Contingent capital has great potential to improve corporate governance in Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFIs). Early initiatives by European SIFIs to include contingent convertible bonds in executive compensation packages lack governance improving designs. This article suggests the use of contingent convertible bonds with an early conversion trigger in executive compensation. The proposal adds an important element to the literature on inside debt and the creditor-centered approach to executive compensation. Contingent convertible bonds with early triggers could be preferable to other debt instruments because, in addition to lowering income inequality and increasing sustainability, the early trigger design can improve incentives for executives to lower risk taking, improve signaling of default risk, and increase incentives for monitoring by creditors and shareholders. The recognition of ownership characteristics in design features adds an important element to the literature on contingent capital trigger designs. The methodological assumptions of incomplete contract theory can improve the analysis of executive compensation arrangements.


The 1931 International Colonial Exposition in Paris was a demonstration of French colonial policy, colonial architecture and urban planning, and the scientific and philosophical theories that justified colonialism. The Exposition displayed the people, material culture, raw materials, manufactured goods, and arts of the global colonial empires. Yet the event gave a contradictory message of the colonies as the "Orient" -- the site of rampant sensuality, decadence, and irrationality -- and as the laboratory of Western rationality. In Hybrid Modernities, Patricia Morton shows how the Exposition failed to keep colonialism's two spheres separate, instead creating hybrids of French and native culture.At the Exposition, French pavilions demonstrated Europe's sophistication in art deco style, while the colonial pavilions were "authentic" native environments for displaying indigenous peoples and artifacts from the colonies. The authenticity of these pavilions' exteriors was contradicted by vaguely exotic interiors filled with didactic exhibition stands and dioramas. Intended to maintain a segregation of colonized and colonizer, the colonial pavilions instead were mixtures of European and native architecture.Anticolonial resistance erupted around the Exposition in the form of protests, anticolonial tracts, and a countercolonial exposition produced by the Surrealists. Thus the Exposition occupied a "middle region" of experience where the norms, rules, and systems of French colonialism both emerged and broke down, unsustainable because of their internal contradictions. As Morton shows, the effort to segregate France and her colonies failed, both at the Colonial Exposition and in greater France, because it was constantly undermined by the hybrids that modern colonialism itself produced.


The present study systematically investigates shock‐induced alteration of organic simulants of planetary bodies (OSPBs) as a function of peak shock pressure and temperature by impact experiments. Our results show that the composition and structure of OSPBs are unchanged upon impacts at peak pressures ≤~5 GPa and temperatures ≤~350 °C. On the other hand, these are dramatically changed upon impacts at >7–8 GPa and > ~400 °C, through loss of hydrogen‐related bonds and concurrent carbonization, regardless of the initial compositions of OSPBs. Compared with previous results on static heating of organic matter, we suggest that shock‐induced alteration cannot be distinguished from static heating only by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Our experimental results would provide a proxy indicator for assessing degree of shock‐induced alteration of organic matter contained in carbonaceous chondrites. We suggest that a remote‐sensing signature of the 3.3–3.6 μm absorption due to hydrogen‐related bonds on the surface of small bodies would be a promising indicator for the presence of less‐thermally‐altered (i.e., <350 °C) organic matter there, which will be a target for landing to collect primordial samples in sample‐return spacecraft missions, such as Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS‐REx.


Purpose of review Bladder cancer biomarker development has advanced significantly over the last decade, but has not yet been able to make a significant impact in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Many available markers are suitable, but do not meet the expectations of physicians and patients. Patients do not want to compromise accuracy in diagnosing bladder cancer for less-invasive tests. The review highlights the latest developments in bladder cancer biomarkers, including markers developed over the last year, and comments on the high standards placed on these markers which have delayed their widespread implementation into the urologic field. Recent findings New markers described in the last year include soluble Fas, urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 and human chorionic gonadotropin β type II genes. The latter two markers represent the contribution of genomic technology to this field. Also described are updates to known markers, including long-term follow-up of hematuria screening, recent studies in DNA methylation for bladder cancer diagnosis and patient perspectives on bladder tumor markers. Summary Biomarkers for bladder cancer have been intensively scrutinized over the last decade, but despite new findings and good performance characteristics, they are currently not accepted in clinical practice.


This prospective pilot study provides a dynamic whole body PET/MR image database, clinical safety, biodistribution profile and dosimetry of 68Ga-DOTATOC in healthy subjects, to establish a baseline and standard reference for its use in diagnosis and treatment response evaluation among patients with somatostatin receptor expressing neoplastic diseases. Dynamic whole body PET/MR imaging was performed in 12 healthy subjects (male/female: 8/4) after injection of 242.39 ± 53.38 MBq (mean ± SD) 68Ga-DOTATOC. Images were acquired 15, 60, 120, and 240 minutes post injection. Subjects were assessed at baseline and after 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/MR by monitoring vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiograms, complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, and urinalysis. Adverse events were monitored for one week after injection. Organ dosimetry was estimated using OLINDA/EXM 1.1 software. Radiotracer was exclusively eliminated via urinary tract (18.8 ± 1.0% of injected dose within 4 hours) and no redistribution was observed. Bladder wall, spleen and kidneys received the highest radiation exposure (0.64 ± 0.1 mSv/MBq, 0.29 ± 0.14 mSv/MBq, and 0.1 ± 0.02 mSv/MBq, respectively). Mean effective dose yielded 0.048 ± 0.007 mSv/MBq. No adverse events were reported during the one-week follow-up period. Follow-up laboratory tests and electrocardiograms showed no changes compared to the baseline. The use of MRI provided valuable anatomical information and eliminated the risk of radiation exposure compared to CT.


Stop Holding Yourself Back—It's Time to Go Ask!

 The strongest relationships, top sales groups, and most successful organizations have one thing in common: people who have the courage to ask outrageously. This doesn't mean being obnoxious or taking advantage of people. It means not compromising, taking a risk to get what you know you need, not what you think you can get.

 Based on Linda Swindling's original research and her experience helping people make high-stakes requests in everything from business negotiations to marriage proposals, this book offers proven approaches to improve your asking and boost your chances of success. Whether you are a professional looking for a bigger opportunity, an entrepreneur striving to build a company, a nonprofit seeking funding, or simply a parent or friend wanting a more fulfilling relationship, it's time to make that big ask! Get ready. Your results will surpass your greatest expectations!


In this paper we use data from industrial plants to investigate if seniority-based pay is used as a motivational device for production workers. Alternatively, seniority-based pay could simply be a wage setting rule not necessarily related to the provision of incentives. Unlike previous papers, we use a direct measure of seniority-based pay as well as measures of monitoring devices and piece-rates. We find that firms that offer seniority-based pay are less likely to offer explicit incentives. They are also less likely to invest in monitoring devices. We also find that firms that offer seniority-based pay are more likely to engage in other human resource management policies that result in long employment relationships. Overall these results suggest that seniority-based pay is indeed used as a motivation device.


The social protection programmes range from various forms of cash transfers—unconditional, conditional and cash-for-work schemes, employment guarantee, public works schemes, nutrition schemes, and so on. There are many instant where social protection programmes have reached a substantial proportion of the poor, leading to improvement in social and welfare outcomes of the poor and vulnerable communities. While targeting core development and livelihood improvement, these social protection programs increasingly also play a determining role in outcomes related to women's empowerment, altering role and
relationship of men and women in the society, and development pathway of men and women and other vulnerable groups, in general.
The main purpose of this paper to review and synthesis on concept, methodology, and
analytical tools and techniques on assessment of gender implications of large scale social
protection programs. In particular, we discuss these issues in context of the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ( MGNREGS), which is one of the
largest social Protection program in providing in the developing. In particular, here we
summarize findings of recent studies on gender implication of MGNREGA; describe and
illustrate a generic methodological and analytical tool (targeted to MGNREGA study) that
any practitioner in the field can use in the future for assessing and quantifying gender
dimensions of Social; Protection program such as MGNREGS and other program world
wide. By using the example of MGNREGA, and using specific component of the tools and
techniques, we have tried to show also the interlinkage between social protection and wider
dimensions of development (such as economic, environmental, social, institutional and
health / nutrition linkages), with a view towards providing a gender assessment tool which
can be adapted for different programs across regions. These tools and instruments have
already used by the authors in field survey and quantifying the gender impacts of the
MGNREGS in selected case study communities in rural India in 2013 and 2014. The lesions
learnt while implementing these instruments have been also incorporated in the discussions.
This document with synthesis of the recent literature on gender analyses, and
methodological guidelines and survey checklist and instruments is expected to be very
useful to the practitioners and applied scholars in rural development and gender analysis.


Over 2000 years ago, Jesus faced nearly the same kind of economic, institutional, political, and social problems that confronted Socrates over 400 years earlier in Athens, Greece. A certain segment of the upper income class in Jerusalem, called Sadducees, who were allied with Israel's aristocrats, were engaging in practices that were damaging the economic and social health of Israel.

Jesus was a teacher of ethics and moral philosophy in Israel. Ethics dealt with the self (starting with those actions that provided security and safety through prudent behavior for the individual) while moral behavior concentrated on the interactions between one's self and other selves (benevolence). Jesus's main philosophical concern was teaching, applying, and living virtue ethics. Jesus's main teaching tool was the parable, which was usually a short, fictitious story that made a clear cut ethical or moral point.

Jesus's version of virtue ethics was very concise, brief, and to the point. Jesus taught that there were only two laws or rules, not many laws or rules that had to be practiced in order to obtain salvation. These two laws were to a)love your God and b) love your neighbor as yourself or as you love yourself. Either law implies the other either directly or indirectly. If you love yourself as you love your neighbor, then you are also loving God. If you love your God, then you will love others as you love yourself. The crucial word here, that is reflected in all of his teachings, is Jesus Christ's emphasis on the word love, although sometimes what is required is "tough love". Christian love is benevolence from those who have to those who do not have, where we are dealing with needs, not wants. Needs must be fulfilled or the person in need will be unable to have a fulfilling life.

Jesus's emphasis on only two laws also put him in direct conflict intellectually with the Pharisees, who accepted the standard conclusion that there were 619 laws that were directly descendant from Moses. The Pharisees, like Jesus, understood that the Sadducees were misusing the Temple in Jerusalem to amass great wealth. The definition of a good Jew for a Pharisee meant that one knew all the laws, as well as their correct interpretation, or always was carrying or had available for immediate personal use documents containing the written laws that one could then consult and implement as needed. Jesus and the Pharisees split over this issue of knowing precisely and exactly what the written law entailed as well as knowing how to correctly interpret the law.


The merchants Advertisement Products in the web ask their customers to check the products and related services. As e-business is becoming more fashionable, the number of voters that a product receives growing rapidly. For a fashionable product, the number of ratings in thousands may be. This makes it complex for a potential customer to read a judgment as to whether to make buying the product. It aim all its customer evaluations of a review. This compression task is special traditional text summarization, because we that customers and also whether the opinions are optimistic or negative only involved in the specifics of the result, opinion. We do not believe the ratings by selecting or rewriting a subset of unique records from the evaluations of its key points, to arrest as in classical text summary. In this paper, we focus only on mining opinion / product features, the already commented on the critics. A number of techniques to imagined such features.The proposed system is crucial for the customer reviews used multiple rating then the aspect of the evaluation and classification of checking whether they wrote positive or negative. In this proposed system, we focus on mining opinion only / product features that have the critics commented and compare more product and rank a product based on the reviews automatically.


Business process modeling as a practice and research field has received great attention in recent years. However, while related artifacts such as models, tools or grammars have substantially matured, comparatively little is known about the activities that are conducted as part of the actual act of process modeling. Especially the key role of the modeling facilitator has not been researched to date. In this paper, we propose a new theory-grounded, conceptual framework describing four facets (the driving engineer, the driving artist, the catalyzing engineer, and the catalyzing artist) that can be used by a facilitator. These facets with behavioral styles have been empirically explored via in-depth interviews and additional questionnaires with experienced process analysts. We develop a proposal for an emerging theory for describing, investigating, and explaining different behaviors associated with Business Process Modeling Facilitation. This theory is an important sensitizing vehicle for examining processes and outcomes from process modeling endeavors.


As the number of biological invasions increases, the potential for invader-invader interactions also rises. The effect of multiple invaders can be superadditive (invasional meltdown), additive, or subadditive (invasional interference); which of these situations occurs has critical implications for prioritization of management efforts. Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides, two congeneric invasive weeds, have a striking, segregated distribution in central Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Possible hypotheses for this pattern include invasion history and chance, direct competition, or negative interactions mediated by other species, such as shared pollinators. To explore the role of resource competition in generating this pattern, we conducted three related experiments using a response-surface design throughout the life cycles of two cohorts. Although these species have similar niche requirements, we found no differential response to competition between conspecifics vs. congeners. The response to combined density was relatively weak for both species. While direct competitive interactions do not explain the segregated distributional patterns of these two species, we predict that invasions of either species singly, or both species together, would have similar impacts. When prioritizing which areas to target to prevent the spread of one of the species, it is better to focus on areas as yet unaffected by its congener; where the congener is already present, invasional interference makes it unlikely that the net effect will change.


Serpulina pilosicoli was isolated from 8 of 43 (19%) faecal specimens obtained from feral waterbirds sampled around a small lake at Perth Zoological Gardens, Western Australia, and from 3 of 7 (43%) samples of the lake water. The organism was only isolated from 1 of 204 (0·5%) samples from captive birds and animals in the zoological collection. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of the isolates showed that they were genetically diverse, and none had identical electrophoretic profiles as those previously obtained from human beings, dogs, pigs and other avian species. To determine the survival time of S. pilosicoli in water, cells of strain 1648 were seeded into lake and tap water, and incubated at 4, 25 and 37°C. The organism could be recultured from lake water for up to 66 days at 4°C, and for 4 days at 25°C. A healthy human volunteer who drank water seeded with S. pilosicoli strain Wes B became colonized, and developed abdominal discomfort and headaches. Contamination of water by faeces may represent a source of S. pilosicoli infection for both humans and animals.


Dynamic task allocation is an essential requirement for multi-robot systems operating in unknown dynamic environments. It allows robots to change their behavior in response to environmental changes or actions of other robots in order to improve overall system performance. Emergent coordination algorithms for task allocation that use only local sensing and no direct communication between robots are attractive because they are robust and scalable. However, a lack of formal analysis tools makes emergent coordination algorithms difficult to design. In this paper we present a mathematical model of a general dynamic task allocation mechanism. Robots using this mechanism have to choose between two types of tasks, and the goal is to achieve a desired task division in the absence of explicit communication and global knowledge. Robots estimate the state of the environment from repeated local observations and decide which task to choose based on these observations. We model the robots and observations as stochastic processes and study the dynamics of the collective behavior. Specifically, we analyze the effect that the number of observations and the choice of the decision function have on the performance of the system. The mathematical models are validated in a multi-robot multi-foraging scenario. The model's predictions agree very closely with results of embodied simulations.


Habitat conditions mediate the effects of climate, so neighboring populations with differing habitat conditions may differ in their responses to climate change. We have previously observed that juvenile survival in Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon is strongly correlated with summer temperature in some populations and with fall streamflow in others. Here, we explore potential differential responses of the viability of four of these populations to changes in streamflow and temperature that might result from climate change. First, we linked predicted changes in air temperature and precipitation from several General Circulation Models to a local hydrological model to project streamflow and air temperature under two climate‐change scenarios. Then, we developed a stochastic, density‐dependent life‐cycle model with independent environmental effects in juvenile and ocean stages, and parameterized the model for each population. We found that mean abundance decreased 20–50% and the probability of quasi‐extinction increased dramatically (from 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–0.9) for all populations in both scenarios. Differences between populations were greater in the more moderate climate scenario than in the more extreme, hot/dry scenario. Model results were relatively robust to realistic uncertainty in freshwater survival parameters in all scenarios. Our results demonstrate that detailed population models can usefully incorporate climate‐change predictions, and that global warming poses a direct threat to freshwater stages in these fish, increasing their risk of extinction. Because differences in habitat may contribute to the individualistic population responses we observed, we infer that maintaining habitat diversity will help buffer some species from the impacts of climate change.


A biocatalyst was prepared by the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AXAZ-1 yeast cells on pear pieces and tested for grape must fermentation in both batch and continuous conditions. The immobilized yeast cells were stable and active even at low temperatures (<10degreesC). Wine production under batch fermentation at VC was completed within 15 days while at 3degreesC it took 36 days. In continuous fermentation, the bioreactor was operated for 33 days, then stored for 12 days at 10degreesC, and re-run for another 15 days without any diminution of the ethanol productivity. Total acidity of the produced wines remained within the ranges usually observed in dry wines, while volatile acidity was found in rather increased levels. The concentrations of higher alcohols (1-propanol, isobutyl alcohol and amyl alcohols) were relatively low, while ethyl acetate was detected at up to 118 mgl(-1), contributing to the fruity aroma of the wines produced. Preliminary sensory evaluations carried out in the laboratory indicated the fine quality of the produced wines. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.


Daniel Macdonald, a Presbyterian Church of Victoria missionary to the New Hebrides from 1872 to 1905, developed a particularly strong interest in language. A prodigious author, he published widely and at length on the languages of Efate, and especially those of the Havannah Harbour area where he was stationed. But if his work is recalled today, it is as something of a curio, both for his insistence—archaic even for the times—on a link between ancient Semitic and Efate, and for his vigorous promotion of the use by the mission and its converts of a single, hybrid Efate language. This paper addresses and seeks to analyze what Macdonald himself called this "compromise literary dialect." By identifying distinctive features of the three main varieties of Efate languages known today (Nguna or Nakanamanga, South Efate, and Lelepa), we aim to move beyond the lexical comparisons that have been the sole means of gauging relationships among these languages thus far. This enables us to begin the process of investigating the claim of Captain Rason, British Deputy Commissioner for the New Hebrides during Macdonald's last years on Efate, that the "compromise literary dialect" was in fact a spoken dialect particular to the area of Havannah Harbour. We hope to reconsider and perhaps recuperate some of Macdonald's writing as a rare if often distorted window on indigenous life and language at a pivotal moment in the transformation of Efate communities.


The emission spectra from an industrial, droplet-based, laser-produced plasma, extreme ultraviolet light source for nanolithography are here presented and analyzed. The dependence of spectral features on the CO2-drive-laser intensity is studied by changing the beam spot size at constant pulse energy and duration. We characterize the spectrum by fitting the results of atomic structure calculations to the short-wavelength region (7–11 nm), where the contributions from various charge states can be resolved, and obtain the relative contributions of charge states Sn9+ –Sn15+ . These relative contributions are compared to charge state populations as calculated with the non-equilibrium plasma kinetics code flychk. The calculations are shown to be in good qualitative agreement with the results, showing that the effective plasma temperature, and with it, the shape of the unresolved, main emission feature at 13.5 nm, is a remarkably weak function of laser intensity under this source normal operating conditions.


We analyze how network effects affect competition in the nascent cryptocurrency market. We do so by examining the changes over time in exchange rate data among cryptocurrencies. Specifically, we look at two aspects: (1) competition among different currencies, and (2) competition among exchanges where those currencies are traded. Our data suggest that the winner-take-all effect is dominant early in the market. During this period, when Bitcoin becomes more valuable against the U.S. dollar, it also becomes more valuable against other cryptocurrencies. This trend is reversed in the later period. The data in the later period are consistent with the use of cryptocurrencies as financial assets (popularized by Bitcoin), and not consistent with "winner-take-all" dynamics.


Trench-outer rise earthquakes occur by reactivation or creation of normal faults caused as the oceanic lithosphere approaches a subduction zone and bends into the deep-sea trench. These faults may cut deep enough into the mantle to allow sea water to penetrate into the lithosphere, causing serpentinization. The amount of water carried into the mantle is linked to the maximum depth that the tensional faults cut into the lithosphere, which in turn is directly linked to the maximum focal depths of outer rise normal faulting earthquakes.

We analysed teleseismic P and S waves of seven earthquakes from the trench-outer rise offshore of Central America using teleseismic waveform inversion of broad-band data. For the computation of Green's functions for waveform inversion, probabilistic earthquake locations were calculated. To study the rupture process, earthquake centroid depths and focal mechanisms for a sequence of subevents were calculated. Both, hypocentral depths from the relocation process and the estimated centroid depths from the waveform inversion show that all events occur at shallow depths (<30 km). Furthermore, the locations of the subevents relative to each other suggest that fault planes for Mw∼ 6 are in the order of 50 km in length and only 5–10 km in width. Rupture generally propagates downdip and the focal mechanisms change for most events from normal faulting to strike-slip or oblique thrusting with time. The depth at which this mechanism change is observed may represent the depth of the nodal plane between tensional and compressional regions in the incoming plate.


Formulating an inverse problem in a Bayesian framework has several major advantages (Sen and Stoffa, 1996). It allows finding multiple solutions subject to flexible a priori information and performing uncertainty quantification in the inverse problem. In this paper, we consider Bayesian inversion for the parameter estimation in seismic wave propagation. The Bayes' theorem allows writing the posterior distribution via the likelihood function and the prior distribution where the latter represents our prior knowledge about physical properties. One of the popular algorithms for sampling this posterior distribution is Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), which involves making proposals and calculating their acceptance probabilities. However, for large-scale problems, MCMC is prohibitevely expensive as it requires many forward runs. In this paper, we propose a multilevel MCMC algorithm that employs multilevel forward simulations. Multilevel forward simulations are derived using Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Methods that we have proposed earlier (Efendiev et al., 2013a; Chung et al., 2013). Our overall Bayesian inversion approach provides a substantial speed-up both in the process of the sampling via preconditioning using approximate posteriors and the computation of the forward problems for different proposals by using the adaptive nature of multiscale methods. These aspects of the method are discussed n the paper. This paper is motivated by earlier work of M. Sen and his collaborators (Hong and Sen, 2007; Hong, 2008) who proposed the development of efficient MCMC techniques for seismic applications. In the paper, we present some preliminary numerical results.


Following our results, based on population studies conducted in Greenland and Northern Canada, that Nunavik Inuit were thrice as highly exposed to dietary trans-fat as were Greenlandic Inuit, and that the biological levels found in Nunavik were already associated with deleterious blood lipid profiles, we decided to engage in translational activities. Our goal was to support Inuit communities in the practical implementation of a reduction of the trans-fat content of food sold in Nunavik. We carried out a preliminary feasibility study in Kuujjuaq and participated in several meetings. This translational phase involved an Inuk leader, an Inuk student, a southern student, a southern nutritionist and a southern researcher in the framework of a public health project. In the present article, we recount the different phases of the process, from research implementation to results dissemination and institutional commitment to implement a primary prevention program of reduction in trans-fat exposure in Nunavik. This is the occasion to draw broader conclusions on the factors that could either act in favour of or, on the contrary, would likely compromise the implementation of primary prevention interventions dealing with food and nutrition in the Arctic. Finally, we share some reflections on future translational activities dealing with trans-fat as well as other junk food issues. The analytical framework we propose integrates a range of factors, from geo-climatic to socio-economic, ethno-cultural, and even political, that we think should be examined while identifying and building preventive recommendations and strategies related to the Northern diet.


The report describes the first stage in the development of a non-linear finite element program for the analysis of masonry (and other) arch bridges. The main elements of this first stage involve the finite element theory and the structure of the computer program in addition to the data input requirements. A brief review of other related work is also included as are some provisional computer applications. For the present, the computer program must be considered as a research rather than a design tool but it is intended that a second stage of development and testing will lead to a more user-orientated computer program. (Author/TRRL)


Background: Adherence to medical treatment is a major challenge. A significant proportion of patient's dropout of treatment after the initial visit. Little is known about the reasons for such high dropouts. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the dropout rates and reasons for dropout from treatment among elderly patients with depression attending a tertiary care psychiatry outpatient facility. Methodology: One hundred and forty consecutive new patients aged 60 years or more, attending the psychiatry walk-in clinic, diagnosed with depressive disorders were assessed at baseline and then contacted at 6 months and 1 year to evaluate the follow-up status and reasons for dropout of treatment. Results: Out of the 140 participants, 132 could be contacted after initial registration with the clinic. About two-fifths (n = 58; 41.4%) never return back to the clinic after the first visit. By 6 months and 1 year, 105 (75%) and 126 (90%) patients had dropped out of treatment. When the reason for dropout of those who dropped out "very early (i.e., never returned back)" were evaluated, the most common reason for dropout was "no relief" of symptoms, and this was closely followed by complete relief of symptoms. Among those who followed up at least once, but had dropped out at 6 months, the most common reason for dropout was complete relief of symptoms, and this was closely followed by "no relief" and "worsening of illness" being the other common reasons of dropout. Among those who dropped out after 6 months, the most common reason for dropout was complete relief of symptoms. None of the demographic variable emerged as a predictor of dropout at any time point. Few clinical variables were associated with dropout of treatment. Conclusion: Very high proportion of elderly patients with depression dropout of treatment prematurely. Providing proper information to the patients at each visit can help in reducing the treatment dropout rates.


This study has two aspects. First, the author examines the theoretical properties of the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function and the implications of this formulation for the properties of a structural macroeconomic model. He then seeks to determine whether Canadian macroeconomic data correlate better with a CES production function with an elasticity of substitution between labour and capital equal to one, which would be the case with a Cobb-Douglas function, or with a CES function whose elasticity of substitution is different from one. Cobb-Douglas-type production functions have some very attractive properties, which is probably why they are so widely used in macroeconomic models. Referring to results from previous studies, the author demonstrates that it is possible to retain these properties when using a CES production function with an elasticity of substitution different from one, provided it features constant returns to scale and that technological progress only increases the efficiency of the labour factor. In terms of empirical analysis, the estimation frameworks used in this study and applied to Canadian macroeconomic data yield an elasticity of substitution of capital for labour lying between 0.4 and 0.6, or well below one. Most of the tests reject use of the Cobb-Douglas formulation for representing Canadian data. These results suggest that capital and labour are much more complementary than is assumed by a Cobb-Douglas production function.


The phenomenon of the 'Artist-in-Residence' has a long-standing precedent in many areas of social and business activity where the imperative to present a different perspective on a number of aspects of everyday activity and to bring art into otherwise aesthetically impoverished environments has been seen to be of great benefit. Consequently, their appearance in corporations and state institutions is well known. Their place in an art education setting is perhaps less frequent, but by no means unusual, as the educational value of regular exposure to a 'qualified' or 'experienced' practitioner carrying out their own work has long been recognised. However, the use of a 'Designer-in-Residence' in a design for production education setting (as opposed to a designer-maker or craft environment) is perhaps even less well documented.

The School of Design Technology at the University of Huddersfield recently decided to allocate an amount of research funding to provide an 'Artist-in-Residence' to work alongside Fine Art students, and a 'Designer-in-Residence' to work alongside Product and Transport design students for a period of one year.

The detailed description of the role of the Designer-in-Residence in educational terms; the benefits to students in improving project management and time planning; and seeing the pace of professional design work in real time are substantial, but perhaps the subject of a slightly different paper to this one. Here, we wish instead to concentrate not so much on the process of using a Designer-in-Residence, but on the content of the particular project being undertaken, the far-reaching implications the work has for the practice of design and design education both on a theoretical and philosophical as well as a more pragmatic level.

The title of the project 'Future Factories' describes the exploration of the potential for the direct digital manufacturing, using the latest CAD 3D modelling and rapid prototyping techniques, in which a random element of variance is introduced by the computer software. The outputs from this practice-based research project are expected to consist of a number of inspirational products produced as a result of the residency itself, which will be exhibited in a traditional gallery environment and later digitally – either on-line or by CD-ROM dissemination.

Alongside the practice-based research outputs, it is hoped there will be a publication describing the parallel Designer-in-Residence and Artist-in-Residence projects at Huddersfield in a pedagogic context, as well as a number of different academic papers (of which this is one) addressing the different theoretical and contextual issues raised by the content of the 'Future Factories' project.


The purpose of this study is to determine the level of customer satisfaction with service attributes at PT. Esta Dana Venture (physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy). This study involved 220 respondents, where research involved PT Esta Dana Ventura consumers in thecategory of landing credit debtors. Data analysis methods use the Important Performance Analysis (IPA) model. Based on the results of primary data recapitulation, in general, consumers are quite satisfied with the services provided, where the number of the existing performance is greater than theexpectation given by consumers. The results of the study show that the variables are the Empathy and Tangible are the first quadrants, which means very good, while the responsiveness and reliability are the second levels which mean they are not too optimal, while the assurance variable as in the third quadrant means that it is still bad. With the results of this study, it is expected that PT Esta Dana Ventura can further optimize its marketing strategy in order to compete with similarcompanies


Wire-wrapped screens (WWSs) are one of the most-commonly used devices by steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operators because of the capacity to control plugging and improve flow performance. WWSs offer high open-to-flow area (OFA) (6 to 18%) that allow a high release of fines, hence, less pore plugging and accumulation at the near-screen zone. Over the years, several criteria have been proposed for the selection of aperture sizes on the basis of different industrial contexts and laboratory experiments. Generally, existing aperture-sizing recommendations include only a single point of the particle-size distribution (PSD). Operators and academics rely on sand-control testing to evaluate the performance of sand-control devices (SCDs). Scaled laboratory testing provides a straightforward tool to understand the role of flow rate, flowing phases, fluid properties, stresses, and screen specifications on sand retention and flow impairment.
 This study employs large-scale prepacked sand-retention tests (SRTs) to experimentally assess the performance of WWSs under variable single-phase and multiphase conditions. The experimental results and parametric trends are used to formulate a set of empirical equations that describe the response of the WWS. Several PSD classes with various fines content and particle size are tested to evaluate a broad range of PSDs. Operational procedures include the coinjection of gas, brine, and oil to emulate aggressive conditions during steam-breakthrough events.
 The experimental investigation leads to the formulation of predictive correlations. Additional PSDs were prepared to verify the adequacy of the proposed equations. The results show that sanding modes are both flow-rate and flowing-phase dependent. Moreover, the severity or intensity of producing sand is greatly influenced by the ratio of grain size to aperture size and the ability to form stable bridges. During gas and multiphase flow, a dramatic amount of sanding was observed for wider apertures caused by high multiphase flow velocities. However, liquid stages displayed less-intense transient behaviors. Remarkably, WWSs rendered an excellent flow performance even for low-quality sands and narrow apertures. Although further and more complete testing is required, empirical correlations showed good agreement with experimental results.


The Ramon Margalef Summer Colloquia, Spatial and temporal patterns in physical-biological oceanic processes: from scale interaction to the rise of the living ocean, 3-12 July 2017, Barcelona


Abstract. Dry deposition at the Earth's surface is an important sink of atmospheric ozone. Currently, dry deposition of ozone to the ocean surface in atmospheric chemistry models has the largest uncertainty compared to deposition to other surface types, with implications for global tropospheric ozone budget and associated radiative forcing. Most global models assume that the dominant term of surface resistance in the parameterisation of ozone dry deposition velocity at the oceanic surface is constant. There have been recent mechanistic parameterisations for air–sea exchange that account for the simultaneous waterside processes of ozone solubility, molecular diffusion, turbulent transfer, and first-order chemical reaction of ozone with dissolved iodide and other compounds, but there are questions about their performance and consistency. We present a new two-layer parameterisation scheme for the oceanic surface resistance by making the following realistic assumptions: (a) the thickness of the top water layer is of the order of a reaction–diffusion length scale (a few micrometres) within which ozone loss is dominated by chemical reaction and the influence of waterside turbulent transfer is negligible; (b) in the water layer below, both chemical reaction and waterside turbulent transfer act together and are accounted for; and (c) chemical reactivity is present through the depth of the oceanic mixing layer. The new parameterisation has been evaluated against dry deposition velocities from recent open-ocean measurements. It is found that the inclusion of only the aqueous iodide–ozone reaction satisfactorily describes the measurements. In order to better quantify the global dry deposition loss and its interannual variability, modelled 3-hourly ozone deposition velocities are combined with the 3-hourly MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) reanalysis ozone for the years 2003–2012. The resulting ozone dry deposition is found to be 98.4 ± 30.0 Tg O3 yr−1 for the ocean and 722.8 ± 87.3 Tg O3 yr−1 globally. The new estimate of the ocean component is approximately a third of the current model estimates. This reduction corresponds to an approximately 20 % decrease in the total global ozone dry deposition, which (with all other components being unchanged) is equivalent to an increase of approximately 5 % in the modelled tropospheric ozone burden and a similar increase in tropospheric ozone lifetime.


The core of the book focuses on tragic costume in its original performance context of fifth-century Athens, but the implications of subsequent uses in Roman and more recent performances are also taken into consideration. Most importantly, the reader is invited to think about how tragic costume worked as a language in ancient performance and was manipulated physically and verbally in order to create meaning. Elements of this language are shown through a series of test cases from a range of ancient tragedies. All ancient passages are given in translation and the book includes a glossary of terms.


This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary level of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on reproduction performance of green catfish. Four experimental diets with different level of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid (diet A: 0.77% n-6 fatty acid, 0.07% n-3 fatty acid; diet B: 1.56%,0.10 %; diet C: 1.74%, 0.13 % and diet D: 2%, 0.28%) were used in this experiment during seven month. Diets given twice every day in the morning and evening. The 28 broodstock used in this research with density every waring seven broodstock. Samples of eggs were analyzed for fatty acid composition. The diameter of eggs, fecundity, hatching rate of the eggs, survival rate and percentage of abnormal larvae were determined. Results showed that different dietary level of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids of the broodstock significantly affect the reproductive performance especially fecundity and hatching rate of eggs. The maximum fecundity, egg diameter, and hatching rate were produced broodstock fed on 1.56% n-6 fatty acid and 0.10 % n-3 fatty acid in diet by at the level of 12.29% lipid.


This paper compares a variety of measures of fatness (e.g. BMI, waist circumference, waist-tohip ratio, percent body fat) in terms of their ability to predict application for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI). This is possible through a recent linkage of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III to Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative records. Our results indicate that the measure of fatness that best predicts application for DI varies by race and gender. For white men, BMI consistently predicts future application for DI. For white women, almost all are consistently predictive. For black men, none predict application. For black women, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio are the only significant predictors of DI application. This variation across race and gender suggests that the inclusion of alternative measures of fatness in social science datasets should be considered, and that researchers examining the impact of fatness on social science outcomes should examine the robustness of their findings to alternative measures of fatness.


Background: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the main knee stabilizing ligaments. Because of high incidence of ACL tearing especially in young athletes its reconstruction is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term results of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures using four strand hamstring auto graft and Bone patellar tendon autograph. Methods: The study group included 96 patients ( 3 female and 93 male) with ACL teared who had been referred to our center in 5 years period (2002-2007) . The subject which were Accessed in this study included meniscal injury concomitant chondral injury, determine the most common cause of ACL tearing, comparision of IKDC and lysholm score in all patients before and after surgery, and limitation of rang of motion of knee post operation. Results: Involvement was in the right knee in 38 patients and in the left knee in 58 patients. Mean age of patients was 27.6 years (19-48) . Mean surgical delay was 18 month (1-77) . The most common cause of tear was playing soccer. Meniscal injury was in 78 patients. (Medial meniscus in 63 patients, lateral meniscus in 29 patients) Concommitent chondral injury was in 54 patients (56.25%) . 68% of patients returned to preoperative functions sport activity. There was no limitation in extension and there was 6 patients limitation in flexion about 20 º. In last visit of patients IKDS in class A and B was 96 . Conclusion: It is seem that arthroscopic reconstruction of ACL is a safe and good method in treatment of Knee stability. Use of IKDC and lysholm score for comparision of patients before and after surgery is helpful. The operation should be done early after injury. Reconstruction of ACL in older patients in the abscense of DJD is effective. Abstract


BACKGROUND
Many medical centers throughout the world offer radiosurgery with the gamma knife (GK) for pallidotomy and thalamotomy as a safe and effective alternative to radiofrequency ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease (PD). The reported incidence of significant complications varies considerably, and the long-term complication rate remains unknown.

DESIGN
We describe 8 patients seen during an 8-month period referred for complications of GK surgery for PD.

RESULTS
Of the 8 patients, 1 died as a result of complications, including dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia. Other complications included hemiplegia, homonymous visual field deficit, hand weakness, dysarthria, hypophonia, aphasia, arm and face numbness, and pseudobulbar laughter. In all patients, lesions were significantly off target.

CONCLUSIONS
The 8 patients with PD seen in referral at our center for complications of GK surgery highlight a spectrum of potential problems associated with this procedure. These include lesion accuracy and size and the delayed development of neurological complications secondary to radiation necrosis. Gamma knife surgery may have a higher complication rate than has been previously appreciated due to delayed onset and underreporting. We believe that the risk-benefit ratio of the GK will require further scrutiny when considering pallidotomy or thalamotomy in patients with PD. Physicians using this technique should carefully follow up patients postoperatively for delayed complications, and fully inform patients of these potential risks.


Introduction and aim

It has been suggested that the employment of pharmacists in general practice might moderate the growth in prescribing costs. However, empirical evidence for this proposition has been lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate a controlled trial of pharmacist-led intervention in general practice to determine whether intervention practices made savings relative to controls and if so, exactly how these savings were made and whether quality of prescribing was maintained. Since this process of rationalisation has implications for patients, an additional aim was to explore the views of patients on changes made to their medication.

Methods

 The study was an evaluation of an initiative set up by Doncaster Health Authority. Eight practices received intensive input from five pharmacists for one year (September 1996 to August 1997) at a cost of £163 000. Changes in prescribing patterns were investigated using Prescribing Analysis and CosT (PACT) data by comparing these practices with eight individually matched controls for both the year of the intervention and the previous year. A postal survey of 314 patients who had undergone a change in medication between October 1997 and January 1998 was used to explore patient views.

Results

The evaluation showed that the rise in prescribing costs for intervention practices was significantly lower than for control practices (p=0.02S). Had the cost growth of the intervention group been as high as that of the controls, their total prescribing expenditure would have been around £347 000 higher. Detailed analysis showed that these savings were achieved by controlling both prescribing volume and cost per unit volume in areas believed to be without detriment to patient care. The majority of patients were reasonably satisfied or very satisfied with the way in which they found out about their medication change and satisfaction was positively associated with being told why the change was taking place, being given a choice and being told by the GP, a practice pharmacist or by letter.

Conclusions

Compared with previous studies, this evaluation has advantages in the fact that a control group was used to compare changes in prescribing patterns. The evaluation has shown that the use of pharmacists controlled prescribing expenditure sufficiently to off-set the costs of their employment. Results of the patient survey indicated that patients were not so much concerned about changes in medication per se, but rather the manner in which it was conveyed to them. These results have important implications for the control of prescribing costs in primary care. However, this study took place in motivated practices that had relatively high prescribing costs and this may limit the generalisability of the results.


The challenge in working with environmental improvements is to select the action offering the most substantial progress. However, not all actions are open to all actors in a product chain. This study demonstrates how life cycle assessment (LCA) may be used with an actor perspective in the Swedish postfarm milk chain. The potential measures were identified, applied by the dairy, retailer, and household, that gave the most environmental improvement in a life cycle perspective. Improved energy efficiency, more efficient transport patterns, reduced milk and product losses, and organic labeling were investigated. Milk, yogurt and cheese were considered. After LCAs of the products were established, improvement potentials of the actors were identified and quantified. The quantification was based mostly on literature studies but also on assumptions. Then the LCAs were recalculated to include the estimated improvement potential. To find the action with the greatest potential, the environmental impacts of the modified and original LCAs were compared for each actor. No action was superior to any other from the dairy perspective, but reduced wastage lowered most impacts for all three products. For retailers, using less energy is the most efficient improvement. From the household perspective, reducing wastage gives unambiguously positive results. When households choose organic products, reductions in energy use and greenhouse gases are even larger, but eutrophication increases. Overall, households have greatest potential for improvement while yogurt is the product offering the most improvement potential.


Introduction There are limited data on the prevalence of M. genitalium and macrolide resistance in asymptomatic MSM. Due to limited availability, testing for M. genitalium has generally been for symptomatic patients, such as men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and proctitis. Recent data from Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) show MSM are over-represented among men with M. genitalium urethritis and that macrolide resistant M. genitalium is almost twice as common among MSM, as among heterosexual men (76% vs 39%). In order to inform practice guidelines we undertook a screening study in asymptomatic MSM, to obtain accurate prevalence and resistance estimates. Methods One thousand consecutive consenting MSM attending MSHC without symptoms of NGU or proctitis, not known to be contacts of MG, are tested and given a short questionnaire on behavioural risk factors and recent antimicrobial therapy. First pass urine and an anorectal swab are tested by polymerase chain reaction (ResistancePlus MG test, SpeeDx, Australia) for the presence of M. genitalium and for macrolide resistance mutations (MRM). Results From 23 August to 15 December 2016, 401/1000 (40%) MSM have been recruited. M. genitalium was detected in 30 of 401 MSM [prevalence 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.1%, 10.5%)]; 20 rectal [rectal prevalence 5.0% (95%CI: 3.1%, 7.6%)] and ten urethral infections [urethral prevalence 2.5% (95%CI: 1.2%, 4.5%)]. MRM were detected in 25 of 30 infections [83.3% (95%CI: 65.3%, 94.4%)]. MRM were detected in 18/20 rectal [90% (95%CI: 68.3%, 98.8%)] and 7/10 urethral [70% (95%CI: 34.8%, 93.3%)] infections. Estimates will be updated in June 2017. Conclusion MSM without urethral and rectal symptoms attending a sexual health centre in Melbourne have a high prevalence of M. genitalium, and over 80% have macrolide resistance mutations. Rectal infections are twice as common as urethral. To our knowledge this study will provide the largest urethral and rectal estimates of M. genitalium infection and macrolide resistance in MSM and will inform future screening guidelines.


The project is mainly focused on the study of the landscape assessment in the area of Moni, Pyrgos and Monagroulli (Limassol-Cyprus), which represents a very interesting topographical and archaeological area. A large team, including scholars and students coming from different Italian and Spanish institutions, is using the traditional methodologies for studies of landscape archaeology (intensive and judgmental survey, GIS mapping, DGPS location of the sites, studies on typologies, distribution and statistics of pottery finds), in combination with methodologies and technologies integrating information, such as Remote Sensing on aerial photos and on high definition panchromatic satellite photos, geo-morphological reconstruction of the context, archaeometric analysis of the finds and of the building materials, non invasive geo-archaeological prospecting. The project started in 2010 and already at the preliminary stages is giving interesting results. The aim of this paper is the presentation of the project, co...


Over the past twenty years, scholars of criminal law, criminology and criminal punishment have documented a transformation in the practices, objectives, and institutional arrangements underlying a range of criminal justice system functions that are at the heart of penal modernism. In contrast to the preceding eighty years of criminal justice practices that were progressively more modern in their belief in the rationality of the criminal offender and their concern for enhancing civilization through rehabilitative responses to criminality, these scholars note that since the mid-198''0s the relatively settled assumptions about the framework that shaped criminal justice and penal practices for nearly a decade were abruptly thrown into reverse.Major shifts in policy generated by federal immigration reform legislation have likewise created a sense of crisis that pervades the practice of immigration law. The uncertainty produced by sweeping reform legislation enacted at a rapid pace has confounded attorneys and judges alike as they struggle to discern applicable legal standards and procedures with a backlog of cases requiring their urgent attention.As immigration reforms increasingly enhance the role of law enforcement and incorporate criminal penalties, the regulation of non-U.S. citizens - particularly those with criminal convictions in their pasts - has become intimately involved in crime control. Immigration control is increasingly adopting the practices and priorities of the criminal justice system. Many scholars and commentators are describing this unprecedented intimacy as the "criminalization of immigration law." It has motivated immigration scholars to document harsh, law enforcement-focused reforms in the treatment of non-U.S. citizens and the impact of these reforms on immigration procedures and practices. This scholarship largely documents the reforms and their consequences in much the same way as crime scholars initially focused on documenting the fact that a shift in the balance of crime legislation of great significance had occurred. Although the horrific events of September 11, 2001 immediately produced an urgent new agenda for controlling crime within immigration law, the reasons underlying such heavy reliance upon punitiveness within immigration reforms of the 198''0s and 199''0s are hardly self-evident.This paper seeks to clarify why these reforms are taking place, why they are taking place at this historical juncture, and why they rely heavily on criminal punitiveness by drawing upon the new penological literature that seeks to explain the broader significance of changes in crime control strategies and practices over the past three decades. In doing so, this paper will clarify the relationship between recent, harsh immigration reforms adopted both pre- and post-9 11 and the severity revolution within crime control that has been documented by crime scholars.


Researchers and practitioners have much to learn from drag queens, specifically Latinx queens, as they leverage everyday queerness and brownness in ways that contribute to pedagogy locally and globally, individually and collectively. Drawing on previous work examining the digital queer gestures of drag queen educators (Lizarraga & Cortez, 2019), this essay explores how non-dominant people that exist and fluctuate in the in-between of boundaries of gender, race, sexuality, the physical, and the virtual provide pedagogical overtures for imagining and organizing for new possible futures that are equitable and just. Further animated by Donna Haraway's (2006) influential feminist post-humanist work, we interrogate how Latinx drag queens as cyborgs use digital technologies to enhance their craft and engage in powerful pedagogical moves. This essay draws from robust analyses of the digital presence of and interviews with two Latinx drag queens in the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as the online presence of a Xicanx doggie drag queen named RuPawl. Our participants actively drew on their liminality to provoke and mobilize communities around socio-political issues. In this regard, we see them engaging in transformative public cyborg joteria pedagogies that are made visible and historicized in the digital and physical world.


Presidents have come to dominate the making, interpretation, and termination of international law for the United States. Often without specific congressional concurrence, and sometimes even when it is likely that Congress would disagree, the President has developed the authority to:
(a) make a vast array of international obligations for the United States, through both written agreements and the development of customary international law;
(b) make increasingly consequential political commitments for the United States on practically any topic;
(c) interpret these obligations and commitments; and
(d) terminate or withdraw from these obligations and commitments.
While others have examined pieces of this picture, no one has considered the picture as a whole. For this and other reasons, commentators have failed to appreciate the overall extent of presidential unilateralism in this area, as well as the extent to which presidents are able to shift between different pathways of authority in order to circumvent potential restraints. This trend, moreover, has become more pronounced in recent years.
In many ways, the growth of this vast executive control over international law resembles the rise of presidential power in other modern contexts ranging from administrative law to covert action. Unlike in those other contexts, however, there is no systematic regulatory or judicial apparatus to guide or review the exercise of presidential discretion in this context. This is true even though international law often plays a significant role in the U.S. legal system and has direct and indirect effects on U.S. institutions and persons. After presenting a descriptive account of the rise of presidential control over international law, the Article turns to normative issues. It argues that, although much of this practice has a plausible legal foundation, some recent presidential actions relating to international agreements, and some supportive claims made by commentators, are questionable in light of generally accepted principles relating to the separation of powers. It also explains why presidential control over international law should become significantly more transparent, and it considers the costs and benefits of additional accountability reforms.


The rare palladium mineral sudburyite occurs as a Te-Cu-rich variety [(Pd,Cu)(Sb,Te,Se,S)] in the classic selenide-rich carbonate vein deposit Skrikerum, located in the southernmost extreme of the Bergslagen ore province in south-central Sweden. This is the first observation of a platinum-group element-(PGE)-bearing mineral in this complex Cu-Ag-Tl selenide mineralisation, and to our knowledge, the first occurrence of sudburyite in a selenide vein-type deposit. Here, we report on its assemblage and mineral chemistry, based on optical, scanning electron microscope and field emission electron microprobe studies. The Te-Cu-rich sudburyite occurs at Skrikerum as euhedral to subhedral, often atoll-like, ca. 5-30 mu m-sized crystals in a selenide fracturefilling hosted by vein calcite. Based on electron microprobe analyses, its empirical formula normalised to ideal stoichiometry is (Pd0.915Cu0.132)(Sigma 1.047)(Sb0.795Te0.152Se0.004S0.002)(Sigma 0.953). The complex host assemblage comprises athabascaite (Cu5Se4), berzelianite (Cu2Se), crookesite [Cu-7(Tl,Ag)Se-4], Cu-bearing clausthalite [(Pb,Cu)Se], eucairite (CuAgSe), Se-Cu-bearing hessite [(Ag,Cu)(2) (Te,Se)], sabatierite (Cu6TlSe4) and umangite (Cu3Se2), as well as unidentified Te-Pd-Ag-Cu-bearing, most likely oxidised compounds. The associated hessite represents the first substantiated observation of a telluride in this deposit. Sudburyite from Skrikerum is Cu-, Te-, Se-and S-bearing, but in contrast to the type locality, it does not contain measurable quantities of e.g. Ni and Bi. The Skrikerum sudburyite contains highly variable amounts of Te, from ca. 2.7 wt% to over 15 wt%. Electron microprobe data show a very good correlation between Sb and Te contents (R = 0.95), which is consistent with Te substituting for Sb, forming part of an extensive but seemingly incomplete solid-solution series towards borovskite and merenskyite in the ternary Pd-Sb-Te system. Based on the general paragenesis of the deposit and the studied assemblage, we observe that the comparatively high temperatures of formation for sudburyite suggested from other studies are not applicable here. We also report previously unpublished mineral chemical data of sudburyite from another Swedish locality, Njuggtr skliden.


Abstract This paper presents an agent-based architecture for data collection and output analysis within a distributed simulation. Typically, a distributed model is decomposed into submodels that exchange entities such as system states, transitions, state durations, and objects. These submodels may run on different computers connected through a network. Because each submodel operates in a relatively independent manner, they each have only a partial view of system characteristics. Hence it becomes necessary to provide services that facilitate data collection and analysis within the distributed simulation. The main contribution of this article is to enhance the software support to enable data collection and analysis within the distributed simulation. The framework proposed in this work is integrated within the DEVSJAVA environment, which provides a system-theoretic basis for formulating discrete event simulation models through a collection of objects. The proposed system provides a scalable distributed computing architecture. The operation of the system is illustrated through an example in automated mining. We compare our architecture with a "baseline" methodology in which all submodels report all data to a central database for output analysis. The experimental results show that the proposed architecture can reduce network traffic significantly, provided the data collection agent is able to choose its operational parameters appropriately. The results also show that the system is able to work well with both heavy and light network traffic cases.


Sustainable architecture is increasingly becoming not only iconic of higher life quality, but also a great tool to reduce energy usage in response to global climate change concerns. More and more, sustainable architecture has diverse foci based on what standards (such as LEED) architects choose. Looking at those standards, and how different architects approach them, it becomes essential to look for similarities and differences.

In 2015 at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, the two largest polluters— America and China—committed themselves to cut CO2 emissions. In this study I am performing a comparative analysis of two recently designed major buildings in Pittsburgh and Beijing, two top cities in America and China which are developing sustainable architecture in response to similar climate issues: the New Tower in PNC Plaza and the Parkview Green Mall in Beijing.

There are two core questions that I intend to answer by the end of this research project: (1) Why does each building go beyond minimum sustainability standards required in its respective country? (2) What are each project's respective foci in designing their own sustainability solutions? I will first analyze two different standards applied in two case studies— the U.S. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and China's GB (Evaluation Standard for Green Building). How does each standard address different climate issues and how applicable are they in their respective countries?

In order to make the comparison between these two buildings easier to understand, I will focus on their similarities and differences in five major categories: standards, human use, multi-functionality, the focus on sustainability, and central ventilation. However, the comparison is not limited to these categories. For example, communication and raising public awareness about sustainability is another aspect that I explore. My honors thesis includes a website which contains a short movie and animations to help explain my research project in greater detail.


Calcium Phosphate Cement (CPC) due to its high bioactivity and optimum bioresorbability shows excellent bone regeneration capability. Despite it has limited applications as bone implant due to its macro-porous microstructure causing its poor mechanical strength. The reinforcement of apatitic CPCs with biocompatible fibre glass phase is an attractive area of research to improve upon its mechanical strength. Here, we study the setting behaviour of Si-doped and un-doped α tri calcium phosphate (α TCP) based CPC and its reinforcement with addition of E-glass fibre. Alpha Tri calcium phosphate powders were prepared by solid state sintering of CaCO3, CaHPO4 and Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate (TEOS) was used as silicon source to synthesize Si doped α-TCP powders. Both initial and final setting time of the developed cement was delayed because of Si addition. Crystalline phases of HA (JCPDS 9432), α-TCP (JCPDS 29-359) and β-TCP (JCPDS 9-169) were detected in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern after immersion of CPC in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 0 hours to 10 days. As Si incorporation in the crystal lattice stabilized the TCP phase, Si doped CPC showed little slower rate of conversion into HA phase as compared to un-doped CPC. The SEM image of the microstructure of hardened CPC showed lower grain size of HA in un-doped CPC because of premature setting and faster hydrolysis of un-doped CPC in SBF as compared that in Si-doped CPC. Premature setting caused generation of micro and macro porosity in un-doped CPC structure which resulted in its lower mechanical strength as compared to that in Si-doped CPC. It was found that addition of 10 wt% of E-glass fibre into Si-doped α-TCP increased the average DTS of CPC from 8 MPa to 15 MPa as the fibres could resists the propagation of crack by deflecting the crack tip. Our study shows that biocompatible E-glass fibre in optimum proportion in CPC matrix can enhance the mechanical strength of CPC without affecting its biocompatibility. Keywords—Calcium phosphate cement, biocompatibility, e-glass fibre, diametral tensile strength.


Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been prepared a simple, green and eco-friendly route using leaves extract as reductants. The produced nZVI are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential measurement, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to ascertain the formation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. The FTIR results show that the polyphenolic compounds present in the leaf extract may be responsible for capping the nanoparticles synthesis. The X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) spectrum confirms the presence of iron metal. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the biosynthesized nZVI reveals that the nZVI had an average diameter of 26 nm.The green synthesized nanoparticles have been further utilized for the adsorption of methyl orange dye (MO) through a batch technique. The effective processing parameters for dye removal such as adsorbent (nZVI) dosage, initial dye concentration and the solution p H are investigated. The adsorption efficiency of MO reach to almost 100% within 30 min using 0.3 g/L nZVI at room temperature.


While "classical" human identity has kept philosophers busy since millennia, "Digital Identity" seems primarily machine related. Telephone numbers, E-Mail inboxes, or Internet Protocol (IP)-addresses are irrelevant to define us as human beings at first glance. However, with the omnipresence of digital space the digital aspects of identity gain importance. In this submission, we aim to put recent developments in context and provide a categorization to frame the landscape as developments proceed rapidly. First, we present selected philosophical perspectives on identity. Secondly, we explore how the legal landscape is approaching identity from a traditional dogmatic perspective both in national and international law. After blending the insights from those sections together in a third step, we will go on to describe and discuss current developments that are driven by the emergence of new tools such as "Distributed Ledger Technology" and "Zero Knowledge Proof." One of our main findings is that the management of digital identity is transforming from a purpose driven necessity toward a self-standing activity that becomes a resource for many digital applications. In other words, whereas traditionally identity is addressed in a predominantly sectoral fashion whenever necessary, new technologies transform digital identity management into a basic infrastructural service, sometimes even a commodity. This coincides with a trend to take the "control" over identity away from governmental institutions and corporate actors to "self-sovereign individuals," who have now the opportunity to manage their digital self autonomously. To make our conceptual statements more relevant, we present several already existing use cases in the public and private sector. Subsequently, we discuss potential risks that should be mitigated in order to create a desirable relationship between the individual, public institutions, and the private sector in a world where self-sovereign identity management has become the norm. We will illustrate these issues along the discussion around privacy, as well as the development of backup mechanisms for digital identities. Despite the undeniable potential for the management of identity, we suggest that particularly at this point in time there is a clear need to make detailed (non-technological) governance decisions impacting the general design and implementation of self-sovereign identity systems.


Generalized financial volatility is capitalism's Achilles' heel. And nowhere is the problem of controlling such volatility more acute than in monetary and exchange-rate relationships across countries - the central theme of this book. The Rules of the Game brings together essays, written over the course of thirty years, by a major figure in the field that analyze and compare a wide variety of important international monetary regimes. These range from the establishment of the gold standard in the nineteenth century through Bretton Woods, the dollar standard, floating exchange rates, the European Monetary System, to current proposals for reforming world monetary arrangements. The essays are unique in that they specify precisely the rules of the game for each international monetary regime - past, present, and future. For ease of reference, the book offers boxed summaries of each set of rules and then discusses their advantages and disadvantages from the gold standard down to the author's proposal for a common monetary standard for the twenty-first century. Part I assesses each monetary regime's success in stabilizing prices and exchange rates, while fostering international trade. Part II addresses a central question each country faces: what are the benefits of giving up exchange-rate flexibility to join a common monetary standard? Part III focuses on overall monetary reform for limiting financial volatility and exchange-rate crises in the next century - including whether or not Western Europe should adopt a common currency. The last chapter synthesizes and updates the author's previous writings on rationalizing monetary arrangements among the major industrial countries of North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.


Standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models assume a Taylor rule and forecast an increase in interest rates immediately after the 2007-2009 economic recession given the predicted output and inflation, contradictory to the extended period of near-zero interest rate policy (ZIRP) conducted by the Federal Reserve. In this paper, I study two methods of modeling the ZIRP in DSGE models: the perfect foresight rational expectations model and the Markov regime-switching model, which I develop in this paper. In this regime-switching model, I assume that, in one regime, the policy follows a Taylor rule, while, in the other regime, it involves a zero interest rate. I also construct the optimal filter to estimate this regime-switching DSGE model with Bayesian methods. I fit those modified DSGE models to the U.S. data from the third quarter of 1987 to the third quarter of 2010, and then, starting from the fourth quarter of 2010, I simulate the U.S. economy forward with and without the ZIRP intervention. I compare the predicted paths of the macro variables, and I find that the ZIRP intervention has a significant effect. The estimated regime-switching model I develop implies a substantial stimulative effect (on average a 0.12% increase in output growth rate and a 0.9% increase in inflation accumulatively over 20 quarters if ZIRP is kept for 6 quarters). The actual path from the fourth quarter of 2010 onward is closer to the predicted path derived from the regime-switching model than that generated by the perfect foresight model. The perfect foresight model generates an explosive and spurious rise in inflation. Therefore, the regime-switching model I propose is more appropriate to assess the effectiveness of the ZIRP, which is effective in stimulating the economy.


In Reed v. Town of Gilbert, the Supreme Court held that a law is content based if it draws distinctions on its face based on the message an affected speaker conveys. Reed rejected previous lower court interpretations of the Court's content discrimination doctrine, which had consistently held that a content-based law was not subject to strict scrutiny if its reference to content was not based on government disapproval of that content.Reed has set off a firestorm. The Justices who concurred in the judgment warned that the case's rule would cast doubt on a range of government action historically considered to not implicate the First Amendment, from securities regulation to product labeling. Commentators have called Reed everything from a "groundbreaker" to a "redefinition" of content discrimination doctrine that will have "profound consequences."The message of this Article is that Reed's critics should, in a word, relax. Close review of those areas in which Reed's critics claim the case will cause the most harm demonstrates that other parts of First Amendment doctrine, all of which survive Reed, will limit the case's reach. The case also clarified several murky areas of First Amendment doctrine. And the focus on Reed obscures a far more important issue: the fallacy of continuing to use a categorical approach to First Amendment cases that turns entirely on whether or not a given law refers to content and ignores a law's actual effect on speech.


You will quickly gain a comprehensive understanding of chemistry with this new Sixth Edition of INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY. Using real-life applications and interactive technology tools, this text will show you how chemistry relates to health science. The thorough integration of online assessment and learning tools turns study time into experiences with chemistry--helping you gain true comprehension of chemical concepts. CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY will help dispel any fear you may have of chemistry as it helps you appreciate the role chemistry plays in our daily lives through a rich pedagogical structure and an accessible writing style with lucid explanations. In addition, Seager and Slabaugh's CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY provides greater support in both the problem-solving and critical-thinking skills needed to succeed in chemistry. By illustrating how this information will help your future career and providing important career information online, the authors help you set goals and focus on achieving them.


The purpose of this paper is to highlight certain shortcomings in the way many researchers in ICT undertake their research. The approach taken is based on ethics - specifically, deontological ethics. Using this as a basis, it is argued that many researchers behave unethically, and it is shown what it means to be an ethical researcher. The paper aims to make a contribution to the field of ICT research by sensitising researchers about the shortcomings in their approach to research.


Three strains of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, B90A, UT26 and Sp+, isolated from different geographical locations, were found to degrade hexachlorocyclohexane. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains do not fall in a clade that includes the type strain, Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 29837(T), but form a coherent cluster with [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis IMSNU 11152(T) followed by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum ATCC 33790(T). The three strains showed low DNA-DNA relatedness values with Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 29837(T) (8-25%), [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis IMSNU 11152(T) (10-17%), Sphingobium chlorophenolicum ATCC 33790(T) (23-54%) and Sphingomonas xenophaga DSM 6383(T) (10-28%), indicating that they do not belong to any of these species. Although the three strains were found to be closely related to each other based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.1-99.4%), DNA-DNA relatedness (19-59%) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns indicated that they possibly represent three novel species of the genus Sphingobium. The three strains could also be readily distinguished by biochemical tests. The three strains showed similar polar lipid profiles and contained sphingoglycolipids. The strains differed from each other in fatty acid composition but contained the predominant fatty acids characteristic of other Sphingobium species. A phylogenetic study based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis IMSNU 11152(T) formed a cluster with members of the genus Sphingobium. Based on these results, it is proposed that strains B90A, UT26 and Sp+, previously known as Sphingomonas paucimobilis, are the type strains of Sphingobium indicum sp. nov. (=MTCC 6364(T)=CCM 7286(T)), Sphingobium japonicum sp. nov. (=MTCC 6362(T)=CCM 7287(T)) and Sphingobium francense sp. nov. (=MTCC 6363(T)=CCM 7288(T)), respectively. It is also proposed that [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis be transferred to Sphingobium chungbukense comb. nov.


QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY
The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors and outcome of expanded-criteria donor (ECD) kidney transplants in patients with low immunological risk.

METHODS
We evaluated graft survival and graft function in 265 recipients with low immunological risk defined as the absence of pretransplant donor-specific HLA antibodies.

RESULTS
A total of 112 (42%) kidneys derived from ECD and 153 (58%) from standard-criteria donors (SCDs). Overall, in a multivariate Cox regression, ECD status was the only significant risk factor for graft failure (hazard ratio [HR] 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-4.37; p = 0.01). In the SCD group there was an increased risk for graft failure with increasing recipient age (HR 1.06 per year, CI 1.01-1.10; p = 0.02) and in the ECD group a trend for risk reduction for recipients treated with tacrolimus (Tac) (HR 0.46, CI 0.20‒1.06; p = 0.07). One, three and five-year graft survival of ECD kidneys was significantly better when recipients were treated with Tac (95%, 88% and 72%, respectively) than when they were treated without Tac (73%, 65% and 50%, respectively) (p = 0.008). At three years, ECD kidneys had a lower median estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) than SCD kidneys (37 vs 58 ml/min, p <0.001). Within the ECD group, recipients treated with Tac had a higher median eCrCl than those treated without Tac (41 ml/min vs 33 ml/min, p = 0.004). Graft function from one to three years was preserved in ECD recipients treated with Tac (median change 0.0 ml/min, p = 0.4) compared with those treated without Tac (median change -3.2 ml/min, p = 0.005).

CONCLUSION
Tac-based immunosuppression seems to improve graft survival and to preserve graft function in ECD kidneys with low immunological risk.


The nonlinear evolution of collisionless plasmas is typically a multi-scale process, where the energy is injected at large, fluid scales and dissipated at small, kinetic scales. Accurately modelling the global evolution requires to take into account the main micro-scale physical processes of interest. This is why comparison of different plasma models is today an imperative task aiming at understanding cross-scale processes in plasmas. We report here the first comparative study of the evolution of a magnetized shear flow, through a variety of different plasma models by using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Hall-MHD, two-fluid, hybrid kinetic, and full kinetic codes. Kinetic relaxation effects are discussed to emphasize the need for kinetic equilibriums to study the dynamics of collisionless plasmas in non trivial configurations. Discrepancies between models are studied both in the linear and in the nonlinear regime of the magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, to highlight the effects of small scale processes on the nonlinear evolution of collisionless plasmas. We illustrate how the evolution of a magnetized shear flow depends on the relative orientation of the fluid vorticity with respect to the magnetic field direction during the linear evolution when kinetic effects are taken into account. Even if we found that small scale processes differ between the different models, we show that the feedback from small, kinetic scales to large, fluid scales is negligible in the nonlinear regime. This study shows that the kinetic modeling validates the use of a fluid approach at large scales, which encourages the development and use of fluid codes to study the nonlinear evolution of magnetized fluid flows, even in the collisionless regime.


BACKGROUND
The potential of the electronic health record to support safety-netting has been recognised and a number of electronic safety-netting (E-SN) tools developed.

AIM
To establish the most important features of E-SN tools.

DESIGN & SETTING
User experience interviews carried out with primary care staff who had trialled the EMIS E-SN toolkit for suspected cancer, and a Delphi study with primary care staff involved in safety-netting in any capacity.

METHOD
The user experience interviews were carried out remotely. An electronic modified Delphi approach was used to measure consensus on tool features.

RESULTS
Thirteen user experience interviews were carried out and features of E-SN tools seen as important formed the majority of the features included in the Delphi study. Three rounds of Delphi survey were administered. Sixteen (64%) respondents completed all three rounds, and 28 out of 44 (64%) features reached consensus. Primary care staff also preferred tools that are general in scope.

CONCLUSION
Primary care staff indicated that tools which were not specific to cancer or any other disease and had features that promoted their flexible, efficient, and integrated use were important. However, when the important features were discussed with our PPI group they expressed disappointment that features they believed would make E-SN tools robust and provide a safety-net that is difficult to fall through did not reach consensus. The successful adoption of E-SN tools will rely on an evidence base of their effectiveness. Efforts should be made to assess the impact of these tools on patient outcomes.


Background The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system, which maintains the flow of blood along with the transport of nutrients to different cells and tissues. A well-functioning cardiac state is a complicated mode of changeability. A healthy heart is not only about oscillation, as the rhythmometer is not the same in every circumstance. Heart rate shows variations so that it can be regulated according to psychophysiological conditions to maintain the effect of the internal-external stimulus. Objective The main objective of this review is to provide a piece of all-inclusive information about heart rate variability (HRV) and different variables affecting HRV. The direct interconnection so that HRV can be used in clinical practices. Methods This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about HRV available in different online sources such as; Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science, etc. In this review, the authors have focused on the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of HRV and the role of various factors affecting HRV. Results The variation in the time between two heartbeats is termed as HRV. It is one of the indicators of many pathological conditions related to cardiovascular health. It provided reliable information about the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The analysis of the variation of heart rate is a well-known non-invasive technique to identify the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) depends on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system for transferring information. The cardio-accelerating center, lungs, and non-striated muscles are innervated by cardiac sympathetic nerves. This division of ANS latches upon the heart accordingly via the cervicothoracic ganglion and vagus nerve. It is found that cardiac normal variability depends upon this stimulation towards the sinoatrial node (pacemaker), which can be evaluated by analyzing the HRV. In human-based studies, it has been found that a low level of HRV is one of the main causes of death rate among adults. Hence, HRV helps in identifying the risk of cardiac diseases and the state of ANS. Conclusion The heart plays a vital role in the human body and the well-functioning of the cardiac system is the need for a healthy life. The heart contains its nervous system termed as neurocardio system in which ANS plays a key role in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interplay to regulate HRV. High HRV is associated with healthy condition, while low HRV is associated with pathological conditions. The HRV is influenced by various variables such as; pathological, physiological, psychological, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors, etc.


Viral infections account for 25.4% of all human illnesses. Current anti-viral nucleosides are able to prevent viral replication; however, viruses evolve resistance to available treatments. Ribose nucleosides are ubiquitous; however due to the discriminatory nature of kinases, low intracellular concentrations of the active triphosphate is a significant factor in inactivity. In contrast, oxetane nucleosides have
been shown to be phosphorylated by these kinases with high levels of the required active nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) resulting. Oxetane nucleosides, however, have been found to be inactivated by pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs). Previous studies have illustrated that sulfur containing nucleosides are not
hydrolysed by PNPs. Therefore in this programme a library of 9 novel 3,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-thietan-2-yl nucleosides was synthesised using Vorbruggen
conditions starting from a fluorothietane precursor, over 8 steps. Cell viability studies using an XTT assay on the thymine (103% ± 4.9%), uracil (95% ± 2.3%), 5-
fluorouracil (98% ± 7.5%) and 5,6-dimethyl uracil (82% ± 4.1%) derivatives showed no significant loss in cell viability at up to 100 μM concentration, suggesting they
were suitable for further study in anti-viral screens. Steps towards the synthesis of a complementary library of 4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-thietan-2-yl nucleosides have been
optimised with successful synthesis of a novel key intermediate, thietane-2-one, in a yield of 37% over 6 steps. 4'-Thiohamamelose nucleosides show promise as
potential anti-viral compounds as previous studies have shown that 4'-thioribose nucleosides are stable to PNPs and have longer half-lives than ribose nucleosides.
Increasing the stability of the 4'-thiohamamelose nucleosides could improve the potential for development of the anti-viral profiles of this class of compounds.
Therefore the chemistry of 4'-thiohamamelose nucleosides has been explored, with an intermediate hamamelolactone being prepared in a yield of 44% over 5 steps. Small molecule nucleosides offer the greatest benefits as anti-viral compounds versus other small molecule anti-viral agents as nucleosides are able to directly halt
viral replication. The sulfur containing nucleosides are potentially more stable than their ribose counterparts, leading to better pharmacological and pharmacodynamics
outcomes.


Objectives: To describe current nursing and therapy interventions for the prevention and treatment of post-stroke shoulder pain and to explore the extent of their reported use in England. Design: Semi-structured, themed interviews followed by a postal questionnaire. Participants: Six nurses, five occupational therapists (OTs) and six physiotherapists (PTs) were interviewed. Twelve nurses, 12 OTs and 12 PTs were sent the pilot questionnaire and the main questionnaire was posted to 332 nurses, 332 OTs and 332 PTs. Setting: NHS Trusts in England which provide acute stroke care/rehabilitation. Procedure: Two researchers independently condensed the transcripts of the interviews into a list of interventions which were then transformed into a pilot postal questionnaire. Following the pilot small changes were made. Participants sent the main questionnaire were given three weeks to return it before being posted a reminder. After a further two weeks a researcher gave a telephone reminder. Results: One hundred and seventy-five different types of interventions were identified. The main questionnaire (57.8% response rate) found that all of the interventions were used by at least one respondent and that only 22.9% of the interventions were used to the same extent by nurses, OTs and PTs. The data also suggest variation in reported use within professions. Conclusions: This study has found a large number of interventions for post-stroke shoulder pain which are reported to be used. This might reflect different causes of shoulder pain or variation between clinicians. Answers to these questions are expected to guide future evaluative research.


Self-consistent (non-)Abelian statistics in 2 + 1 dimensions (2 + 1D) are classified by modular tensor categories (MTCs). In recent works, a simplified axiomatic approach to MTCs, based on fusion coefficients N ijk and spins s i , was proposed. A numerical search based on these axioms led to a list of possible (non-)Abelian statistics, with rank up to N = 7. However, there is no guarantee that all solutions to the simplified axioms are consistent and can be realized by bosonic physical systems. In this paper, we use simple-current algebra to address this issue. We explicitly construct many-body wave functions, aiming to realize the entries in the list (i.e., realize their fusion coefficients N ijk and spins s i ). We find that all entries can be constructed by simple-current algebra plus conjugation under time-reversal symmetry. This supports the conjecture that simple-current algebra is a general approach that allows us to construct all (non-)Abelian statistics in 2 + 1D. It also suggests that the simplified theory based on ( N ijk ,s i ) is a classifying theory at least for simple bosonic 2 + 1D topological orders (up to invertible topological orders).


The difference between just taxation and legal plunder is an important question for Christian ethics, dating back at least to Augustine, who raises the issue of the difference between just kingdoms and great robberies in his City of God . In this article, I provide an exposition of the thought of Thomas Aquinas on this moral question. I argue that for Aquinas, taxation is just to the extent that it constitutes fair payment to the sovereign for services rendered, not to the extent that it provides a redistributive mechanism for succoring the poor at the expense of the non-poor. In fact, there is every reason to believe that redistributive taxation would constitute robbery in the eyes of Aquinas. In defending my reading of Aquinas, I devote much space to interaction with his recent interpreter John Finnis, whose defense of redistributive taxation on Thomistic principles involves, I argue, a misunderstanding of Aquinas. Christopher Todd Meredith, "The Ethical Basis for Taxation in the Thought of Thomas Aquinas," Journal of Markets & Morality 11, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 41-57