While history has not been kind to Roman Jakobson's claiming all of poetics as a branch of linguistics (350), it would seem a priori that the study of meter and verse rhythm could use the support of linguistics, since meter is so technical a subject and apparently so clearly based on objective features of language. Indeed, in recent decades, most of the scholarly analysis of English poetic meter has been the work of linguists. Unfortunately, most it has been of limited value to the student of poetry. Much of the linguistic analysis of meter in English was a spin-off from Chomsky's generative grammar, his attempt to find the deep structures that determine whether an utterance is grammatical, and more immediately on Chomsky and Halle's generative treatment of English accenting in The Sound Pattern of English. Beginning with the work of Halle and Keyser, first in their 1966 article on Chaucer and more thoroughly with their 1971 book, English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse, generative metrists confined their attention to iambic pentameter and attempted to give an account of it that would predict metricality, that is, whether a given line of putative iambic pentameter was metrical or not. Although the original Halle-Keyser system was criticized and subsequently modified, in its method and aims it can represent the whole body of generative metrics. The Halle-Keyser account described an iambic pentameter line as a sequence of positions defined as W or S for "Weak" or "Strong." Each of these positions was to be filled with a single syllable. The simplest line was one in which every W position was filled with an unstressed syllable and every S with a fully stressed one, but the Halle-Keyser system recognized a limited set of variations on this pattern that were to be applied cyclically. That is, it presented a series of "correspondence rules" which represented, when read in order, increasing complexity in allowable lines. Ultimately, when the rules were applied, the only way that a line would be unmetrical would be when a "stress maximum" was in a W position. A stress maximum was defined as a fully stressed syllable between two weak syllables in the same syntactic constituent and the same verse line. From the first, critics of Halle and Keyser pointed out that their model identified passages of prose as acceptable iambic pentameter.(1) Other linguists, notably Kiparsky, attempted to develop better generative models than the Halle-Keyser model, but, as Derek Attridge has pointed out, the generative metrical theorists have still not succeeded in developing a model that will describe only metrical lines (The Rhythms 50). It could be said that the question posed by Halle and Keyser, namely, how does a competent English speaker recognize that a given line is metrical or not, is of limited critical interest, but the Halle-Keyser system was also, as we have seen, a system of increasing metrical complexity, so that one could decide not only the whether a given line of iambic pentameter verse was metrical or not but, if it was metrical, with what degree of complexity its regularity was realized, and this might appear to be a more interesting question for the student of literature. In this too, however, the generative approach has been of limited value. It is true that lines that take the greatest advantage of the allowable exceptions to the basic pattern seem intuitively more complex, to fit the pattern with greater difficulty. We have not, however, advanced very far in the analysis of a line of verse by determining its complexity. Generative metrists have not attempted to account for the relative value, either culturally or aesthetically, of simplicity and complexity--why, that is, a poet should choose a more or a less complex line or even a nonmetrical one.(2) Moreover, the concept of complexity is one-dimensional, whereas iambic lines differ from each other in many ways for which anyone interested in the analysis of poetry may want to account--for example, in pace, in the degree of stressing of syllables on and off the beat, where the main accents fall, and how the syntactic structure fits the verse line. …


This study highlights the experiences of people who have recently moved to or from 19 selected nonmetropolitan counties of Iowa. This report examines work factors as reasons for moving. The purpose is to increase understanding about why people move so community leaders and citizens can develop actionable strategies for attracting and retaining population.


State intervention emerged in the economy as an instrument
to deal with a variety of market failures and led to the development
of a wide set of activities: provision of public goods
and services, redistribution of wealth across citizens by means
of taxes and transfers, education finance, unemployment and
health insurance, labour and market regulations.
From one hand, these interventions may cause efficiency losses
by distorting agents' choices. From the other hand, efficiency
gains may arise from the reduction of the detrimental effects
determined by market imperfections. However, the scientific
literature also highlights that public intervention in the economy
–necessarily made through institutions shaped by the
conflicting interests of voters, politicians and bureaucrats–
always entails some degree of inefficiency. Hence, whether
state intervention enhances efficiency or not, hinges on the
particular market imperfection and on the particular implementation
of the public intervention considered. The present
thesis, acknowledging the potential usefulness of economic
policies made by the public sector, is focused on two activities
crucial for any state: the collection of revenue, necessary to its
very existence and to any policy, and the provision of goods
and services made throughout its local branches, with the aim
of evaluating its efficiency. Two theoretical contributions are
provided that investigate the impact of avoidance and evasion
on the self-declaration of liabilities made by taxpayers
and on optimal enforcement of tax laws. The third contribution
is an empirical inquiry using conditional frontier models
to assess the performances of major Italian municipalities.


ABSTRACT An important issue in taking account of uncertainty in flood inundation mapping is the communication of the meaning of the outputs from an uncertainty analysis. In part this is because uncertainty estimation in this domain is not a simple statistical problem in that it involves knowledge uncertainties as well as statistical (aleatory) uncertainties in most of the important sources of uncertainty (estimated upstream discharges, effective roughness coefficients, flood plain and channel geometries and infrastructure, choice of model, fragility of defences, etc.). Thus, assumptions are required associated with the knowledge or lack of knowledge about these different sources of uncertainty. A framework has been developed in the form of a sequence of condition trees to help define these assumptions. Since stakeholders in the process can potentially be involved in making and recording decisions about those assumptions the framework also serves as a means of communicating the assumptions. Recording the decisions also serves to provide an audit trail for later evaluation of the decisions and hence the resulting analysis. Communication can also be helped in this type of spatial problem by effective visualization techniques and a visualization tool has been developed for both a web-based service using Google Maps™ and a desktop application using the Matlab™ numerical package.


PtdIns(3,5)P2 is a low-abundance signaling lipid present at < 0.1 % of total PtdIns lipids in yeasts and mammals. Reduced levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 contributes to neurodegenerative disorders in humans and vacuolar defects in yeasts. Steady-state levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 are dependent on both its rate of synthesis and turnover. In yeast, PtdIns(3,5)P2 is produced on the vacuole membrane by phosphorylation of PtdIns(3)P at the 5 position of its inositol ring by the Fab1 lipid kinase. Cells lacking Fab1 make no PtdIns(3,5)P2 and exhibit defects in vacuole morphology and function. The lipid phosphatase Fig4 counteracts Fab1 activity by turnover of PtdIns(3,5)P2 into PtdIns(3)P. Vac14 is a regulatory protein implicated in the synthesis and turnover of PtdIns(3,5)P2. It acts as an adaptor protein that controls both of Fab1 and Fig4 proteins. In addition, Vac14 exists as a multimer that allows for self-interaction. However, multimerization state of Vac14 as well as the domain responsible for self-interaction remained unknown. This study aimed to identify the self-interaction domain to elucidate its role in the assembly of the regulatory complex of PtdIns(3,5)P2. The observations seen in this study suggested that Vac14 self-interacts via multiple conserved motifs in the C-terminus, which are crucial for interaction with Fab1 and Fig4, and the normal morphology of yeast vacuoles.


John Hume, a veteran game farmer and founder of the Mauricedale Game Ranch in South Africa, was deeply troubled by the record upsurge in black rhino poaching incidents and black-market horn thefts in 2010 and 2011. While the endangered black rhino represented only one segment of Mauricedale's hunting and farming businesses in 2011, the animal's survival was an important component of the ranch's and industry's growth potential in the future. As both a businessman and a rhino advocate, John Hume was contemplating an innovative idea that might help stop the decline of the black rhino: the creation of a market for legalized black rhino hunting. As he pondered the possibilities and alternatives to determine what his next move should be, Hume had several questions on his mind: Was the legalization of the international sale and trade of rhino horns a viable solution? Was it Hume's responsibility to save the black rhino, and was the animal a good investment?


We have interviewed members of three different Twelve Step programs about how they manage their recovery in a long term perspective. This data also provides insight in the social aspects of the Twelve Step program. We believe that HCI could be inspired for design of social media for lifestyle change by looking more closely at the Twelve Step program. For example the focus on sharing practical experience, creating groups with strong sense of identification as well as personal mentor relations.


The concept of psychological well-being and its clinical implications are discussed. A specific psychotherapeutic strategy for increasing psychological well-being, Well-being therapy (WBT), is presented, with a focus on the promotion of an individualized and balanced path to achieve optimal human functioning. The polarities in positive psychological dimensions and their clinical implications are particularly described .WBT has been developed and tested in a number of randomized controlled trials. Recently, international validation studies have replicated the Italian results. The findings indicate that optimal human functioning can be promoted by specific techniques , leading to a positive evaluation of one's self, a sense of continued growth and development, the belief that life is purposeful and meaningful, the possession of quality relations with others, the capacity to manage effectively one's life, and a sense of self-determination.


Catalytic strategies for the efficient transformation of abundant sustainable bioderived molecules, such as glycerol, into higher value more useful products is an important research goal. In this study, we demonstrate that atom efficient dehydrative etherification reactions of glycerol with activated alcohols are effectively catalyzed by nanoporous aluminosilicate materials in dimethylcarbonate (DMC) to produce the corresponding 1-substituted glyceryl ethers in high yield. By carrying out the reaction in acetone, it is possible to capitalize on the ability of these materials to catalyze the corresponding acetalization reaction, allowing for the development of novel, telescoped acetalization-dehydrative etherification reaction sequences to selectively produce protected solketal derivatives. These materials also catalyze the telescoped reaction of glycerol with tert-butanol (TBA) in acetone to produce the corresponding solketal mono tert-butyl ether product in high yield, providing a potential route to conv...


Visual attention plays an important role in epistemology. You come to know about things you see by paying attention to them, and thereby taking them up in thought and belief. Recent work in the cognitive sciences shows that attention also has a quite different role. Attention dictates not only what you take up in thought and belief, but also how things appear to you in visual experience. Attention enhances the neural signal that's processed for attended aspects of a scene, and so highlights those aspects by changing their visual appearance. For example, drawing attention to a colour makes it appear more saturated; drawing attention to a shape makes it appear larger. This raises a challenge for the epistemology of attention. It threatens to show that attention is a systematic source of illusion, rather than a reliable source of knowledge. Indeed, some scientists working in the area draw that conclusion.To meet this challenge, I argue that visual experience is experience of determinable properties: properties which admit of more specific determinations, as red is determined by crimson, and 90 to 110 feet long is determined by 100 feet long. One determinate property determines many determinable properties. So one determinate shape or colour may take on different appearances, in veridical experiences of its different determinables. And one determinable property has many determinates. So different determinate properties may share an appearance, in veridical experiences of one determinable which they all determine. I argue that the experimental data about attention and visual appearance are in fact well analysed in this way. For example, attention changes the appearance of a colour, giving it the same appearance as a more saturated but unattended colour; visual appearances remain veridical through this change, because they consist in experiences of different determinable colours, each of which the stimulus really instantiates. More generally, I argue that we need to recognise the role of determinable properties in vision, if we're to understand what experiments tell us about the contents of visual experience.To show that visual experience is experience of determinable properties, I draw on empirical work about the limits of visual resolution. Visual processes are not sensitive to the finest details of a scene; they're sensitive to determinable properties, not maximally determinate properties. I argue that visual experience is experience of a property only where visual processes are sensitive to that property. I explore the metaphysics of determinable properties, arguing that they have a natural unity which merely disjunctive properties lack. On this basis, I show how visual experience of a determinable property has the phenomenological unity characteristic of experience of a single shape or colour.With this account of visual indeterminacy in hand, we can also re-assess traditional assumptions about the nature of attention, and about the relationship between attention and visual experience. In traditional Anglophone philosophy, attention is often conceived as a window onto visual experience: attention gives you access to the contents of visual experience, but does not alter them. While this is clearly untenable in light of the empirical findings, a weaker view has attracted recent interest: visual experience is constitutively independent of attention; your seeing as you do does not consist partly in your attending. I make the relevant notion of constitutive dependence precise, and criticise Ned Block's argument for a version of this view, on the grounds that he underestimates the indeterminacy of visual experience.I then argue that, in some instances, visual experience does depend constitutively on attention - and also vice versa. I defend William James's definition of conscious attention as the `focalization, concentration of consciousness'. So conceived, I propose, attention is not a further mode of consciousness, over and above perceptual experience and thought. Rather, attention consists in a focusing of these modes of consciousness. For example, experiments have shown that attention increases visual resolution: when you attend, you see more determinate properties. Here, I argue, attention and visual experience are mutually constitutive: they consist in one another. More generally, I show how to understand attention in terms of the focusing of conscious cognition and perception. This, I propose, is the form of conscious attention we exploit when we take up what we see in thought and belief, and thereby come to know about it. I conclude by exploring some consequences for intentionalism about visual experience.


This thesis investigates the phenomena that underlie corporate governance practices in the Nigerian banking sector (NBS); the purpose is to understand the nature of corporate governance and the factors influencing it. It offers a response to a number of concerns raised about the effectiveness of banks' corporate governance practices, especially before the consolidation reform and during the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. Culture and leadership are identified as providing the most suitable theoretical framework for this study, and through grounded theory (GT), an empirical study is undertaken to identify the nature of corporate governance practices in banks, the factors that influence such practices and the outcomes of this influence. The GT methodology is used in the following ways: First, a comparative analysis is performed in the open coding stage, based on first and second series of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted with the executive managers of the 24 quoted banks in Nigeria, officials from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), representatives of the Nigerian Deposit and Insurance Corporation (NDIC), and other stakeholders. The open coding leads to the development of eight open categories, their properties and dimensions based on the responses garnered from the interviews and focus groups. Second, through axial coding, the identified open categories are subsumed into higher categories, and the relationships among these categories are established by means of the paradigm model. The paradigm model provides the basis for the development of a substantive GT. Third, through the selective coding process, based on a third series of semi-structured interviews that identify human action and a lack of leadership as core categories, relationships with other sub-categories are verified, which eventually leads to the presentation of the substantive theory of corporate governance for banks. This theory perceives corporate governance practice in banks to be affected by human actions and a lack of leadership. This substantive theory is then explored in relation to the formal theories of culture and leadership; this offers an understanding of the corporate governance of banks in Nigeria and explains the relevance of the formal theories more clearly. Furthermore, the idea of the social contract in relation to cooperation and trust is presented as a tool with which to address free-rider issues. The use of GT is extended to explore the phenomena underlying corporate governance in the given context, providing a better understanding of the influence of culture and leadership in corporate governance theorising. Finally, this thesis is the first attempt to combine the GT methodology, corporate governance and the theories of culture and leadership, and to offer insight into how to address the identified issues using the social contract strategy through trust and cooperation, making it a useful guide on corporate governance for banks. vii Table of


OBJECTIVE Lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition reduce insulin signaling. It is not clear whether excess fat deposition in nonadipose tissue arises from excessive fatty acid delivery from adipose tissue or from impaired adipose tissue storage of ingested fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this we used a whole-body integrative physiological approach with multiple and simultaneous stable-isotope fatty acid tracers to assess delivery and transport of endogenous and exogenous fatty acid in adipose tissue over a diurnal cycle in lean (n = 9) and abdominally obese men (n = 10). RESULTS Abdominally obese men had substantially (2.5-fold) greater adipose tissue mass than lean control subjects, but the rates of delivery of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were downregulated, resulting in normal systemic NEFA concentrations over a 24-h period. However, adipose tissue fat storage after meals was substantially depressed in the obese men. This was especially so for chylomicron-derived fatty acids, representing the direct storage pathway for dietary fat. Adipose tissue from the obese men showed a transcriptional signature consistent with this impaired fat storage function. CONCLUSIONS Enlargement of adipose tissue mass leads to an appropriate downregulation of systemic NEFA delivery with maintained plasma NEFA concentrations. However the implicit reduction in adipose tissue fatty acid uptake goes beyond this and shows a maladaptive response with a severely impaired pathway for direct dietary fat storage. This adipose tissue response to obesity may provide the pathophysiological basis for ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity.


Techniques for studying the mechanisms of chemical corrosion in fiber-reinforced plastics are of considerable importance. The most common analysis technique for studying chemical changes in polymers is Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. For polymers reinforced with graphite fibers, however, study of the matrix is hindered by the presence of the graphite, which strongly absorbs IR radiation in a broad band of wavelengths. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degradation of AS-4/3501-5a graphite/epoxy composite material exposed to solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Evidence was also sought for degradation in high pH (up to pH = 12) solutions. After long-term environmental exposure, a simple gravity flotation technique was used to separate the epoxy matrix from the graphite fibers for FT-IR analysis. The resulting spectroscopic evidence indicates that hydrogen peroxide attacks the secondary amines in the cured epoxy structure. No evidence of attack by high pH solutions was found.


Replacing fossil-fueled vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs) poses new challenges for public distribution networks. In order to accommodate these new loads in current grid extension planning, distribution system operators (DSOs) have to consider various EV penetration scenarios. This involves long planning and investment cycles, on the one hand, and several dissemination projections on the other. In this case study, the potential impact of EVs on transformer, cable sections and power quality in two representative urban and suburban low-voltage (LV) grids are investigated. For that, simulation studies based on real grid topologies are employed. Two different approaches to modelling EV charging concurrency behavior in the urban and suburban grids are applied. The study finds that when concurrency in charging is considered and EVs comply with harmonics regulation standards, Berlin's LV grids can accomodate very high penetrations of even 50% and 100% without the need for reinforcement. Penetrations below 30%, however, may lead to overloading or unacceptable power quality. This may occur if EVs do not comply with current standards or mobility and charging patterns deviate significantly from the proposed approaches.


[1] The interplanetary shock/electric field event of 5–6 November 2001 is analyzed using ACE interplanetary data. The consequential ionospheric effects are studied using GPS receiver data from the CHAMP and SAC-C satellites and altimeter data from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. Data from ∼100 ground-based GPS receivers as well as Brazilian Digisonde and Pacific sector magnetometer data are also used. The dawn-to-dusk interplanetary electric field was initially ∼33 mV/m just after the forward shock (IMF BZ = −48 nT) and later reached a peak value of ∼54 mV/m 1 hour and 40 min later (BZ = −78 nT). The electric field was ∼45 mV/m (BZ = −65 nT) 2 hours after the shock. This electric field generated a magnetic storm of intensity DST = −275 nT. The dayside satellite GPS receiver data plus ground-based GPS data indicate that the entire equatorial and midlatitude (up to ±50° magnetic latitude (MLAT)) dayside ionosphere was uplifted, significantly increasing the electron content (and densities) at altitudes greater than 430 km (CHAMP orbital altitude). This uplift peaked ∼2 1/2 hours after the shock passage. The effect of the uplift on the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) lasted for 4 to 5 hours. Our hypothesis is that the interplanetary electric field "promptly penetrated" to the ionosphere, and the dayside plasma was convected (by E × B) to higher altitudes. Plasma upward transport/convergence led to a ∼55–60% increase in equatorial ionospheric TEC to values above ∼430 km (at 1930 LT). This transport/convergence plus photoionization of atmospheric neutrals at lower altitudes caused a 21% TEC increase in equatorial ionospheric TEC at ∼1400 LT (from ground-based measurements). During the intense electric field interval, there was a sharp plasma "shoulder" detected at midlatitudes by the GPS receiver and altimeter satellites. This shoulder moves equatorward from −54° to −37° MLAT during the development of the main phase of the magnetic storm. We presume this to be an ionospheric signature of the plasmapause and its motion. The total TEC increase of this shoulder is ∼80%. Part of this increase may be due to a "superfountain effect." The dayside ionospheric TEC above ∼430 km decreased to values ∼45% lower than quiet day values 7 to 9 hours after the beginning of the electric field event. The total equatorial ionospheric TEC decrease was ∼16%. This decrease occurred both at midlatitudes and at the equator. We presume that thermospheric winds and neutral composition changes produced by the storm-time Joule heating, disturbance dynamo electric fields, and electric fields at auroral and subauroral latitudes are responsible for these decreases.


Molecular-targeting therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate is effective for metastasis/recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Likewise, imatinib would be effective in the neoadjuvant therapy for high-risk GIST. Neoadjuvant therapy may have the potential to increase the complete resection rate and to avoid the surgical rupture by decreasing the tumor size. Thereby, it is expected that improvement of recurrence rate and survival rate can be obtained by neoadjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy is also expected to be favored from the viewpoint of organ/function preservation by tumor shrinkage. The existing results of clinical trials established the feasibility of neoadjuvant imatinib therapy. However, proof of the survival effectiveness of neoadjuvant imatinib therapy has not been sufficiently demonstrated. The aim of this article is to introduce previous evidence and strategies regarding neoadjuvant therapy for GIST.


Selecting an appropriate process modeling language forms an important task for organizations engaging in business process management initiatives. A plethora of process modeling languages has been developed over the last decades, leading to a need for rigorous theory to assist in the evaluation and comparison of the capabilities of these languages. While substantial academic progress in the area of process modeling language evaluation has been made in at least two areas, using an ontology-based theory of representation or the framework of workflow patterns, it remains unclear how these frameworks relate to each other. We use a generic framework for language evaluation to establish similarities and differences between these acknowledged reference frameworks and discuss how and to what extent they corroborate each other. Our line of investigation follows the case of the popular BPMN modeling language, whose evaluation from the perspectives of representation theory and workflow patterns is comparatively assessed in this paper. We also show which tenets of modeling quality these frameworks address and that further research is needed, especially in the area of evaluating the pragmatic quality of modeling.


This paper examines the similarities and differences of the legal discourses on the prohibition of retroactive laws within the European human rights framework, and more broadly, a temporal framework that accompanies questions of historical injustice. The paper considers the significance of the notion of retrospective justice in post-1989 Europe, and more specifically in Germany and Poland. From a criminal law perspective the idea of punishing people for an act that was not a crime at the time of commission is regarded as reprehensible. However, a different temporal narrative was evoked with the fall of Communism in 1989 that was based on responses to atrocities committed during the Second World War. The paper outlines the legal context that frames retrospective justice, nationally and regionally, and considers the importance of permitting the law to work retroactively. By examining certain aspects of the German and Polish experiences, the paper concurs that retrospective justice in post-Communist Europe contributes a specific set of problems to the field of transitional justice, none of which sit comfortably with one solution, and all of which demonstrate that narratives on select chapters of Communist histories remain unfinished. The narratives also show that transitional criminal justice has taken on a permanent character in legal discourses, in which retrospective justice takes on a dynamic meaning. Key words: Retrospective justice; Retroactive laws; Transitional justice; East Germany; Poland; Border guards; Martial law; Judicial immunity; European Court of Human Rights; Gustav Radbruch; Polish constitutional tribunal


The Guattari Effect brings together internationally renowned experts on the work of the French psychoanalyst, philosopher and political activist Felix Guattari with philosophers, psychoanalysts, sociologists and artists who have been influenced by Guattari's thought.

Best known for his collaborative work with Gilles Deleuze, Guattari's own writings are still a relatively unmined resource in continental philosophy. Many of his books have not yet been translated into English. Yet his influence has been considerable and far-reaching. This book explores the full spectrum of Guattari's work, reassessing its contemporary significance and giving due weight to his highly innovative contributions to a variety of fields, including linguistics, economics, pragmatics, ecology, aesthetics and media theory. Readers grappling with the ideas of contemporary continental philosophers such as Badiou, Žižek and Ranciere will at last be able to see Guattari as the 'extraordinary philosopher' Deleuze claimed him to be, with his distinctive radical ideas about the epoch of global 'deterritorialization' we live in today, forged within the practical contexts of revolutionary politics and the materialist critique of psychoanalysis.


In southern Italy two ophiolite‐bearing belts, respectively involved in the Adria‐verging southern Apennines and in the Europe‐verging thrust belt of the northern Calabrian Arc, represent the southward extension of the northern Apennines and of 'Alpine Corsica' ophiolitic units, respectively. They form two distinct suture zones, which are characterized by different age of emplacement and opposite sense of tectonic transport. The ophiolite‐bearing units of the southern Apennines are represented by broken formation and tectonic mélange associated with remnants of a well‐developed accretionary wedge emplaced on top of the Adria continental margin, with an overall NE direction of tectonic transport. These units consist of a Cretaceous‐Oligocene matrix, which includes blocks of continental‐type rocks and ophiolites with remnants of their original Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous pelagic cover. The innermost portion of the accretionary wedge is represented by a polymetamorphosed and polydeformed tectonic units that underwent a Late Oligocene high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) metamorphism. The northern Calabria ophiolitic‐belt is indeed composed of west‐verging tectonic slices of oceanic rocks which, embedded between platform carbonate units of a western continental margin at the bottom and the basement crystalline nappes of the Calabrian Arc at the top, are affected by a Late Eocene‐Early Oligocene HP/LT metamorphism. The main tectonic features of these two suture zones suggest that they can be interpreted as the result of the closure of two branches of the western Neotethys separated by a continental block that includes the crystalline basement rocks of the Calabrian Arc. We thus suggest that the north‐east verging southern Apennine suture constituted by a well‐developed accretionary wedge is the result of the closure of a large Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous oceanic domain (the Ligurian Ocean) located between the African (the Adria Block) and European continental margins. The northern Calabria suture derives indeed from the deformation of a very narrow oceanic‐floored basin developed during the Mesozoic rifting stages within the European margin separating a small continental ribbon (Calabrian Block) from the main continent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background Impairments in executive function characterize offenders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and offenders with psychopathy. However, the extent to which those impairments are associated with ASPD, psychopathy, or both is unknown. Methods The present study examined 17 violent offenders with ASPD and psychopathy (ASPD+P), 28 violent offenders with ASPD without psychopathy (ASPD−P), and 21 healthy non-offenders on tasks assessing cool (verbal working memory and alteration of motor responses to spatial locations) and hot (reversal learning, decision-making under risk, and stimulus-reinforcement-based decision-making) executive function. Results In comparison to healthy non-offenders, violent offenders with ASPD+P and those with ASPD−P showed similar impairments in verbal working memory and adaptive decision-making. They failed to learn from punishment cues, to change their behaviour in the face of changing contingencies, and made poorer quality decisions despite longer periods of deliberation. Intriguingly, the two groups of offenders did not differ significantly from the non-offenders in terms of their alteration of motor responses to spatial locations and their levels of risk-taking, indicated by betting, and impulsivity, measured as delay aversion. The performance of the two groups of offenders on the measures of cool and hot executive function did not differ, indicating shared deficits. Conclusions These documented impairments may help to explain the persistence of antisocial behaviours despite the known risks of the negative consequences of such behaviours.


Mangroves dominate undisturbed nat- ural shorelines of many sub-tropical and tropical regions, yet their utilization by fishes is poorly understood. To provide the first comprehensive list of empirical field studies for comparative and ref- erence purposes, we assembled and quantified aspects of 111 mangrove-fish surveys published between 1955 and 2005. Differences in the location, purpose, methodology, data gathered, and analyses performed among studies have resulted in a frag- mented literature making cross-study comparisons difficult, at best. Although the number of published studies has increased over time, a geographical bias in the literature has persisted towards studies performed in the USA and Australia, and against studies performed in Southeast Asia and West Africa. The typical survey design has examined <10 fixed locations on a monthly or bimonthly basis for a period of less than 2 yr. Water temperature and salinity measurements have been the most reported habitat variables; others, such as structural and landscape measures, continue to be rare. Moreover, the focus to date has been on identifying assemblage-level patterns of fish use, with very few studies providing species-specific estimates of abundance, growth, mortality, and secondary pro- duction. Unless future studies strive towards ob- taining such estimates, gauging the importance of mangroves as fish habitat and their broader contri- bution to ecosystem diversity and production will remain elusive.


Quentin Meillassoux first book, After Finitude, argues that most of the post-Kantian philosophies, including phenomenology, are guilty of inconsistency, since none of them is able to give account of the ancestral phenomena. The incorrigible phenomenologist is accused to make it impossible to understand scientific statements about some ancient past, that would be prior to the emergence of life, and thus escaping from any kind of givenness. However, we think that this critic does not achieve its purpose, for four main reasons : the fact that signitive intentions can remain meaningful without being fulfilled by intuitions ; the gifts of the imaginative intentions which, through the example of fiction, open up possibilities, for ancestral statements, of some quasi-fulfillment ; the « thematization », by most of Husserl's disciples, of the diachronic nature of some events, the temporality of which differs tremendously with that of the inner perception's one, the latter sustaining the intentional correlation ; its interest for an entirely different scientific field, to which phenomenology borrows some notions, and more generally its procedures : quantum physics.


Collisions due to interference at MAC layer limit the throughput of Ad Hoc networks using IEEE 802.11 protocol at medium and high load conditions. The proposed MAC layer MAC-CPI-A (Collision Prevention due to Interference) protocol prevents collisions due to interference completely. In the proposed protocol every node refrains from beginning its transmission if any node within its `maximum interference range' is currently engaged in a data transfer. The `maximum interference range' for all nodes is pre-computed as a function of average distance between a transmitter and its receiver, the minimum acceptable Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR), path loss exponent, the carrier sensing range of a receiver and the maximum noise around a receiver. If the sudden change in signal received by a node is more than a `significant' value defined by the `maximum interference range', then the node infers that another node within its `maximum interference range' has begun its transmission. A scheme for generation of a new signal indicating a sudden increase or decrease in received signal of greater than `significant' value has been detailed.


INTRODUCTION
Trauma patients who develop multi-organ dysfunction have increased systemic levels of chemotactic cytokines. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to the gut may play a role. The purpose of this study was to examine chemokine production in a mouse model of mesenteric IR injury. Given the pre-eminent role of the neutrophil, there has been much investigation of the CXC chemokines, but very limited research on the CC and XC chemokines. We hypothesized that intestinal IR injury would induce remote organ injury and enhance serum CC and XC chemokine levels.

METHODS
Fasted female C57BL6 mice were anesthetized prior to laparotomy. In IR animals, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 30, 45, or 75 min, while controls underwent sham laparotomy, n = 5-7 per group. After the indicated time point, the incision was closed and the mouse was allowed to recover for six hours. Following euthanasia, serum levels of 15 chemokines (10 CC, 4 CXC, and 1 XC) were assessed and histopathologic analyses performed.

RESULTS
Seventy-five minutes of SMA occlusion was the key time frame for significant serum cytokine level up-regulation, intestinal and remote organ injury, and neutrophil influx into tissues. With 75 min of intestinal ischemia, significantly elevated serum levels, as compared to shams, were noted for seven CC chemokines: MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1β, MIP-3β, eotaxin, MDC, and RANTES. Levels of the XC chemokine lymphotactin also increased. Levels of MIP-2, IP-10, and KC/GRO (CXC chemokines) rose significantly. MIP-1α levels were only significantly increased at 45 min IR. We did not find any significant IR injury-induced changes in levels of MCP-5, MIP-1γ, or GCP-2, at any ischemia time frame. Serum levels of IL-6 correspondingly increased significantly with longer ischemia times.

CONCLUSIONS
The novel finding of this study is the demonstration of significant systemic increases in the CC chemokines eotaxin, MCP-3, MDC, MIP-3β in a time-dependent manner, along with tissue injury. The data suggest a complex response to IR injury whereby chemokines that are active on a variety of leukocytes may play a role in inducing local and remote tissue injury.


We look at the effect of exchange rate regimes on fiscal discipline, taking into account the effect of underlying political conditions. We present a model where strong politics (defined as policymakers facing longer political horizon and higher cohesion) are associated with better fiscal performance, but fixed exchange rates may revert this result and lead to less fiscal discipline. We confirm these hypotheses through regression analysis performed on a panel sample covering 79 countries from 1975 to 2012. Our empirical results also show that the positive effect of strong politics on fiscal discipline is not enough to counter the negative impact of being at/moving to fixed exchange rates. Finally, we use the synthetic control method to illustrate how the transition from flexible to fully fixed exchange rate under the Euro impacted negatively fiscal discipline in European countries. Our results are robust to a number of important sensitivity checks, including different estimators, alternative proxies for fiscal discipline, and sub-sample analysis.


We analyze the approximation and smoothness properties of quincunx fundamental refinable functions. In particular, we provide a general way for the construction of quincunx interpolatory refinement masks associated with the quincunx lattice in R2. Their corresponding quincunx fundamental refinable functions attain the optimal approximation order and smoothness order. In addition, these examples are minimally supported with symmetry. For two special families of such quincunx interpolatory masks, we prove that their symbols are nonnegative. Finally, a general way of constructing quincunx biorthogonal wavelets is presented. Several examples of quincunx interpolatory masks and quincunx biorthogonal wavelets are explicitly computed.


Abstract Tube-in-tube experiments involving a time-dependent variation of temperature or a strong thermal gradient were conducted in order to decipher the transport and transfer of Al in a closed medium along with dilute water. Results show that the solubility and the transport of Al are controlled by the alkali availability. Starting from a mixture of kyanite + quartz + muscovite at the hot end of a thermal gradient, Al is transported toward the cold end in the form of a complex with an Al/K stoichiometry close to unity. Since more Al than alkali are released by the dissolution of muscovite, an Al-rich phase (kyanite) forms in the vicinity of the starting minerals undergoing dissolution, although Al is mobile in the system. Then, the variation of the solubility of the Al-K complex with temperature leads to the formation of muscovite (+quartz) at the cold end of the thermal gradient. A quantitative interpretation of the experimental results was carried out using data from the literature on Al speciation in dilute water. Extrapolation of the laboratory data to natural rocks suggests that the diffusion of Al is an efficient transport process under medium-grade, low- to medium-pressure conditions. Therefore, mass- transfer estimates based on mass-balance analyses postulating a fixed Al reference frame should be considered with caution. Also the high fluid to rock ratio calculated from the amount of aluminosilicates occurring in veins of medium-grade metapelites is questionable because such calculations neglect the importance of the transport of Al by diffusion.


The centrality of race to our history and the substantial racial inequalities that continue to pervade society ensure that "race" remains an extraordinarily salient and meaningful social category. Explicit racial prejudice, however, is only part of the problem.  Equally important - and likely more pervasive - is the phenomenon of implicit racial prejudice: the cognitive processes whereby, despite even our best intentions, the human mind automatically classifies information in racial categories and against disfavoured social groups. Empirical research shows convincingly that these biases against socially disfavoured groups are (i) pervasive; (ii) often diverge from consciously reported attitudes and beliefs; and (iii) influence consequential behaviour towards the subjects of these biases. The existence of implicit racial prejudices poses a challenge to legal theory and practice. From the standpoint of a legal system that seeks to forbid differential treatment based upon race or other protected traits, if people are in fact treated differently, and worse, because of their race or other protected trait, then the fundamental principle of anti-discrimination has been violated. It hardly matters that the source of the differential treatment is implicit rather than conscious bias. This article investigates the relevance of this research to the law by means of an empirical account of how implicit racial bias could affect the criminal trial trajectory in the areas of policing, prosecutorial discretion and judicial decision-making.  It is the author's hypothesis that this mostly American research also applies to South Africa. The empirical evidence of implicit biases in every country tested shows that people are systematically implicitly biased in favour of socially privileged groups. Even after 1994 South Africa – similar to the US – continues to be characterised by a pronounced social hierarchy in which Whites overwhelmingly have the highest social status. The author argues that the law should normatively take cognizance of this issue.  After all, the mere fact that we may not be aware of, much less consciously intend, race-contingent behaviour does not magically erase the harm. The article concludes by addressing the question of the appropriate response of the law and legal role players to the problem of implicit racial bias.


Real-time information from microblogs like Twitter is useful for different applications such as market research, opinion mining, and crisis management. For many of those messages, location information is required to derive useful insights. Today, however, only around 1% of all tweets are explicitly geotagged. We propose the first multi-indicator method for determining (1) the location where a tweet was created as well as (2) the location of the user's residence. Our method is based on various weighted indicators, including the names of places that appear in the text message, dedicated location entries, and additional information from the user profile. An evaluation shows that our method is capable of locating 92% of all tweets with a median accuracy of below 30km, as well as predicting the user's residence with a median accuracy of below 5.1km. With that level of accuracy, our approach significantly outperforms existing work.


The Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Grizzly Hydroelectric Project consists of a single 20 MW Francis turbine under 700 feet head located near the existing Bucks Creek Project. A proposed 12 foot diameter tunnel, 12,100 feet long carries flows from the forebay to a surge tank, from which it joins a 5000 feet long, 90 inches diameter penstock that delivers flows to the turbine. The project is in an environmentally sensitive area and care has been provided in both the alinements and construction to preserve existing values. Details of the Howell Bunger pressure regulating valve operation to control waterhammer are given. Design criteria for critical operations under failure conditions are described. The effect of the lengthy penstock on waterhammer and speed rise considerations are also discussed. The sizing of bursting plates is reviewed for the Grizzly project in which the lengthy penstock has an adverse profile. The Grizzly Project acts as a peaking plant in the PG&E System, as a result stable governing is required, however frequency regulation is not a requirement.


Abstract Sport facilities are instrumental in keeping the population fit and healthy. Governments worldwide are thus engaged in devising policies, programs and projects for building such facilities, with the aim of providing citizens with opportunities for a healthy lifestyle. This feature is prominent in the Nordic countries, which have incorporated sport, leisure and physical activity into their universal welfare models. Understanding policies and politics for building sports facilities has therefore become a cornerstone in the understanding of conditions for sport and physical activity for all. In this paper, we investigate and compare the national structures for building and managing sports facilities in the Nordic countries, in order to add to the understanding of how policies and politics for building sport facilities can add to or hamper the sport-for-all ambitions salient in most of today's western societies.


Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the human colon and small intestine. IBD symptoms are non-specific; diagnosis can be delayed because an invasive colonoscopy is required for confirmation. Delayed diagnosis is linked to poor growth in children. Imbalances in the human intestinal microbiome - the community of microorganisms that reside in the human gut - are thought to contribute to the development of IBD. Work done to date in classifying host health statuses from patterns in human microbiomes with supervised learning algorithms has focused on modelling what is present in the gut (i.e. a bacterial census) with the random forest algorithm. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing is required to understand what is occurring in the gut (i.e. gene functions) and is often cost prohibitive for hundreds of samples. However, gene functions can be predicted with the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PiCRUSt) software package, which could represent a valuable source of new features. In this paper we investigate feature relevance across the feature set with the Boruta algorithm. We find that the majority of relevant features are from the predicted metagenome. Support vector machines (SVM) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP) are rarely used with microbiomic datasets but offer several theoretical advantages. To determine if the new features and alternative algorithms are appropriate, we experiment with a range of machine learning and computational intelligence algorithms. With the best performing algorithms we also implement a conditional multiple classifier system that can identify IBD presence, IBD subtype, and IBD activity from a non-invasive stool sample.


In this paper we explore an important issue for many overlay networks the presence of compromised nodes and how they affect the operation of the system. In overlay networks, compromised nodes can drop, delay or in other ways subvert user traffic and break protocols required for the successful operation of the system. We take a game theoretic approach to model the characteristics of a compromised node and an altruistic legitimate node who wishes to identify the compromised node. We first prove that the damage that can be done by the attacker has an upper bound. We then describe the operation of the system that can operate in the presence of compromised nodes by enforcing this upper bound on attacker damage.


A Box-Behnken design was successfully applied to st udying and optimizing preparation of oxygenated phosphocalcic apatite. At first, we have discussed th effects of three main process factors of prepar ation such as pH, temperature and duration of the reaction.Then, we have studied their interactions in order to incr ease the rate of oxygen insertion in the apatite channel. The qua dratic model which is derived from the Taylor-Mac L orain equation has contributed to optimizing the quantity of oxygeninserted. So, using graphical methodology based on isorespose curves, we have successfully introduced 4.5 % in weight of oxygen in the apatite channel.


One of the oldest churches in Rome – Santa Maria in Trastevere – has one of the most 'avant-garde' mosaic apse decoration in the city's history. In the turmoil that plagued the papacy in the early twelfth century, Pope Innocent II had created a unique monumental image of the Royal Couple (the adult Christ and his mother). It took more than a century for the mosaic's striking innovations to be digested and carried forward by Italian artists. In preparation for the auspicious date of 1300 and the founding of the first Holy Year, Cimabue in Assisi, Torriti in Santa Maria Maggiore, and finally Cavallini in Santa Maria in Trastevere, demonstrated their response to the earlier mosaic, and their equally 'avant-garde' amplifications of its visual motifs and theological ideas. Cavallini, moreover, worked in concert with an aristocratic churchman, literary expert, poet, and brother of the patron of his mosaics. The Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi provided six three-line hexameter poems – one for each scene in the Marian cycle that circles the apse. Together the artist and the poet devised synchronized units, verbal and visual, that coordinate with the image in the conch above. The aim of this essay is to define these unparalleled occurrences and the relations between them for the first time.


Purpose Posterior lamellar grafting of the cornea has become the preferred technique for treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction. Posterior lamellar grafts are usually cut by a micro-keratome or a femto-second laser after the epithelial side of the donor cornea has been applanated. This approach often results in variable central graft thickness in different grafts and an increase in graft thickness towards the periphery in every graft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if posterior lamellar grafts can be prepared from the endothelial side by a femto-second laser, resulting in reproducible, thin grafts of even thickness. Methods A CZM 500 kHz Visumax femto-second laser was used. Organ cultured donor grafts were mounted in an artifical anterior chamber with the endothelial side up and out. Posterior grafts of 7.8 mm diameter and 130 micron thickness were prepared by femto-second laser cutting. A standard DSAEK procedure was performed in 10 patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. Patients were followed-up regularly and evaluated by measurement of complications, visual acuity, corneal thickness (Pentacam HR), and endothelial cell density. Results Femto-laser cutting of grafts and surgery was uncomplicated. Rebubbling was necessary in 5 of 10 cases (normally only in 1 of 20 cases). All grafts were attached and cleared up during the first few weeks. After six months, the average visual acuity was 0.30 (range: 0.16 to 0.50), corneal thickness was 0.58 mm (range 0.51 to 0.63), and endothelial cell density was 1.570 per sq. mm (range: 1.400 to 2.000 cells per sq. mm). The grafts were of uniform thickness, but substantial interface haze was present in most grafts. Conclusions Posterior lamellar corneal grafts can be prepared from the endothelial side using a femto-second laser. All grafts were clear after 6 months with satisfying endothelial cell counts. Poor visual acuity caused by interface scatter was observed in most patients. Femto-second laser cutting parameters needs to be optimised to enable smooth cutting in the posterior stroma.


This paper presents the results of a survey designed to determine what tax topics are important in the educational background of a trainee accountant entering the training environment in South Africa. These topics were then compared to the 2008 tax syllabus prescribed by SAICA and taught at accredited universities in respect of the 2009 Qualifying Examination. The results indicated that the 2008 syllabus is largely meeting the expectations of respondents both in and outside public practice, although there are a number of topics that the syllabus setters and educators should reconsider when next reviewing and updating the 2008 syllabus and as part of the considerations for the new competency framework.


Aim
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a counselling psychology service in primary care.

Method
Comparison of SCL-90R and HAD scores of a group of clients in treatment with those of a control group receiving GP-only care, at four points in time; and with scores while waiting for treatment. The design combines elements of an open trial with elements of a randomised controlled trial, although full randomisation was not possible in practice. The results are expressed in terms of numbers of cases and effect size, as well as in terms of test scores, in an attempt to indicate levels of clinical as well as statistical significance. Comparison of number of visits made to general practitioners by participants in each group during the six months before and after treatment.

Results
The results indicate that the service was clinically effective: clients improved significantly after treatment on the scales used, the numbers of 'casee decreased significantly, and the number of visits to the general practitioners also dropped. Compared to the control condition, the treated clients did better on all these indicators, but the difference between the two groups was not great enough to show statistical significance at the 0.1% level required by the use of multiple planned tests, or on MANOVA, although on the major indicators (SCL-90R GSI and HAD Depression and Anxiety) significance was reached at the 5% level. The overall effect size was coculated to be 0.32. As it was 15 greater than zero, it indicates that the service's interventions were more effective than GP-care, but the magnitude of the effect was in the small to medium range.

Conclusions
The results of the research demonstrate that the counselling psychology service under study was clinically effective. On all indicators used, clients of the service improved over the period of treatment, and did so to a greater extent than patients in the control condition. However the advantage over the control group was not sufficient for statistical significance at the level required, and this is reflected in the relatively moderate effect size.


Topic models are evaluated based on their ability to describe documents well (i.e. low perplexity) and to produce topics that carry coherent semantic meaning. In topic modeling so far, perplexity is a direct optimization target. However, topic coherence, owing to its challenging computation, is not optimized for and is only evaluated after training. In this work, under a neural variational inference framework, we propose methods to incorporate a topic coherence objective into the training process. We demonstrate that such a coherence-aware topic model exhibits a similar level of perplexity as baseline models but achieves substantially higher topic coherence.


Rhizoctonia bare-patch (R. solani AG8) is a problem across WA's cereal growing areas and is estimated to reduce WA state-wide cereal yields by 1% to 5% annually at a cost of $27M in wheat and barley (Murray and Brennan, 2009. 2010). Current management practices recommended to minimise the impacts of rhizoctonia bare-patch In WA are combinations of, cultivation with a fungicide seed-dressing and adequate nutrition (Gupta et al., 2012). In 2013, new fungicide options became available for application on seed, including Vibrance® and EverGol Prime®. In DAFWA and SARDI field trials, these new seed treatments increased yield by 5% on average In wheat and barley ( Huberli et al., 2013).

Further to the research on seed treatments by OAFWA and SARDI, new fungicides and methods of application have been developed to reduce yield losses caused by R. solani. The first field trials to evaluate banding of liquid fungicides for R. solani control were conducted in WA in 2005 at Katanning and Northam (Syngenta funding) and in SA in 2010 at Geranium (SAGIT/Syngenta funding). In-furrow banding 2-3 cm below the seed is anticipated to provide protection to the seminal roots whereas surface banding of product behind the press wheel is anticipated to protect the crown roots.

This paper summarises the yield responses from most of the field trials conducted in WA and SA from 2011 to 2013 to evaluate liquid banding of fungicides to reduce yield losses caused by R. solani and efficacy data to label registration by the APVMA. The APVMA is currently considering applications from Syngenta and Bayer CropScience for label recommendations to band fungicides, and if approved, registration should be granted in 2015. Only the results of a Syngenta coded product (SYNSIF1 ) are presented in this paper to avoid supporting off-label use of other products.


: Over the past decades, ocean temperatures have been steadily increasing and are projected to continue to do so, stressing many temperate marine organisms. Changing temperatures do not affect ecosystems in isolation, but interact with many other factors in shaping ecological communities. We investigated the changes over 2 decades in subtidal temperate seaweed communities over a wave exposure gradient in Western Australia, a global warming hotspot. We found higher diversity in the seaweed community and a higher proportion of biomass of species with a warm affinity (ex-pressed as the tropicalization index: TI) over time. There was no decline in biomass of the dominant habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata on low wave exposure reefs, while it was patchier and com-prised a lower proportion of the total seaweed biomass on the medium and high wave exposure reefs. Furthermore, the presence of E. radiata was disproportionally associated with low abundances of seaweeds with warm affinity. The increasing patchiness of E. radiata likely provided a competitive release for other seaweeds, and the increase in abundance of Scyto thalia dorycarpa likely provided a compensatory effect which resulted in a lower than expected TI. We found no indication of an ameliorating effect by wave exposure, and conclude that the patch dynamics driven by wave exposure are more likely exacerbated by increasing ocean temperatures on subtidal temperate reefs. If this continues, the reduction in E. radiata and increase in warm affiliated seaweeds will result in a more diverse seaweed community, but one with a lower standing biomass.


The government's ability to obtain and analyze recorded information about its citizens through the process known as data mining has expanded enormously over the past decade. Although the best-known government data mining operation (Total Information Awareness, more recently dubbed Terrorism Information Awareness) supposedly no longer exists, large-scale data mining by federal agencies devoted to enforcing criminal and counter-terrorism laws has continued unabated. This paper addresses three puzzles about data mining. First, when data mining is undertaken by the government, does it implicate the Fourth Amendment? Second, does the analysis change when data mining is undertaken by private entities which then make the data or data analysis available to the government? Third, if the Fourth Amendment does impose some restrictions on government data mining, what might they look like? Current Fourth Amendment jurisprudence appears to leave data mining completely unregulated, while most commentators have called for stringent regulation or a prohibition on large-scale operations such as TIA. This paper takes an intermediate position on these issues. The proposed framework requires attention to the type of records obtained via the data mining, the extent to which they can be connected to particular individuals, and the government's goal in obtaining them. Based on proportionality reasoning that I have applied in other contexts, the highest degree of justification for data mining should be required when the data is private in nature and sought in connection with investigation of a particular target. In contrast, data mining that relies on impersonal or anonymized records, or that is sought in an effort to identify a perpetrator of a past or future event, need not as strictly regulated. In aid of this project, I describe a study that investigated lay views on data mining.


When Mikhail Baryshnikov defected in Toronto in 1974, he admitted that he knew only three things about Canada: It had great hockey teams, a lot of wheatfields, and Glenn Gould. In Wondrous Strange, Kevin Bazzana vividly recaptures the life of Glenn Gould, one of the most celebrated pianists of our time. Drawing on twenty years of intensive research, including unrestricted access to Gould's private papers and interviews with scores of friends and colleagues, many of them never interviewed before, Bazzana sheds new light on such topics as Gould's family history, his secretive sexual life, and the mysterious problems that afflicted his hands in his later years. The author places Gould's distinctive traits--his eccentric interpretations, his garish onstage demeanor, his resistance to convention--against the backdrop of his religious, upper- middle-class Canadian childhood, illuminating the influence of Gould's mother as well as the lasting impact of the only piano teacher Gould ever had. Bazzana offers a fresh appreciation of Gould's concert career--his high-profile but illness-plagued international tours, his adventurous work for Canadian music festivals, his musical and legal problems with Steinway & Sons. In 1964, Gould made the extraordinary decision to perform only for records, radio, television, and film, a turning point that the author examines with unprecedented thoroughness (discussing, for example, his far-seeing interest in new recording technology). Here, too, are Gould's interests away from the piano, from his ambitious but failed effort to be a composer to his innovative brand of "contrapuntal radio." Richly illustrated with rare photographs, Wondrous Strange is a superbly written account of one of the most memorable and accomplished musicians of our times.


This paper describes an Artificial Life approach to Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to employ mental representations of other minds in order to understand or anticipate the behaviour of others. We designed a model in which a population of neural network (NN) agents evolve the ability to predict, on basis of observation of past behaviour, others' future behaviour in novel circumstances. As agent behaviour is guided by private mental states, invisible to the predicting agent, this task forces agents to go beyond imitation and repetition of fit responses, requiring them to gain some degree of insight into the partner agent's internal configuration by observation of their externally visible behaviour. As such, this learning ability cannot be captured with conventional learning algorithms based on rewards or examples. We find that NNs equipped with neuromodulation mechanisms can be evolved to perform favourably on this task. The resulting networks are seen to behave as though they have a primitive form of first order ToM.


When compared to tests on reinforced concrete (RC) walls with a rectangular or barbelled cross-section, only very few tests on RC walls with open cross-section exist. Most of these walls were subjected to unidirectional or bidirectional loading along one or both of the principal axes of the wall section. It was rare that tests were done using load paths that did not follow the principal axes. This article presents a review of experimental tests of non-rectangular RC walls with open cross-section. The summary comprises tests on individual non-rectangular walls with different cross-sections such as for example L-shaped or U-shaped walls which were tested under quasi-static or dynamic loads. The tests are described with their prototype structure, test objectives, investigated parameters, loading protocols and test conclusions. Emphasis is placed on observations that are specific to non-rectangular walls, which include out-of-plane buckling of the free end of wall segments and significant deviations from the hypothesis that plane sections remain plane. The importance of bidirectional loading for nonrectangular walls is stressed because the critical loading direction for design may be different from loading in the principal directions of the section and because loading along one direction reduces the stiffness of the wall for subsequent loading in the direction orthogonal to the previous one.


In this paper, a subjective and objective fuzzy-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is proposed. The model which is based on a newly defined evaluation matrix replaces the fuzzy comparison matrix (FCM) in the traditional fuzzy AHP model, which has been found ineffective and time-consuming when criteria/alternatives are increased. The main advantage of the new model is that it is straightforward and completely eliminates the repetitive adjustment of data that is common with the FCM in traditional AHP model. The model reduces the complete dependen-cy on human judgment in prioritization assessment since the weights values are solved automati-cally using the evaluation matrix and the modified priority weight formula in the proposed mod-el. By virtue of a numerical case study, the model is successfully applied in the determination of the implementation priorities of lean practices for a product development environment and com-pared with similar computational methods in the literature.


In this paper, we adopt a Foucauldian perspective on power/knowledge interactions to investigate the evolution and implementation of policy for the Romanian Danube delta. We argue that a better understanding of the potential for citizen participation in environmental governance can be obtained from a careful analysis of the pathways of emergence, enactment and implementation of policies affecting an area. Policies are seen as temporary conceptual structures coordinating knowledge and power, in constant transmutation because of the confrontation with other power/knowledge configurations. For the Danube delta, it is argued that policies originating at various levels of government co-create a 'local' that is scrutinized, silenced, exoticized, subjugated and marginalized. Finally, we investigate the implications of this and similar processes of delineation of actors for participatory natural resource governance.


This book has a simple objective: to explore, illustrate and define a new set of rules for brand behavior in the digital age. Almost overnight, and throughout the world, brands have been forced into a radical rethink of how they behave and interact with people. The internet and other new technologies, together with changes in consumer responses and wider changes in society, have reshaped the communications landscape and disrupted the current advertising model irrevocably. Tom Himpe provides 17 mantras for everyone in advertising, communications and business in general, accompanied by 150 recent campaigns. With over 500 illustrations, all 400 pages are packed with invaluable content and analysis.


Introduction: Lipid level variations are among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Apolipoproteins play a the key role in lipid metabolism. In the present study the association of XbaI apolipoprotein B polymorphisms on lipid variation was examined. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 849 subjects from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study population. Blood pressure was measured and the body mass index was calculated. TG, Chol, FBS, HDL-C and its subfractions, Apo B and Apo A1 levels were measured, and LDL-C concentration was calculated. A segment of the apo B gene was amplified by PCR and the polymorphism was revealed by RFLP using XbaI restriction enzyme. Results: Allele frequencies obtained for X+ and Xwere 27.6 % and 72.4%, respectively and were in the HardyWeinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The presence of the X+ allele was significantly associated with increased total cholesterol (X+X+: 193±1.2 mg/ml vs. X-X-: 182±1.2 mg/ml, P 0.022) and apolipoprotein B (X+X+: 116±1.5 mg/ml vs. X-X-: 104±1.4 mg/ml, P 0.024). The associations were significant even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, diastolic and systolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar. Conclusion: The observed allele frequencies were similar to other studies. Considering the association of XbaI polymorphisms with lipids factors, it is important to examine the relationship of Apo B gene variation and similar gene with lipids metabolisms.


Power electronic converters produce not only characteristic harmonics, but also both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. This paper presents the physical background of both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. Generation causes are explored and discussed in detail. Extensive series of simulation of different power converter topologies are provided and compared with experimental results and existing standards. This research offers missing background for standards covering low-frequency EMC.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary substrate for photosynthesis by the phytoplankton that form the base of the marine food web and mediate biogeochemical cycling of C and nutrient elements. Specific growth rate and elemental composition (C:N:P) were characterized for 7 cosmopolitan coastal and oceanic phytoplankton species (5 diatoms and 2 chlorophytes) using low density, nutrient-replete, semi-continuous culture experiments in which CO2 was manipulated to 4 levels ranging from post-bloom/glacial maxima ( 2900 ppm). Specific growth rates at high CO2 were from 19 to 60% higher than in low CO2 treatments in 4 species and 44% lower in 1 species; there was no significant change in 2 species. Higher CO2 availability also resulted in elevated C:P and N:P molar ratios in Thalassiosira pseudonana (~60 to 90% higher), lower C:P and N:P molar ratios in 3 species (~20 to 50% lower), and no change in 3 species. Carbonate system-driven changes in growth rate did not necessarily result in changes in elemental composition, or vice versa. In a subset of 4 species for which fatty acid composition was examined, elevated CO2 did not affect the contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids significantly. These species show relatively little sensitivity between present day CO2 and predicted ocean acidification scenarios (year 2100). The results, however, demonstrate that CO2 availability at environmentally and geologically relevant scales can result in large changes in phytoplankton physiology, with potentially large feedbacks to ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem structure.


Despite links to animal disease governance, food and biosecurity, rural studies has neglected consideration of how actors make sense of the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and the implications for animal and human health. As antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a highprofile problem, the contribution of animal antibiotics is frequently mentioned in scientific and policy documents but how different agricultural actors interpret its significance is less clear. This paper offers the first social scientific investigation of contestation and consensus surrounding the use of antibiotics in agriculture and their implications for AMR as mediated through mainstream news-media and farming print media in the UK. Frame analysis of four national newspapers and one farming paper reveals three distinct frames. A 'system failure' frame is the most frequently occurring and positions intensive livestock production systems as a key contributor to AMR-related crises in human health. A 'maintaining the status quo' frame argues that there is no evidence linking antibiotics in farming to AMR in humans and stresses the necessity of (some) antibiotic use for animal health. A third frame which is only present in the farming media – highlights a need for voluntary, industryled action on animal antibiotic use in terms of farmer self-interest. Common to all frames is that the relationship between agricultural use of antibiotics and problems posed by AMR is mostly discussed in terms of the implications for human health as opposed to both human and animal health.


After reviewing the strengths and limitations of Transnational Studies, including its methodological nationalism, this article calls for the field to develop a theory of power. A transnational theory of power allows us to set aside binaries such as internal/external, global/local, or structure/agency, when analyzing historical and contemporary social processes and conflicts. Previous and current scholarship on imperialism can contribute to this project by facilitating the examination of the role of finance capitalists and of states of unequal financial and military power. However, Transnational Studies also must assess the contestatory possibilities of transnational social movements. The articles in this special section contribute to the development of Transnational Studies by examining past and present transnational constructions of locality, identity, authenticity, and voice, within social fields of uneven power. The articles also illuminate the types of transnational practices, conflict, and struggle that emerge.


The content on this guide was created by Bill Glaister, Former Curriculum Lab Coordinator. He developed the lists and projects, then tested them in Southern Alberta schools.


To reduce the risks associated with hazardous materials transportation by optimizing routes and delivery schedules, a multiobjective routing and scheduling program with multiple time windows and time varying attributes in hazardous materials transportation network is studied. First, a mathematical model for this program is proposed and two punishing functions are introduced to the model for converting multiple time windows into the penalty variables of model. Second, a two-step solving algorithm for model is developed, and the first step of algorithm is to find the set of non-dominated paths with specific departure time from the origin based on the improved dynamic programming method, the second step is to identify the optimal alternatives from the non-dominated set by using the grey correlation analysis method. Finally, a case study is given to show that the model and algorithm can effectively solve the routing and scheduling program in hazmat transportation network, and can identify the optimal transportation paths for the decision maker.


There are many instances where two closely related parties do not agree to mutually advantageous transactions even when there are simple enforceable contracts, and side transfers of fungible resources, that would implement them. Peace treaties are not signed, inefficient regulations are not altered, and possibilities for investment are frittered away. One reason, which has been extensively analyzed in the literature, is the presence of informational asymmetries. In this paper we focus on another potential explanation: the externality generated by the transfer of fungible resources. Unlike in a one-off transaction among unrelated parties, related parties will interact in the future. The very fungibility of the resources that are transferred to facilitate the immediate transaction can make it hard to restrict their use. As a result, if future interactions are influenced by the distribution of current resources, an externality can endogenously arise from the current transaction. Under some circumstances, even transactions that considerably enhance value can be inhibited by the endogenous externality. Agreement typically breaks down when the required transfer is large and the proposed recipient of the transfer is relatively unproductive or poor. The paper examines the implications for a theory of property rights, and for competitive strategy.


Peliosis hepatis and hepatic sinusoidal dilatations are rare vascular liver diseases that occur at increased frequency in kidney transplant recipients. We retrospectively evaluated in kidney transplant recipients the natural history of vascular liver diseases, their impact on patient and graft survival, and the influence of AZA withdrawal. Between 1970 and 1990, vascular liver disease was diagnosed in 32 cadaver kidney transplant recipients 1-128 months after transplantation (mean 41 months). Diagnosis was based on histology in all cases. Patients received conventional immunosuppression (high dose steroids and AZA). Twenty patients had a minor form (sinusoidal dilatations or focal peliosis), while 12 had a major form (diffuse peliosis) of vascular hepatic disease. Two patients were lost to follow-up and 1 died at the time of diagnosis. In 12 patients (group 1), AZA dosage remained unchanged, while it was interrupted at the time of diagnosis in 17 patients (group 2). Five group 1 patients underwent serial liver biopsies, which showed persistence of vascular hepatic disease in 3 (with regenerative nodular hyperplasia in 1) and disappearance in 2 patients. Eight group 2 patients underwent serial liver biopsies, which showed disappearance of vascular hepatic disease in 6 patients and persistence in 2. Moreover, regenerative nodular hyperplasia was noted in 1 case, perisinusoidal fibrosis in 1 case, and cirrhosis in 6 cases. Three patients of group 1 and 11 patients of group 2 returned to dialysis a mean of 21 and 39 months after diagnosis, respectively. Eight patients died and death was clearly associated with major peliosis in 2 cases. In kidney transplant recipients, vascular hepatic disease may be associated with high mortality, especially in major forms. Our findings indicate that peliosis hepatis may lead to severe fibrosing liver lesions. The course of vascular hepatic disease is not clearly modified by AZA withdrawal.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that follows an unpredictable disease course and affects multiple organs and tissues. We performed an integrated, multi-cohort analysis of 7,471 transcriptomic profiles from 40 independent studies to identify robust gene expression changes associated with SLE. We identified a 93-gene signature (SLE MetaSignature) that is differentially expressed in the blood of SLE patients compared to healthy volunteers; distinguishes SLE from other autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases; and persists across diverse tissues and cell types. The SLE MetaSignature correlated significantly with disease activity and other clinical measures of inflammation. We prospectively validated the SLE MetaSignature in an independent cohort of pediatric SLE patients using a microfluidic RT-qPCR array. We found that 14 of the 93 genes in the SLE MetaSignature were independent of interferon-induced and neutrophil-related transcriptional profiles that have previously been associated with SLE. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation associated with nucleic acid biosynthesis and immunometabolism in SLE. We further refined a neutropoeisis signature and identified under-appreciated transcripts related to immune cells and oxidative stress. Our multi-cohort, transcriptomic analysis has uncovered under-appreciated genes and pathways associated with SLE pathogenesis, with the potential to advance clinical diagnosis, biomarker development, and targeted therapeutics for SLE.


Large electron-density gradients in the polar-cap ionosphere, associated with the convection of patches of overdense plasma and the presence of high-latitude auroral arcs, produce tilted reflecting surfaces which result in HF signals propagating over paths well displaced from the great circle. Measurements have been made at a very high-latitude receiving site of signals propagated over paths contained within the polar cap. Systematic swings in the bearing of the received signal of up to ±100° from the great circle path were recorded and their characteristics related to the directional components of the interplanetary magnetic field and the level of geomagnetic activity, as these geomagnetic parameters play an important role in determining the state of the high-latitude ionosphere.


In Cirebon District the percentage of women giving birth was helped by health workers as much as 91.7%, while the remaining 8.3% was helped by health workers. In Sumber Lor, Babakan, the number of women giving birth in 2016 was 121 people. The results of interviews with traditional birth attendants that women were helped in 2016 amounted to 6 people. This study aims to explore the meaning and meaning of the mother's experience giving birth helped by the paraji shaman in Sumber Lor Village, Babakan Sub-district, Cirebon District. This study uses a phenomenological study approach. Subjects in this study were 7 women who gave birth assisted by a traditional birth attendant. Traditional birth attendant 2 and husband of 6 people as supporting participants. The results obtained in the study of maternal experience were helped by the paraji shaman in the village of Sumber Lor, Babakan Subdistrict, Cirebon Regency, which is the reason that some people still choose the paraji shaman as their birth attendant with a paraji dukun because these women want labor done at home (homebirth), The other is the cause of some people who still want to be helped by a traditional birth attendant because they feel comfortable giving birth by a traditional birth attendant, and the paraji shaman does a complete and caring service until the mother recovers and the baby's belly button is cured. Family support is one of the factors why maternity is assisted by traditional birth attendants, patience of traditional birth attendants when helping, and trust in the shaman, the assumption of the community to the midwife and midwife is the same as helping mothers give birth. The simple thinking of the community, which is important to survive during childbirth, makes them believe and believe in the paraji shaman and the cheap and complete costs are also a motivation for mothers who give birth.


We investigated the clinical efficacy of mirtazapine in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and also examined mirtazapine's effects on the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in these patients. Fifty-eight geriatric patients with major depression were assigned to an 8-week treatment with either 15 to 45 mg/day of mirtazapine. The efficacy measurements were performed by the Clinical Global Impression rating scales (CGI). Serum BDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the study, mean serum BDNF level of untreated depressed patients at baseline was 23.08 ± 11.25 ng/ml and the mean Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score was 27.8 ± 5.4. After remission was achieved, the mean serum BDNF level was 37.15±20.48 ng/ml whereas the mean HRSD score was 9.6±4.1. After 8 weeks of treatment there was a statistically significant difference in the serum BDNF levels. Meanwhile, HRSD scores and CGI scores were decreased significantly after mirtazapine treatment. Whatever male or female patients, mirtazapine significantly improved serum BDNF levels and decreased the CGI and HRSD scores from baseline. The results showed serum BDNF levels may be considered as a marker of response to mirtazapine antidepressant treatment for Chinese geriatric patients with major depression. And mirtazapine has been an important option for the treatment of major depression in geriatric patients.


summary: on the basis of three case studies the paper discusses the application of social science research in a government agency . by extending the lazarsfeldian utilization model to include organizational characteristics, we find the following: an objective utilization deficit attributable to the lack of an urgent practical problem and the heterogeneity of interests on part of hierarchical levels of the user organization (case 1), a pseudo-utilization caused by an incongruence of instances involved in initiation, administration and utilization paired with a diversitvy of competencies (case 2), a rather extensive utilization, despite a poor substantive basis, achieved by means of a selective and primarily symbolic use to legitimate existing policy (case 3). these findings indicate above all that mode and extent of political realization of research results are strongly affected by organizational conditions and special interests.;


Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Entrepreneurs have been considered instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio-economic development. In India, concept of women entrepreneurship is of recent origin. Women have become aware about their rights and situations and entered in different fields of business. They have established their own successful business empires. They are contributing towards the growth of economy and improvement of their socio- economic conditions. Government of India has given due importance to women empowerment in the country and several schemes has been introduced for the upliftment of women entrepreneurs. Women workforce ratio in the country is increasing due to the increase in the women literacy rate in India.The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) is proved to be boon for the rural women in some states of India. It has not only raised their income but also their social status. This paper particularly focuses on various issues pertaining to women entrepreneur's issues, challenges and future perspective in India.The women in rural areas are showing interest to become entrepreneurs because there is lot of financial facilities from the SHGs. SHGs are self-governed with decisions about production and marketing taken collectively, although the group leader is responsible for identifying potential marketing centers and consumer in formal groups. Informal groups empower rural women to manage rural industries and make decisions collectively for their common economic interests. The encouragement of women towards entrepreneurship leads to the development of the nation as they constitute half of the population. The study reveals the reasons for which they wanted to become entrepreneurs, the problems faced by them in the context of carrying out the entrepreneurial activities and suggestions to overcome the problems.


It is used to talk about migrants that cross the border, also for citizens that go missing, for those who were murdered during the Spanish civil war and the following dictatorship, it is also the name used to call those erased of the registers in Dominican Republic or Mexico, and sometimes it is how people refer to uncontacted tribes of the Amazonian… The name for those and many others is disappeared. None of those situations correspond, nevertheless, to what the law qualifies as "enforced disappearance". This issue considers the uses of the category disappearance looking mostly into the social, rather than the savants, uses. The five articles gathered in this issue show how the category disappearance is exceeded and its potentiality as a tool to analyze subjects expelled, pariahs, the precarious, the vulnerable, abandoned lives.


This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in developing countries and investigates the success factors in countries where WHR has become widely spread. The report then focuses on the in-depth analysis of WHR potential and enabling factors in eleven country markets in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), South Asia (India, Pakistan), Middle East (Egypt, Turkey), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico) and East Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). The report maps out major WHR equipment suppliers. In addition, the report includes a brief analysis of business and project models used internationally to support WHR deployment.


Geochronological reconnaissance of the Uganda basement suggests that the Watian Granulites of the West Nile are the oldest rocks. These rocks have been closed chemical systems for at least 2880 m.y. although throughout the basement they have also been reactivated at about 2550 m.y. This reactivation is seen as a widespread migmatization event involving a calc-alkaline granitic host magma. Towards the Mozambique Fold Belt in E. Uganda the basement gneisses are involved in a much younger granitic injection phase that dates close to 650 m.y. and is therefore considered to be related to the Mozambique event. The Mirian gneisses of the West Nile, which are unconformable on the older granitic gneisses, contain 950 m.y. zircons. This evidence favours the Mirian event as being the metamorphic equivalent of the 1200 m.y. Karagwe-Ankolean sediments found to the south. A summary of the available ages on the Uganda basement is presented.


Introduction Physical activity is recommended for improving health among people with common chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis and low mood. One approach to promote physical activity is via primary care exercise referral schemes (ERS). However, there is limited support for the effectiveness of ERS for increasing long-term physical activity and additional interventions are needed to help patients overcome barriers to ERS uptake and adherence. This study aims to determine whether augmenting usual ERS with web-based behavioural support, based on the LifeGuide platform, will increase long-term physical activity for patients with chronic physical and mental health conditions, and is cost-effective. Methods and analysis A multicentre parallel two-group randomised controlled trial with 1:1 individual allocation to usual ERS alone (control) or usual ERS plus web-based behavioural support (intervention) with parallel economic and mixed methods process evaluations. Participants are low active adults with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis or a history of depression, referred to an ERS from primary care in the UK. The primary outcome measure is the number of minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in ≥10 min bouts measured by accelerometer over 1 week at 12 months. We plan to recruit 413 participants, with 88% power at a two-sided alpha of 5%, assuming 20% attrition, to demonstrate a between-group difference of 36–39 min of MVPA per week at 12 months. An improvement of this magnitude represents an important change in physical activity, particularly for inactive participants with chronic conditions. Ethics and dissemination Approved by North West Preston NHS Research Ethics Committee (15/NW/0347). Dissemination will include publication of findings for the stated outcomes, parallel process evaluation and economic evaluation in peer-reviewed journals. Results will be disseminated to ERS services, primary healthcare providers and trial participants. Trial registration number ISRCTN15644451; Pre-results.


Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a powerful model for sequential data. End-to-end training methods such as Connectionist Temporal Classification make it possible to train RNNs for sequence labelling problems where the input-output alignment is unknown. The combination of these methods with the Long Short-term Memory RNN architecture has proved particularly fruitful, delivering state-of-the-art results in cursive handwriting recognition. However RNN performance in speech recognition has so far been disappointing, with better results returned by deep feedforward networks. This paper investigates deep recurrent neural networks, which combine the multiple levels of representation that have proved so effective in deep networks with the flexible use of long range context that empowers RNNs. When trained end-to-end with suitable regularisation, we find that deep Long Short-term Memory RNNs achieve a test set error of 17.7% on the TIMIT phoneme recognition benchmark, which to our knowledge is the best recorded score.


Prior to 2007, two systems of bus driver compensation coexisted in Santiago, Chile: one paid drivers per passenger transported, while the other paid a fixed wage. Per-passenger drivers engaged in "The War for the Fare," altering their driving patterns to compete for passengers. Examining these systems on similar routes in Santiago, we observed two key findings. Compared with the fixed-wage system, the per-passenger system leads to (1) 13% shorter passenger wait times, via reduced bunching of buses and (2) 67% more accidents per kilometer driven, via more aggressive driving. We discuss implications for the design of incentives in public transit . ( JEL L92, M52, R41)