The Miocene Bear Lake Formation is exposed along the coast and mountains of the central Alaska Peninsula and extends offshore as part of the Bristol Bay Basin. The Bear Lake Formation is up to 2360 m (7743 ft) thick in an offshore well and is considered to have the highest reservoir potential in this gas-rich frontier basin. Our new macrofossil and palynological data, collected in the context of measured stratigraphic sections, allow us to construct the first chronostratigraphic framework for this formation. Biostratigraphic age assignments for the numerous, commonly isolated, onshore exposures of the Bear Lake Formation show that deposition initiated sometime before the middle Miocene (15 Ma) and extended to possibly the earliest Pliocene. The bulk of the Bear Lake Formation, however, was deposited during the middle and late Miocene based on our new findings. We interpret the Bear Lake Formation as the product of a regional transgressive estuarine depositional system based on lithofacies analysis. The lower part of the formation is characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone interbedded with coal and pedogenic mudstone deposited in fluvial and swamp environments of the uppermost parts of the estuarine system. The lower-middle part of the formation is dominated by nonbioturbated, wavy- and flaser-bedded sandstone and siltstone that were deposited in supratidal flat environments. The upper-middle part of the Bear Lake Formation is characterized by inclined heterolithic strata and coquinoid mussel beds that represent tidal channel environments in the middle and lower tracts of the estuarine system. The uppermost part of the formation consists of tabular, bioturbated sandstone with diverse marine invertebrate macrofossil faunas. We interpret this part of the section as representing the subtidal tract of the lower estuarine system and possibly the adjacent shallow inner shelf. A comparison of our depositional framework for the Bear Lake Formation with core and well-log data from onshore and offshore wells indicates that similar Miocene depositional systems existed throughout much of the Bristol Bay Basin. The documented changes in depositional environments within the Bear Lake Formation are also important for understanding upsection changes in the geometries of potential reservoirs.


This article was written for the 2005 Symposium: "Calabresi's Costs of Accidents: A Generation of Impact on Law and Scholarship" held at the University of Maryland Law School. Donald Gifford provided the following summary in his introduction to the symposium issue: Adam Benforado and Professor Jon Hanson analyze Calabresi's and Posner's very different views of law and economics using concepts borrowed from social psychology. They view Posner as representative of the "relative" dispositionist whose analysis proceeds from the belief that "[t]he individual is presumed to be an independent, choice-making agent whose acts both satisfy and reveal a set of underlying preferences." In contrast, according to Benforado and Hanson, "Calabresi stands as a relative situationist in a particularly dispositionist school of thought";] he "has the instincts of a social psychologist," and differs from those who would "ignore the more significant role played by situational forces - unseen or underappreciated features in our environment and in our interiors." Benforado and Hanson suggest that both Calabresi's and Posner's intellectual development were influenced greatly by their differing reactions to changing intellectual trends emerging during the 1960s: Calabresi seems to have embraced "the general push toward situationism," while Posner was one of a number of scholars that "lashed back in an attempt to legitimate the systems that were being upended by situationist thinking."


Dissociation constants for alternate dirmcleotide substrates and competitive inhibitors suggest that the dinucleotide binding site of the Ascaris suum NAD-malic enzyme is hydrophobic in the vicinity of the nicotinamide ring. Changes in the divalent metal ion activator from Mg^2+ to Mn^2+ or Cd^2+ results in a decrease in the dinucleotide affinity and an increase in the affinity for malate. Primary deuterium and 13-C isotope effects obtained with the different metal ions suggest either a change in the transition state structure for the hydride transfer or decarboxylation steps or both. Deuterium isotope effects are finite whether reactants are maintained at saturating or limiting concentrations with all the metal ions and dinucleotide substrates used. With Cd^2+ as the divalent metal ion, inactivation of the enzyme occurs whether enzyme alone is present or is turning over. Upon inactivation only Cd^2+ ions are bound to the enzyme which becomes denatured. Modification of the enzyme to give an SCN-enzyme decreases the ability of Cd^2+ to cause inactivation. The modified enzyme generally exhibits increases in K_NAD and K_i_metai and decreases in V_max as the metal size increases from Mg^2+ to Mn^2+ or Cd^2+, indicative of crowding in the site. In all cases, affinity for malate greatly decreases, suggesting that malate does not bind optimally to the modified enzyme.
For the native enzyme, primary deuterium isotope effects increase with a concomitant decrease in the 13-C effects when NAD is replaced by an alternate dinucleotide substrate different in redox potential. This suggests that when the alternate dinucleotides are used, a switch in the rate limitation of the chemical steps occurs with hydride transfer more rate limiting than decarboxylation. Deuteration of malate decreases the 13-C effect with NAD for the native enzyme, but an increase in 13-C effect is obtained with alternate dinucleotides. These suggest the presence of a secondary 13-C effect in the hydride transfer step. This phenomenon is also applicable to the modified enzyme with NAD as the substrate.


The study attempts to conduct an input-based evaluation of the Entrepreneurship Development courses offered at BBA and MBA level in different public and private universities in Bangladesh. It has used primary data collected through a survey by using a structured questionnaire prepared based on an Entrepreneurship Education Model proposed by Azim (2007). It is observed that the entrepreneurship courses in different universities in Bangladesh as a whole operates with medium level of effectiveness. INTRODUCTION Thus, 'entrepreneurship' is widely recognized as a critical factor in economic development. Schumpeter viewed entrepreneurship as the major conducive factor to economic growth (Schumpeter, 1934). McClelland treated entrepreneurship as the causal factor of development (McClelland, 1961). Cole and Cochran also emphasized the critical role of entrepreneurship in economic growth (Kilby, 1971). In describing the significance of entrepreneurs in the process of development of a country, Maslow (1968), a Psychologist known for his epochrmaking theory of human needs, points out, "The most valuable 100 people to bring advancement into a deteriorating society would not be economists, or politicians, or engineers, but rather 100 entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurs are recognized as central to the process of mobilizing capital, adding value to natural resources, producing necessary goods and services, creating employment and developing the means by which trade is carried on. Over the years, the concept of entrepreneur has undergone transformation and broadened to traverse the traditional connotation of 'creating a new and innovative venture.' Entrepreneurship is more than the mere creation of business. Although that is certainly an important facet, it's not the complete picture. It may also be viewed from skill perspective. The entrepreneurial skills, such as seeking opportunities, taking risks beyond security, and having the tenacity to push an idea through to reality can be exhibited by an individual working for someone else in profit or not-for-profit enterprises, and in business or non-business activities. Hytti and O'Gorman (2004) argue that these entrepreneurial skills of the general people are now considered as a competitive advantage of a nation over others. National competitive advantage is increasingly dependent on the skill base of the workforce, and more specifically, on the ability of both firms and individuals to engage in innovative activity and in new economic activity (Hytti and O'Gorman, 2004). Kuratko and Hodgetts (2004) postulate that it is this perspective that has revolutionized the way business is conducted at every level and in every country. Therefore, it is imperative that the economic progress of a country largely depends upon the availability or development of the pool of entrepreneurs or people with entrepreneurial skills. For this, depending solely on natural supply of entrepreneurial talents will leave the destiny of a nation to the vagary of the nature. So, it is important to adopt means to develop such scarce human resources through intervention and many scholars have genuine conviction that entrepreneurship can be taught through education and training (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2004). Consequently, in many countries entrepreneurship education has become an important part of both industrial policy and of educational policy. Emphasizing the potential benefits of entrepreneurship education, in 1997, the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education of UK (1997, p. 201) recommended universities to: ". . . consider the scope for encouraging entrepreneurship through innovative approaches to program design ..." and by 2000 business and entrepreneurial development had been listed as one of four strategic goals for British universities (Universities UK, 2000). In the same line of reasoning it is believed that, in developing countries where unemployment and international competitiveness are the major concerns, the need for entrepreneurial development should be emphasized more. …


We analyze differences in school quality using a comprehensive panel data set covering all upper secondary school graduates in Finland during the years 2002-2013. School quality is defined as the effect of the school on matriculation exam results controlling for quality of student intake. In other words, the quality difference between two schools is the expected difference in exam results for a randomly chosen student switching schools. Using methods similar to Chetty, Friedman and Rockoff (2013) we are able to measure both cross-sectional differences in school quality and the persistence of these differences over time. We also control for the uncertainty inherent in assessing the quality of smaller schools with a relatively low number of graduates. We use each pupil's comprehensive school grades to control for previous education / pupil quality. Also, comprehensive school fixed effects are used to control for differences in comprehensive school grading as well as unobserved socioeconomic factors. The method is potentially sensitive to bias induced by school selection. To assess the potential bias we partially match our student sample to a spatial database by home address and use this to assess bias. We find no evidence of significant bias. Our first result is that there are significant cross-sectional differences in school quality even after controlling for student intake quality. The quality difference between the top schools and bottom schools each year measured in average matriculation score points is around one grade point in a scale of 1 to 7. In Finland university entry is partly controlled by these matriculation exam results. A one-point difference in grade averages will significantly affect the chances of entry into the most competitive university curricula. This result must, however, be qualified in a number of ways. First, large differences are observed only between the very top and bottom institutions. Most schools are much closer to each other in quality: the interquartile range each year is only about a fifth of a grade average point. Most schools are thus clustered quite close to each other in quality. Also, while there is persistence over time in school quality, this is far from complete. This means that the ranking of the middling-quality majority of schools is highly unstable over time, making any yearly league tables highly suspect. There is more persistence in the very top and bottom institutions, which are roughly the same during the whole period under consideration. Finally, school quality seems to be for the most part evenly distributed regionally. While there are certainly good schools in the largest cities, the success of the most selective institutions is mostly explained by quality of intake rather than teaching.


Four experiments were conducted with Japanese children and adult participants to assess their awareness of the effectiveness of biological and psychological treatments for psychogenic bodily reactions. Study 1 had 116 participants, composed of 4-year-olds (17), 5-year-olds (20), 7-year-olds (24), 10-year-olds (20), and college students (35). The preschoolers tended to respond that only biological cures were effective in treating psychogenic bodily reactions, whereas adults typically responded that only psychological cures were effective. In Studies 2-4, by modifying the wording of the questions, adults' and young children's awareness was reexamined. As a result, in Studies 2 and 3, Japanese adults frequently acknowledged the effectiveness of biological treatments, and, in Study 4 (32 five-year-olds and 34 seven-year-olds), about 70% of the 5-year-old preschoolers who were aware of psychogenic bodily reactions tended to respond that psychological cures were effective in treating these psychogenic reactions. The results were discussed in terms of the developmental course in cross-domain awareness (i.e., reasoning about phenomena that cross ontological domains) and cultural differences in biological understanding.


Abstract A nonlinear stability theorem is established for Eady's model of baroclinic flow. In particular, the Eady basic state is shown to be nonlinearly stable (for arbitrary shear) provided (Δz)/(Δy) > 2(5)^1/2f/(πN),where Δz is the height of the domain, Δy the channel width, f the Coriolis parameter, and N the buoyancy frequency. When this criterion is satisfied, explicit bounds can be derived on the disturbance potential enstrophy, the disturbance energy, and the disturbance available potential energy on the rigid lids, which are expressed in terms of the initial disturbance fields. The disturbances are completely general (with nonzero potential vorticity) and are not assumed to be of small amplitude. The results may be regarded as an extension of Arnol'd's second nonlinear stability theorem to continuously stratified quasigeostrophic baroclinic flow.


Ready-to-serve beverage of grapes are a product with severe shelf life problems. Alcoholic fermentation, Quality loss, color changes and mould contamination are greatly influenced the quality of grape beverage. Limiting or preventing the growth of undesirable microbial flora in grape juice for the inhibition of alcoholic fermentation is one of the main goal of preservation. The present work was to investigate the effects of preservatives such as sodium benzoate, potassium meta bisulphite and combination of both (potassium meta bisulphite+sodium benzoate) in grape juice preservation. Initially various pulp concentration (8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%) of grape juice was taken and preserved with sodium benzoate of 140 mg/l. Then sugar content was optimized to 15oBrix and preservatives of sodium benzoate (140 mg/l), potassium metabisulphite (120 mg/l) and combination of both 60 mg/l+60 mg/l) were used for preservation and storage studies were conducted. The Organoleptic studies of preserved grape juice such as alcohol estimation indicates that sodium benzoate alone and combination of sodium benzoate and potassium meta bisulphte showed significant preservation effect in grape juice. This study nuances the application of the above mentioned Chemical preservatives which were used under the permissible limits by FSSAI would not cause much problems in human health, thus it can be commercially used.


Stroke occurs suddenly and unexpectedly and its consequences can mean the difference between life and death. Research into stroke is extensive but largely focused on patients who survive. The aim of the study was to describe how nurses experience the patient's death and dying, when patients are afflicted by acute stroke and whose lives cannot be saved. The study had a descriptive design with a hermeneutical approach. Interviews were carried out with ten nurses in stroke units at three hospitals. Data were interpreted using hermeneutic textual interpretation based on Gadamer's philosophy. The study shows that sudden death, when unexpected forces intervene in the lives of patients afflicted by acute stroke, was described by the main theme sudden death - the unexpected force and the following three sub-themes: death comes unexpectedly and without warning to the patient; the relatives are at the mercy of the unexpected and the nurses find themselves in demanding situations. The new understanding emphasizes that the unexpected and demanding situations the nurses are put in can be understood as ethical dilemmas and value conflicts because they are not free to give their time to preserving the dying patient's dignity and are not able to give the good care they wish to. A more flexible organization could support the nurses in making use of the creative forces in the unexpected event which an acute stroke that leads to death constitutes.


Design and synthesis of ligands to detect low concentrations of Zn2+ in various systems are
being explored worldwide. The purpose of this research is to synthesize and study fluorescent
sensors for Zn2+ in nervous system by utilizing CHEF (Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence) effect.
TQA, a known compound, was synthesized and characterized. It is small and hydrophobic,
which may allow it to cross the blood-brain barrier. The quinolyl groups provide good
fluorescent properties. Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ were selected to compare the selectivity of the
designed ligand for Zn2+. It was shown that TQA does have CHEF effect with Zn 2+ and Cd2+ (of
which Zn2+-ligand complex is 10 times stronger in terms of fluorescence intensity) and has no
CHEF effect with Ni2+, Cu2+, Pb2+. The drawback of TQA is that its solubility in water is too low
(only 10-5 M in 50% methanol/water) to test its pKa and formation constants with metals ions
above. DQPMA, also a known compound, and DQPEA were synthesized and characterized to
improve the selectivity and solubility of sensors.
Three aspects characterizing the ligands were explored in this work. Crystals of Zn2+-
DQPEA and Cd2+-DQPEA were grown and their crystal structures were determined. The pKa's
of DQPMA and DQPEA were then determined by potentiometry and NMR. Finally, the
formation constants of DQPMA and DQPEA with the metal ions above were determined by
polarography and fluorescence techniques. It was proved in this study that the selectivities of the
sensors, DQPMA and DQPEA, for small metal ions such as Zn2+ over big metal ions such as
Cd2+do increase when one of chelate ring increases from the five membered (Zn2+-DQPMA) to
the six membered (Zn2+-DQPEA).


One of the most pressing questions that governments and societies have to answer is how to develop the infrastructure of the expected information society. In this paper I will take a look at two archetypical positions: at a state-oriented and a market-oriented view. I will recount the arguments for both sides in order to then demonstrate that all of these arguments are in fact derivatives of the older discussion about state versus market that has been with us at least since Marx. I will then try to show that these arguments are based on metaphysical assumptions about the nature of markets which are not subject to empirical investigation or other means of generally recognised clarification. The paper therefore aims to show that the debate cannot be expected to ever lead to a consensus. If this is true then we have to consider ways of structuring the debate in a way that will make the results acceptable to the affected parties without being able to rely on a shared metaphysical view of problem.


UNLABELLED

PREMISE OF THE STUDY
Coniferous bordered pits are some of the most unique and fascinating microstructures of the lignified cell wall. The pit membrane consists of a margo and a torus region, hence facilitating both xylary water transport and also limiting air intrusion by pit aspiration. Additionally, bordered pits have been reported to play a decisive role in the control of rapid liquid flow via the shrinkage and swelling of pectin. The study of the nanostructural chemical composition of pit membranes has been difficult with common imaging/chemical techniques, which involve drying and/or coating of the samples. •

METHODS
Using fluorescent tagging and antibodies specific to pectin, and a His-tagged cellulose-binding module that reacts with crystalline cellulose, in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and 4Pi microscopy, we generated three-dimensional images of intact pit membranes. •

KEY RESULTS
With enhanced resolution in the z-direction of the 4Pi microscope, it was possible to distinguish cellulose in the torus and the margo strands of Pinus strobus. The torus was surrounded by pectin, and a pectin ring was found at the margin of the torus. We also found differences in the structure of the pit membrane between aspirated and unaspirated pits, with a displacement of pectin to form a ring-like structure, the collapse of a void in the interior of the torus, and an apparent change in the chemical structure of cellulosic components, during the aspiration process. •

CONCLUSIONS
The 4Pi microscope is well suited to scanning pit membranes to discover previously undescribed anatomical features in bordered pits and can provide information on chemical composition when used in combination with appropriate probes.


In this work, Larry May argues that socially responsive individuals need not be self-sacrificing or overly conscientious. According to the author a person's integrity and moral responsibility are shaped and limited not just by conscience, but also by socialization and moral support from the communities to which he or she belongs. Applying his theory of responsibility to professional ethics, May contends that current methods of professional socialization should be changed so that professionals are not expected to ignore considerations of personal well-being, family, or community. For instance, lawyers should not place client loyalty above concerns for the common good; doctors should not place the physical well-being of patients above their mental and spiritual well-being; scientists and engineers should not feel obliged to blow the whistle on fraud and corruption unless their professional groups protect them from retaliation.


Aqueous Henry's Law Constants, Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients, and Water Solubility: Critically Evaluated Database, Experimental Analysis, and Prediction Methods Sarah A. Brockbank Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy A database containing Henry's law constants, infinite dilution activity coefficients and solubility data of industrially important chemicals in aqueous systems has been compiled. These properties are important in predicting the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment. The structure of this database is compatible with the existing DIPPR 801 database and DIADEM interface, and the compounds included are a subset of the compounds found in the DIPPR 801 database. Thermodynamic relationships, chemical family trends, and predicted values were carefully considered when designating recommended values. Henry's law constants and infinite dilution activity coefficients were measured for toluene, 1-butanol, anisole, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 4-bromotoluene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, and 2,4-dichlorotoluene in water using the inert gas stripping method at ambient pressure (approximately 12.5 psia) and at temperatures between 8°C and 50°C. Fugacity ratios, required to determine infinite dilution activity coefficients for the solid solutes, were calculated from literature values for the heat of fusion and the liquid and solid heat capacities. Chemicals were chosen based on missing or conflicting data from the literature. A first-order temperature-dependent group contribution method was developed to predict Henry's law constants of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and formats where none of the functional groups are attached directly to a benzene ring. Efforts to expand this method to include ester and ether groups were unsuccessful. Second-order groups were developed at a reference condition of 298.15 K and 100 kPa. A second-order temperature-dependent group contribution method was then developed for hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, ethers, and alcohols. These methods were compared to existing literature prediction methods.


To the best of our knowledge, existing Semantic Web (SW) search systems fail to index RDF graph structures as graphs. They either do not index graph structures and retrieve them by run-time formal queries, or index all row triples from the back-end repositories. This increases the overhead of indexing for very large RDF documents. Moreover, the graph explorations from row triples can be complicated when blank nodes, RDF collections and containers are involved. This paper provides a means to index SW data in graph structures, which potentially benefit the graph exploration and ranking in SW querying.


The Internet has changed the ways in which we create, disseminate, access, and re-use information, knowledge, and entertainment. In many respects, digital media has enabled us to become more creative and interactive, to write and publish our own stories without owning a printing press (weblogs), to broadcast our own radio shows without requiring access to a broadcast studio (podcasts), to make and distribute songs or video clips without depending on recording studios or big Hollywood. In this short essay, we first provide several examples to demonstrate that the law - especially copyright law - has not kept pace with the unfolding creative revolution of cyberspace. We then argue that the law should strike a new balance between the divergent interests of various stakeholders in order to foster participatory culture. Finally, we outline some approaches and proposals that might contribute to such an endeavor.


This paper provides a commentary upon the nursing care of individuals diagnosed with personality disorder and associated education courses. The discussion focuses upon recent policy trends in the UK as a point of departure. This policy discourse is critical of mainstream mental health services in previously operating to exclude such individuals. One of the consequences has been a recent growth in interest in relevant training courses, many of which devote significant attention to staff attitudes regarding this client group. Various previous researchers and commentators have remarked upon the implications for practice of a perceived negative attitude among care staff. We reflect upon our own anecdotal experience of developing and delivering new university-based courses for practitioners working in the field of personality disorder to offer a particular critique of the UK context, in which this policy, training, and practice is framed. Social constructionist theories are drawn on to offer insights into public and practitioner discourse and the possible effects on therapeutic relationships. The available discourse constructs individuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder as essentially different from other people. We argue that staff training and practice development initiatives are likely to be more successful if such discourse is challenged, and attempts are made in therapeutic encounters to recognize shared characteristics and positive attributes as much as perceived difference and negative attributes. We refer to this as a re-engagement with common humanity. Despite the singular national context, the discursive themes explored are not necessarily restricted to the UK.


Understanding the mechanisms by which climate variation can drive population changes requires information linking climate, local conditions, trophic resources, behaviour and demography. Climate change alters the seasonal pattern of emergence and abundance of invertebrate populations, which may have important consequences for the breeding performance and population change of insectivorous birds. In this study, we examine the role of food availability in driving behavioural changes in an insectivorous migratory songbird; the Eurasian reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. We use a feeding experiment to examine the effect of increased food supply on different components of breeding behaviour and first-brood productivity, over three breeding seasons (2012–2014). Reed warblers respond to food-supplementation by advancing their laying date by up to 5.6 days. Incubation periods are shorter in supplemented groups during the warmest mean spring temperatures. Nestling growth rates are increased in nests provisioned by supplemented parents. In addition, nest predation is reduced, possibly because supplemented adults spend more time at the nest and faster nestling growth reduces the period of vulnerability of eggs and nestlings to predators (and brood parasites). The net effect of these changes is to advance the fledging completion date and to increase the overall productivity of the first brood for supplemented birds. European populations of reed warblers are currently increasing; our results suggest that advancing spring phenology, leading to increased food availability early in the breeding season, could account for this change by facilitating higher productivity. Furthermore, the earlier brood completion potentially allows multiple breeding attempts. This study identifies the likely trophic and behavioural mechanisms by which climate-driven changes in invertebrate phenology and abundance may lead to changes in breeding phenology, nest survival and net reproductive performance of insectivorous birds.


Introduction I. The History of Nondebtor Releases and Injunctions A. Basics of a Chapter 11 Proceeding 1. Bankruptcy Courts' Traditional Exercise of Jurisdiction Under Chapter 11 2. Bankruptcy Courts' Equitable Powers Under Section 105 B. Which Nondebtor Third Parties Request Releases and Injunctions? II. Seminal Decisions and Reasons for and Against Nondebtor Third Party Releases and Injunctions A. Judicial Disagreement on the Treatment of Nondebtor Third Party Releases and Injunctions in Chapter 11 Plans 1. Seminal Pro-Release Decisions a. In re Johns-Manville Corp b. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc c. In re A. H. Robins Co 2. Seminal Anti-Release Decisions a. In re American Hardwoods, Inc b. In re Continental Airlines B. Arguments for and Against Granting Nondebtor Releases and Injunctions to Insiders and Insurers in Chapter 11 Plans 1. Should Insiders Be Granted Nondebtor Releases or Injunctions? a. Arguments for Allowing Releases and Injunctions to Insiders b. Arguments Against Allowing Releases or Injunctions to Insiders 2. Should Debtors' Insurers Be Granted Nondebtor Releases or Injunctions? a. Arguments for Granting Releases and Injunctions to Insurers b. Arguments Against Granting Releases and Injunctions to Insurers III. The Limited Power of Bankruptcy Courts to Grant Nondebtor Releases and Injunctions A. Policy Considerations Dictate that Injunctions and Releases Be Granted to Insurance Companies in Mass Tort and Class Action Cases, Subject to Several Caveats B. Policy Considerations and a Changing Landscape Dictate that Releases and Injunctions Not Be Granted to Debtors' Insiders 1. Shift Towards Pre-Arranged Bankruptcies and Use of Turnaround Management Renders the Insider Assistance and Cooperation Justification for Insider Releases and Injunctions Moot 2. Shift Towards Pre-Arranged Bankruptcies and Use of Turnaround Management Renders the Contributing Nondebtor Justification for Insider Releases and Injunctions Moot 3. Need to Obtain Releases from Indemnity and Contribution Claims is an Illusory Justification for Granting Insider Releases and Injunctions 4. Two Caveats to Refusing Releases and Injunctions to Insiders: Temporary Stays and Consensual Releases ....... Conclusion INTRODUCTION On April 20, 2010, an explosion at BP p.l.c.'s ("BP") Deepwater Horizon oil rig (the "Rig") caused a massive oil gush 5000 feet below sea level, resulting in the largest environmental disaster in United States history and the largest oil-related disaster in the world. (1) As a result of the explosion, eleven workers were killed, seventeen others were seriously injured, (2) and thousands more in the Gulf area suffered, and continue to suffer, financial losses. The extensive scope of the injuries and economic losses has led to the filing of thousands of claims and hundreds of class actions against BP and other potentially responsible parties for economic damages, environmental cleanup costs, and other losses. (3) BP insiders, including Anthony B. Hayward, the former Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") of BP and former Executive Director of the Board of Directors, face numerous derivative liability suits for breach of fiduciary duties to the company and its shareholders. (4) Transocean Ltd., the company that owned and operated the Rig, which it leased to BP, also faces liability for the disaster. (5) In addition, Cameron International Corporation ("Cameron"), the company that manufactured the blowout preventer that failed to function on the Rig, is confronted with potential liability. …


Two experiments are reported. The first experiment studies the intensity-duration function for peripheral threshold stimulation of the human eye, over a range of durations from 0.02 second to 0.24 second. The form of the flashes presented involves a rapid onset and cessation (i.e., a nearly rectangular wave). The second experiment determines the total energy required for threshold excitation for flashes of various wave forms (i.e., with different onset and cessation times), the maximum duration always being below the critical duration obtained in the first experiment.The results of the first experiment agree with previous studies in showing that below a certain critical duration the product of light intensity and duration is constant. Above this critical duration the intensity remains constant. The transition from the relationship It=C to I=Const. is abrupt and occurs at 0.10 second.The results of the second experiment indicate that changes in the wave form, within the limits of variation introduced, do not affect the total amount of energy required for threshold below the limit of a critical duration. These findings give additional generality to the Bunsen-Roscoe law and to the view that the essential element in producing a constant effect in response to flashes of light is the total energy of the stimulus.


We present a design scheme to achieve equalization of Gaussian-like spectra by using linear-phase optical lattice filters. The proposed scheme separates the design of the phase response from the amplitude response of the equalization filter by introducing a symmetrically folded lattice structure. With the proposed structure, the linear-phase characteristic of the equalization filter is guaranteed regardless of the other design parameters. Then the amplitude response of the equalization filter is designed through a constrained optimization problem solved by using an efficient recursive algorithm. In addition to theoretical analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme is demonstrated by simulations and experiments through the equalization of a super-luminescence light-emitting diode as an illustrative example.


Abstract: Permian continental sequences from North China contain previously unrecognized episodes of plant radiation and elevated extinction. The earliest extinction, in the Lower Shihhotse Formation (Roadian, Guadalupian), records a 45% floral species loss and is tentatively correlated with global extinctions amongst dinocephalian reptiles. Two younger extinctions are dated by correlating the Illawara Reversal and palaeomagnetic polarity sequences from Shanxi Province against global palaeomagnetic history. Missing data from the Shanxi sequence are evaluated using a novel approach estimating likely maximum and minimum sequence changes that provide age estimates for post-Illawara events in North China. The second extinction in the middle Upper Shihhotse Formation is more significant and is dated to the mid-Capitanian, with a loss of 56% of plant species coinciding with two phases of volcanism of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province in South China, previously linked to the mid-Capitanian marine mass extinction. The youngest extinction in the upper Upper Shihhotse Formation (late Capitanian to mid-Wuchapingian) is catastrophic and represents the end of range in the sequence. Changes in sedimentary facies suggest it to be related to global climatic warming and drying. Other viable causal mechanisms for the extinction episodes include plate motion and collision, global climate change, volcanism and biological competition.


Designing test cases is a tedious and meticulous work. A tester needs to have a depth understanding of a program before a good test suite can be designed. Sometimes, even an expert tends to miss some test cases. The same scenario applies in designing test cases for Visual Programming Language (VPL). Most studies in designing test cases for VPL are using requirement specification, design specification, complex technique (i.e. Z) and third-party tools that requiring novice user to supply information that is not familiar to them. It is certain that the information supplied in creating test case was less accurate and thus affected the test suite produced. Therefore, this research explores the creation of automated test case generator for a VPL using Extensible Markup Language (XML) based language as data representation. The generation method is based on path coverage and boundary value analysis testing techniques. Validation and verification of the test cases created by the tools is done by comparing the generated test cases with the manually-designed test cases. Five test program are chosen and tested using the propose method. From the result and analysis, a conclusion is drawn that the automated test case generator created are able to create test cases for VPL.


A fuzzy linear regression (FLR) method is proposed that uses real-time data to accurately predict daily peak flow rate for the Bow and Elbow Rivers in southern Alberta. FLR model performance was compared to a non-fuzzy, error-in-variables model (EIV). Mean daily flow rate, with a delay of one, two, three or seven days was used as the independent variable. In implementing the FLR, a unique hybrid modelling approach was devised that treated peak flow rate as probabilistic and mean daily flow rate as possibilistic. Three gauge errors, 5%, 10% and 20%, were tested and compared to quantify uncertainty in observed flow rate. The research proposed a new method of computing the exceedance probability of peak flow rate using fuzzy numbers. NSE, PBIAS and RSR and a proposed rating system were used to evaluate and compare the methods. Two different calibration schemes were used, including a quasi-real time system. The tests demonstrated that FLR with a one day lag was a very good predictor of peak flow rate and outperformed EIV for two stations on the Bow River. A test dataset from the floods of June 2013 in Calgary was used for risk assessment. The FLR results demonstrated higher flexibility and sensitivity to the flood as it approached Calgary. The fuzzy method was able to capture the peak flow rate for the majority of the high flow rate days, while the EIV model was unable to predict this data within the 95% confidence interval.


The main rift structure of the New Madrid rift complex, the Reelfoot rift, strikes northeast-ward, extending from northeastern Arkansas through the Missouri "boot heel" and western Kentucky into southern Illinois. The recently discovered Bloomfield lineament zone transects the Reelfoot rift in the boot heel area and strikes north-northwest, passing through the Mine La Motte-Fredericktown subdistrict of the Southeast Missouri lead-zinc-copper mining district.Studies suggest a strong relationship between the proximity of the New Madrid rift complex to the Southeast Missouri district and the anomalously high amounts of Cu, Co, and Ni in the region--particularly in the Mine La Motte-Fredericktown subdistrict. Supporting evidence comes from three sources: (1) mineral zoning and paragenetic sequence, (2) geotectonics of the New Madrid rift complex, and (3) regional variations of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 18 O/ 16 O isotope ratios.A detailed microscopic and SEM-EDS study of the Pb-Zn-Cu ores from the Viburnum No. 28, Brushy Creek, and Goose Creek mines in the Southeast Missouri district indicates a complicated paragenetic sequence characterized by repeated periods of mineral deposition. The sequence is composed of 19 minerals including abundant galena, sphalerite, chalcopyritc, pyrite, marcasite, dolomite, calcite, and quartz as well as minor siegenite, bornite, bravoite, blaubleibender covellite, covellite, gersdorffite, digenite, enargite, tennantite, dickite, and malachite. In addition to the mineralogy and paragenetic sequence, a number of significant findings resulted from a comprehensive microscopic study of ore textures from the three mines.The paragenetic sequence of the main colloform stage of deposition indicates that the ore solutions evolved in the following general order: (1) Cu rich, (2) Co-Ni rich, (3) Pb-Zn rich, and (4) Fe rich. The general depositional sequence corresponds with mineral zoning and is similar throughout the entire lead district. Most importantly, the paragenetically early Cu-Co-Ni sulfides may represent a regional early development of the Cu-Co-Ni-rich mineralization similar to that in the Mine La Motte-Fredericktown subdistrict and the southern extension of the Viburnum Trend. This early Cu-Co-Ni-rich zone always lies at the lowest stratigraphic level and, in the Mine La Motte-Fredericktown subdistrict, indicates a southerly source for the ore fluids.It is proposed that the source of at least part of the Cu, Co, Ni, and some siderophile elements of the Southeast Missouri lead deposits may be the result of basinal brine leaching of a series of probably multiaged, mafic and ultramafic intrusions or their sediments controlled by the New Madrid rift complex. One such branch of the complex, observed on Landsat-2 imagery, is expressed as a fracture zone that extends north-northwest from the Reelfoot rift toward Fredericktown, Missouri, namely the Bloomfield lineament zone. Strong 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 18 O/ 16 O isotope anomalies show, respectively, a consistent decrease and a consistent increase from south to north in southeast Missouri with the contour lines strikingly tracking the Bloomfield fracture zone. This suggests that the lineament zone was a channel for ore fluids entering southeast Missouri via the Mississippi embayment. The fracture zone may represent a series of transform faults or a portion of a failed continental rifting event. The zone is an epicenter trend and a distinct first-order lineament which appears to form part of the northeast boundary of the northwest-trending Missouri gravity low.


System-on-a-chip (SOC) uses embedded cores that require a test access architecture called Test Access Mechanism (TAM) to access the cores for the purpose of testing. This approach can be used for testing of three dimensional stacked integrated circuits (SICs) based on through-silicon vias (TSVs). Testing of 3D stacked ICs (SICs) is becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry. In this paper, we address the problem of test architecture optimization for 3D stacked ICs implemented using TSVs technology and present genetic algorithm for minimizing the post bond test time for 3D SICs under the constraints on the number of TSVs and the available TAM width. Given a TAM width available to test a system-on-a-chip, our algorithm partitions this width into different groups and places the cores of these groups in different layers in 3D design with the goal to optimize the total test time. The experimental results establish the effectiveness of our algorithm.


The recent interest in women returning to, or increasing their, labour market participation has largely ignored the skills and aspirations of women themselves. This article is based on a survey of mothers of young children in a fairly prosperous part of the South East of the UK. Research findings indicate that women lack confidence about their ability to return to economic activity, have a high demand for training, and expect to be frustrated in their career aspirations if training is not available. Childcare provision, flexible working hours and training would enable them to increase their participation in work. Constraints operate on the level of entry to the labour market and prevent women achieving their full potential. The discussion considers the forces which can facilitate or impede the full participation and development of women at work: occupational segregation, employer attitudes, the gender bias within organisations, Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), trade unions and changing labour mark...


We examine the relationship between violence and financial decisions in Afghanistan. Using three separate data sources, we find that individuals experiencing violence retain more cash and are less likely to adopt and use mobile money, a new financial technology. We first combine detailed information on the entire universe of mobile money transactions in Afghanistan with administrative records for all violent incidents recorded by international forces, and find a negative relationship between violence and mobile money use. Second, in the context of a randomized control trial, violence is associated with decreased mobile money use and greater cash balances. Third, in financial survey data from nineteen of Afghanistan's 34 provinces, we find that individuals experiencing violence hold more cash. Collectively, the evidence indicates that individuals experiencing violence prefer cash to mobile money. More speculatively, it appears that this is principally because of concerns about future violence. The degree of the relationship between cash holdings and violence is large enough to suggest that robust formal financial networks face severe challenges developing in conflict environments.


Essay collection

Francis Spufford's welcome first volume of collected essays gathers an array of his compelling writings from the 1990s to the present. He makes use of a variety of encounters with particular places, writers, or books to address deeper questions relating to the complicated relationship between story-telling and truth-telling. How must a nonfiction writer imagine facts, vivifying them to bring them to life? How must a novelist create a dependable world of story, within which facts are, in fact, imaginary? And how does a religious faith felt strongly to be true, but not provably so, draw on both kinds of writerly imagination?

Ranging freely across topics as diverse as the medieval legends of Cockaigne, the Christian apologetics of C. S. Lewis, and the tomb of Ayatollah Khomeini, Spufford provides both fresh observations and thought-provoking insights. No less does he inspire an irresistible urge to turn the page and read on.


Does Helicobacter Pylori have a role in Cholesteatoma?
Background: The pathophysiology of cholesteatoma is unclear but chronic inflammation seems a common factor. Helicobacter pylori can colonize nasopharynx and middle ear.
Objective: To investigate whether H. pylori may have a role in cholesteatoma.
Study Design: Age-stratified, cholesteatoma evaluation for the presence of H. pylori.
Method: 30 cholesteatoma biopsies were selected for review: 11 were age 8 months – 5 years, 11 were age 6-10 years, and 8 were 11-15 years. All samples had to have cholesteatoma matrix, capsule and surrounding connective tissue. The slides were prepared using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains for H. pylori using Anti- Helicobacter pylori clone (SP48). All the slides were evaluated for H. pylori by an experienced pathologist. All cholesteatoma specimen did not have H. pylori (0% incidence of H. pylori).
Results: H. pylori organisms were not seen on any of the specimens.
Conclusions: Our preliminary data does not suggest a role of H. pylori in the etiology of cholesteatoma.


Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base" and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one.


It is now well recognized that there are more harmful algal blooms (HABs), more often, in new and different places, often lasting longer, and with a range of toxicities, and that many of these blooms are related to nutrient pollution. Nutrient loads are increasing globally, but they are changing regionally in proportion and in the dominant form of nutrient. The fact that nutrient loads have generally increased is, in itself, insufficient for the promotion of HABs. The success of HABs lies at the intersection of the physiological adaptations of the harmful algal species, environmental conditions, and interactions with co-occurring organisms that alter abiotic conditions and/or aggregate or disperse cells, in turn promoting or inhibiting their growth. It is a change in the supply of the right nutrients at the right time that helps to create conditions conducive to specific HABs. Many dinoflagellate and cyanobacterial HABs appear to have adaptations that allow them to exploit environments—and potentially even become more toxic—where nutrients are not in balanced (Redfield) proportions. HABs are also changing in complex ways due to changes in climate and many other changes that affect the timing, amount, or proportions of nutrients. There is much work to be done to understand the physiological ecology of HABs and other co-occurring species. Climate change and altered CO2 levels, and their implications for altered productivity of the global ocean, should motivate both new models and new experimental investigations that support them. Based on current knowledge, the management implications are clear: the most effective actions to reduce HABs and their impacts will be continued efforts to reduce nutrients entering our waters.


This study examines income generation potential and resource-use efficiency of 120 aquaculture farms in Oyo state Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using gross margin and stochastic frontier production (SFP) model. Result of gross margin (GM) shows that the farms were quite profitable with an average GM of N207, 000 per annum. The SFP model reveals that, elasticities of all considered inputs were positive and significantly different from zero. Returns to scale of 1.16 computed as sum of the inputs elasticities suggests that an average farm from the study, exhibits increasing returns to scale. Further analyses reveal that, an average technical efficiency estimate of about 81% was obtained from SFP model. This suggests that, about 19% potential yield are forgone due to inefficiency from the study. The result of sources of technical efficiency differential shows that extension, education, stocking density, and credit significantly influenced technical efficiency of the farms. Also, result of simulated marginal effects of these variables on technical efficiency show that extension has the highest marginal effects on the efficiency estimates followed by credit, education, and stocking density. The study, therefore, suggests that, significant level of profit obtained from the study is synonymous to improve efficiency environment observed among the farms as promotion of aquaculture development has the potential in alleviating household income poverty in the country.


Locoweeds, which are a common name for poisonous species of the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis, are toxic leguminous plants through a symbiotic association with the fungal endophyte Alternaria section Undifilum. The fungus produces an indolizidine alkaloid, swainsonine, which causes a toxicosis of grazing animals, named locoism. By what means stress from environment or genetics of locoweed endophytes affect fungal growth and synthesis of swainsonine as well as how fungal endophyte synthesize swainsonine in locoweeds, in addition to disruption of the toxic alkaloid swainsonine in locoweed plants, have not been well identified. To answer the above questions, further research is needed as locoweed plants are most palatable to grazing animals especially when locoweed plants are at flowering stage. This review outlines the present situation on locoweed plants in China, production of swainsonine, detection and interaction of locoweed endophytes as well as their transmission within locoweed plants .


Extracted from text ... SA Fam Pract 2006:48(8)
CPD Editorial
Viral diseases in
Family Practice
Estrelita Janse van Rensburg
Despite the fact that the science of virology is relatively young, infectious diseases have been an ever-present threat to humankind from ancient to modern times. It was only over 100 years ago that viruses were identified as being distinct from bacteria by showing that they were filterable and therefore much smaller than bacteria. The world will never be free from infectious diseases in spite of the medical advances that we enjoy in the 21st century. This is illustrated by the Black Death in the Middle ..


In prediction of the dynamic behaviour of an elevator car system, it is important to take into account the influence of passengers' behaviour in the car. In this paper a simulation model is extended to analyse the influence of various loading car conditions on the dynamic response of the elevator system. This involves the investigation into the dynamic response of the car with different loads. An experimental rig with a rectangular elevator platform fixed on the top of four silent blocks attached to a shaker is designed to conduct experimental tests. The car is excited over a range of frequencies and amplitudes. A number of passengers wearing different type of shoes in the car are investigated. The transmissibility measurements are carried out with a harmonic excitation applied first to an empty car and then to the car with a number of passengers. The excellent agreement from experimental tests with the model predictions is achieved. The passenger's role to act as a dynamic absorber is assessed and recommendations to achieve the best ride quality under load conditions are provided and summarised. I. Herrera, H. Su, S. Kaczmarczyk 2


Sensory Jacksonian seizures were analyzed in 42 patients with regard to anatomical and temporal sequences. The origin of sensory Jacksonian seizures, in contrast to motor Jacksonian seizures, often began at peripheral sites with littel cortical representation. The progression of seizure activity across the cerebral cortex followed a course that was neither rectilinear, radiate, nor random; it appeared to preceed in an organized manner to involve functionally coherent units. The patterns analyzed conformed more closely to cortical somatosensory maps reported for the chimpanzee than the sensory sequences presently available for the cortex of man. Complete diagnostic studies are indicated in patients presenting with sensory Jacksonian seizures because of the frequency of related focal pathology.


Space and the "March of Mind": Literature and the Physical Sciences in Britain 1815-1850 by Alice Jenkins. Oxford U. Press, 2007. Pp. 257. $60. The title of Alice Jenkins's Space and the "March of Mind" is tantalizingly vague--the word "space" simultaneously suggests geographic distance, abstract mathematical concepts, even outer space. Jenkins traverses all of these realms in her wide-ranging study of Romantic and Victorian scientific thought, though she is particularly invested in spatial arrangements of knowledge in nineteenth-century geometry, physics, and astronomy. She is equally interested, however, in the social and linguistic factors that determined who obtained access to scientific information during this period of rapid intellectual transitions. Jenkins describes how disciplinary boundaries began to crystallize during the thirty-five years under discussion. As the nineteenth century progressed, scientists increasingly policed these boundaries to exclude anyone without specialized training and extensive knowledge of mathematics. At the same time, the expansion of print culture during this era made scientific information more widely available to women and the working classes, who could read the work of numerous scientific popularizers or attend popular lectures at Mechanics' Institutes. Jenkins relates how the heated cultural debates surrounding who could access scientific knowledge, and the purposes to which that knowledge should be put, served as fertile subject matter for literary authors during the period. Writers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and George Eliot commented perceptively about the advancement of physical sciences, as did a number of lesser known authors who broached scientific conceptions of space in Biblical epics. Jenkins's focus on interactions between literature and the physical sciences is welcome and unusual. As she points out in her introduction, "the burgeoning academic field of literature and science has certainly paid more attention to literary culture's relationship with the life sciences and earth sciences than to its interactions with physics and chemistry" (8). Yet Jenkins's insights will prove valuable to historians of science as well as literary critics. Her account of the scientific climate of the early nineteenth century is highly perceptive, particularly her argument that religion and science were surprisingly compatible during the period under discussion. According to Jenkins, some Romantic-era sciences drew their authority from religious principles. For instance, astronomy gained some of its considerable prestige from its apparent universality and timelessness, not to mention its focus on "the heavens" (91). The unchanging, abstract rules of geometry, meanwhile, were sometimes invoked to demonstrate the existence of an afterlife (162). The most obvious early nineteenth-century challenge to Christianity--Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830-33), which contradicted the Biblical idea that the earth was only a few thousand years old--lies outside the physical sciences and thus outside the scope of Jenkins's book. Also persuasive is Jenkins's account of why public access to science first increased, then declined during the first half of the nineteenth century. She writes: "The years [1815-50] were the last time in which British literary culture had unmediated access to original work in the physical sciences. They were also the first time in which large-scale concerted attempts were made to give mass readership access to both science and literature" (18). In chapters 3 and 4, Jenkins traces the reasons why access to science decreased around 1850, including the increasing currency of mathematics as a common scientific language. While Latin no longer served as a scientific lingua franca after 1820 or so, most scientific terminology coined during this era was either Latin or Greek. Both math and classical languages were core subjects of the education provided at Cambridge and Oxford. …


Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secreted by lung cancer (LC) and malignant mesothelioma (MM), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, play crucial roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. We examined the effect of cytokines, mitogens and inhibitors on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in LC and MM cell lines. Human LC (A-549) and MM (MSTO-211H) cell lines were cultured in appropriate media. At near confluence, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated in serum-free medium with various concentrations of several cytokines, mitogens and inhibitors. After 24 h the media were removed and analyzed for MMP-2 and MMP-9 by gelatinase zymography and quantitated by densitometry. LC expressed MMP-2 whereas MM expressed MMP-2 and MMP-9. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, LPS and PMA, stimulated MMP-2 in LC and inhibited MMP-2 in MM, but had no effect on MMP-9. Doxycycline, EGCG and NM inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, in both cell lines. Actinomycin-D, cyclohexamide, retinoic acid and dexamethasone inhibited MMP-2 in both cancer cell lines and inhibited MMP-9 in MM. Our results show that cytokines and inhibitors have an up- or down-regulatory effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in LC and MM, suggesting the clinical value of targeting these proteases for management of LC and MM and their pathogenesis.


Abstract. The sum of all reactive nitrogen species (NOy) includes NOx (NO2 + NO) and all of its oxidized forms, and the accurate detection of NOy is critical to understanding atmospheric nitrogen chemistry. Thermal dissociation (TD) inlets, which convert NOy to NO2 followed by NO2 detection, are frequently used in conjunction with techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to measure total NOy when set at > 600 °C or speciated NOy when set at intermediate temperatures. We report the conversion efficiency of known amounts of several representative NOy species to NO2 in our TD-CRDS instrument, under a variety of experimental conditions. We find that the conversion efficiency of HNO3 is highly sensitive to the flow rate and the residence time through the TD inlet as well as the presence of other species that may be present during ambient sampling, such as ozone (O3). Conversion of HNO3 at 400 °C, nominally the set point used to selectively convert organic nitrates, can range from 2 to 6 % and may represent an interference in measurement of organic nitrates under some conditions. The conversion efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating characteristics of individual quartz ovens and should be well calibrated prior to use in field sampling. We demonstrate quantitative conversion of both gas-phase N2O5 and particulate ammonium nitrate in the TD inlet at 650 °C, which is the temperature normally used for conversion of HNO3. N2O5 has two thermal dissociation steps, one at low temperature representing dissociation to NO2 and NO3 and one at high temperature representing dissociation of NO3, which produces exclusively NO2 and not NO. We also find a significant interference from partial conversion (5–10 %) of NH3 to NO at 650 °C in the presence of representative (50 ppbv) levels of O3 in dry zero air. Although this interference appears to be suppressed when sampling ambient air, we nevertheless recommend regular characterization of this interference using standard additions of NH3 to TD instruments that convert reactive nitrogen to NO or NO2.


We present TreeCol, a new and efficient tree-based scheme to calculate column densities in numerical simulations. Knowing the column density in any direction at any location in space is a prerequisite for modelling the propagation of radiation through the computational domain. TreeCol therefore forms the basis for a fast, approximate method for modelling the attenuation of radiation within large numerical simulations. It constructs a healpix sphere at any desired location and accumulates the column density by walking the tree and by adding up the contributions from all tree nodes whose line of sight contributes to the pixel under consideration. In particular, when combined with widely-used tree-based gravity solvers, the new scheme requires little additional computational cost. In a simulation with N resolution elements, the computational cost of TreeCol scales as NlogN, instead of the N5/3 scaling of most other radiative transfer schemes. TreeCol is naturally adaptable to arbitrary density distributions and is easy to implement and to parallelize, particularly if a tree structure is already in place for calculating the gravitational forces. We describe our new method and its implementation into the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code gadget2 (although note that the scheme is not limited to particle-based fluid dynamics). We discuss its accuracy and performance characteristics for the examples of a spherical protostellar core and for the turbulent interstellar medium. We find that the column density estimates provided by TreeCol are on average accurate to better than 10 per cent. In another application, we compute the dust temperatures for solar neighbourhood conditions and compare with the result of a full-fledged Monte Carlo radiation-transfer calculation. We find that both methods give similar answers. We conclude that TreeCol provides a fast, easy to use and sufficiently accurate method of calculating column densities that comes with little additional computational cost when combined with an existing tree-based gravity solver.


Received: April 06, 2019 Accepted: April 20, 2019 Published: May 31, 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.3.6 The current study explains the morphophonemic variation in Saraiki language. The complete phenomenon is described through the analysis of Saraiki phonology and morphology. The data has been collected from the daily speech of Saraiki speakers and from the comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages and is analysed through morpheme-based theory. The study explains how irregularity occurs in the formation of Saraiki words and exposes its morphophonemic structure as well. The study describes how this morphophonemic process works differently with different type of roots. The behaviour of same suffix varies with the variation of a root. The structure of suffix changes in different conditions when root is coda less, having coda, roots ending with /s/ and having /ɦ/ coda. The current study also elaborates the process of changing noun into verb and vice versa. KEYWORDS


In this article we present a novel neural network implementation of Associative Two-Process (ATP) theory based on an Actor–Critic-like architecture. Our implementation emphasizes the affective components of differential reward magnitude and reward omission expectation and thus we model Affective-Associative Two-Process theory (Aff-ATP). ATP has been used to explain the findings of differential outcomes training (DOT) procedures, which emphasize learning differentially valuated outcomes for cueing actions previously associated with those outcomes. ATP hypothesizes the existence of a 'prospective' memory route through which outcome expectations can bring to bear on decision making and can even substitute for decision making based on the 'retrospective' inputs of standard working memory. While DOT procedures are well recognized in the animal learning literature they have not previously been computationally modelled. The model presented in this article helps clarify the role of ATP computationally through the capturing of empirical data based on DOT. Our Aff-ATP model illuminates the different roles that prospective and retrospective memory can have in decision making (combining inputs to action selection functions). In specific cases, the model's prospective route allows for adaptive switching (correct action selection prior to learning) following changes in the stimulus–response–outcome contingencies.


The in-school context of preservice English as Foreign Language (EFL) teacher education is pivotal for developing knowledge and skills. Preservice teachers' field experiences are recognised as a key for enhancing the practicalities of teaching; hence the mentor's role is crucial to the preservice teacher's development. Yet, mentors have individual beliefs on what is and what is not important for developing preservice English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. Five factors for mentoring have been identified, namely, Personal Attributes, System Requirements, Pedagogical Knowledge, Modelling, and Feedback, and items associated with each factor have been justified with the literature (Hudson, Skamp, & Brooks, 2005). A literature-based survey instrument gathered 100 Vietnamese preservice teachers' perceptions of their mentoring for EFL teaching. Results indicated acceptable Cronbach alpha scores for four of the five factors, that is, Personal Attributes=.74, Pedagogical Knowledge=.89, Modelling=.81, and Feedback=.75; however System Requirements was .08 below the accepted .70 level. More than 50% of mentees perceived they had not received mentoring for developing their teaching of English writing on 29 of the 34 survey items, particularly with system requirements and modelling of EFL practices. Tertiary institutions may employ the survey instrument to gauge the degree and quality of mentoring in subject-specific areas (such as EFL writing) and, as a result of diagnostic analysis, plan and implement mentoring programs that aim to address specific needs of mentors in order to enhance the mentoring process. Furthermore, benchmarking mentoring practices may aid in determining ways for improving such practices.


The objective is to analyze the experience of using diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP and to attempt identifying the independent factors that predict positive and useful procedures. The medical records of 198 patients seen during the period 1991-1993 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 102 males and 96 females with a mean age of 45.2 SD + 16.7 years. The main indications for performing the procedure were jaundice, abdominal pain, nausea and/or fever. Laboratory tests showed elevated direct bilirubin in 50% of patients, deranged liver enzymes in 43%, and ESR was raised in 51% and fever was documented in 52% of patients. The cannulation of both ducts was successful in 93% of all procedures. The commonest finding was gallbladder and common bile duct stones (CBD). In 54 patients out of 64 with CBD stones, stones were removed endoscopically. Stepwise regressive analyzis has identified age above 40 years, presence of jaundice (total bilirubin > 2.5 mg/ml) and raised ESR (> 25 mm in the 1st hour) as significant factors that independently predict a positive ERCP that revealed findings previously unknown (useful procedure). Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP is an integral part in management of biliary and pancreatic ducts disorders. The validity of clinical prediction role should be tested prospectively.


The zone of east coastal Surabaya becomes the object of development for the city, especially to the east coastal plain. Although in the recent years, that area does not have a structure or heavy construction and or a high rise building yet, but in the future the zone will turn into a business area with a variety of activities.. The zone of east coastal Surabaya is an alluvium deposit area. This layer is considered as clay deposited from some rivers and sea. From general information, the typical soil stratigraphy consists of soft clay and silt layers with many sand lenses with or without coarse grained soil with a depth varying from 0.00 to 10.00 meters (m). The saturated sand lenses with a water table depth varies from 0.40 to 1.20 m is susceptible earthquake and it has a relatively large seismic amplification from base-rock due to geological and soil condition nature of the site. Liquefaction hazard of the sand lenses has to be anticipated and evaluated. For development of Surabaya city area toward the east coastal plain, all developer are recommended to give some criteria of sand lenses density and some consideration for anticipating the liquefaction hazard.


Pacific Island countries are complex polities in which multiple sources of authority operate in shared spaces. Under the dominant paradigm of governance, however, the state becomes the primary focus, rendering other sources of authority largely invisible to policy makers.

Through a detailed examination of chiefly systems and state governance in Samoa and Vanuatu, this thesis seeks to broaden the governance discourse to demonstrate that complex polities can draw legitimacy and resilience from sources other than the state. By employing a hybridist approach, the thesis discards the assumed state/custom hierarchy to reveal that custom and the state can, and already do, function in mutually beneficial ways. The thesis demonstrates that in both countries, the state is utilising custom to further its own purposes and, simultaneously, chiefs are shoring up their own authority by creating structures that can negotiate with the state. The thesis highlights that the nature of the custom/state relationship is dynamic, complex and context-specific. In addition, it shows that policy makers should not be reticent to engage with custom on the assumption that it is inherently incompatible with or separate from the state system. Rather, they should draw on the strengths of each system, and foster interaction between the two.


Consistency of functional characteristics in hard red spring (HRS) wheat is a concern confronting sellers and buyers. This research analyzes contract incentives for importers with respect to cost and potential risk of acceptance. A principal-agent framework is utilized to examine contract incentives. In the principal-agent contract, the principal offers the contract, the agent rejects or accepts the contract, and then decides how much effort to apply. All this is subject to risk for the agent and moral hazard for the principal. An example is presented, for which equilibrium contract terms are a base price of 454 cents per bushel for low quality wheat and a premium of 36 cents per bushel if high quality is achieved. The premium for high quality is unchanged as the agent's outside option increases, but increases as the probability of conformance with high effort declines or as the agent's cost of high effort increases. Small changes in several of the parameter values (agent's outside option, agent's cost of high/low effort, principal value for high/low effort, and principal's outside options if the contract was not extended or if the agent rejects the contract) result in the principal not offering a contract.


The literature on the decision-making process s of governments in the field of trade has developped in recent years a number of models that stress different aspects of the subject. One aspect, however, that has rarely been examined closely is the exact role played by studies in this decision-making process. How serious are they, scientifically speaking? How are they considered by governments? What is their impacts? Such questions remain largely unanswered. In this paper, an effort is made to shed some light on this aspect of the decision-making process, the chosen field of enquiry being the Quebec Government's procurement policy. After considering various studies directly related to the implementation of this policy, the conclusion is reached that in general they were not very thorough and had a rather limited role in the final decision to implement the policy. More fundamentally, one is left with the impression that scientific research, as a tool for reaching decision in the field of international trade, is seen by governments with some degree of suspicion.


The second-harmonic generation of 50-fs Ti:sapphire laser pulses in 1- and 2-mm KDP crystals at 350 mJ of incident energy is measured experimentally and analyzed theoretically. A frequency-conversion efficiency of ∼40% is reached. The limiting influence of self-phase modulation and fundamental phase modulation is demonstrated. The deep modulation of a frequency-doubled spectrum at a high incident intensity is observed. Methods to increase conversion efficiency are proposed.


Never before have the four great works of Charles Darwin-Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle (1845), The Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871), and The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)-been collected under one cover. Undertaking this challenging endeavor 123 years after Darwin's death, two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Edward O. Wilson has written an introductory essay for the occasion, while providing new, insightful introductions to each of the four volumes and an afterword that examines the fate of evolutionary theory in an era of religious resistance. In addition, Wilson has crafted a creative new index to accompany these four texts, which links the nineteenth-century, Darwinian evolutionary concepts to contemporary biological thought. Beautifully slipcased, and including restored versions of the original illustrations, From So Simple a Beginning turns our attention to the astounding power of the natural creative process and the magnificence of its products.


To the Editor: Chikungunya is a dengue-like mosquitoborne viral disease that has caused outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands (1). St. Martin reported the first documented occurrence of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya in the Caribbean islands in December 2013 (2). Dominica reported its first case on January 17, 2014 (3). This report describes the outbreak of chikungunya in Dominica through July 12, 2014.

Cases were characterized by using guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Pan American Health Organization (4). Surveillance of chikungunya cases began on January 16, 2014, and data were collected on patients' age, sex, residence, date of illness onset, clinical features, and travel history.

The virus was detected at the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) laboratory in Trinidad by using a real-time PCR (rPCR) developed by CDC; some testing was also done at CDC's Arboviral Diseases Branch in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, by using an IgM ELISA and a plaque-reduction neutralization test, as appropriate. All suspected infections were laboratory confirmed through April 30, 2014, when community transmission was established. Thereafter, testing was done only for patients hospitalized >48 hours, women in their third trimester of pregnancy, patients who died, or patients thought to be infected and coming from geographic areas where chikungunya transmission was not yet established..

During December 15, 2013–July 12, 2014, a total of 3,559 chikungunya cases were reported in Dominica, of which 141 were confirmed by laboratory testing (134 [95%] by rPCR, 7 [5%] by serologic methods). The remaining 3,418 patients were considered infected (Figure), indicating an overall attack rate of 5% (on the basis of Dominica's census population for 2011, 71,293). Retrospective investigation showed that the 2 index patients experienced onset of illness during the week beginning December 15, 2013, and 1 of the patients had recently traveled from St. Martin. The 2 patients were unrelated and resided far apart.

Figure

Confirmed and suspected chikungunya cases, by week of illness onset, Dominica, December 15, 2013–October 26, 2014.

Of the 141 confirmed patients, 78 (55%) were female and 60 (43%) were male; data on sex was unavailable for 3 patients. Mean age of the patients was 34 years (range 13 days–87 years; median 30 years). Thirty (21%) of the patients were children <9 years of age; 76 (55%) were 19–49 years of age. Most patients experienced fever (95%) and arthralgia (72%), and 21% of patients experienced rash. No deaths associated with chikungunya infection in Dominica were reported during the study period.

Across all age groups, more patients were female than male, as reported in previous outbreaks (5,6). This trend may suggest that, compared with men and boys, women and girls have greater health-seeking behaviors, greater levels of skin exposure, and potentially greater exposure due to peridomestic activities (7).

In this study, a disproportionate number of patients were <9 years of age, unlike findings for chikungunya outbreaks in Indonesia and Reunion Island, where children <9 years of age were least affected (7). Of all confirmed patients, 55% were 19–49 years of age, suggesting that the outbreak had economic effects because workplace productivity may substantially decrease if disease sequelae (e.g., arthralgia and arthritis) cause those affected to take time off from work.

Genotypic sequencing identified the Asian genotype of chikungunya as the strain currently circulating in the Caribbean (8,9). The East/Central/South African genotype was responsible for the Reunion Island outbreak, and an overall attack rate of 35% was reported after retrospective and active case detection (6). Differences in transmission and pathogenicity between genotypes require further investigation.

In response to the Dominica outbreak, a risk communication plan was developed and implemented on January 17, 2014, and consisted of 2 phases: an onset emergency phase and a control phase. Both phases targeted audiences through audio, print, and social media. To control and reduce the mosquito population in and around the homes of chikungunya patients, vector control activities (i.e., source reduction, application of larvicides, and fogging) were intensified with assistance from CARPHA and Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. In addition, CARPHA and the Pan American Health Organization arranged for delivery of insecticide-treated bed nets for use in hospitals and other health care settings.

Although the introduction of chikungunya into the Caribbean islands may have been anticipated because of the broad distribution of the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector and suitable climatic conditions, our findings show that this outbreak could not be prevented. The continuing geographic spread of the disease emphasizes the ongoing challenge posed by mosquitoborne viral infections resulting from globalization and indicates a need for innovative prevention and control strategies.


Egocentric distances are often underestimated in virtual environments through head-mounted displays (HMDs). Previous studies suggest that peripheral vision can influence distance perception. Specifically, light in the periphery may improve distance judgments in HMDs. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments with varied peripheral treatments around the viewport. First, we found that the peripheral brightness significantly influences distance judgments when the periphery is brighter than a certain threshold, and found a possible range where the threshold was in. Second, we extended our previous research by changing the size of the peripheral treatment. A larger visual field (field of view of the HMD) resulted in significantly more accurate distance judgments compared to our original experiments with black peripheral treatment. Last, we found that applying a pixelated peripheral treatment can also improve distance judgments. The result implies that augmenting peripheral vision with secondary low-resolution displays may improve distance judgments in HMDs.


BACKGROUND: According to the existing literature on infertility, stress appears to be inevitably associated with infertility diagnosis and treatment in sub-fertile individuals. The epidemiological data on the prevalence and predictors of infertility-specific stress in cultural specific scenario are scarce. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of infertility-specific stress and identify predictors of infertility-specific stress in women diagnosed with primary infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 infertile married women, diagnosed with primary infertility. The tools used for the assessment were "semi-structured questionnaire " compiled by the authors, "ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines), " and "Psychological Evaluation Test for infertility. " STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 15). Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regressions between stress and the predictor variables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of stress among women was 80%. Univariate analysis revealed that predictors of stress were years of marital life, duration of infertility, infertility type, history of gynecological surgery, cycles of ovulation induction with timed intercourse and intra-uterine inseminations, present and past psychiatric morbidity, coping difficulties, gynecological diagnosis, and severity of premenstrual dysphoria. Multivariate analysis showed leading associations of stress with infertility type and coping difficulties.


1. Cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. It is not clear, however, whether chronic cigarette smoking impairs the normal physiological function of the endothelium before the development of morphological vascular lesions. To test this, we investigated endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in young habitual smoking subjects. 2. In 11 non-smokers and 10 habitual smokers we measured the changes in bilateral forearm blood flow, arterial blood pressure and forearm vascular resistance (ratio between mean arterial blood pressure and forearm blood flow) during three interventions: post-occlusive forearm hyperaemia, intrabrachial infusion of methacholine which causes vasodilatation by stimulating the release of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor, and intrabrachial infusion of sodium nitroprusside which causes vasodilatation independently from the endothelium by a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle wall. 3. During infusion of the highest dose of methacholine, forearm vascular resistance decreased by 91.7 +/- 1.4% in the smokers and by 89.9 +/- 1.8% in the non-smokers. During infusion of sodium nitroprusside, forearm vascular resistance decreased by 80.0 +/- 3.8% in the smokers as compared with 80.7 +/- 6.1% in the non-smokers. There was no difference in basal forearm vascular resistance or in post-ischaemic reactive hyperaemia between smokers and non-smokers. Thus, vasodilatation induced by both methacholine and sodium nitroprusside was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. 4. We conclude that in young habitual cigarette smokers the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm seems to be preserved, suggesting that habitual smoking does not result in permanent endothelial dysfunction in the human forearm.


Residual stress fields can cause creep damage in thermally aged components, even in the absence of working loads. In order to study this issue, the authors present a numerical study on the development of triaxial residual stresses in stainless steel specimens. A mechanical model dedicated to the analysis of heat treatment problems is described. The presented formulations are implemented incrementally with a non-linear constitutive model, adequate to the simulation of a wide range of thermal processes. The flow rule is a function of the equivalent stress and the deviatoric stress tensor, of the temperature field and of a set of internal state variables. The thermomechanical coupled problem is solved with a staggered approach. Spray water quenching was used to generate residual stress fields in solid cylinders and spheres made from 316H stainless steel. Finite element simulations were performed to find out how process conditions and specimen geometry influence the resulting residual stress distributions. The results show that compressive residual stresses are developed near the surfaces of the cylinders and spheres while tensile residual stresses occur near the centre. The level of residual stresses was found to be dependent on the heat transfer coefficient.


Exotic phases of matter can emerge from strong correlations in quantum many-body systems. Quantum gas microscopy affords the opportunity to study these correlations with unprecedented detail. Here we report site-resolved observations of antiferromagnetic correlations in a two-dimensional, Hubbard-regime optical lattice and demonstrate the ability to measure the spin-correlation function over any distance. We measure the in-situ distributions of the particle density and magnetic correlations, extract thermodynamic quantities from comparisons to theory, and observe statistically significant correlations over three lattice sites. The temperatures that we reach approach the limits of available numerical simulations. The direct access to many-body physics at the single-particle level demonstrated by our results will further our understanding of how the interplay of motion and magnetism gives rise to new states of matter.


Rapid progress in text-to-image generation has been often measured by Fre´chet Inception Distance (FID) to capture how realistic the generated images are, or by R-Precision to assess if they are well conditioned on the given textual descriptions. However, a systematic study on how well the text-to-image synthesis models generalize to novel word compositions is missing. In this work, we focus on assessing how true the generated images are to the input texts in this particularly challenging scenario of novel compositions. We present the first systematic study of text-to-image generation on zero-shot compositional splits targeting two scenarios, unseen object-color ( e.g . "blue petal") and object-shape ( e.g . "long beak") phrases. We create new benchmarks building on the existing CUB and Oxford Flowers datasets. We also propose a new metric, based on a powerful vision-and-language CLIP model, which we leverage to compute R-Precision. This is in contrast to the common approach where the same retrieval model is used during training and evaluation, potentially leading to biased behavior. We experiment with several recent text-to-image generation methods. Our automatic and human evaluation confirm that there is indeed a gap in performance when encountering previously unseen phrases. We show that the image correctness rather than purely perceptual quality is especially impacted. Finally, our CLIP-R-Precision metric demonstrates better correlation with human judgments than the commonly used metric. Dataset and evaluation code at: https://github.com/Seth-Park/comp-t2i-dataset .


The purpose of this report is to inform foreign language (FL) educators about students with learning disabilities (LD) so that instruction can better serve their needs. It applies this to Spanish FL education in the United States, examining reading performance due to the role of reading in academic success and the prevalence of reading LD. The report outlines reading models and the cognitive processes within these approaches to explain how students read. With this understanding, the report examines LD, focusing on the role of phonemic awareness in L1 and FL reading. It analyzes reading instruction in English and Spanish in order to evaluate existing FL strategies and propose new interventions. From this report, educators should gain an understanding of how LD in reading impacts FL and how reading could be better addressed in the Spanish FL classroom.


The introduction of the Varian A-60 NMR spectrometer in 1961 made possible the routine utilization of this tremendously important technique in many laboratories. At that time there were, however, a number of difficulties with both the A-60 and the NMR technique itself. The major instrumental developments which have been made in an effort to solve these problems are discussed in this review. A tabulation of the characteristics of the presently available commercial instruments is given.


Abstract Carbonate-bearing ceramic bodies are frequently used in the manufacture of bricks, roofing tiles, wall and floor tiles, pottery and tableware. During the firing of these bodies, clinopyroxene is usually formed in very small crystals, 1-5 μm in diameter or less. In the literature this phase is generally referred to as diopside, but no quantitative data are available. In order to chemically characterize these 'ceramic' pyroxenes, nine industrial products were analysed by XRF and XRD (bulk sample) and SEM-EDS (fracture surface). Quantitative ZAF analyses of pyroxene crystals showed a certain chemical variability: SiO2 35-50%, Al2O3 9-20%, Fe2O3 1-15%, MgO 3-14%, and CaO 16-25%. Sodium, K and Ti are always <1%, while ferrous iron is always <0.2% in the bulk sample. Overall, 'ceramic' clinopyroxenes present wide chemical analogies with 'fassaite', e.g. the abundance of aluminium and ferric iron, and the excess of wollastonite molecules with respect to the diopside-hedenbergite series.


The project asks 'is it through the everyday, the seemingly banal and inconsequential that change can be engaged with?' This research question is formed through a consideration of my performance practice in relation (primarily) to the work of Gilles Deleuze and in particular his notion of Event. I am intrigued by the concept that the world is a situation of continuous regenerative creativity (Deleuze) that is intimately linked to a notion of becoming (Deleuze). A becoming in which all human and non human entities are immersed. It is a speculative project. The introduction of the (minor) tactic of bathos, meaning to make ridiculous or mundane serves the tone of the project. The work is an experiment involving performance. Two contrasting works host the process. Four Legs Better Than Two introduces the everyday while Ghosting becomes the arena for performance art. Through these a dialogue emerges between performance, the everyday and the regenerative forces of creative becoming. The suggestion here is that through constant regeneration the represented world is composed of event effects, productive forces to which all are connected. From this, can the everyday then be conceived as a performance of this connection and as such a site of radical activity? The methodologies supporting the project are employed in the attempt to stage representing activity as entertainment and to offer 'process lines' as the means by which the effects of event might be encountered. The question of change underpins the work. Following Deleuze, change is understood as being the production of absolute difference and as such a connection to the creative forces of the yet-to-be, the becoming of new compositions, new actualities and potentially the politically new.


This paper describes the effort of an ASCE-EWRI Technical Committee on Low Impact Development Computational methods to advance understanding of green stormwater control measures (SCM) and how they can be simulated in hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) models. The paper includes an introduction in which the motivation for this effort is described, followed by methods section in which our collaborative approach to eliciting the input of many different modelers working with many different models is described. Next a "problem statement" is presented as offered as a baseline set of conditions within which to discuss the capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of different H&H models. The paper concludes with a timeline and the expected outcome of the overall effort: publication of a green SCM modeling guidebook that will be timely and useful for modelers working in private practice, academia, or government.


The Storied South features the voices--by turn searching and honest, coy and scathing--of twenty-six of the most luminous artists and thinkers in the American cultural firmament, from Eudora Welty, Pete Seeger, and Alice Walker to William Eggleston, Bobby Rush, and C. Vann Woodward. Masterfully drawn from one-on-one interviews conducted by renowned folklorist William Ferris over the past forty years, the book reveals how storytelling is viscerally tied to southern identity and how the work of these southern or southern-inspired creators has shaped the way Americans think and talk about the South. The Storied South offers a unique, intimate opportunity to sit at the table with these men and women and learn how they worked and how they perceived their art. The volume also features 45 of Ferris's striking photographic portraits of the speakers and a CD and a DVD of original audio and films of the interviews. |The Storied South features the voices--by turn searching and honest, coy and scathing--of twenty-six of the most luminous artists and thinkers in the American cultural firmament, from Eudora Welty, Pete Seeger, and Alice Walker to William Eggleston, Bobby Rush, and C. Vann Woodward. Masterfully drawn from one-on-one interviews conducted by renowned folklorist William Ferris over the past forty years, the book reveals how storytelling is viscerally tied to southern identity and how the work of these southern or southern-inspired creators has shaped the way Americans think and talk about the South.


This paper offers a critique of affect theory using the analytical concept of scale that is made concrete through an ethnography of Pentecostal Christianity and an exploration of current neuroscientific thinking. Affect theory is one recent form of a Western philosophical concern about the loss of agency in modernity, what I call "agency-anxiety." Affect theorists tend to privilege the sense of freedom gained by immediate and individual experience over the constraints of more extended experiences and collectivity. That is, affect theory often scales its analysis tightly. This paper responds with an ethnography of Pentecostal practice and exploration of work in neuroscience that describes an analytic space in which broader scales can be useful as well. Ethnography scaled beyond the instant reveals that the Pentecostal ideal of surrendering to God in a moment of abandonment often results from a "fake it until you make it" approach; in other words, from extended, effortful, willful practice. This practice leads to the formation of habits and dispositions that allow the attainment of spontaneous rupture. Likewise, neuroscience can scale out its analysis by focusing on dispositions, moods and habits, rather than simply a more immediate view. Further, "scale effects" and emergent properties in scale-to-scale relations undermine reductionism. Finally, because Pentecostals are generally right wing yet also exemplify ruptural practice, it seems that outside of a particular conjuncture, the tightly scaled eruptive moment of affect is by no means per se a productive or (politically) progressive formation. As such, making scale an explicit analytical category might help us to see agency, change, and structure more clearly.