Compared to all prior recessions since the end of World War II, the 2007-2009 recession ranks worst in terms of the number of jobs lost (over eight million), and second worst in the percentage decline (6 percent). The key to economic recovery will come in the form of newly created jobs. But where will these jobs come from?Using United States Census Bureau data from 2006-2007, this paper examines net new job creation in terms of firm age rather than firm size. Until 2005, we knew that from 1980-2005, nearly all net job creation in the United States occurred in firms less than five years old. This data set also shows that without start-ups, net job creation for the American economy would be negative in all but a handful of years. If one excludes start-ups, an analysis of the 2007 Census data shows that young firms (defined as one to five years old) still account for roughly two-thirds of job creation, averaging nearly four new jobs per firm per year. Of the overall 12 million new jobs added in 2007, young firms were responsible for the creation of nearly 8 million of those jobs.Given this information, it is clear that new and young companies and the entrepreneurs that create them are the engines of job creation and eventual economic recovery. The distinction of firm age, not necessarily size, as the driver of job creation has many implications, particularly for policymakers who are focusing on small business as the answer to a dire employment situation.


Since their dawning, space communications have been among the strongest driving applications for the development of error correcting codes. Indeed, space-to-Earth telemetry (TM) links have extensively exploited advanced coding schemes, from convolutional codes to Reed-Solomon codes (also in concatenated form) and, more recently, from turbo codes to low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The efficiency of these schemes has been extensively proved in several papers and reports. The situation is a bit different for Earth-to-space telecommand (TC) links. Space TCs must reliably convey control information as well as software patches from Earth control centers to scientific payload instruments and engineering equipment onboard (O/B) spacecraft. The success of a mission may be compromised because of an error corrupting a TC message: a detected error causing no execution or, even worse, an undetected error causing a wrong execution. This imposes strict constraints on the maximum acceptable detected and undetected error rates.


Historians, political scientists, academic lawyers, litigants, and judges have parsed nearly every article, clause, phrase, and word of the United States Constitution of 1787. Nonetheless, there remain a few "orphan" clauses: obscure provisions and clauses which have escaped significant academic and judicial commentary. Of course, absent concrete cases and controversies, judges have no substantial opportunity to opine on such provisions. When academics engage these materials, the results are not too pretty. One standard response is to opine that these provisions had no reasonably determinate meaning in 1787 within the American polity, or, even if they once (may have) had such a determinate meaning, we now lack sufficient records to determine their meaning. Another standard trope is to assume that these clauses are redundant (with other clauses whose meaning we know) or to assume aspirational unity with other clauses (again, clauses whose meanings we know). In this lecture, I will discuss three orphan provisions, including: (i) the Orders, Resolutions, and Votes Clause (U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 7, Clause 3); (ii) the "Propose or Concur with Amendments" language within the Origination Clause (U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 7, Clause 1); and (iii) the diverse language in the Constitution relating to Office and Officer. In regard, to each provision (or related set of provisions), I will explain how the current understanding (or, at least, my understanding) of these provisions has been destabilised (or influenced) by investigating foreign legal – in particular, foreign parliamentary – materials. Finally, I will opine on why I believe Australian (and Canadian) legal, and especially parliamentary, sources, are likely to prove particularly useful sources in developing early American constitutional and statutory materials. [September 2, 2013]


This paper develops an econometric model of industry dynamics for concentrated markets that can be estimated very quickly from market-level panel data on the number of producers and consumers using a nested fixed-point algorithm. We show that the model has an essentially unique symmetric Markov-perfect equilibrium that can be calculated from the fixed points of a finite sequence of low-dimensional contraction mappings. Our nested fixed point procedure extends Rust's (1987) to account for the observable implications of mixed strategies on survival. We illustrate the model's empirical application with ten years of County Business Patterns data from the Motion Picture Theaters industry in 573 Micropolitan Statistical Areas. The results are suggestive of fierce competition between theaters in the market for film exhibition rights.


The shortest path problem in which the \((s,t)\)-paths \(P\) of a given digraph \(G =(V,E)\) are compared with respect to the sum of their edge costs is one of the best known problems in combinatorial optimization. The paper is concerned with a number of variations of this problem having different objective functions like bottleneck, balanced, minimum deviation, algebraic sum, \(k\)-sum and \(k\)-max objectives, \((k_1, k_2)-max, (k_1, k_2)\)-balanced and several types of trimmed-mean objectives. We give a survey on existing algorithms and propose a general model for those problems not yet treated in literature. The latter is based on the solution of resource constrained shortest path problems with equality constraints which can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time if the given graph is acyclic and the number of resources is fixed. In our setting, however, these problems can be solved in strongly polynomial time. Combining this with known results on \(k\)-sum and \(k\)-max optimization for general combinatorial problems, we obtain strongly polynomial algorithms for a variety of path problems on acyclic and general digraphs.


Immigration presents a daunting challenge to successive British governments. The public ranks immigration as one of the leading policy issues after the economy and employment. There is also greater public support for stronger immigration controls than in many other countries. In response, government strategy has included the use of a citizenship test. While the citizenship test is widely acknowledged as one key part of immigration policy, the test has received surprisingly little critical analysis. This article is an attempt to bring greater attention to serious problems with the current test and to offer three recommendations for its revision and reform. First, there is a need to revise and update the citizenship test. Secondly, there is a need to expand the test to include questions about British history and basic law. The third recommendation is more wide-ranging: it is that we reconsider what we expect new citizens to know more broadly. The citizenship test should not be viewed as a barrier, but as a bridge. The focus should centre on what future citizens should be expected to know rather than how others might be excluded. The test should ensure that future citizens are suitably prepared for citizenship. There is an urgent need to improve the test and this should not be an opportunity wasted for the benefit of both citizens and future citizens alike.


Clinical pain is difficult to study using standard Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging because it is often ongoing and, if evoked, it is associated with stimulus-correlated motion. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) offers an attractive alternative. This study used arm repositioning to evoke clinically-relevant musculoskeletal pain in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Fifty-five patients were scanned using a multi post-labelling delay pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) sequence, first with both arms along the body and then with the affected arm raised into a painful position. Twenty healthy volunteers were scanned as a control group. Arm repositioning resulted in increased perfusion in brain regions involved in sensory processing and movement integration, such as the contralateral primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex, mid- and posterior cingulate cortex, and, bilaterally, in the insular cortex/operculum, putamen, thalamus, midbrain and cerebellum. Perfusion in the thalamus, midbrain and cerebellum was larger in the patient group. Results of a post hoc analysis suggested that the observed perfusion changes were related to pain rather than arm repositioning. This study showed that ASL can be useful in research on clinical ongoing musculoskeletal pain but the technique is not sensitive enough to detect small differences in perfusion.


Research on the positive effects of video game play suggests that video games provide an analgesic effect. The majority of research examining the analgesic properties of video games has suggested that cognitive distraction is the primary mechanism that drives this phenomenon. Playing video games also results in an increase in blood pressure. This increase in blood pressure may also be responsible for the analgesic effects of video games through the process of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) and is often not examined in studies of video game distraction. The current study aimed to determine if the analgesia from video games is related to the changes in blood pressure via SIA. To test this, participants played one of three video games with varying levels of stress or were assigned to a drawing control. All were subjected to pain using a cold pressor. While gaming condition was related to perceived stress and frustration, there was no effect of gaming condition on any measure of pain perception or blood pressure. These results suggest that while the gaming conditions effectively induced stress, they did not bring about the desired effects of SIA.


"I have no wish to play the pontificating fool, pretending that I've suddenly come up with the answers to all life's questions. Quite the contrary, I began this book as an exploration, an exercise in selfquestioning. In other words, I wanted to find out, as I looked back at a long and complicated life, with many twists and turns, how well I've done at measuring up to the values I myself have set." In this luminous memoir, a true American icon looks back on his celebrated life and career. His body of work is arguably the most morally significant in cinematic history, and the power and influence of that work are indicative of the character of the man behind the many storied roles. Sidney Poitier here explores these elements of character and personal values to take his own measure--as a man, as a husband and father, and as an actor. Poitier credits his parents and his childhood on tiny Cat Island in the Bahamas for equipping him with the unflinching sense of right and wrong and of selfworth that he has never surrendered and that have dramatically shaped his world. "In the kind of place where I grew up," recalls Poitier, "what's coming at you is the sound of the sea and the smell of the wind and momma's voice and the voice of your dad and the craziness of your brothers and sisters ... and that's it." Without television, radio, and material distractions to obscure what matters most, he could enjoy the simple things, endure the long commitments, and find true meaning in his life. Poitier was uncompromising as he pursued a personal and public life that would honor his upbringing and the invaluable legacy of his parents just a few years after his introduction to indoor plumbing and theautomobile, Poitier broke racial barrier after racial barrier to launch a pioneering acting career. Committed to the notion that what one does for a living articulates who one is, Poitier played only forceful and affecting characters who said something positive, useful, and lasting about the human condition. Here, finally, is Poitier's own introspective look at what has informed his performances and his life. Poitier explores the nature of sacrifice and commitment, pride and humility, rage and forgiveness, and paying the price for artistic integrity, What emerges is a picture of a man seeking truth, passion, and balance in the face of limits--his own and the world's. A triumph of the spirit, "The Measure of a Man" captures the essential Poitier.


Richard Baxter (1615-1691) was vicar of Kidderminster from 1647 to 1661. In an introduction to this reprint, Dr. J.I. Packer describes him as 'the most outstanding pastor, evangelist and writer on practical and devotional themes that Puritanism produced'. His ministry transformed the people of Kidderminster from 'an ignorant, rude and reveling people' to a godly, worshipping community. These pages, first prepared for a Worcestershire association of ministers in 1656, deal with the means by which such changes are ever to be accomplished. In his fervent plea for the discharge of the spiritual obligations of the ministry, Baxter, in the words of his contemporary, Thomas Manton, 'came nearer the apostolic writings than any man in the age'. A century later Philip Doddridge wrote, 'The Reformed Pastor is a most extraordinary book...many good men are but shadows of what (by the blessing of God) they might be, if the maxims and measures laid down in that incomparable Treatise were strenuously pursued.' Today, Baxter's principles, drawn from Scripture, and re-applied in terms of modern circumstances, will provide both ministers and other Christians with challenge, direction and help. (from the back cover of the book)


The events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent declaration of an open-ended "war on terror" have given a new urgency to long-standing discussions of the relationship of Islam to liberalism. In order to avoid the polemics that characterize much of the writing in the "Islam/Liberalism" genre, this Article proposes to use the framework set forth in John Rawls' Political Liberalism to examine the grounds on which Muslim citizens of a liberal state could participate in a Rawlsian overlapping consensus. An overlapping consensus according to Rawls arises among citizens in a politically liberal state when they - despite holding incompatible theories of the good - each endorse the constitutional essentials of a politically liberal state for reasons within their own comprehensive religious or philosophical doctrines. This Article argues that the basis on which orthodox Muslims can participate in such an overlapping consensus can be found in Islamic theology and ethics. Because theology and ethics comprise the fundamental commitments of orthodox Islam, the political commitments set forth in Islamic substantive law which are inconsistent with constitutional essentials must be interpreted in light of those commitments. After describing orthodox Islam's theological and ethical commitments to rational theological and moral inquiry, the Article argues that such commitments implicitly require political institutions that allow free theological and ethical inquiry. The Article illustrates this aspect of Islam by describing the development of a system of intra-Muslim normative pluralism in which the existence of conflicting ethical judgments was accepted as a legitimate and inevitable product of moral reasoning. The existence of normative pluralism in the realm of ethics, in turn, made the project of a legal system derived entirely from revelation an epistemological impossibility. The result was that Islamic substantive law was forced to adopt non-theological modes of justification. The Article argues that, in the course of so doing, Muslim jurists made appeals to what Rawls would deem to be public reason. The Article concludes with a series of examples from Islamic substantive law that illustrate the ways in which the pre-modern Islamic legal system represents a qualified form of public reason, consistent with the public culture of a liberal democracy.


Fashion Theory takes as its starting point a definition of "fashion" as the cultural construction of the embodied identity. The importance of studying the body as a site for the deployment of discourses has been well established in a number of disciplines. Until Fashion Theorys launch in 1997 the dressed body had suffered from a lack of critical analysis. Increasingly scholars have recognized the cultural significance of self-fashioning, including not only clothing but also such body alterations as tattooing and piercing. Fashion Theory provides an international and interdisciplinary forum for the rigorous analysis of cultural phenomena. Its peer-reviewed articles range from foot-binding to fashion advertising.


Software systems are typically developed by teams of developers, with responsibilities for different parts of the code. Knowledge of how the developers collaborate, and how their responsibilities are distributed over the software artifacts is a valuable source of information when reverse engineering a system. Determining which developers are responsible for which software artifacts (e.g., packages or classes) is just one perspective. In this paper we complement the static perspective with the dynamic perspective of a system in terms of its features. We want to extract information about which developers are responsible for which features. To achieve these two perspectives, we correlate developer responsibilities both with a structural view of the system and with a feature view. We identify which developers are responsible for which features, and whether the responsibilities correspond with structural source code artifacts or with features. We apply our technique to two software projects developed by two teams of students as part of their course work, and to one large open source project


How can an information security professional keep up with all of the hacks, attacks, and exploits on the Web? One way is to read Hacking Web Apps. The content for this book has been selected by author Mike Shema to make sure that we are covering the most vicious attacks out there. Not only does Mike let you in on the anatomy of these attacks, but he also tells you how to get rid of these worms, trojans, and botnets and how to defend against them in the future. Countermeasures are detailed so that you can fight against similar attacks as they evolve.

Attacks featured in this book include:

SQL Injection

Cross Site Scripting

Logic Attacks

Server Misconfigurations

Predictable Pages

Web of Distrust

Breaking Authentication Schemes

HTML5 Security Breaches

Attacks on Mobile Apps

Even if you don't develop web sites or write HTML, Hacking Web Apps can still help you learn how sites are attacked-as well as the best way to defend against these attacks. Plus, Hacking Web Apps gives you detailed steps to make the web browser - sometimes your last line of defense - more secure.

More and more data, from finances to photos, is moving into web applications. How much can you trust that data to be accessible from a web browser anywhere and safe at the same time?
Some of the most damaging hacks to a web site can be executed with nothing more than a web browser and a little knowledge of HTML.
Learn about the most common threats and how to stop them, including HTML Injection, XSS, Cross Site Request Forgery, SQL Injection, Breaking Authentication Schemes, Logic Attacks, Web of Distrust, Browser Hacks and many more.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Chapter 2 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS)

Chapter 3 - Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Chapter 4 - SQL Injection

Chapter 5 - Server Misconfigurations and Predictable Pages

Chapter 6 - Breaking Authentication Schemes

Chapter 7 - Logic Attacks

Chapter 8 - Web of Distrust

Chapter 9 - HTML5 Security Breaches


Wondering how to create a classroom culture where students don't want to stop exploring mathematics when the bell rings? We were too and that's why we teammed up to uncover how we can Make Math Moments That Matter for every student in the math classroom with a weekly podcast.


The groups and populations likely to be most harmed by climate change are the least responsible for causing it and have the least resources to cope with the consequences—this is the "double injustice". It forms the background to climate negotiations between governments representing countries of the North and the South, but it also occurs within nations across the world. In light of this phenomenon, what are the distributional implications of current, fairly ambitious, policies to decarbonize the economy? Based on research within rich countries of the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD), and building specifically on UK studies and data, this question is answered in two parts: within the Kyoto framework and beyond it. This paper complements the author's Report for the British Council on Climate Change and Public Policy Futures. The United Kingdom is legally committed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 80 per cent by 2050, compared with the base year of 1990. The European Union has similar collective commitments. These drastic targets are to be implemented via a wide range of carbon mitigation policies (CMPs). This paper considers the social dimension and distributive implications of these policies, and how these might be tackled. First, the paper finds that many CMPs in the United Kingdom are highly regressive, notably those where energy companies are "obliged" by government to improve energy efficiency and increase renewable energy, the costs to be met by increasing energy prices for domestic and business users. Since energy is a basic good, it comprises a far higher share of spending in lower income households; thus such cost hikes are regressive. CMPs bear more heavily on poorer households. It is impossible to fully recompense lower income households for these cost increases via social benefits, tax allowances and credits because of the heterogeneity of their circumstances and their dwellings. Thus alternatives are sought on grounds of social justice and/or to prevent sustained political opposition to further carbon mitigation policies. The only secure route out of this dilemma is to consider additional policies: introducing a special low income price index and "social" energy tariffs which charge less for the first blocks of energy use and more thereafter. The latter would entail reversing the liberalization of energy markets of the past three decades. But the essential policy is a huge increase in "eco-social investment": mass retrofitting of the housing stock and the deployment of radical conservation measures. These might compete fiscally with existing state social expenditures in times of fiscal stringency. The second part of the paper goes beyond the Kyoto framework to consider total consumption-based emissions within the United Kingdom, including those embodied in imports from the rest of the world. The gap between the two is remarkably wide: the United Kingdom consumes one-third more carbon than it produces and one-half more greenhouse gases (GHGs). With globalization the North has exported a significant part of its GHG emissions to emerging market economies, such as China. What are the distributional patterns of consumption-based emissions in the United Kingdom and how might they be curbed? This paper presents a new analysis showing that household income is a major driver of emissions per person, alongside household size and employment status. But the income elasticity of emissions is low, so that again they constitute a higher share in low-income households. Thus higher carbon taxes or tighter carbon allowances would again impinge on households in a regressive way: they would bear more heavily on low-income households, single-person households and workless households. To combat this, the author argues, would require the more explicit integration of climate mitigation and social justice goals. Three radical options are considered: personal carbon allowances and trading, reduced working time, and the taxation of consumption and income. Each raises issues of implementation and knock-on effects, but together they point the way. To combine a green economy with a fair social dimension would entail integrating the redistribution of income, time and carbon. The double injustice of climate change within developed nations discussed in this paper also has implications for double injustice both between nations on a global scale and within developing nations. At the global level, the faster rate of growth of developing Asia and other emerging market economies over the past two decades, coupled with severe deflationary prospects in much of the North, points to a new era of catch-up and convergence in income levels—relative, if not absolute. This will apply to consumption and emissions too. It will mean that a greater share of the emissions produced in countries such as China will be consumed within their borders, rather than incurred to benefit Northern consumers. But while inter-national inequality is starting to decline (thus changing the inter-national distribution of emissions), intra-national inequality continues to increase in both poor and rich countries. As China and others prepare to participate in a post-Kyoto institutional framework to regulate GHG emissions, it will be essential to ensure that the burden of carbon and other cuts is not imposed on the poorest. There is therefore a need for further research into the distribution of emissions by income, household composition and other relevant variables within countries in the South, and to model the distributive impacts of various policies to restrain GHG emissions. Such research could draw on the sort of experience in developed economies presented in this paper. Compared to the conditions of strong economic growth and the export of carbon emissions in which welfare states emerged in the North, today's world of much slower growth and of rising clamour to correct the emissions deficit will require a profound reshaping of welfare states in the twenty-first century. In sum, social policy would need to be further integrated with carbon mitigation policies, and new forms of policy coherence will be needed.


Every economics textbook says the same thing: Money was invented to replace onerous and complicated barter systems—to relieve ancient people from having to haul their goods to market. The problem with this version of history? There's not a shred of evidence to support it. Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom. He shows that 5,000 years ago, during the beginning of the agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems. It is in this era, Graeber shows, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors. With the passage of time, however, virtual credit money was replaced by gold and silver coins—and the system as a whole began to decline. Interest rates spiked and the indebted became slaves. And the system perpetuated itself with tremendously violent consequences, with only the rare intervention of kings and churches keeping the system from spiraling out of control. Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a fascinating chronicle of this little known history—as well as how it has defined human history, and what it means for the credit crisis of the present day and the future of our economy.


The genus Arthrospira comprises filamentous cyanobacteria in which the trichomes form an open helix and contain gas vacuoles. The gas vesicle gene cluster of five Arthrospira strains was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The genes are organized in one operon, in the order gvpA1–gvpC1–gvpA2–gvpC2–gvpA3–gvpC3–gvpN. In Arthrospira sp. strain PCC 8005, the genes gvpJ, gvpK, gvpV and gvpW were also identified. Each of the three copies of gvpA encodes a protein of 71 amino acids. In the case of gvpC, there are two different length variants. Each of the two shorter genes, gvpC1 and gvpC2, encodes a putative protein of 151 amino acids, while the longer one, gvpC3, codes for a putative protein of 284 residues. The amino acid sequences of GvpC1 and GvpC2 are identical to the N-terminal part of GvpC3. In spite of the presence of stop codons downstream of gvpC1 and gvpC2, the deduced amino acid sequences in these regions are highly similar to the C-terminal part of GvpC3 (residues 160 to 229). The GvpC1, GvpC2 and GvpC3 proteins contain contiguous repeats of 33 amino acids as previously reported for other cyanobacteria. The sequences of the gvpA1, gvpC1, gvpA2 and gvpC2 genes were not found in the genome data of Arthrospira sp. PCC 8005, A. maxima CS-328, and A. platensis NIES-39 as a result of incomplete assembly. The genes gvpN and gvpJ located downstream of gvpC3, encode putative proteins of 394 and 127 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of gvpK, gvpV and gvpW contain 151, 112 and 227 residues, respectively. The analysis of gvp sequences of five strains of Arthrospira revealed the presence of polymorphic positions, which distinguished the strains in agreement with their previous assignments to ITS clusters I and II. This is the first report of gvp genes in members of the genus Arthrospira.


This essay takes a stand in the brewing legal academic debate over the consequences of advertising. On one side are the semiotic democratists, scholars who bemoan the ability of advertisers to take control of the meanings that they create through trademark law and other pro-business legal rules. On the other side are those who are more sanguine about the ability of consumers to rework advertising messages and point to several safety valves for free expression existing in the current advertising regulation regime. My take on this debate is that the participants have failed to address the impact of advertising on personal development. Particularly important to this discussion is the recent trend of using targeted niche marketing to appeal to particular social groups. Using social identity theory - an influential psychological theory positing that identities develop through categorization and comparison of ourselves with the social groups around us - I argue that modern advertising has a tremendous and unrecognized influence on our sense of self. My chief example of the impact of niche marketing on identity formation is the recent targeting of the gay and lesbian market. By constructing the gay market in a particular way, advertisers shrink the identity models available for individuals grappling with whether to self-categorize themselves as gay. Advertisers have forced an essentialist model of gay sexuality on consumers while painting the gay market as white, male, healthy, and affluent. At the same time, advertisers have invaded gay cultural space, co-opting gay political symbols and taking over once relatively ad-free community spaces. Meanwhile, this targeted marketing threatens to split the gay community apart by emphasizing lines of difference that are based on class and taste and socioeconomic station. All of these practices threaten the processes that psychologists using social identity theory deem crucial to developing a healthy sense of self. I suggest that the real focus in the debate over legal regulation of advertising should be not on First Amendment protections for artists and activists, but on training our minds to be more aware of advertising's growing influence on our psyches.


We consider diffusion in random graphs with given vertex degrees. Our diffusion model can be viewed as a variant of a cellular automaton growth process: assume that each node can be in one of the two possible states, inactive or active. The parameters of the model are two given functions $\theta: {\Bbb N} \rightarrow {\Bbb N}$ and $\alpha:{\Bbb N} \rightarrow [0,1]$. At the beginning of the process, each node $v$ of degree $d_v$ becomes active with probability $\alpha(d_v)$ independently of the other vertices. Presence of the active vertices triggers a percolation process: if a node $v$ is active, it remains active forever. And if it is inactive, it will become active when at least $\theta(d_v)$ of its neighbors are active. In the case where $\alpha(d) =\alpha$ and $\theta(d) =\theta$, for each $d \in {\Bbb N}$, our diffusion model is equivalent to what is called bootstrap percolation. The main result of this paper is a theorem which enables us to find the final proportion of the active vertices in the asymptotic case, i.e., when $n \rightarrow \infty$. This is done via analysis of the process on the multigraph counterpart of the graph model.


Past research has demonstrated that human resource training often results in improved individual and organizational performances. Yet, the focus has been on whether or not training has an impact on performance, rather than the nature of that impact. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of training-related outcomes in the context of one training program within the Canadian national sport sector. Interviews were conducted with key representatives from 12 Canadian national sport organizations. Findings showed the manifestations of performance change that occur as a result of training, revealing a new way of thinking at the individual level, a new way of doing within group and organizational processes, and a new way of being across organizations. Three theoretical perspectives—interpretation, learning, and institutional—are used to frame the discussion of the findings. Implications for practice and future research are presented.


Developing and maintaining a pattern of sustainable livelihood (SL) is dependent upon the use to which we put our resources, particularly, our natural resources. SL is dependent upon five principal components; namely the vulnerability context, livelihood assets, transforming structures and processes, livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes. DFID (1999), DFID, FAO, IFAD, UNDP, WFP (2001) liveli hood assets also have many components one of which is natural assets/capital. Once the environment is shocked the natural assets are directly affected and all other types of assets and principal components become inoperable. The livelihood outcomes of the Caribbean people, poor and otherwise, are therefore linked to these natural as sets. The objective of this study is to possibly shape and create ways of developing and maintaining patterns that can lead to SLs. It should focus on the available natural resources, access to and optimal use of, which can transit into the best livelihood outcomes specifically for the poor. Basically, the outcome should be a body of knowledge that can contribute to SLs within the Caribbean. This is done with the use of two case studies of Caribbean islands, namely St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) and Grenada. This paper is divided into four sections. Section one provides the background for the paper and briefly introduces the concept of SL. Section two outlines the SL approach. Section three provides an application of the SL approach in SVG and Grenada from two varying standpoints. Section four makes concluding remarks on the types and the sustainability of the livelihood strategies and outcomes.


Mutations in PARKIN, pten-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and DJ-1 are individually linked to autosomal recessive early-onset familial forms of Parkinson disease (PD). Although mutations in these genes lead to the same disease state, the functional relationships between them and how their respective disease-associated mutations cause PD are largely unknown. Here, we show that Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 formed a complex (termed PPD complex) to promote ubiquitination and degradation of Parkin substrates, including Parkin itself and Synphilin-1 in neuroblastoma cells and human brain lysates. Genetic ablation of either Pink1 or Dj-1 resulted in reduced ubiquitination of endogenous Parkin as well as decreased degradation and increased accumulation of aberrantly expressed Parkin substrates. Expression of PINK1 enhanced Parkin-mediated degradation of heat shock-induced misfolded protein. In contrast, PD-pathogenic Parkin and PINK1 mutations showed reduced ability to promote degradation of Parkin substrates. This study identified a functional ubiquitin E3 ligase complex consisting of PD-associated Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 to promote degradation of un-/misfolded proteins and suggests that their PD-pathogenic mutations impair E3 ligase activity of the complex, which may constitute a mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis.


A systematic search of the research literature from 1996 through July 2008 identified more than a thousand empirical studies of online learning. Analysts screened these studies to find those that (a) contrasted an online to a face-to-face condition, (b) measured student learning outcomes, (c) used a rigorous research design, and (d) provided adequate information to calculate an effect size. As a result of this screening, 51 independent effects were identified that could be subjected to meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found that, on average, students in online learning conditions performed better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. The difference between student outcomes for online and face-to-face classes—measured as the difference between treatment and control means, divided by the pooled standard deviation—was larger in those studies contrasting conditions that blended elements of online and face-to-face instruction with conditions taught entirely face-to-face. Analysts noted that these blended conditions often included additional learning time and instructional elements not received by students in control conditions. This finding suggests that the positive effects associated with blended learning should not be attributed to the media, per se. An unexpected finding was the small number of rigorous published studies contrasting online and face-to-face learning conditions for K–12 students. In light of this small corpus, caution is required in generalizing to the K–12 population because the results are derived for the most part from studies in other settings (e.g., medical training, higher education).


Information technology plays a significant role in a global organization. Senior executives of these organizations need constant and timely access to global information for making decisions. This information originates in different places worldwide for a global organization and needs to be organized before it can be used for decision-making. The organization and management of global corporate data presents unique challenges. This paper discusses the data organization and management related issues for developing a global executive information systems (EIS) for senior executives of global companies. The objective of a global EIS is to provide executives with a consistent, integrated and summarized view of operational data from subsidiaries worldwide. The global EIS also provides access to external data that is captured from different sources. The system facilitates integrating the internal and external data for effective decision-making.


Robotic soccer is a challenging research domain that involves multiple agents that need to collaborate in an adversarial environment to achieve specific objectives. In this article, we describe CMUNITED, the team of small robotic agents that we developed to enter the RoboCup-97 competition. We designed and built the robotic agents, devised the appropriate vision algorithm, and developed and implemented algorithms for strategic collaboration between the robots in an uncertain and dynamic environment. The robots can organize themselves in formations, hold specific roles, and pursue their goals. In game situations, they have demonstrated their collaborative behaviors on multiple occasions. We present an overview of the vision-processing algorithm that successfully tracks multiple moving objects and predicts trajectories. The article then focuses on the agent behaviors, ranging from low-level individual behaviors to coordinated, strategic team behaviors. CMUNITED won the RoboCup-97 small-robot competition at the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Nagoya, Japan.


Finalist - 2008 Book of the Year Award by Foreword MagazineFinalist - 2008 USA Best Book AwardA Comparison of Martial Arts Training & Real-World Violence Experienced martial artist and veteran correction officer Sgt. Rory Miller distills what he has learned from jailhouse brawls, tactical operations and ambushes to explore the differences between martial arts and the subject martial arts were designed to deal with: Violence.Sgt. Miller introduces the myths, metaphors and expectations that most martial artists have about what they will ultimately learn in their dojo. This is then compared with the complexity of the reality of violence. Complexity is one of the recurring themes throughout this work.Section Two examines how to think critically about violence, how to evaluate sources of knowledge and clearly explains the concepts of strategy and tactics.Sections Three and Four focus on the dynamics of violence itself and the predators who perpetuate it. Drawing on hundreds of encounters and thousands of hours spent with criminals Sgt. Miller explains the types of violence; how, where, when and why it develops; the effects of adrenaline; how criminals think, and even the effects of drugs and altered states of consciousness in a fight.Section Five centers on training for violence, and adapting your present training methods to that reality. It discusses the pros and cons of modern and ancient martial arts training and gives a unique insight into early Japanese kata as a military training method.Section Six is all about how to make self-defense work. Miller examines how to look at defense in a broader context, and how to overcome some of your own subconscious resistance to meeting violence with violence.The last section deals with the aftermath the cost of surviving sudden violence or violent environments, how it can change you for good or bad. It gives advice for supervisors and even for instructors on how to help a student/survivor. You ll even learn a bit about enlightenment."


This paper reports on backscatter and depolarization measurements by an airborne lidar in the Arctic during the ASTAR 2004 campaign. A unique weather situation facilitated the observation of the aerosol concentration under strongly forced atmospheric conditions. The vigorous easterly winds distorted the flow past Svalbard in such a way that mesoscale features were visible in the remote-sensing observations: The formation of a well-mixed aerosol layer inside the Adventdalen and the subsequent thinning of the aerosol plume were observed over the Isfjorden. Additionally, mobilization of sea salt aerosols due to a coastal low-level jet at the northern tip of Svalbard resulted in a sloped boundary layer toward north. Mesoscale numerical modelling was applied to identify the sources of the aerosol particles and to explain the observed patterns.


This paper uses the discourse of complexity thinking to envision curriculum as six partial and coupled facets that exist simultaneously: curriculum as structure, curriculum as process, curriculum as content, curriculum as teaching, curriculum as learning and curriculum as activity.  Such a curriculum is emergent and self-organising.  It is emergent in two ways: (1) in its deliberate intention to foster new learning, activities and teaching without knowing or dictating exactly what will emerge, and (2) in the sense that curriculum is an ever-evolving reality that is brought forth in the ongoing interactions of the six coupled facets.  A self-organising curriculum enables a teacher to create 'a space for running' and foster 'interactive running in that space' to meaningfully honour both the requirements set by authorities and the interests of children and teachers, rather than a pre-determined curriculum.  This model of curriculum was developed and is discussed in the context of the early childhood curriculum in Aotearoa New Zealand.


Abstract. The version 6 cloud products of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instrument suite are described. The cloud top temperature, pressure, and height and effective cloud fraction are now reported at the AIRS field-of-view (FOV) resolution. Significant improvements in cloud height assignment over version 5 are shown with FOV-scale comparisons to cloud vertical structure observed by the CloudSat 94 GHz radar and the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Cloud thermodynamic phase (ice, liquid, and unknown phase), ice cloud effective diameter (De), and ice cloud optical thickness (τ) are derived using an optimal estimation methodology for AIRS FOVs, and global distributions for 2007 are presented. The largest values of τ are found in the storm tracks and near convection in the tropics, while De is largest on the equatorial side of the midlatitude storm tracks in both hemispheres, and lowest in tropical thin cirrus and the winter polar atmosphere. Over the Maritime Continent the diurnal variability of τ is significantly larger than for the total cloud fraction, ice cloud frequency, and De, and is anchored to the island archipelago morphology. Important differences are described between northern and southern hemispheric midlatitude cyclones using storm center composites. The infrared-based cloud retrievals of AIRS provide unique, decadal-scale and global observations of clouds over portions of the diurnal and annual cycles, and capture variability within the mesoscale and synoptic scales at all latitudes.


In this essay, I reflect on my life and academic career, detailing my childhood, family background, education, and those who influenced me to study physical education and athletic training. My higher education started with a small college experience that had a transformative impact on my intellectual curiosity, leading to graduate degrees and, ultimately, a career in higher education. I chronicle my academic career trajectory as a non-tenure-track faculty member and clinician, tenured faculty member, department chair, dean, and provost. My personal and professional lives have been undergirded by a commitment to equity, diversity, and inclusion, with examples provided in this essay.


Drawing upon Julius Henry Cohen's classic 1916 work, 'The Law: Business or Profession?', this Essay explains that the challenges facing the legal profession today are not new and that in current debates lawyers, judges, and law professors too often rely on inaccurate assumptions regarding the history of the legal profession. In particular, this Essay identifies five crises facing the legal profession today that parallel challenges at the turn of the Twentieth Century: (1) determining whether law is a business or a profession; (2) debating whether lawyers have responsibility for civic and business leadership; (3) considering whether lawyers should have control of the market for legal services; (4) promoting reform of legal education; and (5) managing increased diversity. The Essay argues that placing these crises in historical context reveals that the legal profession's responses to these dilemmas have varied over time, suggests that today's status quo is neither traditional nor inevitable, and seeks to create space for rethinking assumptions that underpin our current debates.


The rhetoric of postmodernism is dense, difficult, and widely interpreted. It is this
abrasive and ambiguous nature that has often led to many of postmodern discourse's more
beneficial aspects being either overlooked or disregarded. In this thesis, I have clarified some of
the discourse's more complex aspects, addressed its opponents, and highlighted its strongest
points, and in doing this, I have shown the various uses for postmodern rhetoric as per practical
application. Citing both postmodern and modern scholars, I have argued, ultimately, for
postmodern rhetoric's implementation and fusion with the modernist rhetoric that so dominates
our Western democratic sphere. I have chosen to examine two specific areas that I believe to be
the most formative and influential in constructing our ideas of what it means to be a thoughtful,
productive American citizen: education and public administration. I specifically analyze the
pedagogical "tools" postmodern discourse has to offer and argue for its inclusion and
implementation, not only in the University classroom, but also in classrooms all across America,
to students of all ages and educational levels. In the chapter on postmodern politics, I maintain
that our public administrators, policy-makers, and politicians all would benefit greatly by
acknowledging and understanding the rhetoric of postmodernism and incorporating it into our
contemporary political sphere.


Apart from tax considerations, trust and estate law is often viewed by outsiders as a somewhat dusty area of the law. However, few examples better illustrate the intersection of law and technology than posthumous conception and estate law. While judges, legislators, and commentators have tackled some of the issues created by posthumous conception, few estate planning lawyers discuss the issue with their clients. Such hesitance has been understandable, given the moral sensitivities involved with posthumous conception and the relatively small likelihood that it will affect any one particular client. However, that likelihood is becoming greater with each passing year, and, in the context of grandchildren, the possibility of posthumously conceived children is out of the clients' control. Rather than ignoring this possibility and leaving the result to chance (or litigation), lawyers have the opportunity - if not the responsibility - to raise the issue with their clients and provide them the opportunity to express their intentions. Ultimately, whether to address the issue in an instrument is the client's choice, but she cannot make this choice if she is not made aware of the issue. With this Article, estate planning attorneys will have the background necessary to introduce the topic to clients, to educate clients about the technology itself, the legal responses to date, and their various options, and then to draft language to carry out the clients' intent - whatever it may be.


This paper, prepared for the "State of the Art" Law and Neuroscience Conference at the Rutgers (Camden) University School of Law, has two goals. One is to describe comprehensively the current court cases, scientific research, academic literature, and controversies about the potential use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for detecting deception in court and other forensic contexts. The other is to suggest that the question of the admissibility of fMRI deception evidence in court cannot be thought of as an exclusively scientific question. The appropriate use or non-use of science in the legal system involves inevitably normative questions about the appropriate levels of accuracy, reliability and validity, questions that must be answered in light of the goals of the legal system and the particular purposes to which the science would be put. The answers require getting the science right, and thus require the involvement of science and scientists, but the ultimate question of when and how the scientific conclusions so produced will be used is a question of legal policy as to which neither scientists (nor, for that matter, lawyers) should be given exclusive authority. Thus, although explicitly focused on law and neuroscience, the paper implicitly addresses a pervading issue in science policy generally – is the use to which science shall or should be put an exclusively, or even partially, scientific question?


Abstract:Accompany Ellen Bass, Tom Jenks, Becky Hagenston, Tony Hoagland and others as they wrestle with the vulnerability of contemporary life, navigating party allegiance and confronting the contrast between hope and hopelessness. Grapple with gun violence, child abduction, and the employment of high school boys in slaughterhouses. Witness the extinction of Galápagos turtles and visit Florida, São Paulo, Lopez Island, and eastern Turkey. Attend goodbyes, embrace calamity, and accept the discomfort of seeing a loved one for the last time. Read narratives cultivated from the world around all of us.


Thanks to recent advances, AI Planning has become the underlying technique for several applications. Figuring prominently among these is automated Web Service Composition (WSC) at the "capability" level, where services are described in terms of preconditions and effects over ontological concepts. A key issue in addressing WSC as planning is that ontologies are not only formal vocabularies; they also axiomatize the possible relationships between concepts. Such axioms correspond to what has been termed "integrity constraints" in the actions and change literature, and applying a web service is essentially a belief update operation. The reasoning required for belief update is known to be harder than reasoning in the ontology itself. The support for belief update is severely limited in current planning tools.

Our first contribution consists in identifying an interesting special case of WSC which is both significant and more tractable. The special case, which we term forward effects, is characterized by the fact that every ramification of a web service application involves at least one new constant generated as output by the web service. We show that, in this setting, the reasoning required for belief update simplifies to standard reasoning in the ontology itself. This relates to, and extends, current notions of "message-based" WSC, where the need for belief update is removed by a strong (often implicit or informal) assumption of "locality" of the individual messages. We clarify the computational properties of the forward effects case, and point out a strong relation to standard notions of planning under uncertainty, suggesting that effective tools for the latter can be successfully adapted to address the former.

Furthermore, we identify a significant sub-case, named strictly forward effects, where an actual compilation into planning under uncertainty exists. This enables us to exploit off-the-shelf planning tools to solve message-based WSC in a general form that involves powerful ontologies, and requires reasoning about partial matches between concepts. We provide empirical evidence that this approach may be quite effective, using Conformant-FF as the underlying planner.


[1] The first direct in situ measurements of HO2NO2 in the upper troposphere were performed from the NASA DC-8 during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America 2004 with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). These measurements provide an independent diagnostic of HOx chemistry in the free troposphere and complement direct observations of HOx, because of the dual dependency of HO2NO2 on HOx and NOx. On average, the highest HO2NO2 mixing ratio of 76 pptv (median = 77 pptv, σ = 39 pptv) was observed at altitudes of 8–9 km. Simple steady state calculations of HO2NO2, constrained by measurements of HOx, NOx, and J values, are in good agreement (slope = 0.90, R2 = 0.60, and z = 5.5–7.5 km) with measurements in the midtroposphere where thermal decomposition is the major loss process. Above 8 km the calculated steady state HO2NO2 is in poor agreement with observed values (R2 = 0.20) and is typically larger by a factor of 2.4. Conversely, steady state calculations using model-derived HOx show reasonable agreement with the observed HO2NO2 in both the midtroposphere (slope = 0.96, intercept = 7.0, and R2 = 0.63) and upper troposphere (slope = 0.80, intercept = 32.2, and R2 = 0.58). These results indicate that observed HO2 and HO2NO2 are in poor agreement in the upper troposphere but that HO2NO2 levels are consistent with current photochemical theory.


A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of ten keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.


In the summer of 1812 Britain stood alone, fighting for her very survival against a vast European Empire. Only the Royal Navy stood between Napoleon's legions and ultimate victory. In that dark hour America saw its chance to challenge British dominance: her troops invaded Canada and American frigates attacked British merchant shipping, the lifeblood of British defence. War polarised America. The south and west wanted land, the north wanted peace and trade. But America had to choose between the oceans and the continent. Within weeks the land invasion had stalled, but American warships and privateers did rather better, and astonished the world by besting the Royal Navy in a series of battles. Then in three titanic single ship actions the challenge was decisively met. British frigates closed with the Chesapeake, the Essex and the President, flagship of American naval ambition. Both sides found new heroes but none could equal Captain Philip Broke, champion of history's greatest frigate battle, when HMS Shannon captured the USS Chesapeake in thirteen blood-soaked minutes. Broke's victory secured British control of the Atlantic, and within a year Washington, D.C. had been taken and burnt by British troops.


The efficient management of large multimedia databases requires the development of new techniques to process, characterize, and search for multimedia objects. Especially in the case of image data, the rapidly growing amount of documents prohibits a manual description of the images' content. Instead, the automated characterization is highly desirable to support annotation and retrieval of digital images. However, this is a very complex and still unsolved task. To contribute to a solution of this problem, we have developed a mechanism for recognizing objects in images based on the query by example paradigm. Therefore, the most salient image features of an example image representing the searched object are extracted to obtain a scale-invariant object model. The use of this model provides an efficient and robust strategy for recognizing objects in images independently of their size. Further applications of the mechanism are classical recognition tasks such as scene decomposition or object tracking in video sequences.


In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of prenatal diagnosis. Each bibliography is divided into 17 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General Interest; 3 Normal Fetal Development; 4 Gametogenesis and Pre‐implantation Diagnosis; 5 First Trimester Diagnosis; 6 Second Trimester Diagnosis; 7 Fetal Diagnosis by Ultrasound and Other Imaging; 8 Maternal Screening; 9 Screening for Carriers of Genetic Abnormality; 10 Technological Developments; 11 Confined Placental Mosaicism and Uniparental Disomy; 12 Molecular Cytogenetics; 13 Fetal Cells in Maternal Circulation; 14 Fetal Therapy; 15 Psychosocial Aspects; 16 Epidemiology and Environmental Factors; 17 Developmental Pathology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted


Scholars have demonstrated that Freire's critical pedagogy is an influential and powerful educational philosophy for those working with migrant workers, refugees, and marginalized high school students. The purpose of this article is to show how adult ESL learners who are immigrants to Canada, in addition to these other groups, have benefited from a critical pedagogy approach to learning through participation in a weekly choir, Global Voices, despite the fact that they are not traditionally considered disempowered. The participants' insights can hopefully inform choir directors, classroom instructors, educational policies, and curricular choices.


The thesis considers the problem of grasping for autonomous robots, with a focus on the design and construction of robotic hands and grippers. The approach we take is to fundamentally reconsider the basic motivation and goals for grasping that steer hand design. We consider grasping as the result of reliable and robust patterns of interaction between hand, object and environment which are mechanically opaque to the robot. This motivates the investigation of a new type of robotic hands, pneumatic soft hands. These hands enable the robot to collide with objects safely, maintain contact under disturbance, and provide many places of contact for a robust grasp. At the same time they intend to lower requirements on control and perception compared to fully actuated hands. Due to the fundamental change in perspective compared to the classical, mechanics-centric view in grasping, I believe we will ultimately have to reconsider all aspects of a robot system to use soft hands effectively. We call this alternative view the Soft Manipulation paradigm. In this thesis we propose a list of defining principles for Soft Manipulation and focus on the ramifications for hand hardware, but we also consider the adjacent domains of hand control and grasping strategies. Research on soft hands is complicated by the fact that the technology and body of knowledge for building soft hands only is emerging right now. The thesis contributes the groundwork for soft hand research by developing a coherent and comprehensive set of tools to rapidly prototype pneumatic soft hands. This toolkit is built around a versatile and easy to prototype actuator design named PneuFlex. The thesis will cover all aspects of prototyping such as designing mechanical properties, manufacturing actuators, assembling them into hands, and controlling them without interfering in their compliance. We also propose and validate a fast and stable dynamic simulation model for the simulation of pneumatic soft hands which for the first time makes interactive and automated design of soft hands feasible. The thesis also explores the properties and capabilities of pneumatic soft hands in a series of grasping experiments with the help of two artifacts, the RBO Hand 1 and RBO Hand 2. We investigate their shape adaptability, their grasp dexterity, and their suitability for implementing grasping strategies that exploit environment constraints to motion for robust execution. We will see that soft hands built with technology developed in the first part of the thesis provide a solid foundation for further research on Soft Manipulation.


The indigenous people of the hemisphere have resisted a 500-year assault, fighting to maintain their cultural identities. During this time, authorities in the Americas have insisted that the toleration of indigenous societies and cultures would undermine their respective states. In recent years, however, the nations of the Americas have started to reverse themselves. They are altering their constitutions and proclaiming themselves multiethnic. Why is this happening now? "The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States", edited by David Maybury-Lewis, helps us understand the reasons and history behind these times of transition. The book provides a valuable overview of current problems facing indigenous peoples in their relation with national states in Latin America, from the highlands of Mexico to the jungles of Brazil. The traditional, sometimes centuries old, relations between states and indigenous peoples are now changing and being rediscussed. The collection, authored by US and Latin American anthropologists using interdisciplinary approaches, enables the reader to understand these recent developments in a comparative framework. An ambitious and quite thorough collection, it is brought together skillfully by one of the discipline's "maitre penseurs".


In the past years, development and production processes in many companies have changed in a revolutionary way, leading to new demands in information and CAx technology. The R&D-departments of the German automotive industry installed a working group to develop a common long term CAD/CAM strategy1. A preliminary result is the concept for an open CAx system architecture as a basis for realizing industrial requirements on CAD/ CAM and for the cooperation with system vendors. The project ANICA was started in cooperation with five international CAD/CAM -suppliers in order to show the feasibility of this architecture. The access interfaces of different system kernels are analysed with the aim of developing a concept for a cooperating CAx system network. The concept will be put into practice with a software prototype basing on CORBA and OLE. The communication elements within such an architecture have to go far beyond conventional CAD data. This will lead to an extension of "feature" concepts including CAx functionality and dynamic information about the process chain of a product. The impact on modern concepts for user interfaces, on reverse engineering methods and on product data models will be discussed to finally close the loop to industrial CAx application.


Richard Cook and Brian Morton's "Penguin Jazz Guide: The History of the Music in 1001 Best Albums" is an indispensible guide to the recordings that every fan should know. Richard Cook and Brian Morton's "Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings" is firmly established as the world's leading guide to the music. In this book, Brian Morton has picked out 1001 essential recordings from their acclaimed guide, adding new information, revising and reassessing each entry, and showing how these key pieces tell the history of the music - and with it the history of the twentieth century. These are the essential albums that that all true jazz fans should own, or - at the very least - have listened to, from "Kind of Blue" to lesser-known classics and more surprising choices. Full of fascinating updated biographical information, new quotes and interviews and, of course, highly opinionated and wittily trenchant critical reviews, the result is an endlessly browsable companion that will prove required reading for aficionados and jazz novices alike. "One of the great books of recorded jazz; the other guides don't come close". ("Irish Times"). "It's the kind of book that you'll yank off the shelf to look up a quick fact and still be reading two hours later". ("Fortune"). "The leader in its field...If you own only one book on jazz, it really should be this one". ("International Record Review"). "Indispensable and incomparable". ("NME"). Brian Morton is a freelance writer and broadcaster who for many years presented Radio 3's "Jazz" magazine "Impressions" and "In Tune". Richard Cook (1957-2007) was formerly editor of "The Wire" and edited "Jazz Review". He contributed to many other publications, including the "New Statesman" and his books included Richard Cook's "Jazz Encyclopaedia" and "It's About That Time: Miles Davis on Record".


This work studies systematic reuse in the context of self-adaptive software systems. In our work, we realized that managing variability for such platforms is different compared to traditional platforms, primarily due to the run-time variability and system uncertainties. Motivated by the fact that recent trends show that self-adaptation will be used more often in future system generation and that software reuse state-of-practice or research do not provide sufficient support, we have investigated the problems and possibly resolutions in this context. We have analyzed variability for these systems, using a systematic reuse prism, and identified a research gap in variability management. The analysis divides variability handling into four activities: (1) identify variability, (2) constrain variability, (3) implement variability, and (4) manage variability. Based on the findings we envision a reuse framework for the specific domain and present an example framework that addresses some of the identified challenges. We argue that it provides basic support for engineering self-adaptive software systems with systematic reuse. We discuss some important avenues of research for achieving the vision.


Department Website: http://salc.uchicago.edu Program of Study The Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations (SALC) offers an undergraduate major leading to a BA in the Humanities Collegiate Division. The social sciences are integrated into our program through the civilization sequence, and courses in the social sciences and religious studies are usually included in a student's program of study. Students majoring in SALC will gain a broad knowledge of the literature and history of the South Asian subcontinent (i.e., Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), and proficiency in at least one South Asian language that is equivalent to one year of study or more. Students currently can study Bangla (Bengali), Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Tibetan, or Urdu. As part of their course of study, students are encouraged to participate in a study abroad program in South Asia, such as the South Asian Civilizations in India sequence (Pune program). The SALC curriculum will develop the student's skills in formulating analyses of various types of texts (i.e., historical, literary, filmic), and students will also engage with social scientific approaches to South Asian cultures. The thorough area knowledge of South Asian arts, culture, history, and politics, and the critical and linguistic skills developed through the SALC degree may prepare a student for any number of careers.


No matter how visually appealing or content-packed a Web site may be, if it's not adaptable to a variety of situations and reaching the widest possible audience, it isn't really succeeding. In Bulletproof Web Desing, author and Web designer extraordinaire, Dan Cederholm outlines standards-based strategies for building designs that provide flexibility, readability, and user control--key components of every sucessful site. Each chapter starts out with an example of an unbulletproof site one that employs a traditional HTML-based approach which Dan then deconstructs, pointing out its limitations. He then gives the site a make-over using XHTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), so you can see how to replace bloated code with lean markup and CSS for fast-loading sites that are accessible to all users. Finally, he covers several popular fluid and elastic-width layout techniques and pieces together all of the page components discussed in prior chapters into a single-page template.


The study provides insights into the dynamic processes of vascular epiphyte vegetation in two host tree species of lowland forest in Panama. Further, a novel approach is presented to examine the possible role of host tree identity in the structuring of vascular epiphyte communities: For three locally common host tree species (Socratea exorrhiza, Marila laxiflora, Perebea xanthochyma) we created null models of the expected epiphyte assemblages assuming that epiphyte colonization reflected random distribution of epiphytes in the forest. In all three tree species, abundances of the majority of epiphyte species (69 – 81 %) were indistinguishable from random, while the remaining species were about equally over- or underrepresented compared to their occurrence in the entire forest plot. Permutations based on the number of colonized trees (reflecting observed spatial patchiness) yielded similar results. Finally, a Canonical Correspondence Analysis also confirmed host-specific differences in epiphyte assemblages. In spite of pronounced preferences of some epiphytes for particular host trees, no epiphyte species was restricted to a single host. We conclude that the epiphytes on a given tree species are not simply a random sample of the local species pool, but there are no indications of host specificity either. To determine the qualitative and quantitative long-term changes in the vascular epiphyte assemblage of the host tree Socratea exorrhiza, in the lowland forest of the San Lorenzo Crane Plot, we followed the fate of the vascular epiphyte assemblage on 99 individuals of this palm species, in three censuses over the course of five years. The composition of the epiphyte assemblage changed little during the course of the study. While the similarity of epiphyte vegetation decreased on single palm individuals through time, the similarity analyzed over all palms increased. Even well-established epiphyte individuals experienced high mortality with only 46 % of the originally mapped individuals surviving the following five years. We found a positive correlation between host tree size and epiphyte richness and detected higher colonization rates of epiphytes per surface area on larger trees. Epiphyte assemblages on single Socratea exorrhiza trees were highly dynamic while the overall composition of the epiphyte vegetation on the host tree species in the study plot was rather stable. We suggest that higher recruitment rates due to localized seed dispersal by already established epiphytes on larger palms promote the colonization of epiphytes on larger palms. Given the known growth rates and mortality rates of the host tree species, the maximum time available for colonization and reproduction of epiphytes on a given Socratea exorrhiza tree is estimated to be about 60 years. Changes in the epiphyte vegetation of c. 1000 individuals of the host tree species Annona glabra at Barro Colorado Island over the course of eight year were documented by means of repeated censuses. Considerable increase in the abundance of the dominating epiphyte species and ongoing colonization of the host tree species suggests that the epiphyte vegetation has not reached a steady state in the maximal 80 years since the establishment of the host tree. Epiphyte species composition as a whole was rather stable. We disentangled the relationship between epiphyte colonization and tree size/available time for colonization with the finding that tree size explained only a low proportion of colonization while other factors like connectivity to dispersal source and time explain may explain a larger part. Epiphyte populations are patchily distributed and examined species exhibit properties of a metapopulation with asynchronous local population growth, high local population turnover, a positive relationship between regional occurrence and patch population size, and negatively correlated relationship between extinction and patch occupancy. The documented metapopulation processes highlight the importance of not colonized suitable habitat for the conservation of epiphytes.


Flood resilient construction has become an essential component of the integrated approach to flood risk management, now widely accepted through the concepts of making space for water and living with floods. Resilient construction has been in place for centuries, but only fairly recently has it been recognized as part of this wider strategy to manage flood risk. Buildings and the wider built environment are known to play a key role in flood risk management, and when buildings are constructed on or near to flood plains there is an obvious need to protect these. Engineered flood defense systems date back centuries, with early examples seen in China and Egypt. Levees were first built in the United States some 150 years ago, and were followed by the development of flood control acts and regulations. In 1945, Gilbert Fowler White, the so-called "father of floodplain management," published his influential thesis which criticized the reliance on engineered flood defenses and began to change these approaches. In Europe, a shortage of farmable land led to the use of land reclamation schemes and the ensuing Land drainage acts before massive flood events in the mid-20th century led to a shift in thinking towards the engineered defense schemes such as the Thames Barrier and Dutch dyke systems. The early 21st century witnessed the emergence of the "living with water" philosophy, which has resulted in the renewed understanding of flood resilience at a property level.
The scientific study of construction methods and building technologies that are robust to flooding is a fairly recent phenomenon. There are a number of underlying reasons for this, but the change in flood risk philosophy coupled with the experience of flood events and the long process of recovery is helping to drive research and investment in this area. This has led to a more sophisticated understanding of the approaches to avoiding damage at an individual property level, categorized under three strategies, namely avoidance technology, water exclusion technology, and water entry technology. As interest and policy has shifted to water entry approaches, alongside this has been the development of research into flood resilient materials and repair and reinstatement processes, the latter gaining much attention in the recognition that experience will prompt resilient responses and that the point of reinstatement provides a good opportunity to install resilient measures.
State-of-the-art practices now center on avoidance strategies incorporating planning legislation in many regions to prohibit or restrict new development in flood plains. Where development pressures mean that new buildings are permitted, there is now a body of knowledge around the impact of flooding on buildings and flood resilient construction and techniques. However, due to the variety and complexity of architecture and construction styles and varying flood risk exposure, there remain many gaps in our understanding, leading to the use of trial and error and other pragmatic approaches. Some examples of avoidance strategies include the use of earthworks, floating houses, and raised construction.
The concept of property level flood resilience is an emerging concept in the United Kingdom and recognizes that in some cases a hybrid approach might be favored in which the amount of water entering a property is limited, together with the likely damage that is caused. The technology and understanding is moving forward with a greater appreciation of the benefits from combining strategies and property level measures, incorporating water resistant and resilient materials. The process of resilient repair and considerate reinstatement is another emerging feature, recognizing that there will be a need to dry, clean, and repair flood-affected buildings. The importance of effective and timely drying of properties, including the need to use materials that dry rapidly and are easy to decontaminate, has become more apparent and is gaining attention.
Future developments are likely to concentrate on promoting the uptake of flood resilient materials and technologies both in the construction of new and in the retrofit and adaptation of existing properties. Further development of flood resilience technology that enhances the aesthetic appeal of adapted property would support the uptake of measures. Developments that reduce cost or that offer other aesthetic or functional advantages may also reduce the barriers to uptake. A greater understanding of performance standards for resilient materials will help provide confidence in such measures and support uptake, while further research around the breathability of materials and concerns around mold and the need to avoid creating moisture issues inside properties represent some of the key areas.


In RFC 473 I requested information on the existence of assemblers and interpreters for Knuth's hypothetical MIX computer. Following is a summary of the responses to my earlier RFC. First the rumors: (1) There is rumored to be a MIX interpreter available on the University of Utah PDP-10, but not assembler; and (2) There is rumored to be a MIX interpreter available on the SU-AI PDP-10. A fairly well debugged and documented MIXAL assembler exists for the UCSB 360/75. A partially debugged MIX interpreter also exists. See RFC 485 for additional information. Box MIX and MIXAL are available on the UCSD B6700; although, according to Ken Bowles, they are not currently being handled as fully supported products, and there may be some remaining bugs in the systems. However, MIX and MIXAL are available for network users, and Ken says they will be happy to receive notification of any errors found in the MIX and MIXAL and will attempt to get corrections made in due course. Contact Ken Bowles at UCSD for further information. MIX and an assembler for MIX are available for network use on the UCLA 360/91. These systems have had considerable use, and they are documented. Contact Bob Braden at CCN for further information. apparently has available a standard package for exporting the MIX systems to 360s and 370s. [ This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry ] [ into the online RFC archives by David Hennessey 7/99 ] Walden [Page 1]


Preface. List of contributors. PART I: Specific Toxicants Related to Processing Technology. 1 Introduction to Food Process Toxicants ( David R. Lineback and Richard H. Stadler ). 1.1 History and Role of Food Processing. 1.2 General Approaches to Food Processing. 1.3 Concerns about Food Safety during Food Processing. 1.4 Food-Borne Processing Toxicants: Setting Priorities. 1.5 Issues of Process Toxicants Present in Small Amounts in Foods. 1.6 Outlook. 2 Thermal Treatment. 2.1 Acrylamide ( Craig Mills, Donald S. Mottram, and Bronislaw L. Wedzicha ). 2.2 Acrolein ( Takayuki Shibamoto ). 2.3 Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines ( Robert J. Turesky ). 2.4 Hazards of Dietary Furan ( P. Michael Bolger, Shirley S-H. Tao, and Michael Dinovi ). 2.5 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and R elated Compounds ( Francisco J. Morales ). 2.6 Chloropropanols and Chloroesters ( Colin G. Hamlet and Peter A. Sadd ). 2.7 Maillard Reaction of Proteins and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE s) in Food ( Thomas Henle ). 2.8 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ( Jong-Heum Park and Trevor M. Penning ). 3 Fermentation. 3.1 Ethyl Carbamate (Urethane) ( Colin G. Hamlet ). 3.2 Biogenic Amines ( Livia Simon Sarkadi ). 4 Preservation. 4.1 N -Nitrosamines, Including N -Nitrosoaminoacids and Potential Further Nonvolatiles ( Michael Habermeyer and Gerhard Eisenbrand ). 4.2 Food Irradiation ( Eileen M. Stewart ). 4.3 Benzene ( Adam Becalski and Patricia Nyman ). 5 High Hydrostatic Pressure ( Alexander Mathys and Dietrich Knorr ). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 HPP. 5.3 Chemical and Matrix Effects. 5.4 Microbial Effects. 5.5 Allergenic Potential. 5.6 Conclusion. Annex. References. 6 Alkali and/or Acid Treatment. 6.1 The Dietary Significance of Processing-Induced Lysinoalanine in Food ( Mendel Friedman ). 6.2 Dietary Significance of Processing-Induced D-Amino Acids ( Mendel Friedman ). 6.3 Chloropropanols ( Jan Velisek ). PART II: General Considerations. 7 Application of HACCP for the Management of Processing Contaminants ( Yasmine Motarjemi, Richard H. Stadler, Alfred Studer, and Valeria Damiano ). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Processing Contaminants: Risks and Control Measures. 7.3 HACCP: the Backbone of Food Safety Assurance. 7.4 Application of HACCP to Processing Contaminants. 7.5 A Case Study on the Application of the HACCP Approach for the Management of Processing Contaminants: Extruded Cereal Snack. 7.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. 8 Emerging Food Technologies ( Fanbin Kong and R. Paul Singh ). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Pulsed Electric Fields. 8.3 Pulsed UV Light. 8.4 Ultrasound. 8.5 Microwave and Radio-Frequency Processing. 8.6 Ohmic Heating. 8.7 Infrared Heating. References. 9 Food Processing and Nutritional Aspects ( Josef Burri, Constantin Bertoli, and Richard H. Stadler ). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Food Processing and Major Benefits. 9.3 Conclusions and Future Research Needs. References. 10 Risk Communication ( David Schmidt and Danielle Schor ). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Attitudes about Food-Related Risks. 10.3 Ranking Risks: Placing Risks in Context. 10.4 Effective Communication Techniques: Examples. 10.5 Challenges and Barriers. 10.6 Future Prospects. References. 11 Risk/Risk and R isk/Benefit Considerations ( Leif Busk ). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Mitigation and Potential Risk of Other Possible Food Safety-Related Issues. 11.3 Research Needs. 11.4 Challenges and Future Prospects. References. Index.


"Oxford Reading Tree" remains the nation's favourite reading scheme and countless children have learnt to read with Biff, Chip, and Kipper. We are delighted to unveil its fresh new look for today's children, teachers and parents, with lively new covers and fresh artwork. It has got engaging new artwork and covers. Alex Brychta's unique style of artwork enthrals and entertains children, and the fresh new look will heighten their pleasure in reading the stories. With freshly drawn artwork for all the favourite core stories at Stages 2 - 5 and fantastic new covers, "Oxford Reading Tree" is more appealing than ever! The "Oxford Reading Tree" stories have always captivated children's imagination, inspiring them to read - and the stories and characters in the new editions haven't changed at all. Apart, that is, from an exciting new story at Stage 3, "The Egg Hunt", which replaces the "Dolphin Pool". We have also simplified the structure of the scheme in response to feedback from you: "Owls Storybooks" become Stages 6 and 7 Storybooks; "Magpies" become Stages 8 and 9 Storybooks; "Wrens" at Stages 2 have become patterned stories at Stages 1+ and Stage 2; and "Wrens" at Stage 3 are now patterned stories at Stage 2. In addition to the existing guided reading cards, perfect for use in guided reading sessions, we have brought out new teaching materials to reflect the needs of teachers in today's classroom: flexible, friendly teacher's notes included free with each pack of "Oxford Reading Tree" books - these are easy to store and will save you hours of preparation; new Take-Home cards for every Storybook from Stages 1 - 9 to help parents or carers get the most out of reading with their child; free resources website with downloadable photocopy masters; and a new Teacher's Handbook and special edition for Scotland.


Looked after children are recognised as generally having greater health needs than their peers. There are numerous potential causes, environmental and genetic, and the aetiology is often multifactorial. Assessments, especially clinical genetic ones, may be limited if the information available is incomplete or not shared. There have been some exciting recent advances in diagnostic genetic testing and more are on the horizon. However, we are currently only able to make a genetic diagnosis in less than half of patients, even when both parents are available for comparative testing. There may, therefore, remain an inevitable degree of residual uncertainty about the genetic contribution to a particular child's problems. There are increasing societal pressures for genetic information to be made available to individuals in general. However, there are significant considerations in carrier/predictive testing in children and we would maintain that looked after children should not be treated differently to other children in this regard, unless there is a compelling 'best interest' justification for so doing. Diagnostic criteria exist for fetal alcohol syndrome and other embryopathies and should be applied. Such should be considered as diagnoses of exclusion, so a child should not be prematurely labelled with these conditions, without fully assessing for the contribution of other factors, genetic or otherwise.


An extensive literature exists describing various techniques for the evaluation of Hankel determinants. The prevailing methods such as Dodgson condensation, continued fraction expansion, LU decomposition, all produce product formulas when they are applicable. We mention the classic case of the Hankel determinants with binomial entries ${3 k +2 \choose k}$ and those with entries ${3 k \choose k}$; both of these classes of Hankel determinants have product form evaluations. The intermediate case, ${3 k +1 \choose k}$ has not been evaluated. There is a good reason for this: these latter determinants do not have product form evaluations. In this paper we evaluate the Hankel determinant of ${3 k +1 \choose k}$. The evaluation is a sum of a small number of products, an almost product . The method actually provides more, and as applications, we present the salient points for the evaluation of a number of other Hankel determinants with polynomial entries, along with product and almost product form evaluations at special points.


"Domestic architecture lagged behind commercial architecture in accepting new forms of architectural representations and styles, including Modernism. This thesis undertakes the initial question of when and how Modernism began to appear in domestic architecture. House Beautiful's Small House Competition serves as the primary evidence of residences built in America by professional architects for specific clients between the years of 1928 and 1942. By documenting the competition, the research also confronts the question, not simply of Modernism as an architectural form, but Modernism as an accepted means of representation for architects and critics, in the magazine, and the reception of their definition by House Beautiful readers. The thesis traces how the architectural process changes over time from one accepted form (archetype) to another (prototype), using Maxwell's "Two-Way Stretch" theory to uncover the changes. The research shows that, during the course of the competition, archetypes of traditional buildings yielded to hybrids that combined traditional architecture with Modern ideas."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/mmi.14083 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. DR. KEIKO SATO (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-3687-4853)


Currently in the US, there is a discrepancy between the adult populations' literacy levels necessary to understand and adhere to healthcare instructions. A major goal of the Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 initiatives is to improve the communication (health literacy) of those with inadequate or marginal levels. Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. African Americans (AAs) ages 50 years and older with inadequate health literacy skills are subject to have higher rates of non-adherence to their medical regimens. Large numbers of AAs living in the United States are disproportionately affected by hypertension (HTN) and the burdens of associated complications. The purpose of this study was to describe the association of health literacy levels and adherence to antihypertensive regimens in AA adults aged 50 years and older. Green and Kreuter's (2005) Precede-Proceed Model (PPM) was used as a framework for this study. PPM accentuates the connection among health and social issues, pre-planning, culturally sensitive psychosocial barriers, population significance, and evaluation. A descriptive correlational design was used for 121 AAs ages 50 years and older who had been diagnosed with HTN and prescribed antihypertensive regimens (such as medication and dietary restrictions). Health literacy was measured utilizing the REALM and adherence was measured using the HBCS. Results of the study showed that the majority of the participants were not able to adequately understand healthcare information and were functioning with inadequate health literacy levels. Regression analysis showed that age and health status significantly predicted adherence to antihypertensive regimen, indicating that those who were younger and reported `poor' or `fair' health status were more likely to not adhere to their antihypertensive regimen.


The arrival, and continuing evolution, of high quality 3D objects has been made possible by recent progress in 3D scanner acquisition and 3D graphics rendering. With this increasing quality comes a corresponding increase in the size and complexity of the data files and the necessity for advances in compression techniques. Effective indexing to facilitate the retrieval of the 3D data is then required to efficiently store, search and recapture the objects that have been compressed. The application of 3D images in fields such as communications, medicine and the military also calls for copyright protection, or watermarking, to secure the data for transmission. Written by expert contributors, this timely text brings together the three important and complementary topics of compression, retrieval and watermarking techniques for 3D objects. 3D object processing applications are developing rapidly and this book tackles the challenges and opportunities presented, focusing on the secure transmission, sharing and searching of 3D objects on networks, and includes: an introduction to the commonly used 3D representation schemes; the characteristics, advantages and limitations of polygonal meshes, surface based models and volumetric models; 3D compression techniques; the 3D coding and decoding schemes for reducing the size of 3D data to reduce transmission time and minimize distortion; state of the art responses to the intrinsic challenges of building a 3D-model search engine, considering view-based, structural and full-3D approaches; watermarking techniques for ensuring intellectual property protection and content security without altering the visual quality of the 3D object. 3D Object Processing: Compression, Indexing and Watermarking is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers working in signal and image processing, computer aided design, animation and imaging systems. Practising engineers who want to expand their knowledge of 3D video objects, including data compression, indexing, security, and copyrighting of information, will also find this book of great use.


The current system of administration of the Bankruptcy Code is highly anomalous. It stands as one of the few major federal civil statutory regimes administered almost exclusively through adjudication in the courts, not through a federal regulatory agency. This means that rather than fitting bankruptcy into a regulatory model, Congress has chosen to give the courts primary interpretive authority in the field of bankruptcy, delegating to courts the power to engage in residual policymaking. Although scholars have noted some narrow aspects of the structural exceptionalism of bankruptcy administration, Congress's decision to locate responsibility for bankruptcy policymaking almost exclusively with the federal judiciary, with little input from administrative agencies, has evaded scholarly attention. This Article aims to fill the gap by analyzing Congress's choice of delegate in the bankruptcy context and assessing the consequences of the congressional decision to locate residual policymaking power in the courts. After identifying the structural anomalies of the current court-centered model and some of the constitutional and policy-driven concerns that flow therefrom, this Article makes the case for moving bankruptcy toward an administrative model with a regulatory agency charged with setting bankruptcy policy. Such a shift away from bankruptcy exceptionalism could bring greater expertise, accountability, uniformity, accessibility, transparency, prospective clarity and flexibility to policymaking in the bankruptcy arena. In addition, such a shift could help alleviate some of the constitutional issues that cast doubt on the legitimacy of our current system, such as Article III questions highlighted by the Supreme Court's 2011 decision in Stern v. Marshall.


Steep dispersions in engineered media of a wide variety have opened up a new direction of research in optics. A positive dispersion can be used to slow the propagation of optical pulses to extremely small velocities. Similarly, a negative dispersion can lead to conditions where pulses propagate superluminally. These effects have now moved beyond the stage of intellectual curiosity, and have ushered in studies of a set of exciting applications of interest to NASA, ranging from ultraprecise superluminal gyroscopes to spectral interferometers having enhanced resolving power.