The nonexistence of an end-to-end path poses a challenge in adapting traditional routing algorithms to delay-tolerant networks (DTNs). Previous works have covered centralized routing approaches based on deterministic mobility, ferry-based routing with deterministic or semideterministic mobility, flooding-based approaches for networks with general mobility, and probability-based routing for semideterministic mobility models. Unfortunately, none of these methods can guarantee both scalability and delivery. In this paper, we extend the investigation of scalable deterministic routing in DTNs with repetitive mobility based on our previous works. Instead of routing with global contact knowledge, we propose a routing algorithm that routes on contact information compressed by three combined methods. We address the challenge of efficient information aggregation and compression in the time-space domain while maintaining critical information for efficient routing. Then, we extend it to handle a moderate level of uncertainty in contact prediction. Analytical studies and simulation results show that the performance of our proposed routing algorithm, DTN hierarchical routing (DHR), is comparable to that of the optimal time-space Dijkstra algorithm in terms of delay and hop count. At the same time, the per-node storage overhead is substantially reduced and becomes scalable.


In 2001 John Rawls published a little book called The Law of Peoples, that was originally supposed to be a chapter for Justice as Fairness: a Restatement, a revision and re-organization of his theory. Although it was expected in vivid anticipation, the book has generated controversy. While that may not seem surprising to Mr. Rawls – most of his theories were subject of intense debate, that being one of the reasons why they are so relevant to the Academy – the international part of the Justice as Fairness theory was received with astonishment by both his students and his "loyal opposition". Rawlsian Law of Peoples works under a different Original Position, with restricted principles of justice and several other traits that simply seemed a completely modified setting than that of Justice as Fairness, as it were designed to reduce differences in a national legal context of basic institutions and goods. This paper tries to summarize the main criticisms that the Law of Peoples has received, specifically from a series of scholars that could be considered as defenders of Cosmopolitanism, given their commitment to the idea of an order of global justice. And hearing those voices of dissent, it tries to address the claim that this new theory of International Law is actually contradictory to Rawls' Theory of Justice itself. At last, it will try to give suggestions of how the Law of Peoples should be different, for it to follow the principles of egalitarianism displayed throughout Justice as Fairness as a whole.


This study aims to investigate senior high school students and teachers' perception of the use of Indonesian in their English classes. To achieve the objective, two sets of questionnaires were administered to gauge the perceptions of 556 students and 15 teachers of 10 senior high schools in Jabodebek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi). The findings revealed: (1) the majority of both students and teachers preferred to use Indonesian in their English classes; (2) they believed Indonesian is helpful in language skills development, language components learning, learning materials understanding and classroom interactions; (3) the students preferred the predominantly use of Indonesian, while the teachers preferred the predominantly use of English during the class hour; (4) the higher their grade, the higher amount of English the students would like to have in their English classrooms; and (5) teachers with longer teaching experience tended to expect the use of bigger proportion of Indonesian in English classrooms.


Introduction: In this study we investigated the relation of the fall prediction index with the stroke risk factors and the functional status of the stroke patients. Materials and Method: Forty stroke patients and 22 healthy subjects recruited to the study. The patients and the control group were investigated about the risk factors of stroke. All the subjects were evaluated with Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSET), Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Functional Ambulation Scale (FAS). Fall Prediction Index (FPI) was calculated for each patient and control. Results: The mean age of the patients was 64.40 ± 10.65 years. The most frequent stroke risk factor was hypertansion (75 %). FPI was significantly correlated with FAS, motor FIM score and MRS. Eighteen of the forty patients had fallen at least once. There were no difference about the stroke risk factors between the fallers and the non-fallers patients. FAS was significantly lower in the patients who had fallen. FPI was significantly correlated with MRS, FAS, FIM motor and cognitive scores in the fallers and also FPI was significantly correlated with MRS, FAS and FIM motor scores in the non-fallers. Conclusion: Stroke is the most important cause of disability in the geriatric age group. The patients at risk for falls can be defined by applying FPI. In this way the modifiable falls risk factors can be overviewed and regulated.


The objective of the research was to explore the development of modern sport in Malaysia and to identify the socio-political and ethnic issues and other problems associated with it. The time period studied is from the year 1800 to the year 2000, which covers the periods of British colonial rule and Malaysia as an independent nation. The extended period of British administration left a paramount effect on the Malaysian society. Eight sport enthusiasts, forty schools, twelve sport associations, the Ministry of Youth and Sport of Malaysia, the Ministry of Education of Malaysia, and the Olympic Council of Malaysia were approached to gather the primary or raw data for the study. In addition, historical facts and sociological perspective on sport and physical education gathered from library research were combined to form the main ingredients and cross-analysed for discussion in the thesis. A chapter was constructed to understand the reason for British global expansion, their sport idealism and eventually the socio-political impact on Malaysia. A subsequent chapter was constructed discussing the independent government's attempt to redress the ethnic groups imbalance in economy, education and sport, as a result of the colonial legacy, in order to develop a just and harmonic society. Sport was found to be both the `enhancing' and `deterring' factors for a genuine national unity to materialise. Issues on power politics, economy, education and sport were found to be very much entangled and intertwined with the ethnic phenomenon. The research concluded that Malaysia's short history as an independent nation with very distinguished multi-ethnic and multicultural society provided an unsettled and unstable platform for a suitable environment for sport to develop successfully. Universal sport sociological theories related to the main issues investigated were compared and tested on the Malaysian sport scene to identify the `grounded theory'. Finally several `grounded theories' were presented as closure of the thesis.


Although impartiality and concern for the greater good are lauded by utilitarian philosophies, it was predicted that when values conflict, those who acted impartially rather than partially would be viewed as less moral. Across four studies, using life-or-death scenarios and more mundane ones, support for the idea that relationship obligations are important in moral attribution was found. In Studies 1-3, participants rated an impartial actor as less morally good and his or her action as less moral compared to a partial actor. Experimental and correlational evidence showed the effect was driven by inferences about an actor's capacity for empathy and compassion. In Study 4, the relationship obligation hypothesis was refined. The data suggested that violations of relationship obligations are perceived as moral as long as strong alternative justifications sanction them. Discussion centres on the importance of relationships in understanding moral attributions.


Hot tearing, one of the most severe defects observed in castings, is due to both tensile stresses and lack of interdendritic liquid feeding in the mushy zone. In order to predict this phenomenon, the two-phase averaged conservation equations for mass and momentum must be solved in the mushy region of the material. In recent contributions, M'Hamdi et al (2002 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33 2081–93) proposed a strongly coupled resolution scheme for this set of equations. The solution of the mechanical problem is obtained using a rheological model established by Ludwig et al (2005 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36 1525–35). In the present contribution, the problem is addressed with a slightly different approach. The same rheological model is used for the solid skeleton (i.e. saturated porous medium treatment), but the influence of liquid pressure is neglected at this stage. This assumption allows for a weakly coupled resolution scheme in which the mechanical problem is first solved alone using ABAQUS® and user subroutines. Then, the liquid pressure is calculated separately accounting for the viscoplastic deformation of the porous solid and solidification shrinkage. This is done with a code previously developed for porosity calculations which uses a refined mesh in the mushy zone (Pequet et al 2002 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33 2095–106). The stability of the numerical tools is presented and the modelling approach is then applied to a virtual experiment. Finally, two approaches are examined to study the hot tearing tendency in this problem.


The emerging approaches to sustainable manufacturing are considered to be solution-oriented with the aim of addressing the environmental, economic and social issues holistically. However, the analysis of the interdependencies amongst the three sustainability dimensions has not been fully captured in the literature. In a recent review of approaches to sustainable manufacturing, two categories of techniques are identified: 1) Sustainable Product Development (SPD), and 2) Sustainability Performance Assessment (SPA) techniques. The challenges of the approaches are not only related to the arguments and misconceptions of the relationships between the techniques and sustainable development but also to the inability to capture and integrate the three sustainability dimensions. This requires a clear definition of some of the approaches and a road-map to the development of a holistic approach that supports sustainability decision-making. In this context, eco-innovation, social impact assessment, and life cycle sustainability analysis play an important role. This paper deployed an integrative approach that enabled amalgamation of sustainable manufacturing approaches and the theories of reciprocity and motivation into a holistic simulation-based impact analysis framework. The findings in this research have the potential to guide sustainability analysts to capture the aspects of the three sustainability dimensions into an analytical model. Additionally, the research findings presented can aid the construction of a holistic simulation model of a sustainable manufacturing and support effective decision-making. Keywords—Life cycle sustainability analysis, sustainable manufacturing, sustainability performance assessment, sustainable product development.


Pesticides have been a major contributor to the growth of agricultural productivity and food supply. Yet, they are a source of concern because of human and environmental health side effects. This paper presents methodologies for assessing the productivity and health effects of pesticides. It also provides an overview of some of the major empirical findings. This paper covers major research that analyzes alternative approaches to address issues of resistance buildup, risk and environmental and human health, predator–prey relationships, as well as dynamic considerations. The paper summarizes existing policies that vary from the prescribed social optimum suggested by economic theory to those motivated by political–economy factors and risk aversion. Analysis is provided to relate pesticide policies to the larger context of agricultural and environmental management. This paper also presents recent modeling of invasive species and agricultural biotechnology.


Research with children and young people at risk of child sexual exploitation (CSE) has highlighted that professionals need to engage children in relationships of trust if they are to be most successful in enabling children to explore and address risky behaviours, situations and relationships. More needs to be understood about professional approaches to building such trusting relationships, particularly when children feel (often with good cause) that professionals are not always able to balance their need for protection and guidance with their right to a voice and to make agentic choices about their own lives. This paper draws on interim findings from a two-year realist evaluation study funded by the Office of the Children's Commissioner in England into the implementation and evaluation of a new child-centred framework for working with CSE , 'See Me, Hear Me', within three pilot local authority sites in different regions of England. A survey and qualitative interviews reveal how professionals from a range of disciplines draw on their knowledge, skills, personal qualities and values to develop trust. Key themes for effective practice were relationship-based practice, an ethically grounded approach, child-centred, and being skilled and knowledgeable in relation to working with CSE.


Abstract We studied factors influencing home-range size in fluctuating populations of Microtus ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in alfalfa, bluegrass, and tallgrass habitats over a 25-year period in east-central Illinois. Preferred food availability for both species was greatest in alfalfa and least in tallgrass, lesser during winter than other seasons in all 3 habitats, and greater in alfalfa during winter than in the other 2 habitats. Vegetative cover was sparse, especially during winter, in alfalfa and dense year-round in bluegrass and tallgrass. Movement distances of M. ochrogaster tended to be smaller in alfalfa than in bluegrass and tallgrass; movement distances of neither vole species differed between bluegrass and tallgrass. Within alfalfa, movement distances of both species were smaller during winter, when cover was sparse and food availability low. No seasonal difference was found in movement distances of either species within bluegrass and tallgrass, where cover was dense year-round, but food availability was low during winter. Movement distances of M. ochrogaster were not affected by supplemental feeding in bluegrass and tallgrass; those of M. pennsylvanicus were smaller in supplementally fed tallgrass. We conclude that cover, as an indicator of risk of predation, influenced home-range sizes of both species more than did food availability.


This work introduces the network uncertainty quantification (NetUQ) method for performing uncertainty propagation in systems composed of interconnected components. The method assumes the existence of a collection of components, each of which is characterized by exogenous-input random variables, endogenous-input random variables, output random variables, and a local uncertainty-propagation operator that computes output random variables from input random variables. The method assembles the full-system network by connecting components, which is achieved simply by associating endogenous-input random variables for each component with output random variables from other components; no other inter-component compatibility conditions are required. The network uncertainty-propagation problem is: Compute output random variables for all components given all exogenous-input random variables. To solve this problem, the method applies classical relaxation methods (i.e., Jacobi and Gauss--Seidel iteration with Anderson acceleration), which require only black-box evaluations of component uncertainty-propagation operators. Compared with other available methods, this approach is applicable to any network topology, promotes component independence by enabling components to employ tailored uncertainty-propagation operators, supports general functional representations of random variables, and requires no offline preprocessing stage. Also, because the method propagates functional representations of random variables throughout the network (and not, e.g., probability density functions), the joint distribution of any set of random variables throughout the network can be estimated a posteriori in a straightforward manner. We perform supporting convergence and error analysis and execute numerical experiments that demonstrate the weak- and strong-scaling performance of the method.


This thesis describes the development of a smart carbon fibre polymer composite that is capable of sensing its own damage and self-healing. Structural composites are used in the aerospace and marine industries, for example. During their lifetime impact events are inevitable, which can result in extensive internal damage. Once damaged, the only options to date are manual repair or replacement. If self-sensing and self-healing properties could be imparted to the next generation of structural composites, this would bring greater safety and reduced maintenance costs for aircraft, as well as an extended operational lifetime for equipment such as satellites. The concept of the new material is to embed three additional components into a fibre-reinforced composite material: (i) microcapsules containing a liquid healing agent, together with a solid catalyst in the matrix, (ii) optical fibre Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors and (iii) woven shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators. An impact event causes a crack to propagate at the damage site, rupturing the microcapsules in its path. This releases the liquid healing agent into the crack, where it comes into contact with the catalyst and begins to polymerise. The strain shock pulse radiating out from the impact site is detected by a sparse array of FBG sensors, which locate the impact position by time-of-flight. With this information, the SMA wires in the impact region are thermally activated using resistive heating, causing them to contract and exert a compressive force, closing the crack. The SMA wires then remain activated during the polymerisation period of the healing agent. The new material is developed in several stages. In the first stage, SMA wires and microcapsules are combined in an epoxy matrix. The addition of SMA wires results in a significant improvement in healing efficiency; the healed fracture toughness approaches that of the virgin material. The improvement results both from crack-closure and also from the heating effect of the wires, which increases the degree of polymerisation of the healing agent. In the second stage, a liquid composite moulding cure schedule that allows straightforward integration of the SMA wires during composite fabrication is developed. With this process, the SMA wires do not need to be maintained in place with an external frame, even though the peak post-cure temperature exceeds the activation temperature of the wires. The wires remain bonded to the matrix both during processing and subsequent activation. In the third stage, impact sites are localised on composite plates to a precision of a few centimetres using three FBG sensors spaced several tens of centimetres apart. In the final stage, a prototype self-healing carbon-fibre composite with embedded microcapsules, Grubbs' catalyst and woven SMA wires is fabricated and tested. While the results presented in this thesis represent only a first step towards a fully-functional Active Sensing and Repair Composite, they successfully demonstrate the advantages of combining the three components in a single material, as well as validate the scientific concept of the system.


Allegations of match-fixing are not new to sport and have been around for a considerable period of time. However, it is still not clear what, if at all anything, can be done by the law, about match-fixing as it is a form of conduct which does not neatly fall into any particular category. However, considering the fact that commercial sport occupies an increasingly important position in society today, it is quite clear that something must be done. The only question is 'what must be done?' By looking at the instances and concepts involved in as well as nature of match-fixing as well as the existing framework of penal laws in India and other sanctions which may apply to it, this paper argues that criminal liability should be imposed on match-fixing. While suggesting so, the paper provides justifications for the above, along with the requisite safeguards so as to ensure that the problem of over-criminalization is not caused when there is a criminal liability on match fixing.


The arrival of Juno at Jupiter enables repeated in situ observations above the Jovian ionosphere. The low altitude and high velocity of Juno at perijove permits direct sampling of ionospheric ion populations. We present the first direct observations above the ionosphere made by the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment Ion sensor (JADE‐I). When looking into the spacecraft ram direction, JADE‐I can measure ion energy distributions to below 1 eV/q along with ion composition. We report observations from 17 Juno perijove passes. At these latitudes, the low energy ions consist of protons and heavier ions, protons being the dominant species. Heavy ions—primarily oxygen and sulfur likely originating from the magnetosphere—are seen each pass, but their intensity varies. Other trace light ions are observed during some of the perijoves: H3+ (6 of 17 perijoves), He+ (2 of 17 perijoves). Ionospheric ions are observed up to altitudes of ~7,000 km.


Fourth Amendment cases are replete with references to "purpose." Typically, these references pertain to the motivations of individual officers and occasionally to those of public institutions. That courts pay attention to purpose is unsurprising. Across many areas of law, an alleged wrongdoer's intentions are often critical to determining liability, a remedy, or both. Purpose analysis in Fourth Amendment cases however, is surprisingly confused. The Supreme Court has, without explanation, advanced separate frameworks for analyzing purpose – objective, subjective, and programmatic. The only consistent thing about the three approaches is that they all fail to ensure that law enforcement agents behave transparently and honestly. The failure is particularly worrisome because of the increasingly salient role that purpose analysis has played in recent Supreme Court cases.This Article contends that purpose should be an ex ante institutional design principle rather than what it currently is, a judicial device for ascertaining an actor's past motivations. A single enforcement bureaucracy should not be responsible for too broad a range of functions, particularly if those functions implicate very different levels of state coercion – for example, enforcing felony narcotics laws as opposed to traffic laws. Modern police departments tend to have sprawling mandates that sometimes make it impossible for policy makers and officers to differentiate and rank distinct goals. Mandate sprawl is particularly problematic because it creates opportunities for pretextual searches and seizures – police have access to a broad range of rationales to justify conduct that was actually carried out for an impermissible motive. Were enforcement bureaucracies required to differentiate enforcement activities by purpose, it would go a long way in curing this problem.


Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is necessary in the formation of tubular myelin, the precursor to pulmonary surfactant (PS) films at the alveolar fluid-air interface. However, the exact role of SP-A in the physicochemical properties of PS films is not understood. Epifluorescence and electron microscopy were used to investigate the interaction of SP-A, and its structural homolog, C1q, with PS. Molecular films of PS lipid extract (PSLE) containing 1 mol% fluorescent probe (NBD-PC) were spread onto a saline subphase (145 mM NaCI, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.9) containing 0, 0.13, 0.16 or 0.20 μg/mL SP-A as well as 0, 1.64 or 5 mM CaCI2 in the subphase. Monolayers were compressed at a slow rate (the initial rate was 0.0089 A² /molecule/second) and film features were recorded. No differences were noted in PSLE monolayers in the absence or presence of Ca²⁺. Circular probe-excluded (dark) domains were observed against a fluorescent green background at low surface pressures (π ~ 5 mN/m). The domains grew in size with increasing π until π ≥ 25 mN/m, then diminishing domain size was observed. The amount of dark phase was maximized at π ~ 25 mN/m (at 18% of the initial film area), then decreased to ~3% when π reached ~40 mN/m. The addition of 0.16 or 0.20 μg/mL SP-A with 0 or 1.64 mM Ca²⁺ in the subphase caused a reorganization of dark domains into a loose network, and the maximum amount of dark phase was increased (25%) between π 10 - 28 mN/m. Monolayer features in the presence of 5 mM Ca²⁺ and SP-A were not significantly different from that of PSLE monolayers alone. This effect may be due to a self-association and aggregation of SP-A in the presence of higher concentrations of Ca²⁺. PSLE films were spread onto a subphase containing 0.16 μg/mL Texas-Red SP-A (TR-SP-A), a fluorescent analog of SP-A, in the presence or absence of 5 mM Ca ²⁺ to determine the location of the protein in the monolayer. In the absence of Ca²⁺, TR-SP-A associated with the reorganized dark phase lipid (probe-excluded domains). The presence of 5 mM Ca ²⁺ resulted in an aggregation of TR-SP-A in the fluid phase and fluid/gel phase boundaries of the monolayer. The interaction of PSLE monolayers with C1q was investigated by adding 0.16 μg/mL of this protein to the subphase in the presence or absence of 1.64 mM Ca ²⁺. Monolayer surface texture was reorganized in a manner similar to that when SP-A was present, but the total amount of dark phase recorded (~12% at π between 15-25 mN/m) was less than that observed in PSLE films in the presence of SP-A. The effect of C1q on the surface texture of PSLE films was similar to that of SP-A, hence the oligomeric structure of these C-type lectin proteins may have some impact on PSLE film organization. This study suggests that SP-A associates with PSLE monolayers, particularly gel-phase lipid, and results in some reorganization of gel-phase lipid in surfactant monolayers.


We construct a new type of transfer from the Earth to Mars, which ends in ballistic capture. This results in a substantial savings in capture ∆v from that of a classical Hohmann transfer under certain conditions. This is accomplished by first becoming captured at Mars, very distant from the planet, and then from there, following a ballistic capture transfer to a desired altitude within a ballistic capture set. This is achieved by manipulating the stable sets, or sets of initial conditions whose orbits satisfy a simple definition of stability. This transfer type may be of interest for Mars missions because of lower capture ∆v, moderate flight time, and flexibility of launch period from the Earth.


I am writing this final "From the Editor" on July 1, 2013, the date on which Utah State University ended all funding for Western American Literature. There will be no more funding from Utah State for editorial fellows associated with WAL, and the woman so many of us have enjoyed working with over the years, Sabine Barcatta, lost her job. Sabine and I have worked together for over fifteen years, and we are proud of the innovations we made at WAL, particularly in design and typesetting, and of the work we both did with our editorial fellows, most of whom, perhaps all of whom, still stay in touch. We are also proud of having moved WAL into the digital age since very soon the full run of the journal will be up on Project Muse. We shared a wonderful partnership. Of the many things I will miss: I could always count on Sabine making me laugh, even just last Friday as we were dismantling our offices, her last official day on the job. Western American Literature will be moving to the University of Nebraska Press, a very natural home for our journal, with Tom Lynch as the new editor. It will be hosted by the English Department and the Center for Great Plains Studies and produced by the University of Nebraska Press. Tom officially takes over now, but in order to make the transition smooth and to finish up a volume year, Sabine and I have completed the fall and winter issues, which will be mailed from here. As well, because of uncertainty throughout the spring over where the journal would move, I continued to send out essays for review until late March 2013. So while Tom's first issue will be Spring 2014, I have made, for better or for worse, some future editorial decisions for him. Tom will set out his editorial plans and practices in a future "From the Editor." He has established a new email for the journal: firstname.lastname@example.com. And the new mailing address is Western American Literature, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1155 Q. St, PO Box 880244, Lincoln NE 68588-0244. Since 1979, the Western Literature Association has been my professional and emotional safety net and home base. You all are the most supportive, generous, smart, unpretentious, and fun collection of friends I could ever have. I have loved editing our journal. (I've even enjoyed attending all those four-hour Executive Council retreats!) I'll be around WLA for a few more years (at least), but for now, I'm glad to be able to hand WAL off into Tom's more-than-capable hands.


Abstract The Fertile Crescent encompasses a mega-center of diversity of crops and livestock of global importance. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) coordinated a 5-year regional project funded by the Global Environment Facility to promote in situ conservation of dryland agrobiodiversity in Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Syria. The project focused on conserving landraces and wild relatives of Allium, Vicia, Trifolium, Medicago and Lathyrus spp. and barley, wheat, lentil and dryland fruit trees (olive, prune, pear, pistachio, almond, cherry and apricot). ICARDA and national programs assessed the status and importance of local agrobiodiversity by surveying 570 farm households in the project target areas including the characterization of their livelihood strategies, agrobiodiversity use and household income sources. A wealth index was created considering human, natural, financial, physical and social assets and was used to classify households into four wealth quartiles. The results indicated that agriculture and agrobiodiversity continue to be important for supporting the livelihoods of poor communities in dry and mountainous regions. The poorest households obtained their income from diverse sources including crop production, off-farm labor and government employment. However, households in the highest wealth grouping are mainly dependent on income from selling livestock products and live animals. They also practiced crop production, worked off-farm and took advantage of government employment. Off-farm income was important for livelihoods in all areas, representing 43–68% of household incomes. For all groups, fruit trees were generally more important than field crops for income generation, mainly in mountainous areas. The finding of this study showed that all farmers' groups contribute greatly to on-farm conservation of landraces, with a bigger role for poor farmers in conserving the landraces of fruit trees. Diversification of income and farming systems to include livestock, field crops and fruit trees along with off-farm activities are contributing to the conservation of agrobiodiversity in these marginal environments. Several opportunities for income increase and diversification through add-value activities and alternative sources of income are demonstrated to the custodians of dryland agrobiodiversity. Their benefits can contribute to the sustainability of agrobiodiversity conservation, provided that marketing of local products can be enhanced.


Why does modern technology succeed so brilliantly in some respects and simultaneously fail in others? While he was completing a doctoral thesis in mechanical engineering in the late 60s and early 70s, Willem Vanderburg became convinced that the environmental crisis and the possible limits to growth would require a fundamental change in the engineering, management and regulation of technology. In this volume he exposes the limitations of conventional approaches in these fields. Modern societies urgently need to rethink the intellectual division of labour in science and technology and the corresponding organization of the university, corporation, and government in order to get out of a self-destructive pattern where problems are first created by some than then dealt with by others, making it almost impossible to get to the roots of anything. The result is what he calls the labyrinth of technology, a growing patchwork of compensations that merely displace and transform problems from one place to another. The author's diagnosis suggests the remedy: a new, preventive strategy that situates technological and economic growth in its human, societal, and biospheric contexts, and calls for a synthesis of methods in engineering, management, and public policy, and of approaches in the social sciences and humanities. He also suggests that this same synthesis can be applied in medicine, law, social work, and other professions. The Labyrinth of Technology is a unique and invaluable text for students, academics and laypersons in all disciplines, and speaks to those who are torn between the benefits that modern technology provides and the difficulties it creates in our individual and collective lives.


This book is a history of love and the challenge love offers to the laws and customs of its times and places, as told through poetry from the Song of Songs to John Milton's Paradise Lost. It is also an account of the critical reception afforded to such literature, and the ways in which criticism has attempted to stifle this challenge. Bryson and Movsesian argue that the poetry they explore celebrates and reinvents the love the troubadour poets of the eleventh and twelfth centuries called fin'amor: love as an end in itself, mutual and freely chosen even in the face of social, religious, or political retribution. Neither eros nor agape, neither exclusively of the body, nor solely of the spirit, this love is a middle path. Alongside this tradition has grown a critical movement that employs a 'hermeneutics of suspicion', in Paul Ricoeur's phrase, to claim that passionate love poetry is not what it seems, and should be properly understood as worship of God, subordination to Empire, or an entanglement with the structures of language itself – in short, the very things it resists. The book engages with some of the seminal literature of the Western canon, including the Bible, the poetry of Ovid, and works by English authors such as William Shakespeare and John Donne, and with criticism that stretches from the earliest readings of the Song of Songs to contemporary academic literature. Lively and enjoyable in its style, it attempts to restore a sense of pleasure to the reading of poetry, and to puncture critical insistence that literature must be outwitted. It will be of value to professional, graduate, and advanced undergraduate scholars of literature, and to the educated general reader interested in treatments of love in poetry throughout history.


Censoring is a common form for missing data in survival analysis. When a data set is censored, there is only partial knowledge of the survival time of some of the study units. To compensate for this, special techniques and adjusted residuals may be used in analysis. An alternative to this, is to obtain new data sets through pseudo observations from jackknife theory. These new data sets can then be treated as uncensored data sets, and ordinary regression methods can be applied. This master's thesis studies methods for obtaining pseudo observations based the Kaplan-Meier estimator and modeling by accelerated failure time models (AFT models). Three methods are presented, one parametric and two non-parametric. How well the three methods preforms under different levels of censoring and true distributions are studied, and some recommendations on when they are appropriate to use are made. Pseudo observations are also studied for Cox-Snell and standardized residuals of AFT models, and also here we arrive at some recommendations regarding their use. Both pseudo observations and pseudo residuals are then used in residual analysis and model checking. Methods are illustrated with simulated and real data sets.


continent. 1.4 (2011): 240—241. "Pirogenetico, Pirogenetico", 2009 Installation composee de deux tables en metal et trois blocs d'obsidienne et leur moulages. © Coll.Centre Pompidou / Distr. RMN I'm not so sure that art is so ambiguous. I just think it's not linguistic. It's more full and complex than language— we can experience it but not explain it. —Jimmie Durham(1) Jimmie Duraham is an American artist of Cherokee descent. He's a visual artist and a political activist for the American Indian Movement. Pirogenetico pirogenetico (2009) was recently installed at the Centre Pompidou as part of their "New Presentation of the Contemporary Collections." His work is replete with wild ideas shaped by a sage, unpretentious impulse and an automatic responsibility to history, particularly his own Cherokee history. Confident from instability, and free from pedagogical language, he strings form and words together that sharply pierce the atmosphere of ideology. Durham doesn't follow a line and he doesn't depend on the scaffold of language, but the work makes a remarkable point. Pirogenetico, pirogenetico is a collection of three obsidian rocks, cut and then cast as a double in German silver. Each threesome sits on its own low metal table, forming a diptych. The cut of the original follows the shattering nature of obsidian, which Durham undercuts and monumentalizes in the double. The derivative double and its mannered original: they are nearly too beautiful but still can't deny the violence. If Durham's irony, his edge, is obscured by the volume of his forms, it's reactivated in a video on the adjacent wall where the obsidian cuts through a heart organ. Durham's syntax is spare. He knows that language isn't big enough to tell the story, reminding us, as Lacan stated, "I always speak the truth. Not the whole truth... because saying it all is impossible: words fail."(2) In place of language Durham uses an alternative accuracy that compounds history with the present, a mashup of material things, a collision of aesthetics that shakes down conventional wisdom, replacing it with searing poetry. NOTES (1) Heyokamagazine. " Jimmie Durham: The Pursuit of Happiness ." (2) Lacan, Jacques. Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment . Ed. Joan Copjec. Trans. Dennis Hollier, Rosalind Kraus, and Annette Michelson. (New York: Norton, 1990). p. 18


The ability to delegate control over repetitive tasks from higher to lower neural centers may be a fundamental innovation in human cognition. Plausibly, the massive neurocomputational challenges associated with the mastery of balance during the evolution of bipedality in proto-humans provided a strong selective advantage to individuals with brains capable of efficiently transferring tasks in this way. Thus, the shift from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion may have driven the rapid evolution of distinctive features of human neuronal functioning. We review recent studies of functional neuroanatomy that bear upon this hypothesis, and identify ways to test our ideas.


Farmland preservation has become a growing societal concern over the past two decades and is now a common component of any serious discussion of environmental land-use controls. All levels of government have perceived farmland preservation as an important societal goal and have responded with a variety of programs to slow and control the rate of conversion. This article will examine agricultural zoning as a farmland preservation tool. Part one will briefly examine types of agricultural zoning restrictions. Part two, which is the main focus of the article, will examine the impacts of agricultural zoning from four perspectives: (1) Its Legal Impact; (2) Its Economic Impact; (3) Its Development Impact; and (4) Its Effectiveness as a farmland preservation tool. Finally, the last section of the article will give some brief recommendations on the directions agricultural zoning might take.


The sociocultural aspects of sport injury and recovery include the broad landscape of social beliefs, climates, processes, cultures, institutions, and societies that surround the full chronological spectrum of sport injury outcomes, ranging from risk through to rehabilitation and retirement. A social ecological view of research on this topic demonstrates that sociocultural influences affect sport injury outcomes via interrelated sport systems extending from the intrasystem (i.e., within sports persons) through the microsystem (i.e., sport relationships), mesosystem (i.e., sport organizations), exosystem (i.e., sport governing bodies), and macrosystem (i.e., sport cultures). Affected sport injury outcomes include sport injury risks and responses during rehabilitation, return to play, and retirement from sport.
 Some specific examples of sociocultural themes evident in research literature include personal conformity to the cultural expectation to play hurt, social conventions of behavior when sport injuries occur, institutional character or ethics when making return to play decisions, guidelines for the care of athletes prescribed by sport governing bodies, and the economic costs to society for sport injuries. Many elements of sport injury are affected by these sociocultural influences, such as the risk of injuries, rehabilitation processes, and career terminations. Continuing debates and discussions include advocacy for sport rule changes, bans on dangerous sports, institutional responsibility, and global sport safety efforts. These form the basis for recommendations about sociocultural interventions designed to reduce sport injury risks and optimize effective injury recoveries through social and cultural best practices.


Historically, windows and other facilities during hurricanes have experienced significant damage exposing the occupants and the building envelope to uncomfortable and dangerous conditions. A new approach to the design of window glass panels with hurricane damage resistance has been carried out in this research work. This has been achieved by developing transparent fiber reinforced polyester composites as the interlayer in the laminated glass panel. Transparency in the composite interlayer has been achieved by matching the refractive indices of the glass fibers with the polyester resin. The composite interlayer provides a higher strength, stiffness and damage resistance compared to the traditional PVB interlayer. The panels have been evaluated by conducting 3-point bend tests to determine bending stiffness, lap shear tests to determine the bond strength of the adhesive that is being used to bond the interlayer to the glass, and large missile impact loading tests to study their expected damage behavior during a hurricane.


This two-volume set aims to present as completely as possible the methods of statistical inference with special reference to their economic applications. The reader will find a description not only of the classical concepts and results of mathematical statistics, but also of concepts and methods recently developed for the specific needs of econometrics. The authors have sought to avoid an overly technical presentation and go to some lengths to encourage an intuitive understanding of the results by providing numerous examples throughout. The breadth of approaches and the extensive coverage of the two volumes provide for a thorough and entirely self-contained course in modern econometrics. Volume 1 provides an introduction to general concepts and methods in statistics and econometrics, and goes on to cover estimation and prediction. Volume 2 focuses on testing, confidence regions, model selection, and asymptotic theory.


Poster presented at the 2017 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium.Low frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a proven solution for generating through-wall images, although obtaining a clear picture of the structure and contents of buildings has proven to be difficult. Whilst the effects created by moving objects within a SAR image have been investigated before, the complex effects moving objects have upon a SAR image when located behind a wall, are less known. This is especially the case when the motion of the object being imaged is of vibration and when multipath effects influence the artefacts produced within the SAR image. This occurs when the transmitted SAR microwaves reflect from other objects within the imaged scene, before being detected by the receive antenna. The research presented, investigates these complex SAR phenomena with multistatic radar geometries, using the Cranfield University Antennas and Ground Based SAR (AGBSAR) laboratory. This research is conducted in support of the Dstl Remote Intelligence of Building Interiors (RIBI) programme, and addresses the problem of the detection of running machinery within buildings, amongst other challenging scenarios.


Researches focusing on the effects caused by growing sovereign debt of developed countries on economic growth gained new momentum in the past few years. One half of the empirical studies concludes that the rising debt slows down the pace of economic growth, while the other half of the analyses says this rule works only above a fix rate of the proportion of debt to GDP. Our linear regression study based on the most recent data of EU-27 countries reveals that a one percentage point increase in the debt to GDP rate causes a slowdown of 0.027 percentage point in the rate of the economic growth, while in new member states joining the EU in 2004 or later the degree of such an effect is higher (0.041 pp). However, with respect to long-term effects of public debt on economic development we realise that in the years preceding the economic crisis the 'optimal' rate of sovereign debt to GDP was 68 per cent, which has risen to 86 per cent by 2012. According to our calculations the cut in the GDP-proportionate rate of the expenditures on education sets back economic growth.


The history of 19th century nursing reforms has focussed almost entirely on the activities and lives of nurse leaders, to the exclusion of the ordinary nurses. The lives of such nurses at one London hospital, St George's, have been investigated using a methodology based on prosopographical techniques. It was found that by the end of the century, far from becoming the exclusive preserve of middle class women, as some historians have argued, the Nursing Department at this particular hospital had become a melting pot of social classes. Appointment and promotion depended on ability rather than social position, and many women at the Hospital viewed nursing as a career, rather than a stop-gap before marriage. Evidence has also been accumulated which challenges the image of late 19th century nurses as being meek and docile women. The nurses at St George's were prepared to challenge the authorities to gain recognition for their various causes. Between 1850 and 1900, the Hospital Managers focussed increasingly on improving conditions of employment (including wages, accommodation and holidays) as a means of achieving stability within the Nursing Department, and of attracting a 'better quality' of woman. Nursing training was introduced during the fifty years of this study, although this was a slow process compared to its introduction at other hospitals. Financial considerations appeared to play a greater role in the development of probationer schemes, than a desire to improve the quality of nursing within the Hospital. The study of a group of Victorian nurses, such as this, provides insight into the development of nursing during the period, and reveals details which contradict the writings of nurse reformers. It also aids in the understanding of wider issues, including the changing role of women in Victorian society, and in particular their increasing participation in the labour market.


Build systems are awesome, terrifying -- and unloved. They are used by every developer around the world, but are rarely the object of study. In this paper we offer a systematic, and executable, framework for developing and comparing build systems, viewing them as related points in landscape rather than as isolated phenomena. By teasing apart existing build systems, we can recombine their components, allowing us to prototype new build systems with desired properties.


[1] This model study examines the sensitivity of the calculated optical properties of urban aerosols to (1) hygroscopicity and (2) internal or external mixing state, and it further investigates the associated implications for the accuracy of satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (t) and aerosol effective radius (reff). State-of-the-art retrieval algorithms widely omit variable hygroscopicity and mixing state. For the study described herein, the modeled urban aerosols are composed of water-soluble sulfates and water-insoluble black carbon (BC) in the fine mode and of water-insoluble compounds in the coarse mode. The calculations show that external compared to internal mixing of black carbon and sulfate not only significantly affects the single-scattering albedo but also alters the diagnostic relationship of the Angstrom exponent (a) to the aerosol effective radius. The implication is that over a dark surface of visible reflectance less than 0.1, satellite retrievals of urban aerosols having a BC/sulfate mass ratio of 5% can differ in t and reff by as much as 60% and 0.2 mm, respectively, depending upon the retrieval algorithm's assumptions regarding hygroscopicity and mixing state. For surface reflectances greater than 0.1 or BC/sulfate mass ratios larger than 5%, the retrieval bias, including the possibility of unphysical retrievals, increases further. The calculations also show that hygroscopic growth at elevated relative humidity increases the single-scattering albedo of urban aerosols, decreases their backscattering, and as a consequence reduces the influence of mixing state on t and reff. These results suggest that current operational retrieval algorithms lead to a possibly systematic underestimate of aerosol optical thickness when ambient BC/sulfate aerosols are internally mixed at mass ratios greater than 3%. This study's recommendation is that aerosol retrieval algorithms, when applied to urban aerosols, incorporate in situ knowledge of relative humidity, mixing state, and BC/sulfate mass ratios, either from ground-based measurements or by auxiliary use of chemical transport models.


The effect of noise-induced phase inconsistency on interferometric phase information content is studied. Phase inconsistencies, or residues, hinder a correct unwrapping of the phase signal. The probability of noise-induced phase inconsistencies is obtained as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, a two-dimensional noise-residue filter, intended to be applied as a preprocessing step before phase unwrapping, is proposed. The method is based on the observation that the noise creates adjacent phase inconsistencies mainly in interferometric phase images. A local analysis leads to a set of rules to be applied to reduce noise-induced phase inconsistencies. The filter performances are tested on noisy synthetic and real phase data.


Mango is the third most important fruit in Kenya in terms of area and total production. Nutritionally, mango fruit is important for vitamins and mineral provision in the daily diet of Kenyans. As an export crop, mango earns the country foreign exchange, acts as source of food and household income especially for resource poor farmers, contributing to poverty alleviation and achievement of Millennium Development Goal number one. However, mango production and marketing is constrained by several factors, among which pests and disease infestation is major. Among the pests, mango fruit fly present a real challenge to producers and exporters due to losses incurred at the farm level and infested mango rejections at export points. To reduce losses, cost of production and increase the profit at producer level, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) developed and implemented an Integrated Pest Management fruit fly control package (IPMFFCP) in Embu County, Kenya. The impact of this intervention, however, had not been evaluated. This study therefore evaluated the impact of this intervention on magnitude of mango rejection due to fruit fly damage, insecticide expenditure and net income from mango production. The study also established households' perception of the effect of the intervention on human health. The study used survey research design in which a structured questionnaire was administered to 257 randomly selected IPMFFCP participants and non participants from the intervention and control areas. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis and Difference-in-difference (DD) method were used to assess the impact of the IPMFFCP on magnitude of mango rejection and insecticide expenditure. Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) analysis and DD were used to evaluate the impact of IPMFFCP on net income from mango production. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the household perception of the effect of IPMFFCP on health. The results indicated that on average IPMFFCP participants had approximately 54.5 percent reduction in magnitude of mango rejection than the non participants. The participants spent approximately 46.3 percent less on insecticide per acre than the non participants and on average received approximately 22.4 percent more net income than the non participants. Results also showed that 78 percent of households perceived the intervention improved human health. The results imply that IPMFFCP participants are better off in terms of magnitude of mango rejection and insecticide expenditure reduction and net income from mango production increment. The study recommends expansion of IPMFFCP intervention to the entire mango growing area in Embu County to improve the farmers' livelihood through the increased profitability.


Throughout the public, private, and non-profit sectors, there is increasing experimentation with the use of partnerships, alliances, and networks to design and deliver social programs (Brinkerhoff, 2002). In addition government and private funding initiatives are promoting coalitions, collaborations and other inter-organizational approaches to address complex community, social services and health issues (Mizrahi, 2001). Community partnerships can be developed out of natural collaboration and shared values where there is a general interest in improving services for the community, individuals, families, youth and children. More recently however, community partnership literature has focused attention towards the pressures to partner that are resulting from economic and political restructuring policies. Along with this the social service sector has revealed that the demand to partner from the government can cause un-welcomed structural and organizational pressures while impacting upon the agency's ability to meet their core mission (George, Moffat, McGrath and Lee, 2003). The development of partnerships as community-based alternatives in social programming has raised both hopeful possibilities for and illusions of social change, but this does not come without its struggles. This qualitative case study explores the context of these partnerships, the barriers to community-based partnerships and the impact of government restructuring initiatives on community-based partnerships through a look at one community. Utilizing interviews of five key informants, this case study reveals several struggles to develop relationships between the organizations and ministries set out to meet the needs of children and families in their community. The stories of these struggles to partner have revealed three emergent themes. Firstly, Government Restructuring-The Rules Keep Changing: which looks at the impact of government changes to resources and jurisdiction during Alberta's regionalization process. The second theme, Bureaucratic Imperatives, involves looking at the impact of forced formalization upon these partnerships. Finally the theme of Goal Displacement: which, looks at the struggles to manage the demands to partner and their agency core missions. This exploratory study will conclude that, despite the informant optimism in forced partnerships, outside influences and resources have dominated and overwhelmed their local initiatives and informal partnerships creating barriers to partnership work, which, has seemingly, resulted in a dependency upon government endorsed partnership initiatives.


How well do people search an environment for non-depleting resources of different quality, where it is necessary to switch between exploring for new resources and exploiting those already found? Employing a simple card selection task to study exploitation and exploration, we find that the total resources accrued, the number of switches between exploring and exploiting, and the number of trials until stable exploitation becomes more similar to those of the optimal strategy as experience increases across searches. Subjects learned to adjust their effective (implicit) thresholds for exploitation toward the optimal threshold over 30 searches. Those implicit thresholds decrease over turns within each search, just as the optimal threshold does, but subjects' explicitly stated exploitation threshold increases over turns. Nonetheless, both the explicit and learned implicit thresholds produced performance close to optimal.


Background and Purpose— We examined the importance of NADPH-oxidase in reactive oxygen species production in cerebral arteries and its effect on vascular tone in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated whether chronic hypertension affects function or expression of this enzyme in cerebral vessels. Methods— Superoxide generation was detected in isolated rat basilar arteries with the use of lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. mRNA expression of NADPH-oxidase subunits was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Basilar artery diameter was measured with the use of a cranial window preparation in anesthetized rats. Results— NADPH-stimulated superoxide production was 2.3-fold higher in arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and could be blocked by the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium. Higher NADPH-oxidase activity was also reflected at the molecular level as mRNA expression of the NADPH-oxidase subunit Nox4 was 4.1-fold higher in basilar arteries from SHR versus WKY. In contrast, expression of Nox1, gp91phox, p22phox, and p47phox did not differ between strains. Application of NADPH to basilar arteries caused larger vasodilatation in SHR than WKY. Vasodilatation to NADPH could be attenuated by diphenyleneiodonium, as well as diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu2+/Zn2+–superoxide dismutase inhibitor), catalase (H2O2 scavenger), or tetraethylammonium (BKCa channel inhibitor). Conclusions— Activation of NADPH-oxidase in cerebral arteries generates superoxide, which is dismutated by Cu2+/Zn2+–superoxide dismutase to H2O2. H2O2 then elicits vasodilatation via activation of BKCa channels. Upregulation of Nox4 during chronic hypertension is associated with elevated cerebral artery NADPH-oxidase activity.


Understanding the mortality impact of COVID-19 requires not only counting the dead, but analyzing how premature the deaths are. We calculate years of life lost (YLL) across 42 countries due to COVID-19 attributable deaths, and also conduct an analysis based on estimated excess deaths. As of June 13th 2020, YLL in heavily affected countries are 2 to 6 times the average seasonal influenza; over two thirds of the YLL result from deaths in ages below 75 and one quarter from deaths below 55; and men have lost 47% more life years than women. The results confirm the large mortality impact of COVID-19 among the elderly. They also call for heightened awareness in devising policies that protect vulnerable demographics losing the largest number of life-years.


In this important book, Drew Khlentzos explains the antirealist argument from a realist perspective. He defends naturalistic realism against the antirealist challenge, and he considers the consequences of his defense for our understanding of realism and truth. Khlentzos argues that the naturalistic realist view that the world exists independently of the mind must take into consideration what he calls the representation problem: if the naturalistic realist view is true, how can mental representation of the world be explained?He examines this major antirealist challenge in detail and shows that many realists have dismissed it because they have not understood its nature. He sees it as a philosophical puzzle: the antirealist challenge, if sound, does not prove that there are no objects that exist independently of the mind, but that there is no rational basis for thinking that there are; we have good reason to believe in the naturalistic view, but (given the antirealist arguments) we have no way of knowing how it could be true. Khlentzos surveys the antirealist arguments of Michael Dummett, Hilary Putnam, and Crispin Wright and suggests a realist answer. He argues for a radically nonepistemic conception of truth, and against pragmatist, intuitionist, verificationist, and pluralist alternatives. He examines and rejects some current versions of physicalism and functionalism, and offers an original version of the correspondence theory of truth.


Active zones are protein-rich regions of neurons that act as sites of synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at the pre-synaptic terminus. Although the discovery that the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR and its cytoplasmic binding partner liprin α are essential for proper active zone formation is nearly a decade old, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Recent studies have identified a number of binding partners for both LAR and liprin α, several of which play key roles in active zone assembly. These include nidogen, dallylike and syndecan – extracellular ligands for LAR that regulate synapse morphogenesis. In addition, liprin-α-interacting proteins such as ERC2, RIM and the MALS/Veli-Cask-Mint1 complex cooperate to form a dense molecular scaffold at the active zone that is crucial for proper synaptic function. These studies allow us to propose testable models of LAR and liprin α function, and provide insights into the fundamental molecular mechanisms of synapse formation and stabilization.


Individuals with autism demonstrate impairments in the area of communication, with many lingering in the prelinguistic stage of communicative development. Early intervention implementing evidence based practices is recommended. Current research indicates interventions for individuals in this stage of development have focused primarily on facilitating expressive communicative skills, with little research investigating interventions to facilitate receptive communicative skills. In typically developing infants, the prosodic and repetitive characteristics of speech and song directed to infants are viewed as features of the prelinguistic language environment associated with communication development. While there is a correlation between attending to infantdirected speech and language outcomes in children with autism, these children are less responsive to infant-directed speech than their typically developing peers. Increasing the salience of infant-directed stimuli for individuals with autism may assist them to acquire receptive language. There is some evidence to indicate that individuals with autism may be responsive to music interventions, although little research in this area has investigated a relationship between music and communication. The focus of this study was to investigate if the auditory input evident in the prelinguistic environment could be enhanced through the use of musical elements to aid receptive language learning and engagement in children with autism and severe language delay. An experimental methodology with a cross-over design was used to compare the learning outcomes for children with autism and severe language delay in two intervention conditions: infant-directed song and infant-directed speech. The intervention was designed to teach children receptive labelling skills. Participants were recruited from Queensland State Special schools within a 50 km radius of the Brisbane CBD. Twenty two children (mean age 5.9 years) completed the research study. A computer-based intervention was Music elements and receptive labelling v developed employing evidence-based instructional practices appropriate for this group of children. The children were asked to identify pictures presented on a touch screen monitor during an interactive song/story. Four pictures were taught in each condition. Each stage consisted of four training sessions and fifteen individual teaching sessions and generalisation training. The order of the intervention was counterbalanced across participants. Data were collected on participants' correct and incorrect responses. Video recordings were coded to provide data on participants' level of engagement across the sessions. Generalisation and maintenance data were recorded. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS 19. Following the intervention there was a significant increase in learning the picture names in both the sung and spoken presentations, although no condition demonstrated superiority. Participants maintained learning at follow-up and generalised learning following both the sung and spoken condition. Children were more engaged during the sung presentation compared to the spoken presentation. Children's level of engagement was positively correlated with receptive language learning. Wide variability was reported between participants. This study provided an initial investigation into the effect of the musical elements evident in the prelinguistic language environment on receptive language learning in children with autism, extending the theoretical knowledge base in this area. The findings from this research offer support for the use of the musical elements of melody and rhythm to be used within a multi-component intervention to create an engaging learning context to teach receptive labelling skills to children with autism and severe language delay. This study highlights the complexity of identifying evidence based practice and the need for researchers to analyse child characteristics and their relationship to learning outcomes. Music elements and receptive labelling vi This knowledge will assist in developing learning contexts that will benefit children with autism. Music elements and receptive labelling vii


While the question of survival of bodily death is usually approached by focusing on the mind/body relation (and often with the idea of the soul as a special kind of substance), this paper explores the issue in the context of our understanding of time. The argument of the paper is woven around the central intuition of time as an "ever- living present." The development of this intuition allows for a more integral or "complex- holistic" theory of time, the soul, and the question of survival. Following the introductory matter, the first section proposes a re-interpretation of Nietzsche's doctrine of eternal recurrence in terms of moments and lives as "eternally occurring." The next section is a treatment of Julian Barbour's neo-Machian model of instants of time as configurations in the n-dimensional phase-space he calls "Platonia." While rejecting his claim to have done away with time, I do find his model suggestive of the idea of moments and lives as eternally occurring. The following section begins with Fechner's visionary ideas of the nature of the soul and its survival of bodily death, with particular attention to the notion of holonic inclusion and the central analogy of the transition from perception to memory. I turn next to Whitehead's equally holonic notions of prehension and the concrescence of actual occasions. From his epochal theory of time and certain ambiguities in his reflections on the "divine antinomies," we are brought to the threshold of a potentially more integral or "complex-holistic" theory of time and survival, which is treated in the last section. This section draws from my earlier work on Hegel, Jung, and Edgar Morin, as well as from key insights of Jean Gebser, for an interpretation of Sri Aurobindo's inspired but cryptic description of the "Supramental Time Vision." This interpretation leads to an alternative understanding of reincarnation—and to the possibility of its reconciliation with the once-only view of life and its corresponding version of immortality—along with the idea of a holonic scale of selves leading from individual personality as we normally experience it, through a kind of angelic self (a reinterpreted "Jivatma"), and ultimately to the Godhead as the Absolute Self. Of greater moment than such a speculative ontology, however, is the integral or complex-holistic way of thinking and imagining that is called for by this kind of inquiry.


This paper argues that dependency thinking has been applied to the South Korean experience of export orientation in both an uncritical and unhelpful fashion with the result that some of the most important features of the strategy and its domestic implications have been either misrepresented or overlooked. Contrary to what is often implied in dependency literature, the state has played an active role not merely in mobilising foreign and local resources for industrial development, but — in the Korean case — also in directing and controlling them, thereby positively affecting the country's terms of integration into the world economy. What is more, the outcome of the Korean strategy is at variance with much of dependency thinking, given that some of the main problems associated with export orientation were at least partly avoided, and given that certain trends towards a greater degree of autonomy are discernable. In order to be useful in the Korean case the dependency approach requires substantial modification.


This Article describes one of the most striking features of the Trump Administration's immigration policy: the shift in the way discretion operates in the legal immigration system. Unlike other high-profile immigration policies that have been the focus of class action lawsuits and public outcry, the changes to the role of discretion have attracted little attention, in part because they are implemented through low-visibility individualized decisions that are difficult to identify, let alone challenge systemically. After providing historical context regarding the role of discretion in the immigration system before the Trump Administration, I offer four case studies from my immigration practice in Arizona that illustrate discretion's new role. The cases highlight three key trends that result from the way discretion currently operates in the immigration system: (1) the ever-widening enforcement net; (2) the emboldening of front-line bureaucrats; and (3) the changing bureaucratic culture within United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, an agency that previously had seen its mission as one of integration, but has now shifted to an aggressive enforcement orientation. I close with a final section reflecting on the important role that individual direct representation can play in fighting against the current enforcement regime.


Given the recent increase observed in crime and violence related to sport activities and the subsequent need for governments to devote more resources to deter this pattern, this article presents empirical evidence that could justify the possibility of taxing the negative externalities associated with the staging of football matches. Focusing specifically on theft (mainly pick pocketing) and assault (interpersonal violence or hooliganism), we seek to determine the extent to which this private leisure activity is responsible for negative crime externalities on a urban context. Drawing on data for the matches played by Football Club Barcelona (FCB) and geocoded crime data for the city of Barcelona (Spain), we assess whether there is an increase in thefts and assaults across the city of Barcelona. Then, conducting an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and a spatial regression at the census tract level, we determine the effect of football matches on crime by comparing crime rates during home and away matches. We find an increase in the number of thefts across the whole city but, especially, in those census tracts within a 700-meter radius of the stadium, indicating that despite the increase in the number of police officers on duty in the vicinity of the stadium, potential offenders are attracted to crowds where rewards are likely to be higher and the probability of being apprehended lower. These results are confirmed by the relatively low number of crimes committed during away matches in the census tracts around the stadium. A similar spatial pattern is found for assaults, although the overall impact across the city is not significant. Our results, therefore, provide evidence of a displacement effect of violent supporters (hooligans) towards the census tracts closest to the FCB stadium on football days.


BACKGROUND
There exists a lack of comparison between large national healthcare databases reporting surgical morbidity and mortality. Prior authors have expressed concern that the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) membership may have underreported complications in spinal surgery. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare the incidence of morbidity between the SRS and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) databases.

METHODS
We reviewed patients enrolled between 2012 and 2013, with a total of 96,875 patients identified in the SRS dataset and 15,909 in the combined adult and pediatric NSQIP dataset. Patients were matched based on diagnostic category,and a univariate analysis was used to compare reported complication rates in the categories of perioperative infection, neurologic injury, and mortality. The SRS database only requires detailed demographic data reporting on patients that have had a complication event. We compared the demographics and comorbidities of this subgroup, and used this as a surrogate to assess the potential magnitude of confounders.

RESULTS
Small differences existed between the SRS and NSQIP databases in terms of mortality (0.1% v. 0.2%), infection (1.2% v. 2%), and neurologic injury (0.8% v. 0.1%) (p<0.001 for each comparison). Infection rates were consistently lower across multiple diagnostic sub-categories in the SRS database, whereas neurologic injury rates were consistently lower in the NSQIP database. These differences reached statistical significance across several diagnostic subcategories, but the clinical magnitude of the differences was small. Amongst the patients with a complication, modest differences in comorbidities existed between the two cohorts.

CONCLUSION
Overall, the incidence of short-term morbidity and mortality was similar between the two databases. There were modest differences in comorbidities, which may explain the small differences observed in morbidity. Concerns regarding possible under-reporting of morbidity and mortality data by the SRS membership seem largely unfounded. This study may be useful for future investigators using the NSQIP and SRS datasets.


Earliest human Arctic occupation Paleolithic records of humans in the Eurasian Arctic (above 66°N) are scarce, stretching back to 30,000 to 35,000 years ago at most. Pitulko et al. have found evidence of human occupation 45,000 years ago at 72°N, well within the Siberian Arctic. The evidence is in the form of a frozen mammoth carcass bearing many signs of weapon-inflicted injuries, both pre- and postmortem. The remains of a hunted wolf from a widely separate location of similar age indicate that humans may have spread widely across northern Siberia at least 10 millennia earlier than previously thought. Science, this issue p. 260 Injuries to a mammoth carcass indicate that humans penetrated Siberia as far as 72°N 45,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence for human dispersal through northern Eurasia before 40,000 years ago is rare. In west Siberia, the northernmost find of that age is located at 57°N. Elsewhere, the earliest presence of humans in the Arctic is commonly thought to be circa 35,000 to 30,000 years before the present. A mammoth kill site in the central Siberian Arctic, dated to 45,000 years before the present, expands the populated area to almost 72°N. The advancement of mammoth hunting probably allowed people to survive and spread widely across northernmost Arctic Siberia.


Many of the song cycles written by Schumann have been studied over the years and it is well known that his most prolific time of song production was the year 1840. Myrthen , Op. 25, has been studied less than some of his other cycles because it calls into question the modern view of the song cycle and for this reason is difficult to classify. What is most difficult about the classification of Op. 25 is that there is no immediately apparent narrative. In addition, the musical relationships which exist are usually considered to be of little consequence. What scholars are left with is a group of songs that in Schumann's mind constituted a song cycle but to the modern eye seems to be anything but. The most prevalent view concerning the organization of Op. 25 is that it is a collection of songs. Given his view of Lieder and his compositional process, in addition to the fact that it was presented to Clara as a wedding gift, I believe that Schumann had a specific organization in mind for this work. In this thesis I argue that due to the way in which Schumann conceived of and composed song cycles, the musical relationships are not what bind Op. 25 together although these relationships do exist. Instead, the organization hinges mainly on the text which represents a narrative of the relationship between Robert and Clara, which differs from the modern view of what classifies a group of songs as a cycle.


In this study, an atmospheric correction algorithm is designed for Landsat/TM imagery. The lookup tables with multiple scattering and polarization correction are used to remove the reflectance resulting from Rayleigh scattering. The Landsat/TM imageries collected on October 28, 2003, in Taihu Lake, water-leaving reflectance measured by synchronized experiments and the aerosol lookup table are used to estimate the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and atmospheric diffuse transmittance from Landsat/TM imagery at 15 experimental stations. The inverse distance spatial interpolation algorithm (IDSIA) is used to improve the uncertainty produced by the non-homogeneous distribution of AOT. According to the study results carried out by this paper, it is found that using IDSIA to improve the spatial changes of AOT at least decreases 4.5% uncertainty at TM3 and 16.4% uncertainty at TM4 from non-homogeneous distribution of AOT. The improved performance of IDSIA is fairly obviously. Additionally, water-leaving reflectance of Landsat imageries is estimated by this atmospheric correction algorithm. The stability and accuracy validation results show that the estimation accuracy of water-leaving reflectance is 8.31% at TM1 and 9.56% at TM2, respectively.


Although their author would not necessarily agree that the film versions of his work were in any way successful, Raymond Chandler's novels have been thoroughly and interestingly adapted for the screen. From the gritty chiaroscuro of Murder, My Sweet (1944) through the sardonically updated Marlowe (1969) to the sun-drenched anti-heroics of The Long Goodbye (1973), the sheer number of film adaptations and the eccentric variety of interpretation attest to the inherently cinematic quality of Chandler's fiction--not a surprising fact, considering Chandler's own career as a Hollywood screenwriter. Aside from their intrinsic merits, these books and films can be viewed in tandem. An adaptation can highlight aspects of the written narrative that might otherwise be overlooked, and the concerns of the filmmakers, answering as they do to producers and the producers' conceptions of/he taste of the mass audience, are most fully appreciated inasmuch as they contrast with the written narrative. One important factor in adaptation is that of length: if followed point for point, an adaptation of a novel would result in a film far longer than the Hollywood standard of ninety minutes. Often, however, changes cannot be traced to a need for brevity. More significantly, ideological censorship, dictated by studio owners and managers, regulated the transition of book-to-film projects for most of the period in American cinema when the major studios had a stranglehold on production (roughly 1930-1960). The most obvious manifestation of rigid control of narrative is the insistence on a "happy ending" by means of establishing a monogamous, heterosexual, seemingly lasting relationship between protagonists by the fade-out, a sure indication that problems have been overcome and all is well. Such narrow restrictions have not always obtained: American film has always appealed to a perceived sensationalism on the part of its audience, but films of the late 1920s and early 1930s aroused the vigilance of religious and civic groups such as the Legion of Decency, affiliated with the Catholic Church. For these concerned citizens, Hollywood too often depicted the joie de vivre of loose-living flappers and charismatic, Tommy-gun toting gangsters, products of the high-spirited Jazz Age. The industry's response was a self-regulating mechanism, the Motion Picture Producers and Directors Association, whose strictures, commonly referred to as the Production Code, were first instituted in 1927 and subsequently made more and more restrictive. In the 1940s, when the first Chandler adaptations were produced, the Code was still a stringently enforced censoring mechanism that shaped narratives according to perceived mainstream moral values. Although it encompassed a multitude of sins, the Code was particularly sensitive to gangster films of the early sound era, whose charismatic, blatantly violent, and ambitious heroes parodied the optimistic Horatio-Alger model of democratic self-reliance and upward mobility. The Code demanded that "the treatment of crimes against the law must not ... make criminals seem heroic or justified" (qtd. in Schumach 290) and even in cases where the criminal is captured or killed, the MPPDA was perceptive enough to recognize the allure of such criminal protagonists. A milestone in film history, Howard Hawks's Scarface (1932) exploited the public fascination with the success of Prohibition gangsters, and it is easy to see how Paul Muni's electrifying performance could have made the censors nervous. Hawks compounded the perceived problem by suggesting an incestuous relationship between his Capone-like gangster, Tony Camonte, and his sister, Cesca, played with equal elan by Ann Dvorak. In this area the Code was yet more sententious, preaching that "the sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall be upheld. No film shall infer [sic] that casual or promiscuous sex relationships are the accepted or common thing" (qtd. …


Abstract Evidence suggests that both high and low birth weight children have increased the risk for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Previously we have found altered feeding behaviour and food preferences in pre-school children and adults born with low birth weight. In this study, we investigated if birth weight was associated with different intake of fat, carbohydrate and/or protein at 6–12 years of age. This is a cross-sectional study where 255 guardians answered online and telephone questions including anthropometrics and demographic data, parental family food rules (food control, encouragement and restriction) and a complete web-based FFQ for their children (130 boys and 125 girls). Baseline demographic and parental food rules characteristics did not differ accordingly to sex. Linear regression models were conducted separately for each sex, adjusted for income, age and maternal age. There were no differences in total energy intake, but energy density (ED, energy content/g) was negatively associated with birth weight in boys. Macronutrient analysis showed that ED intake was from a greater intake of fat. Birth weight was not a significant predictor of protein and carbohydrate intake in boys. In girls, we saw a positive correlation between fat intake and cholesterol intake v. birth weight, but no association with ED intake (results did not remain after adjustment). The study shows that low birth weight is associated with altered fat intake in childhood in a sex-specific manner. It is likely that biological factors such as fetal programming of homoeostatic and/or hedonic pathways influencing food preferences are involved in this process.


Learning to recognize, predict, and generate spatio-temporal patterns and sequences of spikes is a key feature of nervous systems, and essential for solving basic tasks like localization and navigation. How this can be done by a spiking network, however, remains an open question. Here we present a STDP-based framework extending a previous model [1], that can simultaneously learn to abstract hidden states from sensory inputs and learn transition probabilities [2] between these states in recurrent connection weights.


Psychologists consider emotion regulation a critical developmental acquisition. Yet, there has been very little research on the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence. We selected two ERP components associated with inhibitory control—the frontal N2 and frontal P3. We recorded these components before, during, and after a negative emotion induction, and compared their amplitude, latency, and source localization over age. Fifty-eight children 5–16 years of age engaged in a simple go/no-go procedure in which points for successful performance earned a valued prize. The temporary loss of all points triggered negative emotions, as confirmed by self-report scales. Both the frontal N2 and frontal P3 decreased in amplitude and latency with age, consistent with the hypothesis of increasing cortical efficiency. Amplitudes were also greater following the emotion induction, only for adolescents for the N2 but across the age span for the frontal P3, suggesting different but overlapping profiles of emotion-related control mechanisms. No-go N2 amplitudes were greater than go N2 amplitudes following the emotion induction at all ages, suggesting a consistent effect of negative emotion on mechanisms of response inhibition. No-go P3 amplitudes were also greater than go P3 amplitudes and they decreased with age, whereas go P3 amplitudes remained low. Finally, source modeling indicated a developmental decline in central-posterior midline activity paralleled by increasing activity in frontal midline regions suggestive of the anterior cingulate cortex. Negative emotion induction corresponded with an additional right ventral prefrontal or temporal generator beginning in middle childhood.


This Essay presented at the Sharia and Halakha in America Conference explores the unique status of religious law as a hybrid concept that simultaneously retains the characteristics of both law and religion. To do so, the Article considers as a case study how courts should evaluate procedural challenges to religious arbitration awards. To respond to such challenges, courts must treat religious law as law when defining the contractually adopted religious procedural rules and treat religious law as religion when reviewing precisely what the religious procedural rules require. On this account, constitutional and arbitration doctrine combine to insulate religious arbitration awards from judicial even on procedural grounds, leaving courts to confirm religious arbitration awards without knowing whether the arbitrators complied with the contractually required procedural safeguards. This outcome - emblematic of the Janus-faced nature of religious law - gives us good reason to reevaluate how U.S. law treats religious law, encouraging us to de-mystify religious law by seeing it more like law and less like religion.


We study the problem of finding the minimum-length curvature constrained closed path through a set of regions in the plane. This problem is referred to as the Dubins Traveling Salesperson Problem with Neighborhoods (DTSPN). An algorithm is presented that uses sampling to cast this infinite dimensional combinatorial optimization problem as a Generalized Traveling Salesperson Problem (GTSP) with intersecting node sets. The GTSP is then converted to an Asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem (ATSP) through a series of graph transformations, thus allowing the use of existing approximation algorithms. This algorithm is shown to perform no worse than the best existing DTSPN algorithm and is shown to perform significantly better when the regions overlap. We report on the application of this algorithm to route an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a radio to collect data from sparsely deployed ground sensors in a field demonstration of autonomous detection, localization, and verification of multiple acoustic events.


In many parts of the world, the food security of households and the nutrition security of individual household members, in particular that of children, are still at risk, in spite of the progress made in combatting hunger at the global level. The prevailing opinion among scientists and development practioners alike is that women's empowerment is the key to household food security and good nutrition of children. Similarly, it is thought that gender inequalities manifest themselves in dietary discrimination of women resulting in their lesser access to sufficient and nutritious food. To investigate the credibility of these 'common truths', empirical evidence on women's roles in the social practices that aim at realizing household food security and good family nutrition was reviewed. It can be concluded that women definitely yield and wield power through their involvement in and responsibility for these practices, but that – at the same time – enhancing women's capabilities by improved access to critical resources would benefit their household's food security and their children's nutrition. Furthermore, except for the region of South Asia, gender inequalities do not visibly result in a gender gap in nutrition, although women's specific dietary needs in relation to pregnancy and motherhood are not always recognized.


This article aims to analyze the philosophical relationship between Descartes and Montaigne on divine power and human reason. Within Cartesian historiography, a relationship was usually established between Descartes and Montaigne to cast more light on the originality of the approach that Descartes introduced to the philosophical scene. On the contrary, the main goal of this article is to show how Descartes' theory of eternal truths positively incorporated and preserved some aspects of Montaigne's reflection on divine power. Were this the case, the historiographical interpretation that tends to establish a link between the two authors in order to separate Descartes from Montaigne would at least need to be integrated. This does not mean denying the originality of Cartesian approach, but more broadly defining the context in which Descartes voices his opinion.


This article focuses on one aspect of school disciplinary enforcement: the search and seizure of students and their property while at school. School search and seizure policy is important because it is not an area of the law that has been frequently examined by legal scholars in the context of youth development. Youth development is becoming part of the discussion around juvenile justice reform with regard to culpability and sentencing, Eighth Amendment issues involving the constitutionality of death or life without parole sentences for juveniles, and in the Fifth Amendment context. However, little has been said about how the scientific and psychological research that is used to support these arguments could be applied to Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. This article is the first in a trilogy of projects that will explore how the school environment effects youth development and identity. Beginning with this article, I advance a theory of juvenile rights that accounts for adolescent development without eschewing autonomy and equality concerns. Every since New Jersey v. T.L.O., the dominant narrative, particularly in inner-city schools, has been that school children are dangerous and violent, drug dealing, gang affiliated, and out of control. Teachers and fellow students need protection from these menacing ambassadors of street thuggery. Therefore, under the rubric of school safety, we strip students of the full protection afforded by the 4th Amendment while simultaneously subjecting them to a model of school discipline that utilizes law enforcement officers to enforce school rules. The sacrifice of students' rights in the name of public safety comes at a cost. Such policies "construct a narrow range of meaning through which young people define themselves." Forcing students to submit to pats, frisks, sniffs, and searches that would be illegal if performed on the average adult citizen transforms them into suspects. The constant suspicion with which they are regarded pushes students into a defensive posture that hinders their ability to become active and engaged citizens of their community and nation. This alienates them from mainstream society, increasing the lure of counter-culture ideas, decreasing the legitimacy of the rule of law, and, in some instances, feeding the school-to prison pipeline. This conditioning is particularly detrimental to high school age youth because adolescents undergo significant psychological, intellectual and emotional development. During this time, youth are being "hardwired," shaped, and programmed into patterns of thought and behavior that impact the way they interact with the world around them and determine what kind of adults they will become. As a result, they have very fragile identities which make them particularly vulnerable to outside pressures and influences. During the teenage years, children learn as much from interactions with peers and authority figures as they do from textbooks. \Therefore, the draconian disciplinary policies of America's public schools, where children are viewed with suspicion and treated like threats, create a self-fulfilling prophecy – when students are treated as threats to society, they become threats to society. In section one, I examine and critique the current paradigm of school search jurisprudence. I discuss how the Court's analysis largely ignores age as a factor in determining the reasonableness of a search. I also address the increased use of police officers to enforce school discipline. Drawing on neuroscience and developmental psychology, in section two I discuss the developmental needs of youth, particularly in light of recent Supreme Court cases involving the rights of juveniles. The Court's endorsement of recent research in the area of adolescent brain development has important implications for school search jurisprudence particularly because reasonableness is an evolving standard. I also examine positive youth development, an approach that focuses on strengthening youth by encouraging healthy development. Section three focuses on the developmental implications of search and seizure practices in America's public high schools and seeks a way to strike a developmentally appropriate balance between safety and privacy in the context of school searches. To encourage positive development, adolescents' burgeoning sense of autonomy must be nurtured and supported rather than diminished and disregarded. I call this a 'positive youth development approach' to school searches. Evolving standards of reasonableness, like evolving standards of decency, should account for the realities of adolescent brain development and the particular vulnerabilities of youth. Furthermore, utilitarian concerns militate in favor of a unitary standard that applies to both school officials and police officers. In conclusion, I suggest doctrinal and policy changes that counter the trend of increasing youth criminalization by encouraging positive youth development. I argue that, if implemented correctly, probable cause is more a developmentally appropriate standard. Therefore, it should be the unitary standard in school searches.