Physical structures and processes are modeled by dynamical systems in a wide range of application areas. The increasing demand for complex components and large structures, together with an increasing demand for detail and accuracy, makes the models larger and more complicated. To be able to simulate these large-scale systems, there is need for reduced-order models of much smaller size, that approximate the behavior of the original model and preserve the important characteristics. In this thesis, algorithms are presented that compute the important characteristics and construct reduced-order models. The eigenvalue problems related to these large-scale dynamical systems are usually too large to be solved completely. The algorithms described in this thesis are efficient and effective methods for the computation of specific dominant eigenvalues. Here, the interpretation of the adjective dominant depends on the application from which the eigenproblem arises. In stability analysis, one is interested in the rightmost eigenvalues, while in other applications the dominant eigenvalues are the natural frequencies. For general linear time invariant dynamical systems, the dominant eigenvalues are the poles of the transfer function that contribute significantly to the frequency response. Many of the methods are based on Newton's method and are similar to (two-sided) Rayleigh quotient iteration. It is shown that compared to (two-sided) Rayleigh quotient iteration, the new methods, Subspace Accelerated Dominant Pole Algorithm (SADPA) and Subspace Accelerated MIMO Dominant Pole Algorithm (SAMDP), have better convergence to the dominant poles of SISO and MIMO transfer functions, respectively. Because SADPA and SAMDP take advantage of efficient deflation for the computation of more than one dominant pole and compute the dominant poles automatically, they are preferred over (two-sided) Jacobi-Davidson methods and Arnoldi based methods. SADPA and SAMDP can be generalized to methods for the computation of dominant transfer function zeros and dominant poles of higher-order transfer functions. The computed eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors can be used to construct reduced-order models in the form of modal approximations, but also to improve reduced-order models computed by Krylov subspace based techniques. Large-scale generalized eigenvalue problems arise, for instance, in stability analysis of discretized Navier-Stokes equations and other systems. Due to singularity of one of the matrices in the pencil, there may be eigenvalues at infinity. These eigenvalues at infinity have no physical relevance, but their presence complicates the computation of the rightmost finite eigenvalues. Standard Arnoldi and Jacobi-Davidson approaches may fail because they may interpret approximations of eigenvalues at infinity as approximations to finite eigenvalues. New strategies that combine shift-and-invert and Cayley transformations with purification techniques, and exploit the structure of the eigenvalue problem, are presented to compute the rightmost finite eigenvalues successfully.


The Legislator, by exempting from canonical form a Catholic who has separated himself from the Church by a formal act (cf. can. 1117), has reinforced a sense of discomfort attendant on the doctrine of the identity of contract and sacrament in marriage. The premises for this doctrine developed historically over time. The sources for canon 1012 § 2 CIC/1917, and consequently also for can. 1055 § 2, demonstrate that this development had much to do with opposition to the attempt of the modern State to appropriate all power over marriage, in the context of Gallicanism and Josephinism. Today's discussion, on the other hand, centres on the implications for marriage of the sacramental theology of the Second Vatican Council, as reflected in can. 840. It is about the celebration of marriage as the visible foundation of the ecclesia domestica. There is therefore room to enquire whether the nonbelieving couple - who neither intend nor explicitly exclude the sacrament - may nonentheless contract a naturally valid marrriage.


Rotating Savings and Credit Association (Rosca) is an important informal financial institution in many parts of the world used by participants to share income risks. What is the role of Rosca when formal credit market is introduced? We develop a model in which risk-averse participants attempt to hedge against their private income shocks with access to both Rosca and the formal credit and investigate their interactions. Using the gap of the borrowing and saving interest rates as a measure of the imperfectness of the credit market, we compare three cases: (i) Rosca without credit market; (ii) Rosca with a perfect credit market; (iii) Rosca with an imperfect credit market. We show that a perfect credit market completely crowds out the role of Rosca. However, when credit market is present but imperfect, we show that Rosca and the formal credit market can complement each other in improving social welfare. Interestingly, we find that the social welfare in an environment with both Rosca and formal credit market does not necessarily increase monotonically as the imperfectness of the credit market converges to zero.


Biological responses on biomaterials occur either on their surface or at the interface. Therefore, surface characterization is an essential step in the fabrication of ideal biomaterials for achieving effective control of the interaction between the material surface and the biological environment. Herein, we applied femtosecond laser ablation on electrospun fibrous scaffolds to fabricate various hierarchical patterns with a focus on the alignment of cells. We investigated the simultaneously stimulated response of cardiomyoblasts based on multiple topographical cues, including scales, oriented directions, and spatial arrangements, in the fibrous scaffolds. Our results demonstrated a synergistic effect on cell behaviors of one or more structural arrangements in a homogeneous orientation, whereas antagonistic effects were observed for cells arranged on a surface with heterogeneous directions. Taken together, these results indicate that our hierarchically patterned fibrous scaffolds may be useful tools for understanding the cellular behavior on fibrous scaffolds used to mimic an extracellular matrix-like environment. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1732-1742, 2018.


Not so long ago data warehouses were used to process data sets loaded periodically during ETL process (extraction, transformation and loading). We could distinguish two kinds of ETL processes: full and incremental. Now we often have to process real-time data and analyse them almost on-the-fly, so the analyses are always up to date. There are many possible applications for real-time data warehouses. In most cases two features are important: delivering data to the warehouse as quick as possible, and not losing any tuple in case of failures. In this paper we propose an architecture for gathering and processing data from geographically distributed data sources. We present theoretical analysis, mathematical model of a data source, some rules of system modules configuration and results of experiments. At the end of the paper our future plans are described briefly


This paper investigates gender differences in smoking behavior using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP). We develop a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for count data models, which allows to isolate the part of the gender differential in the number of cigarettes daily smoked that can be explained by differences in observable characteristics from the part attributable to differences in coefficients. Our results reveal that the major part of the gender smoking differential is attributable to differences in coefficients indicating substantial differences in the smoking behavior between men and women.


A method to generate an all-optical flip-flop is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on dynamic Brillouin gratings (DBGs) in polarization maintaining fibers. In a fiber with sufficiently uniform birefringence, this flip-flop can provide extremely long storage times and ultra-wide bandwidth. The experimental results demonstrate an all-optical flip-flop operation using phase-modulated pulses of 300 ps and a 1 m long DBG. This has led to a time-bandwidth product of ∼30, being in this proof-of-concept setup mainly limited by the relatively low bandwidth of the used pulses and the short fiber length.


Orgyan Chokyi (1675-1729) spent her life in Dolpo, the highest inhabited region of the Nepal Himalayas. Illiterate and expressly forbidden by her master to write her own life story, Orgyan Chokyi received divine inspiration to compose one of the most forthright and engaging spiritual autobiographies of the Tibetan literary tradition. Her life story is the oldest of only four Tibetan autobiographies authored by women. It is also a rare example of writing by a pre-modern Buddhist woman, and thus holds a unique place in Buddhist literature as a whole. Translator Kurtis Schaeffer prefaces the text with an illuminating study of the life and times of Orgyan Chokyi and an extended analysis of the hermitess's view of the relation between gender, suffering, and liberation. Based almost entirely on primary Tibetan documents never before translated, this fascinating book will be of interest to those studying Buddhism, gender and religion, and the culture of the Tibetan world.


The main bottleneck in advancing genomics in present times is the lack of expertise in using bioinformatics tools and approaches for data mining in raw DNA sequences generated by modern high throughput technologies such as next generation sequencing. Although bioinformatics has been making major progress and contributing to the development in the rest of the world, it has still not yet fully integrated the tertiary education and research sector in Tanzania. This review aims to introduce a summary of recent achievements, trends and success stories of application of bioinformatics in biotechnology. The applications of bioinformatics in the fields such as molecular biology, biotechnology, medicine and agriculture, the global trend of bioinformatics, accessibility bioinformatics products in Tanzania, bioinformatics training initiatives in Tanzania, the future prospects of bioinformatics use in biotechnology globally and Tanzania in particular are reviewed. The paper is of interest and importance to rouse public awareness of the new opportunities that could be brought about by bioinformatics to address many research problems relevant to Tanzania and sub-Sahara Africa.


A necessary and effective coordination between cadastre and land registry has always existed in Spain, but the difficulties have only been specifically addressed in the last few years. The aim of this study is to illustrate, analyse, and evaluate advances in this coordination in Spain from the beginnings of the current system in the early twentieth century, with the cadastre and land registry operating as separate organisations. A preliminary study was made in 2002 of the difficulties that needed to be overcome to achieve an ideal coordination of mainly mapped information. The study was made by gathering and analysing the opinions of various specialists who have dealt with the issue of coordination. For this research, qualitative information (current and historical) was gathered by querying documents about cadastre and land registry coordination in Spain. This information was studied and compared to identify the problems and challenges. A survey in 2012 analysed the relationship between the cadastre and land registry from the point of view of the general public in the city of Gandia. The Spanish government enacted the first specific and effective legislation on coordination in 2015 (Act 13/2015), and much has changed since its introduction. During the last five years of application, each of the problems initially highlighted has been monitored and analysed, and the difficulties that have arisen have been noted. In this study, each of these problems and challenges is analysed from various perspectives: querying documents (norms, budgets, official news, etc.), websites, digital applications, observation, and interviews. The main results of the case study in Spain are as follows: coordination is generally indispensable and cannot be postponed; there is a difficult understanding between the organisations involved; the general public associate the word "cadastre" with taxes and not with security in the demarcation of property; political will and understanding is necessary; the process is slow and requires long-term agreements; an improvement in the quality of maps is fundamental; and technology is not a problem.


Optical properties of nonabsorbing turbid slurries were studied by reflectometric techniques. Two types of industrial slurries were investigated. The one slurry contained spherical plastic pigments, whereas the other consisted of irregularly shaped calcium carbonate particles in water. The refractive index of the plastic pigment particle was calculated, with the aid of a light-scattering model, as a function of wavelength by using reflectometric data. In addition, the effective refractive index of the plastic pigment slurry was obtained with the use of a surface plasmon resonance sensor. Although analysis of reflectometric data for calcium carbonate slurries is cumbersome, it was possible to obtain information about the volume concentration of optically birefringent particles in water.


Purpose: The clarification of the constructs of the supply chain integration (clients, suppliers, external and internal), the creation of a measurement instrument based on a list of items taken from earlier papers, the validation of these scales and a preliminary benchmark to interpret the scales by percentiles based on a set of control variables (size of the plant, country, sector and degree of vertical integration). Design/methodology/approach: Our empirical analysis is based on the HPM project database (2005-2007 timeframe). The international sample is made up of 266 plants across ten countries: Austria, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden and the USA. In each country. We analized the descriptive statistics, internal consistency testing to purify the items (inter-item correlations, Cronbach's alpha, squared multiple correlation, corrected item-total correlation), exploratory factor analysis, and finally, a confirmatory factor analysis to check the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales. The analyses will be done with the SPSS and EQS programme using the maximum likelihood parameter estimation method. Findings: The four proposed scales show excellent psychometric properties. Research limitations/implications: with a clearer and more concise designation of the supply chain integration measurement scales more reliable and accurate data could be taken to analyse the relations between these constructs with other variables of interest to the academic l fields. Practical implications: providing scales that are valid as a diagnostic tool for best practices, as well as providing a benchmark with which to compare the score for each individual plant against a collection of industrial companies from the machinery, electronics and transportation sectors. Originality/value: supply chain integration may be a major factor in explaining the performance of companies. The results are nevertheless inconclusive, the vast range of results obtained are due, amongst other things, to the fact that there is no exactness to the group of scales used, no-one has yet published an analysis of the measurement models nor clear benchmarks as to the variety of the scales used.


Perhaps no contractual clause invites as little respect as the noncompete agreement. In a few states, the agreement is void and unenforceable. In the remaining states, a noncompete agreement scarcely seems to rise to the level of a legally enforceable agreement. Too often, neither the parties to a noncompete agreement nor the court system believe in enforcement of the agreement as actually written. In most jurisdictions, courts routinely blue pencil or reform covenants that are not reasonable. The blue pencil doctrine gives courts the authority to either strike unreasonable clauses from a noncompete agreement, leaving the rest to be enforced, or actually modify the agreement to reflect the terms that the parties could have - and probably should have - agreed to. This article proposes that courts put the blue pencil down and refuse to enforce noncompete agreements imposing unreasonable restraints. Moreover, when faced with an unreasonable noncompete agreement, courts should refuse to enforce even those clauses or covenants that standing alone would constitute reasonable restraints. Several states already follow this no-modification rule. Moreover, this proposal comports with recent trends - courts have indicated a greater willingness to refuse to reform agreements that are not reasonable on their face. As an alternative to use of the blue pencil doctrine, this article proposes a threshold test that courts should conduct before applying their standard reasonableness analysis. The proposed threshold test involves a requirement for specificity. The proposed specificity test would determine whether a court should further evaluate the contract for enforceability.


Uncertainty analysis of complex simulation models plays an important role in nuclear engineering, where better understanding of uncertainty leads to greater confidence in the models and in the improved safety and efficiency of engineering projects. It is often the case that approximation of uncertaintyinduced variation in the outputs of a model requires extensive sampling. At the same time, running a computationally expensive simulation model more than a few times is impractical. The contradiction may be resolved if a complex model has a simplified, lowerquality version that runs much faster. Order reduction of the model equations based on proper orthogonal decomposition is an attractive choice for this simplification, due to its applicability to nonlinear systems, straightforward implementation, and availability of an a posteriori error estimate [1]. If the reduced model is very good, it replaces the full model for all purposes. In a more general case, the error can be described by a stochastic process with the covariance function fitted to the available training data [2]. The idea of uncertainty analysis on a combination of perfect and imperfect data is not completely new [3]. Our work is distinguished by its emphasis on model order reduction, and also by its relationship with our ongoing work on the use of gradient information for uncertainty quantification [4,5]. Gradient-enhanced automatic learning used in combination with learning on imperfect data allows us to construct models of uncertainty in high dimension, using very little sampling.


Jansen-Winkeln's argument for reversing the hitherto established order of the High Priests of Amun at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty has become almost universally accepted, but still presents some complications. Leaving aside the complexities of the royal and high priestly genealogy, this article attempts to find a solution for what is perhaps the most problematic aspect of Jansen-Winkeln's placement of Herihor after Piankh. This is the notion that the datelines from the period reference the regnal years of High Priests of Amun (who had not yet assumed royal titles) rather than the regnal years of kings. To avoid this problem, we must assume a chronologically possible short reign between those of Ramesses XI and Smendes, corresponding to a period when neither Herihor nor Smendes were yet kings. The article disproves Thijs' identification of such an intervening king with Khakheperre Pinudjem, considers alternative solutions by Dodson and Krauss, and posits a short-lived additional Ramesside king to be interpolated between Ramesses XI and Smendes. This Ramesses XII is possibly to be identified with a king attested on a Wadi Hammamat graffito, who can be shown to be distinct from Ramesses II, with whom he has long been identified in error, and to belong to the late Twentieth Dynasty. Although inevitably based on partly circumstantial evidence, the resulting arrangement keeps the overall chronological framework intact, while resolving a significant problem with Jansen-Winkeln's popular thesis.


Three-dimensional (3-D) multi-user virtual environments (3-D MUVEs) have been used to provide language learners with realistic scenarios in which verbal and non-verbal interactions are simulated. However, little is known of the underlying factors that shape interaction in avatar-based virtual worlds. This study examined the perceptions of 38 student teachers of second language (L2) interaction in relation to the learning and teaching of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) by using 3-D MUVEs. The data that were collected through reflection reports and interviews revealed that the key to the success of promoting L2 interaction may be contingent on the access to realistic scenarios and the presence of non-verbal cues. The participating teachers also offered suggestions regarding the future use of 3-D MUVEs to foster L2 interaction in the learning and teaching of CFL. Overall, the teachers considered this unique platform to be a promising venue where enhanced interaction may contribute to the understanding of target linguistic input, as well as the communication of the learners. This study has provided insight into the dynamic forces that mediate L2 interaction in 3-D MUVEs from the viewpoints of CFL teachers.


During this work the fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis under industrial conditions was studied with respect to the development of a process for the production of a mosquitocidal insecticide elaborated
by this organism. This was done by the development of a two-stage inoculum protocol which produced a high biomass-containing inoculum of vegetative cells which were found to be preferable to free spores for use as an inoculum source. In order to optimize the production stage fermentation,
a range of 1iterature-reported media were studied with respect to cost, sporulation efficiency, biomass production, and fermentation time. The components of these media were then varied and the variant media studied with respect to the same parameters. Finally, all media were examined in relation to their bioactivity (insect toxici ty) production capability, which is the most important parameter of the fermentation of B. thuringiensis. In order to be able to estimate the bioactivity of the culture broths, a mosquito rearing and bioassay facility , as well as *a guinea pig colony, were established. This series of flask-scale investigations highlighted the soyabean/molasses (SM) medium as the most cost-effective medium studied. Following the flask-based experiments, the second inoculum and production stages were scaled up to laboratory-scale fermenters, and then the production stage was run on a pilot-scale.

In addition to these fermentation studies, the purification of the parasporal crystals by an aqueous biphasic separation technique was studied with a view to assessing this method for the production of an organism-free insecticide formulation.

An alternative, shorter and less labour-intensive, bioassay was also investigated.

Finally, a study of proteases produced by B. thuringiensis var israelensis was undertaken in order to determine the number,, types, and time of production of these enzymes during the growth of the organism in industrial media.


Abstract : Tropical cyclone activity over the last 5000 years is investigated using overwash sediments from coastal lagoons on the islands of Vieques, Puerto Rico and Koshikijima, Japan. A simple sediment transport model can reproduce the landward fining deposits observed at Vieques, and reveals that although the record exhibits centennial-tomillennial changes in hurricane overwash frequency, the magnitude of these flooding events has remained relatively constant. Stochastic simulations of hurricane overwash show that breaks in activity at Vieques are extremely long and unlikely to occur under current hurricane climatology and the present barrier morphology. Periods of less frequent hurricane deposition at Vieques are contemporaneous with intervals of increased El Nino occurrences and reduced precipitation in West Africa, suggesting a dominant influence by these two climatic phenomena. Hiatuses in overwash activity between 3600- to-2500 and 1000-500 years ago are longer than what is generated by overwash simulations under a constant El Nino-like state, indicating that mechanisms in addition variability in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation are required to completely produce the overwash variability at Vieques. Periods of low overwash activity at Vieques are concurrent with increased overwash activity at Kamikoshiki and may indicate a correspondence between tropical cyclone activity in the western Northern Atlantic and the western North Pacific.


Abstract:Tracing a trajectory of literary and philosophical texts from the ancient atomists to the late twentieth century, this essay explores the surprisingly consistent role that dust has played in the conceptualization of language. In Lucretius, Sophocles, and the New Testament, dust is as much a standard of representation as it is one object of representation among others. In the most extreme case, it becomes the defining medium of inscription. In Paul Celan's work, the attempt to articulate a rhetoric of negation that will put language on something other than a dusty footing comes perilously close to demonstrating that all verse unfolds under the aegis of the word dust. The essay closes by suggesting that Jorie Graham's poetry offers a new perspective on what it would mean to read the surface of a text, particularly when that text is dusty.


BACKGROUND
Child maltreatment (CM) is a public health problem and is recognized as a huge barrier for child development. Most of the research and definitions on CM are from the perspective of high-income western countries. Because no major studies have been conducted on CM in Bangladesh, the aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of and perceptions on CM in school-age children in rural and urban Bangladesh in order to understand maltreatment in a local context and from a child perspective.

METHODS
Semistructured individual interviews with 24 children (13 boys and 11 girls), between the ages of 9 and 13 years of which 11 were schoolgoing and 13 non-schoolgoing, were conducted during July 2013 and analysed according to qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS
CM was a common and painful experience with serious physical and emotional consequences but highly accepted by the society. Vulnerable groups were especially young children, girls, and poor children. The children's voices were not heard due to their low status and low position in their families, schools, and working places. The main theme that emerged in the analysis was children's subordination, which permeated the five categories: (a) perception of children's situation in society, (b) understanding children's development and needs, (c) CM associated to school achievement, (d) negative impact of CM, and (e) emotional responses.

CONCLUSIONS
Different kinds of abuse are obviously common in Bangladesh, and the schools do not follow the law from 2011 prohibiting corporal punishment at school. The society has to take further steps to live up to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was ratified already in 1990, to protect the Bangladeshi children from CM.


One of the most conspicuous behavioural differences among great apes is the paucity of tool use among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) in comparison to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) who are one of the most prolific and skilled tool users in the animal kingdom. This is in spite of the fact that bonobo tool use repertories are as large and diverse as chimpanzees' in captive settings. In this study, we compared tool using behaviours and potential drivers of these behaviours in the Wamba bonobo population located in central Democratic Republic of Congo with the Goualougo chimpanzee population of northern Republic of Congo. The tool use repertoire of wild bonobos was comprised of only 13 behaviours, compared to 42 for chimpanzees. However, the number of tool behaviours observed in each study site was similar between bonobos and chimpanzees, and many types of tool use for social, self-grooming/stimulation, and comfort/protection functions were commonly used by both species. A marked difference is that 25 of 42 tool behaviours exhibited by chimpanzees are performed for feeding, in contrast to a single report of bonobos using a leaf sponge to drink water. We examined whether the differences in tool use repertoires can be explained by the necessity, opportunity, relative profitability, or invention hypotheses. We found that habitat composition and fluctuation of fruit production at these two sites were similar, particularly when compared with variation observed between sites within each species. Thus it was unlikely that the necessity hypothesis explains the lack of tool use for feeding in bonobos. Though further study at Wamba is needed, we did not identify any obvious differences in prey availability that would indicate differences in tool using opportunities between the sites. This study could not test the relative profitability hypothesis, and further research is needed on whether tool use is the most efficient means of calorie or protein intake for wild apes. Bonobos at Wamba formed much larger and stable parties than chimpanzees at Goualougo, which was contrary to the prediction by the invention hypothesis. Another explanation is that differences in tool use behaviour between bonobos and chimpanzees might not be explained by the current ecological or social conditions, but rather by circumstances during the Pleistocene Epoch. The observed species differences might also reflect divergent behavioural predispositions, rather than actual differences in cognitive abilities.


The paper suggests considering neo-industrial development that is represented as alternative to post-industrialism from the perspective of provision of innovation and investment safety of the country. Authors make an effort to determine economic and institutional backgrounds and criteria of safety of innovation and investment activities. Specification of categorical framework used in researched sphere was conducted; in particular, it was suggested to consider innovation and investment safety the key part of national economic safety. On the basis of regression analysis the appraisal of relation between the size of internal expenditures for research and development and living standards in the country was held - it has demonstrated rather weak relation between researched variables during a short period of time. In addition, the work formulates the key problems in the sphere of innovation and investment safety in Russia and suggests proposals on their solution.


Abstract A rare, intact Viking boat burial in western Scotland contained a rich assemblage of grave goods, providing clues to the identity and origins of both the interred individual and the people who gathered to create the site. The burial evokes the mundane and the exotic, past and present, as well as local, national and international identities. Isotopic analysis of the teeth hints at a possible Scandinavian origin for the deceased, while Scottish, Irish and Scandinavian connections are attested by the grave goods. Weapons indicate a warrior of high status; other objects imply connections to daily life, cooking and work, farming and food production. The burial site is itself rich in symbolic associations, being close to a Neolithic burial cairn, the stones of which may have been incorporated into the grave.


Existing analysis work in machine reading comprehension (MRC) is largely concerned with evaluating the capabilities of systems. However, the capabilities of datasets are not assessed for benchmarking language understanding precisely. We propose a semi-automated, ablation-based methodology for this challenge; By checking whether questions can be solved even after removing features associated with a skill requisite for language understanding, we evaluate to what degree the questions do not require the skill. Experiments on 10 datasets (e.g., CoQA, SQuAD v2.0, and RACE) with a strong baseline model show that, for example, the relative scores of the baseline model provided with content words only and with shuffled sentence words in the context are on average 89.2% and 78.5% of the original scores, respectively. These results suggest that most of the questions already answered correctly by the model do not necessarily require grammatical and complex reasoning. For precise benchmarking, MRC datasets will need to take extra care in their design to ensure that questions can correctly evaluate the intended skills.


Professional antigen presenting cells (APC: myeloid dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ); B lymphocytes) mediate highly efficient HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells, termed trans infection, that could contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. We have previously shown that lower cholesterol content in DC and B lymphocytes is associated with a lack of HIV-1 trans infection in HIV-1 infected nonprogressors (NP). Here we assessed whether HIV-1 trans infection mediated by another major APC, MΦ, is deficient in NP due to altered cholesterol metabolism. When comparing healthy HIV-1 seronegatives (SN), rapid progressors (PR), and NP, we found that monocyte-derived MΦ from NP did not mediate HIV-1 trans infection of autologous CD4+ T cells, in contrast to efficient trans infection mediated by SN and PR MΦ. MΦ trans infection efficiency was directly associated with the number of DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN)-expressing MΦ. Significantly fewer NP MΦ expressed DC-SIGN. Unesterified (free) cholesterol in MΦ cell membranes was significantly lower in NP than PR, as well as virus internalization in early endosomes. Furthermore, simvastatin (SIMV), decreased the subpopulation of DC-SIGN+ MΦ, as well as MΦ cis and trans infection. Notably, SIMV decreased cell membrane cholesterol and led to lipid raft dissociation, effectively mimicking the incompetent APC trans infection environment characteristic of NP. Our data support that DC-SIGN and membrane cholesterol are central to MΦ trans infection, and a lack of these limits HIV-1 disease progression. Lastly, we
identified differentially expressed miRNA in NP and PR plasma which may contribute to the altered cholesterol phenotype we have identified in NP APC. Understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 trans infection has great public health importance. For example, targeting the ability of MΦ to drive HIV-1 dissemination in trans could significantly enhance HIV-1 therapeutic strategies.


Transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) is a transferrin-binding protein predominantly found in liver and intestine. Its abundance is generally opposite that of TfR1, a more ubiquitously present protein that is responsible for the uptake of iron into cells. Mutations in the gene encoding TfR2 (or knockout in mice) produce hemochromatosis and iron loading in the liver, suggesting a role for TfR2 in organismal iron homeostasis. Calzolari et al. used various methods to show that TfR2 was present in lipid raft domains in cultured HepG2 or K562 cells and that TfR2 coimmunoprecipitated with caveolin-1 and colocalized with the tetraspanin CD81. Although the protein was most abundant in the plasma membrane, where lipid raft association was increased in the presence of holotransferrin, the majority of intracellular TfR2 was in a compartment distinct from that in which TfR1 was found. Using sucrose gradient centrifugation, the authors separated exosomes from plasma membrane from lipid raft domains and found that TfR1 and TfR2 were present in exosome preparations, along with CD81. Surprisingly, TfR1 and TfR2 appeared to be present on separate populations of exosomes, in that isolated TfR2-positive exosomes did not cross-react with antibodies that recognized TfR1. When K562 cells were serum starved and then exposed to either human transferrin (binds to both TfR1 and TfR2) or bovine transferrin (binds only to TfR2) or to an antibody that cross-links TfR2, the cells exhibited a transient increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, suggesting activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Cholesterol depletion inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK stimulated by the antibody against TfR2, suggesting that raft association was important for TfR2 to activate the MAPK pathway. This signaling connection supports the hypothesis that TfR2 serves as a sensor of hepatic iron status to regulate the activity of hepcidin, which is a hormone released by the liver that inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages. A. Calzolari, C. Raggi, S. Deaglio, N. M. Sposi, M. Stafsnes, K. Fecchi, I. Parolini, F. Malavasi, C. Peschle, M. Sargiacomo, U. Testa, TfR2 localizes in lipid raft domains and is released in exosomes to activate signal transduction along the MAPK pathway. J. Cell Sci. 119, 4486-4498 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Nicotine is highly addictive and is primarily responsible for the maintenance of cigarette smoking. In 1994, Benowitz and Henningfield proposed the idea of federal regulation of the nicotine content of cigarettes such that the nicotine content of cigarettes would be reduced over time, resulting in lower intake of nicotine and a lower level of nicotine dependence. When nicotine levels get very low, cigarettes would be much less addictive. As a result, fewer young people who experiment with cigarettes would become addicted adult smokers and previously addicted smokers would find it easier to quit smoking when they attempt to do so. The regulatory authority to promulgate such a public health strategy was provided by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Although it precludes 'reducing nicotine to zero', the act does not prohibit the Food and Drug Administration from setting standards for cigarette nicotine content that would prevent them from being capable of causing addiction. This paper reviews the assumptions implicit in a nicotine reduction strategy, examines the available data on the feasibility and safety of nicotine reduction, and discusses the public education, surveillance and support services that would be needed for the implementation of such a policy.


Common Nighthawk and Eastern Whip-poor-will, species-at-risk, use clearcuts locally; however this has not been tested at landscape-scales. I asked: Are landscapes with more clearcut associated with higher occupancy of these species? Occurrence of neither species was significantly affected (n=49) by clearcuts in the surrounding landscape, at any spatial extent. However, Common Nighthawk occupancy was lower in landscapes with more, older clearcuts, and both species occupancy was higher in landscapes with more wetland, significantly for Eastern Whip-poor-will. I propose these species nest on clearcuts because they are like other open habitats (i.e. wetlands). However, clearcuts may offer less insect prey than wetlands and therefore do not act as similar foraging habitat. Thus, clearcuts may be ecological traps, attracting birds to nest in lower quality habitat. I demonstrated that local-scale habitat associations do not necessarily translate to the landscape-scale. This suggests conservation of wetlands are important for persistence of boreal bird species.


Song and dance style--viewed as nonverbal communications about culture--are here related to social structure and cultural history. Patterns of performance, theme, text and movement are analyzed in large samples of films an recordings from the whole range of human culture, according to the methods explained in this volume. Cantometrics, which means song as a measure of man, finds that traditions of singing trace the main historic distributions of human culture and that specific traits of performance are communications about identifiable aspects of society. The predictable and universal relations between expressive communication and social organization, here established for the first time, open up the possibility of a scientific aesthetics, useful to planners.


The ubiquitous use of mobile devices and smartphones in the United States presents an interesting opportunity for application developers with respect to emergency management. Software engineers from the federal government to individuals have recognized the unique prospect of utilizing always-connected devices to assist in emergency notification, preparedness, and response. The federal government has instituted and ratified multiple acts and mandates with respect to mobile communications during a crisis such as the Commercial Mobile Alert System. Likewise, individual organizations and developers have created mobile applications that access weather alerts from the National Weather Service. Many of these applications utilize push notification architectures to notify users and stakeholders about impeding emergency situations. While most of these applications are geared towards a national audience, there are a few that are highly granular with a focus on the local community. This thesis presents a universal iOS application running on all iOS mobile devices: iPhone, iPad, iPad Mini, and iPod Touch for the Virginia Tech community. The application is highly granular with respect to emergency response guidance and notification by providing clear, concise, and supportive information to citizens during a crisis. Additionally, the application provides another medium of delivery for the Office of Emergency Management at Virginia Tech to potentially mitigate the extent of collateral damage and secondary incidents while saving lives.


Where should I live? Is it time to get a new job? Which job candidate should I hire? What business strategy should I pursue? We spend the majority of our lives making decisions, both big and small. Yet, even though our success is largely determined by the choices that we make, very few of us are equipped with useful decision-making skills. Because of this, we often approach our choices tentatively, or even fearfully, and avoid giving them the time and thought required to put our best foot forward. In Smart Choices, John Hammond, Ralph Keeney, and Howard Raiffa--experts with over 100 years of experience resolving complex decision problems--offer a proven, straightforward, and flexible roadmap for making better and more impactful decisions, and offer the tools to achieve your goals in every aspect of your life. Their step-by-step, divide-and conquer approach will teach you how to: * Evaluate your plans * Break your potential decision into its key elements * Identify the key drivers that are most relevant to your goals * Apply systematic thinking * Use the right information to make the smartest choice Smart Choices doesn't tell you what to decide; it tells you how. As you routinely use the process, you'll become more confident in your ability to make decisions at work and at home. And, more importantly, by applying its time-tested methods, you'll make better decisions going forward. Be proactive. Don't wait until a decision is forced on you--or made for you. Seek out decisions that advance your long-term goals, values, and beliefs. Take charge of your life by making Smart Choices a lifetime habit.


Term of Award Spring 2011 Degree Name Master of Arts in History (M.A.) Document Type and Release Option Thesis (open access) Department Department of History Committee Chair Charles S. Thomas Committee Member 1 Alan C. Downs Committee Member 2 Emerson T. McMullen Abstract The Battle of Midway is remembered as one of the greatest military victories in American history and marked as the turning point of the Second World War in the Pacific. The victory has long been celebrated as a great US Naval victory, brought about by the US Navy's Carrier Task Forces. Remembering the battle solely as a carrier victory overlooks the contributions of the Midway-based forces. In truth, the Midway-based forces performed invaluable roles and contributed greatly to the overall victory, and historiography of the Battle of Midway is incomplete without their inclusion. This study documents the contributions of the Midway-based forces and seeks to rectify their omission in the history of the Battle of Midway. Recommended Citation Crooms, Hubert R., "An Unsinkable Carrier: The Midway-Based Forces and the Battle of Midway" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations . 595. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/595  Download


The transport of the plant hormone auxin is central to many aspects of plant development. This thesis describes work developing agent-based simulations of auxin transport canalisation. Auxin transport canalisation is the dominant
theory describing how auxin promotes its own transport through a tissue from a site of auxin biosynthesis to an auxin sink. Directional transport of auxin through plant tissues is mediated by the PIN family of membrane transporters. The exact mechanisms of PIN localisation that facilitate this directional transport are not known. Part of the aim of this work is to test theories of PIN localisation.

The development of the agent-based simulations has been assisted by the CoSMoS process. Using the CoSMoS modelling process, a series of models are produced that assist in the development of simulations of PIN localisation hypotheses. The CoSMoS process describes a systematic method for the
development of simulations of complex systems. The process helps to ensure that the assumptions made during the modelling process are understood, and known.

Two generations of simulator have been developed. The first has successfully tested two hypotheses of PIN localisation in rectangular cells. One, the Diligent Worker Hypothesis is able to produce auxin transport canals in tissues. These canals are an emergent property of the hypothesis and form in a variety of situations. The CoSMoS process was then used to enhance the existing model to test the Diligent Worker Hypothesis in irregular cells of a more natural shape, and to lay the foundation for a well constructed 3D model. The enhanced simulator is flexible and could be used in the future for the testing of additional localisation hypotheses, or auxin homoeostasis in cells.


In a significant class of sensor-network applications, the identities of the reporting sensors constitute the bulk of the communicated data, whereas the message itself can be as small as a single bit - for instance, in many cases, sensors are used to detect whether and where a certain interesting condition occurred, or to track incremental environmental changes at fixed locations. In such scenarios, the traditional network-protocol paradigm of separately specifying the source identity and the message in distinct fields leads to inefficient communication. This work addresses the question of how communication should happen in such identity-aware sensor networks. We calculate theoretical performance bounds for this type of communication, where 'performance' refers to the number of transmitted bits. We propose a communication protocol, where the identity and message of each source are specified jointly using subspace coding. We show through analysis and simulation that our protocol's performance is close to optimal and compare it to the performance of a traditional protocol, where identity and message are specified separately.


Waveform inversion methods can be used to obtain high-resolution images of the elastic and acoustic property changes of petroleum reservoirs under production, but remains computationally challenging. Efficient approximations in modelling the wavefield based on scattering approaches are desirable for solving time-lapse inversion problems and to test the settings in which they give accurate predictions. In this thesis, we are concerned with acoustic waveform modelling and inversion in frequency domain with emphasis on first-order scattering methods. Key themes of review and discussion include the derivation of scattering problems using Green's function techniques; Born approximation, distorted-Born approximation, Distorted Born iterative T-matrix method (DBIT); and the concepts of seismic waveform inversion and its application to different approaches in time-lapse seismic imaging. We employ the Born approximation and distorted-Born to simulate time-lapse synthetic seismograms and test the settings in which these methods are valid by benchmarking them against the exact T-matrix approach. The new distorted-Born approximation presented considers a general heterogeneous reference medium and provides a framework for imaging of regions of time-lapse variation using the baseline survey as a reference and the monitor survey as perturbed to directly estimate the perturbation. This poses a linear inverse scattering problem for which suitable linear and non-linear inversion methods are applicable. Synthetic testing based on different 2D models demonstrate that the new distorted-Born approximation provides accurate predictions of the difference data seismograms, at least in the settings considered while the Born approximation is limited to applications involving small volume and velocity contrasts. The inversion results show that Born inversion (in its limits) and DBIT method sufficiently retrieves the time-lapse velocity changes even in the cases of relatively low signal to noise ratio. Inversion of the difference data (differential approach) not only gives improved results but also proves to be useful and efficient since a single inversion procedure is performed for a pair of seismic experiments and hence computationally less expensive. The DBIT method which considers a dynamic background media and a variational T-matrix approach may be very useful in seismic characterisation of petroleum reservoirs under production and may be more efficient in monitoring of CO2 sequestration. iv


Glandular epithelial cells differentiate into complex multicellular or acinar structures, when embedded in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix. The spectrum of different multicellular morphologies formed in 3D is a sensitive indicator for the differentiation potential of normal, non-transformed cells compared to different stages of malignant progression. In addition, single cells or cell aggregates may actively invade the matrix, utilizing epithelial, mesenchymal or mixed modes of motility. Dynamic phenotypic changes involved in 3D tumor cell invasion are sensitive to specific small-molecule inhibitors that target the actin cytoskeleton. We have used a panel of inhibitors to demonstrate the power of automated image analysis as a phenotypic or morphometric readout in cell-based assays. We introduce a streamlined stand-alone software solution that supports large-scale high-content screens, based on complex and organotypic cultures. AMIDA (Automated Morphometric Image Data Analysis) allows quantitative measurements of large numbers of images and structures, with a multitude of different spheroid shapes, sizes, and textures. AMIDA supports an automated workflow, and can be combined with quality control and statistical tools for data interpretation and visualization. We have used a representative panel of 12 prostate and breast cancer lines that display a broad spectrum of different spheroid morphologies and modes of invasion, challenged by a library of 19 direct or indirect modulators of the actin cytoskeleton which induce systematic changes in spheroid morphology and differentiation versus invasion. These results were independently validated by 2D proliferation, apoptosis and cell motility assays. We identified three drugs that primarily attenuated the invasion and formation of invasive processes in 3D, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Two of these compounds block Rac signalling, one affects cellular cAMP/cGMP accumulation. Our approach supports the growing needs for user-friendly, straightforward solutions that facilitate large-scale, cell-based 3D assays in basic research, drug discovery, and target validation.


Four cultivars of strawberries (Senga Sengana, BFr77111, Elsanta, and Honeoye) were studied for their content of antioxidants, total antioxidant capacity, and low molecular weight carbohydrates in relation to harvest year, ripening stage, and cold storage. For ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and total antioxidative capacity, measured in both water-soluble and water-insoluble extracts, there was a 2-5-fold variation among cultivars. Unripe berries contained lower concentrations of chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid and also quercetin and kaempferol compared with riper berries. During cold storage for up to 3 days, relatively few changes in the concentration of the different antioxidants occurred. The concentrations of several investigated parameters were interrelated, for example, for ascorbic acid and water-soluble antioxidant capacity and for ellagic acid and water-insoluble antioxidant capacity. The dominating sugars in strawberries were fructose and glucose, but considerable amounts of sucrose were also present, and their contents varied among cultivars, giving a predicted glycemic index of approximately 81. Verbascose, raffinose, and stachyose were found in only minor amounts. The study shows that the concentration of a number of bioactive compounds in strawberries varied according to cultivar, ripening stage, and storage. This information should make it possible to select strawberries with an optimal content of bioactive compounds.


BACKGROUND
Although some evidence indicates that early detection protects against the development of lethal melanoma, no randomized clinical trials have been conducted to measure the efficacy of early detection (or screening) in preventing death from this disease. Since melanoma incidence in the United States is relatively rare, a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of screening would be extremely expensive.

PURPOSE
As an alternative to a randomized clinical trial, we conducted a population-based, case-control study to investigate whether early detection through skin self-examination (SSE) is associated with a decreased risk of lethal melanoma (includes the presence of advanced disease with distant metastases in addition to death from melanoma).

METHODS
SSE (conducting a careful, deliberate, and purposeful examination of the skin) was assessed in all subjects by use of a structured questionnaire and personal interviews. The major exposure variable, SSE, was defined following focus-group interviews with melanoma patients and healthy control subjects. The final study population consisted of 1199 Caucasian residents of the state of Connecticut enrolled from January 15, 1987, through May 15, 1989; 650 individuals were newly diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma, and the remaining 549 individuals were age- and sex-frequency matched control subjects from the general population. During the study interviews, nevi on the arms and backs of subjects were counted. In 5 years of follow-up (through March 1994), 110 lethal cases of melanoma were identified. The study design allowed separate estimation of the impact of SSE on reduced melanoma incidence (primary prevention) and survival among incident cases (secondary prevention). Odds ratios (ORs) were used to measure the associations between SSE and melanoma and between SSE and lethal melanoma.

RESULTS
SSE, practiced by only 15% of all subjects, was associated with a reduced risk of melanoma incidence (adjusted OR = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44-0.99; comparing case patients with control subjects). The data indicated further that SSE may reduce the risk of advanced disease among melanoma patients (unadjusted risk ratio = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.31-1.11); however, longer follow-up is required to confirm this latter estimate. If both estimates are correct, they suggest, in combination, that SSE may reduce mortality from melanoma by 63% (adjusted OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16-0.84; comparing lethal cases with general population controls).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
SSE may provide a useful and inexpensive screening method to reduce the incidence of melanoma. SSE may also reduce the development of advanced disease. The results of this study need to be replicated before strategies to increase the practice of SSE are further developed and promoted.


Post war problems of rising urban, industrial pollution and intractable waste disposal are usually considered as technical and economic problems only, solutions to which were led by experts at State level, and filtered into Australia from the ferments occurring in the United States and Britain in the 1960s and 70s. This paper investigates the change which arose from the localities in which the impact of those effects of modern city development were occurring. In particular, this study looks at a working class, industrial area, the Georges River near Bankstown Municipality, which was severely affected by Sydney's post-war expansion. Here, action to address urgent environmental problems was initiated first at the local level, and only later were professional engineers and public health officials involved in seeking remedies. It was even later that these local experts turned from engineering strategies to environmental science, embracing the newly developed ecological analyses to craft changing approaches to local problems. This paper centres on the perspective of one local public health surveyor, employed by a local municipal council to oversee waste disposal, to identify the motives for his decisions to intervene dramatically in river health and waste disposal programs. Rather than being prompted to act by influences from higher political levels or overseas, this officer drew his motivation from careful local data collection, from local political agitation and from his own recreational knowledge of the river. It was his involvement with the living environments of the area – the ways in which he knew the river - through personal and recreational experiences, which prompted him to seek out the new science and investigate emerging waste disposal technologies.


T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL) is an aggressive tumor with leukemic presentation of mature T‐lymphocytes. Here, we aimed at characterizing the initial events in the molecular pathogenesis of T‐PLL and particularly, at determining the point in T‐cell differentiation when the hallmark oncogenic events, that is, inv(14)(q11q32)/t(14;14)(q11;q32) and t(X;14)(q28;q11) occur. To this end, we mined whole genome and transcriptome sequencing data of 17 and 11 T‐PLL cases, respectively. Mapping of the 14q32.1 locus breakpoints identified only TCL1A, which was moreover significantly overexpressed in T‐PLL as compared to benign CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells, as the only common oncogenic target of aberrations. In cases with t(14;14), the breakpoints mapped telomeric and in cases with inv(14) centromeric or in the 3′‐untranslated region of TCL1A. Regarding the T‐cell receptor alpha (TRA) locus‐TCL1A breakpoint junctions, all 17 breakpoints involved recombination signal sequences and 15 junctions contained nontemplated (N‐) nucleotides. All T‐PLL cases studied carried in‐frame TRA rearrangements on the intact allele, which skewed significantly toward usage of distal/central TRAV/TRAJ gene segments as compared to the illegitimate TRA rearrangements. Our findings suggest that the oncogenic TRA‐TCL1A/MTCP1 rearrangements in T‐PLL occur during opening of the TRA locus, that is, during the progression from CD4+ immature single positive to early double positive thymocyte stage, just before physiologic TCL1A expression is silenced. The cell carrying such an oncogenic event continues maturation and rearranges the second TRA allele to achieve a functional T‐cell receptor. Thereafter, it switches off RAG and DNTT expression in line with the mature T‐cell phenotype at presentation of T‐PLL.


Abstract How can students arrive at a closer understanding of the material culture that shaped the lives of the French aristocracy and nascent bourgeoisie of late eighteenth-century France? This is one of the challenges that students face in the first-year seminar, Re-Membering Marie Antoinette, as they study the multiple and conflicting ways that Marie Antoinette was and has been represented in biographies, portraits, memoirs, fiction, film, fashion, plays and pornographic pamphlets, records of her trial in 1793, and the spaces and activies that shaped her daily life. This article focuses on a series of scaffolded assignments that lead students to imagine what Marie Antoinette's daily life might have been like by exploring the material culture of the period through the objects, decor, and activities depicted in Moreau le Jeune's series of engravings, Le Monument du Costume, and the craftsmanship, labor, and social practices they entail as described in Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie.


External environmental costs of land transportation are costs imposed on the environment by the users of railroad and road transportation and yet are not compensated by those who impose them. The main goal of this research is quantitative evaluation of external environmental costs in railroad and road transportation sections and to compare the two. This is a field and library research which has calculated the external environmental costs including global warming costs and air pollutions costs based on the statistics of the railroad and vehicle traffic of the Tehran – Qom route for the year 1391 (March 20, 2012 to March 20, 2013). For this aim, in order to calculate the external environmental costs in the subject route, first the present transportation conditions of the route in the railroad and road sections were identified, and after identifying the impacts of the land transportation projects, the usable data for calculating the previously mentioned costs were extracted. Finally, by identification and use of the mathematical models used in similar research, the amount of the external environmental costs, the amount of air pollution, and the global warming for the Tehran – Qom freeway in the year 1391 (March 20, 2012 to March 20, 2013) was estimated at 1000 billion Rials. For the railroad transportation in the Tehran – Qom route, this amount was estimated at 20 billion Rials. The comparison between these costs in the two railroad and road section in the subject route revealed that with regard to the passenger and goods transportation capacity in the railroad transportation section, the development of the railroad transportation can impose significantly less external environment costs. Keywords-Railroad and road transportation, External environmental costs, Air pollution, Global warming


The paths taken by Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and
Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched Paths
(LSPs) may be computed by Path Computation Elements (PCEs). Where the
TE LSP crosses multiple domains, such as Autonomous Systems (ASes),
the path may be computed by multiple PCEs that cooperate, with each
responsible for computing a segment of the path. To preserve
confidentiality of topology within each AS, the PCEs support a
mechanism to hide the contents of a segment of a path (such as the
segment of the path that traverses an AS), called the Confidential
Path Segment (CPS), by encoding the contents as a Path Key Subobject
(PKS) and embedding this subobject within the result of its path
computation. This document describes how to carry Path Key Subobjects
in the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Explicit Route Objects
(EROs) and Record Route Object (RROs) so as to facilitate
confidentiality in the signaling of inter-domain TE LSPs.


For a presentation $\mathcal{A}$ of a transversal matroid $M$, we study the set $T_{\mathcal{A}}$ of single-element transversal extensions of $M$ that have presentations that extend $\mathcal{A}$; we order these extensions by the weak order. We show that $T_{\mathcal{A}}$ is a distributive lattice, and that each finite distributive lattice is isomorphic to $T_{\mathcal{A}}$ for some presentation $\mathcal{A}$ of some transversal matroid $M$. We show that $T_{\mathcal{A}}\cap T_{\mathcal{B}}$, for any two presentations $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ of $M$, is a sublattice of both $T_{\mathcal{A}}$ and $T_{\mathcal{B}}$. We prove sharp upper bounds on $|T_{\mathcal{A}}|$ for presentations $\mathcal{A}$ of rank less than $r(M)$ in the order on presentations; we also give a sharp upper bound on $|T_{\mathcal{A}}\cap T_{\mathcal{B}}|$. The main tool we introduce to study $T_{\mathcal{A}}$ is the lattice $L_{\mathcal{A}}$ of closed sets of a certain closure operator on the lattice of subsets of $\{1,2,\ldots,r(M)\}$.


ABSTRACT This article focuses on the prevention of exposure to wood dust when operating electrical hand-held sawing and sanding machines. A laboratory methodology was developed to measure the dust concentration around machines during operating processes. The main objective was to characterize circular saws and sanders, with the aim of classifying the different power tools tested in terms of dust emission (high dust emitter vs. low dust emitter). A test set-up was developed and is described and a measurement methodology was determined for each of the two operations studied. The robustness of the experimental results is discussed and shows good tendencies. The impact of air-flow extraction rate was assessed and the pressure loss of the system for each machine established. For the circular saws, three machines over the nine tested could be classified in the low dust emitter group. Their mean concentration values measured are between 0.64 and 0.98 mg/m3 for the low dust emitter group and from 2.55 and 4.37 mg/m3 for the high dust emitter group. From concentration measurements, a machine classification is possible—one for sanding machines and one for sawing machines—and a ratio from 1–7 is obtained when comparing the results. This classification will be helpful when a choice of high performance power tools, in terms of dust emission, must be made by professionals.


This paper consists of a correspondence written by Shylock to his friend Tubal following his court appearance against Antonio, the Merchant of Venice. In this invaluable document, Shylock reflects on the events that led to the trial and the trial's outcome. Discussing such matters as the relationship of law and morality, justice and love, society and community, Shylock demonstrates an astute grasp of the issues involved and his acknowledgement of the role he himself played in his own downfall. Written at the dawn of modernity, this letter offers an unique insight into the emergence and potentiality of the specifically modern phenomenon of anti-Semitism.


This paper tests the hypotheses that grain self-sufficiency policies and fiscal decentralization result in inefficiency in grain production in China. Households supply grain in order to comply with self-sufficiency policies rather than to maximize profits. This raises the possibility that grain production is inefficient - especially where the opportunity costs are high (Turner, Brandt, and Rozelle). In addition, fiscal decentralization results in inefficiency in low-income provinces where the small A multiple output distance function is used to derive expressions for a stochastic production frontier and economic inefficiency. Provincial level data for grain and rural industrial output are used in the analysis and local fiscal expenditures and revenues are used as explanators of inefficiency. The expressions are estimated simultaneously using maximum likelihood techniques. The findings suggest that grain production in China could be made more efficient by: 1.) policies that encourage production according to comparative advantage rather than grain self-sufficiency and, 2.) fiscal reforms that increase the responsibility of the central government for agricultural investment.


Due to the increasing integration of new renewable energies, the electrical grid undergoes more frequent instabilities. Hydroelectric power plants, particularly pumped storage plants, are well suited for grid control. However, this objective requires extending the operating range of the machines and increasing the number of start-up, stand-by and shut-down procedures, which reduces the lifespan of the machines due to high mechanical stresses. The current study focuses on a pumped-storage power plant equipped with ternary groups. Recently, cracks on the runner blades of the Francis turbine have been observed without finding a clear explanation for their onset. During this period, the number of starts and stops per day has strongly increased. In order to better understand the origin of the fatigue of the turbine runner, external and on-board measurements along with CFD and FEM investigations have been performed. The on-board measurements provide evidence high mechanical stresses on the runner blades during the synchronization of the machine at speed no-load (SNL) operating condition. The frequency spectrum observed on the various signals suggests that the high stresses are linked to the excitation of one of the runner modes by some flow instabilities, which is supported by the CFD and FEM analyses.


When arbitration is conducted online, some inherent, fundamental issues arise which could potentially undermine the enforceability of the final award under the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, the "New York Convention" (NYC). The study identifies four key challenges which a winning party seeking the enforcement of an electronic award according to the NYC might face with relation to the enforcement of that award: the validity of electronic arbitration agreements, the enforceability of consumer arbitration agreements concluded online, obstacles arising out of the conduct of the arbitration procedures online and the issue of electronic authentication of the final award.
The study first critically analyses the NYC, to identify some key problems in relation to each of the said issues which might compromise or undermine the enforcement of awards rendered in online arbitration; it then makes suggestions as to some possible amendments to the NYC. The study then goes on to consider these issues in the context of the applicable law before the Dubai and DIFC Courts as the enforcement courts, to examine their ability to enforce such an award. The study concludes with several recommendations for both practice and law reform in the jurisdictions discussed, in relation to each issue.
The study is original in that it is the first comprehensive analysis of all the said issues, from formation of the arbitration agreement, through various stages of online procedures, to the final enforcement of the award, within the examined jurisdictions. Further, the recommended changes would help to improve the efficiency and reliability of the courts of Dubai and DIFC with regard to the enforceability of an award given via online arbitration. This is a particularly important issue in light of the current and anticipated growth in the prominence of the identified jurisdictions as financial and business centres, the centrality of international arbitration to international business and the fundamental need for confidence in the enforceability of the courts and arbitration awards.


-This paper proposes a low-power and area-efficient shift register using digital pulsed latches. The area and power consumption are reduced by replacing flip-flops with pulsed latches. This method solves the timing problem between pulsed latches through the use of multiple non-overlap delayed pulsed clock signals instead of the conventional single pulsed clock signal. The shift register uses a small number of the pulsed clock signals by grouping the latches to several sub shifter registers and using additional temporary storage latches. A 256-bit shift register using pulsed latches was fabricated using a 0.18μm CMOS process with VDD = 1.8V. The core area is 6600μm2. The power consumption is 1.2mW at a 100 MHz clock frequency. The proposed shift register saves 37% area and 44% power compared to the conventional shift register with flip-flops.In digital circuits, a shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the"data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it, shifting in the data present at its input and shifting out the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input. More generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that its "data in" and stage outputs are themselves bit arrays: this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the same bit-length in parallel.


This paper outlines an integrated framework in support of a generic problem of system of systems (SoS) integration and illustrates an application of the framework formalisms to evaluate a large architecture comprising the Air Combat Capability (ACC) integrated into its command control communication computer intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) SoS environment. The framework utilises the notion of synthesis of executable architectures from their static Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) specifications and focuses on the information interoperability aspect of integration. The DoDAF architecture, obtained in the earlier studies, was found not being readily amendable to development of executable models and hence certain refinements are performed. An operational activity process capturing the missions carried out by an ACC together with its corresponding properties is extracted from the architecture and modelled as coloured Petri net (CPN). State space analysis is utilised to investigate the CPN model. All possible execution sequences are generated and investigated to verify the properties of interest. The approach of developing executable architectures of the existing, large, non-execution compliant architectures assists analysts and designers to evaluate rigorously and efficiently and to compare architecture designs.


Cytopathology of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Color Atlas and Text - The neuroendocrine system is fascinating. It is an intriguing, complex system. For centuries, it has sustained the interest of scientists, who have provided the community with a wealth of information on neuroendocrine tumors types-history, genetics, clinical presentation, surgical pathology, differential diagnoses ...on everything except cytopathology ...until now. This one-of-a-kind color atlas fills a long-standing void in neuroendocrine resources. This atlas provides clear, descriptive information on the cytopathology of neuroendocrine tumor types and differential diagnoses in one cutting-edge, comprehensive resource. This unique atlas is dedicated exclusively to providing expert, illustrated coverage of the cytopathology of neuroendocrine tumors. Inside, the content addresses the wide distribution of the neuroendocrine cells in the body and the ubiquitous nature of their neoplasms. Readers will also explore detailed descriptions of the morphologic spectrum of the neoplasms (including different terminologies), as well as their immunocytohistochemical properties, associated ultrastructural findings, secretory products, and their association with many hereditary syndromes. Put the power of this atlas to work for you! Features: detailed coverage of cytomorphology of neuroendocrine neoplasia provides information not found in textbooks; current tumor classifications for each body system are included as an appendix at the end of each chapter; over 1000 full-color images detail a range of tumor sites and types, assisting in refining the differential diagnosis; and handy glossary helps clarify differences in terminology.


The issue of wind farm capacity is addressed through study of a simple but generic system. Wind-farm size is defined in terms of its rating relative to system fault level at the wind-farm terminals. The voltage rise for a wind farm whose capacity is 20% of system fault rating is determined for various utility network reactance-to-resistance ratios (X/R). The focus is on a network with an X/R ratio of unity, typical of 33 kV networks in the UK. It is shown that capacitive compensation for a fixed-speed wind turbine generator can contribute to the voltage rise problem. A typical compensation scheme, with extra capacitance being switched in as active power increases, results in the maximum allowed voltage rise for a wind-farm capacity of 13% of system fault rating. A modified scheme, with capacitive compensation being reduced at greater active power outputs, enables the capacity to be increased to 20% of system fault rating. The modified scheme leads to slightly increased network losses. It has the advantage that the reduced capacitive compensation is below the level required for self excitation. An analogous study for a wind farm based on doubly-fed induction generators results in the same capacity limitation, but with slightly reduced losses.


In this paper we investigate Dutch corporate liquidity management in general, and target adjustment behaviour in particular. To this purpose, we use a simple error correction model of corporate liquidity holdings applied to firm-level data for the period 1977–1997. We confirm the existence of long-run liquidity targets at the firm level. We also find that changes in liquidity holdings are driven by short-run shocks as well as the urge to converge towards targeted liquidity levels. The rate of target convergence is higher when we include more firm-specific information in the target. This result supports the idea that increased precision in defining liquidity targets associates with a faster observed rate of target convergence. It also suggests that the slow speeds of adjustment obtained in many macro studies on money demand are artefacts of aggregation bias.


This book pays critical homage to the eminent comparatist of Chinese and Western literature and religion, Anthony C. Yu of The University of Chicago. Broadly comparative, cross-cultural, and interdisciplinary in scope, the volume consists of an introductory essay on Yu's scholarly career, and thirteen additional essays on topics such as literary texts and traditions of varying provenance and periods, ranging from ancient Greece, medieval Europe, and nineteenth- and twentieth-century England and America, to China from the classical to modern periods. The disciplines and areas of research that the essays draw into constructive engagement with one another include comparative literature, religion and literature, history of religions, (or comparative religion), religion and social thought, and the study of myth. Eric Ziolkowski is Professor and Head of the Department of Religious Studies at Lafayette College.


The Eurozone crisis mobilises an appreciable amount of the attention of politicians and the public, with calls for a decisive defence of the euro, because the single currency's demise is said to be the beginning of the end of the EU and Single European Market. In our view, 1 preserving the euro may result in something completely different than expected: the disintegration of the EU and the Single European Market rather than their further strengthening. The fundamental problem with the common currency is individual countries' inability to correct their external exchange rates, which normally constitutes a fast and efficient adjustment instrument, especially in crisis times. Europe consists of nation states that constitute the major axes of national identity and major sources of government's legitimisation. Staying within the euro zone may sentence some countries – which, for whatever reason, have lost or may lose competitiveness – to economic, social and civilizational degradation, and with no way out of this situation. This may disturb social and political cohesion in member countries, give birth to populist tendencies that endanger the democratic order, and hamper peaceful cooperation in Europe. The situation may get out of control and trigger a chaotic break-up of the euro zone, threatening the future of the whole EU and Single European Market. In order to return to the origins of European integration and avoid the chaotic break-up of the euro zone, the euro zone should be dismantled in a controlled manner. If a weak country were to leave the euro zone, it would entail panic and a banking system collapse. Therefore we opt for a different scenario, in which the euro area is slowly dismantled in such a way that the most competitive countries or group of such countries leave the euro zone. Such a step would create a new European currency regime based on national currencies or currencies serving groups of homogenous countries, and save EU institutions along with the Single European Market.


In 1773 the Society of Jesus was formally suppressed and the Fathers of the English Province entered a period of limbo which their school at St. Omers survived in a variety of guises. The first chapter of this thesis describes the arrival of the teachers and pupils of this school in England; and examines the manner in which the College and Order were reconstituted on English soil. The nature of the curriculum, finances and social class composition are considered -inter alia. The second and third chapters relate the way in which the work undertaken at the founding College, Stonyhurst, was expanded. These chapters describe the revival of day Colleges by the Society, and analyse the way in which the new Colleges, both day and boarding, were managed. An important feature examined, is the extension of educational provision for middle class pupils coupled with the curricular and financial adaptations undertaken. One element which is common to all chapters is an analysis of the relationship of the Order to the Hierarchy. In Chapter 4 this becomes a central concern of the study as the attempts by the Jesuits to begin a College in Manchester resulted in a direct confrontation with the local Bishop and ultimately with the whole English Hierarchy, The attitude and machinations of the Cardinal Archbishop, Henry Edward Manning, led to the defeat of the Order in a canonical dispute in Rome, a result which blighted the Jesuits' work for more than a decade. The chapter also examines the educational circumstances and effects of this dispute, the case in canon law awaits exploration. Chapters 5 and 6 examine the work of the Order in the light of the Bull Romanos Pontifices which followed the defeat in Rome. The former considers the Fathers' efforts to improve their educational service to Catholic youth while effectively prevented from opening new schools. The latter examines the revitalisation of the English Province's Colleges in the Archiepiscopate of Cardinal Vaughan, but also demonstrates the inexorable financial difficulties facing the opening and conduct of schools. In the penultimate chapter, a departure is made to examine the progress made by the Jesuits in boarding education in the Stonyhurst tradition. The opening and evolution of Beaumont College and the assimilation of the Order's schools into the community of Public schools are important factors under scrutiny. The final chapter considers the relationship of the Jesuit day Colleges to the State. As the State expanded its role and the Jesuit schools sought additional finance, they were ineluctably drawn together. The evolutionary nature of this relationship and its political ramifications are considered as they moved to a position of mutually agreed neutrality, if not satisfaction, an appropriate point, before the overwhelming cataclysm of the First World War, to terminate this thesis. The foundations upon which this thesis was constructed lie in the study of much manuscript material. Like many of the sources for Catholic history, these records are widely dispersed and have had to be correlated. As the study makes clear, there are few secondary guides. University theses have often contained the only indications of the work of the Bishops, or other Catholic educators. It is hoped that this thesis will, in its turn, serve to guide others in a terrain where there are many areas yet unexplored.


When writing persuasive briefs, attorneys use comparisons — metaphors or case-based analogies — to help explain their analyses and support their positions. But attorneys use the two types of comparisons for very different purposes. Several legal scholars have explored how attorneys use metaphors in their legal writing. While the existing scholarship on legal metaphors is excellent, it is not sufficient to properly understand how to best draft case-based analogies. Unfortunately, case-based analogies have been surprisingly understudied despite their critical role in persuasive legal briefs. Not surprisingly, many attorneys are unaware of how far short their analogies fall from reaching their persuasive potential. This Article explores what studies in other disciplines can teach legal minds about how legal readers — judges and attorneys — process analogical information, connecting existing science in concrete ways to the legal context of brief writing. This Article also highlights the differences between metaphors and analogies in legal writing so that attorneys can think more strategically about what they want to accomplish when employing a metaphor or an analogy. Finally, based on the insights examined earlier in the Article, this Article discusses several concrete examples of effective and ineffective case-based analogies. By exploring how the brain processes analogical information and applying that knowledge to the realm of legal analysis, this Article explores how attorneys can become more conscious of their approach to crafting effective analogies. As a result, attorneys can improve their skills as brief writers and advocates.


The transition to electric vehicles is an important strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars. Modelling future pathways helps identify critical drivers and uncertainties. Global integrated assessment models (IAMs) have been used extensively to analyse climate mitigation policy. IAMs emphasise technological change processes but are largely silent on important social and behavioural dimensions to future technological transitions. Here, we develop a novel conceptual framing and empirical evidence base on social learning processes relevant for vehicle adoption. We then implement this formulation of social learning in IMAGE, a widely-used global IAM. We apply this new modelling approach to analyse how technological learning and social learning interact to influence electric vehicle transition dynamics. We find that technological learning and social learning processes can be mutually reinforcing. Increased electric vehicle market shares can induce technological learning which reduces technology costs while social learning stimulates diffusion from early adopters to more risk-averse adopter groups. In this way, both types of learning process interact to stimulate each other. In the absence of social learning, however, the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption among later-adopting groups remains prohibitively high. In the absence of technological learning, electric vehicles remain relatively expensive and therefore is only an attractive choice for early adopters. This first-of-its-kind model formulation of both social and technological learning is a significant contribution to improving the behavioural realism of global IAMs. Applying this new modelling approach emphasises the importance of market heterogeneity, real-world consumer decision-making, and social dynamics as well as technology parameters, to understand climate mitigation potentials.


To address the need to deliver cost-effective projects while minimizing traffic impacts, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) desires to improve their knowledge, awareness and retention of rapid pavement construction tools, materials and methods. This project discusses the implementation, use and experience of using the following items related to rapid pavement construction: CA4PRS (Construction Alternatives for Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies), portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement panel replacement, polymer concrete and traffic closure windows. CA4PRS is a Microsoft Access-based software program for predicting construction productivity for highway rehabilitation/reconstruction. It was tested in two case studies and has proved capable of providing meaningful scheduling and productivity inputs into early project planning. Panel replacement techniques and polymer concrete construction are reviewed (including contractor interviews) in an effort to document past successes and failures as well as key decision points when making future project decisions. Finally, a review of traffic closure windows for rapid construction is presented.


OBJECTIVES: Concern about the health hazards of exposure to workers in the ferroalloy industry has initiated this historical cohort study. The aim was to examine the mortality pattern among male employees in 12 Norwegian ferroalloy plants. METHODS: All men employed for at least six months who started their first employment during 1933-91 were eligible for the cohort. Deaths observed during 1962-90 were compared with expected figures calculated from national mortalities. Internal comparisons of rates were performed by Poisson regression analysis. The final cohort comprised 14,730 male employees who were observed for 288,886 person-years. RESULTS: Mortality from all causes of death was slightly increased (3390 deaths, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.04-1.11). Regression analysis of total mortality showed a significant negative trend for the rate ratios with increasing duration of employment. An increased mortality was found among employees in urban plants compared with employees in rural plants (rate ratio (RR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.29). Excess deaths from cancer (SMR 1.11) and sudden death (SMR 1.47) were found among employees with at least three years of employment. Mortality from accidents, poisonings, and violence was increased among all employees (SMR 1.28). Excess deaths from this cause were however only found for the time after the end of employment in this industry and not during employment (SMR 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The increased mortality from cancer and sudden death could be related to work exposures, at least in subgroups, and these results warrant further studies. The excess deaths from accidents, poisonings, and violence were probably not related to work exposures. The mortality results for short term workers and other information indicate that systematic errors contribute to the increased overall mortality.


The South Africa alcohol industry is one of the most challenging and competitive sectors of the FMCG. With the strong presence of international brands, the local spirits environment is seemingly becoming tough and uncertain, due to products and prices reaching parity. Organisations within this monopolized industry are faced with intense competition and are seeking ways to differentiate themselves from the competition. One of the differentiating factors being considered by the organisation under study is improving its service delivery. The aim of this study is to evaluate customer expectations and perceptions of service quality at Edward Snell & Co Ltd. within the greater Durban area. This report has reviewed current literature and opinions about customer service, and has also reviewed factors such as customer service, service characteristics and its measurement. The report also covers data analysis, data collection, and questionnaire design in the research methodology chapter. The analysis of the results reveals important gap findings amongst the tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy dimensions of service quality. Finally, in order to improve the levels of customer service at Edward Snell & Co Ltd., recommendations such as regular service quality measurements, education of the organisation's workforce and other general recommendations are included in the study.


The purpose of this work is development of the model of evaluation of efficiency of the use of resources in economy of regions of sparsely forested area, which allows offering a typology of zones in the region and performing zoning of territory depending on the efficiency of activities of structures which use forest resources. The offered model is peculiar for calculation of deviations of current income of state and entrepreneur from optimal income from the point of view of the most profitable use of lands. On the basis of the offered model, the typology for regions of sparsely forested area is developed, which includes four types of territories: high-profitable territories – characterized by minimal deviations of profitability of entrepreneur and state, due to which they are considered to be territories with well-balanced use of forest resources in economy; profitable territories with emphasis on state's interest, where the deviation of profitability of entrepreneur is maximal, and profitability of state is minimal; profitable territories with emphasis on interest of entrepreneurs, where deviation of entrepreneur's profitability is minimal, and of state's profitability is maximal; low-income territories, unattractive for forest use, where deviation of profitability of entrepreneur and state is maximal. This typology conforms to the task of formation of differentiated instrumentarium of well-balanced use of forest resources in territories' economy.


Current approaches to automatic, class specific, image retrieval from the World Wide Web (WWW) by linguistic query often make use of an image's internal characteristics and file meta-data to augment and improve result accuracy. We propose that, in extension, improvement can be achieved in relevance, noise-reduction and completeness through sense disambiguation and contextual meta-data prepossessing. Our schemes exploits a linguistic ontology identifying query relevant homographs used to construct sense specific keyword sets allowing for enhanced image search and result ranking via the calculation of relatedness between query homographs and image context prior to any additional filtering. Within the paper we investigate different schemes for keyword set construction; ontology exclusive and authority extended, along with three differing ranking mechanisms.


This paper investigates the effect of concrete-rebar bond and fibre content on the capacity and ductility of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams. In this paper, beams with different proportions of steel fibre and different bar types are tested. Three sets of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams are made with 0%, 1%, and 2% steel fibres by volume. All beams are singly reinforced with three different bar types; deformed bars, plain round bars, and deformed bars unbonded in the central one-third length. All beams are designed for flexure failure, and two equal point loads are applied symmetrically to generate a constant moment region in the central span between the point loads. Test results show that beams containing steel fibres have higher yield load, possess better post-yield load carrying capacity, and are more ductile than the beams made of plain concrete. Although beams with deformed bars possess higher post-yield load carrying capacity and are more ductile than beams with round and unbonded bars, this difference diminishes with the addition of fibres.


Abstract Biominerals are a subset of the mineral kingdom, those created by living creatures. In spite of usually fine grain size and intimate association with organic materials, biominerals are readily identified as common mineral species. Iron hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, calcium carbonates and calcium phosphates from uni- and multi-cellular species are presented as examples of biominerals, and biomineralization processes. Their special morphological, and crystal chemical, characteristics provide unique structural contributions to the life forms that create them. Investigations of novel habitats should present opportunities to expand the number of biominerals and their potential for industrial applications.


Two decades after its original publication, The Analysis of Household Surveys is reissued with a new preface by its author, Sir Angus Deaton, recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious interest in using household survey data to shed light on policy issues. This book reviews the analysis of household survey data, including the construction of household surveys, the econometric tools useful for such analysis, and a range of problems in development policy for which this survey analysis can be applied. The author's approach remains close to the data, using transparent econometric and graphical techniques to present data in a way that can clearly inform policy and academic debates. Chapter 1 describes the features of survey design that need to be understood in order to undertake appropriate analysis. Chapter 2 discusses the general econometric and statistical issues that arise when using survey data for estimation and inference. Chapter 3 covers the use of survey data to measure welfare, poverty, and distribution. Chapter 4 focuses on the use of household budget data to explore patterns of household demand. Chapter 5 discusses price reform, its effects on equity and efficiency, and how to measure them. Chapter 6 addresses the role of household consumption and saving in economic development. The book includes an appendix providing code and programs using STATA, which can serve as a template for the users' own analysis.