This experiment studied subjects' performance on a continuous multisensory tracking task. Different theories suggest that there is a decrease in performance due to attentional capacity; furthermore, talking or texting on a mobile phone will negatively affect task performance. Twenty-four college-age students were recruited to be tested on the Biodex Balance System SD with the texting condition, talking on a mobile phone condition, and control condition. Results showed that text messaging while performing a continuous multisensory tracking task negatively affected performance. There was no significant difference, however, between the control condition and talking on a mobile phone while completing the task. Results suggest that talking on a mobile phone has become second-nature to this sub-set of the population, thus not exceeding the resource capacity. However, the text messaging condition proved to be a more challenging secondary task, causing the amount of attention needed for this task to be increased. Attention was diverted from the primary task, causing a decrease in performance. It can be concluded that texting while performing a multi-sensory tracking task can have deleterious effects on attention. These findings have a direct application to texting while driving; it is not possible to safely communicate via text message while operating a motor vehicle.


Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for efficient generation of current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on an adjacent ferromagnetic layer. Numerous effects, both interfacial and bulk, have been put forward to explain the different torques previously observed. Thus far, however, there is no clear consensus on the microscopic origin underlying the SOTs observed in these TMD/ferromagnet bilayers. To shine light on the microscopic mechanisms at play, here we perform thickness dependent SOT measurements on the semiconducting WSe2/permalloy bilayer with various WSe2 layer thickness, down to the monolayer limit. We observe a large out-of-plane field-like torque with spin-torque conductivities up to 1×104ℏ/2eΩm−1 . For some devices, we also observe a smaller in-plane antidamping-like torque, with spin-torque conductivities up to 4×103ℏ/2eΩm−1 , comparable to other TMD-based systems. Both torques show no clear dependence on the WSe2 thickness, as expected for a Rashba system. Unexpectedly, we observe a strong in-plane magnetic anisotropy—up to about 6.6×104 erg cm−3—induced in permalloy by the underlying hexagonal WSe2 crystal. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we confirm that the easy axis of the magnetic anisotropy is aligned to the armchair direction of the WSe2. Our results indicate a strong interplay between the ferromagnet and TMD, and unveil the nature of the SOTs in TMD-based devices. These findings open new avenues for possible methods for optimizing the torques and the interaction with interfaced magnets, important for future non-volatile magnetic devices for data processing and storage.


Introduction Philosophy instructors have long noted that students often find ethics courses unrelated to their lives--abstract, dry, and dull. I believe that using literature in conjunction with ethical theory is not only an effective way to teach moral philosophy but it also makes ethics classes more interesting and more relevant to students' lives and concerns. The purpose of this article is twofold: to argue in favor of using literature in ethics classes and to show that this is carried out most efficiently by using a couple of novels--preferably two that have different takes on the same issues--rather than short selections as advocated by some authors. To illustrate my case, I will describe an ethics course in which I use Mouloud Mammeri's L'Opium et le baton, (1) Albert Camus' The Plague, and Oliver Johnson's Ethics: Selections from Classical and Contemporary Writers as the primary texts. (2) I. Advantages and Limitations of the Standard Methods of Teaching Ethics College instructors usually adopt either a theoretical or an applied approach to teaching ethics. The former approach takes the form of either a presentation of the philosophies of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill--virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism--followed by the standard objections to them, or the examination of important themes of ethics such as autonomy, rights, justice, etc. In theory classes, real-life problems are sometimes discussed in the light of theories, but lectures and discussions are usually directed towards the evaluation of arguments and the analysis of ethical concepts, principles, and theories. Applied ethics courses, on the other hand, are case-based. Books in applied ethics usually start with a chapter in which normative theories are explained. In the subsequent chapters, the theories are applied to analyze real and hypothetical moral problems in medicine, business, the environment, etc. In these courses, the focus is on application rather than on theories for their own sake. When students are asked to examine cases, they are expected to (1) describe the pertinent facts of the case, (2) clarify the moral problem involved, (3) identify the stakeholders, (4) present alternative solutions, (5) articulate and critically evaluate reasons for each one of them, and (6) recommend the solution in favor of which one has the strongest arguments. Each approach to teaching ethics outlined above obviously has advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of the theory approach is the grounding in philosophy, historical depth, and exercise in conceptual analysis and argumentation that result. The case approach to teaching ethics has the advantage of making ethics concrete. It also allows students to imagine tackling moral problems they may encounter in their professional lives and may be useful to teach students how to deal with some relatively noncontroversial and simple issues, such as informed consent and confidentiality. The major disadvantages of the traditional ways of teaching ethics are their abstraction and their oversimplification of the moral life, and this is precisely what makes them dull and uninteresting: students tend to dismiss course material in which the people do not think, feel, and behave the way they expect ordinary people to think, feel, and behave and tend to get more involved in courses in which they do. Indeed, for modern moral theorists, moral values can be compared on a common scale, duty for deontologists and utility for utilitarians. But, as Bernard Williams pointed out, lived morality contains, in addition to duty and utility, all sorts of values that cannot be compared on a common scale: gratitude, friendship, commitments, the sense of personal responsibility, and the aspiration to become a certain kind of person (Williams, 1981, p. 76). In addition, according to deontologists and utilitarians alike, morality is essentially a question of knowledge: Emotions are irrelevant and possibly dangerous; they, therefore, ought to be set aside because they undermine the possibility of shared morality and destroy its rational character. …


Abstract A secure business environment for private enterprises is desired by all states and is endorsed as a part of United Nation's sustainable development goals. However, the risk exposure of private enterprises against terrorism, particularly in developing countries, is not adequately studied. Using Enterprise Surveys (ES) data for more than 2000 firms located across the four provinces of Pakistan, this paper studies the link between the risk of terrorism and firm performance. It finds, after controlling for various firm specific performance determinants as well as provincial and sector specific heterogeneities, that terrorism has a significant negative effect on firms' performance which is independent of firm size. This effect is robust against different specifications and estimation methods including instrumental variables strategy. Beyond much explored aggregate consequences, terrorism has direct consequences for production processes at micro level.


The concept of circular economy has become a catchphrase for describing redesign of economies and industries towards better sustainability. The consideration of consumers holds a prominent role in the concept, yet consumers" concerns and hopes are not well accounted for. This article takes a forward-looking approach to the relationship between consumers and policies on circular economy. It analyses an extensive and systematically collected corpus of European citizen visions on desirable and sustainable futures from this perspective, and compares the outcomes to newly adopted circular economy policies in Europe. The article argues that European policies on circular economy should increasingly connect to energy and climate issues as well as social topics, if they are to build congruence between citizen and policy understandings, and thereby raise public acceptance for the concept. Keywords: circular economy, policy congruence, consumers, citizen visions, sustainability, topic modelling


How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations, in contrast to feeling just tired? This refers to your usual way of life in recent times. Even if you haven't done some of these things recently try to work out how they would have affected you. Use the following scale to choose the most appropriate number for each situation: 0 = would never doze 1 = slight chance of dozing 2 = moderate chance of dozing 3 = high chance of dozing It is important that you answer each question as best you can. Situation Chance of Dozing (0-3)


Abstract Snakes are often highly selective in the choice of sites for hibernation, and suitable sites can potentially be a limiting resource. Hibernating Louisiana Pine Snakes (Pituophis ruthveni; N  =  7) in eastern Texas and Black Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi; N  =  5) in Mississippi were excavated to characterize their hibernacula. Pituophis ruthveni hibernated exclusively in burrows of Baird's Pocket Gophers (Geomys breviceps), whereas P. m. lodingi hibernated exclusively in chambers formed by the decay and burning of pine stumps and roots. All snakes hibernated singly at shallow depths (P. ruthveni mean  =  19 cm, max.  =  25 cm; P. m. lodingi mean  =  25 cm, max.  =  35 cm). Pituophis taxa at higher latitudes and elevations hibernate communally and at greater depths. In contrast to Northern Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus), none of the pine snakes in our study excavated hibernacula beyond minimal enlargement of the preexisting chambers. These differences are presumably the result of mild winters, an abundance of suitable sites offering sufficient thermal insulation, and reduced predation risk caused by absence of communal hibernation in traditional sites. It is increasingly apparent that, throughout their annual cycle, pine snakes are dependent upon fire-maintained pine ecosystems.


ABSTRACT Rotaviruses utilize integrins during virus-cell interactions that lead to infection. Cell binding and infection by simian rotavirus SA11 were inhibited by antibodies (Abs) to the inserted (I) domain of the α2 integrin subunit. To determine directly which integrins or other proteins bind rotaviruses, cell surface proteins precipitated by rotaviruses were compared with those precipitated by anti-α2β1 Abs. Two proteins precipitated by SA11 and rhesus rotavirus RRV from MA104 and Caco-2 cells migrated indistinguishably from α2β1 integrin, and SA11 precipitated β1 from α2β1-transfected CHO cells. These viruses specifically precipitated two MA104 cell proteins only, but an additional 160- to 165-kDa protein was precipitated by SA11 from Caco-2 cells. The role of the α2 I domain in rotavirus binding, infection, and growth was examined using CHO cell lines expressing wild-type or mutated human α2 or α2β1. Infectious SA11 and RRV, but not human rotavirus Wa, specifically bound CHO cell-expressed human α2β1 and, to a lesser extent, human α2 combined with hamster β1. Binding was inhibited by anti-α2 I domain monoclonal Abs (MAbs), but not by non-I domain MAbs to α2, and required the presence of the α2 I domain. Amino acid residues 151, 221, and 254 in the metal ion-dependent adhesion site of the α2 I domain that are necessary for type I collagen binding to α2β1 were not essential for rotavirus binding. Rotavirus-α2β1 binding led to increased virus infection and RRV growth. SA11 and RRV require the α2 I domain for binding to α2β1, and their binding to this integrin is distinguishable from that of collagen.


Starting from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila melanogaster, two groups of 100 inbred lines each were established and maintained for 46 generations, by a single brother-sister mating and two double first cousin matings, respectively. Sternopleural bristle number, wing length and wing width were simultaneously scored in all lines every 4-5 generations. The means of four lines in each group departed significantly from the overall mean and, in each case, this was attributed to a single mutation of relatively large effect on at least one trait (0.3-1.4 environmental standard deviations in absolute value). Further analyses revealed widespread pleiotropy, similar gene action of a given mutation for all traits affected, and predominant additive action. No apparent association was found between the magnitudes of mutational effects on the traits and fitness. However, all recessive mutations were deleterious. The distribution of mutant effects was asymmetrical (positive for bristles and negative for wing measurements). Moreover, these distributions had a high variance and may be leptokurtic, due to the presence of major genes. Estimates of the ratio of new mutational variance to environmental variance ranged within (0.7-3.4) x 10(-3), those for wing measurements being generally larger. In agreement with theory, the rate of between-line differentiation was independent of population size.


This final report presents the investigation results of the CARB vehicle emissions study, with focus on the physicochemical and toxicological properties of the semi-volatile and non-volatile fractions of PM from heavy duty diesel vehicles, operating with and without emissions control technologies. A wide variety of diesel fuelled vehicles, representing the current in-use fleet, have been tested in the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) heavy-duty diesel emission testing laboratory (HDETL) in downtown Los Angeles, including a 1998 Kenworth truck, a diesel hybrid electric bus, a school bus, and a Caltrans truck on three driving cycles, i.e. steady state cruise (50mph), transient [EPA urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS)] and idle to simulate various real-world driving conditions. The tested emission control devices include a Continuously Regenerating Technology (CRT); CRT in combination with a selective catalytic reduction system (Zeolite or vanadium based SCRTs) etc. Detailed physico-chemical and toxicological characteristics of PM were measured for each vehicle and driving cycle, including physical properties (e.g. PM mass and size distribution), chemical (EC, OC, organic compounds, trace elements, inorganic ions) and toxicological [dithiothreitol (DTT) and macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays] characterization of the collected PM samples. Substantial reduction in PM mass emissions (>90%) was accomplished for the tested vehicles operating with advanced emission control technologies, while such a reduction was not observed for particle number concentrations under cruise conditions, with the exceptions of the Hybrid-CCRT and EPF vehicles. Significant reductions in the emission of major chemical constituents (TC, OC, EC, and organic compounds) were achieved by the introduction of retrofits. Sulfate dominated the PM composition in vehicle configurations (V-SCRT-UDDS, Z-SCRT-Cruise, CRT, DPX) with considerable nucleation mode and total carbon was dominant for the configurations with less (ZSCRT-UDDS) or insignificant (CCRT, Horizon) nucleation. V-SCRT and Z-SCRT effectively reduced PAHs, hopanes and steranes, n-alkanes and acids by more than 99%, and often to levels below detection limits for both cruise and UDDS cycles. The CRT technology also showed similar reductions with SCRT for medium and high molecular weight PAHs, acids, but with slightly lower removal efficiencies for other organic compounds. Despite an increase in the intrinsic activity (both DTT and ROS, per mass basis) of exhaust PM with use of most control technologies, the overall activity (expressed per km or per hr) was substantially reduced for retrofitted configurations compared to the baseline vehicle. Significant reduction in DTT activity (by 50-100%) was observed for thermally-denuded PM from vehicles with retrofitted technologies (PM with significant semi-volatile fraction). On the other hand, Chelex treatment of PM samples removed a substantial (≥70 %) fraction of the ROS activity, corroborating the effect of transition metals on this activity. Correlation analysis performed between measured activity and the chemical constituents showed that DTT activity is strongly associated (R=0.94) with the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), while the ROS activity was mostly driven by Fe content of the PM samples.


This article reviews studies on the application of reverse logistics in solid waste from the construction industry. The main objective is to provide a summary of current knowledge and specific areas for future research. In addition, construction, as an economic sector, is in a continuous search for new tools to improve its processes, so this research provides the current situation of the relationship between reverse logistics and solid waste in the industry. The review methodology was content analysis of scientific literature published between 1997 and 2020, and total of 66 articles were used. 73% correspond to research articles, around 13% are case studies, and 12% are literature reviews. Only one of the articles is a survey. In addition, 52% of the works reviewed correspond to solid waste studies and 49% are related to the construction industry; only one publication does not classify in any. The most used keywords for the identification of published works were reverse logistics and supply chain; both terms are frequently related to the process and general management of solid waste and construction. The least used term was the literature review that shows the low number of articles that provide a summary of the proposed topic. Finally, three materials were chosen for the study because they are the most used in construction: metals, bricks, and concrete. 15% of the articles study all three, 18% study only metals, and 63% study other materials or are related to construction and solid waste in general.


The disregard of the principles of fair trial and the presumption of innocence in Zambia by administrators of criminal justice has led to various Infringements and violations of fundamental human rights of suspects, which, due to their inherent nature, ought to be respected and promoted. Hence, where there is such violation of human rights, there is proof that the principles of the constitution, which is the grund norm of the land are not being upheld by those who hold power to administer criminal justice such as the courts and the police, the result being that the innocent suffer as they are, among other things, wrongly convicted. It is against the foregoing that this study evolves. Zambia, like many other countries has taken positive steps to secure the rights of suspects by becoming a party to several international instruments, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the Convection Against Torture (1984) and so on. Hence the tenet of this study is focused mainly on identifying the weaknesses if any, of the law in Zambia relating to the right to fair trial and the presumption of innocence, identifying ways in which miscarriages of justice can be avoided by those vested with power to administer and ensure criminal justice and generally that the rights of suspects are respected.


A new species of Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male from Pucara river, Neuquen province, Argentina. Male can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of a long strong spine on inner face of prolateral branch of tibial apophysis; also, it differs from P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) and P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) by a serrated prolateral keel of the male palpal bulb. Male resembles P. jara Perafan & Perez-Miles, 2014 but can be distinguished by the uniform color on dorsal cephalothorax and by the palpal organ morphology being wider on the bulb base and embolus shorter and thicker, with the tip of embolus not so directed retrolaterally and prolateral keel bearing a serrated edge with three teeth. Additionally, P. vulpinus is reported for the first time for Argentina along with new distributional data.


Breeding fish in the pond is one of the main sources of food to Malaysian. Water is
an important medium for fish and other organisms which live in it. The aquaculture
activities such as fish breeding in the pond depend on the suitable water quality. The
water quality is one of the major factors in determining a good quality of fish and
optimum earning.
Fish Breeder needs some knowledge about water quality because the aquaculture
activities will face high risk if the quality of water is out of the standard level.
Water Temperature and pH Measurement System is vital in controlling the water
quality so that the problem regarding the water quality can be detected early, if
weather changes suddenly such as heavy rain or increased in whether temperature.
This instrument also will help to ensure the produce of fish and the quality which are
not affected due to the water quality factor. This research is aiming in developing a digital measurement device which can
determine the water quality parameter in the pond. It also gives an early warning in
avoiding the process to the fish growth in the pond. By using this instrument, fish
breeder can detect the changes in water quality that influence the growth and the
health of the fish.
The digital measurement system is for monitoring the parameter of water quality for
pH and temperature. This digital measurement can be applied at a location of the
pond. It is portable equipment, cheap and reliable for water quality monitoring. This
instrument was built using microcontroller AT89S52 with pH and temperature sensor
together by Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and keypad to be used easily.
The programming language is used to write the program to determine the water
quality parameter value which detected by the sensors and show the each parameter
value at LCD then remind the fish breeder the situation of water quality in the pond.
This measurement device is tested at Pusat Ternakan Ikan, Lembaga Kemajuan
Pertanian Kemubu (KADA), KM 24 Ketereh, Kelantan and this testing was done at
various ponds. This measurement device is very useful and easy to use without needs
more technical knowlegde. The fish breeder can take immediate action if water
quality parameter which been measured higher than the standard measurement.


A remarkable new species of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Avicularia rickwesti sp. nov., is described from Dominican Republic. Female specimens of the new species are unusual by having two very short and broad spermathecae with distal half strongly sclerotized, a feature not found in any other aviculariine. Additionally, it has the leg coxae with spiniform setae, smaller on leg I and prolateral leg II, larger, black on retrolateral leg II, prolateral and retrolateral leg III and prolateral leg IV. Males are unknown. The new species is known only from two localities, in southwestern Dominican Republic. This is the first record for the subfamily on Hispanola which is close to the northern boundary for the Aviculariinae distribution.


Identities of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers have become popular issues in the field of teachers' professional development since 1990s. Novice EFL teachers in Chinese private universities, as a group of emerging professionals, are always confronted with professional identity crisis (PIC) in process of identity construction. There are plenty of studies focusing on teacher's identity construction but not much attention has been paid to novice EFL teachers' PIC, solutions, and identity reconstruction in the context of private universities. In this background, this research is designed to address this gap and attempts to investigate causes and manifestations of EFL teachers' PIC and how they reconciliate and reconstruct multiple identities. This research will be conducted through critical autoethnography and collaborative autoethnography. By deploying thematic analysis for data analysis of teachers' experiences and stories, the results will propose valuable implications for professional development of novice EFL teachers in Chinese private universities.


When Korea`s retail industry was liberalized, new store formats such as large discount stores and Super Supermarket(SSMs) have grown. New types of business have borne significant influence on traditional market. Traditional markets have been in gradual decline since they fail to meet to consumer`s purchasing behavior. The South Korean government has been making sustained efforts to revitalize the modernization of traditional markets since 2004. This research is conducted to analyze how changes in the distribution of different types of distributors influence the consumer`s purchasing behaviors depending on the changes in the market environment. The purpose of this research is to present a policy to invigorate consumer-oriented traditional markets by analyzing the consumption behavior among major retail channels at a point when competition among retail channels is becoming intensified. In order to examine the effect of the spatial competitive landscape among major retail channels on consumption behavior, an empirical analysis was conducted with 613 consumers in 6 cities nationwide, using the multiple regression model. This research identified three main areas of factors. The analysis result indicates that the physical factor (time required to go to the traditional market), socioeconomic factors (the number of vehicles owned and average monthly income), and competitive factors (intensity of competition in spatial locations and average monthly spending in supermarkets) have significant influence on consumption patterns of consumers. The findings present that the Korean government should go ahead with policies aimed to revitalize traditional markets, keeping in mind the factors that influence the consumption patterns of customers based on these results. We propose that the policy supporting traditional markets need to be a customized-strategy, considering traditional market`s characteristic.


Nanocrystal films may be used as detector material in sensors, as charge storage or conducting channels in devices. In this work lead sulphide (PbS) nanocrystals are generated in the gas-phase and deposited onto substrates forming nanocrystal films. A technology is developed for lateral structuring of these films on the substrate and to process them further by microelectronic standard processes. The pattern of the nanocrystal film is scaled down by several hundreds of nanometers compared to the used photoresist mask pattern. The responsible mechanism is found by consideration of physical mechanisms and usage of a trajectory simulation program. For basic electrical investigation a system is designed for production of nanocrystal films and electrical characterization under clean conditions. Noise measurements and I-V characterizations are performed. Both, single charge transport and charge transport through the interface of nanocrystal film and substrate have been found. The volume of the nanocrystal film is for the current transport not important. PbS nanocrystal films can be used in future devices for definition of high resolution current paths. Current designs can be used to downscale the device patterns without applying high resolution lithography. The parallel process technology with optical lithography still can be used to implement the films into microelectronic devices. With the trajectory simulation program the geometry can be predicted. The developed technology and the results can be transmitted to other material systems.


We investigated the behavior of H2, the main constituent of the gas phase in dense clouds, after collision with amorphous solid water (ASW) surfaces, one of the most abundant chemical species of interstellar ices. We developed a general framework to study the adsorption dynamics of light species on interstellar ices. We provide binding energies and their distribution, sticking probabilities for incident energies between 1 meV and 60 meV, and thermal sticking coefficients between 10 and 300 K for surface temperatures from 10 to 110 K. We found that the sticking probability depends strongly on the adsorbate kinetic energy and the surface temperature, but hardly on the angle of incidence. We observed finite sticking probabilities above the thermal desorption temperature. Adsorption and thermal desorption should be considered as separate events with separate time scales. Laboratory results for these species have shown a gap in the trends attributed to the differently utilized experimental techniques. Our results complement observations and extend them, increasing the range of gas temperatures under consideration. We plan to use our method to study a variety of adsorbates, including radicals and charged species.


We treat an image restoration problem with a Poisson noise chan- nel using a Bayesian framework. The Poisson randomness might be appeared in observation of low contrast object in the field of imaging. The noise observation is often hard to treat in a theo- retical analysis. In our formulation, we interpret the observation through the Poisson noise channel as a likelihood, and evaluate the bound of it with a Gaussian function using a latent variable method. We then introduce a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) as the prior for the Bayesian approach, and derive the posterior as a Gaussian distribution. The latent parameters in the likelihood and the hyperparameter in the GMRF prior could be treated as hid- den parameters, so that, we propose an algorithm to infer them in the expectation maximization (EM) framework using loopy belief propagation(LBP). We confirm the ability of our algorithm in the computer simulation, and compare it with the results of other im- age restoration frameworks.


The European labelling scheme was introduced to counteract the rise in energy consumption by increasing consumer awareness on real energy use. Since its introduction in the mid-nineties it has not kept up with the state of the art. After years of technological advancements and better know-how, an update of the scale became necessary because many products now have the highest energy-efficiency class. After months of negotiations, members of the European Parliament and representatives from the European Commission finally reached a consensus with a compromise proposal from the Swedish Presidency. As a basis for classification, the system would continue using letters A to G, but would expand the A categories into a maximum of three tiers (A+, A++, A+++). Environmental and consumer groups criticise this proposal and support the retention of a simple, closed A-G energy label, provided that a dynamic system would be implemented. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the effect of two discussed labelling schemes on consumer decisions regarding televisions. The findings are based on 2,244 observations, where half of the consumers surveyed were exposed to the existing label and the other half received an otherwise identical survey, but using the new categories. The survey shows that the well-known A-G closed scheme has a greater impact on consumer decisions than an A+++ style label. The results clearly show that introducing the new label with its additional categories weakens the effect of the label, resulting in lower awareness of consumers about energy efficiency as an important attribute.


General planners enable to describe unrestricted classes of planning problems, but have the drawback of being relatively slow when compared to the performance of domain-specific planners within their domains. This slowness proves to be a major handicap when faced with planning and executing in a real world environment. In order to overcome this, we have investigated the idea of using domain-specific planners to assist a general one. We have tested this concept by integrating the general planner IxTET with a path-finding planner. In our examples, where there are many movements to be planned, the benefits thus obtained are significant. In order to achieve the integration of the two planners, we have exploited IxrI-ET's use of an abstraction hierarchy, which enables us to control the planning system formed by the two planners.


Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) is a forest tree species that is native to South-eastern Australia, including the island of Tasmania. It is the main eucalypt species grown in pulpwood plantations in temperate regions of the world and is being domesticated in many breeding programs. The improvement of its wood properties is a major objective of these breeding programs. As many wood properties are expensive to assess, there is increasing interest in the application of molecular breeding approaches targeting candidate genes, particularly those in the lignin and cellulose biosynthesis pathways. To assist in the identification of genes and allelic variants likely to have important phenotypic effects, this study aimed to determine whether there was a signature in the genome indicating that natural selection had caused differentiation amongst the races of E. globulus in candidate genes for wood properties. Differentiation among races based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes was compared to differentiation based on microsatellite (SSR) markers. The rationale behind this approach is that if the differentiation observed in the gene-related SNPs was significantly different from that based on putatively selectively neutral markers, then this is evidence that selection maybe affecting the candidate gene. In order to do this, the genetic affinities within E. globulus (368 trees representing 42 localities partitioned into eight races from across the natural range of the species) were studied using 30 gene-based SNPs and 18 neutral nuclear SSR markers. STRUCTURE analysis based on these SSR markers showed that individuals fell into two distinctive groups (lineages). One group comprised individuals from King Island and mainland races from the Otways and Strzelecki Ranges; the second group comprised all the Tasmanian races plus the Furneaux Islands. The pattern of differentiation between races found using the neutral SSR markers was similar to that found previously, although the average FST was lower than in previous studies (FST = 0.05; 95% CI 0.041-0.063). The SNP dataset (98 SNPs from 20 genes) from the same set of samples was provided by Dr. Saravanan Thavamanikumar of the University of Melbourne. Twenty-four SNPs were excluded because their minor alleles were too rare (total minor allele frequency < 10%), also eight SNPs that were not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) were eliminated. A further 36 were excluded because positive linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs within genes was found in at least one of the races. While virtually no LD was found between SNPs in some genes, the LD level varied markedly between races and between genes. Of the 30 SNPs included in the analysis, the FST values of most were within the 1-99% inter-percentile range observed for the SSR data, and the average FST (0.09; 95% CI 0.058-0.133) was not significantly different. However, 6 SNPs had FST values that were higher than the upper 99% percentile of the FST distribution for SSRs. The SNPs exhibiting signals of selection occurred in two candidate genes in the lignin (4CL; LIM) and three in cellulose (KOR – 2 SNPs; SUSY3) biosynthetic pathways and in one in a Protein kinase-like gene (PKL1). This suggests that natural selection has promoted adaptive differentiation between races and is congruent with quantitative genetic analysis of wood chemicals (cellulose and lignin content and S:G ratio of lignin) which have also been found to vary more between races than expected by chance. Despite evidence for selection acting on several SNPs, similar groupings of individuals were obtained from STRUCTURE analysis with both data sets.


This article reports the results and conclusions of a mixed-methods research strategy designed to assess the potential of community networking in rural Tamil Nadu, India. The data reported and analyzed in this article include socioeconomic and household spending, agricultural marketing and price search, availability and use of information on agricultural problems, and communication media use. We use these data to define a framework of existing sources of information for various community agents, with a special emphasis on farmers. We analyze the methods and costs at which these agents obtain information, and identify information and communication gaps that information and communication technologies (ICTs) may help alleviate. This study allows us to demonstrate opportunities for socioeconomic development through ICT-enabled information access. The article concludes by stating the importance of basic communication technologies and contextually relevant information services, and suggesting recommendations for future research in this area.


BACKGROUND
Protamine reverses heparin anticoagulation, but it can have important side effects. We compared the safety and effectiveness of intravenous recombinant platelet factor 4 (rPF4) as an alternative to protamine in a randomized blinded trial.

METHODS AND RESULTS
In 81 patients having diagnostic cardiac catheterization, baseline hemodynamics were measured after a 5000-U bolus of heparin. Repeat measurements were obtained at the end of the procedure, and the anticoagulation status was determined by an activated coagulation time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Patients then received either protamine (50 mg IV over 10 minutes) or rPF4 (1.0 mg/kg IV over 2 minutes) in a blinded fashion. Serial measurements of hemodynamic and clotting functions were performed 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Follow-up measurements and clinical assessments were made at 1, 4, 6, and 24 hours later and after 7 days. Before drug administration, ACTs, aPTTs, and hemodynamics were similar among the groups. After drug infusion, there was no difference in ACT between the protamine and rPF4 patients. At 20 and 30 minutes after drug infusion, ACT and aPTT were slightly higher in those receiving rPF4, but these changes were small and of no clinical significance. There were no clinically meaningful differences in any of the hemodynamic variables between the groups, and there were no serious side effects in any patient.

CONCLUSIONS
At the dose used in this study, rPF4 was well tolerated and reversed the anticoagulant effect of heparin. These data support its continued evaluation as an alternative to protamine after cardiac surgery.


This study is a corpus-based investigation of the development of English clause-initial quotative inversion, i.e.
the construction in which a reporting clause with SV inversion is placed before the quoted message. The analysis makes use of
various corpora of historical and contemporary English in order to document quantity and quality changes in the investigated
construction in all stages of English. The study shows that the construction observed in Present Day English has developed in a
continuous way since the period of Old English, although it has been a low-frequency pattern in each historical period. Moreover,
the construction has developed differently in British and American English. In the former variety, the clause-initial quotative
inversion is still quite rare and limited to newspapers, mostly tabloids; in the latter, it is quite widespread in magazines,
where it shows an exceptionally high frequency and a growing collocational range.


We combine optical remote sensing with computed tomography to determine simultaneously (a) the concentration and (b) the size distribution of particles at every pixel in a plane that slices through an aerosol. Light-extinction measurements are made along intersecting paths that pass through the plane. The spatial distribution of extinction coefficients at multiple wavelengths is obtained by an algebraic image-reconstruction technique (ART3). The size distribution of the aerosol at every pixel in the plane is obtained by inversion of the Fredholm integral equation. Computer simulations of this procedure were conducted. Extinction coefficients were found at all pixels in the plane at multiple wavelengths. Aerosol size distributions were retrieved at four pixels. Results of this analysis show that four projection angles were sufficient for reconstruction of extinction coefficient distributions in the plane. The technique can tolerate up to 10% random, normally distributed noise in the measurements. The size distributions at the four pixels were close to the true distributions. The size of the smallest feature that needs to be recovered should be larger than the ray spacing. We were able to delete three of every four rays and still get good reconstructions.


A performance-based assessment of the structure and complexity of emotional awareness was developed, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale for Children (LEAS-C). A pilot study (N=6, ages 9-12, M(age) =10.2 years) was conducted to construct, trial, and select scenarios suitable for the scale. A larger validity study (N=51, ages 10-11, M(age) =10.3 years) examined the relationship between the LEAS-C and two emotion knowledge tasks: emotion expressions and emotion comprehension; two verbal tasks: vocabulary and verbal productivity; and a cognitive developmental measure: the Parental Descriptions Scale (PDS). Gender differences in LEAS-C performance were also examined. The LEAS-C was significantly related to emotion comprehension, and the verbal tasks. Consistent with adult studies, females reported significantly higher LEAS-C scores compared with males. Gender effects remained when controlling for the two verbal tasks. Preliminary support for the validity of the LEAS-C as an objective assessment of emotional complexity in children is found in this study. Results also suggest that gender differences in emotional awareness occur at a young age.


competition Global trend to demand response Wholesale demand response brings benefits to consumers and reduces energy prices. A rule change currently being considered by the Australian Energy Market Commission is supported by a wide range of consumer groups, but opposed by incumbent energy companies. Demand response is being introduced in major markets such as the USA, EU and China, where similar patterns of support and opposition have been observed.


This article is based on comparative research conducted in three African countries—Mali, Botswana and Kenya—between 2006 and 2007. The research focuses on local perceptions of biodiversity loss and land degradation in grazing pastures as a result of anthropogenic activities. We show that land degradation can be motivated by climate change, while local overuse of indigenous vegetation can lead to resource conflict. We then examine how changes in indigenous vegetation might influence the livelihood and security of local communities. In drawing key findings common to all three countries, we suggest that the sustainability of indigenous vegetation in dryland ecosystems can be maintained through seasonal mobility of herds, preservation of dry season grazing and improved livestock marketing, and that failure to do so can result in far-reaching consequences for rural communities.


This document presents the home control and automation application
specific requirements for Routing in Low power and Lossy Networks
(RL2N). In a modern home, a high number of wireless devices are used
for a wide set of purposes. Examples include lighting control modules,
heating control panels, light sensors, temperature sensors, gas/water
leak detector, motion detectors, video surveillance, healthcare
systems and advanced remote controls. Because such devices only cover
a limited radio range, multi-hop routing is often required. Such
devices are usually highly constrained in terms of resources such as
battery and memory and operate in unstable environments. The aim of
this document is to specify the routing requirements for networks
comprising such constrained devices in a home network environment.


PURPOSE
To investigate the psychological impact of prostate biopsy, including relationships between physical biopsy-related symptoms and anxiety and depression.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A prospective cohort of 1,147 men, nested within the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment trial and recommended to receive prostate biopsy, completed questionnaires assessing physical and psychological harms after biopsy in the Prostate Biopsy Effects study. Psychological impact was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and scores were compared according to experiences of biopsy-related symptoms at biopsy, and at 7 and 35 days afterward, and in relation to biopsy results.

RESULTS
A total of 1,144 men (99.7%) returned questionnaires at biopsy, with 1,090 (95.0%) and 1,016 (88.6%) responding at 7 and 35 days postbiopsy. Most men experienced biopsy-related symptoms as no problem or a minor problem, and overall levels of anxiety and depression were low and similar to normative levels. Of men receiving a negative biopsy result (n = 471), anxiety was greater in those experiencing problematic biopsy-related symptoms compared with those experiencing nonproblematic symptoms at 7 days for the following symptoms: pain (P < .001), shivers, (P = .020), hematuria (P < .001), hematochezia (P < .001), and hemoejaculate (P < .001). Anxiety was reduced, although symptoms were not, after 35 days. Overall levels of anxiety were low across all time points except at the 35-day assessment among men who had received a cancer diagnosis.

CONCLUSION
Problematic postbiopsy symptoms can lead to increased anxiety, distinct from distress related to diagnosis of prostate cancer. Men and doctors need to consider these additional potential harms of biopsy when deciding whether to initiate prostate-specific antigen testing.


A number of new community college presidents will need to be hired in the next five years due to the large percentage of current presidents who plan to retire within that timeframe. As current presidents leave, it is essential that these new presidents be prepared to lead community colleges through financial challenges. Leadership development programs must be designed to ensure that future presidents have the necessary leadership skills to lead these institutions through these challenges.   The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between community college presidents' leadership styles and their ranking of financial challenges. Due to findings in the literature it was hypothesized that presidents who had a leadership style that focused both on accomplishing tasks and involving staff in the accomplishment of tasks were best suited for leading community colleges during times of financial crisis. Presidents who have such a leadership style use active participation of subordinates to ensure there is a "buy-in" by everyone on the team. There is an open communication system in which all information and ideas are placed on the table. In this study, leadership style was determined through the use of a survey designed to classify a president's leadership style according to the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid. The survey also contained six financial challenges identified in the literature as pressing concerns for community colleges. Each of the challenges was classified as either being a production-related concern (i.e. the accomplishment of a task) or as a concern that was people related (i.e. intentional effort to involve staff in the accomplishment of a task). The surveys were sent to presidents of the 58 community colleges in North Carolina. Forty-one surveys were returned representing a 70.7% response rate. The findings revealed that all the presidents' scores fell in the team management orientation of the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid. This finding is meaningful as it indicates that the majority of the currently serving community college presidents in North Carolina use leadership skills that are best suited for leading their institutions during financially difficult times. Analysis of the data revealed that the mean scores on concern for production (i.e. accomplishment of tasks) and concern for people were slightly higher for presidents from a curriculum instruction background and also for presidents whose highest degree was Higher Education/Adult Education. Each of the six financial challenges was ranked as the most challenging by at least one president and as the least challenging by at least one president. Further, the presidents did not rank challenges labeled as having a production focus higher than those labeled as having a people focus and vice versa. This is congruent with the finding that most of the presidents have a team management orientation and believe that the accomplishment of a task is equally as important as working with staff to accomplish the task. The value of many of the professional development programs for community college presidents already in place could be enhanced by adding a component that explains the benefit of using team management oriented practices.


Heavy metals in the groundwater can threaten the health and life of animals and human beings through food chains. In this study, the concentrations of eight kinds of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni) of sixty-two shallow groundwater samples from the urban area of Suzhou, northern Anhui Province, China have been measured, and the data have been analyzed by UNMIX model for quantifying their sources. The results indicate that the concentrations of all of the heavy metals except for Mn and Pb can meet the guidelines for drinking water quality of World Health Organization. Four sources, including both anthropogenic sources (related to transportation/centralization and car industry) and geological sources (related to Fe and Mn hydroxides), have been identified by UMIX model, and their contributions for the total heavy metals are 29.3% and 70.7%, respectively. The study demonstrated that the UNMIX model can be applied for estimating the source of heavy metals in groundwater. Moreover, the study showed that more attention should be paid to the heavy metals (especially Zn and Cr) in the shallow groundwater in the study area because they have been affected by human activities


This paper examines the role of informal financial education provided by parents in supplementing, and possibly improving the effect of formal financial education programs for primary school children in Italy. We report on a case study of the Money Learning (MOLE) project, an initiative of the Museum of Saving in Turin. In line with previous studies, we find that formal financial education has a positive effect on the financial literacy of primary school children. New empirical findings suggest that this effect of formal financial education can be reinforced by parents providing informal financial education (e.g. giving pocket money and freedom to spend it).


Discovering correlated variables is one of the core problems in data analysis. Many measures for correlation have been proposed, yet it is surprisingly ill-defined in general. That is, most, if not all, measures make very strong assumptions on the data distribution or type of dependency they can detect. In this work, we provide a general theory on correlation, without making any such assumptions. Simply put, we propose correlation by compression. To this end, we propose two correlation measures based on solid information theoretic foundations, i.e. Kolmogorov complexity. The proposed correlation measures possess interesting properties desirable for any sensible correlation measure. However, Kolmogorov complexity is not computable, and hence we propose practical and computable instantiations based on the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle. In practice, we can apply the proposed measures on any type of data by instantiating them with any lossless real-world compressors that reward dependencies. Extensive experiments show that the correlation measures works well in practice, have high statistical power, and find meaningful correlations on binary data, while they are easily extendible to other data types.


Sweden as the great welfare state where everybody is equally welcomed and cared for has for long been the prevailing view. Although Swedish integration policy seems to confirm this view, this is far removed from many people's experienced reality. I argue that part of this disharmony lies in how West European languages contain and relate to an 'identity' construction, which perpetuates and is perpetuated through dichotomies that strengthen the social and political cogency of concepts such as 'race', ethnicity and culture. Based on this, I carry out a discourse analysis of Sweden's major integration policy documents from the mid 1970s up to today.

After an eclectic reading of discourses on migration and integration terminology, 'identity' and language, I assert the centrality of 'identity' construction to everything we do. With this in mind, taking the dialogism promoted by the Bakhtinian Circle as the dichotomy to monologism, I carry out a close dialogic reading in the tradition of Lynn Pearce (1994) and Peter Stallybrass and Allon White (1986).

Contextualising the policy documents, I present the history of migration and integration from a Swedish perspective. Focusing on the last five decades, I divide the different historic tendencies into themes ranging from: emigration to labour migration, refugee migration and the European Union, and from immigrant policy to integration policy.

Believing that the conceptualisation and the handling of categorisation, segregation, culture, discrimination and racism are all central to a successful integration policy, I analyse the policy documents thematically accordingly. I show how the interdependence of the common 'identity' constructions and language sometimes obscures and frequently counteracts the intention of the author. As a result, I argue that the Bakhtinian Circle holds the key to a better understanding of the invincibility of stereotyping within racialised discourses, through applying absolute 'identity' constructions in monologic speech, and how this may be counteracted in order to strive for a dialogic approach to the world.


We analyze the main rationale for public administrations and political institutions for supplying transparency, namely, that it generates legitimacy for these institutions. First, we discuss different theories of decision making from which plausible causal mechanisms that may drive a link between transparency and legitimacy may be derived. We find that the common notion of a straightforward positive correlation is naive and that transparency reforms are rather unpredictable phenomena. Second, we test the effect of transparency on procedure acceptance using vignette experiments of representative decision making in schools. We find that transparency can indeed generate legitimacy. Interestingly, however, the form need not be "fishbowl transparency," with full openness of the decision-making process. Decision makers may improve their legitimacy simply by justifying carefully afterward the decisions taken behind closed doors. Only when behavior close to a deliberative democratic ideal was displayed did openness of the process generate more legitimacy than closed-door decision making with postdecisional justifications.


Our paper concentrates on innovation in teaching two 'hard' sciences, namely Genetics and Statistics. Reform in the teaching of Statistics moved through the higher education sector in Australia in the 1990s. Emphasis was placed on statistical thinking and active learning rather than recipes and derivations. New-style textbooks and laboratory manuals were published that employed teaching techniques from a variety of disciplines, but not from language teaching. Teaching in Genetics, generally, is in a transmissive style and as the language of Genetics is as foreign as a foreign language, texts written become inaccessible to many students. An earlier study (Zhang and Lidbury 2006) has examined a range of language techniques in the teaching of tertiary Genetics and Molecular Biology, and has recently focussed on language learning via the Hot Potatoes software. For this original study, Hot Potatoes was used as one of a suite of language-centred teaching approaches, so its full value has not, thus far, been individually assessed. Anecdotally, Hot Potatoes was a great tool to revise genetic language from previous lectures, and was appreciated by motivated students who wished to explore extra voluntary online exercises, or use the Hot Potatoes exercises as study tools. This study in Statistics will focus primarily on Hot Potatoes and assess it as a tool through which to teach statistical language.


Previously we reported that, after 17‐day bed rest unloading of 8 humans, soleus slow fibers atrophied and exhibited increased velocity of shortening without fast myosin expression. The present ultrastructural study examined fibers from the same muscle biopsies to determine whether decreased myofilament packing density accounted for the observed speeding. Quantitation was by computer‐assisted morphometry of electron micrographs. Filament densities were normalized for sarcomere length, because density depends directly on length. Thick filament density was unchanged by bed rest. Thin filaments/μm2 decreased 16–23%. Glycogen filled the I band sites vacated by filaments. The percentage decrease in thin filaments (Y) correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with the percentage increase in velocity (X), (Y = 0.1X + 20%, R2 = 0.62). An interpretation is that fewer filaments increases thick to thin filament spacing and causes earlier cross‐bridge detachment and faster cycling. Increased velocity helps maintain power (force × velocity) as atrophy lowers force. Atrophic muscles may be prone to sarcomere reloading damage because force/μm2 was near normal, and force per thin filament increased an estimated 30%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 21:1280–1289, 1998.


Plant Names is an invaluable guide to the use of scientific, commercial and common names for plants and the conventions for writing them. Written by horticultural botanists at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, this book covers the naming of wild plants, plants modified by humans, why plant names change, their pronunciation and hints to help remember them, along with updated sections on trademarks and plant breeder's rights. The final section provides a detailed guide to resources useful to people using plant names.
This fourth edition is based on the recently updated International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. It makes this technical information readily understandable to a range of readers, including botanists, publishers, professional horticulturists, nursery workers, hobby gardeners and anyone interested in plant names.


In 2013, the former Royal Gymnastic Central Institute, now the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), celebrated its bicentenary. The purpose of this paper is to describe, by means of a literature review, the holding blocks that have contributed to the continuity of the oldest institute for PE teacher education in the world. For the first hundred years Ling gymnastics represented a legitimate system for the schooling of the body, the promotion of health and the rehabilitation of the sick. This resulted in strong markers of exclusivity, keeping the institution together. The next hundred years saw the discontinuity of Ling gymnastics, including medical gymnastics, and a call for sport education. The new cornerstones were exercise science research and the establishment of the Institute as an autonomous university college with the assignment to meet society's continued need for knowledge of how to support healthy citizens. Today's challenges for GIH include dealing with a changing society, the conflicting dimensions of (competitive) sport, and the more philanthropic ideas of body and physicality.


Previous studies evaluating effects of eutrophication in estuarine systems have produced mixed results, sometimes showing weak linkages between resource enhancement and infaunal population responses. A general lack of life history information for many benthic infaunal species, and variable links between trophic controls and population responses, indicate a need to evaluate species-specific responses to specific food resources of varying quantities. This study examined growth, reproduction and survivorship responses to varying food sources for two estuarine polychaetes, Streblospio benedicti and Laeonereis culveri, common to southeastern North Carolina. I compared responses to ten food sources fed at specific quantities: ground Ulva, enhanced benthic microalgae, organic mud slurry, Tetramen fish flakes (high quality food control), azoic sediment and a starvation control for both species, with the additional inclusion of Spartina alterniflora, Phaeosphaeria spartinicola (fungal decomposer), Phaeosphaeria-infused Spartina and an agar control for S. benedicti. Multiple twenty-one day feeding assays were run with 2-3 levels of food, based on N content or volume, fed to field densities of each species. Response variables included survivorship, growth, total length, reproductive condition, and total biomass. S. benedicti showed significant growth and reproductive responses to the benthic microalgae and mud slurry treatments, but little response to other treatments. L. culveri showed variable responses to several treatments. The results suggest that S. benedicti will respond with increased growth, survivorship and oocyte production to enhanced food in the laboratory and may be food-limited in the field. The results for L. culveri illustrate the opportunism utilized by this species and suggest that it may be able to grow similarly among a variety of food sources. The combined results for these species demonstrate the variability in responses to food enhancement and suggest that some aspect of food limitation, either availability or nutrient content, plays a role in regulating growth, abundance and reproduction in benthic communities.


This essay uses techniques advanced by the structuralist literary theorist Gerard Genette to examine the 1831 pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner. Like all documents generated in the course of master-class investigations of slave revolts, alleged or actual, The Confessions of Nat Turner raises obvious evidentiary quandaries: credibility, reliability, authenticity. Precisely what kind of historical source is this document. How should it be interrogated? What can it tell us? These questions become particularly important in light of controversies over the use of sources by historians of the Denmark Vesey conspiracy (Charleston 1822). Structuralist analysis suggests that The Confessions is a document containing at least two and likely three distinct texts, and that it is carefully composed to contain Nat Turner's confession within a secure frame interpretive frame intended to guide the confession's reception and to anticipate and deflect subversive readings of the Turner Rebellion.


Continuous measurements of meteorological parameters, gaseous pollutants, particulate matters, and the major chemical species in PM2.5 were conducted in urban Hangzhou from 1 September to 30 November 2013 to study the potential sources and formations of PM2.5 pollution. The average PM2.5 concentration was 69 µg·m−3, ~97% higher than the annual concentration limit in the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) of China. Relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (WS) were two important factors responsible for the increase of PM2.5 concentration, with the highest value observed under RH of 70%–90%. PM2.5 was in good correlation with both NO2 and CO, but not with SO2, and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) results displayed that local emissions were important potential sources contributing to the elevated PM2.5 and NO2 in Hangzhou. Thus, local vehicle emission was suggested as a major contribution to the PM2.5 pollution. Concentrations of NO2 and CO significantly increased in pollution episodes, while the SO2 concentration even decreased, implying local emission rather than region transport was the major source contributing to the formation of pollution episodes. The sum of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ accounted for ~50% of PM2.5 in mass in pollution episodes and the NO3−/EC ratios were significantly elevated, revealing that the formation of secondary inorganic species, particularly NO3−, was an important contributor to the PM2.5 pollution in Hangzhou. This study highlights that controlling local pollution emissions was essential to reduce the PM2.5 pollution in Hangzhou, and the control of vehicle emission in particular should be further promoted in the future.


The claim that American justice system engages in "mass incarceration" is now a cliche, albeit one that seems entirely justified by both the number and rate of people who are behind bars. As a result, a large number of states and the federal government have engaged in wide-ranging reform efforts to shorten sentences, divert people from prison, and in general reduce incarceration numbers to more manageable levels. Although these efforts have made modest gains, there has been little discussion of whether their ultimate goal is feasible-reducing incarceration levels to a point where "mass" incarceration is no longer an apt description.

This article explores the likelihood of a meaningful, sustained reduction in incarceration rates. It begins by asking what we really mean by mass incarceration and finds that while the definition is surprisingly complex, the label ultimately seems justified. Then, using existing and original compilations of data, the article examines some of the less-obvious obstacles to reducing prison populations. In particular, it highlights the difficulty of reducing incarceration rates without addressing the problems created by those convicted of violent crimes, something few reforms have been willing or able to do. It also argues that those who believe prison reform will lead to economic savings-a primary motivation in virtually every state-are misguided, and that illusion of economic savings might ultimately derail the reform efforts.

The article then takes a further step and suggests that efforts to decrease incarceration levels will inevitably be frustrated unless the most influential person in the creation of mass incarceration, the prosecutor, is induced to play a more central role. To date, reform efforts have routinely targeted everyone in the process except prosecutors, and this article offers both suggestions on why this is so and an argument for why prosecutors are an indispensable part of any change. The article concludes with the sobering prediction that, as useful as recent reforms have been, as currently constructed they will ultimately be inadequate to erase the mass incarceration label for years to come.


A climatological analysis of atmospheric concentrations of primary air pollutants in Athens, Greece, is presented for the 11-year period 1987-1997, since the automated local air pollution network operating by the Ministry of Environment started to record all conventional pollutants. The concentration levels of the atmospheric pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and black smoke for the most polluted stations (Patission, Athinas and Piraeus) of the air pollution network were examined. For all primary pollutants a seasonal variation with minimum in summer and maximum in winter is observed. Sulfur dioxide has the strongest seasonal cycle and black smoke the weakest. There is a significant downward trend for almost all pollutants in all stations. The highest reductions are observed in Patission where a comparison between the 3-year periods 1988-1990 and 1995-1997 gives 52%, 34%, 26% and 20% decreases for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and black smoke, respectively. The pollution abatement measures taken by the state authorities during the period 1990-1994, mainly consisting in the replacement of the old technology gasoline-powered private cars and the reduction of the sulfur content in diesel oil, seem to be the primary cause of the improvement in air quality in Athens during the recent years.


. The notion of Linked Open Science rests on the assump-tion that Linked Data principles contribute to science and scientific data management in several distinct ways (e.g., by adding rich semantics to improve retrieval and reuse of data). This begs the question of the right level of granularity for such semantic enrichment. On the one extreme of the spectrum, one may provide semantic annotations on the level of entire datasets to improve retrieval while leaving the actual data un-touched. On the other end, one may semantically describe every single datum, such as a particular observation leading to data that supports reasoning, automated conflation, and so on, while, at the same time, dra-matically increasing the size of data, including redundancy. This paper reports on our experience in modeling heterogeneous environmental data using a semantically-enabled observation framework, namely the SOSA ontology and its extensions to handle observation collections. We discuss different means of using these observation collections and compare their pros and cons in terms of data size and ease of querying.


The inclusion of latent catalytic healing agents (CHAs) during layup of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite specimens yields a functionalised composite material with the capability to self-repair. Strategies for preventing the reaction of CHAs with prepreg resins during curing of the host material are explored.The inclusion of catalyst as an interleave on the composite mid-plane was found to be detrimental to the fracture toughness of the double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. A potential application for this effect includes damage redirection, whereby propagating damage is steered into self-healing features. This will be an area of interest for future investigation.Upon failure of the composite, healing is achieved by addition of a low-viscosity epoxide monomer and heating the material to activate the curing agent. Specimens featuring embedded Sc(OTf)3 healed for 2 hours at 200°C showed a mean recovery in peak load of 79%.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


In Morgoth's Ring, the tenth volume of The History of Middle-earth and the first of two companion volumes, Christopher Tolkien describes and documents the legends of the Elder Days, as they were evolved and transformed by his father in the years after he completed The Lord of the Rings. The text of the Annals of Aman, the "Blessed Land" in the far West, is given in full. And in writings never before published, we can see the nature of the problems that J.R.R. Tolkien explored in his later years as new and radical ideas, portending upheaval in the old narratives, emerged at the heart of the mythology. At this time Tolkien sought to redefine the old legends, and wrote of the nature and destiny of Elves, the idea of Elvish rebirth, the origin of the Orcs, and the Fall of Men. His meditation of mortality and immortality as represented in the lives of Men and Elves led to another major writing at this time, the "Debate of Finrod and Andreth, " which is reproduced here in full. "Above all, " Christopher Tolkien writes in his foreword, "the power and significance of Melkor-Morgoth ... was enlarged to become the ground and source of the corruption of Arda." This book indeed is all about Morgoth. Incomparably greater than the power of Sauron, concentrated in the One Ring, Morgoth's power (Tolkien wrote) was dispersed into the very matter of Arda: "the whole of Middle-earth was Morgoth's Ring."


This essay explores the background, the facts, and the legal and policy implications of the 1927 decision of the New York Court of Appeals in Martin v. Peyton. The fleshed-out facts, which could have come from the pages of a novel by Henry James or Edith Wharton, reveal messy realities of the sort that are typically encountered by practicing lawyers but are understandably omitted or adumbrated in published opinions. The case involved an investment by a small group of wealthy and socially prominent New Yorkers in an investment banking firm that was badly managed and on the threshold of insolvency. The decision in the case turns on the distinction between lenders and partners, or, more broadly, between debt and equity. The essay shows how the unique terms of the deal, with elements of both pure debt and pure equity, were dictated by the circumstances that gave rise to it. In particular, the risky nature of the investment and the thin, or nonexistent, equity cushion led to the would-be lenders accepting a contingent return and, as a corollary, some elements of control. An analysis of the briefs in the case reveals that the outcome may have been determined by a bold factual claim of the plaintiff that failed of proof and was rejected by the court. Finally, the essay examines the policy justification for the rule making silent partners liable for the firm's debts - a rule analogous to vicarious liability of employers for the torts of their employees and to the agency-law principle that makes undisclosed principals liable for unauthorized debts incurred by their agents. In addressing policy, fairness is a commonly claimed and generally admirable goal, but for market transactions it is generally not instructive, as Martin illustrates. Economic efficiency is likely to be a more meaningful policy criterion, as, again, Martin illustrates. But, as Martin also illustrates, economic efficiency, largely relying on unproven, and possibly unprovable, conjectures, can be a fickle and inconclusive criterion.


Logic is the teaching of correct reasoning, describing its general laws as the basis of rational thinking. This book supplies the rudiments of the semantics and syntax of classical elementary logic while simultaneously reflecting its limitations. It explains formal concepts of truth and develops a calculus for logically valid reasoning. By means of numerous examples and many exercises, the readers learn to independently induce logical proof and to recognize logically valid arguments, to solve logically tricky puzzles and to avoid logical mistakes. The book is particularly appropriate as a textbook for a one-semester course in the introduction to logic. It is aimed at freshmen and at all those who are looking for a formally precise yet application-oriented approach to logic.


In order to quantify the deviation of the anion arrangement in a crystal structure from a closest sphere packing two parameters are introduced: Δ d rel is the relative difference between the longest and the shortest distance to neighbouring atoms within a distorted closest-packed arrangement and s is the standard deviation of the normalized distances to all neighbouring atoms. The applicability of these parameters is compared with that of the distortion parameter U cp introduced by Thompson & Downs (2001). Deviations from ideal sphere packings in pyroxenes, staurolite, kyanite, and olivine- and spinel-type structures are considered.


Data Centre TCP (DCTCP) was designed to provide predictably low
queuing latency, near-zero loss, and throughput scalability using
explicit congestion notification (ECN) and an extremely simple marking
behaviour on switches. However, DCTCP does not co-exist with existing
TCP traffic---throughput starves. So, until now, DCTCP could only be
deployed where a clean-slate environment could be arranged, such as in
private data centres. This specification defines `DualQ Coupled Active
Queue Management (AQM)' to allow scalable congestion controls like
DCTCP to safely co-exist with classic Internet traffic. The Coupled
AQM ensures that a flow runs at about the same rate whether it uses
DCTCP or TCP Reno/Cubic, but without inspecting transport layer flow
identifiers. When tested in a residential broadband setting, DCTCP
achieved sub-millisecond average queuing delay and zero congestion
loss under a wide range of mixes of DCTCP and `Classic' broadband
Internet traffic, without compromising the performance of the Classic
traffic. The solution also reduces network complexity and eliminates
network configuration.


This paper uses the theory of dual equivalence graphs to give explicit Schur expansions to several families of symmetric functions. We begin by giving a combinatorial definition of the modified Macdonald polynomials and modified Hall-Littlewood polynomials indexed by any diagram $δ ⊂ \mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}$, written as $\widetilde H_δ (X;q,t)$ and $\widetilde P_δ (X;t)$, respectively. We then give an explicit Schur expansion of $\widetilde P_δ (X;t)$ as a sum over a subset of the Yamanouchi words, as opposed to the expansion using the charge statistic given in 1978 by Lascoux and Schuztenberger. We further define the symmetric function $R_γ ,δ (X)$ as a refinement of $\widetilde P_δ$ and similarly describe its Schur expansion. We then analysize $R_γ ,δ (X)$ to determine the leading term of its Schur expansion. To gain these results, we associate each Macdonald polynomial with a signed colored graph $\mathcal{H}_δ$ . In the case where a subgraph of $\mathcal{H}_δ$ is a dual equivalence graph, we provide the Schur expansion of its associated symmetric function, yielding several corollaries.


We examine agricultural child labor in the context of emigration, transfers, and the abil-ity to hire outside labor. We start by developing a theoretical background based on Basu and Van, (1998), Basu, (1999) and Epstein and Kahana (2008) and show how hiring labor from outside the household and transfers to the household might induce a re-duction in children's working hours. Analysis using Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) data on the Kagera region in Tanzania lend support to the hypothesis that both emigration and remittances reduce child labor.


Instant messaging (IM) and mobile instant messaging (MIM) have grown in the last decade the most used messaging tools among the public and enterprises. IM is used in many platforms and mobile use is giving much more opportunities than ordinary and older way of computer use. Study is trying to find the key factors in IM systems for successful knowledge sharing not only for system development orientated purpose but also for project organizations in general. The study is executed as a phenomenological approach by making five interviews in a semi structured manner for people who are constantly using some kind in IM systems during their daily work or other project like activities. Study has a basis on knowledge creation and transfer theory first presented by Nonaka (1994), he presented the SECI model the abbreviation which consists of the words; socialisation, externalisation, combination and internalisation. The process that has been meant in the SECI model and which leads to the materialising of the new knowledge is directed by the socialisation process in which the tacit knowledge moves through common experiences from one individual to another. From the results of this study was found that first for effective knowledge transfer the IM system should be included with capability for sharing different media files like photos, audio and video files. This study clearly shows that IM users were proposing that video, audio and picture messages in IM systems were supporting knowledge transfer more that just text. Second most important key factor seems to be security related. Security was seen as a problem, because most of the applications were not secure enough for sharing of sensitive information. It was mentioned that SMS is still in use for security or reliability reasons sometimes. SMS was used when message content was in users opinion so critical, that it was not safe to send trough used IM system. Speed and especially fast dissemination of important information was found as a third key factor. Especially IM group chat was found to be used for sharing of important information fast. Usability with the easiness of use and sharing something in IM systems were found as fourth key factor. The fifth key factor was community and importance of the feeling that person is a member of it. Some volunteers were pretty satisfied of the feeling that they were able to follow the conversation in their project group, even though they were not physically in their working place. These findings can be used in practical manner as the issues that are relevant to system developers, or these can be the seen as vital functions to check from new IM system. These findings probably make the SECI model (Nonaka, 1994) seen in different light today. Similarly, as twenty years ago people had discussion around their different challenges face to face, today these conversations and debates can be done in virtual spaces with IM. Not only by text, but enriching the conversation with different media formats. These debates are likely capable to create new knowledge in these virtual IM spaces.


The relation between theory and method in psychological research in the context of cognitive, linguistic and historical "turn" in the history of social psychology is discussed. The definition of qualitative research in the paradigm of social cognition is given.The theory of social representations by S. Moscovici is analysed. The cases of qualitative research carried out in the paradigm of this theory, as well as studies of social identity, attitudes, values and ideology, are reviewed. A theory of discourse is outlined and the author's own method of discourse analysis is worked out. The author also dwells on the subject of innovation in social psychology. New directions of qualitative research development related to spatial and temporal aspects of social cognition are set, that is the way of "vital" environment and the collective (social) memory. To sum up, the conducted theoretical and methodological analysis of the subject areas of qualitative research in psychology allows us to consider the relationship of subject and method. Thus, the definition of the subject of qualitative research is the starting point of the discussion of methodological problems.


This paper proposes that urban economic analysis would benefit from the use of cognitively perceived neighbourhoods, which are discussed within urban studies. Georeferenced data should be aggregated by spatially bounded units that are identifiable by citizens in order to enrich one-dimensional distance as the sole variable to bring urban complexity into economic models. Multivariate analysis is applied to data from Belo Horizonte, Brazil, to formulate four indices, ranked by neighbourhoods that together represent a spatially complex, non-linear influence on urban real estate markets. The results of the indices by neighbourhood are then tested against a traditional specification in an econometrics exercise that does not include the concepts and indices put forward. The definition of neighbourhood used and the empirical results provide a thorough description of urban fabric that can fully and more accurately represent urban influence in economics while avoiding abstract distance measurement.


Abstract Introduction: Bronchopulmonary carcinoids are uncommon tumors with relatively indolent biological behavior but a distinct malignant potential. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Our aim was to study preoperative characteristics, surgical approaches, and outcome in patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was done in the Department of Surgical Oncology of a Tertiary Teaching Hospital of North India. The case records of all the patients who underwent surgical treatment for lung neoplasms and were diagnosed to have bronchopulmonary carcinoids were reviewed. Details concerning the clinical presentation, preoperative therapy, operative procedure, postoperative complications, and outcome were retrieved from the case records. Results: Sixteen patients who underwent surgical treatment were found to have bronchopulmonary carcinoids on histopathological examination. The median age of the patients was 34 years (range 18–62 years). There were 11 men and five women. All patients were symptomatic, and the median duration of symptoms was 12 months (range 6–72 months) before presentation. Six patients had received antitubercular treatment before presentation, and one patient had been treated with chemotherapy due to misdiagnosis. Surgical procedures included six pneumonectomies (one with carinoplasty), four bilobectomies, three lobectomies, and three bronchoplastic procedures (two with lobectomy and one with bilobectomy). There was no postoperative mortality; three patients had morbidity in the form of lobar collapse, prolonged pleural collection, and surgical site infection. With a median follow-up time of 11 months (range 2–85 months), all the 16 patients are alive and disease-free. Conclusions: Delayed presentation and misdiagnosis of bronchial carcinoid are major concerns in North India. Adequate surgical resection can be performed without undue morbidity and is associated with good long-term results.


Practical digital controller design for switching power converters is addressed in this paper. A simplified direct-digital design approach is proposed where digital compensation tools are analyzed in the familiar analog frequency domain. The design is based on traditional concepts and tools such as Bode plots, zero/pole insertion, and gain/phase margins. In contrast to analog redesign methods, this approach is able to accurately account for loop parasitics such as zero-order holds and computational delays and predict the system response. It does not entail the creation of a discrete-time model of the controlled plant, necessary for other direct-digital design approaches. Families of compensation zeros/poles are presented. Notably powerful are two families of complex zero pairs, able to create a sharp phase boost of 180 degrees, specifically useful for converters with high-Q filters. A numbering system is introduced that enables simple -yet optimized-number representation within a fixed-point environment. This system is utilized to model different controller blocks, and to construct a blue-print of the controller code. A design example is then used to demonstrate the design methodology. Experimental results of a matching prototype are then presented that show close correspondence to theoretical and simulation predictions.


This article provides an overview of the politics of climate policy with a focus on carbon pricing politics under recent Australian Labor governments. It reviews and explains the impact of politics upon climate policy and draws attention to the influence of the fossil fuel lobby. It reviews historical context, including early, failed attempts to set and pursue emissions reduction; the domestic and international recalcitrance of neoliberal leaders; and the recent shift to embrace carbon pricing. It considers the impact of politics upon climate policy outcomes, piecing together political and policy efforts to price carbon, and drawing attention to the agenda setting of the Australian States and Territories, and of Kevin Rudd both as Labor opposition leader and as Prime Minister. It argues that the capacity of industry to thwart effective carbon pricing was only checked by institutional influences once Labor assumed minority government in 2010. In these circumstances, Labor relied upon the Australian Greens, not only to support in part its government in office, but also to pass legislation in the Senate where the Greens hold the balance of power. Under these circumstances, carbon pricing could be negotiated and agreed upon by a Multi‐Party Committee on Climate Change (MPCCC) comprising the government and its parliamentary supporters, including independents and the Greens. Whilst political and economic interests have largely shaped Australia's climate change agendas, it is concluded that policy shifts are nevertheless possible where there is a propitious combination of political, normative, and institutional influences. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:603–613. doi: 10.1002/wcc.239


OBJECTIVES
Little research exists documenting levels of intestinal inflammation among indigenous populations where exposure to macroparasites, like soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), is common. Reduced STH exposure is hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of elevated intestinal inflammation in wealthy nations, likely due to coevolutionary histories between STHs and human immune systems that favored anti-inflammatory pathways. Here, we document levels of intestinal inflammation and test associations with STH infection among the Shuar of Ecuador, an indigenous population undergoing socioeconomic/lifestyle changes that influence their hygienic environment. We predict that fecal calprotectin (FC; a measure of intestinal inflammation) will be lower in STH infected individuals and that FC will be negatively associated with infection intensity.

METHODS
Stool samples to analyze FC levels and STH infection were collected from 69 Shuar participants (ages 5-75 years). Children (<15 years) and adults (15+ years) were analyzed separately to understand the role of exposure in immune system development and the intestinal inflammatory response.

RESULTS
Two species of STH were present: Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The relationships between infection and intestinal inflammation were age- and species-specific. While no significant relationships were found among adults, children who were singly infected with T. trichiura had lower FC levels than uninfected children. Infection intensity was not significantly associated with FC in children or adults.

CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary results provide limited support for our hypotheses, documenting tentative age- and species-specific associations between FC and infection status. Findings may point to the importance of species-specific STH exposure during immune system development.


When a handful of people thrive while whole industries implode and millions suffer, it is clear that something is wrong with our economy. The wealth of the few is disconnected from the misery of the many. In Civilizing the Economy, Marvin Brown traces the origin of this economics of dissociation to early capitalism, showing how this is illustrated in Adam Smith's denial of the central role of slavery in wealth creation. In place of the Smithian economics of property, Brown proposes that we turn to the original meaning of economics as household management. He presents a new framework for the global economy that reframes its purpose as the making of provisions instead of the accumulation of property. This bold new vision establishes the civic sphere as the platform for organizing an inclusive economy and as a way to move toward a more just and sustainable world.


Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) affects a large proportion of people with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the role of KL-6in patients with SSc. For this objective, we studied the association between the KL-6 level, computed tomography (CT) score, and pulmonary function tests in SSc patients. Methods. 32 SSc patients underwent chest HRCT scans, pulmonary function tests and serum KL-6measurement.We usedWarrick scoresto distinguish the severity and extent of ILD at HRCT.KL-6 were sampled and measured, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results:A positive correlation was found between serum KL-6 levels and the Warrick score (r 0.871, P < 0.001). KL-6 levels inversely correlated to with forced vital capacity(FVC%) (r-0.72, P < 0.001) , forced expiratory volume in 1second(FEV1%) (r -0.571, P < 0.001) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide(DLCO%) (r -0.543, P < 0.001). Conclusion:KL-6 levels correlate with findings seen in HRCTs and PFTs, indicating that they serve to assess the severity of SSc-ILD.


Increased attention is being paid to adenoviruses as expression vectors and as recombinant virus vaccines. Adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7 have been administered orally to large numbers of military recruits as vaccines, and no adverse effects have been noted. We have constructed recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that induce humoral and cellular immunity to HSV. Mice vaccinated with an adenovirus vector expressing HSV glycoprotein B (gB) were protected from a lethal challenge with HSV. Further studies are under way in monkeys to examine the possibility that oral administration of adenovirus vectors can produce protective immunity. In addition, adenovirus vectors have been used to identify viral antigens that are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and to further characterize these T cell responses. A small region in HSV gB, which acts as a major target for HSV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, was defined with use of adenovirus vectors expressing deleted forms of gB.


We introduce dual-color time-integrated fluorescence cumulant analysis (TIFCA) to analyze fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy data. Dual-color TIFCA utilizes the bivariate cumulants of the integrated fluorescent intensity from two detection channels to extract the brightness in each channel, the occupation number, and the diffusion time of fluorophores simultaneously. Detecting the fluorescence in two detector channels introduces the possibility of differentiating fluorophores based on their fluorescence spectrum. We derive an analytical expression for the bivariate factorial cumulants of photon counts for arbitrary sampling times. The statistical accuracy of each cumulant is described by its variance, which we calculate by the moments-of-moments technique. A method that takes nonideal detector effects such as dead-time and afterpulsing into account is developed and experimentally verified. We perform dual-color TIFCA analysis on simple dye solutions and a mixture of dyes to characterize the performance and accuracy of our theory. We demonstrate the robustness of dual-color TIFCA by measuring fluorescent proteins over a wide concentration range inside cells. Finally we demonstrate the sensitivity of dual-color TIFCA by resolving EGFP/EYFP binary mixtures in living cells with a single measurement.


Prostate cancer is increasingly treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, a type of radiotherapy in which a radioactive source is guided through catheters temporarily implanted in the prostate. Clinicians must set dwell times for the source inside the catheters so the resulting dose distribution minimizes deviation from dose prescriptions that conform to patient-specific anatomy. The primary contribution of this paper is to take the well-established dwell times optimization problem defined by Inverse Planning by Simulated Annealing (IPSA) developed at UCSF and exactly formulate it as a linear programming (LP) problem. Because LP problems can be solved exactly and deterministically, this formulation provides strong performance guarantees: one can rapidly find the dwell times solution that globally minimizes IPSA's objective function for any patient case and clinical criteria parameters. For a sample of 20 prostates with volume ranging from 23to103cc, the new LP method optimized dwell times in less than 15s per case on a standard PC. The dwell times solutions currently being obtained clinically using simulated annealing (SA), a probabilistic method, were quantitatively compared to the mathematically optimal solutions obtained using the LP method. The LP method resulted in significantly improved objective function values compared to SA (P=1.54×10-7), but none of the dosimetric indices indicated a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). The results indicate that solutions generated by the current version of IPSA are clinically equivalent to the mathematically optimal solutions.