The objective of this research was to determine the factors that influence application of non-parametric analysis technique. The data emanated from research done by postgraduate students over a ten year period (1995-2004) and archived by the project in postgraduate education research (PPER). A survey of three South African universities was conducted. The classification of researches from chosen prominent universities were made by research title, research topic, target population, data collection method, and other diversity titles which were used to map the position of non-parametric analysis. The research amongst the three (3) universities included four hundred and twenty-one (421) sampled researches of which only twenty nine (29) were in Language and Race issues. The first finding indicated that the data of the sampled researches were all analysed using content analysis. Secondly, the findings suggested that there was a relationship between research title and data analysis technique. Lastly, the dominant theme amongst the sampled researches was Language although in many instances when language issues are being researched, race issues are inherently being researched either purposefully or coincidentally. There is a relationship between the history of the institutions and the kinds of research they produce.


The foraging skills of Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula and Scaup Aythya marila feeding on Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha were studied in experiments under seminatural diving conditions with relevance to the IJssalmeer/Markermeer area (large lakes in the centre of The Netherlands, former Zuiderzee area), the major freshwater wintering site of both species in Europe. Daily consumption of mussels (based on fresh mass) was about two to three times the body mass of the birds because of the large water and shell content and consequently low nutritional value of mussels. Feeding costs (diving and processing food) were about 50% of daily energy expenses in winter, as revealed from doubly labelled water measurements. Food intake rates decreased with the degree of byssal thread attachment of mussels in Tufted Duck, while intake rates of Scaup were only affected when mussels grew in tightly attached clumps. Food intake rates were usually 15-25% lower in Tufted Duck than in the 25% heavier Scaup. Both species were able to swallow all mussels available in the population, though smaller mussels were slightly favoured. Scaup had higher food intake rates at low mussel densities than Tufted Duck, but intake rates seemed unaffected at densities higher than ca. 100 gFM m(-2), which is similar to giving-up densities observed in the field. Feeding activity consisted of short feeding bouts of a number of dives in quick succession to fill the esophagus with mussels, followed by longer resting pauses of 5-10 minutes to crush mussel shells in the gizzard and digest the flesh. The limited capacity to store food in the gut (less than 5% of the daily requirement) and long digestive pauses imply that diving ducks must spend a large fraction of the day on the feeding grounds. The differences in feeding skills between the two species correspond qualitatively with their spatial segregation in the IJsselmeer area when local differences in prey properties are taken into account.


PURPOSE
To study phenotypic variation in primary cultures of rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and to correlate cell morphology with rates of binding and ingestion of rod outer segments (ROS).

METHOD
Replicate cultures were prepared using RPE cell sheets isolated with Dispase from Royal College of Surgeons normal (RCS rdy+ p+) and dystrophic (RCS p+) rats. Retinal pigment epithelial morphology was analyzed, and phagocytosis was assessed by fluorescence microscopy in cultures fixed at 2-hour intervals from 3 to 19 hours after continuous incubations with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-stained ROS.

RESULTS
A wide range of RPE cell size, shape, and pigmentation was present at confluence; however, distinct morphologic subtypes were recognized, defined as types 1 to 3, and studied separately. In both normal and dystrophic cultures, the extent and rate of ROS binding varied with RPE phenotype. In normal cultures, highly spread pigmented binucleate cells (type 3) bound and rapidly ingested multiple ROS per cell starting at 3 hours and reached a peak at 9 hours. Lightly pigmented daughter cells (type 2) bound and ingested far fewer ROS per cell than did type 3 RPE, which had not divided. Patches of hexagonally packed cells with in vivo morphology (type 1) bound large numbers of ROS per cell only after prolonged (9- to 11-hour) incubations and ingested them synchronously. Comparison of normal versus dystrophic RPE subtypes 1 to 3 revealed the known ingestion defect in all three mutant phenotypes but indicated delayed ROS binding in type 2 and type 3 cells as well.

CONCLUSIONS
Kinetics of ROS binding and ingestion differ markedly among phenotypic variants of RPE cells typically found in primary cultures at confluence. Thus, accurate quantitation requires comparison of equivalent microscopic fields or like RPE subtypes, and the heterogeneous responses of various RPE subtypes should be considered when interpreting phagocytic data obtained from entire cultures at a particular time.


The adaptations and struggles for women miners over the last three decades have been immense. This study reports on these changes for Australian Women Miners. It is based on qualitative interviews of 22 of these women mining workers recorded between 2006 and 2009. The first handful of women began working in Queensland coal mines in 1979, as labourers, in what was seen by some as a public relations exercise rather than a genuine willingness to embrace equal opportunity. Working in the mines can be a real source of economic liberation for women, probably the best method for those not seeking university educations, provided the debt trap can be avoided. But in pursuing that goal, they face many challenges of adaptation and struggle.


MY PASSION FOR renewable energies was sparked off during my undergraduate studies in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Malta. Thanks to ERASMUS, I studied at the University of Strathclyde which had a Renewable Energy course that, at the time, was not offered in Malta. I spent the last year of my bachelor studies designing and testing part of a wind tunnel to simulate atmospheric wind conditions. This test setup allowed for more realistic wind turbine experiments than previous efforts. Although I wanted to further my career in wind energy, I opted first to broaden my knowledge in the field of renewables by enrolling for the Masters in Sustainable Energy Technology at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands in August 2010. Over the first year, I worked on several projects. They included designing a smart grid which was presented at the European Joint Research Centre ( JRC). I also helped develop an innovative thermal energy plant that exploits temperature differences between the ocean surface and deep-water (>1km deep) in tropical waters to generate electricity. Over the second year, I again carried out research in wind energy. At the famed Wind Energy Research Institute of Delft University called DUWIND, I looked into the effect wind turbines can have on each other. When wind turbine blades cut through the wind they can change its direction. This can reduce the efficiency of nearby wind turbines making them produce less energy. My results showed that a turbine's effect on nearby systems diminishes when the wind distortion it causes is limited either by the wind's inherent instability or other by properties like its proximity to the ground. By exploiting these wind qualities, a wind farm's efficiency can be improved by up to 15%. After my Masters I worked for a year at Eindhoven as a flow and thermal analyst at Segula Technologies Consultancy. I developed new components for a company's cutting edge lithography machines and for fuel cell system development for BOSAL engineering. Now I have managed to secure a Ph.D. scholarship in wind turbine blade aerodynamics, continuing the work I started in my Masters at DUWIND. This time I am looking into the influence of small flow control devices on the performance of large (10 MW) wind turbines. •


Fusarium wilt of tomato, caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is an increasingly important disease of tomato. This paper reports the high-quality draft genome assembly of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolate D11 (race 3), which consists of 39 scaffolds with 57,281,978 bp (GC content, 47.5%), an N50 of 4,408,267 bp, a mean read coverage of 99.8×, and 17,682 predicted genes. ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt of tomato, caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is an increasingly important disease of tomato. This paper reports the high-quality draft genome assembly of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolate D11 (race 3), which consists of 39 scaffolds with 57,281,978 bp (GC content, 47.5%), an N50 of 4,408,267 bp, a mean read coverage of 99.8×, and 17,682 predicted genes.


Usability is typically conceived of as a property of a software artifact ("a software product has good/bad usability") and tested in user experiments. In this conceptual paper we challenge this established view. For doing so, we draw on the concept of sociomateriality and a case study, which illustrates how usability of a workplace telephony software is perceived and treated very differently in usage practices across use contexts. We find that the software interacts with different types of hardware and with institutionalized ideas and norms in the various contexts of user organizations in such a way that it renders defining usability as a property of the software artifact a pointless task. In fact, we question whether it is useful to conceptualize (workplace) software as artifacts with stable set of properties. Rather, we argue that usability manifests in the sociomaterial use context. We discuss methodological implications and identify areas for future research.


This paper documents a non-native translator's experience in an academic setting, focusing on the challenges of translating different kinds of texts from French into English at the Institute of Languages, Makerere University. Makerere Institute of Languages (MIL) is composed of four clusters: Foreign Languages, African Languages, Communication Skills and Secretarial Studies, Service Courses and Soft Skills (Wagaba 97). The services offered include teaching language skills and culture to university students and the general public; communication skills to people who want to improve in English, French, German, Arabic, Swahili and local languages; and translation and interpretation in the languages mentioned above. These services are offered at this institute because there is no other well-recognised institution in Uganda that engages in translation or interpretation, yet there is always a big demand for them. The emphasis in this study is on teachers of French who also render translation services to a wide range of clients at the Institute of Languages. The main focus is on the experiences and opinions of non-native translators. The aim is to highlight the challenges a non-native translator encounters in the process of translating different categories of documents from French into English for purposes of validation of francophone students' academic documents and their placement in Uganda universities, verification of academic qualification of teachers from francophone countries who come to Uganda in search of teaching jobs, and mutual understanding at international conferences held in Uganda whose delegates come from francophone countries. Selected texts will be critically examined to illustrate the specific challenges a non-native speaker encounters while translating from and into a language or languages which are not his/her first language or mother tongue. The paper deals with the following questions: What does the process of translating involve? What are the challenges encountered? Does every fluent French language teacher qualify to be a competent translator? What factors determine 'competence' in translation? What are the limitations faced in an academic setting? The discussion is based on the premise that competence in translation requires linguistic and intercultural competence, among other competencies. The outcome contributes to the understanding that translation in any setting is ultimately a human activity, which enables human beings to exchange information and enhance knowledge transfer regardless of cultural and linguistic differences.


Copyright See the file COPYRIGHTS Description With this tool, a user should be able to quickly implement complex random effect models through simple C++ templates. The package combines 'CppAD' (C++ automatic differentiation), 'Eigen' (templated matrix-vector library) and 'CHOLMOD' (sparse matrix routines available from R) to obtain an efficient implementation of the applied Laplace approximation with exact derivatives. Key features are: Automatic sparseness detection, parallelism through 'BLAS' and parallel user templates.


Introduction LIS education is grappling with a rapidly changing work environment for newly graduating librarians and information professionals. The management of information and services is in constant evolution; technologies and tools are changing at a furious pace; the competencies required for success in today's digital and data-driven workplace are very different from a generation or two ago. In this transformational context, it is important to consider the value of case studies as an instructional strategy that can be highly beneficial for effective learning outcomes in LIS education. In this article, the co-authors describe the educational theory, the relationship to adult learning, the core competencies, and the learning outcomes that can result from utilizing the case study approach. Over 80% of graduates of LIS programs will be expected to supervise or manage others in the world place at some point in their career. Graduates of LIS programs should expect, as professionals, to be prepared to lead and manage staff, formally or informally, to participate in the management process by helping recruit, train and mentor newcomers, by chairing meetings, forming committees, representing the organization vis-a-vis external bodies, and "managing" donors, along with other groups. John Dewey and Active Learning It is instructive to begin this investigation with the educational philosopher John Dewey (1859-1952). As early as the turn of the 20th century, Dewey advised pedagogues that the best way to learn is by "doing." Regardless of one's propensity to accept John Dewey's philosophy of education, sometimes dubbed, "Dewey-ing," he nonetheless continues to enjoy an outstanding place in the history of 20th century education, as well as philosophy, liberal thought, and reform of school practices. Dewey outlines his basic theory on how learning takes place and the process which he believed is a "thinking process" just as a scientist approaches his/her craft. If one is to learn at all, one must learn to think: "the native and unspoiled attitude of childhood, marked by ardent curiosity, fertile imagination, and love of experimental inquiry, is near, very near to the attitude of the scientific mind." (Dykhuizen, 1973, p. 94). In one of his most popular teacher-training books, Democracy and Education, Dewey describes the kind of democratic education system needed for the 20th century (Dykhuizen, p. 139). Dewey contends that schools should endeavour to form a continuum with the child's experiences outside of school. Subject matters should center on his/her current interests, and learning must be accompanied by doing in order for theory and practice to develop together. Opportunities should be provided in the classroom for projects & activities in which the child's interest can be tested. Dewey wrote extensively on the value of "experience" in the learning process and deplored the tendency to downplay its value in schools in favour of theoretical coursework. "Experience is too often seen as something different from and inferior to knowledge." (Dykhuizen, p. 178) "Experiencing in purposeful activity is a way of understanding" (Dykhuizen, p. 272) as doing and making are integral passages to knowing. Whether one agrees entirely with Dewey's philosophy as applied to school children or to the school curricula, when it comes to adult learners, who often enroll in courses equipped with an abundance of practical "experience," capitalizing on such rich mines can only enhance the learning process. Courses in subjects such as chemistry, medicine, or engineering impart a specific, prescribed body of knowledge. However, when it comes to a subject as complex as management where a theoretical body of knowledge represents but a portion of the whole learning experience, how does one provide graduate students with challenging and practical learning opportunities? Theory alone regarding planning, directing, controlling, staffing, will not produce a good manager. …


The economic history of Tasmania has yet to be written.
This paper is offered as an introduction to that section of
the subject which embraces the currency and the exchange
relations of the early colonists. The period covers the
years of governmental dependence of Tasmania upon New
South Wales. These years stand out distinctly when we survey the growth of the State. Two reasons sufficiently
account for this fact. Firstly, the young Colony was
ultimately ruled by the Governors of New South Wales, who,
with one exception, were little acquainted with the island's
affairs. Secondly, the local Lieut.-Governors were responsible only to their superiors at Sydney, often a fortnight's
sail away.
On 3rd December, 1825, the Government of Tasmania
was separated from New South Wales. Although
the currency was not in a state which we could term satisfactory
to-day, when the period ended, the worst days were
passed, and the forces were working which were to wipe out
for ever the troubles of the earlier years.


The starting-point for the article is to provide a brief background on the Ubuntu Project that Prof. Drucilla Cornell convened in 2003; most notably the interviews conducted in Khayamandi, the support of a sewing collective, and the continued search to launch an Ubuntu Women's Centre. The article will reflect on some of the philosophical underpinnings of ubuntu, whereafter debates in Western feminism will be revisited. Ubuntu feminism is suggested as a possible response to these types of feminisms. The authors support an understanding of ubuntu as critique and ubuntu feminism accordingly as a critical intervention that recalls a politics of refusal. The article ends by raising the importance of thinking about spatiality through ubuntu, and vice versa. It may seem strange to title an article Ubuntu feminism when feminism itself has often been identified as a European or Western idea. But, this article will argue that ubuntu offers conceptions of transindividuality and ways of social belonging that could respond in a meaningful way to some of European feminism's own dilemmas and contradictions. Famously, one of the most intense debates in feminism was between those who defended an ethic of care in a relational view of the self, on one side, and those feminists who held on to more traditional conceptions of justice, placing an emphasis on individuality and autonomy, on the other side. The authors will suggest that ubuntu could address this tension in feminism. Thus, in this article the focus will not simply be on ubuntu, in order to recognise that there are other intellectual heritages worthy of consideration, other than those in Europe and the United States. It will also take a next step in arguing that ubuntu may be a better standpoint entirely from which to continue thinking about what it means to be a human being, as well as how to conceive of the integral interconnection human beings all have with one another. This connection through ubuntu is always sought ethically, and for the authors it underscores what we have both endorsed as ethical feminism. In this essay it is considered how ubuntu feminism could refuse the demands of patriarchy, as well as the confines of liberal feminism. The authors are interested in thinking about ubuntu in general as critique, as a critical response to the pervasiveness of a liberal legal order. Their aim is also to explore tentatively ubuntu and spatiality – how could one understand ubuntu in spatial terms, and more pertinently, how could ubuntu and ubuntu feminism relate to spatial justice? Before turning to the theoretical discussion, some of the on-the-ground history of the Ubuntu Project will be reviewed, including the Project's attempt to build an Ubuntu Women's Centre in Khayamandi in the Western Cape, South Africa.


Background: The Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyia) is the largest raptor in the Neotropical region, distributed in low densities within primary forest habitats from southern Mexico to east-central Brazil, including Central America and Panama. Although locally extinct due to habitat degradation, human poaching and reduction of tropical forests in recent decades, some remnant populations are known to be small and isolated. Thus, information on its ecology, including infectious diseases, is critical for conservation efforts and management of populations of this emblematic species in the wild. Avian Mycobacteriosis (AM) is a chronic disease affecting a wide range of birds and mammals and clinical cases have been sporadically reported, although in harpy eagles, has not been documented. In addition, scant information exists on pathologies affecting raptors, therefore, this report expands the knowledge on infectious diseases affecting wild birds. This study describes the first case of AM in an immature harpy eagle rescued from Darien gap and presents details of the clinical manifestation of the disease and its histological findings.Case: An immature harpy eagle was presented to a rescue center after being confiscated by Ministry of Environment from a local farm in a remote region of Eastern Panama, in the Darien gap. The raptor had a history of having been kept in captivity for approximately five weeks, cohabiting with backyard poultry and fed corn, raw duck and chicken provided by farm owners. Stagnant water was offered for drinking. The harpy eagle arrived to the facility very lethargic and emaciated. Physical examination revealed damaged plumage, poor body condition and dyspnea. Complete blood count revealed anemia and leukocytosis based on lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. Biochemical profile evidenced an increased level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), phosphorus and total plasma protein. Most remarkable radiographic findings were splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and increased opacity in kidneys, intestines, and aerial sacs. None of the other diagnostic tests performed were conclusive, like tracheal, esophageal and cloacal cultures for fungal infection and fecal exam. After one week of treatment, it showed a remarkable recovery, but at the end of the second week, declined dramatically, dying in the third week of treatment. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence of diffuse granulomas in multiple organs. Histologic examination with gram and Ziehl Neelsen staining revealed the presence of gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria, compatible with Mycobacterium-like bacilli. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65, digested with BstEII and HaEIII restriction enzymes confirmed the presence Mycobacterium avium complex in tissues samples.Discussion: This is the first report of AM in a harpy eagle, presenting an extreme emaciation with dyspnea, abnormalities in spleen, liver and air sacs. Biochemical and hematological parameters revealed alterations consistent with infection and organ malfunctions in liver, but Mycobacteriosis was not suspected initially and it was necessary to support the diagnosis with histopathological studies and DNA amplification for a proper identification of the disease. This allowed us to confirm that ante-mortem clinical diagnosis of Avian Mycobacteriosis can be challenging, especially in birds who usually show non-specific signs of the disease and external lesions are not commonly observed. Further studies are requiring to determine the characteristics and clinical signs of this disease in this and other raptors. Also, to determine the source of infection affecting raptors and other protected species in the Neotropical region, especially for diseases with relevance in the conservation of birds and animal health control.


The present study evaluated the applicability of the CropSyst model under variable climatic, irrigation, and fertilizer-nitrogen regimes. The objective was to analyze wheat productivity responses to water and N-application for optimizing water productivity in an arid irrigated environment. Evaluation analysis showed that the model provided very satisfactory estimates for the emergence, flowering and physiological maturity dates. The performance of the model was reasonable as demonstrated by the close correspondence between simulated grain yield, biomass accumulation, seasonal ET, and irrigation water productivity (WPI) with measured data. The normalized root mean square error ranged between 5 and 10% for most of the parameters. Overall, the Willmott index of agreement between simulated and observed values of grain yield, biomass and seasonal ET were 0.99, 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The validated model was employed to assess interactive effects of irrigation and fertilizer N on grain yield and water productivity indices. Scenario analyses indicated that WPI and WPET (ET water productivity) ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 kg m -3 , and from 0.07 to 1.49 kg m -3 , respectively. For predicting the best N and water application practices for maximization of water productivity, the best option found by the model was application of water and nitrogenous fertilizer in 70% and 90% of the required values, respectively, for WPI, and equal to the required values (100%) for WPET. The simulations demonstrated that the current wheat productivity of 5.0 Mg ha -1 obtained by the local farmers can be achieved at 140 kg ha -1 fertilizer N and 30% deficit irrigation regime with a WPI of 1.73 kg m -3 . The CropSyst model can be applied to derive best management options in terms of N and irrigation application of wheat under arid conditions.


Providing real-time multimedia applications over wireless multi-hop networks is a challenging problem because the wireless channels are highly sensitive to delay, interference and topology changes. Multiple description coding (MDC), as a new emerging error-resilient technique, has been widely used recently in wireless video transmission. Its fundamental principle is to generate multiple correlated descriptions such that each description approximates the source information with a certain level of fidelity. Inevitably, MDC introduces many description streams which may influence each other and thus, reasonable system scheduling is needed to provide a satisfied video quality. The novelty of this work is to investigate the optimal distributed scheduling for multiple competing MDC streams in a resource-limited wireless multi-hop network. This is achieved by joint optimization of MDC, rate control and multipath routing. Two joint optimal algorithms, namely a distributed rate control and routing (DRCR) and a simplified DRCR algorithm, are proposed to solve this problem with constraints that arise from the multiple description streams among multiple users via multiple paths. Both algorithms are designed in a distributed manner that is amenable to on-line implementation for wireless networks. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are provided which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed joint schemes.


Previous research finds a systematic fall in consumption at retirement, even when these retirements are expected, which implies households do not behave as predicted by the lifecycle/ permanent income hypothesis. However, the worker's expected date of retirement is typically predicted using an instrument - age - that we show to be correlated with unexpected retirements and will therefore lead to biased estimates. In this paper, we use an alternative instrument for expected retirement: workers' own subjective beliefs of their expected retirement dates. We find that subjective retirement expectations provide strong predictive power for subsequent retirements above and beyond the impact of age on retirement probabilities. We still find, however, that consumption falls for workers who retire when expected although the estimated impact is 50 percent smaller when using retirement expectations as an instrument instead of age.


A great deal of prior research has examined the relation between estimates of working memory and cognitive abilities. Yet, the neural mechanisms that account for these relations are still not very well understood. The current study explored whether individual differences in working memory delay activity would be a significant predictor of cognitive abilities. A large number of participants performed multiple measures of capacity, attention control, long-term memory, working memory span, and fluid intelligence, and latent variable analyses were used to examine the data. During two working memory change detection tasks, we acquired EEG data and examined the contralateral delay activity. The results demonstrated that the contralateral delay activity was significantly related to cognitive abilities, and importantly these relations were because of individual differences in both capacity and attention control. These results suggest that individual differences in working memory delay activity predict individual differences in a broad range of cognitive abilities, and this is because of both differences in the number of items that can be maintained and the ability to control access to working memory.


This pioneering study examines aspects of figured bass notation and continuo realization in the High Baroque, especially with respect to the operas and oratorios of G. F. Handel. Contemporary treatises, Handel's manuscripts, original performance material, and other early sources provide clarification and guidance for the modern performer. Part one is an overview of figured bass in Handel source materials: autograph manuscripts, performing scores, original keyboard parts, 18th century scribal copies, and early editions. Part two treats in depth continuo realization problems that are often overlooked and can be troublesome in modern performances. The author defines the most common bass patterns, or formula-progressions, in Handel's music, together with the precise harmony the composer intended. The author attempts to show that continuo figuring can serve different functions depending on context. Much of the figuring that comes down to us in secondary sources may derive from the composer, or it may reflect valid contemporary practice. Modern editions, in the main, are too selective in this regard: they only include bass figuring from primary sources, leaving the modern performer frequently without sufficient guidance in the continuo part to improvise a stylistic accompaniment. Appendices include brief examples of continuo realization by Handel.BR> Patrick J. Rogers is an active keyboard player and former Fulbright Scholar who studied Handel under Theodor Gollner, Roland Jackson, Terence Best, and the late J. Merrill Knapp.


In semi-arid protected areas, artificial waterholes ensure that water is locally available to animals for extended periods. However, artificial waterholes may limit animal movement, which contributes towards habitat deterioration. Challenges of artificial water provisioning worsen in the presence of ecosystem engineers like African elephants Loxodonta africana, capable of transforming environments. Camera traps were used to monitor elephant visitation at 21 artificial waterholes in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also assessed if water quality parameters influenced elephant preference for certain waterholes. There were no significant correlations between elephant abundance and water physicochemical properties. However, there was a strong negative correlation between elephant abundance and levels of Escherichia coli in water. Our findings suggest that elephants avoid drinking water with high levels of faecal microbial loads. Whereas most studies addressing animal management in protected areas consider waterholes as homogeneous units, we posit that water quality could also determine local landscape use and movement patterns of key species like elephants, a finding with relevant implications in reserve management practices.


This article provides a demographic exposition of the changes in the U.S prison population during the period of mass incarceration that began in the late twentieth century. By drawing on data from the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (1974-2004) for inmates 17-72 years of age (N = 336), we show that the age distribution shifted upward dramatically: Only 16 percent of the state prison population was 40 years old or older in 1974; by 2004, this percentage had doubled to 33 percent with the median age of prisoners rising from 27 to 34 years old. By using an estimable function approach, we find that the change in the age distribution of the prison population is primarily a cohort effect that is driven by the "enhanced" penal careers of the cohorts who hit young adulthood-the prime age of both crime and incarceration-when substance use was at its peak. Period-specific factors (e.g., proclivity for punishment and incidence of offense) do matter, but they seem to play out more across the life cycles of persons most affected in young adulthood (cohort effects) than across all age groups at one point in time (period effects).


Household financial decisions are complex, interdependent, and heterogeneous, and central to the functioning of the financial system. We present an overview of the rapidly expanding literature on household finance (with some important exceptions) and suggest directions for future research. We begin with the theory and empirics of asset market participation and asset allocation over the life cycle. We then discuss household choices in insurance markets, trading behavior, decisions on retirement saving, and financial choices by retirees. We survey research on liabilities, including mortgage choice, refinancing, and default, and household behavior in unsecured credit markets, including credit cards and payday lending. We then connect the household to its social environment, including peer effects, cultural and hereditary factors, intra-household financial decision-making, financial literacy, cognition, and educational interventions. We also discuss literature on the provision and consumption of financial advice. (JEL D15, G41, G50, J26, Z13)


This book shows through argument and numerous policy-related examples how understanding moral philosophy can improve economic analysis, how moral philosophy can benefit from economists' analytical tools, and how economic analysis and moral philosophy together can inform public policy. Part I explores the idea of rationality and its connections to ethics, arguing that when they defend their formal model of rationality, most economists implicitly espouse contestable moral principles. Part II addresses the nature and measurement of welfare, utilitarianism and cost-benefit analysis. Part III discusses freedom, rights, equality, and justice - moral notions that are relevant to evaluating policies, but which have played little if any role in conventional welfare economics. Finally, Part IV explores work in social choice theory and game theory that is relevant to moral decision making. Each chapter includes recommended reading and discussion questions.


RiceNIC is a reconfigurable and programmable Gigabit Ethernet network interface card (NIC). It is an open platform meant for research and education into network interface design. The NIC is implemented on a commercial FPGA prototyping board that includes two Xilinx FPGAs, a Gigabit Ethernet interface, a PCI interface, and both SRAM and DRAM memories. The Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA on the board also includes two embedded PowerPC processors. RiceNIC provides significant computation and storage resources that are largely unutilized when performing the basic tasks of a network interface. The remaining processing and storage resources are available to customize th e behavior of RiceNIC. This capability and flexibility makes RiceNIC a valuable platform for research and education into current and future network interface architectures.


Legal institutions are critical for the development of market-based economies. This paper defines legal institutions and discusses different indicators to measure their quality and efficiency. It surveys a large historical and empirical literature showing the importance of legal institutions in explaining cross-country variation in economic development. Finally, it presents and discusses three different views of why we can observe the large cross-country variation in legal institutions, the social conflict, the legal origin and the culture and religion hypotheses.


This paper explores the case for a global financial regulator. It first identifies two problems with how legal scholars viewed the international financial architecture before the financial crisis. International law scholars mistakenly thought that informal transgovernmental networks could serve as the heart of an international regulatory framework. In fact, the international financial architecture proved incapable of preventing or managing the causes and effects of the recent financial crisis. The reason why is the second problem. Financial law scholars did not speak out more strongly before the crisis about the limitations of the international financial architecture. They focused their attention on the coordination and harmonization of rules and standards in areas of accounting, securities, and bank capital adequacy, but did not resolve the problems of prudential supervision of cross-border financial institutions and systemic risk regulation. The failure of states to provide for an international legal regime capable of conducting prudential supervision of cross-border financial institutions proved to be one reason why the international financial architecture could not address the spread of financial instability. This paper sets forth an international administrative law model for international financial regulation. It advocates the creation of an international body that has the power and resources to supervise cross-border financial institutions, demand action by national supervisors, promulgate supervisory standards, conduct inspections, and initiate enforcement proceedings. Acknowledging possible objections to an international administrative law model, particularly those related to the protection of state sovereignty and democratic accountability, this paper argues that an international administrative agency is the best solution to the problem of global financial regulation.


TGender based taxation (GBT) has been recently proposed as a promising policy in order to close the gender gap, i.e. promote gender equality and improve women's status in the labour market and within the family. We use a microeconometric model of household labour supply in order to evaluate, with Italian data, the behavioural and welfare effects of GBT as compared to other policies based on different optimal taxation principles. The comparison is interesting because GBT, although technically correct, might face implementation difficulties not shared by other policies that in turn might produce comparable benefits. Our results support to some extent the expectations of GBT's proponents. However, it is not an unquestionable success. GBT induces a modest increase of women's employment, but similar effects can be attained by universal subsidies on low wages. When the policies are evaluated in terms of welfare, GBT ranks first among single women but among couples and in the whole population the best policies are unconditional transfers and/or subsidies on low wages.


Larger portion sizes (PS) may be inciting over-eating and contributing to obesity rates. Currently, there is a paucity of data on the effectiveness of serving size (SS) guidance. The aims of the present review are to evaluate SS guidance; the understanding, usability and acceptability of such guidance, its impact on consumers and potential barriers to its uptake. A sample of worldwide SS guidance schemes (n 87) were identified using targeted and untargeted searches, overall these were found to communicate various inconsistent and often conflicting messages about PS selection. The available data suggest that consumers have difficulty in understanding terms such as 'portion size' and 'serving size', as these tend to be used interchangeably. In addition, discrepancies between recommended SS and those present on food labels add to the confusion. Consumers generally understand and visualise SS best when expressed in terms of household measures rather than actual weights. Only a limited number of studies have examined the direct impact of SS guidance on consumer behaviour with equivocal results. Although consumers recognise that guidance on selecting SS would be helpful, they are often unwilling to act on such guidance. The challenge of achieving consumer adherence to SS guidance is formidable due to several barriers including chronic exposure to larger PS, distorted consumption norms and perceptions, the habit of 'cleaning one's plate' and language barriers for ethnic minorities. In conclusion, the impact of SS guidance on consumers merits further investigation to ensure that future guidance resonates with consumers by being more understandable, usable and acceptable.


HETEROCHROMIA is an alteration in iris color and structure. Although usually benign, it may be the only clue to an underlying disorder. The purpose of this report is to discuss the development and significance of this finding and to emphasize the importance of recording it. Description Aristotle described the condition and called it heteroglaucos. The history books also record that the eastern Emperor Anastasios I was called Dicorus because his eyes were of different colors, and Plutarch states that Alexander the Great had heterochromia.1 Heterochromia may take two forms: a hypopigmentation of the iris of whatever color, with iris hypoplasia; or a hyperpigmentation, with iris hyperplasia. The color change may involve one eye alone or both eyes and may be partial or complete. The uniocular type in which different parts of the same iris are of different colors is called heterochromia iridis, piebald iris, variegated iris, or iris


What is scientific evidence in the third sector for? This article aims to answer this central question based on a sustained argumentation in a follow-up study carried out at the therapeutic community Quinta das Lapas of the Dianova Association, in Portugal. The study of the integration trajectories of ex-dependents after the therapeutic process carried out at that community between 1999 and 2009, permitted the identification of some critical aspects in the process of social reinsertion. These are the aspects we discuss here, defending that from this analysis and discussion changes will result impacting the level of improvement of the services of treatment and reinsertion, and also the level of related public policies. Thus contributing to a more effective social reintegration of persons in a situation of vulnerability and consequently to the promotion of social cohesion.


Bridge structure performance estimation under a seismic hazard can be significantly influenced by the level of modelling detail within the simulation of the soil structure interaction phenomenon. As the computational demands of such estimation greatly restricts the implementation of a detailed truncated FEM simulation of the semiinfinite soil domain, the Kelvin – Voigt Model within the framework of the substructure method along with other frequency independent simplified methods are frequently selected within the past literature as a computationally viable alternative. Due to their limited dynamic properties, the aforementioned simplified methods are prone to an inefficient approximation on the loading scenario of earthquake excitations with rich frequency content. To this end the limitations of the frequency independent simulation approach and subsequently the necessity of the frequency dependent simulation approach are thoroughly investigated in the following paper through the comparison of the seismic response of bridge structure under the use of the conventional Kelvin Voigt Models and the Lumped Parameter (LP) modelling method. Analyses results demonstrate a phenomenon of redistribution of damage among the bridge's structural components with the significance of error being highly correlated with the predominant frequency of the excitation.


Objective: To compare the perinatal outcomes of advanced maternal aged women (≥ 35 years) to the controlgroup (20-35 years) in a tertiary hospital. Material and methods: This study was conducted on 2152 women who gave birth between 1st January and 31st December 2011. The 'study group' was comprised 537 pregnant women aged ≥35 years and the 'control group' was comprised 1615 pregnant women aged between 20-35 years. The maternal and fetal outcomes of two groups were compared statistically. Results: The incidence of preterm delivery was significantly higher in the advanced maternal aged women group (14.5% vs 6.6%, p<0.001). Low birth weight, very low birth weight babies and intrauterin growth restriction were also significantly higher in this group (7.1% vs 4.6%, p= 0.01, 5.2% vs 0.9%, p<0.001, and 8.2% vs. 4.8% p=0.003, respectively). Although cesarean section rate was significantly higher in the study group (34.8% vs. 26.6%, p<0.001), emergency cesarean section rate was significantly higher in the control group (29.4% vs 40%, p=0.01). Pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in the older women compared to control group (p<0.001, OR: 2.2, 95% Cl:1.5-3.5 and p=0.01 OR: 1.89, 95% Cl:1.2-2, respectively). Conclusion: Pregnancies with advanced maternal age have higher risk of maternal and fetal complications. The most crucial risks for older pregnancies are pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. The cesarean section rates are also higher in older pregnant women.


Abstract An improved understanding of the effects of nitrogen (N) on crop–weed interactions is needed for the development of integrated weed management systems where responsible use of N fertilizers is considered. Field experiments conducted in 1999 and 2000 at two locations in eastern Nebraska quantify the effects of N and increasing duration of weed interference on corn growth and development. A naturally occurring population of weeds was allowed to compete with the corn crop for increasing lengths of time and at three rates of N application (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1). Weed interference and withholding applied N increased the time to 50% silking by an average of 3.9 and 2.9 d, respectively. Regardless of treatments, relative growth rates of corn leaf area and biomass were maximized between the V1 and V2 growth stages of corn and increased linearly with N rate but were affected to a lesser extent by weed presence. The improvement in early season corn growth with addition of N resulted in greater leaf area, biomass, and height, which improved the competitive ability of corn against weeds. Reductions in maximum corn leaf area and height due to weed interference usually began earlier and were more extensive at reduced rates of N. Partitioning of biomass to reproductive structures increased with N during reproductive stages, likely contributing to greater harvest indices at the end of the season. Results from this study indicate that the effects of N fertilization on early-season crop growth provided a competitive advantage for corn relative to weeds, thereby increasing the length of time that weeds could compete with a crop before removal was required, but further research is needed to identify mechanisms regarding improved crop tolerance to weeds. Nomenclature: Corn, Zea mays L. 'DK589RR'.


This research provides a means of assessing and quantifying many important aspects of pile group and pile cap behavior under lateral loads. The program of work performed in this study includes developing a full-scale field test facility, conducting approximately 30 lateral load tests on pile groups and pile caps, performing laboratory geotechnical tests on natural soils obtained from the site and on imported backfill materials, and performing analytical studies. A detailed literature review was also conducted to assess the current state of practice in the area of laterally loaded pile groups. A method called the "group-equivalent pile" approach (abbreviated GEP) was developed for creating analytical models of pile groups and pile caps that are compatible with established approaches for analyzing single laterally loaded piles. A method for calculating pile cap resistance-deflection curves (p-y curves) was developed during this study, and has been programmed in the spreadsheet called PYCAP. A practical, rational, and systematic procedure was developed for assessing and quantifying the lateral resistance that pile caps provide to pile groups. Comparisons between measured and calculated load-deflection responses indicate that the analytical approach developed in this study is conservative, reasonably accurate, and suitable for use in the design of pile caps and integral abutments. The results of this research are expected to improve the current state of knowledge and practice regarding pile group and pile cap behavior.


Twenty-one lactating Saanen goats of similar milk yield and lactation number were fed one of three experimental protein diets: low UDP (160 g CP/kg DM), high UDP, low protein (128 g CP/kg DM), and high UDP high protein (160 g CP/kg DM). The aim of the study was to determine whether an increased UDP and decreased RDP content would increase production and also whether a decreased CP content and an increased UDP content would sustain the production of lactating Saanen does. The does on the low UDP diet had significantly higher feed intakes and were significantly heavier at the end of the trial period of 120 days. No differences in milk production or composition were observed. The CP intake/kg milk yield was 113 ± 0.01 g (4% butterfat). The low protein (20% less CP) high UDP diet was able to sustain a similar milk production with a significantly better conversion (29.3%) of N into milk protein than the other diets. In contrast the decrease in RDP and increase in UDP content, at the same CP level, did not improve the production potential of the does.


The present global water crisis threatens the sustainability of irrigated rice production as the demand for available water from urban and industrial sectors is likely to receive priority over irrigation for agriculture. It may necessitate the adoption of rice production practice that reduces water input without impairing yield. Besides water, nitrogen (N) is also an important factor, which often interacts with water and influence rice growth. The study was undertaken in a series of five greenhouse experiments, to determine the effects of water management on rice growth and N uptake efficiency and to evaluate N fertilizer management on growth, yield and N use efficiency of rice grown under different water management. The three water management treatments studied were flooded, non flooded (NF)-saturated and NF-field capacity, whereas the N management practices evaluated were N rate, source, split and placement.
iii
Experimental results showed that rice growth , grain yield, dry root biomass, total root length, root length density, plant N uptake and N fertilizer recovery were not significantly different between flooded and NF-saturated conditions, but were significantly lower under NF-field capacity condition. Grain yield was 57.6 and 54.4% lower under NF-field capacity than flooded and NF-saturated conditions, respectively. A higher grain yield and plant N uptake response to N application rate was observed under flooded and NF-saturated than NF-field capacity condition. The estimated N rate for maximum grain yield was 99, 105 and 126 kg ha-1 for flooded, NF-saturated and NF-field capacity conditions, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increasing N rate, and was significantly lower under NF-field capacity.

Results also indicated that urea alone was the most suitable N source for flooded rice . However, for NF-saturated condition, the use of polymer coated urea (PCU) or combined application of urea and compound fertilizer was more superior for grain yield and plant N uptake than urea alone . The 40/30/30 split applied during early tillering, active tillering and panicle initiation stages ensured adequate tillers and panicles which led to increased grain yield, plant N uptake and N use efficiency of flooded rice. All the three splits N treatments performed equally good and significantly better than the two splits, under NF-saturated condition. Grain yield and plant N uptake was low and not significantly affected by N split under NF-field capacity condition. The different methods of N placement
iv
tested did not significantly affect grain yield, plant N uptake and N use efficiency under all water management treatments . These findings suggest that rice can be grown under continuous NF-saturated condition without significantly affecting yield. However, adjustment in the N management practices especially the rate, source and split is necessary to improve N use efficiency and yield of rice grown under NF-saturated condition.


It has been clear since 1988 that self-propagating code can quickly spread across a network by exploiting homogeneous security vulnerabilities. However, the last few years have seen a dramatic increase in the frequency and virulence of such "worm" outbreaks. For example, the Code-Red worm epidemics of 2001 infected hundreds of thousands of Internet hosts in a very short period - incurring enormous operational expense to track down, contain, and repair each infected machine. In response to this threat, there is considerable effort focused on developing technical means for detecting and containing worm infections before they can cause such damage. This paper does not propose a particular technology to address this problem, but instead focuses on a more basic question: How well will any such approach contain a worm epidemic on the Internet? We describe the design space of worm containment systems using three key parameters - reaction time, containment strategy and deployment scenario. Using a combination of analytic modeling and simulation, we describe how each of these design factors impacts the dynamics of a worm epidemic and, conversely, the minimum engineering requirements necessary to contain the spread of a given worm. While our analysis cannot provide definitive guidance for engineering defenses against all future threats, we demonstrate the lower bounds that any such system must exceed to be useful today. Unfortunately, our results suggest that there are significant technological and administrative gaps to be bridged before an effective defense can be provided in today's Internet.


This work presents an aerial tool towards the autonomous cooperative coverage and inspection of a large scale 3D infrastructure using multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In the presented approach the UAVs are relying only on their onboard computer and sensory system, deployed for inspection of the 3D structure. In this application each agent covers a different part of the scene autonomously, while avoiding collisions. The autonomous navigation of each platform on the designed path is enabled by the localization system that fuses Ultra Wideband with inertial measurements through an Error- State Kalman Filter. The visual information collected from the aerial team is collaboratively processed to create the 3D model. The performance of the overall setup has been experimentally evaluated in realistic wind turbine inspection experiments, providing dense 3D reconstruction of the inspected structures.


The ability to transfer from community college to university is vital in California, where access to public universities is limited to the top one-third of high school graduates and all others have access to baccalaureate education through the California Community Colleges (CCC). Yet a complex transfer process has led to low transfer rates and inefficient student enrollment patterns. In an effort at fundamental reform, the state enacted legislation in 2010 requiring the CCC to develop " associate degrees for transfer " that would facilitate students' admission to the California State University (CSU), with some guaranteed benefits. In 2012, the Legislative Analyst's Office and the Campaign for College Opportunity reviewed the progress of the reform effort and found it wanting in a number of respects. The legislature responded to the reviews by passing another bill that sought to increase student access to the new transfer pathways. This study assesses progress at CCC and CSU in meeting the goals of the legislation since the 2012 reviews. We find that the reform is leading to the development of clearer transfer pathways for students. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the reform will reduce the number of college credits students take along the new transfer pathways, an important goal for two related reasons. If the excess units students often accumulate can be reduced through this reform, students will graduate more quickly and lower their own educational costs. When students move more efficiently through to graduation, space is freed up in the CCC and CSU systems to serve additional students. Despite significant progress, many community colleges still offer transfer degrees in only a few majors, and some CSU campuses accommodate the transfer degree curriculum in only some of their baccalaureate degree programs. The mechanisms aimed at encouraging students to follow the new associate degree pathways to transfer appear to be having mixed effects. There is good alignment between student interest in transfer and the availability of transfer degrees, but awareness among students of the new degrees is low, and the problem of limited capacity in the CSU to accommodate additional students may counteract the intended incentives for students to follow the pathways. The profile of CCC students and the complexities of transfer decisions place very real boundaries on the extent to which the reform, even when fully implemented, can propel students along the envisioned " 60+60 " pathway to the baccalaureate, in …


The field of small scale distributed wind energy generation features noticeable concern regarding the utilization of direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). The quality of the output power from a wind turbine generator is mainly dependent on how the maximum power point is tracked. Classical hill-climbing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques exhibit inherit oscillation/settling time tradeoff. Wind MPPT process can be considered as an event driven problem. This paper proposes a Stat-Flow based Hill Climbing Searching (HCS) wind MPPT as a competitive technique. The presented technique features simplified implementation, more degree-of-freedom, controllable event timing. Those features contribute to enhance the MPPT process by minimizing the steady-state power oscillations and improve the transient performance. Rigorous simulations are carried out to examine the proposed technique under various wind speeds and power levels to validate the technique's effectiveness.


Although a great deal of ink has been spilled over the consequences of globalization, we do not yet fully understand the causes of increased worldwide trade. Using confidential microdata from the U.S. Census, we document widespread entry into countries abroad by U.S. firms from 1987 to 2006. We show that this extensive margin growth is unlikely to have been due to significant declines in entry costs. We instead find evidence of large roles for the development of the internet, trade agreements, and foreign income growth in driving these trends.


Coding algorithms human voice with ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation) and LPC (Linear Prediction Coding) made to the encoding signals digitally produced has bit rate as low as possible, thus saving bandwidth transmission line if it will be distributed to the transmission medium, and save memory or computer storage if it will be stored as data storage. ADM technique different from the LPC, the difference is generally classified on how it is encoded. If the ADM system which is encoded representation of the waveform so often called "waveform coding", while the system is encoded LPC are the parameters of the source of the human voice, so often called the "parametric coding". Human voice coding algorithms to be compared are the results of my own research when conducting studies Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Engineering at ITB. The results of measurements taken from the ADM system materials Bachelor of Engineering Thesis entitled "Low Bit-Rate Delta Modulation", while the LPC system is taken from the material Engineering Master's thesis with the title "Voice Signal Processing with LPC Method". From the measurement results ADM system can generate the bit rate of 16 Kbps, while the LPC system generates the bit rate of 2.4 Kbps with the sound quality is almost the same output quality human voice that can be understood (intelligible speech).


The Yugoslav War of Succession had untold ramifications for those living in the embattled region. What often goes overlooked, however, is the impact that the war had on people from the former Yugoslavia who were living abroad. We are Now a Nation considers the effect that the war and the independence of Croatia had on Croatian diaspora-homeland relations. In doing so, it confronts complex questions of ideology, nostalgia, social suffering, nationalism, and identity politics as manifested in the relationship between diaspora and homeland Croats. Daphne Winland draws upon extensive, multi-sited ethnographic research in both Toronto and Croatia from 1992 to the present, exploring the problematic nature of Croatian identity. The occasion of Croatian independence, she suggests, resulted in the emergence of a politics of 'desire' and 'disdain,' which further complicated efforts to define 'Croatness' (Hrvatstvo) both at home and abroad. The idea of the Croatian homeland has become, therefore, an ambiguous space of identification, a source of either conflict and tension or unity and pride, a place to remember, to forget, or to return to. The first book-length examination of North American Croatian diaspora responses to war and independence, We are Now a Nation highlights the contradictions and paradoxes of contemporary debates about identity, politics, and place.


Tuberculosis in children remains an important part of the expected knowledge base for any paediatrician. Despite the fact that it is on the increase, it is still seen relatively infrequently in general paediatric practice.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recently produced a detailed evidence-based guideline on its prevention, recognition and management in both children and adults.1 This replaces previous guidelines produced by the Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. The guideline is very detailed, with the full guideline running to over 200 pages including references. It does not separate the guidance for children and adults. If the guidance relevant to children is put together, the resulting recommendations, even without any of the supporting evidence, run to over 2500 words. The guideline includes some important information likely to be new to many non-specialist paediatricians, and this review attempts to highlight relevant points, as well as outline the scope of the guideline relevant to children. It is therefore particularly important that paediatricians refer to the original guideline when seeking guidance on tuberculosis.

The levels of evidence and grading of recommendations were defined in the guideline. For diagnostic studies, a grade B recommendation indicates a high level of evidence. Grade D (GPP) recommendations are good practice points based on the experience of the guideline development group (GDG).

### Diagnosing latent tuberculosis

The tuberculin skin test is the traditional way of determining tuberculosis infection, despite low sensitivity (particularly in immunocompromised individuals) and low specificity (particularly in the presence of previous BCG vaccination and exposure to environmental mycobacteria). Two new interferon-γ immunological tests, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB, are commercially available in the UK. Both tests measure interferon-γ responses in the blood to two tuberculosis -specific antigens which are neither present in BCG nor in most atypical mycobacteria: early secretion antigen …


ABSTRACT The identification and classification of flabelligerid polychaetes have been problematic due to three reasons: 1) the anterior end is rarely exposed and it carries the branchiae, whose type and arrangement are diagnostic; 2) there is no standardisation for naming chaetae; and 3) morphological delineations for most genera have been unstable. A redefinition and a revision of the type material of many species originally described in other genera but belonging to Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 are herein presented. Trophoniella together with Piromis Kinberg, 1856 and Pycnoderma Grube, 1877 share a very thick tunic and a projected branchial membrane which resembles a tongue. Their main difference is the type of neurochaetae in median and posterior chaetigers; thus, Trophoniella is redefined and restricted to include only the species with anchylosed hooks, whereas they are multiarticulated in Piromis and oligoarticulated in Pycnoderma; these two latter genera have been revised elsewhere. Therochaetella Hartman, 1967 is being regarded as a junior synonym of Trophoniella. The species of Trophoniella are further separated in two groups by the start of the anchylosed neurohooks (from about the chaetiger 10 or from median or posterior chaetigers). The species within each group can be separated by using the variation in the sediment cover and other attributes of noto- and neurochaetae. The genus as herein redefined contains, besides the type species, T. avicularia Caullery 1944 from Indonesia, 26 species including 11 previously undescribed: T. americana (Monro, 1928) n. comb, from Galapagos and Panama, T. bastidai n. sp. from western Mexico, T. borealis (Hartman, 1965) n. comb, from northeastern South America, T. capitata (Nonato, 1966) n. comb, from Brazil, T. chilensis (Hartman, 1967) n. comb, from Chile, T. ehlersi (Day, 1973) n. comb, from the eastern United States, T. eliasi n. sp. from central Argentina, T. enigmatica n. sp. from the Mediterranean Sea, T. fauveli n. sp. from the Mediterranean Egyptian coast, T. fernandensis (Augener, 1918) reinstated, n. comb, from northwestern Africa, T. fiegei n. sp. from the Persian Gulf, T. grandis (Blanchard in Gay, 1849) n. comb, from central Chile, T. harrisae n. sp. from southern California, T. havaica (Kinberg, 1867) n. comb, from Hawaii, T. hospita (Fauchald, 1972) n. comb, from the Gulf of California, T. incerta (Augener, 1918) n. comb, from West Africa, T. indica (Fauvel, 1928) n. comb. from the Bay of Bengal, T. jareckiorum n. sp. from the Caribbean Sea, T. lindae n. sp. from the Caribbean Sea, T. minuta (Blanchard in Gay, 1849) n. comb. from Chile, T. orensanzi n. sp. from Uruguay, T. reishi n. sp. from the Gulf of California, T. rigida (Caullery, 1944) n. comb. from Indonesia, T. rudis (Grube & Muller in Grube, 1877) n. comb. from southern Brazil, T. salazarae n. sp. from western Mexico, and T. tumbensis (Hartmann-Schroder, 1962) n. comb. from Chile. Members of the species are marine and mainly tropical or subtropical, thriving in shallow bottoms.


The rapidly growing popularity of factor investing raises questions about the capacity of factor-based strategies. In this article, the authors show that widely used factor indexes face severe capacity constraints as a result of concentrating all their trades on just a handful of rebalancing moments each year. They argue that the key to unlocking a high capacity is efficiently using the liquidity offered by the market throughout the year. This is illustrated with a simulation experiment in which the trades of standard factor indexes are simply spread over a longer period. Although this naive approach uses stale information, no loss in performance is observed and trade feasibility, and hence capacity, show spectacular improvement. TOPICS: Factor-based models, style investing, analysis of individual factors/risk premia


Sirohaem is a new type of haem that has been detected as a prosthetic group of several bacterial and plant enzymes that catalyse the six-electron reductions of sulphite to sulphide or of nitrite to NH(3). When a methionine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli K12 was grown on a minimal medium supplemented with d-glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, 2.4 methyl groups per spectrophotometrically detectable haem group were incorporated into the sirohaem prosthetic group of the NADPH-sulphite reductase isolated from the organism. When the same strain of cells was grown on minimal medium supplemented with d-[U-(14)C]glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, the sirohaem isolated was found to contain a ratio of glucose-derived carbon/methionine-derived methyl of 19.8. This ratio is in excellent agreement with the value of 20 predicted by the iron-dimethyl-urotetrahydroporphyrin structure for sirohaem proposed by Murphy, Siegel, Kamin & Rosenthal [(1973) J. Biol. Chem.248, 2801-2814]. It can be concluded that sirohaem is indeed methylated, with the methyl groups derived from methionine (rather than by modification of existing side chains, as in protohaem). The structure proposed by Murphy et al. (1973) is therefore probably correct in its essential features. A possible relationship between the pathway for biosynthesis of sirohaem and that for synthesis of vitamin B(12) is discussed.


Research concerning online consumer behaviour has found that consumers are more inclined to utilise the Internet for information searching rather than actual purchasing. One reason proposed for this state of affairs is that potential buyers perceive buying on the Internet as a risky endeavour. The unique purchasing decision in an online environment is different from a traditional purchasing environment and as a result online transactions differ from the traditional "bricks-and-mortar" environment. These differences may lead to risk perceptions among potential purchasers that are unique to online purchase intention. This study assesses the impact of the perceived risks associated with intention to purchase online from a well-established, branded web site on purchasing intentions. A secondary objective of the study was to assess whether the consumer"s brand knowledge (brand awareness and brand image) mediates the impact of risk perceptions on the intention to purchase from the web site. It was found that both Performance risk and Social risk exert a strong negative influence on Intentions to purchase on a branded web site. Personal risk, however, do not impact on intentions to purchase on a branded web site. Furthermore, it was found that Brand knowledge does act as a mediating variable between Performance risk and Intentions to buy on a branded web site. Brand knowledge, however does not mediate the impact of Social risk on intentions to buy on a branded web site.


Chlorinated solvents are the most ubiquitous organic contaminants found in groundwater since the last six decades. Due to their high degree of carcinogenicity/toxicity and the relatively high mobility and persistence, they represent a serious threat against the human health and the environment. These contaminants generally reach groundwater as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) that can migrate through aquifers easier than aqueous contaminants. The complex phase partitioning to which chlorinated solvent DNAPLs can undergo (i.e. to the dissolved, vapor or sorbed phase), as well as their transformations (e.g. degradation), depend on the physico-chemical properties of the contaminants and on the features of the hydrogeological system in which they migrate. The hydrogeologic setting below the city of Ferrara (Po plain, northern Italy), which is affected by scattered contamination by chlorinated solvents, has been investigated. In particular, a limited-inspace high-resolution investigation was performed in one selected contaminated test-site, known as "Caretti site". Here, high-resolution vertical profiling of different kind of data (i.e. stratigraphic data, hydraulic heads, hydrochemical composition of water, stable isotopes of water and contaminants) were collected by means of multilevel monitoring systems and other innovative sampling and analytical techniques. The main goals of the research were to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifers and to identify the dynamics of migration and transformation of the chloroethene contaminants in relationship to the features of the hosting porous medium. The confined aquifers turned out to be more vulnerable to DNAPLs than aqueous contaminants due to the occurrence of microfractures in the overlying clayey aquitards. The presence of organic-rich deposits in the local stratigraphy enhanced the biodegradation of chloroethenes causing accumulation of Vinyl Chloride. The results are useful at the local scale, e.g. to interpret the origin of contamination in other sites of the Ferrara area, and also at the global scale, to better address future remediation and protection actions in similar settings.


The CX Tool© provides a visual Tool© for creating congruence between what is known, thinking, and what is done, doing, within a socio-technical system. It guides the analyst by identifying six elements contained within thinking, Organizational Intelligence, and doing, Performance Management, dimensions. Three elements define Organizational Intelligence: Essential Ideas; Essential Processes/Protocols/Structures; and Essential Assessments/Audits. Three elements define Performance Management: Essential Actions; Essential Standards; and Essential Deliverables. The CX Tool© allows analysts to assign congruency scores between elements horizontally and vertically while allowing comparisons between current and desired state of the system. The CX Tool© does not distinguish between stakeholders' perspectives, a feature that, when faced with complex and/or complicated systems, may prove critical. In this research the authors propose a conceptual framework to incorporate different stakeholders' perspectives into the CX Tool©. A short case study is presented to illustrate how different stakeholders' perspectives can be incorporated and quantified.


OBJECTIVE
Researchers have consistently shown that providing care in a gradually deteriorating situation, such as dementia, can be stressful and detrimental to the caregiver's health. Although stressor appraisal is important in understanding variability in caregiver outcomes, the role of personal mastery, a coping resource, in shaping caregiver's health outcomes has not been considered. The primary goal of this paper was to determine whether personal mastery is associated with a survival advantage for spousal caregivers of persons with dementia.

METHODS
This study assessed the association of caregiver burden and personal mastery with longevity over a 10-year period in 71 spousal caregivers of persons initially diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment.

RESULTS
Over the 10 years, 16 of 71 caregivers (23%) died. Cox regression models with right censoring of caregivers' time to death showed that after adjusting for the health of family caregiver, spousal caregivers who reported high levels of burden had an 83% reduced risk of death when they also reported high personal mastery (HR = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.65]).

CONCLUSIONS
Findings have implications for support programs that help build personal mastery.


Dynamic spectrum access supported by a low-latency wireless sensor network for spectrum usage monitoring is demonstrated using OpenAirInterface platform. The platform performs secondary communications in bands detected as free, thanks to its multi-band capability. With respect to application scenarios, the main target is to address agile broadband public safety communications. Firstly, this demonstration will highlight the newest hardware platforms offered by OpenAirInterface comprising the ExpressMIMO baseband engine and the AgileRF front-end. The second aspect of the demonstration aims to highlight OpenAirInterface's performance evaluation methodology allowing for scalable emulated real-time deployment of radio networks on generic PC-based computers.


We explore how activists' public and private politics elicit different organizational responses. Using data on U.S. petroleum companies from 1982 to 2010, we investigate how climate change activists serving as witnesses at congressional hearings and engaging in firm protests influenced firms' internal and external responses. We find that public politics induced internally focused practice adoption, whereas private politics induced externally focused framing activities. We also find that private and public politics had an interaction effect: as firms faced more private political pressure, they were less likely to respond to public political pressures; similarly, as firms faced greater public political pressure, they were less likely to respond to private political pressures. The results suggest that activists can have a significant impact on firm behavior depending on the mix of private and public political tactics they engage in. We discuss the implications of our study for social movement research, organization theory, and nonmarket strategy.


ABSTRACT This study examined mentalizing abilities, social behavior, and social impact of adolescents who expressed the willingness to become peer buddies for adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders, and adolescents selected by their teachers and peers. Twenty-seven teachers and 395 adolescents from public high schools completed mentalizing abilities, social status, behavioral, and peer buddy nomination measures. Findings suggest that social status and preference play a significant role in the selection of peer buddies by both teachers and classmates. Furthermore, more advanced Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities and the engagement in prosocial behaviors differentiated peers selected as buddies from other classmates. When compared with nonparticipating students, adolescents who expressed willingness to participate were more often girls, and were more prosocial. Agreement between teacher and peer nominations of best peer was moderate.


We investigate how cooperative firms reacted to the current crisis. This allows us to compare the behavior of cooperative and conventional firms facing exogenous shifts in demand. After a short survey of a stream of theoretical literature, we analyze a large group of Italian production cooperatives in the periods 2003-2010 and 1994-2011 and we contrast co-ops behavior with the overall trend in the industries in which they operate. Our sample's evidence suggests that the cooperative's behavior has a stabilizing effect on employment with respect to shocks in output demand. Unlike profit-maximizers, cooperative firms seem to be adjusting pay more than employment when facing shocks. Production co-ops look better equipped than their profit-maximizing counterparts in tackling the long recession also because they have been very cautious in their profit policies over time. Unlike conventional firms, they have significantly increased their own equity during "good" years instead of distributing large dividends to their members.


The broad objective of the study was to understand the profile of the adolescents visiting the Anwesha Clinic, reasons for visit, and challenges in delivering the services. A group of 31 Anwesha (Adolescent) Clinic Counsellors was covered in the study. Data were collected using an in-depth interview guide and case study method. This apart, case study method was also adopted. So far as profile of the beneficiaries is concerned, beneficiaries mostly belonged to 10 to 19 years age group and above, came from poor socio-economical background and engaged in various daily wage earning jobs while some of the beneficiaries mostly males were also travelling to other cities and working as migrant labourers. Most of the adolescents were referred cases with common ailments like cold, cough, and fever. This apart, girls mostly visited the clinic with menstrual problems, white discharge, lower abdominal pain, unwanted pregnancy and anaemia while boys visited the clinic to clarify issues like masturbation, night fall and problems in relationships including phone sex. Some of the boys visited the clinic just for fun and to engage in casual conversation with the female counsellors. In general, follow up was very poor across the districts. The main problems faced by the counsellors were space problem for confidential counselling, negative attitude of the permanent staff at the centre towards the counsellors, who are contractual staff and lack of support from the authority. All the counsellors felt the need for intensive training for delivering effective services to the beneficiaries confidently. A number of steps are suggested towards effective delivery of services through Anwesha Clinic.


Porphyrins are large π-aromatic systems that can complex metal ions from all across the periodic table. The resulting metalloporphyrins are readily tunable with regards to analyte detection properties, and constitute an important class of chemical sensors. In light of the current geopolitical situation and security concerns, we review the potential of porphyrins and their metal complexes for the detection of explosives and their use in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defense and set them in the context of up-and-coming security-related applications.


Aim and Objective: Adapalene (ADP) is very effective in 0.01% strength, but it causes skin erythema in the applied area. ADP and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) are the most commonly used drugs in treatment of acne. ADP acts as keratolytic agent and BPO acts as potent antibacterial agent, both the drugs are used individually in a cyclic manner. The combination of both drugs if used judiciously can be used to cure mild to moderate acne effectively by acting on pathogenetic site. The successful treatment of acne depends on the maintenance of effective drug concentration levels at the affected site. The main benefit over liposome is that the lipids are replaced by non-ionic vesicles and hence the preparation is totally non-antigenic. Materials and Methods: The non-ionic surfactants like SPANs are obtained from synthetic sources, and hence the quality is maintained same all the time. The ADP was incorporated into niosomes using SPAN 60 and cholesterol was used as a stabilizer. Various ratios of SPAN 60, cholesterol, Stearic acid, BPO, and ADP were tried and optimized. Various process parameters were also optimized for the rotary flask evaporation method. The present study investigates the effect of niosomal coadministration of BPO and ADP in term of in vitro skin retention study and in vivo antiacne effects. These vesicular carriers, because of their improved percutaneous delivery and better skin retention, have proved to be very useful in enhancing therapeutic index of drugs used for tropical diseases. The niosomal dispersion was incorporated into Carbopol gel. The gel was kept for 3 months accelerated stability studies. Results and Discussion: The niosomal dispersion was evaluated for various parameters such as vesicle size, shape, and morphology by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out. The drug release pattern from gel was evaluated on the basis of in vitro studies and skin irritation studies on rabbit skin. Conclusion: The in vitro study shows sustained release gel effects whereas the in vivo study shows no signs of irritation on the applied skin area.


We describe a silver thiogallate (AgGaS(2)) singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO), synchronously pumped by a continuous-wave actively mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. The OPO is operated with a signal wavelength near 1.319 microm and an idler wavelength near 5.505 microm. At optimum output coupling, 100 mW of useful signal power and 6 mW of idler power are generated from 625 mW of pump power. The pump is mechanically chopped at a 32:1 duty cycle to prevent thermal lensing of the AgGaS(2) crystals. Pump depletion is as high as 63%. The signal has pulse widths ranging from 45 to 80 ps and spectral widths ranging from below 0.1 to 0.3 nm. The OPO signal can oscillate over a 2-mm range of round-trip cavity-length mismatch.


This work introduces an image-based character embdeddings model for Arabic text classification. The problem with Arabic text classification using classical techniques is its dependency on complex morphological analysis and hand crafted feature engineering. Using character-level embeddings eliminates the need for complex morphological analysis and feature engineering. We propose a new Arabic document classification model using the CE-CLCNN, where text is represented as an array of character images, and the class-balanced loss. The CE-CLCNN consists of two parts, a character autoencoder (CE) and a character-level CNN (CLCNN). The CE learns to encode image based character embeddings, and the CLCNN is then used to classify the document using those embeddings. We created two datasets to test the effectiveness of our system. The first one is the Arabic Wikipedia title dataset (AWT), and the second one is the Arabic Poetry dataset (APD). The proposed model outperforms the classical SVM by 21.23% and 13.82% for the micro and macro Fscore respectively for the ADP dataset, and by 4.02% and 3.95% for the AWT dataset. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an image based character embedding model was used to address the problem of Arabic text classification. Also, the first time a text classification deep learning model is tested on datasets that contain the three types of Arabic.


Understanding research is a series of articles aimed at dispelling the myths around research theories and practices, and exploring just what is meant by the different terminologies encountered when reading and using research articles. On alternate months we explore different aspects of research to make this knowledge accessible and relevant. It forms part of the Evidence series, and aims to help midwives understand, use and engage with research, and consider how research matters to their practice.


Background: Prenatal smoking is a major public health concern and uptake of NHS cessation support is low in this group. Text message-based self-help is a promising intervention for this population but little is known about its likely real-world uptake, an essential parameter for estimating public health impact. Aims were to explore uptake (including cost) of a tailored, theory-guided, text message intervention for pregnant smokers ('MiQuit') when offered online. Methods: Links to a website providing MiQuit activation information (texting a shortcode) were advertised online on a cost-per-click basis for two commercial websites (Google AdWords, Facebook Ads) and free of charge for two smoking-in-pregnancy webpages (National Childbirth Trust, NHS Choices). Activations per advert click, per advert exposure and cost per activation were calculated. Findings: Low-visibility links on free-of-charge webpages generated few activations. For the commercial websites, cost per click was lower with Facebook but a higher proportion of Google advert clickers activated support (5.2% of 812 Google, 2.2% of 1889 Facebook), making their cost per activation very similar (£23.86 Google, £23.81 Facebook). Compared to participants of a prior MiQuit trial, those activating support online appeared more motivated (intended to quit smoking sooner) and those activating support via Google were earlier in pregnancy, with a sharp peak at 4-5 weeks gestation. Incremental costs per quitter were £746.19 (95% CI -£1,886.654 to £4,595.08) at the end of pregnancy and -£76.22 (-£2,790.33 to £3,844.02) when extended to mother's lifetime. Discussion: Online advertisements are a feasible, potentially cost-saving method for engaging pregnant smokers in cessation support.


Clean drinking water can be secured either through protection of the groundwater resource or via purification of polluted water. In this study, the choice experiment method is used to assess the benefits of groundwater protection compared with the benefits of purification. The choice experiment method has been chosen as it allows the effects on drinking water and those on surface water quality to be assessed separately. The benefits associated with clean drinking water are found to be significant for both management options, although the willingness to pay for protection exceeds the willingness to pay for purification.


Flowering is a fundamental process in plant development. The transition of
flowering, the first step in flower development, is triggered by a number of
environmental and endogenous signals. A variety of genes combined with
external and internal cues are involved in a series of biochemical and
physiological changes leading to floral induction. The commercial importance of
oil palm is dependent on its fruit production. Hence, flowering plays a key role in
the oil palm production as the flower is an important introductory step to fruit
formation. This study was conducted to isolate sufficiently large numbers of
expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from floral tissue in order to obtain gene
expression information on a genome wide scale. In addition, EST also provides
a valuable resource of candidate genes that can be selected for further study. A
random EST approach may result in the isolation of clones representing highly
repeated transcripts in the floral tissue whereas low abundance transcripts may be absent. Hence, a cold plaque screening technique was employed in this
study to reduce the prevalence of highly abundant transcripts as well as to
facilitate isolation of low abundance transcripts. In plants, many low abundance
genes encode transcription factors or proteins that are involved in signal
transduction. A total of 1300 clones were isolated through cold plaque
screening. Ninety-six percent of the ESTs showed homology to known
sequences in the database. The remaining 4% showed no matches with
anything in the database, indicating that these genes are plant-specific.
Sequence analysis revealed that a large proportion of the ESTs (about 26%)
encoded unknown proteins with no known functional definition in the database.
The remaining ESTs were further classified into 12 groups according to their
encoded putative functions. MADS-box genes are known to be important for the
development of flowers and fruit. Two MADS-box cDNAS, 8-3 and 9-32, were
cloned from oil palm flowers. Both 8-3 and 9-32 showed high sequence
similarities to API-like MADS-box protein of rice and SEP3 from Arabidopsis
respectively. Clone 8-3 was expressed predominantly in the bract, spikelet
primordia and the inner two whorls of the floral primordium. The second gene, 9-
32, was expressed in flower primordia and the inner three whorls of the floral
primordium. The gene expression patterns suggest that these genes have a role
in regulating oil palm flower development. Oil palm is a monoecius plant that
produces unisexual flowers by suppression of the development of either male or
female organs in a particular whorl. Clone 9-32, which is expressed in the early
stage of flowering has a different expression profile in male and female flowers The onset of 9-32 expression in the male flower is much later than in the female
flower, indicating that it may be involved in sex differentiation in oil palm flowers.


Temporal aggregation is a crucial operator in temporal databases and has been studied in various flavors. In instant temporal aggregation (ITA) the aggregate value at time instant t is computed from the tuples that hold at t. ITA considers the distribution of the input data and works at the smallest time granularity, but the result size depends on the input timestamps and can get twice as large as the input relation. In span temporal aggregation (STA) the user specifies the timestamps over which the aggregates are computed and thus controls the result size. In this paper we introduce a new temporal aggregation operator, called greedy parsimonious temporal aggregation (PTAg), which combines features from ITA and STA. The operator extends and approximates ITA by greedily merging adjacent tuples with similar aggregate values until the number of result tuples is sufficiently small, which can be controlled by the application. Thus, PTAg considers the distribution of the data and allows to control the result size. Our empirical evaluation on real world data shows good results: considerable reductions of the result size introduce small errors only.


Using information collected from American Economic Review publications of the last 100 years, we try to provide answers to various questions: Which are the top AER publishing institutions and countries? Which are the top AER papers based on citation success? How frequently is someone able to publish in AER? How equally is citation success distributed? Who are the top AER publishing authors? What is the level of cooperation among the authors? What drives the alphabetical name ordering? What are the individual characteristics of the AER authors, editors, editorial board members, and referees? How frequently do women publish in AER? What is the relationship between academic age, publication performance, and citation success? What are the paper characteristics? What influences the level of technique used in articles? Do connections have an influence on citation success? Who receives awards? Can awards increase the probability of publishing in AER at a later stage?


Physical education can play a vital role in students' psychomotor, cognitive and emotional development, which can influence young people to adopt physically active adult lifestyles that can in turn improve public health. Lifelong participation in fitness activities might not be achieved unless physical education teachers create an appropriate environment that motivates students to engage in physical education. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of behavioral regulation to student intention for physical activity outside of university. The authors argue autonomy-supportive versus controlling situations could positively predict the intention of students to be physically active outside of university. The subjects were 320 Iranian male students who participated in 16 regular physical education classes. All subjects completed perceived locus of causality scale and intention to be physically active questionnaires. The results of regression analysis showed that more self-determined forms of behavioral regulation foster more autonomous forms of intention. These results were not found for amotivation. The results further indicated that students' intentions for physical activity outside of university increase with more self-determined forms of behavioral regulation. With respect to intention for physical activity after university, these results highlight the importance of taking into account the fostering of more self-determined forms of behavioral regulation. © 2012 IOJES. All rights reserved


Analytical solutions are presented to the mean-variance portfolio optimization problem of trading off active return against tracking error relative to a prespecified benchmark subject to a budget constraint and a beta constraint. Imposing a constraint on the beta of the portfolio makes the benchmark relevant to the portfolio problem. I provide an intuitive interpretation of the best portfolio in the general mean-variance case, as well as a detailed expression for the optimal weights when returns follow a single-factor model. An economic interpretation of the value-added function for the best portfolio is presented as the best possible increase in the certainty equivalent utility gain of the investor relative to the certainty equivalent return of the benchmark. An empirical investigation into the out-of-sample performance of the best portfolio is presented for two equity universes using industry portfolios and individual stocks. TOPICS: Wealth management, portfolio theory, portfolio construction Key Findings • The value added of active management is the incremental certainty equivalent utility over that delivered by the benchmark. • In the mean-variance framework the incremental certainty equivalent utility obtains as a trade-off of active return and active risk weighted by the investor's risk aversion. • The optimal portfolio is a (very particular) linear combination of well-known portfolios like the minimum variance portfolio, the maximum correlation portfolio, and the unconstrained optimal portfolio.