The Black Mountain salamander, Desmognathus welteri, is a relatively large brownish-green salamander that possesses morphological characters associated with a semi-aquatic lifestyle. The history of this species in the state of West Virginia is an interesting one. Due to taxonomic confusion and the lack of a thorough investigation of the species in the state, little was known about the species until recently. Surveys for Desmognathus welteri in southern West Virginia revealed five new populations. This makes 17 localities for the species in the state. It appears D. welteri is restricted to relatively high elevation, high gradient, forested streams in the Cumberland Plateau in the southern counties in West Virginia. This species reaches an adult body size of up to 95 mm snout-vent length, and males are longer and more massive than females. The larval period is approximately two years and transformation takes place during the summer at SVLs around 26-28 mm. Mating occurs in spring, but males appear capable of producing spermatophores year round. Data from ovary volume was inconclusive, but egg deposition likely takes place in early summer and hatching occurs in September. Females are biennial breeders. The communities within which the species occurs fit the classic description of a Desmognathus assemblage. Desmognathus welteri, the largest species in these systems, is the most aquatic followed by D. monticola, and D. fuscus. Adults and juveniles of D. welteri and D. monticola partition microhabitats. The partitioning is in terms of distance to water for D.welteri and size of cover objects for D. monticola. Desmognathus fuscus is the most terrestrial species and utilizes the smallest cover objects. Seasonal time also appears to be partitioned among the three species. Scarring on individuals of D. welteri indicates that adults are often involved in aggressive interactions, presumably with conspecifics. Individual salamanders are relatively sedentary and usually moved less than two meters between captures. The diet of D. welteri is comprised mainly of dipterans (adults and larvae), coleopterans, winged hymenopterans, and plecopterans. The diet of this species is very similar to that of sympatric D. monticola. Dietary differences between the two species can be attributed mostly to differences in habitat use and body size.


Professor Baker here revisits the theme of Maitland's celebrated inaugural lecture as Downing Professor in 1888. English legal history cannot be properly written until the original sources have been found and made accessible, a process which has proceeded far more slowly than Maitland had hoped. Baker raises questions about the relationship between the sources which legal historians use and their assumptions about the unchanging nature of the common law. The concentration on case-law rests on the questionable assumption that English lawyers have always given the same weight to judicial decision-making as they do today. Rather, was the English common law at one time predominantly perceived as a body of shared learning and practical experience rather than as purely case-law? Some of that common learning may still be uncovered from sources which parallel the law reports and records.


A new use of the drug Herceptin appears to offer a much more powerful treatment advantage than expected for patients with HER-2-positive breast cancer, say researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. When combined with chemotherapy and used before surgery in early stage breast cancer the drug proved so beneficial ¯ eliminating 42 percent more tumors than chemotherapy alone ¯ that the clinical trial testing of this new treatment plan was halted early, the researchers report in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. "This is a far better result than we had anticipated and seems to suggest that simultaneous use of chemotherapy and Herceptin offers a much more potent treatment than use of these drugs sequentially, or alone," says lead investigator Aman Buzdar, M.D., professor in the Department of Breast Medical Oncology at M. D. Anderson. "This is the best treatment result we have seen in this patient population," Buzdar says. "It shows that we can potentially change the natural history of a disease that is associated with a high risk of recurrence and death." He cautions, however, that although this combination of therapies seems to show better efficacy, as well as less risk of heart damage than has been seen before with Herceptin treatment, "the jury is still out on the long-term safety and outcome. As in all such studies, we will need to wait years to follow the progress of our patient participants," Buzdar says. Details of the trial result, slated for the June issue of the journal, were posted online Feb. 28 because of interest in the study. Preliminary results of the trial were presented in June, 2004 at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. After only 34 of a planned 164 patients had completed therapy, the trial's Data Monitoring Committee stopped the clinical trial because of the obvious benefit seen in patients who received Herceptin and chemotherapy before surgery, compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone. In that group, rates of pathological complete remission (pcr), defined as the complete disappearance of cancer in breast tissue removed during surgery, was 66.7 percent in Herceptin-treated patients, compared to 25 percent in patients who received only chemotherapy. Of all 42 patients who had enrolled in the study, including the eight who continued to receive treatment after the study had been halted, 26 percent in the chemotherapy arm achieved pathologic complete remission, compared with 65.2 percent in patients treated with both Herceptin and chemotherapy, according to the JCO study. If the trial had enrolled all 164 patients, statisticians calculated a 95 percent probability that the combination of Herceptin and chemotherapy would prove superior, Buzdar says. Giving a new combination of drugs together and for a longer time Between 25 percent and 30 percent of breast cancers are known to over-express the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), a protein that fuels the growth, and thus the aggressiveness, of the cancer. Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody drug designed to block the action of these receptors, but use of the agent by itself has shown only modest benefits. The Food and Drug Administration approved use of Herceptin in 1998 for treatment of metastatic breast cancer in combination with chemotherapy. The long term outcome of such treatment, however, has not yet been established, according to Buzdar, and several large and lengthy clinical trials are now under way to test for cancer recurrence and survival after use of Herceptin with chemotherapy. But researchers at M. D. Anderson wanted to test use of the drug combination in patients with earlier stage breast cancer, defined as stage II to IIIa. In order to immediately see if it had an effect on cancer, they sought to use it before surgery, so that when breast tissue was later removed, they could look for evidence of an effect. The trial they designed was the first to compare preoperative use of Herceptin and chemotherapy against use of chemotherapy alone in patients with operable breast cancer, Buzdar says. Patients enrolled in the study were randomized to four cycles of paclitaxel followed by four cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide alone or the same regimen with 24 weekly, simultaneous Herceptin treatments. To reduce the substantial incidence of heart failure and cardiac dysfunction seen with traditional use of Herceptin and anthracycline-based chemotherapy, the researchers used epirubicin instead of doxorubicin, which has been shown to be less toxic to the heart. The researchers offered the combination of therapies for a longer period of time than is usual, and the drugs also were given at the same time ¯ another departure from traditional practice. The goal of the study has been to see whether tailoring the chemotherapy regimen and adding Herceptin would double rates of pathological complete remission. "Instead of the 20 percent improvement we had hoped for, we saw almost twice that," Buzdar says. "We were totally surprised with these striking findings, and pleased that we may have a better treatment for women with HER-2 breast cancer." They also found that it did not matter whether the patients' tumors were estrogen-receptor positive or negative ¯ a distinction that usually demarcates which patients will respond to hormonal therapy. And, to date, no cases of congestive heart failure or other such serious heart problems have yet been observed in the patients, Buzdar says. Within several months, the research team will launch additional studies, enrolling larger groups of patients, to test the effects of this approach before surgery. "The data from this trial is so convincing that we decided that in these new studies, all patients must receive Herceptin," Buzdar says. The study was funded by research grants from manufacturers of drugs used in the trial, including Genentech, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Investigators from M. D. Anderson Cancer Center involved in the study also include Nuhad Ibrahim, M.D., Deborah Francis, R.N., Daniel Booser, M.D., Eva Thomas, M.D., Richard Theriault, D.O., Lajos Pusztai, M.D., Ph.D., Marjorie Green, M.D., Banu Arun, M.D., Sharon Giordano, M.D., Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D., Debra Frye, R.N., Terry Smith, Kelly Hunt, M.D., Eva Singletary, M.D., Aysegul Sahin, M.D., Michael Ewer, M.D., Thomas Buchholz, M.D., Donald Berry, Ph.D., and Gabriel Hortobagyi, M.D.


Biochemistry is part of life science: a fast developing multidisciplinary area. The overall aims of this thesis and the work underlying it were to find ways in which to develop competence in biochemistry at university level and to assess complex learning. A particular interest was the development of experimental work as a means to promote learning. The study focuses on changes made in two educational settings. The aim of the changes was to develop competence, amongst both students and teachers. Therefore, the research in the three first papers has in some aspects, and to different extent, the characteristics of action research. Broadly, the changes can be described as making experiments more open, with multiple formative and authentic assessment methods involving both students and teachers. The empirical studies included questionnaires, interviews, questions asked during experimental work, written material as formulated objectives, examination questions and answers, reports, other products; and grades/judgements made by teachers and students. Collected data were analyzed in several different ways. Statistical methods included the use of mean values, paired T-tests, Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis. Interview data as well as some questionnaire data were analyzed using analytical induction techniques. Some categories were based on thematic content analysis, while others were based on Bloom's taxonomy. Students' attitude positions were categorized according to Perry's framework. The main results can be summarized as follows; The students' learning was improved by open ended versions of experimental work, according to both their and the researchers' opinions. Planning, approaching problems from different perspectives and evaluating the results of their own experimental work promote the students' capacity for higher order cognitive thinking. However, the synthesis level constitutes a threshold and particular support is needed for students with a more dualistic view of teaching, learning and experimental work. Introducing formative and authentic assessment is a way to help students to make progress, and to develop competence. The importance was clearly demonstrated of involving both teachers and students in discussions of aims and criteria and of making them explicit. Feedback from teachers' and students' own reflective activities about subject content, and their learning as well as affective factors were shown to be central for complex learning. Based on our studies, areas were identified for the critical development of competence and for promoting learning in biochemistry at university level. These areas are; multidisciplinary and complex learning, communication skills of different types, metacognitive perspectives, attitude development, and affective factors. The students see experimental work as crucial for their learning and therefore important in terms of assessment. Therefore, experimental work can and ought to be assessed. However, similarities and discrepancies were observed between students' and teachers' perspectives for both the aims and assessment of experimental work. Our conclusion is that a combination of assessment methods is needed in order to be able to make a high qualitative assessment.


Nursing perspective is different from doctors. It is a known fact that doctors and nurses must work together for the better patient care. It is very important for doctors to know how nursing services are provided. Moreover a good communication and team work is an essence of present medical service. So, this attitude should be embedded in the medical education to decrease professional distance and increase mutual respect in future. PAHS has provided this opportunity as a nursing posting with a vision of holistic teaching of medical students and shaping a positive attitude towards all health care providers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v1i1.13022 Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences. 2014 Jun;1(1):61-63


We study gender differences in bilateral bargaining using an artefactual field experiment in rural Uganda, through variation in gender composition of bargaining pairs and in disclosure of identities. Disagreement is common independently of disclosure condition, but less frequent among female-only pairs. When paired with a man who is informed about their identity, women tend to demand less than men in the same situation. The influence of beliefs on demands is stronger for men than for women, and this difference is larger under anonymity than when identities are disclosed.


In this paper we first formulate and prove a number of theorems concerning the convergence of combined numerical one-step methods for index 1 differential-algebraic systems. Then, we use these results to justify an implicit extrapolation technique and show their practical importance. Second, we give a theory of adjoint and symmetric one-step methods for differential-algebraic equations and we also determine symmetric methods among Runge–Kutta formulae. We prove that algebraically stable symmetric Runge–Kutta formulae are symplectic and they have a structure which is in some sense similar to the structure of Gauss methods. Finally, we come to the concept of quadratic extrapolation for index 1 differential-algebraic systems and develop an advanced version of the localglobal step size control based on the extrapolation technique. Numerical tests support the theoretical results of the paper.


We proved in a previous work that Cattani-Sassone's higher dimensional transition systems can be interpreted as a small-orthogonality class of a topological locally finitely presentable category of weak higher dimensional transition systems. In this paper, we turn our attention to the full subcategory of weak higher dimensional transition systems which are unions of cubes. It is proved that there exists a left proper combinatorial model structure such that two objects are weakly equivalent if and only if they have the same cubes after simplification of the labelling. This model structure is obtained by Bousfield localizing a model structure which is left determined with respect to a class of maps which is not the class of monomorphisms. We prove that the higher dimensional transition systems corresponding to two process algebras are weakly equivalent if and only if they are isomorphic. We also construct a second Bousfield localization in which two bisimilar cubical transition systems are weakly equivalent. The appendix contains a technical lemma about smallness of weak factorization systems in coreflective subcategories which can be of independent interest. This paper is a first step towards a homotopical interpretation of bisimulation for higher dimensional transition systems.


Abstract. Global warming is expected to significantly affect the runoff regime of mountainous catchments. Simple methods for calculating future glacier change in hydrological models are required in order to reliably assess economic impacts of changes in the water cycle over the next decades. Models for temporal and spatial glacier evolution need to describe the climate forcing acting on the glacier, and ice flow dynamics. Flow models, however, demand considerable computational resources and field data input and are moreover not applicable on the regional scale. Here, we propose a simple parameterization for calculating the change in glacier surface elevation and area, which is mass conserving and suited for hydrological modelling. The Δh-parameterization is an empirical glacier-specific function derived from observations in the past that can easily be applied to large samples of glaciers. We compare the Δh-parameterization to results of a 3-D finite-element ice flow model. As case studies, the evolution of two Alpine glaciers of different size over the period 2008–2100 is investigated using regional climate scenarios. The parameterization closely reproduces the distributed ice thickness change, as well as glacier area and length predicted by the ice flow model. This indicates that for the purpose of transient runoff forecasts, future glacier geometry change can be approximated using a simple parameterization instead of complex ice flow modelling. Furthermore, we analyse alpine glacier response to 21st century climate change and consequent shifts in the runoff regime of a highly glacierized catchment using the proposed methods.


This paper presents results on SAR interferometry for data acquired in the Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) imaging mode. The rationale to retrieve accurate interferometric products in this mode is expounded, emphasizing the critical step of coregistration. Due to the particularities of the TOPS mode, a high Doppler centroid is present at burst edges, demanding a very high azimuth coregistration performance. A coregistration accuracy of around one tenth of a pixel, as it is usually recommended for stripmap interferometric data, could result in large undesired azimuth phase ramps in each TOPS burst. This paper presents two approaches based on the spectral diversity technique to precisely estimate this coregistration offset with the required accuracy and evaluates their performance. The effect of squint at burst edges in terms of an undesired impulse response shift during focusing and the impact on the interferometric coregistration performance is also addressed. Repeat-pass TOPS data acquired experimentally by TerraSAR-X are used to validate the proposed approaches.


ABSTRACT Five unusual overwash deposits within four coastal ponds and a mangrove site on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, may be the telltale signs of tsunamis. The estimated ages and locations of the deposits suggest that the tsunamis originated from different offshore sources. These deposits were found during a reconnaissance‐level study on St. Thomas and adjacent cays located near the eastern end of the Greater Antilles volcanic arc, 60 km east of Puerto Rico and 150 km south of the Puerto Rico trench. The study sites occur within the narrow coastal zone in an otherwise high‐relief setting. The unusual deposits, distinct from the pond sediment, including six other overwash deposits similar to other known tsunami deposits, are composed of mixed lithic and carbonate sands, and hypersaline and marine shells, contain coral boulders and fragments, exhibit sharp or erosive lower contacts, and, in some cases, are capped by mud. Beach berms that front the sites are 1–2 m above mean sea level, composed of coral and lithic cobble‐size fragments as well as coarse, mixed‐composition sand, appear to be a source of the likely tsunami deposits. On the basis of sediment stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating, age estimates of the deposits suggest five tsunamis in the past 3000 years, two of which fall within date ranges of likely tsunami deposits identified on Anegada, British Virgin Islands, located 70 km northeast of St. Thomas. Findings of this reconnaissance‐level study suggest that the unusual overwash deposits on St. Thomas may be related to the 1867 tsunami triggered by an M ∼7.3 earthquake in the Anegada Passage, the 1755 trans‐Atlantic tsunami triggered by the M  8.5 Lisbon earthquake, a tsunami between A.D. 1200 and 1450 first recognized on Anegada, extending its known area of impact farther to the southwest, and possibly two earlier events between 2000 and 3000+ years ago.


Over a century since Ronald Ross discovered that malaria is caused by the bite of an infectious mosquito it is still unclear how the number of parasites injected influences disease transmission. Currently it is assumed that all mosquitoes with salivary gland sporozoites are equally infectious irrespective of the number of parasites they harbour, though this has never been rigorously tested. Here we analyse >1000 experimental infections of humans and mice and demonstrate a dosedependency for probability of infection and the length of the host pre-patent period. Mosquitoes with a higher numbers of sporozoites in their salivary glands following blood-feeding are more likely to have caused infection (and have done so quicker) than mosquitoes with fewer parasites. A similar dose response for the probability of infection was seen for humans given a pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate targeting circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and in mice with and without transfusion of anti-CSP antibodies. These interventions prevented infection more efficiently from bites made by mosquitoes with fewer parasites. The importance of parasite number has widespread implications across malariology, ranging from our basic understanding of the parasite, how vaccines are evaluated and the way in which transmission should be measured in the field. It also provides direct evidence for why the only registered malaria vaccine RTS,S was partially effective in recent clinical trials.


T he threat that biological and chemical weapons might be used in the context of armed conflict or by terrorists is frighteningly real. Advances in genetics, microbiology, bacteriology, and cognate areas of biomedicine are presenting a new array of threats to both military personnel and civilians. Synthetic virulent strains of viruses and bacteria, "fusion" toxins, and stealth viruses, along with novel modalities for delivering toxic agents using organic and inorganic chemicals, foods, aerosols, and microdroplets, have raised the concern of federal and state governments, national security agencies, and the armed services. Research efforts, supported by significant federal and private funding, are underway to find vaccines, drugs, prophylactic agents, and palliating interventions that might mitigate these threats.

The explosion of research in this area has created an important but little-discussed ethical challenge. Many institutions are struggling with issues raised by the design and oversight of research protocols that call for the deliberate exposure of human subjects to toxic and noxious agents. Some of this research will of necessity be done secretly, despite the fact that, as at least one federal panel noted nearly a decade ago, this poses a tension "between duties to disclose and the need to keep information secret."[*][1] Federal regulators and scientific and medical journals will soon be asked how to ensure that such experiments are carried out in a way that is consistent with the highest standards of ethical conduct in the protection of human subjects.

Contemporary human subjects protections apply almost exclusively to research that seeks to produce generalizable knowledge that can be put to beneficial use in biomedicine; for example, by creating new diagnostic tests, new therapies, or new forms of prophylaxis against naturally occurring diseases. Review bodies and regulators assess informed consent and risk/benefit ratios in the context of research to improve health. There is little experience with experiments that deliberately harm subjects.

Such experiments have, for the past two decades, been limited to three areas. The first is research on treatments for common nonlethal viruses, which requires first infecting subjects. The risks to subjects in these types of studies are known to be very small. The second is "Phase One" clinical trials, done to assess the safety of new drugs. The third is challenge studies, in which basic physiological and psychological information is sought about reactions to various stimuli. Current ethical standards require that subjects in such studies be closely monitored and that risks be kept to a minimum.

Research involving biological or chemical weapons must necessarily involve exposures to toxic agents and levels of risk higher than those that exist in most research. Such research would seem to compromise the core tenet of medical ethics that studies should not knowingly do harm. Indeed, the Environmental Protection Agency now refuses to accept toxicity tests done on human subjects in order to establish "safe levels." Yet national security now places a higher premium on studies that might pose similar risks, and many prospective subjects might wish to volunteer from a sense of duty or patriotism or for personal financial gain.

There is every reason to believe that such work will move forward rapidly. If so, clear guidelines are needed for establishing its unequivocal relevance to national security concerns. These guidelines must also address who may be recruited as subjects, what level of competency they should demonstrate, how the freedom of their choice can be ensured, what types of end points will be used, what compensation they will be given, and what level of oversight will be in place. Investigators, review committees, and journal editors will need guidance about the kinds of harm that can be associated with this research and the ways in which restrictions on the dissemination of research results should shape their assessment of its morality.

Some will surely argue that no form of research involving the deliberate harm of human subjects ought be tolerated. Such a policy could be put in place. It would have obvious implications for the speed with which antidotes to biological and chemical weapons can be found and the confidence that those receiving them can have in their efficacy. If, on the other hand, the need to hasten discovery in this area leads us as a nation to permit such research, it is imperative that the norms needed to ensure that it is conducted fairly and humanely be formulated, then widely discussed and thoroughly debated as soon as possible.

 [1]: #fn-1


For more than three decades it has been recognized that small amounts of vector saliva can significantly alter the infectivity of vector-borne pathogens and subsequent in vivo dynamics. Mouse and nonhuman primate models now serve as useful platforms to study Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis, candidate therapies, and vaccines, but they rely on needle inoculation of virus: the effects of mosquito-borne infection on disease outcome have not been explored in these models. To model vector-borne transmission of ZIKV in nonhuman primates, we infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with ZIKV and allowed them to feed on four ZIKV-naive rhesus macaques. We compared ZIKV replication kinetics and tissue distribution between animals that were subcutaneously inoculated with 104 plaque-forming units of ZIKV and those that were exposed via mosquito bite. Here, we show that infection via mosquito bite delays ZIKV replication to peak viral loads in rhesus macaques. Importantly, in mosquito-infected animals ZIKV tissue distribution was limited to hemolymphatic tissues, female reproductive tract tissues, kidney, and liver, potentially emulating key features of human ZIKV infections, most of which are characterized by mild or asymptomatic disease. This newly developed system will be valuable for studying ZIKV disease because it more closely mimics human infection by mosquito bite than needle-based inoculations.


Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a study of early-phase amyloid PET and arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI by Megan Stark The characteristic motor symptoms present in Parkinson's disease are often accompanied by a range of non-motor symptoms; in particular, cognitive impairment leading to dementia has an 80% cumulative prevalence in PD but with incredibly variable time for dementia onset. This study presents and compares early-phase [18F] Florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography (PET) and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL MRI) of perfusion in the context of cognitive decline and imminent conversion to dementia in Parkinson's disease. Patients underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery prior to inclusion in the study, which was used to classify patients as PD with normal cognition (PD-N, n=4), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n=41) or dementia (PDD, n=5), and to assign each patient a summary global cognitive score and an individualized Parkinsons disease dementia risk score (PDDRS). Early-phase FBB PET images, and structural and arterial spin labeled MR images were acquired for each patient, which were then coregistered, normalized and smoothed in preparation for analysis. The relative measures of brain function given by each imaging modality were analysed using the general linear model, in order to identify any association with cognitive status and dementia risk in the subject group. Cognitive decline and increased dementia conversion risk were found to be significantly associated with distinct regions of cortical hypoperfusion as quantified by the ASL data. FBB-derived images did not exhibit any significant association with cognition or dementia risk, and did not correlate significantly with ASL perfusion measures, suggesting that the two techniques are measuring different physiological phenomenon. A network based approach using principal component analysis identified networks of cortical hypoperfusion in the ASL data that related significantly to cognition and risk of conversion to dementia. This thesis raises questions regarding the physiological information presented by earlyphase PET, which remains a worthwhile area of further investigation. The PDDRS-related perfusion network developed here presents a potential biomarker of imminent conversion to dementia in Parkinsons disease.


Rainwater harvesting has been the main source of water supply for potable
and non-potable uses in the old days because the water conveyance systems
were not used for water distribution and the method used for rainwater
harvesting was simple and primary (rainwater was mostly collected from
roofs and some was collected directly from the sky). Usage of the collected
water volume from rainwater harvesting was direct and without any treatment.
Presently, the water supply systems have improved but the demand is
increasing due to the population growth, and development. Rainwater can
be used for potable and non-potable uses. The potable uses include drinking,
cooking, bathing and washing. Usually, the rainwater used for this purpose
must be treated to remove the contaminants. Non-potable uses include flushing
toilets, watering garden and washing floor where treatment of rainwater is
not required for these purposes. The volume of rainwater collected from
rainwater harvesting system varies from place to place and depends on
weather. In the present study, a rainwater harvesting system was installed in
the Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. The system
is composed of the catchment (roof), gutter, pipe, steel tank and treatment
unit. From 20 different rain events, the collected volume of the rainwater
from different events ranges between 0.17 m3 and 2 m3. The daily water
consumption is monitored for one month and compared with the collected
rainwater volume. The volume of collected rainwater is found to be adequate
to meet the non-potable uses. In a tropical country like Malaysia it is easy to
collect 2 m3 in a single rain while 10 m3 is collected annually in Zambia,
Africa from a roof of almost of the same size. The rainwater harvesting can
be used for landscaping and the computation made to determine the volumes
of yield and consumption shows that rainwater is also adequate to meet the
requirement for landscaping in rainy months


It is widely assumed that the Supreme Court of the United States has established supremacy over contested constitutional questions, with the power to make final determinations of constitutional meaning. Since the 1960s, most scholars have assumed that legislatures and courts are engaged in a power struggle in which countermajoritarian courts can assert their will over majoritarian legislatures. More recently, a new generation of scholarship has demonstrated that judicial power often expands as a result of the willful empowerment of the judiciary by actors in other branches. Most scholars working with the latter framework, however, do not dispute that the United States has a regime of judicial supremacy—they simply see the political empowerment of courts as an explanation for why judicial supremacy has emerged despite the initially weak position of the judiciary. I argue that the insights of the political empowerment literature should be pressed further. It makes little sense to use the general label "judicial supremacy" for a system in which judicial power remains dependent on choices made by other political actors. Examining several cases that are generally seen as canonical examples of assertions of judicial supremacy, I find that courts were unable to settle constitutional debates, and in addition often either were unable to achieve their policy aims or did not actually require other political actors to do anything. The logic of new empirical findings about the sources of judicial power should compel scholars to question whether aggressive assertions of supremacy in judicial opinions are in fact accurate descriptions of how judicial power functions in the United States.


Professor Shu received his undergraduate training in Paleontology at Peking (Beijing) University in 1964–1969, obtaining his Master' s degree at Northwest University (Xi'an) and Ph.D. in China University of Geosciences (Beijing); he was Visiting Scholar at the Sm ithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA in 1988, Hum boldt Research Fellow at University of Bonn in 1988–1989, at University of Wuerzburg, Germany in 1994–1995, and Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University, UK in 1998. He has been Professor of Geology at Northwest University, Xi'an since 1992. His research focuses mainly on the evolution of early deuterostomes. He discovered the "First Fish" Order Myllokunmingiida, in life history, and erected the extinct Phylum Vetulicolia, first proposing the concept of the hypothesis "Cam brian Explosion as a unique three-episode event to create the Tree of Animals" in 2008. As a m ember of the Chinese Acad emy of Sciences and recipient of the National First Grade Award of Natural Sciences, he has authored a dozen publications in Nature and Science.


This thesis deals with the issue of automated cinematography for games. In 3D videogames, the system must continuously provide the player with a view of the virtual world and its characters. The difficulty is that contrary to the cinema the actors are unpredictable. In particular the player continuously modifies the virtual environment by moving objects or by interacting with the other non-playable characters. The latter, because of their more and more sophisticated artificial intelligence, can have behaviours that were not predicted by the developers themselves (such as the complex behaviours that emerge from the combination of basic behaviours).

Some games have solved the problem by predefining the possible positions of the camera during the game development while some others give control of the camera system to the player, so that he can find by himself the best possible view. I aim however at finding an intermediate solution, where the camera system would automatically generate both engaging and usable views. The camera system should be able to adapt to every situation of the virtual world without user intervention, and should allow the player to interact with his surrounding in the most efficient way. Such a camera system could be of interest for the game industry. Currently, in many games, the camera movements, positions, etc. are set using scripts manually written by the developers. Having a fully automated system could potentially save hours of work. This system could also be used for the 3D virtual worlds or "3D chats" on the Internet. For example, the avatars – the characters played by the users – could be "filmed" in a different way depending on the mood of the users. I aim to develop techniques which can be generalised to these and other areas of application.

Existing approaches to automated cinematography will be reviewed – focusing on the constraint-based and idiom-based ones – in order to highlight the strength and limitations of each one. A solution to the problems found will be proposed in the form of a camera system implemented using Adobe Director. It will be based on "rules" derived from existing cinematographic knowledge. One of my aims will also be to show that using generic rules can give results close to the idiom-based approaches with the convenience of being able to adapt to any type of scene.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated with a commercial Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida vaccine.

DESIGN
Randomized clinical trial.

ANIMALS
358 Holstein dairy calves between 14 and 20 days of age on 8 farms.

PROCEDURE
Calves were randomly assigned to a control or vaccinated group. The vaccine used was a commercial modified-live M. haemolytica and P. multocida vaccine that was administered on days 0 and 14. Calf weight was measured on day 0 and monthly for 3 months. Farmers were asked to record any treatment given to the calves and the reason for treatment during the 4 months of the study. Blood was collected from all calves on days 0 and 28, and titers of antibodies to M. haemolytica were determined by means of direct bacterial agglutination.

RESULTS
Mean daily gain was not significantly different between vaccinated and control calves. Vaccinated calves had a significantly greater increase in antibody titers (5.3-fold increase), compared with control calves (3.6-fold increase). There was no significant difference between vaccinated and control calves for any of the treatment outcomes (number and duration of treatments and age at first and last treatments).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that the M. haemolytica and P. multocida vaccine, given twice 2 weeks apart, was effective in increasing titers of antibodies against M. haemolytica in young dairy calves but did not improve calf performance or health.


Background Vitiligo and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common dermatological disorders which may cause significant psychological and social distress leading to impaired quality of life (QoL) in patients. Objective We evaluated the degree of psychological stress and impairment of QoL in vitiligo patients as compared with AD patients and normal controls (NCs). Methods A total of 60 patients from each group and 60 NCs were enrolled. Five questionnaires on depression (Beck depression inventory, BDI), state anxiety (SA) and trait anxiety (TA), interaction anxiousness (IAS), private body consciousness (PBC) and dermatologic QoL were used. Results The vitiligo patients had a significantly higher level of TA (p<0.01), PBC (p<0.001) and impaired QoL (p<0.001) than NCs, but not BDI, SA and IAS. The AD patients had significantly higher scores for all five questionnaire items compared with NCs. In the comparison between the AD and vitiligo groups, all of the indexes except body consciousness were higher in AD patients than in vitiligo patients: BDI (p<0.01), SA (p<0.05), TA (p<0.001), IAS (p<0.01) and impaired QoL (p<0.001). Exposure of vitiligo lesions was not a significant variable in the analysis of the contribution of clinical variables of vitiligo on psychological stress and QoL. Conclusion Vitiligo, which is not accompanied by any symptoms, involves less psychological impact than AD, which is accompanied by itching. Compared to NCs, however, the elevated general anxiety and body consciousness in patients with vitiligo suggests that they may be more concerned with the aggravation of hypopigmented patches than difficulties in social interactions.


This report offers an in-depth analysis of the major economic developments in the music industry. It looks at music companies, and covers the production and distribution of recorded music, including online distribution, and the competition which these companies face from other online music providers. It also looks at the organisation of live performances and the exploitation of music copyright, though data on how these activities contribute to revenues in the sector are less systematically available. The analysis integrates data from this project's statistical report and includes a database of the major music publishing companies plus two company case studies (EMI and Spotify). The report is divided into six chapters. Following the introduction in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 introduces the sector and its main economic and technological features. Chapter 3 analyses the value network of the music industry, identifying the transformations taking place in the value network and business model as a result of the on-going digitization process. Chapter 5 identifies the main regulatory issues affecting the economic position of the EU music publishing industry. Finally, Chapter 6 weighs the strengths and weaknesses of the European music publishing industry against the opportunities and threats posed by digitization and the internet. The study is based on a review and synthesis of the available literature and reports and on official (Eurostat) and unofficial (trade organisations and consultancies) data on the music publishing industry.


A variety of data based on hydrographic measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis databases, and meteorological observations are used to explore the interannual variability and factors governing the deep water formation in the northern Red Sea. Historical and recent hydrographic data consistently indicate that the ventilation of the near-bottom layer in the Red Sea is a robust feature of the thermohaline circulation. Dense water capable to reach the bottom layers of the Red Sea can be regularly produced mostly inside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. Occasionally, during colder than usual winters, deep water formation may also take place over coastal areas in the northernmost end of the open Red Sea just outside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. However, the origin as well as the amount of deep waters exhibit considerable interannual variability depending not only on atmospheric forcing but also on the water circulation over the northern Red Sea. Analysis of several recent winters shows that the strength of the cyclonic gyre prevailing in the northernmost part of the basin can effectively influence the sea surface temperature (SST) and intensify or moderate the winter surface cooling. Upwelling associated with periods of persistent gyre circulation lowers the SST over the northernmost part of the Red Sea and can produce colder than normal winter SST even without extreme heat loss by the sea surface. In addition, the occasional persistence of the cyclonic gyre feeds the surface layers of the northern Red Sea with nutrients, considerably increasing the phytoplankton biomass.


Recent research by the Tyndall Centre in the UK has suggested that a 70 % reduction in CO 2 emissions will be required by 2030 to mitigate the worst impacts of global climate change. In the UK, approximately 30 % of CO 2 emissions are attributable to domestic buildings. Of the UK housing stock that will be present in 2030, 80 % will have been constructed before 2005. Consequently, refurbishment of existing housing is likely to strongly infl uence whether these emissions reduction targets are met. Th is paper catalogues interim research outcomes from a research project (TARBASE) whose aim is to identify technological pathways fpr delivering a 50 % reduction in CO 2 emissions of existing UK buildings by 2030. Th is investigation describes the approach as applied to the domestic sector. Th e approach taken was to describe a series of domestic building variants, chosen due to their prominence in the stock as a whole and also by their ability when taken together to describe the range of construction methods found in UK housing. Technological interventions, grouped by building fabric, ventilation, appliances and on-site micro-generation (of both heat and power) as applied to the building variants were investigated. Th eir applicability was being determined with respect to energy and CO 2 emission savings. Th e interdependence of the technological interventions was evaluated allowing a series of intervention sets to be depicted for each variant.


Analytical investigation on a combined heat and mass transfer of air flow near a continuously moving infinite plate with a constant heat sink is performed in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. To observe the thermal radiation and Soret effect on the flow, thermal radiation and thermal diffusion term are added in energy and concentration equations. A flow of model is established by employing the well known boundary layer approximations. In order to obtain non-dimensional system of equations, a similarity transformation is applied on the flow model. Perturbation technique is used as main tool for the analytical approach. The numerical values of flow variables are computed by a FORTRAN program. The obtain numerical values of fluid velocity, temperature and species concentration are drawn for the different values of various parameters. To observe the effects of various parameters on the flow variables, the results are discussed in detailed with the help of graph.


Practice-led research enables art and design practitioners approaches to discovering, applying and communicating original knowledge that have direct implications for their practice. Since the 1980s, internationally, the emergence of doctoral, practice-led research has opened the door for such practitioners to develop distinctive methodological approaches to the way they navigate knowing in action. This article discusses one such project. Within it, immersive and reflective methods have been developed to increase the depth of communication between a photographer and the land he records. The thesis, "The Process of Immersive Photography: Beyond the Cognitive and the Physical", considers relationships between land as a living system and a form of researcher embodiment. This embodiment engages a process of indwelling that draws on physical, cognitive and spiritual ways of sensing and knowing. The researcher's immersions are documented in a field journal that moves between poetic, narrative and analytical writing registers in an attempt to account for the complexity of what he encounters.


This thesis investigates pulsed optical sources for distributed fibre sensing applications. Such sensors operate on the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) principle, and the source requirements depend on the desired sensing range, spatial resolution and nonlinear thresholds. A number of Q-switched Erbium-doped fibre lasers at 1.5µm optimised for high peak powers and short pulse widths were designed and constructed. Experimental results were compared and contrasted with theoretical predictions. The successful development of high peak power Q-switched fibre lasers at 1.5µm enabled the generation of broadband Stokes-shifted Raman pulses at the wavelength region of 1.65µm, with approximately 1.4W peak power and 45ns pulse width. Using both the 1.5µm and 1.65µm pulses, a novel technique referred to as delayed Raman amplification was demonstrated to increase the range of an OTDR sensor operating at 1.65µm. An increase in sensing dynamic range of 17.5dB was achieved. A Raman-based distributed temperature sensor was also developed using the 1.65µm source, and had a spatial and temperature resolution of 10m and 4oC respectively, over a 10km sensing range. Both the OTDR and distributed temperature measurements potentially allow losses and temperature to be monitored in active communication links operating at 1.5µm. A narrow linewidth amplified and gated semiconductor DFB source was constructed and its suitability for two spontaneous Brillouin-based distributed sensors investigated. The first sensor was a high spatial resolution distributed temperature sensor with a 35cm spatial resolution. The second sensor was a combined distributed strain and temperature sensor which used two Mach-Zehnder interferometers in series as filters to measure the Brillouin intensity and frequency shift. Temperature and strain resolutions of 4°C and strain resolution of 290µ.epsilon were accomplished over a 15km sensing range. Finally, investigations into using pulsed fibre sources compared to a semiconductor DFB source were performed. Both unidirectional Q-switched fibre ring lasers and short fibres Bragg grating lasers with stable and narrow linewidths were demonstrated. A stable, robust and high output power DFB Erbium/Ytterbium fibre laser was eventually selected to perform simultaneous strain and temperature measurements.


School disengagement (SD) places students at risk of dropout, academic failure and other negative psychological outcomes. Based on the data derived from a sample of southern Ontario children, this exploratory study aims to identify a wide context of risk factors associated with SD among 1298 school-aged students. Logistic regression model revealed that substance use, family functioning , Attention Distractibility Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and victim of bullying significantly predicted SD. Externalizing problem was slightly stronger than internalizing problem in predicting SD. Females, compared to males, were at lower risk for SD. Implications to decrease the likelihood of premature school termination were also discussed. This study provides further supporting evidence for the argument that early intervention at school is important and improved access to mental health services should be made possible to circumvent more extensive mental health needs in students' later life and decrease premature school termination.


The high resolution density of 16 firn and shallow ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica was determined by applying the gamma-ray absorption method. Profiles of mean density and density fluctuations (i. e. deviations from the mean) are presented and discussed.The profiles of mean density show the patterns well known from the numerous firn cores studied so far. However, the density fluctuations appear to behave anomalous insofar, as for a layered medium we expect a direct correlation of the density fluctuations with the increase in density. That means that the deviation from the mean decreases steadily with increasing density, until the density of bubbly ice is reached. But in contrast to the expected steady decrease we observe a relatively fast decrease of the amplitudes in density fluctuations close to the surface. They assume a local minimum for densities between 600 and 650 kg/m^3 (in depths of 20 to 50 meter, depending on accumulation rate and annual mean temperature) but then increase again. Local maxima are obtained for densities between 750 and 850 kg/m^3, leading to increased amplitudes throughout the firn-ice transition. Below the fluctuations decrease again, approaching the values for bubbly ice.Since the investigated cores reflect different climate conditions with accumulation rates varying from 30 mm water equivalent per year to >1500 mm water equivalent per year and annual mean temperatures from -20°C to -55°C we assume, that the behaviour of the density fluctuations observed in our cores is a fundamental property of polar firn, not discussed much in literature due to the lack of high resolution density profiles. The possible origin and implications of this phenomenon, e. g. for modelling the densification of polar firn or the air enclosure processes, are discussed.


Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of countries located across the world in the Caribbean, Pacific, Africa, and Indian Ocean regions. They are all small in size, sparsely populated and geographically isolated, and their small economies are typically based on tourism, fisheries, agriculture, and small-scale manufacturing activities. SIDS are among the most exposed and vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world, and climate change is expected to exacerbate future risks, threatening development progress. Because of their location, small size, and topography, SIDS are exposed to severe hazards, including cyclones, extreme winds, storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. This report proposes solutions to integrate climate and disaster risk considerations in transport infrastructure lifecycle management and, in this way, enhance the resilience of transport systems. The case studies presented in this report can be replicated by tailoring best practices to specific country contexts. Interventions can be made by lifecycle component, or integrated across the transport infrastructure lifecycle. In Tuvalu for instance, after Cyclone Pam in 2015 isolated the island, the Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project revised infrastructure design specifications to ensure resilience of the airport to future events, including also various measures to improve disaster preparedness and response. This report also proposes a path forward for replicating best practices and deploying resilient transport infrastructure in SIDS. Consisting of four components, the path leverages existing experiencesin SIDS to coalesce and scale-up donor support to address financial gaps while reinforcing countrysystems and delivering scale with reduced administrative burden. Components of this path forwardspecifically address country-specific needs assessments and transition plans, implementation of resilience measures and transport asset management systems, avenues for local capacity building andknowledge exchange, and fundraising and reassessing capital needs for continued enhancement oftransport systems resilience.


Room-temperature sodium–sulfur (RT-Na–S) batteries are highly desirable for grid-scale stationary energy storage due to their low cost; however, short cycling stability caused by the incomplete conversion of sodium polysulfides is a major issue for their application. Herein, we introduce an effective sulfiphilic host, gold nanodots decorated on hierarchical N-doped carbon microspheres (CN/Au/S), to achieve completely reversible conversion reactions in the S cathode by electrocatalyzing the low-kinetics conversion of Na2S4 into NaS2 (discharge process) or S (charge process). Besides, gold nanodots and N-doped carbon can increase the conductivity of the S cathode and provide strong polar–polar adsorption of sodium polysulfides to alleviate the shuttling effects. When serving as the cathode, the CN/Au/S composite can realize enhanced sulfur utilization, excellent cycling stability, and outstanding rate capability. This work deepens our understanding of the catalytic effect of gold atoms on sulfur molecules, opening a new avenue for cathode design and development of advanced RT-Na–S batteries.


This paper investigates the optical bound states in the continuum (BIC) supported by a slotted high-contrast grating (sHCG) structure. The sHCG structure consists of a periodic array of silicon ridges with a slot in each ridge. Given that the BICs are perfectly confined, their spectral locations are identified using a finite-element method formulated from a generalized eigenvalue problem. The real eigenvalues represent the wavelengths of BIC modes and the associated eigenvectors correspond to the electric field distributions. In the spectral and angular vicinity of the BICs, we studied the leaky waveguide modes using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The combination of the full-wave eigenvalue solver and the coupled-wave analysis provides an ideal setting to investigate the optical BICs of periodic structures for various applications. The simulation results show, for example, that the sHCG structures can support symmetry-protected bound states with a zero in-plane wave vector as well as high-quality-factor (high-Q) resonances for both TE and TM polarizations. By adjusting the slot, we can turn the BIC mode into high-Q modes and determine the linewidth of the mode by the degree of asymmetry.


The lack of representation of woman at general election of Central Java 2004 more or less giving description about woman enthusiasm to step into political world especially become legislative member. It cannot denying in course of nomination, woman is still marginal by issues of gender which during the time freeze woman clan position to be parallel with men folk. Beside that, assess patriarchy still weight against woman status to step into political domain. Besides, there are some factor that influencing woman enthusiasm to become legislative candidate. This factor divided becoming two that is : first, internal factor that is factor coming from within each individual. Second, external factor that is factor which coming from outside individual (environmental).
In this research use method qualitative by using analytical descriptive approach. Amount of responder in this research there is 50 responder which is its determination have purposive character, but in this research entire responder have woman gender or focused to woman, this matter the writer submit to know how far woman enthusiasm height to plunge into political world specially to become legislative member, and also to know any kind factors which influencing woman enthusiasm to become legislative candidate.
Result of research indicate that there are some factor which influencing woman enthusiasm to become legislative candidate. From the writer research which have done before in the reality factor influencing woman enthusiasm to go forward to become legislative member is external factor which consist of : firstly, existence of the ownership of capital, capital here play a part in to defray the candidate in campaign. Second, support of family, because family represent smallest unit in course of forming of character and bounce from someone. Third, support of society, society represent to access important to be chosen this candidate become real candidate, because without support of society the election process will not happened. Fourth, support of political party, political party represent the places for someone to act in political world, political party also personate medium to place legislative member candidate reside in on course in early or in final in general election.


For the first time in U.S. history, approximately 10 percent of the U.S. House of Representatives is Hispanic. The greater engagement of Hispanics in national politics has occurred after unprecedented growth in interior immigration enforcement disproportionately impacting Latinos. Using county-level data on all candidates running for congressional elections over the 2008–2018 decade, we find evidence of intensified immigration enforcement suppressing Hispanics' willingness to run for Congress. The effect, which is not present for female or Black minorities, is driven by local police-based measures, and more prevalent in localities without a sanctuary policy and in states with a Republican governor.


While earlier reproduction technologies such as woodblock printing, moveable type printing, lithography, and photography represented media in ways accessible to bare senses, the media technologies of the late 19th century abandoned these formats in favor of an electrical signal. Simultaneously, they also introduced a fundamentally new dimension of media – interface (i.e. the ways to represent and control the signal). And this in its turn changed how media functions – its 'properties' were no longer solely contained in the data but were now also dependent on the interfaces provided by technology manufacturers. The shift to digital data and media software a hundred years later extends this principle further. With all types of data now encoded as sets of numbers, they can only be efficiently accessed by users via software applications. As a result, the 'properties' of digital media (how it can be edited, shared, and analyzed) are now defined by the particular software as opposed to solely being contained in the actual content (i.e. digital files).


Germany's latest attempt at unification raises again the question of German nationhood and nationality. The present study examines the links between the development of the German language and the political history of Germany, principally in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By examining the role of language in the establishment and exercise of political power and in the creation of national and group solidarity in Germany, the study both provides insights into the nature of language as political action and contributes to the socio-cultural history of the German language. The language-theoretical hypothesis on which the study is based sees language as a central factor in political action, and opposes the notion that language is a reflection of underlying political 'realities' which exist independently of language. Language is viewed as language-in-text which performs identifiable functions. Following Leech, five functions are distinguished, two of which (the regulative and the phatic) are regarded as central to political processes. The phatic function is tested against the role of the German language as a creator and symbol of national identity, with particular attention being paid to concepts of the 'purity' of the language. The regulative function (under which a persuasive function is also subsumed) is illustrated using the examples of German fascist discourse and selected cases from German history post-1945. In addition, the interactions are examined between language change and socio-economic change by postulating that language change is both a condition and consequence of socio-economic change, in that socio-economic change both requires and conditions changes in the communicative environment. Finally, three politocolinguistic case studies from the eight and ninth decades of the twentieth century are introduced in order to demonstrate specific ways in which language has been deployed in an attempt to create political realities, thus verifying the initial hypothesis of the centrality of language to the political process.


The development and fabrication of mechanical devices powered by artificial molecular machines is one of the contemporary goals of nanoscience. Before this goal can be realized, however, we must learn how to control the coupling/uncoupling to the environment of individual switchable molecules, and also how to integrate these bistable molecules into organized, hierarchical assemblies that can perform significant work on their immediate environment at nano-, micro- and macroscopic levels. In this tutorial review, we seek to draw an all-important distinction between artificial molecular switches which are now ten a penny-or a dime a dozen-in the chemical literature and artificial molecular machines which are few and far between despite the ubiquitous presence of their naturally occurring counterparts in living systems. At the single molecule level, a prevailing perspective as to how machine-like characteristics may be achieved focuses on harnessing, rather than competing with, the ineluctable effects of thermal noise. At the macroscopic level, one of the major challenges inherent to the construction of machine-like assemblies lies in our ability to control the spatial ordering of switchable molecules-e.g., into linear chains and then into muscle-like bundles-and to influence the cross-talk between their switching kinetics. In this regard, situations where all the bistable molecules switch synchronously appear desirable for maximizing mechanical power generated. On the other hand, when the bistable molecules switch "out of phase," the assemblies could develop intricate spatial or spatiotemporal patterns. Assembling and controlling synergistically artificial molecular machines housed in highly interactive and robust architectural domains heralds a game-changer for chemical synthesis and a defining moment for nanofabrication.


Complex event processing (CEP) has become increasingly important in modern applications, ranging from supply chain management for RFID tracking to real-time intrusion detection. These monitoring applications must detect complex event pattern sequences in event streams. However, the state-of-art in the CEP literature such as SASE, ZStream or Cayuga either do not support the specification of nesting for pattern queries altogether or they limit the nesting of non-occurrence expressions over composite event types. A recent work by Liu et al proposed a nested complex event pattern expression language, called NEEL (Nested Complex Event Language), that supports the specification of the non-occurrence over complex expressions. However, their work did not carefully consider predicate handling in these nested queries, especially in the context of complex negation. Yet it is well-known that predicate specification is a critical component of any query language. To overcome this gap, we now design a nested complex event pattern expression language called NEEL+, as an extension of the NEEL language, specifying nested CEP queries with predicates. We rigorously define the syntax and semantics of the NEEL+ language, with particular focus on predicate scoping and predicate placement. Accordingly, we introduce a top-down execution paradigm which recursively computes a nested NEEL+ query from the outermost query to the innermost one. We integrate predicate evaluation as part of the overall query evaluation process. Moreover, we design two optimization techniques that reduce the computation costs for processing NEEL+ queries. One, the intra-query method, called predicate push-in, optimizes each individual query component of a nested query by pushing the predicate evaluation into the process of computing the query rather than evaluating predicates at the end of the computation of that particular query. Two, the inter-query method, called predicate shortcutting, optimizes inter-query predicate evaluation. That is, it evaluates the predicates that correlate different query components within a nested query by exploiting a light weight predicate short cut. The NEEL+ system caches values of the equivalence attributes from the incoming data stream. When the computation starts, the system checks the existence of the attribute value of the outer query component in the cache and the predicate acts as a shortcut to early terminate the computation. Lastly, we conduct experi imental studies to evaluate the CPU processing resources of the NEEL+ System with and without optimization techniques using real-world stock trading data streams. Our results confirm that our optimization techniques when applied to NEEL+ in a rich variety of cases result in a 10 fold faster query processing performance than the NEEL+ system without optimization.


The most predicament issue that happens in WSN is Congestion. Congestion causes packet loss, which in turn reduces throughput and energy efficiency. Therefore congestion in WSN's needs to be controlled for high energyefficiency, to prolong system lifetime, improve fairness, and improve quality of service (QoS) in terms of throughput (or link utilization) and packet loss ratio along with the packet delay. The main focus of this paper is to provide modification in an existing system working with DSR (Dynamic Source Routing).This paper proposes modifications in the protocol of the existing system as AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector). Proposed protocol provides an efficient way to overcome congestion in wireless cluster sensor network. Proposed algorithm provides priority both on data and location.


To control the selective adhesion of human endothelial cells and human serum proteins to bioceramics of different compositions, a multifunctional ligand containing a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide, a tetraethylene glycol spacer, and a gallate moiety was designed, synthesized, and characterized. The binding of this ligand to alumina-based, hydroxyapatite-based, and calcium phosphate-based bioceramics was demonstrated. The conjugation of this ligand to the bioceramics induced a decrease in the nonselective and integrin-selective binding of human serum proteins, whereas the binding and adhesion of human endothelial cells was enhanced, dependent on the particular bioceramics.


1 Introduction Although Germany has a long-standing reputation as a passive welfare state with elaborate schemes of status-protecting income replacement through social insurance in case of unemployment and a full-blown system of active labor market policies, all benefit systems had formal elements of activation and work requirement--but they had not been enforced systematically. In recent years, however, reforms of active and passive labor market policy were implemented in Germany in order to create a more activating labor market and social policy regime and awake dormant activation principles. Changing the system of unemployment insurance benefits and basic income support as well as the repertoire of active labor market policy instruments and making benefit receipt more conditional upon job search and acceptance of job offers was a major issue on the political agenda. This led to a system shift away from "Bismarckian" status-protecting benefits towards a more "Beveridgean" model of income support with strong activation requirements. In the realm of unemployment benefits the dominant regime is no longer a social insurance benefit but a means-tested flat-rat transfer. The reform of the benefit system also involved a major overhaul of the governance of labor market policy and has far-reaching implications for the logic of the German welfare state. All these reforms generated considerable public attention and interest from foreign observers. This article provides an indepth account of the institutional change, its practical implementation and midterm outcomes and assesses if the desired economic and societal objectives of activation could be achieved through the adopted reforms. 2 The Shift towards Activation The Legacy of a Conservative European Welfare State The German welfare state is typically depicted as the prime example of the conservative welfare regime, for which the preservation of social status is central (Esping-Andersen 1990). It has also been prominently characterized as a "frozen welfare state" highly resistant to change (Manow and Seils 2000). Facing a difficult economic environment since the mid-seventies, policy makers and social partners used active and passive labor market policies to reduce labor supply by taking "surplus labor" out of the labor market and shifting the unemployed to benefit schemes and active programs that were not effectively oriented towards swift reintegration into the labor market (Manow and Seils 2000). For some decades, active and passive labor market policies provided a "convenient" and "socially acceptable" way of subsidizing entrepreneurial adjustment to dynamic global markets and help stabilize competitiveness of manufacturing that was at the core of the German employment system (Streeck 1997) while at the same time facilitating a "social policy" approach to unemployment emphasizing income protection and "benevolent" treatment through active policies. Availability of rather generous insurance-based social benefits related to labor market status and skills in the tradition of a "Bismarckian" model helped limiting income inequality and wage dispersion. Rather than creating a flexible and more inclusive labor market, the institutional arrangement of the German labor market of the eighties and nineties was conducive to limiting low-wage employment and wage inequality. This model focusing skilled labor was also stabilized by rather restrictive labor market regulation (Estevez-Abe et al. 2001). Whereas this institutional pattern helped stabilize the core of the labor market, it also resulted in a strong segmentation of the labor market and high long-term unemployment. However, the German "high equality, low activity" equilibrium (Streeck 2001) resulted in an ever increasing burden of non-wage labor costs as a growing number of benefit recipients in the labor market directly translated into rising social security contributions and fiscal pressure on the state budget that was used to cover deficits in social insurance. …


Invariant feature descriptors such as SIFT and GLOH have been demonstrated to be very robust for image matching and visual recognition. However, such descriptors are generally parameterised in very high dimensional spaces e.g. 128 dimensions in the case of SIFT. This limits the performance of feature matching techniques in terms of speed and scalability. Furthermore, these descriptors have traditionally been carefully hand crafted by manually tuning many parameters. In this paper, we tackle both of these problems by formulating descriptor design as a non- parametric dimensionality reduction problem. In contrast to previous approaches that use only the global statistics of the inputs, we adopt a discriminative approach. Starting from a large training set of labelled match/non-match pairs, we pursue lower dimensional embeddings that are optimised for their discriminative power. Extensive comparative experiments demonstrate that we can exceed the performance of the current state of the art techniques such as SIFT with far fewer dimensions, and with virtually no parameters to be tuned by hand.


Schizophrenic patients living in high contact with relatives having high expressed emotion (EE) were recruited for a trial of social interventions. The patients were maintained on neuroleptic medication, while their families were randomly assigned to education plus family therapy or education plus a relatives group. Eleven out of 12 families accepted family therapy in the home, whereas only six out of 11 families were compliant with the relatives group. Non-compliance was associated with a poorer outcome for the patients in terms of the relapse rate. The relapse rate over nine months in the family therapy stream was 8%, while that in compliant families in the relatives group stream was 17%. Patients' social functioning showed small, non-significant, gains. The data from the current trial were compared with data from a previous trial. The lowering of the relapse rate in schizophrenia appears to be mediated by reductions in relatives' EE and/or face-to-face contact, and is not explained by better compliance with medication. Reduction in EE and/or contact was associated with a minuscule relapse rate (5%). Very little change occurred in families who were non-compliant with the relatives group. On the basis of these findings, we recommend that the most cost-effective procedure is to establish relatives groups in conjunction with family education and one or more initial family therapy sessions in the home. It is particularly important to offer home visits to families who are unable to or refuse to attend the relatives groups.


A naive observer does not see any problem with naming colors – don't we generally all agree about the naming of colors? Certainly, a given distribution of wavelengths usually stipulates the same denomination in different individuals, such as red or green . (Actually, due to our limitation to three classes of receptors, a huge number of luminance distributions will all lead to exactly the same impression of red). I here argue that the strict relation between wavelength distribution and color name hides the fact that the actual brain states of different individuals when seeing the same red probably differ significantly, a fact masked by the convention learned during childhood to label certain wavelength distributions with a specific word.


This thesis consists of three chapters, each of which focuses on different aspects of economic inequality. First, we investigate the differences in wage inequality between the United States and continental European countries (CEU). Wage inequality has been significantly higher in the US compared to the CEU since the 1970s. Moreover, this inequality gap has further widened in the last three decades. We study the role of redistributive institutions, particularly progressive income tax policies, in understanding these facts in a human capital accumulation setting. Second, we focus on statistical modeling of labor income risk over the life cycle. Using the PSID data, we estimate a novel specification for idiosyncratic income risk that allows for both the persistence and variance of earnings shocks vary by age. We find, contrary to the previous literature, that persistence is only moderate for young workers (around 0.70) and variance of persistence shocks follows a pronounced U-shaped pattern over the life cycle. These non-flat profiles have significant welfare implications. Third, we study differences in health care usage between lowand high-income households. We find that early in life the rich spend more on health care, whereas midway through life until old age medical spending of the poor exceeds that of the rich. We explain these differences using life-cycle model of health capital. We then use the model to evaluate the recent health care reform in the US. We find that policies encouraging the use of health care by the poor early in life have significant welfare gains. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Economics First Advisor Dirk Krueger


David Gray Carlson and Peter Goodrich argue that the postmodern legal mind can be characterized as having shifted the focus of legal analysis away from the modernist understanding of law as a system that is unitary and separate from other aspects of culture and society. In exploring the various "other dimensions" of law, scholars have developed alternative species of legal analysis and recognized the existence of different forms of law. Carlson and Goodrich assert that the postmodern legal mind introduced a series of "minor jurisprudences" or partial forms of legal knowledge, which both compete with and subvert the modernist conception of a unitary system of law. In doing so scholars from a variety of disciplines pursue the implications of applying the insights of their disciplines to law. Carlson and Goodrich have assembled in this volume essays from some of our leading thinkers that address what is arguably one of the most fundamental of interdisciplinary encounters, that of psychoanalysis and law.While psychoanalytic interpretations of law are by no means a novelty within common law jurisprudence, the extent and possibilities of the terrain opened up by psychoanalysis have yet to be extensively addressed. The intentional subject and "reasonable man" of law are disassembled in psychoanalysis to reveal a chaotic and irrational libidinal subject, a sexual being, a body and its drives. The focus of the present collection of essays is upon desire as an inner law, upon love as an interior idiom of legality, and represents a signficant and at times surprising development of the psychoanalytic analysis of legality.These essays should appeal to scholars in law and in psychology.The contributors are Drucilla Cornell, Jacques Derrida, Peter Goodrich, Pierre Legendre, Alain Pottage, Michel Rosenfeld, Renata Salecl, Jeanne L. Schroeder, Anton Schutz, Henry Staten, and Slavoj Zizek.David Gray Carlson is Professor of Law, Benjamin Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University. Peter Goodrich is Professor of Law, University of London and University of California, Los Angeles.


The SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2 have been implicated in regulating signaling from a variety of platelet and megakaryocyte receptors. In this study, we investigate the functions of Shp1 and Shp2 in megakaryocytes and platelets. Megakaryocyte/platelet (MP)-specific deletion of Shp1 in mice resulted in platelets being less responsive to collagen-related peptide due to reduced GPVI expression and signaling via the Src family kinase (SFK)-Syk-PLC g 2 pathway, and fibrinogen due to reduced SFK activity. By contrast, deletion of Shp2 in the MP lineage resulted in macrothrombocytopenia and platelets being hyper-responsive to anti-CLEC-2 antibody and fibrinogen. Shp1- and Shp2-deficient megakaryocytes had partial blocks at 2N/4N ploidy; however, only the latter exhibited reduced proplatelet formation, thrombopoietin, and integrin signaling. deficient in both Shp1 and Shp2 were severely macrothrombocytopenic and had reduced platelet surface glycoprotein expression, including GPVI, a IIb b 3, and GPIb a . Megakaryocytes from these mice were blocked at 2N/4N ploidy and did not survive ex vivo. Deletion of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-containing receptor G6b-B in the MP lineage phenocopied multiple features of Shp1/2-deficient mice, suggesting G6b-B is a critical regulator of Shp1 and Shp2. This study establishes Shp1 and Shp2 as major regulators of megakaryocyte development, platelet production, and function. ( Blood . 2013;121(20):4205-4220)


This paper uses auction hammer prices over the period 1996-2009, with a special emphasis on periods of economic downturns, to examine risk, return and diversification benefits of fine wine. Our research shows evidence that the wine market is heterogeneous with wine regions and price categories evolving differently in terms of volume and turnover. We construct wine indices for various wine regions and prices using repeat-sales regressions and find out that fine wine yields higher returns and has a lower volatility compared to stocks especially in times of economic crises. Forming portfolios for typical investors and taking risk aversion, different financial assets and various wine indices into consideration we confirm that the addition of wine to a portfolio as a separate asset-class is beneficial for private investors. Not only are returns favourably impacted and risk being minimised but skewness and kurtosis are also positively affected. Particularly, during the recent financial crisis these effects are most pronounced and improve portfolio diversification when it is most needed. Most importantly, balancing a portfolio with fine wine has resulted in added return while reducing volatility with the most prestigious and expensive vintages and estates outperforming the General Wine Index (GWI) during the entire research period. Results from the CAPM show that alpha is significantly positive over the period 1996- 2009 while showing a low beta coefficient. The use of a conditional CAPM model allows us to clarify the time-variance of alphas and betas depending on the economic environment that is not generally captured by the traditional CAPM. The time-varying dynamics of alphas and betas are in particular best explained by the spread between BAA- and AAA-rated bonds and the USD/EUR foreign exchange rate. Our findings confirm that wine returns are primarily related to economic conditions and not to the market risk.


BACKGROUND
The incidence of obesity and other features of the metabolic syndrome is increased in shift workers. This may be due to a misalignment between the internal circadian rhythm and the behavioral rhythm. The stress hormone cortisol could play a role in this phenomenon because it is secreted in a circadian rhythm, and long-term elevated cortisol leads to components of the metabolic syndrome. We compared cortisol levels in scalp hair of shift and day workers to study changes in long-term cortisol due to shift work.

METHODS
Hair samples were collected from 33 shift workers and 89 day workers. Cortisol was extracted from the hair samples with methanol, and cortisol levels were measured using ELISA. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated.

RESULTS
Shift workers had higher hair cortisol levels than day workers: 47.32 pg/mg hair [95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.37-58.21] vs. 29.72 pg/mg hair (95% CI = 26.18-33.73) (P < 0.001). When divided in age groups based on the median age, elevated cortisol levels were present only in younger shift workers: 48.53 pg/mg hair (95% CI = 36.56-64.29) vs. 26.42 pg/mg hair (95% CI = 22.91-30.55) (P < 0.001). BMI was increased in younger shift workers as well: 27.2 (95% CI = 25.5-28.8) vs. 23.7 (95% CI = 22.8-24.7) in young day workers (P = 0.001). Hair cortisol and BMI were positively correlated (β = 0.262; P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION
Shift work at a young adult age is associated with elevated long-term cortisol levels and increased BMI. Elevated cortisol levels and BMI may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk found in shift workers.


RAINEY, SHERLIE HEREFORD (3 Feb. 1939-7 Aug. 1992), mayor of WOODMERE (1985-89), was the first African American woman to hold a mayoral position in Cuyahoga County. In 1991 she received the highest number of votes in the Woodmere Village Council race. Also an athlete, Rainey set an American record for the standing long jump (1958) and was National Amateur Athletic Union champion of that event for 3 years. She was elected to the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame in 1991. Rainey was born in Cleveland to Jessie and Beatrice (Smith) Hereford. She graduated from EAST TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL (1956) and studied at Talladega College in Alabama before graduating from CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY. She later attended CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY's School of Applied Social Sciences. Rainey taught at East Tech (1960s), worked with underprivileged minorities for the U.S. Department of Labor, and later became an independent insurance agent. On 24 Oct. 1969 Rainey married William F. Rainey, Jr.; they had 2 sons, William F. III and Charles E. She played the trumpet at the Evangelical Community Church in EUCLID, where she was a member. Rainey won a position on the Woodmere City Council in 1977 and later served 2 terms as council president. Despite charges raised against her in 1988 for obstruction and in 1991 for financial mismanagement during her mayoral term, she was elected to the council again in 1991. Rainey died in Cleveland and was buried in Hillcrest Cemetery.


Crashes involving pedestrians are severe in nature due to pedestrians' vulnerability, lack of protection and limited biomechanical tolerance to violent forces if hit by a vehicle. Children are thought to constitute a high-risk sub-group. This paper provides an analysis of serious casualty child pedestrians in Victoria and highlights some important features of these collisions. The findings show that young children (especially males) are at significant risk of serious injury, that the majority of collisions occur on urban roads with speed limits of 50- 60km/h, and that (for older children) crossing the road at midblock sections without the aid of pedestrian crossings and (for younger children) emerging from parked vehicles are predominantly problematic. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly with regard to developing targeted initiatives within the Safe System framework that may achieve significant reductions in child pedestrian injury crashes.


PURPOSE
To improve efficacy and reduce toxicity of treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients from all risk groups, including infants and those with T-cell disease, were treated between 1987 and 1991. Standard-risk (SR) patients did not receive cranial irradiation, whereas high-risk (HR) and very high-risk (VHR) patients participated in a randomized comparison of 18 Gy of cranial irradiation conventionally fractionated versus two fractions per day (hyperfractionated).

RESULTS
At a median follow-up of 9.2 years, the 9-year event-free survival (EFS +/- SE) was 75% +/- 2% for all 369 patients, 77% +/- 4% for the 142 SR patients, and 73% +/- 3% for the 227 HR/VHR patients (P =.37 comparing SR and HR/VHR). The CNS, with or without concomitant bone marrow involvement, was the first site of relapse in 19 (13%) of the 142 SR patients: 16 (20%) of 79 SR boys and three (5%) of 63 SR girls. This high incidence of relapses necessitated a recall of SR boys for additional therapy. CNS relapse occurred in only two (1%) of 227 HR and VHR patients. There were no outcome differences found among randomized treatment groups. Nine-year overall survival was 84% +/- 2% for the entire population, 93% +/- 2% for SR children, and 79% +/- 3% for HR and VHR children (P <.01 comparing SR and HR/VHR).

CONCLUSION
A high overall survival outcome was obtained for SR patients despite the high risk of CNS relapse for SR boys, which was presumed to be associated with eliminating cranial radiation without intensifying systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy. For HR/VHR patients, inability to salvage after relapse (nearly all of which were in the bone marrow) remains a significant clinical problem.


Self-determination theory is grounded in the belief that people work best and are happiest when they feel that they are in control of their own lives. This invaluable book explains the ramifications of the theory and provides clinical examples to show that it can be used to motivate patients undergoing treatment for such physical or psychological issues as diabetes management, smoking cessation, post-traumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. The first part of the book provides historical background to self-determination theory, showing that it is humanistically oriented and has three decades of empirical research behind it. In the process, the authors discuss why humanistic psychology fell out of favor in academic psychology; why "self-help" and New Age books have such perennial popularity; and why it is so important for authorities to support patients' sense of self. The remainder of the book presents many specific case examples to describe the theory's application.


Mac Wellman's theater is filled by a weird array of voices that are neither strictly human, nor even strictly material. These pseudosolid voices map a topological obsession with holes, hollows, and the filling up of space by emptiness. This essay explores Wellman's theater as a "strange hole," where hollow spaces become receivers, openings for something unfamiliar to happen in our thinking, an event Wellman calls "apparence." In The Difficulty of Crossing a Field, the extraordinary prevalence of holes bespeaks an intensification of a philosophical strand in his writing: a ceremonial concern with a weirdness that is wild, a weirdness gone feral in math-fictional space. This essay explores his strategies for writing us into these registers of thinking by examining two kinds of holes. The first is a "hole poetics": the deployment of holey strategies in the poetic line. This holed line functions as both a preparation for thinking beyond the already-known, and as a scalar, fractal iteration of the topography of this beyond-space which is the second hole, a ceremonial, nasty, terrifying place that Wellman calls "Hoole's Hole," where the non-Aristotelian, non-Euclidian event of apparence happens.


The exchange interaction parameters of Gd monopnictides are deduced from fitting the total energies of different magnetic configurations to those computed within the Heisenberg model. The magnetic structures predicted by first-principles calculations as well as the Curie (Neel) temperatures obtained from Monte Carlo simulations are both in good agreement with experiments. A detailed analysis of the exchange parameters suggests that the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida-type indirect exchange interactions and antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions coexist in these compounds. The magnetic order changes from ferromagnetic in GdN to antiferromagnetic in other Gd pnictides as a result of the increased ionic radius of a pnictide in the latter.


Chenopodiastrum badachschanicum (Tzvelev) S. Fuentes, Uotila et Borsch has been recently reported (as Chenopodium badachschanicum Tzvelev) from Iran in the article published in Modern Phytomorphology. Unfortunately, the article contains some errors and outdated information on taxonomy of this species. Most importantly, the image of herbarium specimens reproduced in the article definitely represents not C. badachschanicum but, undoubtedly, a species of Spinacia L., most probably S. turkestanica Iljin. Judging from its distribution pattern, C. badachschanicum may be expected in Iran, especially in eastern mountain areas. However, there is no positive evidence of its occurrence in Iran yet and its recent record is based on a misidentification.


Higher education is perhaps facing the most unprecedented challenges ever. Financial turbulence, high unemployment rates, demographical changes, technological development and increased demands for high competence certainly implies the importance of putting cooperation between academia and working life on top of the agenda.The aim with work integrated learning is to enhance learning and prepare for working life by letting knowledge from research go hand in hand with experience based knowledge. This is often discussed in the view of how working life could cross the border into academia. However, a challenge for higher education is to discuss how to cross the border in the opposite direction. How could academia support learning integrated work? How could we foster a new generation of professionals to become boundary crossers, reflective practitioners and be a part of a continuously improved community of practice?


The cloud computing is an emerging and extensively used technology in the field of Information Technology only because of its scalability, throughput, easy and cheap access and on demand up and down grading of cloud services characteristic. Cloud computing is gaining concentration due to the development of internet technologies, reduced cost of storage and processing, growth technologies of visualization, SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and encroachment in internet security. But cloud security and privacy becomes the major issues because of its salient feature. In this study, present the literature work for the security issues and challenges with their solutions. Keywords—Cloud Computing, Security Issues, Cloud Services, SOA


Many modern societies are characterised by a strongly held belief that to have is to be. Thus, individuals often definethemselves and others in terms of their possessions. Possessions have come to serve askey symbols for personal qualities, attachments and interest. A possession that holds a significant position in society is fashionclothing. Fashion clothing has been described as possessing something approximatinga code. This study explores the relationship between consumers gender, age, level of materialism, and fashion clothing involvement. Data were gathered via a self-completed survey in Bandung, resulting in 478 responses being returned. The results indicate that fashion clothing involvement is significantly effected by a consumer's degree of materialism, gender and age.


Prairies once extended across much of Missouri, but now are dwindling and often surrounded by agriculture or other developed land. This has resulted in a mosaic-like landscape made up of small patches that are often isolated and distant from other patches. The theory of Island Biogeography posits that species richness of habitat patches exists as a dynamic equilibrium between colonization and extinction rates and that larger islands should contain more species than smaller islands. The purpose of this study is to examine how occupancy of a small mammal prairie specialist, the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, and other small mammal species, such as the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, are affected by patch size, fragmentation, and isolation of prairie patches from other similar habitats. This study will be conducted by trapping small mammals using transects surveys with Sherman live traps (a standard in the field) and individuals will be marked with a unique ear tag. Small prairie fragments throughout Missouri were used as a model system, to analyze community characteristics of these patches, I 1) created single season multi-species occupancy models to determine effects of habitat characteristics such as area, isolation, and perimeter, on small mammal occupancy, and 2) compared observed species richness to area, perimeter, and isolation. Six species of small mammals were found over the course of this study. Prairie area, perimeter, or isolation were not found to have an impact on occupancy or species richness. An unknown mechanism seems to be driving small mammal community composition and further data collection is needed to find the mechanism causing these variations.


Part of th Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Veterinary Medicine Commons, Population Biology Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, Veterinary Infectious Diseases Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Zoology Commons