The purpose of the work presented in this report was to continue the study of a six phase dual winding IPMSM with split dc-link conducted in [1]. The setup has been proposed as a means to improve the power ratings of ship-propulsion motors by increasing the number of stator windings, and thereby avoiding the problem of phase current limitations. The addition of a split dc-link gave the system increased redundancy and reliability by making the three phase inverter for each winding group capable of independently receiving power from separate sources. The simulations performed in [1] showed unsatisfactory response in crucial fault situations that directly influence the machines reliability and redundancy. In order to improve the systems response to these faults a new control structure proposed by [2], have been constructed to replace the Double Synchronous Frame Current Control (DSFC) used in [1]. This new control structure is named Decoupled Six-Phase Current Control (DSPC) and utilizes the rotating vector space decomposition, to be introduced later, in order to successfully control both the (d,q) and (z1,z2) subsystem. Classical dq current controllers were used to regulate both subsystems. The work has focused on understanding, developing and comparing the control strategy for such a machine, by theoretical modelling, analysis and analogue simulations of the machine and control structure. The new decoupled control structure will be analyzed and compared to the results of the DSFC structure. The simulations were used to verify the machines ability to perform under normal operations, as well as its response to certain fault situations. Particular effort has been made to study the transient effects of asymmetric torque limitations and dc-link undervoltage on the system. The simulations carried out showed that the new control structures ability to respond to changes in torque reference, during normal operation, were satisfactory. The control structure was able to quickly follow the torque reference and split the load evenly on the two inverters. This was done without excitation of the (z1,z2) subsystem. The simulations of the system response to asymmetric torque limitations also gave satisfactory results when including the decoupling elements for both subsystems. The direct and quadrature axis currents were rapidly regulated to their new steady state values for both inverters. This was done without considerable overshoot, and without endangering the integrity of the two inverters. However, the system response to low dc-link voltage shows a need to implement additional control features in order to make the system successfully respond to a low dc-link voltage. This is in particular true for the step in dc-link voltage, where a large initial current peak may cause the trip of the motor drive. It should be stressed that these are the results of analogue simulations, not including the effect of a digital control structure and the disturbance introduced by inverter switching. Modelling and Control of Six-Phase Machines Modelling and Control of Six-Phase Machines


An Indian parliamentary panel has said a "collusive nexus" between India's drug regulators, manufacturers, and doctors has facilitated the irregular approvals of drugs and threatens to compromise the interests of patients.

A standing committee of members of parliament who monitor the workings of the health ministry has said that India's Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation, the top regulatory agency, has allowed dozens of drugs from domestic or foreign manufacturers to be marketed without the requirement for clinical trials.

The panel, which examined hundreds of documents from the offices of the regulatory agency, has also cited examples of letters sent by medical practitioners to drug regulators, articulating words of support for specific drugs with remarkable similarities between them in text.

The panel's report, released last week, contains several sets of such letters, including three sets in which doctors argued that the requirement for clinical trials should be waived (http://188.8.131.52/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20Health%20and%20Family%20Welfare/59.pdf).

Under India's drug laws, clinical trials are mandatory for all new drugs, including those that have been approved by regulators in other countries. The rules require that, while applicants for new drugs should submit available pharmacological, toxicological, and overseas clinical trials data, they should also conduct Phase III clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy and safety of the new drug in populations living in …


The cytokine interleukin-21 has a profound impact on virus-specific T cell responses to chronic infections in mice. Chronic viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses are major public health concerns. T cell–mediated immune responses are critical for controlling viral infections. In contrast to acute infections, chronic viral infections are characterized by "exhausted" cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, cells that exhibit reduced proliferative capacity, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity. Treatments that reverse exhaustion result in increased viral control. Despite their exhaustion, these CD8+ T cells eventually help to control chronic infections by killing virally infected cells and require CD4+ T cell help to do so. How do CD4+ T cells provide help to CD8+ T cells during chronic infection (see the Perspective by Johnson and Jameson)? Elsaesser et al., Yi et al., and Fröhlich et al. now show that the cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21), known to be critical for the differentiation of certain CD4+ T cell effector subsets, is an essential factor produced by CD4+ T cells that helps CD8+ T cells to control chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Acute and chronic infections resulted in differing amounts of IL-21 production by virus-specific CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cells required IL-21 directly, and when CD8+ T cells were unable to signal through IL-21, or IL-21 was not available, they were reduced in number, exhibited a more exhausted phenotype, and were not able to control the virus. In contrast, the absence of IL-21–dependent signaling did not affect primary CD8+ T cell responses to acute infection or responses to a viral rechallenge, suggesting that differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells is independent of IL-21. A. Fröhlich, J. Kisielow, I. Schmitz, S. Freigang, A. T. Shamshiev, J. Weber, B. J. Marsland, A. Oxenius, M. Kopf, IL-21R on T cells is critical for sustained functionality and control of chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1576–1580 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] H. Elsaesser, K. Sauer, D. G. Brooks, IL-21 is required to control chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1569–1572 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. S. Yi, M. Du, A. J. Zajac, A vital role for interleukin-21 in the control of a chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1572–1576 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] L. D. S. Johnson, S. C. Jameson, A chronic need for IL-21. Science 324, 1525–1526 (2009). [Summary] [Full Text]


`Care' has been the focus of much sociological and policy related research in the last decade. However, a review of this research literature reveals that the concept of `care' is not uniformly defined, nor is its epistemological status clear. This paper explores the problematic nature of the concept of care in sociological research. In the first section, concepts of care characteristic of 1980s research are deconstructed and compared. This demonstrates their variable and partial character. The second section contrasts the ways in which feminist writers Hilary Graham (1991) and Clare Ungerson (1990) have recently begun to recon- ceptualise care. It is argued that these authors are working along quite different conceptual paths, and that neither reconceptualisation transcends the problem of the partiality of preceding concepts of care. In section three, a unified concept of care is introduced and the question of the theoretical status of the category `care' is addressed.


Doctoral workshop paper from 'Information Seeking in Context': an International Conference on Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts, Sheffield, August 1998. The study focused on the impact of access to electronic information resources on learning opportunities for young people and whether access to electronic and digital information resources have a role in breaking down barriers to learning encountered by young people. Eight specific objectives were established from these aims: to identify and evaluate contemporary use of electronic and digital information by young people; to examine Central Government, local education authority and individual school policy documents to establish the current context; observe and examine the level of peer and tutor interaction; establish what participants assume they are doing in relation to the process witnessed by the researcher; consider motivation to use electronic and digital information and the effect this has on the participants learning environment; establish the level and quality of information skills training available to young people; examine the conditions which influence use; and establish the conditions under which access to electronic and digital information does impact positively on learning.


The Sonoran and Mojave deserts meet just north of the Whipple Mountains, which are situated in southeast San Bernardino County, California, along the Colorado River and adjacent to Arizona. Vegetation from the Pleistocene to the present was inferred from previously published packrat midden data and the current floristic composition. Climate data suggest that summer rainfall is a factor underlying the vegetational differences between the western and eastern portions of the Sonoran desert. Plant collections in the area yielded primarily California Sonoran plants, but also several Mojave and Arizona Sonoran plants. A fair number of the Arizona Sonoran plants collected were on the western margins of their ranges. Three species new to California's flora were documented in this study: Berberis harrisoniana, Delphinium scaposum, and Erigeron oxyphyllus.


In this paper, I shall argue that the convergence of ideologies operating through the creation of enemies like racism and Bolshevism with discourses regulating gender relations in the Central Europe of the twentieth century had the grave consequence of questioning women's position in the political community. In short, I shall argue that in the context of racist and Bolshevik discourses, the very fact of being female was in itself a political threat to women. To demonstrate my point, I shall discuss two recent publications. First, I shall analyze the context of the convergence of racist and misogynist discourses in turn-of-the-century Vienna through discussing Andras Gerő's book, Neither Woman Nor Jew. Second, I shall explore how the discourse of class struggle affected the political status of Hungarian women in the Stalinist era through discussing Eszter Zsofia Toth's book, Kadar's Daughters.


For me, reading this volume is like coming home. As an Alutiiq/Sugpiaq (Alaska Native) researcher who recently relocated to Brisbane, Australia, it is a joy and an honor to review, The Alaska Native reader: History, culture, politics, edited by Maria Shaa Tlaa Williams. This volume stands as a celebration of Alaska Native scholarship in its historical, linguistic, political, artistic, spiritual, scientific, and even culinary forms (see p. 360 for Daisy Demientieff's Best-Ever Moose Stew Recipe)! It is a treasure because it seeks to impact readers in a felt way – appealing to all of the places where knowledge lives including the mind, heart, belly, and soul. Each chapter prompted a different response ranging from pure joy to deep sadness, from rage to pride, from a sense of solidarity with other Alaska Natives to appreciation for my own particular culture, and from curiosity about what others are working toward to awe at what already has been achieved.


The central intention of this thesis is to analyse a body of Victorian legislation, which was enacted to control atmospheric pollution by the chemical industry. Its concern is predominately with enforcement, and the principal aim is to assess the role and effectiveness of the British State and its agencies in this respect. The major focus is a somewhat neglected body of legislation - the Alkali Acts of 1863-1906. These initiated the State regulation of noxious emissions from the early heavy chemical (alkali) industry, and set up a central government body, the Alkali Inspectorate, to this end.
The major focus is the ability of Victorian institutions to formulate and implement environmental reforms, especially those which necessitated the increased control of industrial behaviour. It will explore the enforcement and decision making processes, assessing how priorities were set and whose interests were served. Furthermore, it examines the influence of economic, legislative, social, ideological and political factors upon inspection and prosecution. This study also assess whether the control of industrial atmospheric pollution was the consequence of a Victorian regulationist fervour or an example of utilitarian concern with environmental degradation.
The main body of the thesis is constituted by chapters on biography, the fiscal context and enforcement. These themes are drawn together by an assessment of the extent and effect of various constraints upon the Alkali Inspectorate. Throughout, some vital comparisons and contrasts with the inspectorates of factories and mines are made, in order to gauge State support for the Alkali Inspectorate. This assessment of the effectiveness of the Alkali Inspectorate and the legislation which created it, facilitates broader insights into the relationship between the State and industry and the extent of State intervention in nineteenth-century Britain


Forget those old images of caps and white uniforms, or bedpans and hypodermic needles. Bedside care is still essential but today's registered nurse is also a critical thinker, problem solver, sophisticated user of technology and leader in assuring patient centered compassionate care. It should then come as no surprise that for 14 straight years nurses hold the top spot of Gallup's poll as the most trusted and ethical profession. The nation's 3.4 million registered nurses are the eyes, ears and heart of health care everywhere you live, work, play, learn, relax and travel. So when you embrace mobile technologies supporting health care on-the-go, it is reassuring to know the healthcare provider you may not see is someone you can trust.


NOTUM is a carboxylesterase that has been shown to act by mediating the O-depalmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins resulting in suppression of Wnt signaling. Here, we describe the development of NOTUM inhibitors that restore Wnt signaling for use in in vitro disease models where NOTUM over activity is an underlying cause. A crystallographic fragment screen with NOTUM identified 2-phenoxyacetamide 3 as binding in the palmitoleate pocket with modest inhibition activity (IC50 33 μM). Optimization of hit 3 by SAR studies guided by SBDD identified indazole 38 (IC50 0.032 μM) and isoquinoline 45 (IC50 0.085 μM) as potent inhibitors of NOTUM. The binding of 45 to NOTUM was rationalized through an X-ray co-crystal structure determination which showed a flipped binding orientation compared to 3. However, it was not possible to combine NOTUM inhibition activity with metabolic stability as the majority of the compounds tested were rapidly metabolized in an NADPH-independent manner.


This study examined the predictive significance of maternal sensitivity in early childhood for electrophysiological responding to and cognitive appraisals of infant crying at midlife in a sample of 73 adults (age = 39 years; 43 females; 58 parents) from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation. When listening to an infant crying, both parents and nonparents who had experienced higher levels of maternal sensitivity in early childhood (between 3 and 42 months of age) exhibited larger changes from rest toward greater relative left (vs. right) frontal EEG activation, reflecting an approach-oriented response to distress. Parents who had experienced greater maternal sensitivity in early childhood also made fewer negative causal attributions about the infant's crying; the association between sensitivity and attributions for infant crying was nonsignificant for nonparents. The current findings demonstrate that experiencing maternal sensitivity during the first 3½ years of life has long-term predictive significance for adults' processing of infant distress signals more than three decades later.


Antipsychotic drugs are among the mostly widely used medications and are usually taken for prolonged periods of time. Due to its accumulation and trapping of drugs, hair can provide a useful indication of long-term exposure. Of interest also is what if any changes in the structural components of hair occur as a result of the drug binding process. Micro-attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is able to examine the structural changes of hair samples by the application of sufficient pressure and without microtoming the hair (A. Koçak and S. L. Berets, Appl. Spectrosc. 62, 803 (2008)). In this investigation, we examined changes resulting from exposure of dyed and undyed hair to external clozapine as a function of the pH of the exposing solution. Single samples from different individuals and in one case from different regions of the scalp from the same individual were analyzed. The results demonstrated that pH related differences exist between drug-exposed dyed and non-dyed samples.


On the campus of Delft University the Glass and Transparency Research Group is preparing to build a pedestrian bridge as a low arch consisting of dry-stacked glass blocks. As temporary support for the arch, a lens-shaped truss has been constructed and placed on location. This truss has been fitted with as many glass components as was structurally feasible. The diagonals in the truss are glass bundle struts and the nodes of the truss are cast glass components. The lenticular truss will serve as a temporary bridge during the time the team needs to prepare for construction of the eventual Glass Arch Bridge. Due to the experimental nature of the truss, with its unusual and novel applications of structural glass, a number of demonstrative proof loadings were performed to ease concerns about the safety of the structure. The glass bundles have been proof-loaded to twice their maximum expected load just prior to their installation in the structure. The whole system has then been proof-loaded for several critical load combinations (static and dynamic) just after installation. During the proof-loading the strains in the glass diagonals have been measured. These lie easily within the acceptable limits. In the paper the structural design of the bridge, in particular the glass node connector and the glass bundle diagonals will be explained. Then the proof-loading of the bridge will be described. Then the results of the proof-loading are presented and discussed.


Without transparency, trade agreements are just words on paper. Transparency as disclosure allows economic actors and trading partners to see how rules are implanted; transparency in decision-making ensures fairness and peer review. In the first section of this paper, I discuss the logic of transparency in general and the motivation for its use in the trading system. Considerable information on WTO transparency mechanisms is available in the Minutes and annual reports of the various WTO bodies, and in the Director-General's annual overview of the trading system, but comparative analysis is not easy. In the second section, therefore, I develop a framework in which different transparency mechanisms can be compared to each other using the metaphor of three generations in the evolution of transparency in the trading system as a means of explaining how transparency works in the WTO. For sunshine to work, at least two things must happen. Information must be made available, and Members have to use it. Probing the extent to which Members comply with their notification obligations, in the third section, and their efforts to improve the notification process, allow an assessment of their commitment to being transparent. In the fourth section I consider how WTO committees are used to ensure that Members are accountable for their commitments, including to notify. Since the committees differ, I use the metaphor of the great pyramid of the legal order to compare committees to each other. Assessment of whether these mechanisms work underpins observations in the conclusion on whether more sunshine is needed, and efforts underway to improve existing mechanisms.


The Dubai Mercantile Exchange Limited (DME) is the energy commodities exchange located in the DIFC that lists and trades the Oman Crude Oil Futures Contracts (DME Oman). The DME Oman is the sole benchmark for Oman and Dubai crude oil official selling prices, and the only market listing sour crude in the region. To date, over two million contracts or two billion barrels of crude oil have been traded over the DME since its launch in June 2007. Furthermore, the average daily volumes in DME touched 3,000 contracts during Q1 2011 with the highest record reached in January 2011 when the average daily volume was 3,570 contracts (equivalent to 3.5 million barrels of oil per day). Today, it is considered the largest physically-delivered crude oil futures contract in the world with a 35% (at an annual rate) rise in trading volume in 1Q2011.Against this backdrop it is important to test the market efficiency of DME and also test whether the prices are reliable and not subject to manipulation. This paper analyzes the efficiency of DME oil market by using the "weak form of market efficiency", which posits that future prices are optimal predictors of spot prices. Furthermore, the analysis is done using the Hansen and Hodrick correction which allows treating the overlapping observation problem. Our empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DME market is efficient with reliable prices that reflect available market information. The DME has added value to oil markets by providing a transparent market price mechanism at a time of higher than average volatility in oil prices and market conditions.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the historical development of the Augustan Aqueduct Serino-Naples-Miseno in the Campania Region, in Southern Italy. The Serino aqueduct is not well known because there are no remains of spectacular bridges, but it was a masterpiece of engineering and one of the largest aqueduct systems in the whole Roman Empire. The Serino aqueduct was constructed during the Augustus period of the Roman Empire, probably between 33 and 12 BC when Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was curator aquarum in Rome, principally in order to refurnish the Roman fleet of Misenum and secondarily to supply water for the increasing demand of the important commercial harbour of Puteoli as well as drinking water for big cities such as Cumae and Neapolis. The main channel of the Serino aqueduct was approximately 96 km long, and had 7 main branches to towns along its trace such as Nola, Pompeii, Acerra, Herculaneum, Atella, Pausillipon, Nisida, Puteoli, Cumae and Baiae. Since the total length of all the branches was approximately 49 km, the Serino aqueduct complex had a length of around 145 km and therefore it should be considered the largest aqueduct system in the Roman world.


Many software systems provide configuration options relevant to users, which are often called features. Features influence functional properties of software systems as well as non-functional ones, such as performance and memory consumption. Researchers have successfully demonstrated the correlation between feature selection and performance. However, the generality of these performance models across different hardware platforms has not yet been evaluated. We propose a technique for enhancing generality of performance models across different hardware environments using linear transformation. Empirical studies on three real-world software systems show that our approach is computationally efficient and can achieve high accuracy (less than 10% mean relative error) when predicting system performance across 23 different hardware platforms. Moreover, we investigate why the approach works by comparing performance distributions of systems and structure of performance models across different platforms.


Summary Although protein design has been used to introduce new functions, designed variants generally only function as well as natural proteins after rounds of laboratory evolution. One possibility for this pattern is that designed mutants frequently sample nonfunctional conformations. To test this idea, we exploited advances in multiconformer modeling of room temperature X-ray data collection on redesigned ubiquitin variants selected for increasing binding affinity to the deubiquitinase USP7. Initial core mutations disrupt natural packing and lead to increased flexibility. Additional, experimentally selected mutations quenched conformational heterogeneity through new stabilizing interactions. Stabilizing interactions, such as cation-pi stacking and ordered waters, which are not included in standard protein design energy functions, can create specific interactions that have long range effects on flexibility across the protein. Our results suggest that increasing flexibility may be a useful strategy to escape local minima during initial directed evolution and protein design steps when creating new functions.


Zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the mammalian oocyte. The rat ZP is composed of three major glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3. As a primary sperm receptor, ZP3 has been utilised as an immunogen to prevent fertilisation of the ovum. Unfortunately, the availability of ZP3 protein is always limited and purified protein is not available. DNA vaccination is therefore an excellent alternative.
ZP3 cDNA was amplified from R. rattus diardii ovary as a first step towards the development of ZP3-based DNA vaccine. The ZP3 gene has an open reading frame of 1272 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 424 amino acid residues which shares 87% identity with mouse homologue. The anti-fertility polynucleotide vaccine was generated by placing ZP3 gene into a mammalian plasmid expression vector. Plasmid containing the entire ZP3 gene sequence was designated pcDNA/1300. Meanwhile, constructs pcDNA/720 and pcDNA/580 comprised partial ZP3 gene encoding the N-terminal and C-terminal half of the protein respectively. In vitro transfection of mammalian cells with these plasmids DNA led to their cytosolic expression. Sperms were attracted and bound to cells harbouring pcDNA/1300 and pcDNA/580 because these two constructs encoded the sperm-combining sites of ZP3.
Administration of these DNA vaccines resulted in vivo expression of ZP3 protein, which in turn stimulates specific cellular and humoral immune responses directed against self-ZP3 protein bearing cells or oocytes. Lacking or destruction of such cells resulted in an effective contraception in female animals. The ovarian dysfunction was characterised by excessive depletion of follicles and an increase in the number of oocyte-free cell clusters. The integrity of most follicles was challenged, as it was significantly infiltrated by immune cells. These ZP3 specific immune cells were shown to be a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes subsets. Alterations in ovarian function were also evidenced when vaccinated animals were no longer sensitive to an intensive exogenous hormonal (hCG) treatment. Among the three constructs, pcDNA/1300 is the most effective contraceptive vaccine followed by pcDNA/580. The reduction in average litter size achieved by pcDNA/1300 was >90%. It is an excellent irreversible contraceptive vaccine as none of the vaccinated rats showed signs of recovery after three injections. In contrast, rats vaccinated with pcDNA/580 regained fertility over an extended period. On the other hand, vaccination with pcDNA/720 construct has no significant impact on rat fertility. Hence, special attention was given to pcDNA/1300.
In DNA vaccination, the role of cell-mediated immune response was pre-eminent as the titre of ZP3-antibody produced was significantly low. Relatively, vaccination with recombinant ZP3 protein expressed by yeast cells, P. pastoris stimulated strong antibody response, but no correlation between antibody titres and infertility was observed. Similarly, when the cytokines IL-4 gene was co-immunised along with pcDNA/1300, a dramatic increase in ZP3 antibody level did not enhance the efficacy of pcDNA/1300. Indeed by driving the immune response of pcDNA/1300 towards Th2 direction, this weakened its effectiveness in preventing fertilisation.
Construct pHumoral-ZP3 was assembled as an attempt to improve the potency of pcDNA/1300. Modification of pcDNA/1300 with viral NP conjugation produced a significant enhancement on the levels of ZP3 antibody. The magnitude of the antibody response was comparable to that generated through the use of cytokine genetic adjuvant, IL-4. However, despite high ZP3 antibody titres, rats vaccinated with pHumoral-ZP3 produced normal litter size.
This study demonstrated the application of a ZP3-based DNA vaccine in fertility control. The results obtained are extremely encouraging for the development of a vaccine for lasting rat population control. Meanwhile, the current DNA construct serves as excellent model for the generation of similar vaccines to prevent individual animals from conceiving. As a result, the expensive and complicated invasive procedures like surgery and castration can be avoided.


Metabolic networks are characterized by complex interactions and regulatory mechanisms between many individual components. These interactions determine whether a steady state is stable to perturbations. Structural kinetic modeling (SKM) is a framework to analyze the stability of metabolic steady states that allows the study of the system Jacobian without requiring detailed knowledge about individual rate equations. Stability criteria can be derived by generating a large number of structural kinetic models (SK-models) with randomly sampled parameter sets and evaluating the resulting Jacobian matrices. Until now, SKM experiments applied univariate tests to detect the network components with the largest influence on stability. In this work, we present an extended SKM approach relying on supervised machine learning to detect patterns of enzyme-metabolite interactions that act together in an orchestrated manner to ensure stability. We demonstrate its application on a detailed SK-model of the Calvin-Benson cycle and connected pathways. The identified stability patterns are highly complex reflecting that changes in dynamic properties depend on concerted interactions between several network components. In total, we find more patterns that reliably ensure stability than patterns ensuring instability. This shows that the design of this system is strongly targeted towards maintaining stability. We also investigate the effect of allosteric regulators revealing that the tendency to stability is significantly increased by including experimentally determined regulatory mechanisms that have not yet been integrated into existing kinetic models.


Abstract. Desert dust aerosols are the most prominent tropospheric aerosols, playing an important role in the earth's climate. However, their radiative forcing is currently not known with sufficient precision to even determine its sign. The sources of uncertainty are multiple, one of them being a poor characterisation of the dust aerosol's vertical profile on a global scale. In this work, we tackle this scientific issue by designing a method for retrieving dust aerosol vertical profiles from Thermal Infrared measurements by Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instruments onboard the Metop satellite series. IASI offers almost global coverage twice a day, and long (past and future) time series of radiances, therefore being extremely well suited for climate studies. Our retrieval follows Rodger's formalism and is based on a two-step approach, treating separately the issues of low altitude sensitivity and difficult a priori definition. We compare our results for a selected test case above the Atlantic Ocean and North Africa in June 2009, with optical depth data from MODIS, aerosol absorbing index from GOME-2 and OMI, and vertical profiles of extinction coefficients from CALIOP. We also use literature information on desert dust sources to interpret our results above land. Our retrievals provide perfectly reasonable results in terms of optical depth. The retrieved vertical profiles (with on average 1.5 degrees of freedom) show most of the time sensitivity down to the lowest layer, and agree well with CALIOP extinction profiles for medium to high dust optical depth. We conclude that this new method is extremely promising for improving the scientific knowledge about the 3-D distribution of desert dust aerosols in the atmosphere.


Virtual Reality (VR) technology offers users the possibility to immerse and freely navigate through virtual worlds. An important component for achieving a high degree of immersion in VR is locomotion. Often discussed in the literature, a natural and effective way of controlling locomotion is still a general problem which needs to be solved. Recently, VR headset manufacturers have been integrating more sensors, allowing hand or eye tracking without any additional required equipment. This enables a wide range of application scenarios with natural freehand interaction techniques where no additional hardware is required. This paper focuses on techniques to control teleportation-based locomotion with hand gestures, where users are able to move around in VR using their hands only. With the help of a comprehensive study involving 21 participants, four different techniques are evaluated. The effectiveness and efficiency as well as user preferences of the presented techniques are determined. Two two-handed and two one-handed techniques are evaluated, revealing that it is possible to move comfortable and effectively through virtual worlds with a single hand only.


One of the numerous toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens is Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 35.5 kDa exhibiting three different domains. Domain one is responsible for receptor binding, domain two is involved in hexamer formation and domain three has to do with channel formation in membranes. CPE is the major virulence factor of this bacterium and acts on the claudin-receptor containing tight junctions between epithelial cells resulting in various gastrointestinal diseases. The activity of CPE on Vero cells was demonstrated by the entry of propidium iodide (PI) in the cells. The entry of propidium iodide caused by CPE was well correlated with the loss of cell viability monitored by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. CPE formed ion-permeable channels in artificial lipid bilayer membranes with a single-channel conductance of 620 pS in 1 M KCl. The single-channel conductance was not a linear function of the bulk aqueous salt concentration indicating that point-negative charges at the CPE channel controlled ion transport. This resulted in the high cation selectivity of the CPE channels, which suggested that anions are presumably not permeable through the CPE channels. The possible role of cation transport by CPE channels in disease caused by C. perfringens is discussed.


The present study was conducted to determine the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin on ovarian function and embryo development of Beetal goats reared under traditional conditions at the Sheep and Goat Research Station, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Fourteen Beetal goats at 4 years of age, weighing 40 ± 0.41 kg (mean ± SEM) were used. Their daily food was hay, green fodder, tree loppings, and 250 g of additional rations per goat. These goats were mated to buck at synchronized estrus by 2 i/m injections of dalmazin, given at 11-day intervals. These animals were divided into 2 equal groups (7/group) through random stratification by body weight. These were given either saline (Group I) or 300 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (Group II) on day 12 post-mating. The blood samples were collected for progesterone. The animals were slaughtered on day 25 of pregnancy. Reproductive tracts were removed, corpora lutea, isolated, counted, and weighed. Embryos were also recovered, weighed, and measured for crown rump length, amniotic sac length, and the width and number of caruncles forming placentomes were counted as well. The results showed that human chorionic gonadotrophin increases the plasma progesterone concentration (P < 0.05). Treatment with hCG not only improves the conceptus growth but also increases the number of caruncles significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin may be luteotrophic and embryotrophic. The embryonic mortality was 27% in this breed. The reduction in embryo mortality was found after being given human chorionic gonadotrophin (17%), and thereby could improve embryo survival and increase litter size.


Abstract Since 2001, implementation of a New Zealand's Primary Health Care Strategy (the Strategy) has led to an increase in the proportion of primary health care services which are publicly funded, the development of 82 primary health organisations (PHOs) to oversee primary health care services and universal public capitation funding of PHOs. This approach has replaced the previous system of fee-for service targeted public subsidies paid to individual general practitioners (GPs). Patient copayments, although at a reduced level but still set by individual practitioners, have remained a core feature of the system. This paper focuses on the implementation and impact of key policy changes over the first five years of the Strategy. Although patient copayments have fallen and consultation rates have increased, the new funding and payment system has raised a number of unresolved issues – whether to retain the new universal funding system or revert to the former targeted approach; how to achieve the potential gains from capitation when GPs continue to receive their income from a variety of sources and in a variety of different ways; and how to manage the potential for 'cream skimming'. Recent improvements in access may, in time, improve health status and reduce inequalities in health, but there is no guarantee that a universal system will necessarily improve average health or reduce inequalities. Much depends on the services being delivered and the populations that are benefiting most – something New Zealand needs better evidence on before determining future policy directions in primary health care.


Purpose To evaluate the chemical contamination of surfaces by cytotoxic agents during preparation of injectable chemotherapies in hospital pharmacies. Methods 526 wipe samples collected in 24 Swiss hospital pharmacies were analysed using a validated liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method able to quantify 10 cytotoxic agents: cytarabine, gemcitabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide phosphate, irinotecan, doxorubicin, epirubicin and vincristine. Information on chemotherapies produced, equipment and production processes used were collected from all the hospital pharmacies on a voluntary basis in order to investigate their association with contamination rates. Results In two pharmacies, no trace of the 10 cytotoxic agents was detected. Chemical contamination was found in the other 22 hospital pharmacies, with combined total contamination of the 10 cytotoxic agents ranging from 8 ng to more than 41 000 ng per sample. Most contaminated samples came from inside biosafety cabinets, but some came from other clean room areas and logistics rooms. Statistically significant associations were observed between contamination rates and sampling locations, the number of chemotherapies prepared per year and types of cleaning solutions used. Conclusions This study demonstrated that most of the hospital pharmacies tested had some contamination of surfaces by different cytotoxic agents. Even if highest levels of contamination were mainly detected inside biosafety cabinets, technicians were also exposed to cytotoxic agents detected in logistical and storage areas. Protective measures should therefore be maintained or even reinforced in these areas in order to limit technicians' risks of exposure when handling cytotoxic products.


In a search task, a group of agents compete to be the first to find the solution. Each agent has different private information to incorporate into its search. This problem is inspired by settings such as scientific research, Bitcoin hash inversion, or hunting for some buried treasure. A social planner such as a funding agency, mining pool, or pirate captain might like to convince the agents to collaborate, share their information, and greatly reduce the cost of searching. However, this cooperation is in tension with the individuals' competitive desire to each be the first to win the search. The planner's proposal should incentivize truthful information sharing, reduce the total cost of searching, and satisfy fairness properties that preserve the spirit of the competition. We design contract-based mechanisms for information sharing without money. The planner solicits the agents' information and assigns search locations to the agents, who may then search only within their assignments. Truthful reporting of information to the mechanism maximizes an agent's chance to win the search. Epsilon-voluntary participation is satisfied for large search spaces. In order to formalize the planner's goals of fairness and reduced search cost, we propose a simplified, simulated game as a benchmark and quantify fairness and search cost relative to this benchmark scenario. The game is also used to implement our mechanisms. Finally, we extend to the case where coalitions of agents may participate in the mechanism, forming larger coalitions recursively.


Industry 4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution that focuses on interconnectivity of machine to machine, human to machine and human to human via Internet of Things (IoT). Technologies of industry 4.0 facilitate communication between human and machine through IoT and forms Cyber-Physical Production System (CPPS). In CPPS, multiple shop floors sensor data are connected through IoT and displayed through sensor dashboard to the operator. These sensor dashboards have enormous amount of information to be presented which becomes complex for operators to perform monitoring, controlling and interpretation tasks. Designing handheld sensor dashboards for supervision task will become a challenge for the interface designers. This paper reports emerging technologies of industry 4.0, changing context of increasing information complexity in consecutive industrial revolutions and upcoming design challenges for interface designers in context of Industry 4.0. Authors conclude that information complexity of sensor dashboards design has increased with consecutive industrial revolutions and designs of sensor dashboard causes cognitive load on users. Designing such complex dashboards interfaces in Industry 4.0 context will become main challenges for the interface designers. Keywords—Industry 4.0, sensor dashboard design, Cyberphysical production system, Interface designer.


It has been known for over 50 years that seismic anisotropy must be included in a realistic analysis of most seismic data. The evidence for this consists of the observed dependency in many contexts (reviewed briefly here) of seismic velocity upon angle of propagation and upon angle of S-wave polarization. Despite this well-established understanding, many current investigations continue to employ less realistic isotropic assumptions. One result is the appearance of artifacts which can be interpreted in terms of details of Earth structure rather than of the restrictive assumptions in the analysis.

The reason for this neglect of anisotropy is presumably the greater algebraic complexity and the larger number of free parameters of anisotropic seismics. However, the seismic anisotropy in the Earth is usually weak, and the equations for weak anisotropy are only marginally more complex than for isotropy. Further, the additional parameters are commonly required to describe the data. Moreover, the parameters of weak anisotropy defined below (combinations of the anisotropic elastic moduli) are less subject to compounding of uncertainty and to spatial resolution issues than are the individual anisotropic moduli themselves. Hence inversions should seek to fit data with these parameters, rather than with those individual moduli. We briefly review the theory for weak anisotropy and present new equations for the weakly anisotropic velocities of surface waves. The analysis offers new insights on some well-known results found by previous investigations, for example the "Rayleigh wave–Love wave inconsistency", including the facts that Raleigh wave velocities depend not only on the horizontal SV velocity but also on the anisotropy, and Love wave velocities depend not only on the horizontal SH velocity but also on the anisotropy.


Author(s): McGill, Thomas J. | Abstract: Feral equines present a unique management problem for federal land managers. Although feral burros are an invader species introduced onto the North American Continent by 16th Century Spanish explorers, they have both State and Federal protection. Under the umbrella of this protection, feral burro populations exploded in the 1970s. By 1979 the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, was being overrun by burros. Burros were destroying the desert environment and creating very real hazards to aircraft, vehicles and personnel. The Naval Weapons Center in an unprecedented move implemented an interim emergency removal program. A total of 1,513 burros was removed under this program: 864 by live removal and 649 by direct reduction (shooting). Adverse national publicity followed the shooting phase of the emergency removal. Congress had determined in 1971 that wild burros were to be considered an integral part of the natural system of public lands. Had the Navy directly violated this statute? The Navy, beginning with this apparently no-win situation, was able to structure a joint long-term removal program involving the federal government and animal protection groups. Events had been turned around and the earlier no-win situation was now a win-win situation. It has been two years since the long-term removal program was negotiated. An additional 4,387 burros have been removed alive. Burros left on base now number less than 200. The removal of 5,900 burros has allowed the Naval Weapons Center to reintroduce the native ungulate, the Desert Bighorn Sheep. This culminated a four-year effort at the Naval Weapons Center to restore Center ranges to their natural condition.


A major component of a generic image retrieval pipeline is producing concise and effective descriptors for each image. Previous works have shown impressive results in image retrieval when using descriptors from the black-box output of the fully-connected stage of pretrained Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets). However, previous work on descriptors pooled from the deep feature maps from late convolutional layers can produce more discriminative descriptors for generic image retrieval, while being relatively concise. When planning to globally pool such feature maps from a ConvNet, some options to consider are (1) the depth of the network, (2) choice of layer to pool, and (3) the level of dimension reduction. The previous work on global pooling methods uses differing techniques without a clear consensus on which method is best. This motivates us to establish a baseline pipeline from which to compare these options and their effect on retrieval results. Our contribution is a systematic and comprehensive experimental study of different pooling strategies of deep features for image retrieval, and the various options. Our results show that the nature of the dataset (object- heavy or scene-heavy) warrants a different pooling strategy. Significantly, we visualise the level of image discrimination brought by the different pooling methods on the datasets, and show that pooling need not have a priori spatial weights to effectively find objects within the image. The results underline the need to consider the context of the image dataset when developing image retrieval pipelines using ConvNets.


Good quality soils are always preferred in development projects, where the bearing capacity of the grounds is sufficiently high and the resulting subsidence is non-excessive. However these sites may not be as readily available with increased population and land use, making it inevitable to construct on less favourable soils, like soft organic materials. To ensure long term stability of structures erected on such soft soils, elaborate and extensive foundation systems are generally required. Alternatively, pre-treatment with ground improvement techniques is necessary. Both these methods tend to incur high costs and labour as well as require prolonged construction period, while making a rather negative impact on the environment in terms of raw material sourcing, heavy machinery mobilization and exposure to the risk of groundwater contamination. This paper describes an exploratory study on a simple shallow foundation system for construction on soft soils, which can be a potentially cheaper and more sustainable approach. The foundation system, termed the "Akar Foundation", literally translates as "Root Foundation", is essentially a lightweight platform supported by a group of hollow stumps (i.e. PVC pipes). The 'root' base served dual functions: 1. to collectively assert a stronger grip of the soft soils, hence giving higher bearing capacity; 2. to spread the imposed structural load evenly into the subsoil, thus avoiding excessive and non-uniform settlements. The effects of the end condition of the pipes (i.e. open or close) as well as the spacing between the pipes on the foundation settlement mechanism were examined, with static load tests conducted using a lab-scale simulation chamber. The findings showed that the effectiveness of the "Akar Foundation" depends on the compatibility of the pipe spacing and individual pipe lengths, highlighting the inter-relationship between the mobilisation of end resistance, skin friction and formation of soil plug in the open-end system. In a promising light, the reduced subsidence suggest the potential of the "Akar Foundation" as an economical yet effective foundation system in economically challenged soft soil areas.


As a manufactured fuel, hydrogen can be produced in a decentralized way in most countries around the world. This means, even in a net zero economy, the global trade of hydrogen could look quite different to the current international trade in fossil fuels, including natural gas. With further declines in the costs of renewable electricity and electrolyzers, regions which have lower cost renewable electricity may develop an economic advantage in the production of low-cost hydrogen, but for hydrogen to become a globally traded commodity, the cost of imports needs to be lower than the cost of domestic production. Unlike oil or natural gas, transporting hydrogen over long distances is not an easy task. Hydrogen liquefaction is an extremely energy-intensive process, while maintaining the low temperature required for long-distance transportation and storage purposes results in additional energy losses and accompanying costs. The upside is that hydrogen can be converted into multiple carriers that have a higher energy density and higher transport capacity and can potentially be cheaper to transport over long distances. Among the substances currently identified as potential hydrogen carriers suitable for marine shipping, liquid ammonia, the so-called 'liquid organic hydrogen carriers' in general (toluene-methylcyclohexane (MCH) in particular), and methanol have received the most attention in recent years. This paper compares the key techno-economic characteristics of these potential carriers with that of liquified hydrogen in order to develop a better understanding of the ways in which hydrogen could be transported overseas in an efficient manner. The paper also discusses other factors, beyond techno-economic features, that may affect the choice of optimum hydrogen carrier for long distance transport, as well as the global trade, of hydrogen.


Cohabitation is a common practice in many parts of the world including America, Europe and Africa. Cohabitation violates the teaching of the Catholic Church on the sacrament of marriage. In spite of the efforts by the Catholic Church to instill chastity, many youths in the Catholic Church do not go through church marriage, instead they choose to cohabit. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of cohabitation among the Catholic youths in Nyando Deanery; Kisumu Diocese, Kenya. Other objectives of the study were to evaluate the Catholic Church teachings on chastity, and to identify the factors leading to cohabitation among the Catholic youths in Nyando Deanery. The conceptual framework of this study was derived from Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory. The target population was 2022 which comprised of 2000 youths and 22 church leaders. The sample population consisted of 210 participants who were sampled through the simple random sampling technique from five parishes in Nyando deanery. The survey design with the use of questionnaires was adopted to gather information from the respondents. Interviews and Focus Group Discussions were also used. The quantitative data was analyzed by the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using frequencies, percentages, means and Chi-Square test of significance. The study found that the Catholic Church teaches about chastity and marriage as a sacrament and that there is a relationship between church teachings on chastity and cohabitation (χ2 = 4.973; p = 0.018). The study also found that significant numbers of the youth were cohabiting which depicts the high prevalence of cohabiting practices among the youth. Some of the reasons for cohabitation include influence from the family background, peers and education level. On economic situation of the youth in the Church and cohabitation, the study concludes that being employed or being unemployed had an influence on cohabitation. The study recommends that the Catholic Church should strengthen its structures on premarital counseling to the youth so that they can embrace church marriage. Future studies should be done on socio-demographic factors influencing cohabitation among the Catholic youths. Other studies can also be done on the attitude and perception of youths on cohabitation.


Differeciated learning is what the current systems of education require in order to carter for all learners .Collaborative teaching offers value creation as learners work in their small groups. Everyone in the group has a responsibility to perform and the facilitator supervise to ensure all learners are inclusive in the group activities. While small group strategy is used a lot of ideas are shared, thus a big task achieved. Small group is enormously worthwhile, both for facilitator and learners. This methodology is vital in teaching and learning of composition writing skill. Communication and collaboration is instilled in the learners thus enhancement of the writing of English composition. A 'cognitive' approach to small group teaching, building on the theories of Piaget, would propose that learning interactively in small groups is useful to learners since the procedure of debating, decisions, dealing with conflict, and integration different perspectives is a necessary part of how cognitive development takes place. This thought about cognition also underpins the notion of 'cognitive elaboration (Dansereau, 1988), which points out that cognitive development is based on reformulating or elaborating existing knowledge into new forms – a sort of unlearning and relearning of knowledge. The study objective is : To examine the influence of small groups' technique on learners' achievement in composition writing skills in public primary schools in Kisumu County. Drawn from Lev Vygotsky (1962; 1978) the vision of pedagogy is based on the idea of learning as an interactive, social process, within which the facilitator directs the transition of the learners into the Zone of proximal development in order to cultivate new knowledge in order to cultivate new knowledge. Pre-test Post-test nonequivalent groups research design was adopted, sample size of 292 was drawn from 6 teacher of English, 6 head teacher and standard seven pupils in public schools. Data were collected via questionnaire, observation schedule and check list. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The study found that for small group learning technique: revised strategy is moderately used (m= 3.80 with SD of 2.960) buzz strategy is moderately (m= 3.40 with SD of 2.106) used in teaching composition and three minutes strategy is highly used (M= 4.20 with SD of 2.269) in composition teaching. The computed z values for brainstorming technique elements revealed a z-statistic value higher than the z Critical value and P-value less than 0.05. Thus, the study rejected the entire five Null hypotheses as there was a statistically significant relationship between: individual group technique, whole class technique, small group technique, round robin technique and relay technique; and learners' achievement in composition writing skills in public primary schools in Kisumu County. The study recommended that similar studies to be carried out using inferential statistics, especially multiple regression analysis to assess how the individual strategies of brainstorming teaching technique contribute to overall learners learning achievements. Other researches can use the Humanist child development theory to carter for the concerns of a paradigm shift to the European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies Vol.8, No.1, pp.42-56, February 2020 Published by ECRTDUK Print ISSN: 2055-0138(Print), Online ISSN: 2055-0146(Online) 43 thinking about holistic development of the learners., the policy makers and implementers ministry of Education and Kenya National Examination Council, to address the use of inquiring-based learning in order to provoke critical-thinking in learners as the new (CBC) get rooted to curb the negative attitude of embracing change of teaching for life and not for exams.


This film depicts an 85-year-old dancer, Yeudith Arnon, rocking back and forth in a chair, slowly recounting her experiences as a young woman in Auschwitz. Her punishment for refusing to dance at an SS officer's party was to stand barefoot in the snow, and she pledged that if she survived she would dedicate her life to dance. In 1962, she created the Kibbutzim Dance Company and became internationally renowned for her dancing and choreography. Now she no longer dances, but in the rocking chair she can dance one more time. Will You Dance For Me is constructed from a specific, pre-existing personal narrative. The viewer is encouraged to feel both the absence and presence of Arnon's dance within the cadence of her rocking chair. She moves backwards and forwards meditatively, drifting in and out of focus, fading completely from the darkness as snow begins to fall; eventually the rhythmic falling of snow replaces the rhythmic rocking, giving way to a virginal, white landscape.

The film was produced in Israel and Ukraine, in association with Photoworks and CRG Gallery, New York, Mummery & Schnelle Gallery, London, Angles Gallery, Los Angeles and Noga Gallery, Tel Aviv.

The related publication is presented in a case containing three books, each focusing on one film, plus a paper insert with an essay by Robert Rowland Smith. These books use the films as a starting point to a journey juxtaposing my own work with paintings and images from diverse films and other visual sources. The juxtaposition was not to be hierarchical: all the images were treated equally and edited into flowing sequences. The intention was to set up a dialectic that does not attempt to illustrate but to create an independent experience that is more complex conceptually, as well as visually, than a film alone.


The synthesis and characterization of a carbon (C) doped polycrystalline MgB2 superconductor is reported with tartaric acid (C4H6O6) used as the C source. The amount of C4H6O6 is varied between 5 and 30 wt%. Relationships between microstructures, critical current density (Jc), critical temperature (Tc), upper critical field (Hc2), and irreversibility field (Hirr) for MgB2 doped with 0–30 wt% C4H6O6 are systematically studied. A reduction in Tc from 37.65 to 34.45 K and in lattice parameter a due to the C substitution occurs with C4H6O6 doping. Jc, Hc2, and Hirr are significantly enhanced with an increasing amount of C4H6O6. All the samples exhibit a Jc above 104 A cm−2 at 5 K and 8 T. This value is higher than for un-doped MgB2 by a factor of 6. The significant improvement in the superconducting properties is attributed to the lattice distortion due to the C substitution for boron, with the C coming from the C4H6O6. These findings suggest that C4H6O6 is a promising C source for MgB2 with excellent Jc properties under high field.


List of Maps Special Features Foreword Changes to the Third Edition Preface About the Authors Part I: Africa Up To 1500 C.E. Chapter 1: Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment Physical Features of the Continent Challenges of the African Environment The African Environment in Global Perspective Chapter 2: Africa and Human Origins Early Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race Africa and Human Origins in Global Perspective Chapter 3: Finding Food and Talking About It: The First 100,000 Years Humans and the Environment: Foraging for Food Regional Foraging Strategies The African Environment and the First Modern Humans in Global Perspective Chapter 4: Settled Life: Food Production, Technology, and Migrations The Origins of Food Production Animal Domestication The Social, Political, and Economic Impact of Food Production The Bantu Expansion Metallurgy and the Banana Political and Religious Culture in Early African History Early African Migrations, Technology, and Culture in Global Perspective Chapter 5: North and Northeast Africa in Early World History Egypt in Early World History Ancient Egypt and Greece Carthage and Rome in Early Northern Africa Ancient Nubia and the Horn of Africa in the Ancient World Ancient Africa United: The Afrocentric Argument Ancient North and Northeastern Africa in Global Perspective Chapter 6: Africa and the Early Christian World The Spread of Christianity in Africa African Contributions to Early Christian Thought The Decline of African Christianity Early African Christianity in Global Perspective Chapter 7: North and West Africa and the Spread of Islam The Origins of Islam Islam in North Africa Empires, Trade, and Islam in the West African Savannah The Rise of Mali The Rise of Songhai Islam in Kanem-Bornu and Hausaland African Traditional Religions and Conversion The Africanization of Islam Islam in North and West Africa in Global Perspective Chapter 8: East Africa and the Advent of Islam The Monsoons Swahili Origins Islam and the Emergence of the Swahili as a Distinctive Group Life in the Early Swahili Towns: 750-1000 The High Point of Swahili Civilization: 1000-1500 Urban Transformation Economic Transformation Kilwa: A Case Study The Swahili Coast in Global Perspective Part II: Africa Since 1500 C.E. Chapter 9: Slavery and the Creation of the Atlantic World The Institution of Slavery before the Rise of the Atlantic Trade Slavery in the Mediterranean and Europe Slavery in Africa The Institution of Slavery The Birth of the Plantation Complex New Sea Routes The Plantation System in the New World Race and Slavery in the New World The Nature of the Slave Trade Shipboard Conditions The Human Toll Justifications for the Slave Trade Counting the Cost African Culture in Diaspora African Religion in the New World Independent African Communities in the New World Diasporic Africans Back in Africa-Routes of Return The Atlantic System and Economic Change The Atlantic System and the Industrial Revolution The Atlantic System and African Poverty Abolition of the Slave Trade The End of the Atlantic World The Atlantic Slave Trade in Global Perspective Chapter 10: West and West-Central Africa: 1500-1880 The Setting: West and West-Central Africa Prior to European Contact First Impressions Early Relations-Religion, Trade, and Politics Africa Transformed? Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade Regional Developments in the Era of the Slave Trade The End of the Slave Trade and the Rise of Legitimate Trade West and West-Central Africa 1500-1880, in Global Perspective Chapter 11: North Africa and the Soudan: 1500-1880 The Ottomans in Egypt The Ottomans in the Maghreb Ottoman Culture in North Africa The Rise of Morocco Invasion and Reform in Egypt French Invasion in Algeria Religious Change in the Soudan to the 1880s North Africa and the Soudan, 1500-1880, in Global Perspective Chapter 12: East Africa, 1500-1850 The Arrival of the Portuguese The Omani Empire in East Africa The Busaids Britain and the Suppression of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade Links to the Interior Portuguese and Omani Dominance in Global Perspective Chapter 13: Southern Africa, 1500-1870 Terrain, Climate, and Settlement Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State Mzilikazi and the "Ndebele" Moshoeshoe The "Voortrekkers" The British Expansion and the Formation of the Boer Republics South Africa in Global Perspective, 1500-1870 Chapter 14: Colonialism and African Resistance Europe's Industrial Transformation and Africa Quinine and Colonialism Weapons and Colonialism The Great Transformation The Limits of Resistance The Colonization of a Continent The Expansion of the Gold Coast Colony Creating the Belgian Congo Ethiopia: Where European Imperialism Failed African Colonization in Global Perspective Chapter 15: Economic Change in Modern Africa: Forced Integration into the World System The Cash Crop Revolution Colonial Transportation Networks Cocoa Farming in Ghana Cotton and Groundnuts in Nigeria Africans as Wage Laborers Slavery and Labor in Zanzibar Settlers in the Kenya Highlands The Cities of Africa Women and Work in Colonial Africa The Movement to Independence and Modernization African Economic History in Global Perspective Chapter 16: Political Change in the Time of Colonialism Varieties of Colonial Administration World War I and Colonial Rule Colonialism and African "Elites" World War II and the Twilight of Colonial Rule Colonial Rule in Africa in Global Perspective Chapter 17: African Culture in the Modern World Africa and Anthropology Christianity and Colonialism Independent Churches Islam as a Globalizing Force Migrants and Mobility Soccer on the Global Stage Movies and Music Modern African Culture in Global Perspective Chapter 18: Politics in the Era of Decolonization and Independence The Era of Decolonization The Rise of African Nationalist Movements Decolonization in the Settler States and Portuguese Africa After Colonialism: Independence1/4or into Dependence? Pan-Africanism The Challenges of Independence The Congo Crisis Political Change in Independent Africa: Innovation or Regression? Independent African States in Global Perspective Chapter 19: Contemporary Africa The End of the Cold War and Political Change in Africa The End of Apartheid Conflict and Collapsed States in the Post-Cold War Era Africa and the War on Terror The Rwandan Genocide and the "African World War" Genocide in Sudan? Globalization and Development in Contemporary Africa The HIV Pandemic and Africa African Solutions Contemporary Africa in Global Perspective-Looking Back, Looking Ahead Glossary Selected Bibliography Credits Index


To date, no study has explicitly addressed effects of variation in species diversity of root-feeding herbivores on host plant biomass. Root-feeding nematodes typically occur in multi-species communities. In a three-year field experiment, we investigated how variation in species diversity of root-feeding nematodes affected nematode dynamics and response of the dune grass Ammophila arenaria to root-feeder activity. This plant species needs regular burial by fresh beach sand to remain vigorous, suggesting that A. arenaria benefits from a temporary escape from root-feeding soil organisms and that root-feeders are involved in plant degeneration in stabilized dunes. We created series of ceased and continued sand burial and added the endoparasitic nematodes Meloidogyne maritima, Heterodera arenaria and Pratylenchus penetrans alone or in combination to A. arenaria. We included treatments with and without the whole soil community, measured plant biomass and quantified numbers of nematodes. Addition of H. arenaria and P. penetrans decreased numbers of M. maritima juveniles and delayed the first appearance in time of both juveniles and females, while numbers of males only decreased when plants had been buried. Burial with sand and addition of the other two endoparasites affected numbers of H. arenaria juveniles, while numbers of P. penetrans were low and not affected. Shoot biomass of A. arenaria was lower when M. maritima had been added alone than when the three species had been added together. Addition of root zone soil decreased biomass of all plant parts. Burial with sand decreased aboveground shoot biomass, whereas it increased belowground shoot and root biomass. Our results point at idiosyncratic effects of nematode diversity on A. arenaria biomass. Heterodera arenaria and P. penetrans protected their host by reducing numbers and delaying activity of M. maritima to a later stage in the growth season, when root-feeding activity was less harmful for plant biomass development.


The deposition of fog to a wind‐exposed 3 m tall Puerto Rican cloud forest at 1010 m elevation was studied using the water budget and eddy covariance methods. Fog deposition was calculated from the water budget as throughfall plus stemflow plus interception loss minus rainfall corrected for wind‐induced loss and effect of slope. The eddy covariance method was used to calculate the turbulent liquid cloud water flux from instantaneous turbulent deviations of the surface‐normal wind component and cloud liquid water content as measured at 4 m above the forest canopy. Fog deposition rates according to the water budget under rain‐free conditions (0·11 ± 0·05 mm h−1) and rainy conditions (0·24 ± 0·13 mm h−1) were about three to six times the eddy‐covariance‐based estimate (0·04 ± 0·002 mm h−1). Under rain‐free conditions, water‐budget‐based fog deposition rates were positively correlated with horizontal fluxes of liquid cloud water (as calculated from wind speed and liquid water content data). Under rainy conditions, the correlation became very poor, presumably because of errors in the corrected rainfall amounts and very high spatial variability in throughfall. It was demonstrated that the turbulent liquid cloud water fluxes as measured at 4 m above the forest could be only ∼40% of the fluxes at the canopy level itself due to condensation of moisture in air moving upslope. Other factors, which may have contributed to the discrepancy in results obtained with the two methods, were related to effects of footprint mismatch and methodological problems with rainfall measurements under the prevailing windy conditions. Best estimates of annual fog deposition amounted to ∼770 mm year−1 for the summit cloud forest just below the ridge top (according to the water budget method) and ∼785 mm year−1 for the cloud forest on the lower windward slope (using the eddy‐covariance‐based deposition rate corrected for estimated vertical flux divergence). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This essay focuses on Matthew "Monk" Lewis' poem "The Isle of Devils," which appears in his Journal of a West India Proprietor. The poem relates the story of a shipwrecked woman, Irza, who finds herself at the mercy of a "Fiend" on an unnamed island that lies somewhere off the coast of Africa. With an analysis of the splitting of binaries such as colonizer/colonized, fertility/barrenness, mothering/murder, and poison/antidote/pharmakon contained in the poem, this essay investigates the dynamics of colonization. I discuss miscegenation and hybridity in connection with the Fiend and Irza's children, who perish at the hands of the father following the mother's abandonment of her family, and in the context of Lewis' Journal. By way of a Derridean approach, the seemingly contradictory action of healing/harming in the poem gives way to a reading of the Fiend and Irza as equally to blame for the bloody demise of their island family, and one can call into question who—and what—is "monstrous."


Human physique and behaviour has been shaped by the pressures of natural selection. This is received wisdom in all scientifically informed circles. Currently, the topic of crime is rarely touched upon in textbooks on evolution and the topic of evolution rarely even mentioned in criminology textbooks. This book for the first time explores how an evolution informed criminology has clear implications for enhancing our understanding of the criminal law, crime and criminal behaviour.

This book is directed more towards students of criminology than students of evolution. It is suggested that there is scope for more
collaborative work, with criminologists and crime scientists exposed to Darwinian thought having much to gain. What is suggested is simply that such thinking provides a fresh perspective. If that perspective yields only a fraction of the
understanding when applied to crime as it has elsewhere in science, the effort will have been worthwhile.

The authors attempt to provide a modest appraisal of the potential contribution that a more welcoming approach to the evolutionary perspective would make to criminology; both
theoretically (by expanding understanding of the complexity of the origins of behaviour labelled criminal) and practically (where the
evolutionary approach can be utilised to inform crime control policy and practice). An evolutionary lens is applied to diverse
criminological topics such as the origins of criminal law, female crime, violence, and environmental factors involved in crime
causation.


The ubiquity of metaphor in language (Lakoff and Johnson 1980) has served as impetus for cognitive linguistic approaches to the study of language, mind, and the study of mind (e.g. Thibodeau & Boroditsky 2011). While native speakers use metaphor naturally and easily, the treatment and interpretation of metaphor in computational systems remains challenging because such systems have not succeeded in developing ways to recognize the semantic elements that define metaphor. This tutorial demonstrates MetaNet's frame-based semantic analyses, and their informing of MetaNet's automatic metaphor identification system. Participants will gain a complete understanding of the theoretical basis and the practical workings of MetaNet, and acquire relevant information about the Frame Semantics basis of that knowledge base and the way that FrameNet handles the widespread phenomenon of metaphor in language. The tutorial is geared to researchers and practitioners of language technology, not necessarily experts in metaphor analysis or knowledgeable about either FrameNet or MetaNet, but who are interested in natural language processing tasks that involve automatic metaphor processing, or could benefit from exposure to tools and resources that support frame-based deep semantic, analyses of language, including metaphor as a widespread phenomenon in human language.


Virulence of Photorhabdus spp.: Examining the Roles of Environment, Evolution, and Genetics in Insect Mortality Dana Blackburn Department of Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema) kill their invertebrate hosts with the aid of a mutualistic bacterium. The bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for steinernematids and Photorhabdus spp. for heterorhabditids) are primarily responsible for killing the host and providing the nematodes with nutrition and defense against secondary invaders. Photorhabdus is a Gram-negative bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family with high virulence towards their insect hosts. To achieve high mortality rates Photorhabdus produces a variety of virulence factors such as toxins, lipases, proteases, secretion systems, and fimbriae. EPNs are amenable to laboratory rearing and mass production for biocontrol applications against insects using in vivo or in vitro methods; however, in vitro liquid culture is considered to be the most efficient. In this method the symbiotic bacteria are cultured prior to the addition of their partner EPN. This can leave the bacteria susceptible to a number of problems such as genetic drift and inadvertent selection. Regardless of the culture method the symbiotic bacteria exhibit trait deterioration or changes due to laboratory rearing. This project had three primary aims: 1) investigate the role of nutrition in trait deterioration, 2) examine virulence evolution using a phylogenetic context, and 3) identify genes that are necessary for survival and virulence inside the insect host. Prior to studying these objectives we first determined the optimal conditions for growing and counting viable cells of Photorhabdus. We discovered that growth is enhanced by the addition of pyruvate to growth media. To determine the role of nutrition in trait deterioration we repeatedly sub-cultured Photorhabdus in three different media types. Throughout this study we found that, in contrast to previous studies, trait deterioration does not always happen and the environment influences trait deterioration. Furthermore, based on our phylogenetic studies we found that Photorhabdus spp. are evolving to an increase in insect virulence. Lastly, using Tnseq we determined a list of 84 genes that are needed for efficient virulence inside the insect host and provide suggestions for ongoing research efforts.


Presentation of software instruction has been supported by manuals and textbooks consisting of screen captures, but a multimedia approach may increase learning outcomes. This study investigated the effects of modality (text, audio, or dual) on the achievement and attitudes of college students learning a software application through the computer. Participants in this study were presented with three variations of instruction over a software application. Differences between text only, audio only, and dual modality conditions were measured by achievement on a posttest, and attitudes toward instruction were collected by survey. Results from the research indicated no significant effects were found in the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the modalities in test scores. However, statistical significance was found in two of the attitude items. First, dual modality was preferred in learning computer applications. Second, audio did not appear to assist the learner in remembering factual information. These results assist instructors and corporate trainers in presenting software applications effectively and efficiently in their respective occupations. PURPOSE E-learning has potential for corporate, K-12 education, preservice teacher education and inservice professional development in providing an effective model of instruction in software applications. Instruction in software applications at the educational level is generally taught by textbook and on-site classroom professors with Infocus projectors; however, the Internet has provided the bridge in reaching learners outside the classroom walls. Instruction, online and on site, tends to rely heavily on textbook usage in teaching software concepts and textbooks tend to use screen shots to visually guide the learner. What is lacking in many online courses is a multimedia approach, which can be provided through a variety of software tools. Exploring through research, the design and delivery of presenting instruction electronically for teaching software applications is the focus of this study. Theoretical Framework Textbooks and software manuals with screen shots are the most common ways of teaching students to learn software programs. To effectively learn a software program, a student must be able to navigate through the program and produce the desired results of a particular task given to them. Screen shots in software manuals support development of a mental model, identification and location of screen objects, and verification of screen states (Gellevij, Van der Meij, de Jong & Pieters, 2002). The use of text-picture combinations in studies conducted by Gellevij, et al. (2002) found no increase on the cognitive load and an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in student learning. Clearly, screen shots in manuals aid the learner, but would the addition of audio with graphics (screen shots) further increase learning efficiency over just text and graphics? Research studies in multimedia learning have indicated that learning outcomes are higher when visual materials are accompanied by audio over text alone (Moreno & Mayer, 2001). This rise in increased learning with the addition of audio is known as the modality principle (Mayer, 2001). Mayer's findings through a variety of research studies found that students with multimedia messages tend to learn more with spoken text over printed text. Paivio's dual-coding theory is the underlying support of lowering the cognitive load by presenting content through the auditory and visual channels (Mayer, 2001). There is growing support that providing instruction through more than one modality has a positive effect on student learning (LeeSing & Miles, 1999). Students who learn through textbooks or software manuals use text and graphics only. The implications of dual coding research suggest that adding audio with screen shots over text with screen shots might increase learner efficiency. …


OBJECTIVE
Steroid myopathy can occur in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) receiving chronic steroid therapy. We report an elevation of serum muscle enzymes, normal strength by manual muscle testing (MMT), and electromyographic (EMG) findings of steroid myopathy in children with JDM.

METHODS
We prospectively studied children with JDM with a history of chronic steroid use (> 3 mo) and ongoing inflammatory myositis who were referred to our institution.

RESULTS
We identified 5/9 children with JDM receiving longterm high dose steroids who had muscle enzyme elevation with no definable weakness and EMG findings consistent with steroid myopathy. All subjects improved after withdrawal of their steroid therapy.

CONCLUSION
Longterm high dose steroids may lead to steroid myopathy with muscle enzyme elevation, previously reported only with acute steroid myopathy. We recommend that muscle derived enzyme levels should not be used to differentiate steroid myopathy from inflammatory myopathies.


The theory of ultrabroadband multifrequency Raman generation is extended, for the first time, to allow for beam-propagation effects in one and two transverse dimensions. We show that a complex transverse structure develops even when diffraction is neglected. In the general case, we examine how the ultrabroadband multifrequency Raman generation process is affected by the intensity, phase quality, and width of the input beams, and by the length of the Raman medium. The evolution of power spectra, intensity profiles, and global characteristics of the multifrequency beams are investigated and explained. In the two-dimensional transverse case, bandwidths comparable to the optical carrier frequency, spanning the whole visible spectrum and beyond, are still achievable.


Free speech and free expression are values that are highly prized in western society. The mention of removing or altering that right creates great debate. In 2004 a Select Committee was set up to inquire into what New Zealand's stance on Hate Speech should be. The submissions to that committee made it clear that free expression was a highly held right in New Zealand. While the submitters were overwhelming opposed to any legislation, it was clear that many had no understanding of what hate speech was, and why people would want to restrict it. The select Committee needed to provide the public with more information about what was intended and what the international situation is. If nothing else this thesis should provide that comprehensive background information to ground any further debate. This thesis makes a policy recommendation for the New Zealand Government. The policy that is examined and contrasted with international experiences is that of hate speech legislation. What should New Zealand do in regards to hate speech? The general debate is examined and the free expression versus legislation debate is analysed to provide a comprehensive background to the topic. The reasons why free expression is important to society and democracy are examined. Alongside free expression, the harms of hate speech are also analysed in order to demonstrate what harm occurs and if such harms should be legislated against. The international situation is contrasted with the New Zealand experience. The legislation of the United States, Canada and Australia, is analysed in order to compare and contrast with New Zealand's legislation. These three countries are closely aligned with New Zealand in terms of language, politics and culture. These countries provide equivalent characteristics and are therefore the most useful for comparison. The United States is especially important as it has no hate speech legislation and provides a valuable baseline from which the effects of legislation can be compared against. The New Zealand situation is then examined to point out its strengths and weaknesses. Where there are weaknesses this thesis recommends changes that could be made in varying political circumstances. Hate speech and free speech issues are not largely discussed in New Zealand literature and scholarly work. This thesis follows some work that has been previously done on the topic in New Zealand. The bulk of the work written about hate speech and free speech issues has been completed internationally and needs to be adjusted to fit the New Zealand situation. This recommendation has gone some way to doing that. An area of particular interest in this paper is the categories of people that deserve protection. Historically just 'race' has been provided protection from hate speech in New Zealand and this thesis examines why. Central to this investigation is why other categories are not protected.


The interaction between plant and diazotrophs would influence the synthesis of phytohormone [indole-3acetic acid (IAA)]. Generally, IAA excreted by the bacteria would increase top and root biomass and lateral root numbers of the host plants. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate IAA productivity of free-living diazotrophs and to observe the effects of IAA produced on root development and shoot growth of in vitro oil palm plantlets. Four diazotrophic bacteria used in the study, Herbaspirillum seropedicae (Z78), Microbacterium sp. (E7), Acetobacter sp. (E9) and Microbacterium sp. (E14) successfully produced IAA under free-living conditions. These diazotrophs exhibited optimum productivity of IAA during the log growth phase. Isolates of Microbacterium sp. E7 and E14 produced the higher concentration of IAA and also higher overall productivity of IAA compared to the other isolates tested. In order to observe plant growth-promoting effects of the phytohormones produced by the diazotroph, all the tested diazotrophs were inoculated onto the in vitro (tissue-cultured) oil palm shoots (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). In associative conditions, inoculation of Z78 showed a significant increment in number of secondary roots, fresh weight, and protein content of oil palm shoots compared to those receiving control treatments. Significant responses of isolates E7 and E14 were also observed in the initiation of secondary roots, protein content and the increment of shoot fresh weight. This study concluded that IAA produced by Z78, E7 and E14 could contribute to enhanced growth and development of in vitro oil palm shoots and can be further developed into a potential biofertiliser.


A simplified definition of metacognition is "thinking about thinking", but metacognition also encompasses the regulation of these thoughts – the ability to change them. It is a step further than simple awareness of thought processes, incorporating the ability to alter thoughts and behaviours. Explicitly teaching learners strategies for metacognition has been shown to lead to improvements in attainment.


Starting from the question of why and what the background of the need for the holding of "Multicultural Education" and included in the curriculum PAI? For, if the goal is to live in peace with the followers of the other, since the beginning of Islam already exemplifies it. In the book PINM-PAI SMA / SMK mentioned examples of Medina Charter that guarantees social life for the followers of other religions. Logically, it should be explained that the curriculum PAI has been no less insightful or multicultural, so that the curriculum needs to be changed. If there is, on which part? We do not close yourself to the term or new concepts from outside Islam as multiculturalism but the term was clarified its meaning. If not in accordance with the view of nature (worldview) of Islam, then it should be given a new meaning, as do the preachers of Islam in the archipelago the Islamization of the term "heaven, hell, reward, sin, devotion," and so on. Do not get the impression that "Multicultural Education" we enter into the curriculum PAI because of external pressure or take advantage of opportunities that promise financial availability. Already we both understand, long before the term multicultural, conceptually as well as in the historical reality, Islam is a religion that proved successful in realizing a multicultural society in Medina, Baghdad, Palestine, Andalusia and so forth. In Medina, the Prophet Muhammad pioneered a country with a written Constitution, a world first. In Palestine, Caliph Umar bin Khattab was the first leader in the world are on religious freedom in the Islamic perspective on the city of Jerusalem, in 636 AD Keywords: Learning Systems PAI Multicultural Perspective


This study aimed at identifying the status and obstacles of scientific research in Jordanian higher education institutions. And defined by being an attempt to increase faculty member's, researcher's and educational leader's attention to the necessity of improving research planning or strategies, professional development, working conditions, support, research financing, effectiveness of research, private sector support, the ethics of research and qualified researchers. The main questions of the study was: What is the status and obstacles of scientific research of higher education institutions in Jordan as perceived by the deans and vice deans of the scientific research departments? The results of the study indicated that The decline in Jordanian higher educational scientific research because of the lack of resources along with the abuse of those available --The lack of a motivation for research --The lack of a strategic plan for research --The poor economic condition of university staff. --Jordanian higher educational scientific research is characterized by a decrease of its funding. --A very sensitive issue which affects the productivity of research is the ethics of research. The lack of procedures for monitoring research leads to plagiarism, ********** Higher education constitutes the best and most accurate model of the system which is highly appreciated by the citizen in the world. It is one of the components of the educational apparatus. More importantly, its primary function is to produce and provide advanced scientific knowledge, as well as ensure methodological training for specialized medium and high-ranking executives. Further, higher education strongly represents the scientific research aspiration towards progress and building a better future. The scientific research is an essential component for any country to achieve sustainable and global development. It is also essential for the enhancement of citizens' participation in public life, for social mobility, for the achievement of harmony, justice, and comprehensive peace, at both internal and international levels, on the basis of the respect for human rights, active participation of citizens, and mutual respect. The scientific research should aim at education to educate well-aware, autonomous, and responsible citizens committed to national and universal principles, capable of dealing with the challenges of the century and of lifelong learning, and that could be accomplished easily through scientific research in education, and higher education. Education would always be the concrete and base of nation, should begin in research, and end in research. Education without scientific research can governed by dogma, superstition, tradition and other form of prejudice about what work well and be good for those involved in the educational process. Higher education institutions must define their missions in harmony with the overall aims and principles. These missions should be translated into well-defined objectives, with allocation of the required resources, and the establishment of concrete mechanisms proper to ensure adequate monitoring and evaluation of progress and achievements based on scientific research. A framework for evaluation and monitoring should thus be established and strengthened in all institutions, with proper academic, structures, and resources. Murphy (1996) likens educational research to a bridge over troubled water. The troubled water represents the stormy world of education. The educational research is the bridge standing in the water, immersed in it but not downed by it. Education needs educational research like rivers need bridges. At the same time, bridges need inspection and maintenance, educational research needs review and orientation. After all research is asymmetric, critical and self-critical enquiry alms to contribute to the advancement of knowledge. …


What is the role that consequence should play in a Fourth Amendment analysis? Should our view of reasonableness be affected by the nature of the consequence that the government seeks to prevent, such as stopping a terrorist from using a weapon of mass destruction (WMD)? While some may consider the use of a WMD by a terrorist to be a plot for an action movie, since the September 11, 2001, attacks, there have been increasing indications that malicious actors or organizations are attempting to obtain a WMD in order to cause massive devastation or catastrophic loss of life. Aside from advancements in technology that may enable the government to deploy an effective system of WMD sensors in the future, one of the most effective methods that the government could employ to locate a suspected terrorist who intended to use a WMD in an American city would be to monitor the terrorist's communications. But what if the government did not know the specific telephone or e-mail account that the suspected terrorist was using, even though it had specific and credible information that he intended to assemble and use the WMD sometime within the next 30 to 45 days? If the nation was not at war, how should a federal court resolve the constitutional tension that would arise if, instead of seeking a wiretap order that targeted a particular telephone or e-mail account, the government sought an order permitting it to target an indeterminate number of communications devices within that city, because that is the only way to find the terrorist and prevent the use of the WMD? Should the court refuse to issue such an order because the Fourth Amendment tolerates no other result, even though it could lead to massive destruction or catastrophic loss of life?The hypothetical presents what some may call the Fourth Amendment's "no-win" scenario, and it enables us to explore what very well may be some of the most challenging constitutional questions of our time. First, should consequence – that is, the nature and gravity of harm the government seeks to prevent – ever play an outcome-determinative role in a Fourth Amendment analysis? Equally important: who should decide whether consequence has a role to play? And, finally, how can government officials, who are responsible for protecting the nation from terrorists who seek to cause massive destruction or a catastrophic loss of life, obtain greater ex ante certainty in regard to the constitutionality of their preventative actions?This article looks at consequence, with a particular focus on the threatened use of a WMD, to begin a discussion on a new doctrinal solution to the hypothetical. As background, Part I takes a look at cardinal Fourth Amendment principles and rules, as well as the many exceptions to the warrant, probable cause and particularity requirements that the Supreme Court has recognized. Part I also discusses minimization, a well-established privacy enhancing mechanism that normally serves as a back-end check on the government's conduct, to determine whether it can serve as a front-end substitute for the Fourth Amendment's particularity requirement. Based on publicly available information, Part II briefly explores the differences between chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear WMDs, and the different consequences that can be reasonably anticipated from their respective use. Identifying these differences is critical to understanding how the significant definitional issues identified in Part III might affect the implementation of any new doctrinal solution. Part IV then looks at these issues through what I have elsewhere described as the "Fourth Amendment's protective lens" and proposes that we use a probability-consequence matrix as an analytical framework to solve the "no-win" scenario. Finally, Part V seeks to lay out a path forward so that the Congress can consider and enact sensible legislation that will enable us to identify the limited circumstances in which consequence should be considered a factor in a Fourth Amendment calculus, particularly when a terrorist threatens to use a WMD.