Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer commonly used in PVC that may leach into the environment, and has been shown to adversely affect the health of humans and animals. We undertook a study to ascertain the neurotoxicity of DEHP in Kunming mice. This study included three rounds of testing. In the first round, Kunming mice were exposed to different concentrations of DEHP (0, 5, 50, 500 mg kg−1 per day) after which their cognitive ability was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in tissue and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of brains were also measured. In the second round, vitamin E (50 mg kg−1 per day) was given daily as an anti-oxidant via the intragastric route. Cognitive deficits and locomotor activity, as well as ROS and MDA contents were tested employing the same methods. In the third round, the depressive mood of mice after DEHP exposure (500 mg kg−1 per day) was measured using the open field test, the tail suspension test, and the forced swim test. The main findings of this study include: (1) a statistical association exists between DEHP oral exposure and spatial learning (DEHP 500 mg kg−1 per day) and memory (DEHP 50 mg kg−1 per day) dysfunction as ascertained by an MWM test of Kunming mice. (2) A statistical association was also found between DEHP oral exposure (50 and 500 mg kg−1 per day) and oxidative stress (ROS and MDA) of mouse brain tissue. (3) Co-administration of vitamin E (50 mg kg−1 per day) diminishes the elevation of ROS and MDA induced by DEHP (50 mg kg−1 per day) from significant levels to non-significant levels. (4) Co-administration of vitamin E (50 mg kg−1 per day) protects against mouse memory dysfunction induced by DEHP (50 mg kg−1 per day) from being significant to being not significant. (5) In the 5 mg kg−1 per day DEHP exposure groups, oxidative stress in brain tissue, and neurobehavioral changes were not found. (6) High dose DEHP exposure (500 mg kg−1 per day) may induce behavioral despair in mice. Conclusions: These data suggest that DEHP is neurotoxic with regard to cognitive ability and locomotor activity.


ABSTRACT This paper concerns research issues on curriculum, pedagogy and the creative use of method in international higher education. It is motivated by the witnessing of a recent shifting in consensus within the global research communities on international education, towards curriculum renewal of shared knowledge within the field. The article enters into an imaginary of alternative pedagogical routes in IHE and contributes to the collective dialogue by way of a case example using creative writing for transitioning from the actual to the possible in international education. The paper narrates a creatively assembled case study on interdisciplinary methodology. It culminates through correspondence between an international doctoral researcher of Fine Arts and a senior scholar of International Education. The article explores autobiographical research accounts about geographical displacement, the subjectivities produced in international scholarly spaces and their new epistemological imprints on the international student transition experience. The article offers generative curriculum insight that combines interdisciplinary methods through which to feasibly implement pedagogical strategies for renewal of internationalized curriculum beyond times of educational crises.


Abstract In this article Philip Chung, Andrew Mowbray, and Graham Greenleaf, the Co-Directors of the Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII), explain the need for an open source search engine which can search simultaneously over legal materials in European languages and also in Asian languages, particularly those that require a 'double byte' representation, and the difficulties this task presents. A solution is proposed; the 'u16a' modifications to AustLII's open source search engine (Sino) which is used by many legal information institutes. Two implementations of the Sino u16A approach, on the Hong Kong Legal Information Institute (HKLII), for English and Chinese, and on the Asian Legal Information Institute (AsianLII), for multiple Asian languages, are described. The implementations have been successful, though many challenges (discussed briefly) remain before this approach will provide a full multi-lingual search facility.


This investigation examined the current use and status of sport psychology in New Zealand. National coaches (n=46) and elite athletes (n=68) completed appropriate questionnaires that assessed their perceptions of sport psychology. They also indicated the importance of and the success they felt they had in changing and/or developing 21 psychological skills. Finally they were asked about their actual use of sport psychology and any problem areas. A general definition of sport psychology was given and sport psychology was rated by both coaches and athletes as being very important. Most coaches and athletes reported using it regularly. A positive response was received, with virtually all coaches and most athletes indicating they would be interested in having a sport psychologist work with them. Implications of the results are discussed and future research and practical recommendations are made.


Results from afield study with 152 members of a large urban hospital indicate that the relationship between the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) and subordinate performance is moderated by perceptions of task analyzability and variety. LMX and performance are found to be significantly related when task challenge is either very high or very low. Under these task conditions, data indicate that there is a positive link between LMX and performance such that a higher quality leader-member exchange correlates with higher levels of performance. On the other hand, analyses also reveal that when tasks are perceived to be moderately challenging, no significant relationship between LMX and performance is present. In other words, these data suggest that characteristics of the task act as moderating agents of the LMX/performance relationship. Results are discussed in terms of theory development, managerial implications, andfuture LMX research.


In 1935, two Burmese filmmakers traveled to Tokyo with the intention of acquiring the latest sound recording equipment and training in sound-on-film production. In addition to these stated goals, in Japan they co-produced the feature film Japan Yin Thwe/Nippon Musume, 'Japanese Darling.' The film depicts daring young Burmese aviators and a budding romance with a Japanese woman. The active harnessing of the symbolic capital of aviation – the ideological notion of airmindedness – through the mimetic capacities of cinema, could be seen as a prescient example of Pan-Asianism, predating Daitoa Kyoeiken 'Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' propaganda. The film's explicit encouragement of Burmese techno-nationalism offers a compelling contrast to other examples of anti-colonial nationalism, which emphasize notions of ethnic history and Buddhist morality and concerns of religious decline in the face of foreign imperialism. However, a comprehensive analysis of the film industry and commercial aviation in Japan in the 1930s reveals a structural impetus for this collaboration, arguably overshadowing ideological motivations and results.


I'M WRITING THIS COLUMN on the one-month anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. A week ago, at the Texas Council for the Social Studies annual meeting, I heard a woman say while introducing a speaker, "This is a great time to be a social studies teacher." Perhaps it is, but I'm not so sure. While America and the world reeled in shock, most teachers whom I talked with were struggling with how to present and discuss issues related to the attacks, terrorism, Islam, and discrimination against Arab Americans and Muslims. Many felt that it was impossible to provide any information more comprehensive than what the television news programs were offering. Most said that discussions of tolerance or understanding of Islam would be rejected by students and their parents. Moreover, nearly every teacher I talked with was reluctant to spend too much class time on the topic because it would take away time to prepare their class for the TAKS, the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. Unfortunately, throughout the nation, teachers are struggling with the same issue. In Indiana, September 11 was the day when many tenth graders took the high-stakes ISTEP+, the test that they must pass to graduate from high school. Schools had permission to delay the test until another time, but many school districts chose to administer the test anyway. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, I've heard many comparisons to Pearl Harbor, another deadly sneak attack on the United States. Yet, as many historians have argued, some clear signs were overlooked or misinterpreted that could have given us warning about Pearl Harbor. The same could be said about September 11. A month before the attack, the Drudge Report (www.drudge.com) had provided links to stories that said that a major attack against "U.S. interests" would occur before the end of September. I told my secretary and wife about these stories but thought they were referring to "interests" overseas, such as embassies or business locations. But even more official warnings came out long before the Drudge Report predictions. Read the chilling quotes below: Between now and 2015 terrorist tactics will become increasingly sophisticated and designed to achieve mass casualties. We expect the trend toward greater lethality in terrorist attacks to continue. The probability that a missile armed with WMD (weapons of mass destruction) would be used against U.S. forces or interests is higher today than during most of the Cold War and will continue to grow. And, even more frightening: The combination of unconventional weapons proliferation with the persistence of international terrorism will end the relative invulnerability of the U.S. homeland to catastrophic attack. A direct attack against American citizens on American soil is likely over the next quarter century. The risk is not only death and destruction but also a demoralization that could undermine U.S. global leadership. In the face of this threat our nation has no coherent or integrated governmental structures. The first quote was from the January 2001 CIA report, Global Trends, 2015. Based on symposia at major universities and think tanks throughout the U.S. and other countries, this report ought to be required reading for every social studies teacher. It can be found at www.cia.gov/cia/publications/ globaltrends2015. Its predictions, not always pessimistic, about world food supplies, global warming, water supply, and population growth should be incorporated into social studies classrooms in the middle and high school grades. The second quote, which seems darkly on target today, is from the U.S. Commission on National Security, 21st Century. Chaired by former senators Gary Hart and Warren Rudman, the report recommended the creation of "a new independent National Homeland Security Agency." President Bush has created such a position but has not given it the authority that the Commission recommended. …


Traditional Amazonian folklore includes a host of supernatural beings believed to protect its forests and rivers. One of the most powerful and widely recognized of these beings is the Amazon River dolphin Inia geoffrensis, or boto. The boto is traditionally viewed as a mischievous and tempestuous being, both feared and respected. The most sensational folklore concerning botos is that they transform themselves at dusk into handsome Caucasian men, who are skilled at dancing and seducing young women. Botos are also believed to at times enter boats or households, paralyzing their occupants to engage in sexual intercourse. Before first light, the boto returns back into water, reverting into its dolphin form (Cravalho 1999). Indeed, unexpected teenage pregnancies in the Amazon region have been traditionally attributed to seduction by the boto (Cravalho 1999).


The thesis presents studies on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and a freshwater sardine (Limnothrissa miodon), two exotic fish species introduced into a reservoir, Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe/Zambia. Their growth rates show that conditions in Lake Kariba are comparable to their native lakes. Nile tilapia escaped into Lake Kariba from fish farms and displaced an endemic native tilapia, Oreochromis mortimeri. This provided an opportunity to study the impact of an invading species sharing an ecological niche with a native species, and traits that may give competitive advantage. I conclude that a superior growth rate of Nile tilapia, resulting in a larger size that I showed to be advantageous in aggressive encounters with Oreochromis mortimeri, and a higher reproductive effort have contributed to its success. Additionally, the results support that fish introductions into an occupied niche may not result in higher catches. The sardine was deliberately introduced into a vacant niche, the deep-water habitat in the newly formed reservoir, to increase fish production. An initially highly productive fishery that developed on the sardine collapsed after 16 years of expansion. I conclude that the collapse can be attributed to overfishing and unfavourable environmental conditions associated with rising temperature. Additionally, I conclude that selective fishing pressure reduced growth rate and size at maturity, which slows down the recovery of the sardine population. My results indicate that managers of the sardine fishery need to monitor life-history parameters and environmental variation such as temperature and plankton, and match fishing effort to ecosystem production to safe-keep sustainability.


Boyd's SBS model which includes distributed thermal acoustic noise (DTAN) has been enhanced to enable the Stokes-spontaneous density depletion noise (SSDDN) component of the transmitted optical field to be simulated, probably for the first time, as well as the full transmitted field. SSDDN would not be generated from previous SBS models in which a Stokes seed replaces DTAN. SSDDN becomes the dominant form of transmitted SBS noise as model fibre length (MFL) is increased but its optical power spectrum remains independent of MFL. Simulations of the full transmitted field and SSDDN for different MFLs allow prediction of the optical power spectrum, or system performance parameters which depend on this, for typical communication link lengths which are too long for direct simulation. The SBS model has also been innovatively improved by allowing the Brillouin Shift Frequency (BS) to vary over the model fibre length, for the nonuniform fibre model (NFM) mode, or to remain constant, for the uniform fibre model (UFM) mode. The assumption of a Gaussian probability density function (pdf) for the BSF in the NFM has been confirmed by means of an analysis of reported Brillouin amplified power spectral measurements for the simple case of a nominally step-index single-mode pure silica core fibre. The BSF pdf could be modified to match the Brillouin gain spectra of other fibre types if required. For both models, simulated backscattered and output powers as functions of input power agree well with those from a reported experiment for fitting Brillouin gain coefficients close to theoretical. The NFM and UFM Brillouin gain spectra are then very similar from half to full maximum but diverge at lower values. Consequently, NFM and UFM transmitted SBS noise powers inferred for long MFLs differ by 1-2 dB over the input power range of 0.15 dBm. This difference could be significant for AM-VSB CATV links at some channel frequencies. The modelled characteristic of Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) as a function of input power for a single intensity modulated subcarrier is in good agreement with the characteristic reported for an experiment when either the UFM or NFM is used. The difference between the two modelled characteristics would have been more noticeable for a higher fibre length or a lower subcarrier frequency.


Essentials of Programming in Mathematica provides an introduction suitable for readers with little or no background in the Mathematica language, as well as for those with some experience using languages such as C, JAVA, or PERL. The author, an established authority on Mathematica programming, has written an example-driven text that covers the language from first principles, as well as including material from natural language processing, bioinformatics, graphs and networks, signal analysis, geometry, computer science, and many other applied areas. The book is appropriate for self-study or as a text for a course in programming in computational science. Readers will benefit from the author's tips, which provide insight and suggestions on small and large points. He also provides more than 350 exercises from novice through to advanced level, with all of the solutions available online.


Introduction. Part I: Overview of Logic. Chapter 1: What Is This Thing Called Logic? Chapter 2: Logical Developments from Aristotle to the Computer. Chapter 3: Just for the Sake of Argument. Part II: Formal Sentential Logic (SL). Chapter 4: Formal Affairs. Chapter 5: The Value of Evaluation. Chapter 6: Turning the Tables: Evaluating Statements with Truth Tables. Chapter 7: Taking the Easy Way Out: Creating Quick Tables. Chapter 8: Truth Grows on Trees. Part III: Proofs, Syntax, and Semantics in SL. Chapter 9: What Have You Got to Prove? Chapter 10: Equal Opportunities: Putting Equivalence Rules to Work. Chapter 11: Big Assumptions with Conditional and Indirect Proofs. Chapter 12: Putting It All Together: Strategic Moves to Polish Off Any Proof. Chapter 13: One for All and All for One. Chapter 14: Syntactical Maneuvers and Semantic Considerations. Part IV: Quantifier Logic (QL). Chapter 15: Expressing Quantity with Quality: Introducing Quantifier Logic. Chapter 16: QL Translations. Chapter 17: Proving Arguments with QL. Chapter 18: Good Relations and Positive Identities. Chapter 19: Planting a Quantity of Trees. Part V: Modern Developments in Logic. Chapter 20: Computer Logic. Chapter 21: Sporting Propositions: Non-Classical Logic. Chapter 22: Paradox and Axiomatic Systems. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 23: Ten Quotes about Logic. Chapter 24: Ten Big Names in Logic. Chapter 25: Ten Tips for Passing a Logic Exam. Index.


China's Hanjiang Railway Bridge has a 1,000 ft (305 m) long main box girder and is the longest bridge of its type in the world. The steel box girder bridge is built with a slant leg on each side, composed of two branches. Cross beams connect the two branches to form a multistory stand, supporting the girder so that the main girder acts like a multi-spanned continuous girder with relatively even bending moment distributed along it. The Hanjiang Bridge was built on the basis of the design studies of earlier steel box girder bridges in China. Engineers for the Hanjiang Bridge solved two stability problems: stability of the web plate of the box girder and the lateral stability of the narrow box section slant-legged rigid frame. The stability of the web plate under bending moment, shear and local compression and the influence of ribs were investigated. The arrangement of the stiffening ribs and the method of stability calculation of web plate used in the design have been proved by the agreement of the experimental results. Both local stability and the overall stability are obtained provided that the position and stability of the stiffening ribs meets the design requirements. The most crucial point in ensuring lateral stability is to find the most effective means to eliminate the lateral displacement at the top of the slant legs. This is accomplished by spreading each leg into two branches with a slope of 1/6 in the transverse direction. The lateral displacement was proved to be within the given limits.


This Article is organized around a simple question: Where's the law in legal ethics? The most powerful contemporary thinking about lawyer behavior tells us that there is nothing uniquely "legal" about a lawyer's professional responsibility and that his or her obligations are simply the common moral obligations of us all, and nothing more. In the abstract, this position may seem shocking enough. But, the real astonishment comes when one reflects on the prescriptions for lawyer conduct that follow from this line of thought. For example, imagine a plaintiff who has a clearly "just" claim but for which the statute of limitations has run. In this circumstance, the prominent voices in legal ethical theory tell us that it is professionally unethical for the defense lawyer to assert the affirmative defense on behalf of his or her client (because common morality requires an individual to act in a manner consistent with the production of "justice"). This Article offers the definitive response to this extant view. Appealing to the insights of philosophical-anthropology, as well as more generally of the liberal arts, this Article explains that at least in America, law is a symbolic form of political life, i.e., a form of cultural activity that generates its own complete world of meaning, while also reminding the reader that political life and moral life are incommensurable spheres of human experience. Acknowledging these facts, it follows that a "lawyer" is, by definition, an individual whose behavior supports the symbolic form of law and, therefore, he or she must act in a manner consistent with this cultural activity and the set of beliefs upon which it is grounded (e.g. that "the People" rule). Because of this existential condition, a lawyer's professional responsibility will not always be consistent with the demands of common morality - for example, requiring him or her to assert the statute of limitations to frustrate a plaintiff's "just" claim.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to analyze systematically the spectrum of morphologic alterations of classic metaphyseal lesions (CML) involving the distal tibia of abused infants and to identify features that assist in the radiologic diagnosis and assessment of healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-one infants who died with evidence of inflicted injury were studied with high-detailed skeletal surveys, resected-specimen radiography, and histopathologic analysis. The number of fractures identified, the portions of the distal tibial metaphyses involved, and the age of the lesion were assessed.

RESULTS
A total of 16 CML of the distal tibia were noted. Eight infants had unilateral injury that always involved the left side, and four had bilateral lesions. When a CML was visible radiographically, it was always seen along the medial aspect of the metaphysis; lateral metaphyseal involvement was evident with more extensive injuries and always accompanied medial involvement. Fractures tended to be less conspicuous when acute and were more easily recognized with healing, especially with specimen radiography. Radiographically, the typical fracture separated a medial fragment that was tall and triangular; this appearance was histologically related to the undercutting of the long subperiosteal bone collar. In healing lesions, extension of hypertrophic chondrocytes from the growth plate into the region of the fracture was a consistent finding.

CONCLUSION
CML of the distal tibia have distinctive radiologic and histopathologic characteristics that relate to the anatomy of the region. Visualization of these fractures depends on the quality of the radiographs obtained. An understanding of the radiologic and histopathologic features of CML should aid in the recognition of this strong indicator of infant abuse.


The enzymatic activity of Helicobacter pylori's urease neutralises stomach acidity, thereby promoting infection by this pathogen. Urease protein has also been found to interact with host cells in vitro, although this property's possible functional importance has not been studied in vivo. To test for a role of the urease surface in the host/pathogen interaction, surface exposed loops that display high thermal mobility were targeted for inframe insertion mutagenesis. H. pylori expressing urease with insertions at four of eight sites tested retained urease activity, which in three cases was at least as stable as was wild-type urease at pH 3. Bacteria expressing one of these four mutant ureases, however, failed to colonise mice for even two weeks, and a second had reduced bacterial titres after longer term (3 to 6 months) colonisation. These results indicate that a discrete surface of the urease complex is important for H. pylori persistence during gastric colonisation. We propose that this surface interacts directly with host components important for the host-pathogen interaction, immune modulation or other actions that underlie H. pylori persistence in its special gastric mucosal niche.


In our model, informed players decide whether or not to disclose, and observers allocate attention among disclosed signals, and toward reasoning through the implications of a failure to disclose. In equilibrium disclosure is incomplete, and observers are unrealistically optimistic. Nevertheless, regulation requiring greater disclosure can reduce observers' belief accuracies and welfare. A stronger tendency to neglect disclosed signals increases disclosure, whereas a stronger tendency to neglect failures to disclose reduces disclosure. Observer beliefs are influenced by the salience of disclosed signals, and disclosure in one arena can crowd out disclosure in other fundamentally unrelated arenas.


Accurate estimation of the contrast transfer function (CTF) is critical for a near-atomic resolution cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction. Here, I present a GPU-accelerated computer program, Gctf, for accurate and robust, real-time CTF determination. Similar to alternative programs, the main target of Gctf is to maximize the cross-correlation of a simulated CTF with the power spectra of observed micrographs after background reduction. However, novel approaches in Gctf improve both speed and accuracy. In addition to GPU acceleration, a fast '1-dimensional search plus 2-dimensional refinement (1S2R)' procedure significantly speeds up Gctf. Based on the global CTF determination, the local defocus for each particle and for single frames of movies is accurately refined, which improves CTF parameters of all particles for subsequent image processing. Novel diagnosis method using equiphase averaging(EFA) and self-consistency verification procedures have also been implemented in the program for practical use, especially for aims of near-atomic reconstruction. Gctf is an independent program and the outputs can be easily imported into other cryoEM software such as Relion and Frealign. The results from several representative datasets are shown and discussed in this paper.


Fast track trade promotion authority renewal has become the premier vehicle for airing America's ambivalence about trade and globalization. The most recent renewal-in August 2002-folloioed an eight-year stalemate in Congress. Opponents decry fast track as a blank check for the president to pursue trade agreements that undermine hard won social and environmental protections. Proponents portray fast track as a litmus test of America's leadership on trade and as a patriotic imperative. Fast track was intended to be neither. It was conceived as a mundane procedural deal: Congress would streamline its approval process into an up-or-down vote to enhance the president's credibility in negotiating complex multilateral trade agreements in return for enhanced congressional oversight. The bruising debate over renewing fast track in 2002 and the unprecedented razor-thin voting margins in the House of Representatives underscore the need for a new approach that can command bipartisan common ground, which is the ultimate guarantor of U.S. credibility in international negotiations. A return to first principles is necessary to determine the most promising basis for cooperation between the president and Congress in advancing America's interests on trade. The real power of fast track is the underlying political compact between Congress and the president rather than its statutory guarantees, which are technically quite fragile. The convention of legislating a generalized but time-limited grant of fast track invites a regular, heated debate in the abstract over whether trade is good or bad and whether trade agreements should cover labor and environmental standards. This approach has led to severed failed attempts to restore fast track, culminating in its passage only after a divisive and partisan legislative battle, which has deepened the partisan divide and augurs ill for future progress on trade legislation. It would be far better to weigh the overall benefits and costs to different segments of American society and to our international interests in concrete terms in the context of specific trade agreements. This more targeted approach can be achieved through three procedural fixes: strengthening congressional input into the negotiating process, seeking to limit the application of fast track to only those agreements whose complexity and scope clearly warrant it, and narrowing the grant of authority and the associated substantive guidance from Congress to particular trade agreements. I. INTRODUCTION: THE DEBATE Fast track has become the Moby Dick of American trade politics. Since 1994, when it was last in effect,1 presidents and trade supporters have expended enormous political capital zealously pursuing the great white whale. The hunt for this elusive quarry has several times come close to capsizing the ship of American trade policy.2 Soon after taking office, President Bush signaled that, like President Clinton before him, fast track (or "trade promotion authority" in the current lexicon) would be his top trade priority on the legislative agenda.3 When he signed the Trade Act of 2002 (2002 Act)4 into law on August 6, the President proclaimed it a "victory for the American economy" and said that "after eight years, America is back in the business of promoting open trade to build our prosperity and to spur economic growth."5 Republican leaders in the House of Representatives echoed the President's sentiments, calling the renewal of fast track "a grand victory for America's workers and businesses."6 Many business groups were also effusive, stating that "the legislation will usher in a new era of opportunity in the international marketplace."7 At the same time, a number of key trade policymakers and constituencies criticized the fast track bill with equal vigor. Representative Sander Levin (D-MI), the ranking Democratic member of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on International Trade said: "It's a bad deal for American workers and businesses. …


This paper presents a new numerical model for the nonlinear inelastic analysis of biaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns. The numerical model considers the effects of progressive local buckling, initial geometric imperfections, high strength materials and second order. The accurate fiber element method is used to model the inelastic behavior of composite cross-sections. Theoretical models are developed that simulate the load-deflection responses and strength envelopes of thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beamcolumns under biaxial loads. New computational algorithms based on the M?? ller's method are developed to adjust the depth and orientation of the neutral axis and the curvature at the columns ends to obtain nonlinear solutions. The numerical model developed is shown to be an accurate and efficient computer simulation and design tool for biaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns with large depth-to-thickness ratios. The verification and applications of the numerical model are described in a companion paper.


This paper re-examines the question of the appropriate unit of measurement in cost utility analysis and the technique that will measure it. There are two main themes. The first is an examination of the use of `utility' as an object of measurement. It is argued that, as it is often conceived and measured, `utility' is not an appropriate unit. The second major theme of the paper is the selection and evaluation of a unit of measurement if the usual application of utility theory is rejected. Because of its appeal to utility theory, the standard gamble has been widely accepted as the gold standard for measurement. More specifically, the standard gamble is believed to measure utility directly while other techniques simply measure `value' or are pragmatic devices for replicating the results of the somewhat complex standard gamble. In the first part of the paper it is argued that the standard gamble cannot be supported in this way because the theory from which it is derived is unsatisfactory. Three issues are considered. The first is the historical ambiguity in the concept of `utility' itself. The second is the validity of the distinction between utility and value which is used to demonstrate the superiority of the standard gamble. Third, there is a consideration of both the evidence and the normative argument used to defend utility maximisation as envisaged by the proponents of the standard gamble. In the second part of the paper the view that there can be no unambiguous unit of output is discussed and rejected. It is suggested that this view may have arisen as some of the measurement techniques in CUA have been adapted from psychometrics where the object of the measurement is often imprecisely defined. Four criteria are suggested which appear to satisfy social objectives and the practical requirements of CUA. These are that there is a social consensus; that an increase in the number of the units corresponds with a socially desired outcome; that the units have a meaningful interval property; that they are readily understood and that it is possible to map the various health outcomes from an intervention into the unit. These criteria are applied to five of the major measurement techniques currently in use including the standard gamble. It is tentatively suggested that Healthy Year Equivalents are probably the best available units of output but that these should be derived directly from the time trade off or equivalent technique.


Contemporary design is global. Along with international developments in higher education, the influence of post-colonial theory, and intellectual endeavours like 'world history', design historians are now writing Global Design History (to use the title of a 2011 edited collection). While the nation state is no longer the only socio-cultural or political-economic unit forming our identities and experiences—if it ever were—this article examines the value of national frameworks in writing design history and asks whether moves to discard them are premature. Are national histories of design dependent upon outmoded generalisations and stereotypes? Or do they demonstrate cogent frameworks for the discussion of common socio-economic and cultural conditions and shared identities? Globalizing design history involves writing new histories of neglected regions and nations and revisionist histories informed by the findings and methods of new comparative and global histories, of celebrated industrial nations.


In the developed world, an ever better and finer understanding of the processes leading to natural hazards is expected. This is in part achieved using the invaluable tool of numerical modeling, which offers the possibility of applying scenarios to a given situation. This in turn leads to a dramatic increase in the complexity of the processes that the scientific community wants to simulate. A numerical model is becoming more and more like a galaxy of various sub-process models, each with their own numerical characteristics. The traditional approach to High Performance Computing (HPC) can hardly face this challenge without rethinking its paradigms. A possible evolution would be to move away from the Single Program, Multi Data (SPMD) approach and towards an approach that leverages the well known Object Oriented approach. This evolution is at the foundation of the POP parallel programming model that is presented here, as well as its C++ implementation, POP-C++.


Can 'traditional' leaders and institutions help to build more legitimate, accountable and effective governments in polities or 'states' under (re)construction? This book investigates the fascinating case of "Somaliland", the 20-year old non-recognized state which emerged from Somalia's conflict and state collapse.


"Cotton, textiles, and apparel are critical agricultural and industrial sectors in India. This study provides descriptions of these sectors and examines the key developments emerging domestically and internationally that affect the challenges and opportunities the sectors face. More than four million farm households produce cotton in India, and about one-quarter of output is produced by marginal and small farms. Although production has expanded—most recently with the introduction of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton—domestic prices dropped sharply in the late 1990s, in parallel to world cotton prices. Using partial equilibrium simulations, we estimate that a price movement of the magnitude that occurred has a significant effect on levels of poverty among cotton-producing households. The fiber-to-fabric production chain, from cotton processing through apparel, employs more than 12 million workers in India and provides 16 percent of export earnings. Except for the spinning industry, these sectors are dominated by small, fragmented, and nonintegrated units, which adversely affect their competitiveness. Recent policy reforms have induced some technological improvements. In terms of future prospects for the Indian processing, textile, and apparel industries, our analysis emphasizes three dimensions of reform—the need for further investments in human resource development to improve industry productivity and reduce poverty among workers in these sectors, the emergence of modern domestic retail marketing chains, and the potentially vibrant prospects for the industry that arise from a growing domestic fabric demand and new opportunities in world markets if appropriate policies and investments are undertaken." from authors' abstract


Wiralodra 27 rental car is a car service provider in Bogor city. Due to the high potential market in this industry, the car rental company requires an appropriate business model and new strategies in the face of competition. The objectives of this research are 1) to identify present business model of the company using the canvas business model approach; 2) to analyze each element that becomes the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat that affect the business model of the company; 3) formulate strategies to improve the canvas business model; and 4) to make recommendations for the improvement program of the business development of Wiralodra car rental 27. The method used in this research included the canvas business model and SWOT analysis as a tool of analysis. The respondents of this research consisted of 5 members of the Board of Director of the company and one senior employee. In addition, there were also twenty four customer respondents who were selected with purposive sampling. The research results showed recommendations for the improvements of all key elements of the canvas business model. The main priority scales of the improvements are the elements of customer segment, key partnership, revenue stream for associated risk factors of the business. The second priority scales of the improvements are the elements of value propositions, channel, customer relationship, key resources, key activities, and cost structure. Keywords: canvas business model, rental car services, SWOT, Wiralodra


Bioluminescent quantification of viable cells inside three-dimensional porous scaffolds was performed in vitro and in vivo. The assay quantified the bioluminescence of murine stem (C3H10T1/2) cells tagged with the luciferase gene reporter and distributed inside scaffolds of either soft, translucent, AN69 polymeric hydrogel or hard, opaque, coral ceramic materials. Quantitative evaluation of bioluminescence emitted from tagged cells adhering to these scaffolds was performed in situ using either cell lysates and a luminometer or intact cells and a bioluminescence imaging system. Despite attenuation of the signal when compared to cells alone, the bioluminescence correlated with the number of cells (up to 1.5 x 10(5)) present on each material scaffold tested, both in vitro and noninvasively in vivo (subcutaneous implants in the mouse model). The noninvasive bioluminescence measurement technique proved to be comparable to the cell-destructive bioluminescence measurement technique. Monitoring the kinetics of luciferase expression via bioluminescence enabled real-time assessment of cell survival and proliferation on the scaffolds tested over prolonged (up to 59 days) periods of time. This novel, sensitive, easy, fast-to-implement, quantitative bioluminescence assay has great, though untapped, potential for screening and determining noninvasively the presence of viable cells on biomaterial constructs in the tissue engineering and tissue regeneration fields.


The aim of this study, based on response on a questionnaire from 65 teachers in upper secondary schools, is to gain insight into how teachers experience and practice their role as leaders in the digital classroom. Research shows that teachers seldom are asked about their opinions concerning use of technical device. From 2007 all Norwegian students in upper secondary schools were given a computer from the authorities. Politicians argued for pedagogical use of ICT, for example, through interactive device like social networking sites. However, recent national reports show that teachers mainly use ICT for administrative and not for pedagogical purposes. Findings from the current study show that teachers adjust the technology to their existing pedagogy and continue their existing practice. To a small extent the technology's interactive abilities are utilized. Technological device is powerful. Possible consequences of placing technology on every student's desk are discussed. The teachers' future concern is to control Internet and to have possibilities to develop and discuss pedagogical use of technology in classrooms with their colleagues.


Poverty is a social context that has direct impact on students' performance since the conditions associated with poverty (brain development, social interactions, nutrition, and emotional environment) all play a role in developmental outcomes. Head Start is an early intervention program designed to address the unique needs of students from poverty. The Head Start Impact Study (DHHS, ACF, 2012) and other research (Lee, Brooks-Gunn, & Schnur, 1988; Ramey & Ramey, 2004) indicate that the academic achievement of low-income students who participated in Head Start is mixed as they move through elementary school. The purpose of the Head Start program is to prepare students with skills so that they begin kindergarten on an even playing field with their more advantaged peers (DHHS, ACF, 2013). Although students who participate in Head Start begin kindergarten with the appropriate readiness skills, initial gains are not maintained as they move through elementary school (Burkham & Lee, 2002). The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the effects of the Head Start program as its students move through kindergarten and first grade. In the study, I analyzed data to find relationships between student performance on the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS) (University of Virginia, 2010) and classroom practices that led to high achievement. Two Title I schools were studied. PALS scores were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVAs and multiple regressions. Reading performance in second grade was measured using scores from the Developmental Reading Assessment (Beave, 2006). Qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus groups, and document reviews. These data were utilized to make connections between the results of PALS and reading scores and the best practices being used in schools that showed strong results for the kindergarten and first grade students in the study. By triangulating data, I uncovered relationships between best practice strategies being used in high performing schools and achievement of former Head Start enrollees. Head Start Transition to Elementary School: Is the Early Intervention Sustained?


Low-power networked devices, such as sensors and actuators, are becoming a vital part of our everyday infrastructure. Being networked, the continued development of these systems needs involvement from the networking community. We present a framework for simulation, experimentation, and evaluation of routing mechanisms for low-power IPv6 networking. The framework provides a detailed simulation environment for low-power routing mechanisms, and allows the system to be directly uploaded to a physical testbed for experimental measurements.


The history of the Internet and the history of the HIV/AIDS crisis are fundamentally intertwined. Because of the precarious nature of primary early Internet materials, however, documentation that reflects this relationship is limited. Here, we present and analyse an important document that offers considerable insight in this area: a full printout of the bulletin board system (BBS) discussion group "SURVIVORS." Run by David Charnow, SURVIVORS operated as an "electronic support group" for members living with HIV/AIDS from 1987 to 1990. These dates represent a period of overlap between both the AIDS crisis in America and the use of BBSs as a predecessor to contemporary Internet technologies. The contents of SURVIVORS were printed by Charnow before his death in 1990 and later donated to the ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives. Through our discussion of these documents, we articulate the striking relationship between the SURVIVORS printout as a material document that preserves a digital past and the lives of those whose stories are contained within the printout. We argue that it is not only the content but indeed the precarious, shifting media format of the SURVIVORS printout, born digital and now preserved on paper, that gives it its meaning. Thirty years after his death, Charnow's printout of SURVIVORS keeps a critical piece of the interrelated histories of HIV/AIDS and the Internet alive, while also raising valuable questions about the archiving of these histories.


This work presents a novel approach to support multiprocessor scheduling at userlevel. We propose to use system instrumentation and event logging to obtain runtime information relevant for scheduling, from different system sources such as the hardware, operating system components, or application programs. We instrument the system components with event log handlers that record scheduling data in designated log files held in memory. The user-level scheduler can analyze and evaluate these log files to base its processor allocation policies on. Our approach allows for flexible, efficient, and scalable accumulation of scheduler-relevant run-time characteristics; it was designed to be applicable both to user-level components, and to the safety-critical operating system kernel. To demonstrate our approach, we have developed a prototype logging infrastructure within a real-world, microkernel-based, component operating system. We successfully extract several run-time scheduling characteristics from different components, including timing properties and communication patterns from the microkernel, and shared-memory usage from a user-level device driver subsystem. Measurements indicate an undramatic overhead for logging, with baseline logging costs between about 26 and 275 clock cycles on an Intel 2.2 GHz Xeon Processor, and application-level overhead on driver throughput of about 3.8 percent for logging kernel-based communication, and about 10.5 percent for logging shared memory usage.


Purpose: AZD1775, a first-in-class, small-molecule inhibitor of the Wee1 tyrosine kinase, is under evaluation as a potential chemo- and radiosensitizer for treating glioblastoma. This study was to prospectively, quantitatively, and mechanistically investigate the penetration of AZD1775 across the human blood–brain barrier (BBB). Experimental Design: AZD1775 plasma and tumor pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 20 patients with glioblastoma. The drug metabolism, transcellular passive permeability, and interactions with efflux and uptake transporters were determined using human derived in vitro systems. A whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model integrated with a four-compartment permeability-limited brain model was developed for predicting the kinetics of AZD1775 BBB penetration and assessing the factors modulating this process. Results: AZD1775 exhibited good tumor penetration in patients with glioblastoma, with the unbound tumor-to-plasma concentration ratio ranging from 1.3 to 24.4 (median, 3.2). It was a substrate for ABCB1, ABCG2, and OATP1A2, but not for OATP2B1 or OAT3. AZD1775 transcellular passive permeability and active efflux clearance across MDCKII–ABCB1 or MDCKII–ABCG2 cell monolayers were dependent on the basolateral pH. The PBPK model well predicted observed drug plasma and tumor concentrations in patients. The extent and rate of drug BBB penetration were influenced by BBB integrity, efflux and uptake active transporter activity, and drug binding to brain tissue. Conclusions: In the relatively acidic tumor microenvironment where ABCB1/ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux clearance is reduced, OATP1A2-mediated active uptake becomes dominant, driving AZD1775 penetration into brain tumor. Variations in the brain tumor regional pH, transporter expression/activity, and BBB integrity collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of AZD1775 penetration into brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7454–66. ©2017 AACR. See related commentary by Peer et al., p. 7437


Learning Medicine 15 Edition Richards and Stockill BM) Publishing 141pps £/3.95 ISBN 0727914626 This is now the 15th edition of this very popular little book and is essentially an updated version. It is a "must" for all aspirants who wish to study medicine. and gives all the key information about how and where, why and when, and what to do. It is full of good practical advice and includes in the appendices, lists of names and address for further more detailed information. This edition also has advice on the PRHO year and some general advice on careers and our arcane system of post-graduate qualifications. A "must buy" and "must read" for all that wish to join this exclusive club. CD Forbes


SUMMARY: Ecological work carried out on the Antarctic and Magellan shelves since the first IBMANT conference held at the UMAG, Punta Arenas in 1997 is summarized to identify areas where progress has been made and others, where important gaps have remained in understanding past and present interaction between the Antarctic and the southern tip of South America. This information is complementary to a review on shallow-water work along the Scotia Arc (Barnes, 2005) and recent work done in the deep sea (Brandt and Hilbig, 2004). While principally referring to shipboard work in deeper water, above all during the recent international EASIZ and LAMPOS campaigns, relevant work from shore stations is also included. Six years after the first IBMANT symposium, significant progress has been made along the latitudinal gradient from the Magellan region to the high Antarctic in the fields of biodiversity, biogeography and community structure, life strategies and adaptations, the role of disturbance and its significance for biodiversity, and trophic coupling of the benthic realm with the water column and sea ice. A better understanding has developed of the role of evolutionary and ecological factors in shaping past and present-day environmental conditions, species composition and distribution, and ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, the science community engaged in unravelling Antarctic-Magellan interactions has advanced in methodological aspects such as new analytical approaches for comparing biodiversity derived from visual methods, growth and age determination, trophic modelling using stable isotope ratios, and molecular approaches for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes. At the same time, much effort has been invested to complement the species inventory of the two adjacent regions. However, much work remains to be done to fill the numerous gaps. Some perspectives are outlined in this review, and suggestions are made where particular emphasis should be placed in future work, much of which will be developed in the frame of SCAR's EBA (Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic) programme.


Bicycle traffic is becoming an increasingly important part of urban traffic. Thus, the simulation and accurate representation of bicycle traffic in microscopic traffic simulation software is gaining importance. As bicycle traffic increases, dedicated bicycle infrastructure is designed to accommodate bicycle traffic. Especially at intersections, the design of intersection approaches follows specific rules and geometric limitations as defined by official design guidelines used in different countries across the world. However, when special environmental factors that affect the intersection layout, such as available space or gradient are not considered, specific standard forms of intersection approaches can be determined based on the number of traffic lanes, the traffic signal control and in the case of this study, the availability as well as the type of dedicated bicycle infrastructure. Categories with available bicycle infrastructure include the cases of bicycle lanes or advisory cycle lanes with advance stop lines for direct left turning bicyclists, the bicycle lanes or advisory bicycle lanes with bicycle boxes and bicycle lanes or bicycle paths with advanced stop lines and a stop area downstream for facilitating an indirect left turn or a two-stage (left) turn of bicyclists. The simulation of such bicycle infrastructure is not natively supported in microscopic traffic simulation software and is mostly only possible through intuitive adjustment of existing network design elements. In this paper, fictional intersections with special bicycle infrastructure are modelled in SUMO. Bicycle traffic data is collected at intersections in Germany with different types of bicycle infrastructure. The collected bicycle traffic data is then used to evaluate the intersection models. Specific recommendations for modelling bicycle infrastructure at intersection approaches in SUMO are provided, and limitations of the proposed methodologies and software limitations are discussed. Results show that the developed solutions can be used to model the bicycle traffic behavior with a reasonable degree of accuracy only for simulation scenarios and traffic situations unaffected by the identified software limitations. EPiC Series in Computing Volume 62, 2019, Pages 187–198 SUMO User Conference 2019 M. Weber, L. Bieker-Walz, R. Hilbrich and M. Behrisch (eds.), SUMO2019 (EPiC Series in Computing, vol. 62), pp. 187–198


The complicated synthesis procedure and the unstable nature of 1T MoS2 vastly impede its practical application although it has shown a high performance for many different applications. Herein, we have synthesized ultrastable 1T phase MoS2 embedded in CoOOH by a facile one-pot strategy and achieved a high overall water splitting activity. The amorphous CoOOH in this heterostructure not only exhibits high oxygen evolution reaction activity, but also anchors and stabilizes the 1T MoS2 as vertically aligned single layers. This novel method gives new insight into developing stable and active atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures.


Traditional food has long been an identity to all races because of uniqueness and specialty. Starts from dishes, appetizers until the desserts, it was across cultures and races in this country. There are many types of traditional food in Malaysia such as dishes and
desserts. Malaysian traditional desserts originated from two distinct places, West Malaysia and East Malaysia.
They are many varieties of desserts which can be found in all states in Malaysia. One of the famous Malaysian traditional desserts comes from Kelantan. Kelantan is not only known for its variety of cultures but also famous for its unique food. For centuries, the originality of the taste made by the Kelantan's people is not changed. Kelantan has a diversity of course famous traditional cuisine that is certainly alluring with its own flavor and taste.
The purpose of my research is to find out the public perception around Malacca City towards Kelantan's traditional desserts. There are many types of perceptions that may be
concluded from public towards Kelantan's traditional desserts. Examples of perceptions is public's not familiar with the desserts and public think that packaging of the desserts not
attractive and convincing. The research method consists of primary and secondary data such as distribute questionnaires among public around Malacca City, ,observation and document review from online or offline sources. The information gathered is important to bring some ideas to conduct the research. The result and finding will be discussed for achieving goals of the research. The research also will briefly explain on the recommendation for further research.


In this paper, an optically controlled tunable delay scheme has been proposed using four-wave mixing (FWM) wavelength conversion in a 35-cm highly nonlinear bismuth-oxide fiber (Bi-NLF) together with group velocity dispersion (GVD) in a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). The Bi-NLF offers a very large nonlinearity and gives rise to significant FWM over a short fiber segment. With the use of a CFBG, a delay range over 185 ps has been experimentally demonstrated. To investigate the performance of the tunable delay, we have applied the scheme for variable delays of 10-Gb/s amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) data signals. The bit error rate (BER) measurements show a power penalty of less than 3.5 dB for both amplitude- and phase-modulated data formats. To further increase the delay time, the CFBG has been replaced by a dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) that provides a wider bandwidth of operation. A variable delay up to 840 ps has been obtained using dual-pump FWM that offers a conversion bandwidth of about 40 nm. The large conversion range helps to minimize GVD-induced pulse distortion as a shorter DCF can be used for a given delay. The Bi-NLF provides an enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold, a reduced latency, and an increased compactness of the approach for practical applications.


The only comprehensive reference-tutorial on 3ds Max available, this book is everyone's favorite. Whether you're a beginner looking for 3D basics or a full-fledged animator seeking new ways to dazzle viewers with your creations, it's all here. You'll find pages of professional tips, loads of advice, and more than 150 step-by-step tutorials guaranteed to build your skills and spark your creativity. A 16-page color insert highlights cutting-edge work from 3D artists. A valuable companion DVD provides all the examples and content from the book, including unique models and textures you can customize on your own, and a searchable, full-color version of the book. 3ds Max 2009 Bible covers both 3ds Max 2009 and 3ds Max 2009 Design and covers: Navigating the viewports with the ViewCube, SteeringWheels, and other ways. Creating realistic materials with new ProMaterials. Using Spline Mapping to improve texture mapping over irregular shaped objects. Blending multiple texture maps together with the new Composite Map. Creating architectural walkthroughs with the Walkthrough Assistant. Don't miss out on the newest version of this bestselling resource!


This article is an attempt to outline the establishment and the further development of agricultural companies as corporate institutional units within the new area of ownership relations. This study is a synthesis of the investigations carried out throughout the decade commencing at the start of the transition process and focusing on the development of new organizational farms in general, and corporate units in particular in Lithuanian agriculture. This study aims to proceed the examination of the mechanisms of the restructuring of agricultural companies after their establishment and the actual changes that were observed in the corporate agro-industrial system sector in the context of contemporary external conditions within the sphere of agriculture. In order to identify the distinguishing features of the development process of the internal structure of Lithuania's agricultural corporate farms from an ownership-relation point of view, the typology of farm business and the concept of "subsumption" developed by Whatmore, Marsden, Munton and Little have been adopted. The examination of empirical material consists of two interdependent stages. The analysis starts with an individual description of the internal relations of production, i.e. the ownership of business capital, the ownership of land rights, the control of business and operational management and, last but not least, labour relations as the key components of the internal structure of farms. The classification of agricultural companies into types following the differences in their internal structures is outlined.


In many discussions of climate change impacts in agriculture, the large magnitudes of expected impacts toward the end of the century are used to emphasize that most of the risks are to future generations. However, this perspective misses the important fact that demand growth for food is expected to be much slower after 2050 than before it, and that the next two decades represent the bulk of growth before 2050. Thus, impacts of smaller magnitude in the near-term can be as or more consequential for food prices or food security as larger magnitude impacts in the future. Here we estimate the risks that climate trends over the next 10 or 20 years could have large impacts on global yields of wheat and maize, with a focus on scenarios that would cut the expected rates of yield gains in half. We find that because of global warming, the chance of climate trends over a 20 year period causing a 10% yield loss has increased from a less than 1 in 200 chance arising from internal climate variability alone, to a 1 in 10 chance for maize and 1 in 20 chance for wheat. Estimated risks for maize are higher because of a greater geographic concentration than wheat, as well as a slightly more negative aggregate temperature sensitivity. Global warming has also greatly increased the chance of climate trends large enough to halve yield trends over a 10 year period, with a roughly 1 in 4 chance for maize and 1 in 6 chance for wheat. Estimated risks are slightly larger when using climate projections from a large ensemble of a single climate model that more fully explores internal climate variability, than a multi-model ensemble that more fully explores model uncertainty. Although scenarios of climate impacts large enough to halve yield growth rates are still fairly unlikely, they may warrant consideration by institutions potentially affected by associated changes in international food prices.


The purpose of this study is to investigate and conceptualize the ranks of importance of social cognitive variables on university students' computer programming performances. Spatial ability, working memory, self-efficacy, gender, prior knowledge and the universities students attend were taken as variables to be analyzed. The study has been conducted with 129 2nd year undergraduate students, who have taken Programming Languages-I course from three universities. Spatial ability has been measured through mental rotation and spatial visualization tests; working memory has been attained through the measurement of two sub-dimensions; visual-spatial and verbal working memory. Data were analyzed through Boosted Regression Trees and Random Forests, which are non-parametric predictive data mining techniques. The analyses yielded a user model that would predict students' computer programming performance based on various social and cognitive variables. The results yielded that the variables, which contributed to the programming performance prediction significantly, were spatial orientation skill, spatial memory, mental orientation, self-efficacy perception and verbal memory with equal importance weights. Yet, the effect of prior knowledge and gender on programming performance has not been found to be significant. The importance of ranks of variables and the proportion of predicted variance of programming performance could be used as guidelines when designing instruction and developing curriculum.


We consider the diamond network where a source communicates with the destination through N non-interfering half-duplex relays. Deriving a simple approximation to the capacity of the network, we show that simple schedules having exactly two states and avoiding broadcast and multiple access communication can still achieve a significant constant fraction of the capacity of the 2 relay network, independent of the channel SNRs. The results are extended to the case of 3 relays for the special class of antisymmetric networks. We also study the structure of (approximately) optimal relaying strategies for such networks. Simulations show that these schedules have at most N + 1 states, which we conjecture to be true in general. We prove the conjecture for N = 2 and for special cases for N = 3.


Haem d1 is a modified tetrapyrrole unique to the periplasmic enzyme nitrite reductase where it acts in catalysing the reduction of nitrite (NO2) to nitric oxide (NO), as part of denitrification. As with all modified tetrapyrroles, haem d1 shares a common biosynthetic pathway starting from 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), up to the formation of uroporphyrinogen III (UIII). UIII is the branch point from which the pathway diverges to form the various metallo-prosthetic groups including vitamin B12. The precise mechanism of transformation from UIII to haem d1 is unknown. Examination of both structures shows a requirement of methylation at C2 and C7; decarboxylation of acetate side chains at C12 and C18; loss of propionic side chains at C3 and C8 with subsequent oxidation at C3 and C8; dehydrogenation of C17 propionate side chain gives the acrylate substituent and ferrochelation. Of particular interest is the addition of oxygen to the macrocycle under anaerobic conditions. Only one other intermediate, compound 800, has been isolated thus far but it is unknown how it is part of the pathway. Genetic studies have implicated seven nir genes, called nirF, nirD, nirL, nirG, nirH, nirJ and nirE, are required for haem d1 biogenesis. Here, experiments and data show for the first time that it proceeds from UIII to precorrin-2 using the enzyme NirE. This study is the first to experimentally show the production of precorrin-2 as part of the pathway using anaerobic enzyme assays. This thesis illustrates the intense work that has focused on cloning the genes individually and as multigene constructs in an attempt to characterise the proteins overproduced. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli has been successful as well as the development of a homologous expression system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The data represented shows the various aspects entailed in the optimisation of overproduction and the stabilisation of the Nir proteins. It also documents the first concerted attempt to take the operon and engineer strains to make haem d1 both in vivo and in vitro, using the Link and Lock method to clone the nir genes consecutively into a plasmid. This thesis therefore provides a foundation for understanding the molecular biology and biochemistry of haem d1 synthesis for the future. Vina Parmar


In the last century Lean Production practices have revolutionised the mass production sector. Globally embraced, many of the leading organisations celebrate contributions Lean Production has made to their success through improved quality and reduced cost and human resources. With contradicting resources and abundant levels of literature on the subject, an organisation may struggle to find a starting point when looking to implement Lean Production practices on their own. In the first part, this paper seeks to define just what Lean Production is, how exactly it may be implemented and what benefits and challenges it can bring to an organisation, if properly implemented.  However, the second purpose of this paper is to identify the strategic human resource management practices suitable for the period of transition process to Lean Production and afterwards. Using a case study research in a New Zealand industry, the results show certain important factors. Four main factors are found in the various stages of the adoption and implementation process: staff training, amicable communication, just rewards, and appropriate job design. It has been identified that strategic human resource management is important not only at every stage of the transition process to Lean Production but throughout in order to obtain firm performance. Keywords: Lean Production, Strategic Human Resource Practices, Transition Process, Waste, Performance


We propose to present a tube guitar amplifier simulation we've been designing using the Web Audio API with the aim to faithfully reproduce the main parts of the Marshall JCM 800 amplifier schematics. Each stage of the real amp has been recreated (preamp, tone stack, reverb, power amp and speaker simulation). We've also added an extra multiband EQ. This "classic rock" amp simulation we've been building has been used in real gigs and can be favorably compared with some native amp simulation both in terms of latency, sound quality, dynamics and comfort of the guitar play. The amp is open source and can be tested online, even without a real guitar plugged-in. It comes with an audio player, dry guitar samples and a wave generator that can be used as inputs. Figure 1 shows the current GUI, with some optional frequency analyzers and oscilloscopes that we've been using to probe the signal at different stages of the simulation. One purpose was to evaluate the limits of the Web Audio API and see if it was possible to design a web-based guitar amp simulator that could compete with native simulations.


Sequential Text Classification (STC) aims to classify a sequence of text fragments (e.g., words in a sentence or sentences in a document) into a sequence of labels. In addition to the intra-fragment text contents, considering the inter-fragment context dependencies is also important for STC. Previous sequence labeling approaches largely generate a sequence of labels in left-to-right reading order. However, the need for context information in making decisions varies across different fragments and is not strictly organized in a left-to-right order. Therefore, it is appealing to label the fragments that need less consideration of context information first before labeling the fragments that need more. In this paper, we propose a novel model that labels a sequence of fragments in jumping order. Specifically, we devise a dedicated board-game to develop a correspondence between solving STC and board-game playing. By defining proper game rules and devising a game state evaluator in which context clues are injected, at each round, each player is effectively pushed to find the optimal move without position restrictions via considering the current game state, which corresponds to producing a label for an unlabeled fragment jumpily with the consideration of the contexts clues. The final game-end state is viewed as the optimal label sequence. Extensive results on three representative datasets show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with statistical significance.


Arctic snowpacks are often considered as chemical reactors for a variety of chemicals deposited through wet and dry events, but are overlooked as potential sites for microbial metabolism of reactive nitrogen species. The fate of deposited species is critical since warming leads to the transfer of contaminants to snowmelt-fed ecosystems. Here, we examined the role of microorganisms and the potential pathways involved in nitrogen cycling in the snow. Next generation sequencing data were used to follow functional gene abundances and a 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene microarray was used to follow shifts in microbial community structure during a two-month spring-time field study at a high Arctic site, Svalbard, Norway (79° N). We showed that despite the low temperatures and limited water supply, microbial communities inhabiting the snow cover demonstrated dynamic shifts in their functional potential to follow several different pathways of the nitrogen cycle. In addition, microbial specific phylogenetic probes tracked different nitrogen species over time. For example, probes for Roseomonas tracked nitrate concentrations closely and probes for Caulobacter tracked ammonium concentrations after a delay of one week. Nitrogen cycling was also shown to be a dominant process at the base of the snowpack.


After World War II, livestock slaughter decentralized and livestock producers increased direct sales to packers. As a result, livestock producers have been less likely than other agricultural producers to use cooperatives to market their farm production. Between 1994 and 1998, less than 15 percent of livestock and wool production was marketed through cooperatives compared with 80 percent of milk production and 40 to 50 percent of grains and oilseeds. Recent structural change in the livestock and meat industries, however, has renewed interest in marketing cooperatives among livestock producers. In December 1998, the imbalance between market-ready hog supplies and slaughter capacity pushed hog prices to as low as $8 per hundredweight on a live-weight basis. In the wake of these market conditions, the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) formed a Cooperative Task Force to study the potential for a national pork marketing cooperative. The activities of this Task Force lead to the formation of Pork America. Pork America is registered in 20 states and its members represent approximately 10 percent of U.S. hog production. The cooperative's goal is to create a producer-owned and controlled pork production, packing and processing system that will provide increased returns to independent producer members. Pork America is currently in the process of developing business and governance structures and identifying pork processing and marketing opportunities. The formation of Pork America is unique in the history of livestock cooperatives. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first livestock-marketing cooperative that has been organized with a direct nation-wide membership base. In the early part of the 20th century, Saprio fostered fruit, vegetable and specialty cooperatives with a national marketing scope, however production requirements limited membership scope to local or regional production areas. In the 1920s, Saprio's national concept was extended to cotton, tobacco and grain cooperatives, but these efforts collapsed during the depression. Since the 1930s, the scope of most marketing cooperatives has been generally limited to a local or regional membership base. Those cooperatives that have achieved national membership and marketing scale have done so through mergers and acquisitions. As a result, Pork America has had limited resources of experience to draw on. A single-case descriptive case study approach will be used to demonstrate that formation of a pork marketing cooperative with a national membership and marketing scope is a viable alternative to merging local and regional cooperatives to realize the economies of size and scope necessary to compete in the pork industry. The method is appropriate because the industrial environment in which Pork America formed contains qualitative and phenomenal information that can not be clearly separated from the quantitative description of industry structure. The single-case approach is appropriate, because as stated above, Pork America is a unique case of cooperative formation. The case study chronologically describes the formation of Pork America within the context of historical, current, and expected pork industry structure and market conditions. The structural and market conditions demonstrate why the national scope of Pork America is both a viable and desirable achievement. At this point in time, Pork America has not begun operations. Therefore, operational success or failure is unknown. Nonetheless, documentation of Pork America's formation and organizational process is important because of its unique status.


Multimedia Performance , by Rosemary Klich and Edward Scheer (Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)  Multimedia Performance  by Rosemary Klich and Edward Scheer is a welcome addition to the complex area of scholarly research on contemporary performance that actively deploys digital technologies. Building on previous studies by theatre and performance studies scholars such as Steve Dixon, Gabriella Giannachi, Matthew Causey, and Gunter Berghaus, Klich and Scheer present a new perspective on the ongoing debates concerning 'the convergence of multimedia and performance in theatre practice' (7). While discussing iconic hybrid performances by historical and contemporary figures and groups of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, this study also includes divergent works, such as audio-visual installation works and recent reenactment works.


The basic organization principles of the primary visual cortex (V1) are commonly assumed to also hold in the association cortex such that neurons within a cortical column share functional connectivity patterns and represent the same region of the visual field. We mapped the visual receptive fields (RFs) of neurons recorded at the same electrode in the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rhesus monkeys. We report that the spatial characteristics of visual RFs between adjacent neurons differed considerably, with increasing heterogeneity from VIP to PFC. In addition to RF incongruences, we found differential functional connectivity between putative inhibitory interneurons and pyramidal cells in PFC and VIP. These findings suggest that local RF topography vanishes with hierarchical distance from visual cortical input and argue for increasingly modified functional microcircuits in noncanonical association cortices that contrast V1. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our visual field is thought to be represented faithfully by the early visual brain areas; all the information from a certain region of the visual field is conveyed to neurons situated close together within a functionally defined cortical column. We examined this principle in the association areas, PFC, and ventral intraparietal area of rhesus monkeys and found that adjacent neurons represent markedly different areas of the visual field. This is the first demonstration of such noncanonical organization of these brain areas.


BACKGROUND. Previous studies of children with temperatures ≥106°F (hyperpyrexia) disagree as to whether hyperpyrexia confers a high risk of serious bacterial infection. OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the risk of serious bacterial infection in children with hyperpyrexia and (2) whether clinical presentation can identify hyperpyrexic patients at risk for serious bacterial infection. METHODS. Data were collected prospectively on all children <18 years of age presenting to a pediatric emergency department during a 2-year period with rectal temperatures of ≥106°F. History, physical examination, complete blood cell counts, blood cultures, and nasopharyngeal viral cultures were obtained on all of the patients. RESULTS. Of 130828 visits, 103 children had hyperpyrexia (1 per 1270 patient visits). Of the 103 subjects, 20 had serious bacterial infection, and 22 had laboratory-proven viral illness (including 1 subject with bacterial/viral coinfection). The presence of a chronic underlying illness was associated with an increased risk of serious bacterial infection. The presence of rhinorrhea or any viral symptom was associated with a decreased risk of serious bacterial infection, although diarrhea itself was associated with an increased risk of serious bacterial infection. Age, maximum temperature, and total white blood cell count were not predictive of either bacterial or viral illness. CONCLUSIONS. Children with hyperpyrexia are at equally high risk for serious bacterial infection and for viral illness. Bacterial and viral coinfection also occurs. No aspect of the clinical presentation reliably distinguishes between bacterial and viral illness. We recommend consideration of antibiotic treatment for all children presenting to the emergency department with hyperpyrexia without confirmed viral illness.


The computation-as-cognition metaphor requires that all cognitive objects are constructed from a fixed set of basic primitives; prominent models of cognition and perception try to provide that fixed set. Despite this effort, however, there are no extant computational models that can actually generate complex concepts and processes from simple and generic basic sets, and there are good reasons to wonder whether such models may be forthcoming. We suggest that one can have the benefits of computationalism without a commitment to fixed feature sets, by postulating processes that slowly develop special-purpose feature languages, from which knowledge is constructed. This provides an alternative to the fixed-model conception without radical anti-representationlism. Substantial evidence suggests that such feature development adaptation actually occurs in the perceptual learning that accompanies category learning. Given the existence of robust methods for novel feature creation, the assumption of a fixed basis set of primitives as psychologically necessary is at best premature. Methods of primitive construction include: (a) perceptual sensitization to physical stimuli; (b) unitization and differentiation of existing (non-psychological) stimulus elements into novel psychological primitives, guided by the current set of features; and (c) the intelligent selection of novel inputs, which in turn guides the automatic construction of new primitive concepts. Modelling the grounding of concepts as sensitivity to physical properties reframes the question of concept construction from the generation of an appropriate composition of sensations, to the tuning of detectors to appropriate circumstances.


Two aspects of the buckling behaviour of continuous composite beams of steel and concrete are considered. The first part relates to the study of moment redistribution in braced slender beams (Class 3 draft Eurocode 4) due to local buckling in the hogging moment regions. The second part describes the experimental work to investigate the ultimate load behaviour of unbraced compact beams (Classes 1 and 2 draft Eurocode 4) in the hogging moment regions.

For a braced continuous slender composite beam, local buckling at an internal support allows a redistribution of bending moment from the hogging regions to the sagging regions, in addition to material nonlinearity. This effect was studied by a computer simulation on two-span beams. The program takes into account not only the effect of local buckling, but also material nonlinearity and residual stresses, on moment redistribution. The ultimate loads designed to the less conservative method for Class 3 beans in the draft Eurocode 4 were used as a datum in the parametric study. The simulation then gave an independent assessment of the appropriateness and safety of these loads at the ultimate limit state. It is shown that the design method is slightly conservative. Residual stresses have very little effect on the ultimate carrying capacity. Furthermore, in design to the draft Eurocode 4, unpropped construction is more restrictive than propped construction, and hence the results are also more conservative.

Lateral buckling of continuous unbraced composite beams in the hogging moment regions can only occur in a distortional mode, and is most unlikely to happen in practical building or bridge structures using hot-rolled steel sections of span up to about 30m. Various design methods based on numerical studies now exist to predict the ultimate strength of continuous composite beams affected by distortional lateral buckling, but few experimental results are available to validate their theoretical assumptions and accuracy. Tests at realistic scale on two T-beams and two inverted U-frames at the Class 2-3 Interface, in accordance with the draft Eurocode 4, are reported. Their results are compared with predictions by five design methods, four of which are satisfactory for the beams tested except BS5400:Part 3. Due to premature fracture of reinforcing fabric in one of the U-frame tests, it is recommended not to include their contribution in moment resistance, when the composite cross-section is plastic and a design requires a large amount of rotation capacity in the hogging moment regions. Based on limited test results, a tentative method is proposed to provide a quick check, whether distortional lateral buckling needs to be considered or not, for continuous composite beams with Class 1 or 2 cross-sections.


The steady growth of the World Wide Web raises challenges regarding the preservation of meaningful Web data. Tools used currently by Web archivists blindly crawl and store Web pages found while crawling, disregarding the kind of Web site currently accessed (which leads to suboptimal crawling strategies) and whatever structured content is contained in Web pages (which results in page-level archives whose content is hard to exploit). We focus in this PhD work on the crawling and archiving of publicly accessible Web applications, especially those of the social Web. A Web application is any application that uses Web standards such as HTML and HTTP to publish information on the Web, accessible by Web browsers. Examples include Web forums, social networks, geolocation services, etc. We claim that the best strategy to crawl these applications is to make the Web crawler aware of the kind of application currently processed, allowing it to refine the list of URLs to process, and to annotate the archive with information about the structure of crawled content. We add adaptive characteristics to an archival Web crawler: being able to identify when a Web page belongs to a given Web application and applying the appropriate crawling and content extraction methodology.


This paper describes results of a field experiment to examine the effect of wave reflection on suspended sediment transport in front of a seawall. High frequency measurements of wave elevation, velocity and suspended sediment concentrations were made simultaneously on a natural beach and in front of a seawall at Teignmouth in South Devon (U.K.) in June 1995. Wave reflection at the natural beach was found to be dependent on frequency; low frequency waves being preferentially reflected while incident waves were dissipated. At the seawall the incident wave reflection coefficient was 0.9 indicating only a small amount of dissipation. The doubling of energy over the sea bed was found to greatly increase the suspended sediment concentrations in the water column, although the amount of this increase depended on the water depth. A data analysis technique was developed which allowed the incoming and outgoing wave contributions to the sediment transport to be analysed. In these accretionary conditions incoming waves transported sediment onshore in both wall and beach cases, while in the wall case sediment transported offshore by the outgoing waves balanced the onshore transport. Sediment build up which was observed at the top of the natural beach was not observed in front of the wall. Sediment maintained in suspension in front of the wall was available for longshore transport, and this was enhanced by the presence of the wall.


Postgraduate taught degrees in financial mathematics have been booming in popularity in the UK for the last 20 years. The fees for these courses are considerably higher than other comparable masters-level courses. Why? Vendors stipulate that they offer high-demand, high-level vocational training for future employees of the financial services industry, delivered by academics with an internationally recognised research reputation at world-class universities.
We argue here that, as the UK higher education system moves towards a more commercial environment, the widespread availability of the M.Sc. in financial mathematics exemplifies a practice of following market demand for the sake of income, without due consideration for the broader consequences. Indeed, we claim that, as excellent as such courses can be in intellectual content and delivery, they are mismatching needs and expectations for such education and confusing the true value of what is taught.
The story of the Mathematical Finance MSc serves as a serious case study, highlighting some of the incongruities and future dangers of free-market education.


Enclaves of natural vegetation in suburbia have an importance far beyond their area.

The sprawling cities of materialistic Australia are in fact surprisingly well endowed with the lost values of rural beauty and natural scene. Sydney has its large national parks which provide an impediment to northern and southern suburban expansion as well as a large number of reserves in at least a near natural state around the margins of its magnificent harbours. Melbourne has Studley Park, a semi-natural area in a river setting within walking distance of the CBD, as well as a considerable extent of coast in a more or less natural condition. Adelaide has its pastoral parks which ring the CBD. Brisbane has the Mount Coot-tha Reserve. Perth is fortunate to have King's Park and Hobart its Domain and numerous other reserves, all in a close to natural state. Despite a rapidly growing and vocal conservation movement, which is largely centred on the cities, almost all of these natural and semi-natural reserves are suffering from a steady encroachment of other uses. They are regarded as the best sites for freeways and planned recreational expansion, and are even occasionally suffering commercial encroachment. Their natural qualities are also being steadily destroyed
in a more subtle manner consequent upon the intensive land use that is found on their margins. Some of the symptoms and probable causes of such subtle change have been described in an earlier article in this journal (Kirkpatrick, 1974) in relation to the Sandringham Foreshore Reserve in Melbourne. This article completes the consideration of the reserve, in discussing the changes that have occurred in the vegetation with the suburbanization of its hinterland, the vegetation in 1971, and the problems of conserving the vegetation of the reserve in the future.

In this paper the term 'native' is used to denote that a species to the best of my knowledge would have occurred in the Sandringham area before white settlement. The terms 'alien', 'introduced' and 'exotic' denote that a species has been introduced into the area since white settlement. A more detailed indication of the origin of all species mentioned in this article can be found in Kirkpatrick (1974) along with authorities for the nomenclature used. The word 'natural' is used to imply that vegetation is similar to that which would have probably been found in the area before white settlement. Thus, the most natural area of vegetation in the reserve would be composed of native species, have a structure that could be found in similar environments less intensively used by man, and would not owe its genesis to actions of European man. Similarly the word 'disturbance' is used purely in relation to the actions of European man. Normal environmental events and processes may lead to the creation of habitats suitable for the establishment of exotics, but are excluded from the definition of disturbance for the purposes of this article.


Prior research on cooperative breeders has considered correlations between group reproductive output (GRO) and the number of individuals in each age-sex class, but without controlling for uneven sampling efforts, the underlying effects of group size, and pseudoreplication at the group and species levels. Among callitrichids, age-sex classes do not provide meaningful categories, as individuals within an age-sex class can demonstrate varying reproductive development due to reproductive dominance of a few individuals per group. This study re-assesses the drivers of GRO in callitrichids by a) conducting a meta-analysis of published studies of callitrichid group composition; b) determining a novel method to assign developmental class based on reproductive morphology; and c) utilizing a multistep modelling approach to assess whether any sex-based developmental class predicts both the presence and the numbers of surviving offspring among free-ranging saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator) in Peru. The meta-analysis utilizing a historical dataset revealed that adult females and group size, but not the number of adult males is significantly correlated with GRO. Statistical models of the new dataset revealed that only mature males predicted if groups had any infants at all, but that the number of surviving infants was predicted by mature females and group size. Thus mature males appear to be necessary for groups to raise any infants, but mature females and a larger group size increase group reproductive output overall.


Importance The death of a close relative is associated with an increased mortality risk among the bereaved, but much less is known about the potential association of the death of a sibling in childhood with mortality in this population. Objective To examine the association between sibling death in childhood and subsequent mortality risk. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study of 5 005 029 participants evaluated linked national registers in Denmark (January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2009) and Sweden (January 1, 1973, through December 31, 2008). A total of 2 060 354 Danish and 2 944 675 Swedish children who survived the first 6 months of their life were included. We excluded 14 children who died of the same external cause as their siblings within 30 days. Data were analyzed from November 2, 2015, through October 14, 2016. Exposures Participants were classified as exposed if a sibling died in childhood (age <18 years). Main Outcomes and Measures Poisson regression was used to estimate mortality rate ratio (MRR) with the exposure as a time-varying variable. Results Among the 55 818 participants who experienced sibling death in childhood (51.5% male and 48.5% female; median age at loss, 7.0 [interquartile range, 3.3-12.1] years), all-cause mortality risk was increased by 71% (MRR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.57-1.87) during the follow-up of 37 years. The excess mortality risk was observed for groups with specific causes of death, and the higher MRRs were found when the sibling pairs died of the same cause (death due to disease [MRR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.87-2.49]; death due to external cause [MRR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.54-2.37]). The increased mortality risk after sibling death was seen across the follow-up period, regardless of the age at bereavement and the type of death among bereaved siblings, but the magnitude of association was stronger during the first year after sibling death (MRR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.79-3.54). Higher MRRs were found among sibling pairs with the same sex (MRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.70-2.18) and close age (MRR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.58-2.37). Conclusions and Relevance Bereavement in childhood because of the death of a sibling was associated with an increased risk for mortality in the short and long term. Health care professionals should be aware of individuals' vulnerability due to sibling death, especially for sibling pairs of close age or the same sex. Social and health care support may help to minimize the potential adverse effects on the bereaved sibling.


India's negotiation strategies in international climate policy have considerably changed over the past decade. While core positions have not altered substantially, the way they were presented and supported at the international level reveals major changes. In particular between 2007 and 2011, India's international climate policy shifted from defensive, pure distributive strategies toward mixed strategies with a number of 'value-creating' elements, dynamism and flexibility became clearly visible in India's international climate policy. This shift is confirmed by evidence from a novel dataset based on an assessment of country submissions at the UNFCCC negotiations, negotiation summaries and interviews with an Indian delegate and representatives of other delegations. India's change in strategy appears to be driven by several factors: developments in the national political landscape whereby the personality of the delegation leader and minister in charge plays a critical role, a general trend related to rising public awareness of India's vulnerability to climate change, increasing domestic energy constraints, direct economic benefits from the Kyoto Protocol's market mechanisms, reactions to international pressure from other developing countries, and increased reporting by domestic media.


My friend, old and passing, said,
"There is more to life than staying alive.
Don't rescue me too much."
On his farm, twelve miles out
by rough gravel roads, he is done
with plowing, spraying, harvesting.
But he is not done watching the sun
sink below the windbreak or listening
to the nighthawks above his fields.
Don't make him move to town.
There is more to tragedy
than dying.