In the last two decades, many random graph models have been proposed to extract knowledge from networks. Most of them look for communities or more generally clusters of vertices with homogeneous connection profiles. While the first models focused on networks with binary edges only, extensions now allow to deal with valued networks. Recently, new models were also introduced in order to characterize connection patterns in networks through mixed memberships. This work was motivated by the need of analyzing a historical network where a partition of the vertices is given and where edges are typed. A known partition is seen as a decomposition of a network into subgraphs that we propose to model using a stochastic model with unknown latent clusters. Each subgraph has its own mixing vector and sees its vertices associated to the clusters. The vertices then connect with a probability depending on the subgraphs only, while the types of the edges are assumed to be sampled from the latent clusters. A variational Bayes expectation-maximization algorithm is proposed for inference as well as a model selection criterion for the estimation of the cluster number. Experiments are carried out on simulated data to assess the approach. The proposed methodology is then applied to an ecclesiastical network in merovingian Gaul. An R package, called Rambo, implementing the inference algorithm is available on the CRAN.


Abstract In Knowledge in a Social World, Alvin Goldman presents a framework to quantify the epistemic effects that various policies, procedures, and behaviors can have on a group of agents. In this essay, I show that the framework requires some modifications when applied to agents with credences. The required modifications carry with them an interesting consequence, namely, that any group whose members disagree can become more accurate by forming a consensus through averaging their credences. I sketch a way that this result can be used to show that individual norms of rationality and group norms of rationality can dictate conflicting behaviors for the members of some groups. I conclude by discussing how some of the assumptions used to generate the consensus result might be loosened.


The question of who ought to be included in the demos is distinct from, and yet related to, the question of how to distribute decisionmaking power among those who are included. Political equality is the most common answer to the former question within democratic theory. In democratic practice, it is usually realized through one person one vote. Within democratic theory, there is not as much agreement as to what the answer to the latter question should be. The answer that has attracted most attention within the scholarly literature is that all those who are affected should be included. However, prominent scholars have argued that this all-affected principle is incompatible with political equality and therefore an unattractive answer to the question of inclusion. This article challenges this critique and argues that it is based on a misconception of political equality and a narrow reading of the all-affected principle.


Fences are often designed as territorial markers to assert defensibility of spaces, and enhance the potentials for 'prospect-refuge' in private residential developments. In the tropics where natural ventilation is a critical functional requirement, fences may be antithetical to air movement around and within enclosed residential spaces. This simulated experimental study sought to ascertain the effect of fences on natural ventilation in residential spaces. An architectural model of a 2-bedroom house on (with cross ventilated living room and bedrooms) a rectangular plot enclosed by 2.1m high fence was the object of the study. Six fences of different porosities (0.0% to 29.4%) and porosity-height (0.2m to 1.6m above ground) on the approach side of the plot, and 6m from the house were exposed to simulated wind (generated by a solar-powered standing fan) at 30o, 60o and 90o; the other three side-fences were kept solid. These were in addition to a case of the approach side without fence. Three hot-wire anemometers were deployed to simultaneously measure wind speeds outside the plot, in the living room (6.0m x 4.2m; 21.4% window area)and a bedroom(3.6m x 3.6m; 27.8% window area) of the house. About thirty readings at ten seconds intervals were taken in each space and wind direction. Ventilation coefficients for the spaces were computed from mean values of observed wind speeds.  Mean ventilation coefficient values of the seven fencing cases were compared for each space using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to establish any significant difference (at 0.05 level of significance).Ventilation coefficients ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 in the living room, and 0.04 to 0.21 in the bedroom across wind directions. The highest values were obtained from approach side without fence; and contrary to expectation, fence of the highest porosity produced ventilation coefficients lower than the solid (non-porous) fence.In the three wind directions, significant differences were found in the ventilation coefficients of the living room; while in the bedroom, two of the wind directions resulted in significant differences in ventilation coefficients from the fence designs.


We numerically investigate the expansion of clouds of hard-core bosons in the two-dimensional square lattice using a matrix-product-state based method. This nonequilibrium set-up is induced by quenching the trapping potential to zero and our work is specifically motivated by a recent experiment with interacting bosons in an optical lattice [Ronzheimer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 205301 (2013)]. As the anisotropy of the amplitudes $J_x$ and $J_y$ for hopping in different spatial directions is varied from the one- to the two-dimensional case, we observe a crossover from a fast ballistic expansion in the one-dimensional limit $J_x \gg J_y$ to much slower dynamics in the isotropic two-dimensional limit $J_x=J_y$. We further study the dynamics on multi-leg ladders and long cylinders. For these geometries we compare the expansion of a cloud to the melting of a domain wall, which helps us to identify several different regimes of the expansion as a function of time. By studying the dependence of expansion velocities on both the anisotropy $J_y/J_x$ and the number of legs, we observe that the expansion on two-leg ladders, while similar to the two-dimensional case, is slower than on wider ladders. We provide a qualitative explanation for this observation based on an analysis of the rung spectrum.


In response to the positive impact of entrepreneurship on the economy, many institutions of higher learning offer entrepreneurship education to address the manpower development needs. This article determines the effectiveness of the traditional lecture-tutorial entrepreneurship education in promoting entrepreneurial learning. It argues for a change in the content and process of entrepreneurship education to provide for authentic entrepreneurial learning that can better equip the graduates to be ready for entrepreneurship. This article describes the experiences of the faculty at a polytechnic in Singapore in their effort to help their students become entrepreneurs by transforming the entrepreneurship curriculum using problem-based learning. It describes how they implemented the problem-based learning approach. Evidence of the success of the new curriculum is provided.


Arch Med Interna 37(3): 163-166 Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an uncommon neuromuscu- lar joint disease, usually infradiagnosed, with characteristic but nonspecific clinical symptoms but very typical neurophysiological findings. In most cas- es it is a paraneoplastic syndrome although idiopathic forms also exist. We describe the case of a patient with typical clinical presentation and neu- rophysiological findings that allowed the diagnosis. The initial screening for hidden malignancy was negative, but the follow up is essential to rule it out given its strong association. The evolution was satisfactory with symptomat- ic treatment. We discuss the pathophysiology of the disorder, establishing as fundamental fact, the presence of antibodies against presynaptic voltage-de- pendent calcium channels, which is essential to understand the symptomatic treatment. We review the features that are associated with increased risk of hidden malignancy and propose a follow-up strategy to throw it off early.


Authigenesis of clay minerals occurs during rock-fluid interactions in the subsurface, and inevitably occludes the pore spaces of clastic reservoirs. The presence of authigenic clay minerals defines the pore geometry of clastic reservoirs, which could impact on drilling and production of hydrocarbons by affecting subsurface pressure, and reducing hydrocarbon recovery, respectively. The latter has made clay diagenesis study a major component of reservoir quality assessment studies, and consequently an important area of research. Here we explore how clay diagenesis affects the basic petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability and saturation) of lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs of two wells (AU-1 and KH-1) along the west coast of South Africa. We use petrographical (SEM and thin-section analysis), geochemical (Pore water chemistry, XRD and CEC), and geophysical (wireline logs interpretation) tools in our study. Clay minerals present include kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. Illite occurs as the grain coating mineral, and kaolinite as pore filling mineral. Average porosity values of 8.5% (9.6%), effective porosity of 3.3% (9.5%), permeability range of 0.001 to 0.03 mD (0.005 to 0.2mD), and average water saturation of 51% (27%) from wells AU1 and KH1, respectively, were obtained. The low resistivity, poor porosity and permeability values recorded are attributed to the presence of the dominant clay minerals (illite, kaolinite and montmorillonite) within the reservoir intervals. Generally, the dominant cement in the sediment is quartz with calcite and pyrite in traces. The presence of calcite and glauconite in the reservoir rocks is an indication that the sediments were deposited in shallow marine conditions. It is concluded that all these minerals likely contributed to the low values encountered for porosity and permeability, as well as the moderate water saturation levels in the reservoir intervals.


OBJECTIVE
In sub-Saharan Africa, many family planning programmes do not encourage advance provision of oral contraceptives to clients who must wait until menses to initiate pill use. Since some resistance to advance provision of pills is due to provider fears that the practice may be harmful, we conducted a study in Kenya in 1997 to compare pill-taking outcomes between 20 "advance provision" clients and 280 "standard" clients.

DESIGN
Prospective observational study.

SETTING
Six family planning clinics in Central and Western Kenya.

SUBJECTS
Women presenting as new clients at MOH family planning clinics.

INTERVENTIONS
Researchers used prospective tracking to compare indicators of pill-taking success between non-menstruating clients given pills to carry home for later use and menstruating clients who began pill use immediately.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pill-taking outcomes such as side effects, compliance, knowledge, satisfaction, and a continuation proxy.

RESULTS
Among clients returning for re-supply, those receiving advance provision of pills did no worse than, and often had superior outcomes to, their counterparts who started taking pills immediately after the clinic visit.

CONCLUSIONS
Advance provision of pills, already practiced worldwide, is safe and feasible. Explicit mention should be made of advance provision of pills in national family planning guidance documents and training curricula in Kenya and throughout sub-Saharan Africa.


Background and Objectives: Glutaric aciduria Type-I (GA-I) has characteristic clinical and neuroimaging features, which clinches the diagnosis in a majority of patients. However, there have been few case reports on GA-I from India. This study was undertaken to study the clinical presentations, metabolic profile, neuroimaging findings and outcome of patients with GA-I. Study Design: The present study was a retrospective study. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of charts of patients with a diagnosis of GA-I was carried out from March 2008 to April 2010. The clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging findings were extracted in a predesigned proforma and the data was analyzed. Results: Eleven cases were found to have GA-1. Clinical presentation was quite varied. Follow-up of patients revealed that one patient with macrocephaly as the only clinical finding was developmentally normal. One patient with encephalitis-like illness steadily improved and started walking at 2 years. Two patients were bed ridden and had severe dystonia. One patient died during follow-up. The remaining six patients had dystonia and other abnormal movements, but had attained sitting without support and were not ambulatory. Conclusion: GA-I is not an uncommon disorder and diagnosis can be made easily based on clinical, laboratory investigations and neuroimaging findings. It is one of the treatable metabolic disorders and, if managed appropriately, favorable prognosis can be given.


Inflation Adjustment and Labour Market Structures: Evidence from a Multi-Country Study An empirical analysis of the impact of labour market structures on the response of inflation to macroeconomic shocks is presented. Results based on a 20 country panel show that if labour market coordination is high, the effect on inflation of movements in unemployment, import prices, tax rates and productivity is dampened, both on impact and dynamically. In contrast, monopoly power in labour supply, measured by the percentage unionisation of the workforce, appears to amplify the response of inflation to its reduced form determinants. These findings are attributed to the behaviour of wages following movements in demandand supply-side conditions. JEL Classification: E31, J51


Let $A$ be a finite set of integers. We show that if $k$ is a prime power or a product of two distinct primes then \[ |A+k\cdot A|\geq(k+1)|A|-\lceil k(k+2)/4\rceil \] provided $|A|\geq (k-1)^{2}k!$, where $A+k\cdot A=\{a+kb:\ a,b\in A\}$. We also establish the inequality $|A+4\cdot A|\geq5|A|-6 $ for $|A|\geq5$.


The objective of this research is to examine the association between social organization and reproductive behavior in one setting in sub-Saharan Africa. The particular focus is on the effects of social organization on the diffusion of innovative reproductive ideas and behaviors. Social diffusion is assumed to be strongly affected by patterns of informal social interaction and these in turn are assumed to be determined in part by the social organization of local communities (gender relations employment activity voluntary organizations). The research draws on data collected in six communities in southern Ghana. The analysis reveals a weaker than expected association between the social organization of the communities and key reproductive indicators (fertility preferences age at first marriage postpartum practices use of modern contraception). Closer examination of the six communities suggests that the weak association is explained by the idiosyncratic histories of several of the communities in particular their histories of health and family planning provision. Explanations for reproductive change that place social organization on center stage must be enlarged to incorporate the potentially powerful influence of community history. (author's)


Tribal Margins analyzes the project of tribal fashioning in the Western Himalayas against the backdrop of affirmative action politics. Specifically, it unpacks the discursive loop between government-administered ethnological paradigms for positive discrimination and its effects on ethnic belonging and spirituality. These dynamics are located among the Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh, a heterogeneous tribal/Dalit community traditionally associated with transhumant pastoralism on both sides of the Dhauladhar Mountains. The 2002 awarding of Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to only highcaste Kangra Gaddis has instigated a range of tribalizing strategies from Dalit groups who identity as Gaddi and are partially assimilated into tribal life. These low-status groups demand tribal recognition as both a form of social justice in the face of longstanding social discriminations and as a pragmatic strategy for state support amid the growing tide of neoliberalism. They rightly contend that the demographics of Himachal Pradesh (with the second-highest Dalit population in India) cause fierce competitiveness within the Scheduled Caste quota – about four times as competitive as the Scheduled Tribe quota. Many have mobilized under the trending discourse of Scheduled Tribe Dalit (STD) and fused indigenous ethnic associations with the pan-Himalayan struggle for double SC/ST status. The analysis of marginalized social formations in the tribal margins fundamentally reconceptualizes how political subject formation trickles into social life. The introduction of self-identifying Gaddi Dalits, largely sedentary laborers and former landless tenants, into the transhumant tribe disrupts the colonial literature on Gaddis. It further unsettles assumptions of tribal egalitarianism and complicates how South Asian sociology theorizes the discrete borders of tribal and caste organization. Understanding the intersectional identity of Gaddi Dalits speaks to the broader issue of tribal casteism and the double marginalization of lowstatus groups who remain misrecognized by the state and discriminated against in their everyday lives. In short, it imagines new trajectories of ethnic belonging and social justice for Himalayan Dalits. Each chapter attends to these trajectories within the lived experiences of Gaddi Dalits, specifically Halis (former landless tenants) and Sippis (wool-workers and shamans). The experience of fractured caste consciousness has led to ongoing legal woes due to their juridical liminality. These dynamics shape how Gaddi Dalits experience divinities, exorcism and witchcraft. Individual chapters trace forms of spirituality, religious conversion and ritual practice that provide powerful personal arenas for the re-articulation of ethnic identity and the burgeoning emergence of tribal multiculturalism. The presence of Tibetan refugees in Gaddi villages around Dharamsala has injected contestatory forms of sociality, modern aspiration and cosmopolitan competencies into tribal performance. TRIBAL MARGINS: DALIT BELONGING AND STATE RECOGNITION IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS


Transport corridors can generate wider economic benefits and costs through their effects on a potentially diverse set of development outcomes, such as economic growth, poverty, jobs, equity, environmental quality, and economic resilience. To advance understanding of how corridors could generate wider economic benefits, this paper undertakes a quantitative review of the literature that estimates the economic benefits of large transport infrastructure projects. It conducts a meta-analysis of 234 estimated impacts found in 78 studies. It focuses on roads, rails, and waterways because transport corridors based on these modes have clearer potential for economic spillovers than, for example, airline routes. The conceptual structure for the review is guided by a simple canonical model describing the policy maker's problem in maximizing the net wider economic benefits of corridors. The meta-analysis confirms that characteristics of individual studies, as well as the placement and design of the transport infrastructures systematically influence the findings of the corridor studies. It also shows that, on average, estimated impacts of corridor interventions on economic welfare and equity tend to be beneficial, while they are often detrimental for environmental quality, and possibly also for social inclusion. Because, around this average, impacts vary widely, policy makers could use complementary policies and institutions to mitigate potential trade-offs and support losers. To clarify the nature and extent of these trade-offs and varied impacts across locales and population groups, much more research is required.


Sometimes, in the Commedia dell'arte, Jewish characters who speak Judeo-Italian appear on the stage, revealing a strong intention on the part of non-Jewish authors to mimic the language spoken by contemporary Jews. Therefore, the study of these external sources is very useful to enrich our knowledge of the Judeo-Italian of the early modern period. In this article I will present the scena all'ebraica of the comedy Novantanove Disgrazie di Pulcinella (Rome 1769) by Gregorio Mancinelli. The text, published here in its entirety for the first time, will be preceded by an introduction and accompanied by an English translation and an analysis of the language and contents.


In Poland, after the political and economic changes in the early 90s, the quality of environment, including quality of ambient air, became one of the national target priorities. We observe significant progress in improving the quality of air, however periodically (especially in the autumn–winter season) concentrations of fine particles were systematically exceeding the approved levels. The aim of this paper was to present the efforts that have been taken to improve the health status of population living in Silesian voivodeship in the south part of Poland, in terms of respiratory diseases. In order to achieve this goal, we collected results of research conducted in the region, and next we compared own observations with other data. Obtained results suggest that the population in Poland, especially inhabitants of the south part of the country: Silesian voivodeship and Krakow city, are still exposed to a higher concentration of particulate matter and BaP (particularly in the cold season). Those observation is consistent with data published by European Environment Agency. On the other hand, a lot of evidence confirmed that respiratory disorders, including premature mortality, acute bronchopulmonary infection in children, emergency room visits due to asthma, are related to those exposures. It is hoped that two important laws: the Public Health Act and Anti-smog act (adopted in the current year) will become an ally in activities aimed at improving the health of the population in Poland. The urgent task of epidemiologists is to provide scientific evidence that will help to take effective improvement action, including educational activities among officials, health workers and the whole community. Only a conscious and well-informed society is willing to accept difficult decisions designed to bear the costs related to risk reduction and improving the quality of the environment.


In many countries, governments are keen to persuade teachers at all levels to seek to enhance the learning of their students by incorporating information and communication technologies within their classrooms. This paper reports on the development of collaborative approaches to supporting use of the Internet by Post Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) science students on initial teacher education (ITE) courses in England, drawing on data from five higher education institution (HEI)–school partnerships across four years. A mixed-method approach was used, involving questionnaires, structured interviews, lesson observations and case studies. The outcomes of the first three years identified barriers to practice and suggested the need to develop more collaborative approaches to development. The focus of this paper is on examining ways in which university faculty tutors and mentors or cooperating teachers can work together with students on PGCE courses in developing practice. The lessons from this focus on the Internet, no longer a new technology, have enabled us to identify implications for HEI partnerships in ITE and suggest a need for further collaborative structures in order to support and develop practices, including those involving the innovative use of new technologies in the post-industrial society.


Many institutions in a democratic society wield important power by virtue of the decisions they make. These decisions may concern individuals or have a more general impact on society. It goes without saying today that this exercise of power must be accounted for. A supreme court's reasoning is given in its judgements. A central bank's reasoning is given in the decision-making body's minutes. In this paper, we develop criteria for what constitute good written justifications for a decision, not what makes a good decision per se. We look at the two institutions we know best: supreme courts and central banks. Of course, these are not the only institutions that exercise power on behalf of the state, and we also ask whether our criteria could be applied more generally. We assess a selection of supreme court judgements and monetary policy decisions in various countries qualitatively against our criteria, and find that practice largely conforms to the criteria. There are some common features between supreme courts and central banks. In recent years there has been a development in the way the judgments are written in the UK Supreme Court. Earlier, each judge wrote his votum. Now they are writing a common text. With individual writing, there were many different formulations of the normative text. It is easier for the public to relate to one legislative text. The UK Supreme Court, under the presidency of Lord Neuberger, has therefore gradually moved towards writing a joint text. John Roberts, the US Chief Justice, thought that judges should be worried when they are writing separately about the effect on the court as an institution. What about the minutes of the central banks? Professor Alan Blinder at Princeton argues that a central bank that speaks with a cacophony of voices has no voice at all. Professor Otmar Issing, the former Chief Economist and Member of the Board of the ECB, believes that there is a danger that individual minutes provide an incentive for individual members to put themselves ahead of the institution We also test empirically whether the institutions' decisions and the justifications for these decisions are communicated in clear language. Our analysis is inspired by Bank of England chief economist Andrew Haldane's speech "A little more conversation, a little less action", and by the report "Bankspeak: The Language of World Bank Reports 1946-2012" by Franco Moretti and Dominique Pestre at Stanford Literary Lab. We analyse more than 6,000 central bank and supreme court decisions from the past decade and find considerable differences in length and readability across countries and institutions. The grand chamber decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are by far the longest, while the European Court of Justice employs the most complex language. The Danish central bank keeps things briefest and uses the clearest language, but also has the simplest regime to explain. The Swedish central bank's minutes stand out as both long and complex, while the Norwegian central bank is unusually concise. Moretti and Pestre analysed the text of all World Bank reports and found quantitative indications that the language of the reports had moved in the wrong direction in terms of readability. We perform the same tests on central banks and supreme courts and find that these institutions' language has not moved in the same negative direction. Former Bank of England governor Mervyn King argued that the design of an institution "must reflect history and experience", and there is no doubt that each institution's way of writing is influenced by its own history. This is what economists refer to as "path dependence". We wonder, however, whether there is rather too much path dependence in many cases, and whether the institutions in question might benefit from looking at trends and learning from other institutions both at home and abroad. In our work on this paper, we have been particularly wary of phrases along the lines of "based on a general assessment". Alarm bells sound whenever we see them, especially with any frequency, as they are liable to conceal rather than illuminate the true rationale.


This Article revisits two fundamental issues in corporate law. One — the central role of the business judgment rule in fiduciary litigation — involves a great deal of seemingly settled law, while the other — is there a mandated corporate purpose — has very little law. Using the emergent question of whether the business judgment rule should be used in analyzing officer and controlling shareholder fiduciary duties, the latter issue having recently been addressed by Chancellor Strine in the widely-heralded MFW decision, this Article proposes a fundamental rethinking of the rule's analytical preeminence. For a variety of reasons, it is suggested that fiduciary duties should be made more prominent and the business judgment rule should be dramatically deemphasized. The policy rationales for the rule are sound, but they have no relevance for shareholders and introduce needless complexity. For directors, those rationales do not apply in the loyalty setting, and in the care setting, can be achieved by recalling simply that there is no substance to judicial review in that context.As to corporate purpose, the Article advocates that Delaware law permit a pluralistic approach in the for-profit corporate sector. Long agnostic about ultimate corporate objective, Delaware law may have turned unnecessarily toward a strict shareholder primacy focus in the 2010 eBay decision. To bring clarification and to foster flexibility, Professor Johnson recommends a legislative default provision, with an opt-out feature. This feature should be in the business corporation statute itself. Delaware's new benefit corporation law laudably advances the goal of institutional pluralism, but does so at the ironic risk of reinforcing a belief that business corporations themselves are legally permitted only to maximize profits. Judges in a democratic society should not dictate institutional goals.


The prevention of rhesus disease of the newborn is a stunning medical success story. This disease afflicted thousands of newborns each year, causing serious health problems, even death. Yet from the early 1940s to the 1970s – British and American researchers uncovered the basis of the disease and developed the medical intervention that could prevent its occurrence. Many of the key steps leading to this remarkable achievement took place at the University of Liverpool School of Medicine. Chaired by Professor Sir David Weatherall, this Witness Seminar examines the factors that triggered these studies and the challenges that confronted scientists and clinicians; the intellectual, institutional, and social factors that guided the work; the crucial insights; and the vistas that the prevention of rhesus disease has opened in fetal medicine. Participants include Professor Robin Coombs, the late Professor Ronald Finn, Dr Nevin Hughes-Jones, Professor Patrick Mollison, Dr Archie Norman, Dr Derrick Tovey, Professor Charles Whitfield, Professor John Woodrow and Professor Doris Zallen.


Like other animals, C. elegans nematodes have the ability to socially interact and to communicate through exchange and sensing of small soluble signaling compounds that help them cope with complex environmental conditions. For the time being, worm biocommunication assays are being performed mainly on agar plates; however, microfluidic assays may provide significant advantages compared to traditional methods, such as control of signaling molecule concentrations and gradients or confinement of distinct worm populations in different microcompartments. Here, we propose a microfluidic device for studying signaling via diffusive secreted compounds between two specific C. elegans populations over prolonged durations. In particular, we designed a microfluidic assay to investigate the biological process of male-induced demise, i.e. lifespan shortening and accelerated age-related phenotype alterations, in C. elegans hermaphrodites in the presence of a physically separated male population. For this purpose, male and hermaphrodite worm populations were confined in adjacent microchambers on the chip, whereas molecules secreted by males could be exchanged between both populations by periodically activating the controlled fluidic transfer of μl-volume aliquots of male-conditioned medium. For male-conditioned hermaphrodites, we observed a reduction of 4 days in mean lifespan compared to the non-conditioned on-chip culture. We also observed an enhanced muscle decline, as expressed by a faster decrease in the thrashing frequency and the appearance of vacuolar-like structures indicative of accelerated aging. The chip was placed in an incubator at 20 °C for accurate control of the lifespan assay conditions. An on-demand bacteria feeding protocol was applied, and the worms were observed during long-term on-chip culture over the whole worm lifespan.


This paper presents a new physics-based method for reliability prediction and modeling of Integrated Circuits (ICs). By implementing transistor degradation mechanisms via differential equations in the transistor compact model, the aging of the circuit can be simulated over (accelerated) time under real conditions. Actually, each transistor in the circuit integrates the voltage, current and temperature stress it suffers which results in (slowly) varying model parameters over time. Due to its straightforward implementation in commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) flows, this method allows designers creating reliability-aware circuit architectures at an early stage of the design procedure, well before real circuits are actually fabricated. Application examples and results are presented for an InP/InGaAs DHBT process, but the universality of the method makes it suitable also for silicon based technologies such as CMOS and (SiGe) BiCMOS.


Objective: To perform a double-blind, randomized study comparing efficacy and safety of daily and weekend prednisone in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: A total of 64 boys with DMD who were between 4 and 10 years of age were randomized at 1 of 12 centers of the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group. Efficacy and safety of 2 prednisone schedules (daily 0.75 mg/kg/day and weekend 10 mg/kg/wk) were evaluated over 12 months. Results: Equivalence was met for weekend and daily dosing of prednisone for the primary outcomes of quantitative muscle testing (QMT) arm score and QMT leg score. Secondary strength scores for QMT elbow flexors also showed equivalence between the 2 treatment groups. Overall side effect profiles of height and weight, bone density, cataract formation, blood pressure, and behavior, analyzed at 12 months, did not differ between weekend and daily dosing of prednisone. Conclusions: Weekend dosing of prednisone is equally beneficial to the standard daily dosing of prednisone. Analysis of side effect profiles demonstrated overall tolerability of both dosing regimens. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that weekend prednisone dosing is as safe and effective as daily prednisone in preserving muscle strength and preventing body mass index increases in boys with DMD over a 12-month period.


This paper describes a recent system-level trend toward the use of massive on-chip parallelism combined with efficient hardware accelerators and integrated networking to enable new classes of applications and computing-systems functionality. This system transition is driven by semiconductor physics and emerging network-application requirements. In contrast to general-purpose approaches, workload and network-optimized computing provides significant cost, performance, and power advantages relative to historical frequency-scaling approaches in a serial computational model. We highlight the advantages of on-chip network optimization that enables efficient computation and new services at the network edge of the data center. Software and application development challenges are presented, and a service-oriented architecture application example is shown that characterizes the power and performance advantages for these systems. We also discuss a roadmap for next-generation systems that proportionally scale with future networking bandwidth growth rates and employ 3-D chip integration methods for design flexibility and modularity.


We have used in situ hybridization to compare the distributions of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta messenger RNA (mRNA)-containing cells in the preoptic area and hypothalamus of ewes and rams. Perfusion-fixed brain tissue was collected from luteal phase ewes and intact rams (n = 4) during the breeding season. Matched pairs of sections were hybridized with sheep-specific, 35S-labeled riboprobes, and semiquantitative image analysis was performed on emulsion-dipped slides. A number of sex differences were observed, with females having a greater density of labeled cells than males (P < 0.001) and a greater number of silver grains per cell (P < 0.01) in the ventromedial nucleus for both ER subtypes. In addition, in the retrochiasmatic area, males had a greater (P < 0.05) cell density for ERalpha mRNA-containing cells than females, whereas in the paraventricular nucleus, females had a greater density (P < 0.05) of ERalpha mRNA-containing cells than males. There was a trend (P = 0.068) in the arcuate nucleus for males to have a greater number of silver grains per cell labeled for ERalpha mRNA. In both sexes, there was considerable overlap in the distributions of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA-containing cells, but the density of labeled cells within each nucleus differed in a number of instances. Nuclei that contained a higher (P < 0.001) density of ERalpha than ERbeta mRNA-containing cells included the preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and ventromedial nucleus, whereas the subfornical organ (P < 0.001), paraventricular nucleus (males only, P < 0.05), and retrochiasmatic nucleus (females only, P < 0.05) had a greater density of ERalpha than ERbeta mRNA-containing cells. The anterior hypothalamic area and supraoptic nucleus had similar densities of cells containing both ER subtypes. The lateral septum and arcuate nucleus contained only ERalpha, whereas only ERbeta mRNA-containing cells were seen in the zona incerta. The sex differences in the populations of ER mRNA-containing cells in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei may explain in part the sex differences in the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to localized estrogen treatment in these nuclei. Within sexes, the differences between the distributions of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA-containing cells may reflect differential regulation of the actions of estrogen in the sheep hypothalamus. Low levels of ERbeta mRNA in the preoptic area and ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, regions known to be important for the regulation of reproduction, suggest that ERbeta may not be involved in these functions.


The health sector is one of the most challenged sectors in developing countries given to the shortage of trained manpower particularly in the developing countries. Human resource is a very important aspect of any functioning health system. However this aspect is often neglected in the development of the health system and when it comes to the disease control programmes not enough importance is given to this aspect. Generally human resource in health is often ignored and just seen as an administrative function in disease control programmes. This affects the overall effectiveness of the programmes in terms of its impact on disease control. We observe an acute shortage of trained manpower especially in the developing countries. There are several reasons of such a crisis like situation in human resources in health system. Among them some are like HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Training Capacity, Brain drain, Poor working conditions and Remuneration. Especially the HIV/AIDS control programmes have suffered a lot due the shortage of trained manpower particularly in countries where HIV is among the main health problems. However there are ways in which such problems can be addressed to ensure the sustainability of HIV control and other disease control initiatives in developing world to reach near to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG –particularly Goal- ) in health. In this paper authors discuss the evidence based solutions to the problem of human resource in health sector to combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases in developing countries. Some of the initiative to address the problem may be improving the training capacity, improving use of available skills, staff retention and support, recognizing the health workers rights and putting them first along with taking care of administrative issues involved in the management of the human resources.


Psychiatric clinics with an open-door policy did not have a higher risk of patient suicide or absconding from treatment than clinics with locked wards, according to the results of a new study published in The Lancet Psychiatry. Researchers from the University of Basel and the University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel examined 350,000 admissions to 21 German clinics over a 15-year period. They found that rates of suicide, suicide attempts, and absconding among patients were not increased in clinics with unlocked wards. The authors suggested that the effect of locked wards on the risk of patient self-harm has previously been overestimated, with implications for inpatient care and treatment. First author Christian Huber said, "According to our study, being locked in does not improve patient safety and, in some cases, actually hinders the prevention of suicide and absconding. An atmosphere of control, restricted personal freedoms and sanctions is more likely to be a risk factor impeding successful therapy."


This paper aims to show how letters, as a genre of literacy, are used in Karagwe in Tanzania, in relation to authority and secrecy. It is shown that literacy, in the form of letters, plays an important role in the negotiation of authority. Authorities as well as ordinary people use letters according to official norms to claim or manifest authority, while grassroots forms of literacy, dominated forms, are used to resist authorities. Through secret messages and letters people find opportunities to resist that are less dangerous than open rebellion, although the effects may be limited because of the secrecy. It is also shown how children are socialized into this pattern of secrecies through literacy as they are used as messengers. When delivering secret letters and messages, they may be said to exercise a passive voice through literacy.


A b s t r a c t : The paper presents the algorithm and subroutine G R G E N for generation of connected closed linear graphs utilized in perturbation expansions. Starting with polygons and subsequently choosing pairs of not directly connected vertices in already generated graphs, the algorithm consequently projects one vertex onto the other one in the pair, generating only topologically different graphs. This algorithm is independent of the choice of a specif ic model and lattice geometry. The procedure is written in the FORTRAN 77 language, and is available at the Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center on the SGI Power Challenge XL supercomputer.


Over the last decades, marriage migration through matchmaking agencies has become an increasingly prominent trend in the Asian region. Women from Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam or Indonesia, are migrating for marriage to men from higher income countries of East Asia, such as Taiwan or South Korea. This is one of the very few channels through which to move permanently to the so-called "ethnically homogeneous" East Asian societies, due to their preference for restrictive immigration policies. Within this context, the mainstream discourse portrays migrant brides as victims of trafficking and domestic violence, and marriage brokers are represented as exploiters and abusers of these women. The negative image of these matchmaking processes has led to greater restrictions on migration as well as the prohibition of for-profit marriage agencies in most countries of the region. On the basis of the case of Taiwan, this report will analyze the consequences of these measures and attempt to determine what really makes these migrant women so vulnerable to exploitation. In contrast to the mainstream discourse, migrant brides will be recognized as active subjects with bargaining power and capacity to overcome existing challenges. Avoiding moralistic or paternalistic judgement, the focus of inquiry will be the specific needs and aspirations of those women involved in marriage migration.


In 1814 allied forces defeated Napoleon's armies and restored the Bourbon monarchy to the throne of France. In the wake of over two decades of revolution, empire, and upheaval, France built itself anew by calling on a past seemingly untainted by its recent sins and missteps, and by building toward a (hopefully) prosperous future. The debate over how to rebuild France took place not only in the world of high politics but also at the level of culture, and particularly through the literary debate between romantics and classicists – the bataille romantique. The literary debates between classicists and romantics, with their conceptions of what was 'French' and what was not, became entangled with political debates between liberals and royalists, and both classicism and romanticism could be mobilized for various political aims. Such disputes were publicized and crystalized in literary journals, which were both intellectual and commercial products. Through their robust debates about literature, these periodicals put forward competing proposals about how best to rebuild France. This dissertation examines the role of literary journals and other cultural and commercial institutions in the growth of romanticism in Paris between 1814 and 1830. It argues that the creation of romanticism as a genre, especially through its conflict with classicism, was a collaborative process that involved writers, printers, booksellers, readers, and institutions. The literary conflict between romanticism and classicism, which took place not only in the press, but also on stage, and in meeting halls, salons, and living rooms, played an important role in the development of a nascent civil society in early nineteenth-century Paris, and that the debate, along with those institutions of civil society, offered a seemingly non-political avenue through which to debate French society in the face of government restrictions on press freedom and freedom of assembly for political papers and organizations. The bataille romantique took on a particular salience in the Restoration because it paralleled and became entwined with the conflict between revolution and counter-revolution that undergirded all political conflict in the Restoration. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Warren Breckman


This article examines the ways in which a globalised and post-modern society has led to the fragmentation and consequent hybridisation of traditions – namely, religion – with other frameworks of meaning. It firstly traces the religious traditions in St Stephen's Anglican Church then refracts these through post-modern lenses in order to highlight the textured and multi-traditional fragments which compose our current culture. In a world that is continually transforming its cultural landscape, Frederico Fellini's notions of a kaleidoscopic carnival captures the shifting dimensions of this society and acts as the base upon which the interplay between notions of tradition and post-modernity occur, whilst the contrasting uses of the site of St Stephen's as a church and music venue acts as the lens which bring these notions into the focus of the present moment. This article also draws upon theorists such as Baurdrillard and Lyotard to examine the breakdown of the metanarrative of religion and to ultimately challenge the concept of tradition as fixed to a particular culture and time.


Accumulating evidence shows that appropriate care giver supervision can reduce child injury risk.1–4 In an editorial, Schwebel and Kendrick5 indicated the necessity of translating such knowledge into practice, taking into consideration cultural and societal differences. This consideration is crucial when we transfer knowledge obtained in high-income countries (HICs) to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with differences in culture and society, living environments, and childcare patterns.

The editorial cited a debate in this journal 13 years ago that argued a lack of evidence to call for greater parental supervision, noting the abundance of empirical evidence available today compared with the scarcity at that time.6 The older debate between Roberts6 and Levene7 raised two practical issues that should be clarified in devising culturally appropriate interventions, issues that we think are still valid: how childcare responsibilities should be shared among family members and society, and how strategies should be effectively balanced between supervision and environmental approaches. Without such considerations, the necessity of greater supervision may not be translated into practice, particularly in societies where care givers, mainly mothers, are overburdened with conflicting tasks, including household chores, and are faced with hazardous environments necessitating constant vigilance to protect their children.8–11 Mothers will have problems providing better child protection unless they have access to childcare support. Thus, in this article, we explore ways to better achieve child safety by alleviating the difficulties that care givers face in protecting children.

### Challenges in LMICs

In LMICs, parents tend to have more difficulties than their counterparts in HICs in providing appropriate child supervision. This is mainly because of poor infrastructure and insufficient public policies to support families. For example, in rural areas where access to water …


This article reports on the discovery of a new rock art site from East Timor that is located inland on the southern flanks of the central mountainous spine of the island. One particular painted motif, a socketed axe with haft, indicates that at least some of the motifs were painted c. 2000 b.p. This date and the stylistic and technical features of the art would place it within the later body of painted art associated with the Austronesian Painting Tradition (APT) elsewhere in the western Pacific. This later phase is characterized by greater diversity in style, color, and placement of motifs than is found in the earlier APT. Comparison with the other known art sites in East Timor shows significant di¤erences between the rock art of the eastern and central parts of East Timor, indicating that these areas comprised separate stylistic regions.


An excellent understanding of the level of, and trends in, disease burden and how these have been (and can be) influenced by the implementation of prevention and treatment interventions is of considerable importance to national health programmes and international donor agencies. It can help to ensure the appropriate allocation of funding and ultimately help to save more lives in the future. This epidemiological and impact analysis was included as a systematic part of national health sector reviews and tuberculosis (TB) programme reviews. Such analyses are now required in the concept notes that form the basis for applications to the Global Fund in the new funding model introduced in 2013. This report delivers TB epidemiological and impact analyses conducted as part of the national TB programme review of Georgia, as inputs to health sector reviews and for the epidemiological stage of the Global Fund's new funding model.


Because weevils are used as biocontrol agents against thistles, it is important to document and understand host shifts and the evolution of host‐specificity in these insects. Furthermore, such host shifts are of fundamental interest to mechanisms of speciation. The mediterranean weevil Larinus cynarae normally parasitizes either one of two thistle genera, Onopordum and Cynara, being locally monophagous. In Sardinia, however, both host genera are used. We used three types of data to help understand this complex host use: (i) weevil attack rates on the two host genera among 53 different populations in Sardinia and nearby Corsica, (ii) host preference in a lab setting, and (iii) genetic (allozyme) differentiation among weevil populations exploiting the same or different hosts. Using a subset of populations from northern Sardinia, we attempted to relate interpopulation differences in host preference to gene flow among populations by comparing pairwise differences in oviposition preference (Qst) and in allozyme frequencies (Fst). Overall, Qst and Fst were positively correlated. Fst was positively correlated with geographic distance among pairs of populations using the same host, but not among different‐host population pairs. As mating occurs on the hosts, this result suggests reinforcement. Genetic evidence indicates Cynara as the ancestral host of the weevils from both islands and our current studies suggest repeated attempts to colonize Onopordum, with a successful shift in Corsica and a partial shift in Sardinia. This scenario would explain why in Sardinia the level of attack was higher on Cynara than on Onopordum and why, when given a choice in the laboratory, Sardinian weevils preferred Cynara even when sampled from Onopordum. The lability of host shifts in L. cynarae supports caution in using these or related weevils as biocontrol agents of exotic thistles.


3D models classification is a critical process of Building Information Modeling (BIM). A Deep Learning Approach is proposed to classify 3D models in BIM environment. The ray based feature extraction algorithm is used to extract features of 3D models and form features matrix. The Deep Belief Network constructed by Restricted Boltzmann Machines applies the features matrix and classifies the models adopting the effective training process. The process of training DBN is layer by layer. Experiments were taken on the public 3D model library of PSB model database. The results show that compared with several commonly used classification method, the proposed method of this paper has achieved good results in the 3D model classification for efficiently BIM.


Abstract This article analyzes the European southern periphery's economic development and its experience with EU regional programmes in the light of recent discussions on EU regional policy after 2000. After EU regional policy support increased in 1989, many regions advanced considerably in development, but others did not. Many used structural funds transfers for focused development policies with significant growth effects, but other experiences disappoint. Some regions could not assure efficient programme management and EU regional policies are too complex. Future policies need to mobilize regional entrepreneurship and innovation, rather than competition for investment with generous grants, and to rebalance the present focus on infrastructure. Training is not sufficient to fight unemployment; creating new jobs also requires more flexible labour market regulation. As EU funding will decline after 2000 – with as much as a quarter of the peripheral regions losing 'Objective 1' status – correct policies are ...


Aim/Purpose: This study explores the development of academic identity among a group of Asian international doctoral students at a U.S. research university in various settings, including interacting with students and faculty members and reflecting on their personal journeys.

Background: In 2020-2021, 132, 000 international doctoral students enrolled in U.S. universities – an increase of 71% since 2000. Despite this, relatively little is known about their academic identity development and how acculturative stress affects their academic growth.

Methodology: A conceptual framework was constructed to integrate the concepts of acculturative stress and academic identity development. With the premise that academic identity development comprises three strands of intellectual, network, and institutional, the current framework conceptualizes the intersection of acculturative stress in all three strands to explore the tensions of balancing home-host culture values while international doctoral students grow into a new identity. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to study the narratives of eight Asian international doctoral students and identified four main themes characterizing the participants' academic identity development under acculturative stress.

Contribution: This study contributes to an understudied area of higher education literature, directing the attention of the academic community to a small but growing group of junior academics. When examined in the confluence with acculturative stress, the conceptualization of academic identity is extended to include academics from cultural minorities.

Findings: Acculturative stress intersects with all three strands of academic identity development, inhibiting participants' progress in their doctoral programs. Acculturative stress also makes participants more hesitant to adopt an academic identity.

Recommendations for Practitioners: This paper informs leaders and managers at departmental and university levels about cultural inclusiveness in doctoral training programs. Cultural minority students face the challenge of acculturative stress, an issue that distinguishes them from racial or gender minority groups; therefore, simply replicating race or gender inclusion initiatives is unlikely to be an ideal model for a culturally inclusive program.

Recommendation for Researchers: The findings of this study indicate that Asian doctoral international students deviate from the commonly accepted view of academic identity in that they do not define intellectual growth strictly in terms of paper-trailed achievements (e.g., number of publications or grants), and they view jobs within and outside academia as equally attractive.

Impact on Society: Doctoral training programs at universities are the suppliers of doctoral-level workers for industry. However, some programs, especially in the social sciences and humanities, focus on academic job placements. To broaden the impact on society, educational leaders need to expand the professional development training elements in such programs to prepare doctoral candidates for opportunities outside of academia.

Future Research: Other aspects of doctoral training programs could be explored, such as the development of instructor identity and the changes in student identity.


Objectives: To gather empirical data on how gender and educational level influence bioethical reasoning among medical students by analyzing their use of care versus justice arguments for reconciling a bioethical dilemma.
Setting: University Departments of Medical Ethics, Social and Communication Psychology in Germany. Participants: First and fifth year medical students. Design and method: Multidisciplinary, empirical, 2-segment study of ethics in action: In intrapersonal Segment 1, the students were presented with a bioethical dilemma and then administered a 13-item questionnaire to survey their individual preferences for care versus justice arguments in resolving the conflict. The survey questioned 6 justice, 6 care-related items and 1 socially critical item. Data were analysed by gender and year of medical school. In interpersonal Segment 2, the bioethical dilemma from Segment 1 was discussed in gender-mixed and gender-homogeneous groups. Coded transcripts were evaluated to identify prevalences in care versus justice reasoning. Results: Data on 462 medical students were evaluable (n=338 in Segment 1, n=168 in Segment 2, n=44 overlap). Gender and level of education had no effect on moral reasoning in intrapersonal Segment 1, but significantly affected reasoning in interpersonal Segment 2, where women significantly tended to use more care-orientated arguments. Justice arguments predominated the group discussions.
Conclusion: Interpersonal contexts affect moral reasoning in medical students, probably by amplifying the socialisation relating to gender and educational level. Care orientation is associated with the female gender. Professional socialisation tends to reduce the diversity and richness of moral reasoning towards a more justice-weighted orientation. Medical ethics should teach both justice and care reasoning modes in order to broaden physicians' ability to reconcile bioethical dilemmas.


This paper presents a new model of strategic IT decision-making processes based on reviews of the management and strategic IT decision-making literature. Strategic IT decisions are important and infrequent IT-related decisions made by the top leaders of an organization that have, or potentially have, a major impact on organizational health and survival. It is argued that if the decision-making processes behind strategic IT decisions are better understood, it may be possible to make better decisions, reduce cost overruns, and/or explain why some major IT-related projects have struggled to realize expected benefits.


The hand grip strength of neurology physiotherapists working with neurological patients who have impaired control of agonist and antagonist muscles due to nerve injuries or accidents, and intensive care nurses and nursing staff working with second and third level immobile patients are at risk. Wrist grip level decreases over time in both professions;due to the damage to the anatomical structures of the wrist, for reasons such as positioning the patient, exercising, etc. Our aim in this study is to ensure that the aforementioned similar sub divisional health workers;to reveal the occupational difference rates between hand grip strength and forearm flexion extension strength losses. In our study, only male participants were included in the study in order to eliminate gender-related muscle strength differences. 20 male neurology physiotherapists and 20 male intensive care workers were determined as the research sample. Wrist circumference and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the groups were calculated for the anthropometric measurement evaluations in both groups included in the study. The wrist grip strength of both hands of the participants was evaluated with jamar dynamometer and flexion and extension strengths with an Electronic Push/Pull Dynamometer (EPPD). The data obtained were evaluated with SPSS22. In the analysis of the data, "Independent samples t" test was applied for parameters such as age, height, weight, and dominant hand preference, duration of work, flexion, extension and left jamar average values. "Mann Whitney U" test, one of the non-parametric tests, was applied for variables that do not show normal distribution. In the light of the data obtained as a result, there are statistically significant differences between the two groups for height, time spent in the profession/month and left hand extension values and right hand jamar average values in both occupational groups (P<0,05).


Vavilov and other authors have indicated that, Ethiopia is a center of origin and/or diversity for many economically important crops species such as Coffea arabica, Enset ventricosum, Eragrostis tef, Guizotia abyssinica, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Triticum durum and others. In most cases the distribution of crop wild relatives is correlated with the diversity of flora within a country. Therefore, Ethiopia is not only a center of origin and diversity of many cultivated plants, but also a source for important crop wild relatives. Wild and weedy relatives of many crops such as: Eragrostis tef, Eleusine crocana, Sorgum bicolor, Lens culinaris, Lathyrus stativus, Guzotia abyssinica, Plectranthus edulis and others with their distribution within the county is discussed. On the other hand, consumption of edible wild plants is common in Ethiopia. Studies showed that, there are more than 413 edible wild plants in Ethiopia, which belongs to 224 genera from 77 families. Some of the edible wild fruits includes: Carissa spinarium, Cordia africana, Dovyalis abyssinica, Ficus spp., Grewia spp., Mimusops kummel, Rosa abyssinica, Rubus apetalus, Syzigium guineense, Ximenia americana, Ziziphus spina-Christi and others. In addition to their food values, edible wild plants are also used as source of income. Even though, the diversity of crop wild relatives and wild edible plants is high in Ethiopia; several factors which affects the natural and agricultural ecosystems are affecting the resource severely. Among which, human induced threats such as deforestation of the natural vegetation, overgrazing, land fragmentation, wildfire, application of broad spectrum herbicides in agricultural fields are the major once. These coupled with the natural catastrophes such as pest and diseases, drought and other effects of climate change are being threatening the resources. Therefore, an immediate measure which can alleviate these problems and which surpasses the speed of loss of the resources is crucial.


Psychosocial adaptation to climate change-related events remains understudied. We sought to assess how the psychosocial consequences of a major event were addressed via public health responses (e.g., programs, policies, and practices) that aimed to enhance, protect, and promote mental health. We report on a study of health and social service responses to the long-term mental health impacts of the 2013 Southern Alberta flood, in High River, Alberta. Qualitative research methods included (i) telephone interviews (n = 14) with key informant health and social services leaders, (ii) four focus group sessions with front-line health and social services workers (n = 14), and (iii) semi-structured interviews with a sample of community members (n = 18) who experienced the flood. We conducted a descriptive thematic analysis, with a focus on participants' perceptions and experiences. Findings of this study suggest (1) the long-term psychosocial impacts of extreme weather and climate change require sustained recovery interventions rooted in local knowledge and interdisciplinary action; (2) there are unintended consequences related to psychosocial interventions that can incite complex emotions and impact psychosocial recovery; and (3) perceptions of mental health care, among people exposed to climate-related trauma, can guide climate change and mental health response and recovery interventions. Based on this initial exploration, policy and practice opportunities for public health to enhance psychosocial adaptation to our changing climate are highlighted.


The API Lifetime Achievement Award (formerly called the "API Honorary Fellow Award") was established by the API Governing Council in 2002. The Award recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of pathology informatics as a clinical and academic subspecialty of pathology. Nominations for the award are solicited from the API membership and the API Council selects the recipient. The 2010 and subsequent awards will be presented at Pathology Informatics conference. (Previous awards were presented at either APIII or LabInfoTech Summit.)


In 2002 the Russian parliament passed a law requiring all official languages within the Russian Federation to use the Cyrillic alphabet. The legislation caused great controversy and anger in some quarters, especially in Tatarstan, the Russian republic whose attempt to romanise the script for the Tatar language provoked the new law. This paper examines the background to these recent events in the former Soviet Union, showing how they provide a contemporary illustration of the ways that linguistic (in this case, orthographic) issues can interact with ideologies and discourses at the political and social levels. The paper takes an approach which treats orthography and script selection as social practices which are amenable to sociolinguistic analysis, even though they are more commonly modelled as autonomous systems (or "neutral technologies") which can be detached from their social context (cf. Street's "ideological" and "autonomous" models of literacy). The article begins with a very brief overview of the early twentieth-century changes of script from Arabic to Roman and then to Cyrillic, which affected most of the Turkic languages, including Tatar, and an account of the trend to return to the Roman alphabet in the immediate post-Soviet period. It goes on to describe the circumstances of the decision by Tatarstan to introduce the script change, and the resulting backlash from the government of the Russian Federation, in the form of a new language law. It then goes on to analyse the discourses which underlie this story of rebellion and reaction. In particular, the following discourses are identified and discussed: unity and membership (the discourse of belonging), technology and globalisation, cultural heritage (change and permanence), Cyrillic as "defective"/Cyrillic as a conduit for Russian lexis, romanisation as a threat to the integrity of Russia and its language. It is noted that many of the discourses present in the Tatarstan case are also found in other debates over orthographies elsewhere.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Continuous femoral block (three-in-one) is used for postoperative analgesia in hip and knee replacements with good results, with advantages over other locoregional analgesic or intravenous techniques having low incidence of complications. The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the utility of continuous femoral block compared with intravenous analgesia in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament.

METHODS
Controlled prospective study of 60 patients ASA I. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 30): continuous femoral block with an infusion of bupivacaine and clonidine; and Group 2 (n = 30): intravenous ketoprofen infusion. Surgery was performed under spinal anesthesia and sedation. Postoperative pain management with morphine patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Postoperative pain recorded at 2, 4, 6, 24 and 36 hours after surgery using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Morphine consumption, satisfaction's score and complications are registered.

RESULTS
In Group 1 postoperative VAS between 4 and 48 hours was 21 mm +/- 2 and in Group 2 was 45 mm +/- 4 (p < 0.001). Morphine consumption between 4 and 48 hours in Group 1 was 4.5 mg +/- 1.5 and in Group 2 was 25.5 mg +/- 3 (p < 0.001). In Group 1, 6.7% of patients presented postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV) compared to 20% in Group 2.

CONCLUSION
The three-in-one block with bupivacaine and clonidine in continuous infusion provides more efficient analgesia, patient satisfaction and less consumption of intravenous morphine and PONV than intravenous analgesia.


The social context in Croatia in which universities operate shows two dominant trends. Market orientation is being promoted as a response to globalization processes. Growing resistance and concern about this tendency brought initiatives to strengthen civil engagement in higher education. Since academic knowledge is increasingly expected to be based on real life circumstances and connected to practice, the need to strengthen civic engagement, social responsibility and active citizenship at universities is further stimulated. Requests are being made to bring university instructors and practitioners into closer relationships, expecting academic knowledge to directly improve living conditions in local communities and affect democracy and civil society development (Ostrander, 2004). Students should acquire knowledge, develop skills and opinions through active participation, which in turn develops their sense of active involvement in making political decisions and controlling its implementations. Many authors agree how active citizenship is the ideal contemporary society should aspire to (T.H.McLaughlin, D. Miller, C.Wilkins, R.Griffith, D. Heather, K. Faulks). The purpose of university's civic mission is to enable the development of this ideal.


Poorer US cities were catching up with richer ones at an annual rate of roughly 1.4% between 1940 and 1980. However, wage convergence across US cities went from 1.4% a year between 1940 and 1980 to 0% a year between 1980 and 2010. This paper quantifies the contributions of skill-biased technical change (SBTC) and agglomeration economies to the end of cross-cities wage convergence within the US between 1980 and 2010. I develop and estimate a dynamic spatial equilibrium model that looks at the causes of the decline in spatial wage convergence. The model choice is motivated by novel empirical regularities regarding the evolution of the skill premium and migration patterns over time and across space. The model successfully matches the quantitative features of the decline in US regional wage convergence, as well as other stylized facts on US economic growth. Moreover, the model also reproduces the convergence and the divergence in the skill ratio across US cities and other features on quantities, such as the secular decline in within US migration after 1980. Finally, the counterfactual analysis suggests that SBTC explains the approximately the 80% of the decline of regional convergence between 1980 and 2010 among high skill workers.


This article analyses issues of police personnel training and the influence of recent public admi-nistration and social life tendencies on police personnel training. When analyzing historical context of police training and administration in Western countries, it is stated that paramilitary model of police personnel administration which has been formed in the West in early 19th century is more and more questionable. It is stated that because the society is becoming more democratic, the uniformed police is becoming a crime prevention institution rather than a prosecutor. The police in CEE countries is also changing due to democratic reforms. New philosophy of police activities should be concerted with the sys-tem of police personnel training, but in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe the aspect of the exist-ing practical conditions of police activities and institutional as well as cultural aspects must be considered. This article states that training system of the detective forces must be strenghtened. Also the transitional model of police personnel training must be developed where "police as public service" concept is adjusted to the concept of administrative method. This could be a paradigm to the structures of police personnel training in Western countries, especially in the context of increasing terrorism.


This paper presents a CMOS image sensor with focal-plane compression. The design has a column-level architecture and it is based on predictive coding techniques for image decorrelation. The prediction operations are performed in the analog domain to avoid quantization noise and to decrease the area complexity of the circuit. The prediction residuals are quantized and encoded by a joint quantizer/coder circuit. To save area resources, the joint quantizer/coder circuit exploits common circuitry between a single-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a Golomb-Rice entropy coder. This combination of ADC and encoder allows the integration of the entropy coder at the column level. A prototype chip was fabricated in a 0.35 mum CMOS process. The output of the chip is a compressed bit stream. The test chip occupies a silicon area of 2.60 mm times 5.96 mm which includes an 80 times 44 APS array. Tests of the fabricated chip demonstrate the validity of the design.


Betti numbers of configuration spaces of mechanical linkages (known also as polygon spaces) depend on a large number of parameters ‐ the lengths of the bars of the linkage. Motivated by applications in topological robotics, statistical shape theory and molecular biology, we view these lengths as random variables and study asymptotic values of the average Betti numbers as the number of links n tends to infinity. We establish a surprising fact that for a reasonably ample class of sequences of probability measures the asymptotic values of the average Betti numbers are independent of the choice of the measure. The main results of the paper apply to planar linkages as well as for linkages in R 3 . We also prove results about higher moments of Betti numbers.


One of the most consistent findings in studies of electoral behaviour is that individuals with higher education have a greater propensity to vote. The nature of this relationship is much debated, with US studies generally finding evidence of a causal relationship, while European studies generally reporting no causal effect. To assess whether the US is an exception we rely on an international dataset incorporating 38 countries, the ISSP (International Social Survey Programme) from 1985 to 2010. Both instrumental variable and multi-level modelling approaches reveal that the US is an outlier regarding the relationship between education and voter turnout. Moreover country-specific institutional and economic factors do not explain the heterogeneity in the relationship of interest. Alternatively, we show that disenfranchisement laws in the U.S. mediates the effect of education on voter turnout, such that the education gradient in voting is greater in U.S. States with the harshest disenfranchisement legislature. As such, the observed relationship between education and voting is partly driven by the effect of education on crime.


The ever increasing size of wind turbines and the move to build them offshore have accelerated the need for optimised maintenance strategies in order to reduce operating costs. Predictive maintenance requires detailed information on the condition of turbines. Due to the high costs of dedicated condition monitoring systems based on mainly vibration measurements, the use of data from the turbine supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is appealing. This review discusses recent research using SCADA data for failure detection and condition monitoring (CM), focussing on approaches which have already proved their ability to detect anomalies in data from real turbines. Approaches are categorised as (i) trending, (ii) clustering, (iii) normal behaviour modelling, (iv) damage modelling and (v) assessment of alarms and expert systems. Potential for future research on the use of SCADA data for advanced turbine CM is discussed.


A discussion of flow resistance in ecological channel is a fundamental problem required by hydraulic engineers, but the well-established flow resistance mechanism is still not well discovered. This research studies on flow over submerged vegetation in ecological channel to explain mechanism of flow resistance on rough surfaces. With a detailed discussion, this research separates total resistance and unlike previous research, this study pays attention to the variation in vortices created by roughness, and new definitions of hydraulic radius and Reynolds Number are given. This study validated the proposed method can be used to simplify the friction factor calculations for hydraulic engineers.


In November 2010, Digicel and Voilá both made mobile money services publicly available in Haiti. Building upon our previous research on domestic remittances and financial practices, we returned to Haiti from December to April to identify mobile money's potentials and challenges given the specific characteristics of the mobile money services offered and the needs of the Haitian population. This report presents our analysis of how the new mobile money services fit into Haiti's existing socioeconomic environment, and how customers are adapting and using the services. We identify six key insights and make recommendations for the development of mobile money in Haiti. Insights for now


Hundreds of databases offer vast amounts of literature knowledge about biological signaling networks. However, this knowledge is rarely integrated into current bioinformatic analyzes due to challenges in the programmatic access and transformation of this data. This thesis focuses on the integration of prior knowledge into methods for network reconstruction. The motivation is to improve the performance of bioinformatic algorithms and methods by facilitating the integration of available pathway data as prior knowledge. First, the fundamentals of biological networks and pathways, their encoding using ontologies, methods for network reconstruction, and high-throughput gene expression technologies are introduced. Three central results are presented in this work: First, the novel software package rBiopaxParser, which enables the generic import of BioPAX-encoded pathway databases into the R Project for Statistical Computing. An overview of the functionality, the internal data model and visulization options is given. Second, a proof-of-concept implementation of the transformation and merging of pathway data to be used as prior knowledge for methods for network reconstruction is presented. The interactomes, the entirety of interactions, of three databases, Reactome, Pathway Interaction Database, and BioCarta, are generated and merged as a basis for prior pathway knowledge. Third, network reconstruction using Nested Effects Models is performed based on the generated prior knowledge networks and experimental high-throughput data of 16 gene knockdowns in breast cancer cell lines. Finally, this thesis compares the implemented software to similar concurrent developments and discusses the generated prior knowledge and the results of network reconstruction.


This study investigated the location, habitat preferences, and diel movements of burbot (lota lota) and salmonids in a small tributary stream in late spring, early summer. The research provides base-line information on fish distribution prior to the replacement of a culvert and reconnection of upstream reaches. The tributary was divided into six 100-meter reaches using blocker nets and data was collected using mark-recapture and electrofishing techniques. The community was dominated by coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), northern mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii bairdii), brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon fosser), and the burbot. Salmonids favored undercut banks during the day (p=0.014) and woody debris at night (p=0.017, ANOVA). Substrate was dominated by sand thus the bulk of aquatic macroinvertebrate production was likely occurring on large woody debris—the area preferred by the fish at dusk and at night. In addition, water depth was positively correlated to fish density (R2 = 0.73; p=0.031, step-wise MLR). Like the salmonids, burbot preferred undercut banks and abundance appeared to increase at night—a pattern observed in all major fish species with the exception of the chinook salmon, although trends were not significant for any species. The majority of captured fish were juvenile, and we hypothesize that at these early life-history stages, the fish are moving into the tributary system at dusk to avoid predation pressure in the main channel. The coho population decreased through time (p=0.034) while rainbow trout YOY increased (p=0.039). There was no recapture of fin-clipped rainbow trout (year one plus) indicating a high degree of turnover with the main channel, likely as a result of the culvert.


The SEC's recently adopted summary disclosure initiative for mutual funds improves disclosure for average investors by making fund disclosure more understandable and accessible, but it also reveals a fundamental defect in the SEC's entire approach to policy in this area. The initiative - the latest in a series of fund disclosure initiatives stretching over a 30 year period - seeks to improve the quality of fund offering disclosure for average investors by embracing what the SEC has dubbed a "layered disclosure" approach. The key elements of this approach are: (i) funds may use a radically simplified and standardized offering document in lieu of a statutory prospectus; and (ii) investors obtain enhanced electronic access to a full range of more comprehensive fund disclosure documents. The goal is to reduce disclosure costs for funds and enable each investor to choose the level of disclosure detail that best suits his or her inclinations. While these changes will undoubtedly provide some benefits for average investors, it is doubtful that these refinements will produce dramatic improvements in the quality of investor's investment decisions. This article instead advances an alternative approach toward fund disclosure policy that embraces a more assertive consumer protection orientation. This approach differs from the SEC's in giving priority to strategies designed to improve the quality of average investors' fund investment decisions rather than merely making disclosure more understandable. The assertive consumer protection approach advocated in this article seeks regulatory policies to change investor behavior by counteracting known behavioral biases of average investors (a policy goal sometimes knows as "debiasing"), including policies aimed directly at investor decision-making and other policies aimed at enhancing the utility of third parties who are in a position to influence investors (a form of structural debiasing). The article presents several concrete recommendations for implementing such an approach: (i) the SEC should impose tighter content restrictions on Internet sales literature and supplement existing content requirements for summary disclosure; (ii) the SEC should rethink its approach to layered disclosure (i.e., the current scheme that requires average investors to choose their desired level of disclosure detail) and instead move toward a scheme tailored to the distinct information needs of two different end-user constituencies: average investors and investment professionals; and (iii) the SEC should impose heightened procedural accountability standards for investment professionals to improve the advice received by clients regarding fund selection recommendations and to promote competition among funds based on investment merit.


This work examines the antecedents of the Vicious Tyrants of the Mystery Cycles as they appear in earlier dramatic works. The first chapter describes the bragging soldier ofRoman comedy, defining him in his formative dramatic environment. Perception and reality are at odds in important elements of his character: he appears as a menacing and powerful rival to the young lover and as a threat to the courtesan. In reality he is never successful in carrying out his threats. The ways in which Plautus and Terence create and use the bragging soldier are explored. The bragging soldier, his character and behaviour having been defined, is then followed into Christian drama, specifically into the spoken or acted works of Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim. Because Hrotsvitha says she is using Terence as her pattern, she provides a clear instance of what effects Christian sources and theology, whether or not they are shaped by the traditions of five hundred years of folk practise, have on the bragging soldier and his dramatic interactions. The figure is then followed into the Mystery Cycles to see how consistent the changes observed in Hrotsvitha's works are with the behaviour of bragging soldiers in a body ofwork which hovers in the wings behind later English drama. Hrotsvitha' s dramatic works have not been used in this way before. While Hrotsvitha' s work has been extensively studied as an artifact, as a tenth century manuscript, it has not been seen as evidence ofwhat happened when one tradition met another. The resulting exploration reveals the Vice Figures and Vicious Tyrants of Medieval Drama in embryo. The study, thus, contributes to an understanding of how Christian attitudes shaped the characters ofRoman Drama and provided the basis for dramatic stereotypes which still exist.


Rakhine State is the state with highest number of malaria cases in Myanmar. The objective of the study was to investigate the malaria situation in Rakhine State during 2000-2014. Data on malaria monthly reports from all townships during 2000-2014 were reviewed and analyzed. The malaria morbidity rate in Rakhine State was observed to decrease from 40.0 per 1,000 population in 2000 to 13.5 per 1,000 in 2014. Marked reduction in mortality and case-fatality rates were also observed. Although the morbidity and mortality rates were reduced in all townships, some townships had maintained high malaria positivity rate and low annual blood examination rate. Ten percent of cases in under 5-year children indicated the endemicity and local transmission of malaria. Malaria cases treated by community volunteers were increased from 1.7% in 2011 to 27.9% in 2014. The majority of malaria cases were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality might be due to early detection and treatment of cases. Efforts to detect and treat cases earlier should be a high priority in townships with high malaria positive rate and low annual blood examination rate in order to reduce the burden of malaria infection in Myanmar.


1. The pathological anatomy of total rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb has been studied at operation in thirty-nine patients. 2. It has been found that the ligament, when ruptured distally (the most usual type) is often displaced so that the ulnar expansion of the dorsal aponeurosis—here referred to as the adductor aponeurosis—becomes interposed between the ruptured end of the ligament and the site of its attachment on the phalanx; the ligament gets folded over to a greater or lesser extent and the ruptured end sticks out beyond the proximal edge of the adductor aponeurosis. Such displacement of the ligament with interposition of the adductor aponeurosis was found in twenty-five of the thirty-nine cases. The ligament may also be displaced without the adductor aponeurosis being interposed (with a gap between the ruptured end and the site of itsattachment on the phalanx). 3. Variations in the pathological anatomy are illustrated by more detailed descriptions of nine cases. In one of these the adductor aponeurosis had got caught between the two surfaces of the joint, and in another the adductor aponeurosis was found ruptured as well as the ulnar collateral ligament. 4. On the basis of dissection studies on forty-two fresh post-mortem specimens, a rational explanation is given of the pathological anatomy. 5. The results of the present investigation on clinical and anatomical material provide a strong argument in favour of operative treatment for total rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the thumb. 6. Aspects of diagnosis and operative technique are discussed.


This paper examines the effectiveness of a set of curriculum materials developed for a Reporting Diversity and Integration Project tailored for Australian journalists and journalism students. The materials take a problem-based learning (PBL) approach to a hypothetical case study that involves Muslim netballers being banned from competition because they want to wear headscarves during play. Deferring to ideas developed by Russian psychologist, Leo Vygotsky, we proposed a few 'scaffolding' strategies to support student learning. The material was trialed with 30 first-year Deakin University journalism students and 30 regional journalists. The responses showed that both groups felt the materials we added to the curriculum resources, which provided information on Muslim women and the headscarf, affected how they would write the story. They also thought it was important to provide this kind of information for readers. This paper argues that providing cultural information in an accessible format for students and journalists in newsrooms should be integral to education and training materials designed to improve media coverage of cultural diversity issues.


Tremblay (firstname.lastname@example.com) is with the Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Gonzalez is with the Dept of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia. Katzmarzyk is with the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA. Onywera is with the Dept of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Reilly is with the Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. Tomkinson is with the Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Physical Activity Report Cards: Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance and the Lancet Physical Activity Observatory


Foucault's Law is the first book in almost fifteen years to address the question of Foucault's position on law. Many readings of Foucault's conception of law start from the proposition that he failed to consider the role of law in modernity, or indeed that he deliberately marginalized it. In canvassing a wealth of primary and secondary sources, Ben Golder and Peter Fitzpatrick rebut this argument. They argue that rather than marginalize law, Foucault develops a much more radical, nuanced and coherent theory of law than his critics have acknowledged. For Golder and Fitzpatrick, Foucault's law is not the contained creature of conventional accounts, but is uncontainable and illimitable. In their radical re-reading of Foucault, they show how Foucault outlines a concept of law which is not tied to any given form or subordinated to a particular source of power, but is critically oriented towards alterity, new possibilities and different ways of being.

Foucault's Law is an important and original contribution to the ongoing debate on Foucault and law, engaging not only with Foucault's diverse writings on law and legal theory, but also with the extensive interpretive literature on the topic. It will thus be of interest to students and scholars working in the fields of law and social theory, legal theory and law and philosophy, as well as to students of Foucault's work generally.

Book description from publisher website at: http://www.routledge.com


Average earth temperatures rose 0.6 ºC over the last century, according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. But that increase pales in comparison to the 1.4–5.8 ºC expected increase over this century. As temperatures climb, climate models predict that high-latitude, high-altitude regions like Yellowstone National Park will experience shorter winters and earlier snow melts. How these environmental shifts will impact species and ecosystems remains to be seen. The effects of climate change are already evident at the species level, with disruptions in range, reproductive success, and seasonal phenomena like migration, and the decoupling of evolutionarily paired events like new births and food availability. Both experimental and data-driven modeling studies predict that climate change may well precipitate shifts in the structure of ecosystems as well. In a new study, Christopher Wilmers and Wayne Getz investigated the effects of climate change on ecosystem dynamics by studying a keystone species in Yellowstone, the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Gray wolves inhabited most of North America until US extirpation campaigns nearly eradicated them by the 1930s. In 1995, the US Fish and Wildlife Service reintroduced the persecuted predator into Yellowstone. Wilmers and Getz used data from the past 50 years at two weather stations in the park's northern range (where elk over winter and four to six wolf packs now A standard evolutionary assumption is that the DNA of closely related species should be more similar in both structure and function than that of more distantly related ones. This parsimonious rule of thumb holds true across wide expanses of time and among widely divergent species, but it has exceptions. In this issue, Michael Ludwig and colleagues show that one exception is in an enhancer region of a key developmental gene in fruitfl ies of the genus Drosophila. Here, the enhancer is functionally similar enough in two species that diverged 60 million years ago that switching them produces normal development, but different enough in two species separated by only 10 million years that exchanging them between the two fl ies aborts development. The gene in question is even-skipped, a patterning gene that creates seven transverse stripes along the anterior– posterior axis in the fruitfl y embryo. Its expression is regulated by fi ve enhancing elements located upstream from the promoter. The best characterized of these, the stripe 2 enhancer (S2E), binds fi ve different transcription factors at multiple locations. Ludwig et al. deleted S2E …


Brazil, the most racially diverse Latin American country, is also the most contradictory: for centuries it has maintained fantasy as reality through the myth of racial democracy. Enshrined in that mythology is the masking of exclusionism that strategically displaces and marginalizes Afro-Brazilians from political power. In this absorbing new study, Niyi Afolabi exposes the tensions between the official position on racial harmony and the reality of marginalization experienced by Afro-Brazilians by exploring Afro-Brazilian cultural production as a considered response to this exclusion. The author examines major contributions in music, history, literature, film, and popular culture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to reveal how each performance by an Afro-Brazilian artist addresses issues of identity and racism through a variety of veils that entertain, ridicule, invoke, provoke, protest, and demand change at the same time. Raising cogent questions such as the vital role of Afro-Brazilians in the making of Brazilian national identity; the representation of Brazilian women as hapless, exploited, and abandoned; the erosion of the influence of black movements due to fragmentation and internal disharmony; and the portrayal of Afro-Brazilians on the national screen as domestics, Afolabi provides insightful, nuanced analyses that tease out the complexities of the dilemma in their appropriate historical, political, and social contexts. Niyi Afolabi teaches Luso-Brazilian, Yoruba, and African Diaspora studies in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese as well as the John L. Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin.