynamic and specifically associated with the circuits most commonly implicated in TS and related disorders, suggesting that SLITRK1 contributes to the development of corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:21–37, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


abstract Four stratigraphic cores (7533/2-U-1, 2-U-2, 3-U-7 and 7534/4-U-1) drilled in the Sentralbanken High provide important reference sections for the Upper Triassic succession in the northern Barents Sea. The cores span the De Geerdalen, Flatsalen and Svenskøya formations (Kapp Toscana Group), which are equivalent to the Snadd to middle Fruholmen formations of the southern Barents Sea. Only cursory palynological study of the cores has been conducted previously, and no published palynofacies data is available. We present a detailed palynostratigraphy from the cores, and describe six informal palynological assemblages. Comparison with independently dated sections from elsewhere in the region enables a revised age interpretation of early Carnian to Norian for the cored interval, thereby improving correlation between Sentralbanken, Svalbard and the southern Barents Sea. A dominance of amorphous organic matter (AOM) and marine palynomorphs indicates a distal suboxic-anoxic marine depositional environment for the lower De Geerdalen Formation, with an abrupt change to a nearshore marine environment above an erosion surface in core 7534/4-U-1. Palynofacies from the remainder of the formation are characterised by a dominance of phytoclasts and are interpreted as indicative of a delta front to coastal plain environment. The reappearance of AOM, microforaminiferal test linings and marine microphytoplankton in the Flatsalen Formation in cores 7533/2-U-1 and 2-U-2 reflects a regional transgression of early Norian age. Reworked palynomorphs, shale rip-up clasts and a transition to phytoclast-dominated palynofacies above an erosion surface at the base of the overlying Svenskøya Formation is consistent with a disconformity, which was previously identified as a possible sequence boundary on the neighbouring island of Hopen.


The literature related to online learning programs for K-12 students dates to the mid-1990s and builds upon a century of research and practice from K-12 distance education. While K-12 online learning programs have evolved and grown over the past decade, the amount of published research on virtual schooling practice and policy is limited. The current literature includes practitioner reports and experimental and quasi-experimental studies, both published and unpublished. This paper reviews open access literature in K-12 online learning and reports on a structured content analysis of the documents. Themes in the literature include steady growth and a focus on the benefits, challenges, and broad effectiveness of K-12 online learning. In addition, newly developed standards for K-12 online learning are emerging in descriptions of effective practices.


Research into molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying familial prostate cancer would be greatly advanced by in vitro models of prostate tumor cells representing primary tumors. We have successfully established an immortalized human prostate epithelial cell culture derived from primary tumors of familial prostate cancer patients with telomerase. The actively proliferating early-passaged 957E cells were transduced through infection with a retrovirus expressing the human telomerase catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). A high level of telomerase activity was detected in 957E/hTERT cells, but not in 957E cells. 957E/hTERT cells are currently growing well at passage 40, whereas 957E cells senesced at passage 5. 957E/hTERT cells exhibit epithelial morphology. Expression of an androgen-regulated prostate specific homeobox gene NKX3.1 and an epithelial cell-specific cytokeratin 8, but not prostate specific antigen or androgen receptor, was detected in 957E/hTERT cells. Prostatic stem cell antigen and p16 were also expressed in this line. 957E/hTERT cells showed growth inhibition when exposed to retinoic acid and transforming growth factor beta1, potent inhibitors of prostate epithelial cell growth. Chromosome analysis showed that the 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) was near diploid human male (XY), with most chromosome counts in the 44-46 range. However, there was random loss of chromosomes 8, 13, X, Y, and alteration in chromosome 4q. The late passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 32) was karyologically similar to the early passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) and also had the same alteration of 4q observed in the early passage 957E/hTERT cell line (passage 10) as well as a trisomy of chromosome 20. The well-characterized human cancer lines derived from such patients will be useful for the identification and characterization of prostate cancer susceptibility genes. This is the first documented case of an established human prostate cancer cell line from primary tumor of a familial prostate cancer patient.


Ground-state and low-energy excitations of the quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet CuSe2O5 where finite interchain interactions promote long-range antiferromagnetic order below T-N = 17 K, were experimentally studied using bulk magnetization, neutron diffraction, muon spin relaxation, and antiferromagnetic resonance measurements. The derived spin-canted structure is characterized by the magnetic propagation vector k = (1,0,0) and the reduced magnetic moment m = [0.13(7), 0.50(1), 0.00(8)] mu(B). The values of the magnetic anisotropies determined from the field and angular dependencies of the antiferromagnetic resonance comply well with a previous electron paramagnetic resonance study and correctly account for the observed magnetic ground state and spin-flop transition. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.104413


In this stunning book, the first comprehensive biography of Marx since the end of the Cold War, Francis Wheen gives us not a socialist ogre but a fascinating, ultimately humane man, while still examining the criticisms of his detractors. A study in contradictions, Karl Marx was at once a reserved scholar, a fiery agitator, and a gregarious socialite, while his intellect and ideology were once described as "Rousseau, Voltaire, and Hegel fused into one person." He lived both at the center and on the fringes of his age, and his oratory and writing continue to change the contemporary world. In his entertaining, offbeat style, Wheen offers an eminently readable biography of one of history's most unforgettable figures. "Wheen's portrait of Marx's life is artfully shaped and makes delectable reading."-New York Times "A magnificent portrait of Marx...Bravo!"-A. N. Wilson "[E]xpertly researched, admirably objective, eminently humane, and plenty entertaining."-Boston Book Review


Paroxysmal movements in childhood can be epileptic and non-epileptic. Non-epileptic events comprise a wide range of disease entities. It can be challenging for a clinician to make an accurate diagnosis. This review article will focus on the clinical approach to various non-epileptic paroxysmal movements in childhood with particular emphasis on detailed history taking and examination of the abnormal events. Prompt diagnosis is extremely important for commencement of appropriate treatment if indicated and to avoid unnecessary use of medications including anticonvulsants in certain benign non-epileptic self- limiting conditions. Timely parental counselling is also important to reduce unnecessary anxiety.


The Internet has largely been greeted as a technology able to create new spaces of political debate. In order to investigate the issue, scholars have paid attention to how transnational social movements use new information technologies. This has been done mainly exploring the use of the World Wide Web (WWW). However, new political spaces do not take place just on the WWW, and by consequence, research in this field cannot solely carry out Web analysis to explore the role played by the Internet in creating political debate. In looking at other areas of the Internet to understand the creation of new political space, other analytical approaches need to be adopted. The Internet also includes tools other than the WWW, such as E-Mailing Lists, collaborative on-line software, Peer-to-Peer Networks, Instant Messaging tools, and so forth. This paper explores the role that E-Mailing Lists play in creating new political spaces. To explore if and how this happens, I illustrate this crucial point with an analysis of the use of E-Mailing Lists by social movements. The case I will use is that of the organization of the protest during the G8 Summit held in Genoa in July 2001.


EARLY PUBLIC PARTICPATION AND SUPPORT FOR A BROWNFIELDS REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A STUDY ON PERTH AMBOY by Leena A. Raut Public participation is an important aspect of brownfields redevelopment. Because brownfields are a localized issue, those most affected by a site should have a say in its redevelopment. Both the process of redevelopment and the final outcome must measure the success of a brownfields project. Perth Amboy, New Jersey, in conjunction with the Middlesex County Vocational School System, is in the process of preparing former brownfields land into a new vocational-technical high school. Residents were notified after the decision had been made, rather than be included from the start of the decision-making process. Residents within a 500-foot radius were sent a survey to measure their satisfaction with the redevelopment of the high school. Spearman rho correlations were used to determine relationships between thirty-two variables. Analysis revealed that there is an overall satisfaction with the construction of the vocational-technical high school, but not with the means by which the process was undertaken. Though residents feel it is their responsibility to be active participants, they also hold the city and the county responsible for fostering public participation early in the process. Support for the vocational-technical high school diminishes if local taxes had been applied to the redevelopment project. Recommendations for better inclusion of the public are offered to enhance future participation efforts. EARLY PUBLIC PARTICPATION AND SUPPORT FOR A BROWNFIELDS REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A STUDY ON PERTH AMBOY


Intellectual property (IP) management is a topic of significant concern for all organisations, irrespective of their size and nature. It is, however, an area of corporate management that has often been neglected or overlooked by small and medium size enterprises, and even more so by smaller third sector enterprises. The reasons are varied and may constitute a lack of money, knowledge or time, or a combination of these factors. The intrinsic value of IP is often underestimated and receives little attention from smaller organisations – yet it is an integral part of any organisation's asset portfolio. Often, effective IP management strategies can make the difference between success and failure of an organisation. This book focuses on ways in which small and medium size enterprises - including social enterprises - can protect and manage their IP. It deals with the importance and value of IP, and the specific needs and requirements of SMEs in relation to IP management, highlighting problematic issues and providing structural guidance in relation to IP management. The book draws on qualitative research conducted in Australia in this area of the law, identifying the unique challenges faced by third sector SMEs in managing their IP, and providing practical strategies for effective IP management and protection.


Inferring dispersal of aquatic invertebrates from genetic variation: a comparative study of an amphipod (Talitridae Hyalella azteca) and mayfly (Baetidae Callibaetis americanus) in Great Basin springs Heather L. Stutz Department of Biology Master of Science Whether active or passive, dispersal accompanied by gene flow shapes the population genetics and evolutionary divergence of species. Indirect methods which use genetic markers have the ability to assess effective dispersal—that which resulted in gene flow. My objective was to see if an aquatic insect and an obligate aquatic invertebrate show similar phylogeographic patterns and genetic uniqueness. Hyalella azteca and Callibaetis americanus were collected from 4-5 springs in each of six basins in the Great Basin of western North America. No dispersal or genetic studies of C. americanus have been conducted to date. However, several studies focusing on mtDNA diversity of H. azteca have revealed a tremendous degree of cryptic diversity in the desert springs of the Great Basin. Nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA), FST values, AMOVA, and Mantel tests were used to examine geographical associations. I also used traditional phylogenetic approaches including maximum parsimony (MP) and likelihood (ML) analyses using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 28S, and 16S as genetic markers. The mitochondrial COI sequence divergences in C. americanus were higher than H. azteca COI divergences within springs but lower among springs. FST values were very high in H. azteca reaching near fixation for certain alleles. C. americanus FST values were lower suggesting greater gene flow and, consequently, greater dispersal rates. Even though Mantel tests did not detect significant isolation by distance when evaluating all haplotypes together, nested clade analysis was able to examine smaller networks of related haplotypes and detect significant isolation by distance. Whereas the genetic structure in C. americanus was dominated by restricted gene flow with isolation by distance, H. azteca was characterized more by gradual range expansion followed by fragmentation. Mayflies likely showed more gene flow than amphipods because of their flight capabilities, but movement was still restricted by long distances between isolated springs.


During the recent transition to democracy in Chile, one of the most divisive issues has been the extent of poverty and the appropriate government response. As in the debate over human rights violations, at issue are the extent and severity of the problem, with ideology playing a major role in the positions taken. In the case of poverty, there is disagreement not only over measurement, but even more so over the fundamental principles underlying the design of social welfare policy in general. Proponents of neo-liberal economic thought see poverty as a direct result of individuals' inability to participate in the market economy and believe it can be resolved by meeting their basic needs. Most critics define poverty and its causes much more broadly and take into account socioeconomic structural and cultural factors. While these concepts are not necessarily at odds with each other, the resulting policy prescriptions tend to conflict. One explanation for the divisive nature of the debate on poverty in Chile is the nature of the regime that implemented the country's dramatic process of economic structural reform. Chiles steady growth rates, low inflation, and liberal trade and investment regimes are now looked upon as models for the rest of Latin America. Its political legacy, however, presents a paradox.


This paper presents the results of a techno-economic investigation of a nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) process for treating brackish water. Optimization experiments of six commercially available small scale RO and NF membranes were carried out using formulated artificial groundwater. A predictive model was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of input process parameters of brackish water membrane processes to simultaneously maximize water recovery and salt rejection while minimizing energy demand. A predictive model using multiple response optimization revealed that CSM RO and NF250 membranes showed the optimal efficiency with 20.24% and 18.98% water recovery, 90.22% and 70.64% salt rejection and 17.87 kWh/m3 and 9.35 kWh/m3 of specific energy consumption (SEC), respectively. Furthermore, confirmation of RSM predictions was carried out by an artificial neural network (ANN) model trained by RSM experimental data. Predicted values by both RSM and ANN modeling methodologies were compared and found within the acceptable range. Finally, a membrane validation experiment was carried out successfully at proposed optimal conditions, which proved the accuracy of the employed RSM and ANN models. Detailed analyses of the economic assessment showed that the recovery rate can play a major role in reducing the cost of a membrane system.


The demand for access to information when and where you need has motivated the transition of wireless communications from a fixed infrastructure based cellular communications technology to a more pervasive adhoc wireless networking technology. Challenges still remain in wireless adhoc networks in terms of meeting higher capacity demands, improved reliability and longer connectivity before it becomes a viable widespread commercial technology. Present day wireless mesh networking uses node-tonode serial multi-hop communication to convey information from source to destination in the network. The performance of such a network depends on finding the best possible route between the source and destination nodes. However the end-to-end performance can only be as good as the weakest link within a chosen route. Unlike wired networks, the quality of point-to-point links in a wireless mesh network is subject to random fluctuations. This adversely affects the performance resulting in poor throughput and poor energy efficiency. In recent years, a new paradigm for communication called cooperative communications has been proposed for which initial information theoretic studies have shown the potential for improvements in capacity over traditional multi-hop wireless networks. Cooperative communication involves exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium to form virtual antenna arrays out of independent single-antenna network nodes for transmission. In this research we explore the fundamental performance limits of


There is currently no reliable information on the number of children with disabilities across the globe due to differences in terminology, child find systems, and available of psychometrically sound assessment tools to identify children timely. This literature review examines the extant literature related to assessment methods used for identification of children for early intervention/early childhood special education (EI/ECSE) services in four settings: China, Singapore, Taiwan, and Turkey. Search criteria for the study started with peer-reviewed articles, published in English between 2008 and 2019. In addition to the peer-reviewed article search, government reports and technical evaluation papers in each setting's native language are included. Findings are summarized in the following areas: 1) legal foundations; 2) assessment procedures on identification of young children with disabilities, and 3) education services for children with disabilities and their families. Similarities and differences across four settings regarding the EI/ECSE systems and initiatives are examined. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


Soil compaction may interact with available soil water and aeration porosity, affecting root and crop growth. Most commonly, soil compaction status is assessed by penetration resistance (PR) tests. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) is an indicator of soil structural quality that appraises the simultaneous effects of water availability, aeration, and PR on plant growth. High resolution PR microprofiles are commonly acquired for LLWR assessment. Multifractal analysis of these microprofiles provides a new opportunity to investigate highly localized heterogeneity at the scale of small soil cores. The objectives of this work were to characterize the scaling properties of depth‐dependent PR microprofiles using multifractal analyses and to explore the effects of soil bulk density and water potential on the degree of multifractality of these PR data series. Disturbed soil cores from a clayey Oxisol (Rhodic Hapludox) were assayed at seven different levels of bulk density (ρb) in the range of 1.00–1.60 kg dm−3 and at six different matric potentials (ψ) from −6 to −1500 kPa, yielding 42 treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times and three PR microprofiles were recorded per soil core, so that 378 PR data series were analyzed. Singularity and Rényi spectra revealed the multifractal behavior of PR microprofiles, and the multifractal approach provided considerable detailed information on their depth‐dependent structure. Rényi spectra and singularity spectra of PR microprofiles, and specially the branches accounting for the most negative statistical moments, depended on ρb and ψ. Effects of bulk density on multifractal parameters were modeled by a linear equation, while water potential effects were modeled by an exponential relationship to log (−ψ). Increasing ρb gradually reduced the degree of multifractality. Increased dryness increased the degree of multifractality, notably near the wilting point, while higher water contents near field capacity showed no significant effects on the degree of multifractality.


To preserve favourable environment and natural resources with a high rate of technical development, a large-scale transition from anthropocentric positions to ecocentric ones in all spheres of economic activity, especially, at the design stage of new products is required as the decisions determining the necessary material base for the creation of products and having multiplicative effect of impact on the environment are made. The new approaches to improve ecological performance of design processes accounting for the product life cycle were offered. The methods for assessing ecological safety of created products from the perspective of full ecological responsibility aimed at improving ecological safety of products in the life cycle and minimizing negative impact on abiotic resources were developed; these methods enable to set implicative dependences of engineering and ecological parameters and control over them to improve ecological performance of design processes. The comprehensive ecological criteria for assessing ecological safety of technical products at the design stage based on the regressional dependences of ecological and engineering parameters of created products, algorithms and criteria for ecological safety of materials were given. The offered analysis methodology and methods for assessing ecological safety in the design by various ecological parameters can be used to study any engineering system being created.


We devise and experiment with a dynamical kernel-based system for tracking hand movements from neural activity. The state of the system corresponds to the hand location, velocity, and acceleration, while the system's input are the instantaneous spike rates. The system's state dynamics is defined as a combination of a linear mapping from the previous estimated state and a kernel-based mapping tailored for modeling neural activities. In contrast to generative models, the activity-to-state mapping is learned using discriminative methods by minimizing a noise-robust loss function. We use this approach to predict hand trajectories on the basis of neural activity in motor cortex of behaving monkeys and find that the proposed approach is more accurate than both a static approach based on support vector regression and the Kalman filter.


This book examines the work of three seminal Nordic architects - Alvar Aalto, Jorn Utzon and Sverre Fehn - from a phenomenological perspective, utilising the methodology of 'paradigm' (or 'in the manner of''). Roger Tyrrell explains how the approach of each architect is defined by the three sub-frames of the paradigm: that of the `origin' (arche), that of `revealing' (techne), and that of `the poetic conjunction', in order to gain a holistic understanding of the experiential or phenomenological predisposition of the three architects. Using this method the author describes the commonalties and distinctive qualities of the architecture and design methods of Aalto, Utzon and Fehn. The final chapter projects the intellectual heritage of the three protagonists into the contemporary world, examining the work of practices from the UK, Norway and the USA that each extend this particular way of making place.


Semi-submersible rigs are utilized to perform drilling, production and intervention operations in the oil and gas industry. The design of the rigs is a complex task which today is highly dependent on manual iteration and experience. In this thesis, the prospect of using optimization methods to establish the main dimensions of the hull was investigated. A nonlinear optimization model which minimizes the hull weight was developed taking the most important properties of the semi-submersible rig such as stability, motion characteristics and air gap into account. The model was solved in Microsoft Excel to enhance the availability and make it easier to implement for engineers with solid experience using the software. The add-in algorithms solved the model in matter of minutes and the output was compared to other rigs operating in the North Sea. The results were verified by experienced engineers in Aker Solutions and were found feasible and interesting. Based on the results from the computational study and the sensitivity analysis performed, it is concluded that the model can be used as a decision support tool to establish the main dimensions of the hull structure.


Seven trends that emerge in the new global economy will be identified followed by a discussion of how they evolved and what they imply for public policy and for various types of firms and consumers. Some have called it the "brave new world" of food production and consumption. Some dislike what they see, others fear it, and many embrace it. The new food economy involves many non-food firms that provide ancillary services and products. They go way beyond the familiar farm input suppliers to consulting firms for software and data analysis, to electronic system designers, to engineers of food and packaging, to biological and physical scientists who redesign the food itself. Together, they make the food system work for consumers and for those firms that are receptive to new technology and new ways of doing business.


Lately, practical applications for holographic techniques have been found in interferometry. These techniques are usefully applied to shearing interferometry. Different kinds of shear are treated, and in several cases the optical system is significantly simplified, compared to the corresponding conventional setups. Both zero-order (no tilt) and multiple-fringe (tilt between wavefronts) interferograms can he achieved, as well as a simple method for displaying the second derivative of phase variation in an object. Experimental results of holographic shearing interferometry are shown.


Welcome to the video portion of Knight's Microsoft® Business Intelligence 24-Hour Trainer A book-and-video introduction to Microsoft's Business Intelligence tools If you are just starting to get a handle on Microsoft Business Intelligence (BI) tools, this book and accompanying video provides you with the just the right amount of information to perform basic business analysis and reporting. You'll explore the components and related tools that comprise the Microsoft BI toolset as well as the new BI features of Office 2010. After a basic primer on BI and data modeling, the expert team of authors provides you with step-by-step lessons in the book and videos on the accompanying Video on how to use SQL Server Integration Services, SQL Server Analysis Services, SQL Server Reporting Services, Excel BI (including PowerPivot), and SharePoint. Integrates instructional videos with each of the lessons found in the book to enhance your learning experience Explores the Microsoft Business Intelligence (BI) toolset as well as the new BI features of Office 2010 Encourages you to practice what you've learned in "Try It Out" sections Contains video demonstrations that walk you through how to tackle each lesson featured in the book With Knight's Microsoft Business Intelligence 24-Hour Trainer, veteran authors present you with an ideal introductory book-and-video package so that you can get started working with the BI toolset immediately!


EEL (Executable Editing Library) is a library for building tools to analyze and modify an executable (compiled) program. The systems and languages communities have built many tools for error detection, fault isolation, architecture translation, performance measurement, simulation, and optimization using this approach of modifying executables. Currently, however, tools of this sort are difficult and time-consuming to write and are usually closely tied to a particular machine and operating system. EEL supports a machine- and system-independent editing model that enables tool builders to modify an executable without being aware of the details of the underlying architecture or operating system or being concerned with the consequences of deleting instructions or adding foreign code.


Globalisation, modernism and postmodernism in Etienne van Heerden's In stede van die liefde (2005) In the 1990s postmodernism as a literary phenomenon led to the development of a lively literary discourse in Afrikaans. However, in contemporary narrative criticism postmodernism rarely features as a theoretical framework for studies of new Afrikaans writing. In poetry criticism postmodernism still enjoys some currency, whereas some critics hold the position that there should be stronger acknowledgement of modernist elements in the development of Afrikaans poetry. In an effort to grasp the manifestation of postmodernism in contemporary Afrikaans prose, this article focuses on globalisation and modernism as two unique challenges to thinking about postmodernism that prevail in Etienne van Heerden's novel In stede van die liefde (In Cities of Love, 2005). The article identifies three problems in theoretical reflections about postmodernism, namely a too narrowly conceived view of postmodernism, a lack of recognition of the continuities between modernism and postmodernism, and the resulting neglect of modernism. Furthermore, the article offers a critical interrogation of globalisation in its guise as a new master narrative in the light of recent developments in the postmodern era. Through a reading of Van Heerden's novel, the interrogation focuses on the motifs of slippage and substitution in In stede van die liefde. The representation of space in the novel includes both the urban and the rural and points to 'glocalisation', a term that refers to the interconnection between the local and the global. The author proposes that globalisation in the guise of a diffuse and multidimensional master narrative, produces a yearning for older master narratives leading to the reaffirmed presence of modernist elements in a manifestly postmodernist novel such as In stede van die liefde. The challenge is to acknowledge modernist elements in contemporary literature using a theoretical approach that exhaustively accounts for the link between postmodernism and globalisation – new manifestations of modernism can no longer be examined with outdated theories about modernist literature. Key words: Afrikaans narrative fiction, globalisation, local versus global, modernism and postmodernism. Article text in Afrikaans