?Aesthetic valuism? maintains that aesthetic properties harbor an ineliminable evaluative component, and that to correctly and sincerely apply an aesthetic predicate to a thing just is to give an appraisal of its aesthetic goodness or badness. Anti-valuism denies this, and holds that even in the identification and ascription of evaluatively-loaded aesthetic properties, such as beautiful or graceful , we may identify a non-evaluative, purely descriptive, and patently aesthetic form of judgment or discrimination. In this essay, I formulate a new definition of aesthetic properties that is consistent with anti-valuism, in order to see how well it serves us, in comparison with a valuist definition that appears in the published philosophical literature. If my definition is at least as intuitively plausible as the valuist?s, it should be preferred. This is because the most complicated concept my definition asks you to understand is perceptual resemblance (a concept I spend a fair amount of time explaining). Value is harder to understand, and we don?t make it very easy on ourselves if we use one mystery (value) to define another (aesthetic properties). I end by reflecting on how my definition fits into wider aesthetic concerns.


This article describes a unique two-part health education project that took place in Calgary, Alberta, with and for the general public. In Part I, adults were asked in focus-group discussions what they wanted to learn about health. Part II involved organizing and offering health education sessions in various communities around the city. The project evolved into a community-university partnership, based on strong interest and support from community groups. Analysis of the project raised major questions, including ethical questions, about the application of a revenue-generation model to health-related continuing education for the general public. The author advocates a return to meaningful public participation for health-related learning.


Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor Architecture and Tools: The Guide for Application Developers provides developers a comprehensive introduction and in-depth look at the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor architecture and the corresponding parallel data structure tools and algorithms used in the various technical computing applications for which it is suitable. It also examines the source code-level optimizations that can be performed to exploit the powerful features of the processor. Xeon Phi is at the heart of worlds fastest commercial supercomputer, which thanks to the massively parallel computing capabilities of Intel Xeon Phi processors coupled with Xeon Phi coprocessors attained 33.86 teraflops of benchmark performance in 2013. Extracting such stellar performance in real-world applications requires a sophisticated understanding of the complex interaction among hardware components, Xeon Phi cores, and the applications running on them. In this book, Rezaur Rahman, an Intel leader in the development of the Xeon Phi coprocessor and the optimization of its applications, presents and details all the features of Xeon Phi core design that are relevant to the practice of application developers, such as its vector units, hardware multithreading, cache hierarchy, and host-to-coprocessor communication channels. Building on this foundation, he shows developers how to solve real-world technical computing problems by selecting, deploying, and optimizing the available algorithms and data structure alternatives matching Xeon Phis hardware characteristics. From Rahmans practical descriptions and extensive code examples, the reader will gain a working knowledge of the Xeon Phi vector instruction set and the Xeon Phi microarchitecture whereby cores execute 512-bit instruction streams in parallel. What youll learn How to calculate theoretical Gigaflops and bandwidth numbers on the hardware and measure them through code segment How to estimate latencies in fetching data from different cache hierarchies, including memory subsystems How to measure PCIe bus bandwidth between the host and coprocessor How to exploit power management and reliability features built into the hardware How to select and manipulate the best tools to tune particular Xeon Phi applications Algorithms and data structures for optimizing Xeon Phi performance Case studies of real-world Xeon Phi technical computing applications in molecular dynamics and financial simulations Who this book is for This book is for developers wishing to design and develop technical computing applications to achieve the highest performance available in the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor hardware. It provides a solid base on the coprocessor architecture, as well as algorithm and data structure case studies for Xeon Phi coprocessor. The book may also be of interest to students and practitioners in computer engineering as a case study for massively parallel core microarchitecture of modern day processors. Table of Contents1. Introduction to Xeon Phi Architecture 2. Programming Xeon Phi 3. Xeon Phi Vector Architecture and Instruction Set 4. Xeon Phi Core Microarchitecture 5. Xeon Phi Cache and Memory Subsystem 6. Xeon Phi PCIe Bus Data Transfer and Power Management 7. Xeon Phi System Software 8. Xeon Phi Application Development Tools 9. Xeon Phi Application Design and Implementation Considerations 10. Application Performance Tuning on Xeon Phi 11. Algorithms and Data Structures for Xeon Phi 12. Xeon Phi Application Development on Windows OS 13. OpenCL on Intel 14. Shared Memory Programming on Intel Xeon Phi


Input signals are needed for the numerical simulation of vehicle multibody systems. With these input data, the equations of motion can be integrated numerically and some output quantities can be calculated from the simulation results. In this work we consider the corresponding inverse problem: We assume that some reference output signals are available, typically gained by measurement and focus on the task to derive the input signals that produce the desired reference output in a suitable sense. If the input data is invariant, i.e., independent of the specific system, it can be transferred and used to excite other system variants. This problem can be formulated as optimal control problem. We discuss solution approaches from optimal control theory, their applicability to this special problem class and give some simulation results.


Mixed-format assessments are increasingly being used in large scale standardized assessments to measure a continuum of skills ranging from basic recall to higher order thinking skills. These assessments are usually comprised of a combination of (a) multiple-choice items which can be efficiently scored, have stable psychometric properties, and measure a broader range of concepts; and (b) constructed-response items that measure higher order thinking skills, but are associated with lower psychometric qualities and higher cost of test administration and scoring. The combination of such item types in a single test form complicates the use of psychometric procedures, particularly test equating which is a vital component in standardized assessment. Currently there is very little research that examines the robustness of current equating methodologies for tests that employ a mixed format. The purpose of this dissertation was twofold. The first goal of this research was to present evidence on the use of a predictive stratification framework based on an already available covariate to create equivalent groups. The second goal was to present supporting evidence on an appropriate data collection designs for mixed-format test equating. AP data from an AP Chemistry test and an AP Spanish Language test were obtained, covering a three year period. Two categorical covariates were created based on average AP score and school size from previous years. A 5 X 5 crosstab stratified cluster sampling matrix was created from the two new categorical variables and used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of mixed-format observed-score equipercentile equating. Six research conditions were investigated using a re-sampling framework as follows: (a) two random stratified cluster groups equating designs, (b) two test form conditions, (c) four sampling rates, (d) two AP test subjects, (e) two sampling frame conditions, and (f) three equating designs. There were two major findings summarized from the 500 bootstrap replications in each design condition. Firsts, the random stratified cluster group equating design had the most conditions with total equating error less than .1 standard deviation unit of the raw score scale. Second, Model 1, in which the equating function was estimated using a smaller sample and the larger sampling frame, was more accurate than Model 2 where the equating function was based on two equivalent samples from the stratified matrix. An unanticipated but interesting finding was that equating estimates from AP Spanish was more accurate compared to those from AP Chemistry despite the fact that the dis-attenuated correlation coefficient between the multiple-choice and constructed-response section was higher (unity) in AP Chemistry than in AP Spanish.


Spring security is tremendously popular among practitioners for its ease of use to secure enterprise applications. In this paper, we study the application framework misconfiguration vulnerabilities in the light of Spring security, which is relatively understudied in the existing literature. Towards that goal, we identify 6 types of security anti-patterns and 4 insecure vulnerable defaults by conducting a measurement-based approach on 28 Spring applications. Our analysis shows that security risks associated with the identified security anti-patterns and insecure defaults can leave the enterprise application vulnerable to a wide range of high-risk attacks. To prevent these high-risk attacks, we also provide recommendations for practitioners. Consequently, our study has contributed one update to the official Spring security documentation while other security issues identified in this study are being considered for future major releases by Spring security community.


Norse Mythology explores the magical myths and legends of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and Viking-Age Greenland-outlining along the way the prehistoric tales and beliefs from these regions that have remained embedded in the imagination of the world. The book begins with an Introduction that helps put Scandinavian mythology in place in history, followed by a chapter that explains the meaning of mythic time, and a third section that presents in-depth explanations of each mythological term. These fascinating entries identify particular deities and giants, as well as the places where they dwell and the varied and wily means by which they forge their existence and battle one another. We meet Thor, one of the most powerful gods, who specializes in killing giants using a hammer made for him by dwarfs, not to mention myriad trolls, ogres, humans and strange animals. We learn of the ongoing struggle between the gods, who create the cosmos, and the jotnar, or giants, who aim to destroy it. In the enchanted world where this mythology takes place, we encounter turbulent rivers, majestic mountains, dense forests, storms, fierce winters, eagles, ravens, salmon and snakes in a landscape closely resembling Scandinavia. Beings travel on ships and on horseback; they eat slaughtered meat and drink mead. Spanning from the inception of the universe and the birth of human beings to the universe's destruction and the mythic future, these sparkling tales of creation and destruction, death and rebirth, gods and heroes will entertain readers and offer insight into the relationship between Scandinavian myth, history, and culture.


Crucial for the evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals is a method of measuring health. In a recent editorial in the Bulletin, Fosu convincingly argued that poverty reflects the health status of a country's citizens and is the underlying cause of "neglected diseases".1 It is also clear that impaired health exacerbates poverty, whether directly or indirectly, via diminished national growth.2 Poverty and health are linked bidirectionally.1 This complex association can be illustrated by a cause-effect loop: malaria being a historical and HIV/AIDS a contemporary example.

Various methods have been used to measure poverty and human development on population level; criticisms against them are as many.1 Credible health economic data can only be produced based on valid epidemiological data (see the 2007 series on health statistics in the Lancet available at: http://www.thelancet.com/collections/series/health_statistics). Many countries are far from fulfilling the need for valid information.

We still have to rely on complex statistical models and assumptions to fill the existing gaps in basic country-specific data. "Per capita income" fails to correlate sufficiently and precisely with measures of human development, such as life expectancy or child mortality.1 Another indicator, the "headcount ratio", is the proportion of a population earning less than the standard required for basic needs (US$ 1 per day). Variations over time and place, and exchange rates, however, make it difficult to grasp the scope and functions of this index.

Indices are needed to single out countries requiring attention from an international aid perspective. They are, however, often not helpful for national health policy-makers, because in developing countries poverty may vary considerably from region to region, between urban and rural areas and also within urban settlements. Differences are surprising even within resource-poor neighbourhoods: whereas some households clearly belong to the poorest of the poor, others possess a range of sophisticated utensils (H Feldmeier and I Krantz, unpublished data). Existing summary statistics are inappropriate in describing subtle but important differences in available resources.

We suggest that poverty and human development can be captured by a simple method, whether at country, region, urban/rural or neighbourhood level, by determining the combined prevalence or incidence of four (or a maximum of five) epidermal parasitic diseases (EPSDs): scabies, hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (hrCLM), tungiasis, pediculosis capitis and possibly pediculosis corporis. These diseases occur ubiquitously (or, in the case of tungiasis, on two continents) and are encountered in rural as well as urban settings.3 In low-income countries, epidermal parasitic skin diseases are widespread, but with a patchy distribution, with lower-income strata being disproportionately affected (H Feldmeier and J Heukelbach, unpublished data). In Brazil, tungiasis and hrCLM are much more prevalent in deprived and resource-poor populations, while the diseases occur only sporadically in more affluent strata.

Four factors useful as poverty indicators characterize each of the EPSD. First, prevalence, intensity of infestation and morbidity correlate on the population level. A reduction in prevalence will mean a future decrease in morbidity and an increase in quality of life and health. Second, disease occurrence overlaps and polyparasitism is frequent. Hence, knowledge of one EPSD could generate occurrence estimates of other endemic EPSDs in an area. Third, prevalence, intensity and morbidity are disproportionately high in particular population segments: girls and women (scabies, head lice), children (scabies, head lice, hrCLM, tungiasis), the elderly (scabies, tungiasis), or displaced persons and homeless people (scabies, tungiasis, pediculosis corporis). Lastly, the various EPSDs are easily diagnosed by affected individuals, caretakers or health staff.3 An index could be elaborated that reflects the degree of morbidity caused by the four (or five) major EPSDs in defined populations, based on self-reporting of sentinel individuals from strategically chosen groups.

The health of populations is ultimately a political concern. We need political commitments to implement findings in order to improve population health. While waiting for high-quality epidemiological data and ensuing information on health economics, our suggestion is to use sentinel group descriptions of EPSDs in a participatory approach, i.e. information that is easy to understand for each and everyone, politicians and laymen, and with considerable potential for action and change for the better. ■


One of the four Latin American Hemorrhagic Fevers, Machupo virus, emerged in
1959 as a hemorrhagic disease in the lowlands of eastern Bolivia. The primary factor in
the emergence of Machupo virus into the human population was the development of the
eastern lowlands, brought about by Bolivia's National Revolution in 1952. The
Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) government encouraged mass
migration to eastern Bolivia in the form of resettlement programs in an attempt to
stimulate the development of agriculture. By 1959 when Machupo virus first emerged,
the MNR had distributed over 400,000 parcels of uncultivated land under the Agrarian
Reform Act. The resultant clearing of uncultivated lands by the indigenous population
was the primary factor in the emergence of Machupo virus.
The United States government, in response to the burgeoning communist threat in
the middle of the twentieth century, provided direction, technological assistance, and
economic aid in the colonization and development of Eastern Bolivia, the region endemic
to Machupo virus. Focus shifted from indigenous resettlement to immigration in order to
provide a population the West perceived as capable of successful agricultural
development. This shift was in response to the image of Indians provided for the West in
the accounts of nineteenth-century travel writers who explored the economic advantages
of the eastern lowlands. Travel writers ascribed an identity to the indigenous population
resulting in a status of less than second-class citizenship in the eyes of the West, limiting
them to subsistence agriculture, which contributed to the emergence of Machupo virus.


Most of today's wireless communication devices operate on unlicensed bands with uncoordinated spectrum access, with the consequence that RF interference and collisions are impairing the overall performance of wireless networks. In the classical design of network protocols, both packets in a collision are considered lost, such that channel access mechanisms attempt to avoid collisions proactively. However, with the current proliferation of wireless applications, e.g., WLANs, car-to-car networks, or the Internet of Things, this conservative approach is increasingly limiting the achievable network performance in practice. Instead of shunning interference, this thesis questions the notion of "harmful" interference and argues that interference can, when generated in a controlled manner, be used to increase the performance and security of wireless systems. Using results from information theory and communications engineering, we identify the causes for reception or loss of packets and apply these insights to design system architectures that benefit from interference. Because the effect of signal propagation and channel fading, receiver design and implementation, and higher layer interactions on reception performance is complex and hard to reproduce by simulations, we design and implement an experimental platform for controlled interference generation to strengthen our theoretical findings with experimental results. Following this philosophy, we introduce and evaluate a system architecture that leverage interference.

First, we identify the conditions for successful reception of concurrent transmissions in wireless networks. We focus on the inherent ability of angular modulation receivers to reject interference when the power difference of the colliding signals is sufficiently large, the so-called capture effect. Because signal power fades over distance, the capture effect enables two or more sender–receiver pairs to transmit concurrently if they are positioned appropriately, in turn boosting network performance. Second, we show how to increase the security of wireless networks with a centralized network access control system (called WiFire) that selectively interferes with packets that violate a local security policy, thus effectively protecting legitimate devices from receiving such packets. WiFire's working principle is as follows: a small number of specialized infrastructure devices, the guardians, are distributed alongside a network and continuously monitor all packet transmissions in the proximity, demodulating them iteratively. This enables the guardians to access the packet's content before the packet fully arrives at the receiver. Using this knowledge the guardians classify the packet according to a programmable security policy. If a packet is deemed malicious, e.g., because its header fields indicate an unknown client, one or more guardians emit a limited burst of interference targeting the end of the packet, with the objective to introduce bit errors into it. Established communication standards use frame check sequences to ensure that packets are received correctly; WiFire leverages this built-in behavior to prevent a receiver from processing a harmful packet at all. This paradigm of "over-the-air" protection without requiring any prior modification of client devices enables novel security services such as the protection of devices that cannot defend themselves because their performance limitations prohibit the use of complex cryptographic protocols, or of devices that cannot be altered after deployment.

This thesis makes several contributions. We introduce the first software-defined radio based experimental platform that is able to generate selective interference with the timing precision needed to evaluate the novel architectures developed in this thesis. It implements a real-time receiver for IEEE 802.15.4, giving it the ability to react to packets in a channel-aware way. Extending this system design and implementation, we introduce a security architecture that enables a remote protection of wireless clients, the wireless firewall. We augment our system with a rule checker (similar in design to Netfilter) to enable rule-based selective interference. We analyze the security properties of this architecture using physical layer modeling and validate our analysis with experiments in diverse environmental settings. Finally, we perform an analysis of concurrent transmissions. We introduce a new model that captures the physical properties correctly and show its validity with experiments, improving the state of the art in the design and analysis of cross-layer protocols for wireless networks.


In recent years, globalization and its consequences have become hotly debated issues. In Europe, non-governmental organizations like Attac have argued that free trade and free capital movements favor large corporations and rich countries, while poor countries are treated unfairly. These ideas have gained wide-spread attention in the media. But globalization is also a large research area in economics, so there is a golden opportunity for economists to disseminate their knowledge to the interested public. In this article, we investigate to what extent Swedish professors, with publications in the relevant fields of research, actually take part in the public discourse on globalization. We find that the professors are virtually absent in the debate and we discuss possible causes and consequences of this inactivity.


In this volume, R. Alan Culpepper considers both the Gospel and the Letters of John. The book begins with a close look at the relationship between John and the Synoptics and a summary of John's distinctive thought and language. The second chapter addresses the fascinating issues regarding the origins of the Gospel and the letters: authorship, sources, and composition. The history of the Johannine community is reviewed in chapter three. Chapter four interprets the plot of the Gospel and prepares the student to read John as literature by providing a brief orientation to narrative criticism. The fifth chapter turns to more traditional concerns: John as theology. This chapter provides a digest of the Christology, theology, and eschatology of John. The sixth through the eighth chapters, the heart of the book, guide the student through a reading of the Gospel. The ninth chapter serves as an introduction to the Letters, noting especially their relationship to the Gospel. Each letter is treated in turn. The final chapter examines the challenges and potential of the Johannine literature as documents of faith. "In previous writings Alan Culpepper has shown himself to be one of the best Johannine scholars of our time. He not only conveniently draws together his research but also shows himself to be an excellent teacher." --Raymond E. Brown


b -lactoglobulin (B-LG) is the major whey protein and its polymorphic gene affects economical traits in cattle breeds. The present study aims to identify the phenotype, genotype and allelic frequency of B-LG gene among local cattle breeds and Buffalo in Egypt, as the phenotyping and genotyping of that gene have not been extensively studied yet in these breeds. Milk samples from Holestien, Baladi cattle and buffalo were assayed for phenotyping of B-LG as well as well as some milk protein traits. Genotyping of B-LG was performed by PCR-RFLP using Hae III endonuclease digestion of a 262 bp PCR products of exon IV and intron IV.  The most frequent phenotype in Holestien cattle , Baladi cattle and Buffalo was the BB variant. AA, AB and BB genotypes  were existed in Holestien cattle, meanwhile AB, BB and BC genotypes were  present in Baladi cattle and Buffalo breeds in Egypt with the predominance of BB genotype in the three breeds. The Holestien cattle populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium while the Baladi cattle and Buffalo were rejected. The allelic frequency of A, B and C alleles were in the order of 0.205, 0.795 and 0.000 for Holestein cattle, 0.109, o.869 and 0.022 for Baladi cattle and 0.055, 0.917 and 0.028 for Buffalo. The existence of rare BC genotype and the inbred nature were the most interesting result in the Baladi cattle and Buffalo. These results could be included into marker assisted selection programs to improve response to selection in these local breeds.


Poster used in the Polish Solidarity movement during the 1980s depicting a large group of upraised arms in black silhouette. Each of the hands is holding up two fingers. In the black sky above the crowd is a large white star with rays radiating from it. Across the bottom, the red portion contains the word Solidarnośc and a crest.


Abstract. We combine CO column measurements from the MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, and TES satellite instruments in a full-year (May 2004–April 2005) global inversion of CO sources at 4°×5° spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution. The inversion uses the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) and its adjoint applied to MOPITT, AIRS, and SCIAMACHY. Observations from TES, surface sites (NOAA/GMD), and aircraft (MOZAIC) are used for evaluation of the a posteriori solution. Using GEOS-Chem as a common intercomparison platform shows global consistency between the different satellite datasets and with the in situ data. Differences can be largely explained by different averaging kernels and a priori information. The global CO emission from combustion as constrained in the inversion is 1350 Tg a−1. This is much higher than current bottom-up emission inventories. A large fraction of the correction results from a seasonal underestimate of CO sources at northern mid-latitudes in winter and suggests a larger-than-expected CO source from vehicle cold starts and residential heating. Implementing this seasonal variation of emissions solves the long-standing problem of models underestimating CO in the northern extratropics in winter-spring. A posteriori emissions also indicate a general underestimation of biomass burning in the GFED2 inventory. However, the tropical biomass burning constraints are not quantitatively consistent across the different datasets.


We associate one or two posets (which we call "semistandard posets") to any given irreducible representation of a rank two semisimple Lie algebra over ${\Bbb C}$. Elsewhere we have shown how the distributive lattices of order ideals taken from semistandard posets (we call these "semistandard lattices") can be used to obtain certain information about these irreducible representations. Here we show that some of these semistandard lattices can be used to present explicit actions of Lie algebra generators on weight bases (Theorem 5.1), which implies these particular semistandard lattices are supporting graphs. Our descriptions of these actions are explicit in the sense that relative to the bases obtained, the entries for the representing matrices of certain Lie algebra generators are rational coefficients we assign in pairs to the lattice edges. In Theorem 4.4 we show that if such coefficients can be assigned to the edges, then the assignment is unique up to products; we conclude that the associated weight bases enjoy certain uniqueness and extremal properties (the "solitary" and "edge-minimal" properties respectively). Our proof of this result is uniform and combinatorial in that it depends only on certain properties possessed by all semistandard posets. For certain families of semistandard lattices some of these results were obtained in previous papers; in Proposition 5.6 we explicitly construct new weight bases for a certain family of rank two symplectic representations. These results are used to help obtain in Theorem 5.1 the classification of those semistandard lattices which are supporting graphs.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the usefulness for surveillance of the peer-reviewed literature on the prevalence of hypertension in Latin America and the Caribbean published from 2001 to 2010 with a previous study of the published literature from 1962 to 2000.

METHODS
A bibliographic search was conducted of publications from 2001 to 2010 that examined the prevalence of hypertension using MEDLINE and LILACS databases. The methodology of each paper was evaluated with the same critical appraisal tool used in the previous study.

RESULTS
A total of 81 papers were published from 2001 to 2010 on the prevalence of hypertension in Latin America and the Caribbean. Only 24 of these studies met the minimum methodologic criteria for evaluation. While the total number of studies published in the past 10 years exceeds the number published from 1962 to 2000, the percentage of studies that met the minimum methodologic criteria has not substantially increased. In addition to major methodologic shortcomings, less than 46% of the published studies reported rates of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. The hypertension prevalence estimates from the peer-reviewed literature range from 7% to 49%. These studies were primarily done in urban centers and are not evenly distributed throughout the region.

CONCLUSIONS
The quality and geographic distribution of the published literature on the prevalence of hypertension in Latin America and the Caribbean are inadequate. Research resources and efforts should be directed in the future toward closing this gap.


A sinister con man, Roat, and two ex-convicts, Mike and Carlino, are about to meet their match. They have traced the location of a mysterious doll, which they are much interested in, to the Greenwich Village apartment of Sam Hendrix and his blind wife, Susy. Sam had apparently been persuaded by a strange woman to transport the doll across the Canadian border, not knowing that sewn inside were several grams of heroin. When the woman is murdered the situation becomes more urgent. The con man and his ex-convicts, through a cleverly constructed deception, convince Susy that the police have implicated Sam in the woman's murder, and the doll, which she believes is the key to his innocence, is evidence. She refuses to reveal its location, and with the help of a young neighbor, figures out she is the victim of a bizarre charade. But when Roat kills his associates, a deadly game of cat and mouse ensues between the two. Susy knows the only way to play fair is by her rules, so when darkness falls she turns off all the lights leaving both of them to maneuver in the dark until the game ends.


Originally published in 1954, Richard Wright's Black Power is an extraordinary nonfiction work by one of America's premier literary giants of the twentieth century. An impassioned chronicle of the author's trip to Africa's Gold Coast before it became the free nation of Ghana, it speaks eloquently of empowerment and possibility, and resonates loudly to this day. Also included in this omnibus edition are two nonfiction works Wright produced around the time of Black Power. White Man, Listen! is a stirring collection of his essays on race, politics, and other essential social concerns (-Deserves to be read with utmost seriousness--New York Times). The Color Curtain is an indispensable work urging the removal of the color barrier. It remains one of the key commentaries on the question of race in the modern era. (-Truth-telling will perhaps always be unpopular and suspect, but in The Color Curtain, as in all his later nonfiction, Wright did not hesitate to tell the truth as he saw it.--Amritjit Singh, Ohio University)


The aim of this article is to open a conversation between the complexity & education community and the field of interdisciplinarity (as well as its close relative, interprofessionalism). It starts by describing two very different streams of thought in the literature on interdisciplinary research and education: One that focuses on the socio-cultural dynamics among disciplinary 'knowers' and one that emphasizes the complexity of the phenomena studied by these disciplinary knowers. Next, the author argues that recent epistemological thinking associated with the complexity & education community can help to integrate these streams of thought—offering a way for interdisciplinary inquiry to respect both the complexity of knowers and the complexity of the known.


The Elements?has become an international sensation, with over one million copies in-print worldwide.?The highly-anticipated paperback edition of?The Elements?is finally available.An eye-opening, original collection of gorgeous, never-before-seen photographic representations of the 118 elements in the periodic table.?The elements are what we, and everything around us, are made of. But how many elements has anyone actually seen in pure, uncombined form??The Elements?provides this rare opportunity. Based on seven years of research and photography, the pictures in this book make up the most complete, and visually arresting, representation available to the naked eye of every atom in the universe. Organized in order of appearance on the periodic table, each element is represented by a spread that includes a stunning, full-page, full-color photograph that most closely represents it in its purest form. For example, at -183?C, oxygen turns from a colorless gas to a beautiful pale blue liquid.?Also included are fascinating facts, figures, and stories of the elements as well as data on the properties of each, including atomic weight, density, melting and boiling point, valence, electronegativity, and the year and location in which it was discovered. Several additional photographs show each element in slightly altered forms or as used in various practical ways. The element's position on the periodic table is pinpointed on a mini rendering of the table and an illustrated scale of the element's boiling and/or melting points appears on each page along with a density scale that runs along the bottom.?Packed with interesting information, this combination of solid science and stunning artistic photographs is the perfect gift book for every sentient creature in the universe.Includes a tear-out poster of Theodore Gray's iconic Photographic Periodic Table!


Adobe Creative Suite 3 Design Standard brings together under one roof the tools that design professionals use on a daily basis. Designing in an integrated environment results in greater efficiency and streamlines the development of flexible designs. In this book, author and distinguished designer Scott Citron leads designers of all kinds through the ins and outs of working with the components in the suite. With an easy, engaging style, Scott takes a designer's approach to address the complexities of using multiple tools to perform a variety of tasks, and focuses on important principles that can be applied to working in all the programs. Part inspiration and part how-to, each chapter contains a full project to help cement these principles, complete with steps and full-color illustrations. Project files are included on the accompanying Web site so that readers can follow along and recreate each project. Whether an aspiring designer or a practicing professional, anyone who is interested in learning to use good design techniques with Adobe Creative Suite 3 will come away with a solid foundation in this extraordinary suite of creativity tools. Professional Design Techniques with Adobe Creative Suite 3 shows you how to: / Choose the right design tool for the job / Use automation to cut down your production time / Use typefaces effectively and set type like a professional / Work smartly with color-critical projects and complement your projects with kuler / Create stunning artwork and packages for CDs, letterhead, invitations, and more / Give structure to magazine and newspaper layouts with columns, guides, and grids / Create interactive PDFs with video, audio, rollover buttons, and links TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Getting Started The Principles of Graphic Design Use Grids to Add Structure Starting Your Design Organizing Your Work with Adobe Bridge Creative Suite 3 Preferences In Conclusion 2 Creating Effective Typography Introduction to Using Type Creating the Pattern Art Adding Dimension and Lighting in Photoshop Putting It Together in InDesign Formatting Your Text Choosing Compatible Type Preparing Text for Formatting Final Formatting and Adjustments Typesetting with Adobe Illustrator Project Wrap-Up 3 Designing a Corporate Identity System What Is a Logo? How to Develop a Logo: A Quick Case Study Choosing the Right Design Tool Creating Your Logo in Illustrator Laying Out Business Cards in InDesign Creating Letterhead and Envelopes Laying Out Envelopes and Labels Project Wrap-Up 4 Creating Newsletters and Forms What Makes a Good Newsletter? Paper Newsletter Preproduction Checklist Developing the Newsletter Work Smart with Styles The Zen of Baseline Grids Adding Interactivity Working with Graphics Charts, Forms, and Tables The Acrobat 8 Professional Component Project Wrap-Up 5 Designing Magazines and Newspapers What Makes Great Magazines and Newspapers? Let's Design a Magazine Setting Up the Document Adding Footers Choosing a Color Palette Beginning the Layout Pouring Copy Project Wrap-Up 6 Books and Longer Documents What Makes a Good Book? How to Begin Designing a Book The Strategy of Working with Long Documents Using the Book Panel Synchronizing Styles Adding Object Styles Styles in Sequence Automating Folios and Headers with Text Variables Cruise Control: Automated Tables of Contents Mass Production: Preflight, Packaging and Exporting a Book Keep It Organized and Back It Up Project Wrap-Up 7 Designing Annual Reports Creating a Custom Workspace Numbering and Section Starts A Tasty Cover: Using Live Paint Focus on What's Important in Images Documents as Artwork Maximum Flexibility: Smart Objects and Smart Filters Importing and Formatting Spreadsheet Files Project Wrap-Up 8 The Personal Portfolio and Interactive PDF Why PDF When We Have the Web? Exploring Interactivity in PDFs. Exploring Distribution Strategies Getting Started with Interactive Options in InDesign Using Bookmarks to Create Destinations Creating Buttons and Setting Button Options Adding Visual Feedback with Button States Adding Hyperlinks Adding to the Experience with Movies Saying It with Sound Exporting the Finished PDF Project Wrap-Up 9 Making Your Workflow Work What Makes a Successful Print Project? Begin the Beguine Designing a CD Package Setting Up the Front Panel Designing the Front Panel Designing the Tray Card Creating the CD Label Proofing Your Work Project Wrap-Up and Conclusion


The purpose of this study is to examine various socio-economic and demographic factors associated with contraception use among adolescents of Bangladesh. For this purpose, the present study utilizes the nationally representative survey data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, (National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), 2009). The cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analyses have been used to estimate the factors affected the use of contraception in Bangladesh. Respondents' education, their husbands' education, type of place of respondents, involvement with NGO program, marital duration, age at first marriage, age of respondent, communication between husband and wife, respondent currently working place, number of visits by family planning (FP) field workers and number of living children. Age at first marriage and age of respondents type of place of residence have been found to have significant effect on contraception use by both cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analyses. The study shows that adolescents who have at least one living child are tend to more use of contraceptive methods than those who have no living child.


Peterson, Lois. Disconnect . Victoria, BC: Orca Book Publishers, 2012. Print. Fourteen-year-old Daria has just relocated from Calgary, Alberta to Delta, British Columbia and she's not happy about the move! Determined to stay connected with her old friends, Daria's cellphone becomes an almost permanent extension of her arm, frustrating her parents, teachers and classmates. Quirky Cleo, another new kid in town, tries to connect with Daria, but to no avail. Cleo suggests that Daria may be addicted to technology, but who's listening? Desperate to earn some extra cash so that she can return to Calgary for March Break, Daria reluctantly takes an after-school job as a babysitter.  Although she's supposed to be watching out for Emmy and Caden, her two young charges, Daria has other things on her mind, with fateful consequences. This is a timely and engaging story, simply told. Disconnect is one of the Orca Currents series of books for reluctant middle-school readers. Its short chapters, controlled vocabulary, limited number of characters and contemporary themes will have broad appeal, especially for those reluctant readers who seldom choose a novel. Although the story is somewhat didactic, middle-school students will easily recognize at least one of their friends in the self-absorbed, technology-obsessed character of Daria. The situation she finds herself in is entirely plausible, and Peterson's first-person narration, texting shorthand and true-to-teenagers dialogue create a sense of "being there." Although initially a writer of adult fiction, Lois Peterson now writes for children and teens. She has written 7 books for Orca Book Publishers, including one other designed specifically for struggling readers. Disconnect would be an excellent addition to any public or middle school library collection. In our increasingly "connected" world, this novel raises some disquieting questions about technology's impact on the quality of our connection to ourselves and others. A great discussion starter with strong curriculum ties to digital citizenship. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Terri Hayes Terri Hayes is a teacher and student, currently completing a Master of Education in Teacher-Librarianship at the University of Alberta. Terri has been a voracious reader ever since her introduction to Dick & Jane at the age of six. Luckily, the quality of books for children has improved tremendously since those days, and now, one of her primary goals is to instill that same love of reading in her students. When she's not scouring the local library for her next great read, Terri can usually be found reading to her grandchildren or hopping a plane to some destination she's read about in a book.


The Multimodal Investment Choice Analysis (MICA) project is developing a computer-based tool to assist the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), the Washington State Transportation Commission, and the Washington State Legislature in making state transportation funding decisions. The function of MICA is to summarize the multimodal budgetary tradeoffs that will result from varying funding allocation and priority scenarios. MICA's methodology is based on benefit-cost and goal achievement analysis. The project has completed the first phase of research. The purpose of this two-volume report is to document the analysis methodology contained within the MICA program, as well as general findings from the first phase of this research effort. This document is also designed to serve as a User's Manual for operating the MICA program. While challenges still exist, the results of the Phase I research effort indicate that development of a multimodal analysis tool is feasible.


The paper studies quantum states of a Bloch particle in the presence of external ac and dc fields. Provided the period of the ac field and the Bloch period are commensurate, an effective scattering matrix is introduced, the complex poles of which are the system quasienergy spectrum. The statistics of the resonance width and the Wigner delay time shows a close relation of the problem to random matrix theory of chaotic scattering.


This contribution to the "worst Supreme Court cases" symposium examines Erwin Griswold's role in the litigation of Freytag v. Commissioner and the majority's holding that the U.S. Tax Court is a part of "the Courts of Law." The Author concludes that the Freytag majority created the risk of a further separation-of-powers challenge to the Tax Court predicated on the President's qualified power to remove tax court judges (26 U.S.C. sec. 7443(f)), officers who per Freytag exercise "the judicial power of the United States." Assuming, arguendo, the Tax Court judges do exercise "the judicial power of the United States" (and not executive power), Congress impermissibly granted to the President a cross-branch power to remove these judges. The Author argues that even a qualified power to remove affords a degree of control, and an executive's qualified power to remove a judicial officer represents an executive's power to control to some degree the exercise of judicial power. In this context, the article considers newly released presidential archival sources on the non-transparent "resignation" of Judge Albert Fletcher of the U.S. Court of Military Appeals as, in effect, a precipitated but disguised removal "for cause."The Author also offers a critique of Scalia's concurring opinion. It suggests that although an officer's attributes are necessary for the proper characterization of the exercise of power (whether legislative, executive or judicial), they are not alone sufficient to characterize the same. Instead, some resort must be made to some definition or conception of what is encompassed within the scope of "the judicial power of the United States."


Talk: (audio [3] | video [4]) In this panel discussion from the Great Writers Inspire Engage Event workshop, four Oxford academics speak about the criteria for what makes a great writer, often through the lens of their personal great writer. Seamus Perry chooses Samuel Taylor Coleridge, inspired as he is by the 'Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and its myriad possible interpretations. Margaret Kean chooses John Milton, who used his Paradise Lost to position himself in the canon of great writers during his lifetime. Peter McDonald talks about who decides who is considered to be a great writer, suggesting literary agents, prize judges, editors, reviewers, critics, librarians, and ordinary readers. Finally, Ankhi Mukherjee discusses the greatness of V S Naipul, who was critical of the existing literary canon and so set out to create his own kind of great literature.


Since its initiation, South Africa s post-apartheid land reform programme has generated extensive analysis and critique that in turn has yielded a body of scholarship. Discussion revolves around the official policy of the programme, the challenges associated with its implementation and its reception at local levels. It cannot be overstated that much of the discourse on the formulation of the programme itself commenced in the dying years of apartheid, through a series of workshops, policy conferences, research projects and publications. Prompted by glaring disparities in the country s social and living conditions and primarily by entrenched imbalanced landownership, contemporary land reform dialogue has a well-built backdrop. What, however, is our understanding of local community politics that played perceptible roles in triggering land redistribution and facilitating patterns of settlement? This article gives some insight into a veiled history of interplay between community mobilisation politics, governance and official land reform policy in the Lukhanji municipality of the Eastern Cape during South Africa s transitional years of 1995 to 2006. After outlining how land redistribution was initially driven by forces operating outside government action, the article proceeds to illustrate the frailty of the government land redistribution accomplishment. Moreover, it demonstrates the complex nature of a rural setting that has arisen from community-facilitated and incipient government land redistribution achievements in the area.


This article, derived from the 1996 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Presidential Address, explores the notion of intelligence from a variety of perspectives and finds that it "are" many things. It has, for example, been interpreted in a variety of ways even within our own field, ranging from the logical view (intelligence as part of mathematical logic) to the psychological view (intelligence as an empirical phenomenon of the natural world) to a variety of others. One goal of this article is to go back to basics, reviewing the things that we, individually and collectively, have taken as given, in part because we have taken multiple different and sometimes inconsistent things for granted. I believe it will prove useful to expose the tacit assumptions, models, and metaphors that we carry around as a way of understanding both what we're about and why we sometimes seem to be at odds with one another. Intelligence are also many things in the sense that is a product of evolution. Our physical bodies are in many ways overdetermined, unnecessarily complex, and inefficiently designed, that is, the predictable product of the blind search that is evolution. What's manifestly true of our anatomy is also likely true of our cognitive architecture. Natural intelligence is unlikely to be limited by principles of parsimony and is likely to be overdetermined, unnecessarily complex, and inefficiently designed. In this sense, intelligence are many things because is composed of the many elements that have been thrown together over evolutionary timescales. I suggest that in the face of that, searching for minimalism and elegance may be a diversion, for it simply may not be there. Somewhat more crudely put: The human mind is a 400,000-year-old legacy application -- and you expected to find structured programming? I end with a number of speculations, suggesting that there are some niches in the design space of intelligences that are currently underexplored. One example is the view that thinking is in part visual, and hence it might prove useful to develop representations and reasoning mechanisms that reason with diagrams (not just about them) and that take seriously their visual nature. I speculate as well that thinking may be a form of reliving, that re-acting out what we have experienced is one powerful way to think about and solve problems in the world. In this view, thinking is not simply the decontextualized manipulation of abstract symbols, powerful though that may be. Instead, some significant part of our thinking may be the reuse or simulation of our experiences in the environment. In keeping with this, I suggest that it may prove useful to marry the concreteness of reasoning in a model with the power that arises from reasoning abstractly.


The effects of EGR on diesel combustion were visually examined in a single-cylinder, heavy-duty research engine with a low compression ratio, low swirl, a CR fuel injection system and an eight-orifice nozzle. Optical access was primarily obtained through the cylinder head. The effects of EGR were found to be significant. NOx emissions were reduced from over 500 ppm at 0% EGR to 5 ppm at 55% EGR. At higher levels of EGR (approximately 35% or more) there was a loss in efficiency. Constant fuel masses were injected. Results from the optical measurements and global emission data were compared in order to obtain a better understanding of the spray behavior and mixing process. Optical measurements provide fundamental insights by visualizing air motion and combustion behavior. The NOx reductions observed might be explained by reductions in oxygen concentration associated with the increases in EGR.


Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are produced during combustion processes and, thus may serve as a proxy for fossil fuel‐based energy usage and coemitted greenhouse gases and other pollutants. We use high‐resolution nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to analyze changes in urban NO2 levels around the world from 2005 to 2014, finding complex heterogeneity in the changes. We discuss several potential factors that seem to determine these NOx changes. First, environmental regulations resulted in large decreases. The only large increases in the United States may be associated with three areas of intensive energy activity. Second, elevated NO2 levels were observed over many Asian, tropical, and subtropical cities that experienced rapid economic growth. Two of the largest increases occurred over recently expanded petrochemical complexes in Jamnagar (India) and Daesan (Korea). Third, pollution transport from China possibly influenced the Republic of Korea and Japan, diminishing the impact of local pollution controls. However, in China, there were large decreases over Beijing, Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta, which were likely associated with local emission control efforts. Fourth, civil unrest and its effect on energy usage may have resulted in lower NO2 levels in Libya, Iraq, and Syria. Fifth, spatial heterogeneity within several megacities may reflect mixed efforts to cope with air quality degradation. We also show the potential of high‐resolution data for identifying NOx emission sources in regions with a complex mix of sources. Intensive monitoring of the world's tropical/subtropical megacities will remain a priority, as their populations and emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases are expected to increase significantly.


The United States Constitution's provisions for selecting, replacing, and punishing presidents contain serious weaknesses that could lead to constitutional controversies. In this compelling and fascinating book, Brian Kalt envisions six such controversies, such as the criminal prosecution of a sitting president, a two-term president's attempt to stay in power, the ousting of an allegedly disabled president, and more. None of these things has ever occurred, but in recent years many of them almost have. Besides being individually dramatic, these controversies provide an opportunity to think about how constitutional procedures can best be designed, interpreted, and repaired. Also, because the events Kalt describes would all carry enormous political consequences, they shed light on the delicate and complicated balance between law and politics in American government.


Contemporary American society has the look of a split-level structure. Its political and social institutions distribute rights and privileges universally and proclaim the equality of all citizens. Yet economic institutions, with efficiency as their guiding principle, create disparities among citizens in living standards and material welfare. This mixture of equal rights and unequal economic status breeds tensions between the political principles of democracy and the economic principles of capitalism. Whenever the wealthy try for extra helpings of supposedly equal rights, and whenever the workings of the market deny anyone a minimum standard of living, ""dollars transgress on rights""--in the author's phrase. In this revised and expanded version of the Godkin Lectures presented at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University in April 1974, Arthur M. Okun explores the conflicts that arise when society's desire to reduce inequality would impair economic efficiency, confronting policymakers with ""the big tradeoff."" Other economic systems have attempted to solve this problem; but the best of socialist experiments have achieved a greater degree of equality than our mixed capitalist democracy only at heavy costs in efficiency, and dictatorial governments have reached heights of efficiency only by rigidly repressing their citizenry. In contrast, our basic system emerges as a viable, if uneasy, compromise in which the market has its place and democratic institutions keep it in check. But within the existing system there are ways to gain more of one good thing at a lower cost in terms of the other. In Okun's view, society's concern for human dignity can be directed at reducing the economic deprivation that stains the record of American democracy--through progressive taxation, transfer payments, job programs, broadening equality of opportunity, eliminating racial and sexual discrimination, and lowering barriers to access to capital.


Being "The Research University in the Helmholtz Association", KIT creates and imparts knowledge for the society and the environment. It is the objective to make significant contributions to the global challenges in the fields of energy, mobility, and information.

For this, about 9,300 employees cooperate in a broad range of disciplines in natural sciences, engineering sciences, economics, and the humanities and social sciences. KIT prepares its 25,100 students for responsible tasks in society, industry, and science by offering research-based study programs. Innovation efforts at KIT build a bridge between important scientific findings and their application for the benefit of society, economic prosperity, and the preservation of our natural basis of life.


We use comparable micro level panel data for 14 countries and a set of identically specified empirical models to investigate the relationship between exports and productivity. Our overall results are in line with the big picture that is by now familiar from the literature: Exporters are more productive than non-exporters when observed and unobserved heterogeneity are controlled for, and these exporter productivity premia tend to increase with the share of exports in total sales; there is strong evidence in favour of self-selection of more productive firms into export markets, but nearly no evidence in favour of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. We document that the exporter premia differ considerably across countries in identically specified empirical models. In a meta-analysis of our results we find that countries that are more open and have more effective government report higher productivity premia. However, the level of development per se does not appear to be an explanation for the observed cross-country differences.


Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored. Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups. Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences. Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus.


An accessible introduction to metaheuristics and optimization, featuring powerful and modern algorithms for application across engineering and the sciences From engineering and computer science to economics and management science, optimization is a core component for problem solving. Highlighting the latest developments that have evolved in recent years, Engineering Optimization: An Introduction with Metaheuristic Applications outlines popular metaheuristic algorithms and equips readers with the skills needed to apply these techniques to their own optimization problems. With insightful examples from various fields of study, the author highlights key concepts and techniques for the successful application of commonly-used metaheuristc algorithms, including simulated annealing, particle swarm optimization, harmony search, and genetic algorithms. The author introduces all major metaheuristic algorithms and their applications in optimization through a presentation that is organized into three succinct parts: Foundations of Optimization and Algorithms provides a brief introduction to the underlying nature of optimization and the common approaches to optimization problems, random number generation, the Monte Carlo method, and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method Metaheuristic Algorithms presents common metaheuristic algorithms in detail, including genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, ant algorithms, bee algorithms, particle swarm optimization, firefly algorithms, and harmony search Applications outlines a wide range of applications that use metaheuristic algorithms to solve challenging optimization problems with detailed implementation while also introducing various modifications used for multi-objective optimization Throughout the book, the author presents worked-out examples and real-world applications that illustrate the modern relevance of the topic. A detailed appendix features important and popular algorithms using MATLAB and Octave software packages, and a related FTP site houses MATLAB code and programs for easy implementation of the discussed techniques. In addition, references to the current literature enable readers to investigate individual algorithms and methods in greater detail. Engineering Optimization: An Introduction with Metaheuristic Applications is an excellent book for courses on optimization and computer simulation at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners working in the fields of mathematics, engineering, computer science, operations research, and management science who use metaheuristic algorithms to solve problems in their everyday work.


The use of stress simulation in casting design and manufacturer has found wide spread use in not only the automotive industry but also more general engineering castings. The development of light-weight body structures in the automotive industry has lead to a new generation of large thin walled complex aluminium and magnesium castings with demanding dimensional and stiffness tolerances, which require particular attention to casting design and production techniques. To achieve economic production long die tool life is required and thermo mechanical fatigue cracking ?heat checking? is often the limiting factor. Minimum distortion and maximised die life can be achieved by using simulation tools and optimisation techniques during casting design and production. A group of companies with competences in casting simulation, material testing, design and high pressure die casting has worked together on the overall design and manufacturing process and examples will show the success of this approach. The paper will give a review of the current capabilities of the application of a numerical simulation to stress related problems in casting manufacture.


Fashion design in America has never been covered by the extensive intellectual property (IP) protections afforded to other categories of creative works or to the art in other countries. As a result, America has become a safe haven for design pirates. Piracy disproportionately harms young designers who do not have established trademarks for their brands and must rely purely on creativity to propel their designs into the market. H.R. 2511 is a bill that aims to extend copyright protection to fashion designs, albeit narrowly. Compared with previous proposals to extend effective IP protection to fashion design, H.R. 2511 is more of a sui generis protection aimed at the particularities of the fashion industry. It was the result of intensive negotiations between parties of conflicting interests, and has been tailored to address specific yet ubiquitous problems in the fashion industry.


In this thesis, I study the spectral characteristics of large dynamic networks and formulate the spectral evolution model. The spectral evolution model applies to networks that evolve over time, and describes their spectral decompositions such as the eigenvalue and singular value decomposition. The spectral evolution model states that over time, the eigenvalues of a network change while its eigenvectors stay approximately constant.
I validate the spectral evolution model empirically on over a hundred network datasets, and theoretically by showing that it generalizes arncertain number of known link prediction functions, including graph kernels, path counting methods, rank reduction and triangle closing. The collection of datasets I use contains 118 distinct network datasets. One dataset, the signed social network of the Slashdot Zoo, was specifically extracted during work on this thesis. I also show that the spectral evolution model can be understood as a generalization of the preferential attachment model, if we consider growth in latent dimensions of a network individually. As applications of the spectral evolution model, I introduce two new link prediction algorithms that can be used for recommender systems, search engines, collaborative filtering, rating prediction, link sign prediction and more.
The first link prediction algorithm reduces to a one-dimensional curve fitting problem from which a spectral transformation is learned. The second method uses extrapolation of eigenvalues to predict future eigenvalues. As special cases, I show that the spectral evolution model applies to directed, undirected, weighted, unweighted, signed and bipartite networks. For signed graphs, I introduce new applications of the Laplacian matrix for graph drawing, spectral clustering, and describe new Laplacian graph kernels. I also define the algebraic conflict, a measure of the conflict present in a signed graph based on the signed graph Laplacian. I describe the problem of link sign prediction spectrally, and introduce the signed resistance distance. For bipartite and directed graphs, I introduce the hyperbolic sine and odd Neumann kernels, which generalize the exponential and Neumann kernels for undirected unipartite graphs. I show that the problem of directed and bipartite link prediction are related by the fact that both can be solved by considering spectral evolution in the singular value decomposition.


Why does Brazil continue to lag its peers in the quality of physical infrastructure? What are the implications for growth prospects? What could be done to close the infrastructure gap? These are the key questions addressed in this new report on infrastructure in Brazil. The key argument of the report is that Brazil needs to improve its capacity to plan and prioritize its infrastructure investments. Poorly prioritized and prepared infrastructure investments are a key reason why successive government programs, often with significant budget allocations, have had limited impact. Insufficient planning efforts have meant that what investment takes place has done little to reduce glaring inefficiencies and losses. With more efforts upstream to prepare a robust pipeline of projects, Brazil is in an excellent position to attract commercial financing to its infrastructure. With more attention to sector planning and governance, losses could be reduced and the effective resources available to infrastructure could be roughly doubled. This in turn would help boost growth and improve the quality of public services without the need for much additional public money. The report analyzes recent government measures such as the creation of the PPI and develops recommendations how infrastructure can become an engine of economic recovery in Brazil.


Author(s): Lee, Paul; Norris, Phyllis; Martin, Orin; Tamura, Dennis; Hagege, Maya; Jarrell, Randall; Regional History Project, UCSC Library | Abstract: The Early History of UCSC's Farm and Garden documents the emergence of the organic gardening and farming movement in Santa Cruz. It includes interviews with Paul Lee, Phyllis Norris, Orin Martin, and Dennis Tamura, who were involved in the early years of the Garden. Maya Hagege, a former Farm and Garden apprentice and UCSC alumna, conducted the interviews, which were edited by Jarrell.Established in 1967 by master gardener Alan Chadwick, the original site was a neglected 4-acre plot at Merrill College which he and his student apprentices transformed into a magnificent terraced garden. In this pioneering realization of organic gardening Chadwick taught students French intensive horticultural techniques, including the back-breaking labor of double-digging garden beds, the use of composting for enriching the soil, and the elimination of pesticides. The recollections of Chadwick describe the quixotic founder of the Garden, who inspired a generation of students who went on to launch the organic farming movement in Santa Cruz County and throughout the country. According to his friends and apprentices, his singular personality combined the qualities of a Pied Piper and a Johnny Appleseed, of a vexing and inspired visionary who taught his students to read the landscape of the Garden and to discover the interrelationships among land, climate, plants, and soil.This early campus experiment subsequently evolved into the Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food systems, now a respected academic program. Paul Lee was instrumental in assisting Chadwick found the Garden, and subsequently established the Chadwick Archive at Green Gulch Farm in Marin County. Phyllis Norris describes her experiences as a leading member of the Friends of the Farm and Garden and the development of the apprenticeship program. Orin Martin, a former apprentice, became manager of the student garden project in 1977 and has initiated a number of programs linking the community and the Farm. He also describes changes in the Farm's landscape and the variety of crops and fruit trees which have been cultivated over the years. Dennis Tamura, a Chadwick apprentice and the coordinator of the apprentice program from 1978-1985, provides a detailed account of Chadwick's unconventional pedagogy, his peregrinations in founding other gardens in California, and the evolution of the Farm and Garden.


At some point in the near future, the Supreme Court will weigh in on the permissible scope of affirmative action to increase workplace diversity. Undoubtedly, many scholars will argue that if affirmative action is good for colleges and universities, it is good for workplaces as well. One cannot assess whether this "transplant" argument is right without understanding the ways in which diversity initiatives at colleges and universities interact with diversity initiatives at work. The university and the workplace are not separate and distinct institutional settings in which diversity is or is not achieved. They are part of an interconnected system. We call this system the "Diversity Loop," and it is constituted by three central features: a supply effect (the diversity the university "supplies" to the labor market), a reiteration effect (the extent to which that diversity can be "reiterated" into the workplace), and a demand effect (the influence the employer's "demand" for particular kinds of employees has on the university's admissions criteria). The existence of this Diversity Loop is relevant to the normative question of whether it is desirable to promote affirmative action in both the workplace and the university settings and to the doctrinal question of whether the legality of affirmative action in the context of the workplace should be coextensive with the legality of affirmative action in the context of the university.


A general theory of vibration of damped linear dynamic systems is given. The limitations on the use of the usual normal mode theory in determining the response of damped systems were first studied systematically by Caughey when he derived necessary and sufficient conditions for the uncoupling of systems in N-space. Systems which cannot be uncoupled in N-space may still be solvable by modal methods on transforming them to 2N-space and using the results of Foss. However there exist systems which cannot be solved by the usual modal techniques in either N-space or 2N-space. Such systems which include some passive physically realizable systems require the general theory for a complete determination of their motion. For weakly coupled systems the simple perturbation analysis presented gives surprisingly accurate approximations to the actual response of the systems. In any design problem questions of stability arise, particularly when dealing with non-symmetric systems, and therefore a discussion on the stability of these systems is given.

The second part of the thesis is concerned with linear continuous systems. Exactly solvable continuous systems are rare and in general recourse must be had to numerical methods. The interchangeability of the differential and integral formulation of continuous systems is noted. As in the discrete systems constructive necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for a damped system to possess the same set of complete eigenfunctions as the undamped system. In the discretization of continuous systems the main problem of practical interest is the error bounds on the solution of these discrete approximations when compared to the exact solution. Unfortunately the literature is very poor in this area but what is known is applied to the systems under discussion.


Both physically and narratively, Moby Dick's body dwarfs all others in the eponymous novel by Melville, as the author devotes inordinate space to dissecting and explicating a whale's physical presence. Yet he explores other bodies too. In "The Tattooed Treatise: Breaking Down Mind/Body Binaries in Moby-Dick" I focus on human bodies, arguing that Melville used Queequeg, Ishmael and Ahab to contest contemporary bodily theories. From Calvinism and Transcendentalism to phrenology and Abolitionism, Melville was surrounded by discourses that competed in asserting the body's relationship to the mind. By describing Queequeg's tattoos as a "complete theory," a "mystical treatise," and a "wondrous work in one volume," Ishmael explicitly textualizes the harpooner's body and dissolves the traditional opposition between body and mind; the body retains the mind's knowledge and the mind requires the body to convey its wisdom. This cohesive mind/body relationship directly opposes a separatist discourse like Melville's childhood Calvinism. Ahab's body is also unified with his mind, yet with starkly unharmonious implications: his severed leg scarred not only his body, but also his mind, leading the captain ultimately to calculated murder-suicide. Using modern race and gender theory to interpret Melville's mind/body binaries, I argue that Ishmael struggles to choose between his allegiance to Ahab's corruption or Queequeg's harmony by developing awareness of his own body's performative nature. By textualizing his body with tattooed whale measurements (and leaving room for a poem), Ishmael makes the body's fluid relationship with the mind explicit, asserting his allegiance not only to Queequeg's mind/body harmony but also to his body's performative possibilities. Melville thus dramatizes a model of mind/body unity that was decidedly radical for his contemporary sphere of ideas, and which remains so today. "Each stroke of the hoe was to uncover some aromatic root of wisdom": Nathaniel Hawthorne thus establishes the Transcendentalist dream in The Blithedale Romance through his protagonist and narrator, Miles Coverdale. Coverdale's personal journey begins with youthful idealism but ends with wounded skepticism. In "Poetic Minds in Cloddish Soil: Hawthorne's Bodies in Contemporary Discourse," I analyze Hawthorne's rejection of Transcendentalism in Blithedale through the lens of the mind/body binary, arguing that his romance undermines the tenability of this philosophical model. Most modern scholars analyze bodies with reference to race, gender, and sexuality. In Hawthorne studies these readings usually focus on The Scarlet Letter, particularly on Hester's desexualized body, implicit slave narratives of subjugation, and Chillingworth's "raping" of Dimmesdale. Rather than contesting these theoretical perspectives, I suggest that their prominence causes us to systematically overlook other textualized bodily discourses. In Blithedale, Hawthorne critiques Emersonian Transcendentalism by interrogating the body's relationship to the mind. When Coverdale says that his labor will unearth truth, he connects his body's toil to the mind's capacity for knowledge, clearly channeling Emerson; Transcendentalism depends on the possibility of poetic unity between body and mind. Coverdale aspires to this unity, but soon realizes its philosophical flaw: as he works harder and harder, his ability and desire to write and contemplate decreases, foreclosing a utopian access to poetics and Nature. Hawthorne's interrogation of Transcendentalism is not limited to Coverdale. By exploring certain synecdochal images in other characters, particularly Westervelt's teeth and Zenobia's flowers, I show how Hawthorne repeatedly establishes mind/body binaries throughout the text while undermining their idyllic, transcendental possibilities.


Observation of the oral health-disease process at the population level is essential for understanding the process and producing more effective oral healthcare policies and actions. To observe, monitor, intervene, and evaluate are central components of oral health surveillance. This Supplement presents a range of studies highlighting the growth of this theme in Brazil. The articles presented here illustrate the close link between researchers from different regions of Brazil, working in eight Oral Health Surveillance Collaborative Centers with the Ministry of Health, established in dentistry schools and universities, as well as professionals from public health services. The articles also demonstrate the close relationship between oral health and other areas of public health, a striking characteristic of Brazil's Unified National Health System that merits attention in the national and international context. The current special issue includes a wide range of possibilities for surveillance research and practice. The first article, a critical literature review, discusses evaluative strategies in oral health promotion. Next, a review comments on the recommendations in food guidelines and their implications for Brazilians' oral health, while a third review discusses the evidence for actions that can have a positive impact on epidemiological indicators for oral cancer. Comprising the section of articles based on original research, one study describes the history of nationwide oral health surveys in Brazil, emphasizing the recently concluded survey, the SBBrasil Project 2010, which incorporates important methodological improvements. Along this same thematic line, another article proposes ways to use national surveys to develop oral health surveillance. Another article focuses on fluoridation of the public water supply, systematizing information on the implementation and expansion of fluoridation in the State of São Paulo, highlighting the longest-lasting public health intervention in oral health in Brazil. Five articles describe and analyze living and health conditions associated with oral health in official population-based surveys, indicating the possibility of an interface between the fields of oral health and public health: two come from the Telephone Survey Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL 2009); two others are based on the National School Health Survey (PeNSE 2009); and one on the Study on Surveillance of Violence and Accidents (VIVA 2006 and 2007). These articles present a unique approach for Brazil, since they draw on databases from broad surveys under the National Health Surveillance System, launching the production of articles on the theme of oral health in this area. The Supplement concludes with two articles: one evaluates secondary care provided at specialized centers in the Brazilian public dental care system; the other analyzes the work process among oral health teams in municipalities in the State of Pernambuco according to population size, focusing on the teams' approaches to work in the community. We hope that reading the articles will encourage professionals in health services and academia to continue developing studies in the area, integrating oral health with problembased analyses of overall health and living conditions. Oral health surveillance in Brazil


VMware Infrastructure 3 for Dummies will help you understand, design, and deploy a reliable and fault tolerant Virtual Infrastructure 3 environment. Virtualization can save your business a lot of money! Youll find an introduction to the technology and learn from the key topics covered in each chapter. You will have enough information to design and deploy your first system without being overwhelmed by extensive technical details. You can also use this book as a reference for maintenance and troubleshooting. You will find out what you need to do before you virtualize your machines. Learn about ESX servers, how to install them and their anatomy. Hook up your ESX servers with storage and data networks and understand what you need to know about networking and external storage. Youll be able to make everything fault tolerant with cluster technology. Find out how to: Make the most of VMware Virtual Infrastructure 3 Design and deploy your system Handle installation, configuration, and troubleshooting Virtualize servers, storage and networking Discover how to assure fault tolerance with clusters and the VirtualCenter database Use resource pools, set them up, and secure them Explore new options for disaster preparedness, including a virtual consolidated backup Complete with lists of VMware products, the world of virtual appliances, and more information about VI3, VMware Infrastructure 3For Dummies is your one-stop guide to virtualizing your machines.


Synopsis This paper shows, through a case study, the impact of multivariate grade modelling upon mine design and mine planning. A deposit explored by drill holes is considered, in which the grades of five elements (copper, silver, molybdenum, arsenic, and antimony) are of interest. Forty alternative models of the deposit are constructed by fitting the joint correlation structure of the grade variables and using conditional cosimulation. In addition, a reference model, obtained by averaging the alternative models, is also considered. The study shows that the resulting mine design (final pit characteristics and production schedules) is sensitive to the grade model under consideration, and that the design based on the reference model may not be optimal when compared to the alternative models based on cosimulation. However, when assuming a given long-term plan and extraction sequence, the grades and net present value (NPV) calculated on the reference model are unbiased with respect to those calculated on the alternative models with the same extraction sequence. The latter allow assessing the possible dispersion of the actual grades and NPV around their expected values, and are useful for the planner in order to determine the probability of meeting given production targets and of exceeding or falling short of given threshold grades. Additionally, unlike cosimulation, the separate simulation of each grade variable leads to unrealistic resource models and to biased results in mine design and mine planning. This approach should therefore be avoided, unless the grade variables are spatially uncorrelated.


In their reply to our comment on their initial paper, Moody and Marvell continue their analysis of right-to-carry (RTC) laws using panel data for the period 1977–2000. But with six additional years of data now available for analysis, we think the need for further parsing of older data is of limited value in assessing the more guns, less crime hypothesis. In this comment, we add six years of data to what Moody and Marvell previously analyzed. We show that, whether one looks at the original Lott and Mustard specification, the latest Moody and Marvell specification, or a plausible alternative specification, there is consistent evidence for the unsurprising proposition that RTC laws increase aggravated assault. We address some anomalies in these models and their resulting estimates. The Lott and Mustard model, for example, suffers from omitted-variable bias in failing to control for the impact of incarceration. In addition, the Moody and Marvell model generates odd predictions of the impact of incarceration on crime for most crime categories, and it appears to suggest (anomalously) that crack had no impact on murder. These and other problems raise questions about how well these regressions work to reveal the true effect on crime of RTC laws. For instance, would better data and models reveal that the estimated increases in murder and robbery are also statistically significant, as they are for the related violent crime of aggravated assault? Or might the estimated effect of aggravated assault be altered if we knew the full impact of changing police responses to domestic violence?


In the most crucial phase of the Second World War, German troops, fighting in regions as far apart as the Sahara and the Caucasus, confronted the Allies across lands largely populated by Muslims. Nazi officials saw Islam as a powerful force with the same enemies as Germany: the British Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Jews. Islam and Nazi Germany's War is the first comprehensive account of Berlin's remarkably ambitious attempts to build an alliance with the Islamic world. Drawing on archival research in three continents, David Motadel explains how German officials tried to promote the Third Reich as a patron of Islam. He explores Berlin's policies and propaganda in the Muslim war zones, and the extensive work that authorities undertook for the recruitment, spiritual care, and ideological indoctrination of tens of thousands of Muslim volunteers who fought in the Wehrmacht and the SS. Islam and Nazi Germany's War reveals how German troops on the ground in North Africa, the Balkans, and the Eastern front engaged with diverse Muslim populations, including Muslim Roma and Jewish converts to Islam. Combining measured argument with a masterly handling of detail, it illuminates the profound impact of the Second World War on Muslims around the world and provides a new understanding of the politics of religion in the bloodiest conflict of the twentieth century.


Learning a complex new language is no easy task especially when it s an object-oriented computer programming language like Java. You might think the problem is your brain. It seems to have a mind of its own, a mind that doesn't always want to take in the dry, technical stuff you're forced to study. The fact is your brain craves novelty. It's constantly searching, scanning, waiting for something unusual to happen. After all, that's the way it was built to help you stay alive. It takes all the routine, ordinary, dull stuff and filters it to the background so it won't interfere with your brain's real work--recording things that matter. How does your brain know what matters? It's like the creators of the Head First approach say, suppose you're out for a hike and a tiger jumps in front of you, what happens in your brain? Neurons fire. Emotions crank up. Chemicals surge. That's how your brain knows. And that's how your brain will learn Java. Head First Java combines puzzles, strong visuals, mysteries, and soul-searching interviews with famous Java objects to engage you in many different ways. It's fast, it's fun, and it's effective. And, despite its playful appearance, Head First Java is serious stuff: a complete introduction to object-oriented programming and Java. You'll learn everything from the fundamentals to advanced topics, including threads, network sockets, and distributed programming with RMI. And the new. second edition focuses on Java 5.0, the latest version of the Java language and development platform. Because Java 5.0 is a major update to the platform, with deep, code-level changes, even more careful study and implementation is required. So learning the Head First way is more important than ever. If you've read a Head First book, you know what to expect--a visually rich format designed for the way your brain works. If you haven't, you're in for a treat. You'll see why people say it's unlike any other Java book you've ever read. By exploiting how your brain works, Head First Java compresses the time it takes to learn and retain--complex information. Its unique approach not only shows you what you need to know about Java syntax, it teaches you to think like a Java programmer. If you want to be bored, buy some other book. But if you want to understand Java, this book's for you.


We investigate the integration of argumentation in a physics course for future elementary teachers. Students were divided into two groups – construct and evaluate – to solve conceptual physics problems using corresponding forms of written argumentation. After training in small teams, each group received tasks that required transfer of skills to new problems requiring a different form of argumentation i.e. students trained to construct arguments were now required to evaluate arguments and vice versa. The process was repeated after three weeks during which more training was provided. Results indicate no significant improvement of argumentation on team training tasks over this period, but a statistically significant improvement on individual transfer tasks. Thus, three weeks of training did not improve students' performance on the team tasks, but it prepared them to \transfer these skills to individual argumentation tasks.


Introduction The fast, precise, and accurate measurement of the new generation of oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran and rivaroxaban in patients' plasma my provide important information in different clinical circumstances such as in the case of suspicion of overdose, when patients switch from existing oral anticoagulant, in patients with hepatic or renal impairment, by concomitant use of interaction drugs, or to assess anticoagulant concentration in patients' blood before major surgery. Methods Here, we describe a quick and precise method to measure the coagulation inhibitors dabigatran and rivaroxaban using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode (UPLC-MRM MS). Internal standards (ISs) were added to the sample and after protein precipitation; the sample was separated on a reverse phase column. After ionization of the analytes the ions were detected using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Run time was 2.5 minutes per injection. Ion suppression was characterized by means of post-column infusion. Results The calibration curves of dabigatran and rivaroxaban were linear over the working range between 0.8 and 800 μg/L (r >0.99). Limits of detection (LOD) in the plasma matrix were 0.21 μg/L for dabigatran and 0.34 μg/L for rivaroxaban, and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) in the plasma matrix were 0.46 μg/L for dabigatran and 0.54 μg/L for rivaroxaban. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for dabigatran and rivaroxaban were < 4% and 6%; respectively, the interassay CVs were < 6% for dabigatran and < 9% for rivaroxaban. Inaccuracy was < 5% for both substances. The mean recovery was 104.5% (range 83.8–113.0%) for dabigatran and 87.0% (range 73.6–105.4%) for rivaroxaban. No significant ion suppressions were detected at the elution times of dabigatran or rivaroxaban. Both coagulation inhibitors were stable in citrate plasma at -20°C, 4°C and even at RT for at least one week. A method comparison between our UPLC-MRM MS method, the commercially available automated Direct Thrombin Inhibitor assay (DTI assay) for dabigatran measurement from CoaChrom Diagnostica, as well as the automated anti-Xa assay for rivaroxaban measurement from Chromogenix both performed by ACL-TOP showed a high degree of correlation. However, UPLC-MRM MS measurement of dabigatran and rivaroxaban has a much better selectivity than classical functional assays measuring activities of various coagulation factors which are susceptible to interference by other coagulant drugs. Conclusions Overall, we developed and validated a sensitive and specific UPLC-MRM MS assay for the quick and specific measurement of dabigatran and rivaroxaban in human plasma.


South African National Parks (SANParks) makes use of strategic adaptive management (SAM) to achieve its primary mandate of biodiversity conservation. This involves an iterative adaptive planning, management and review cycle to ensure appropriate alignment of stakeholder values with conservation objectives, to address the uncertainty inherent in complex social– economic–ecological systems and to learn explicitly whilst doing so. Adaptive management is recognised as the most logical framework for continuous improvement in natural resource management; nevertheless, several challenges in its implementation remain. This paper outlined these challenges and the various modifications to SANParks' adaptive planning and management process that have emerged during its development. We demonstrated how the establishment of a regular Science–Management Forum provides opportunities for social colearning amongst resource managers and scientists of a particular park, whilst providing other positive spin-offs that mature the SAM process across the organisation. We discussed the use of particular conceptual constructs that clarify the link between monitoring, management requirements and operational endpoints, providing the context within which Thresholds of Potential Concern (TPCs) should be set, prioritised and measured. The evolution of the TPC concept was also discussed in the context of its use by other organisations, whilst recognising its current limitations within SANParks. Finally, we discussed remaining implementation challenges and uncertainties, and suggested a way forward for SAM. Conservation implications: This paper outlined practical methods of implementing SAM in conservation areas, beyond what has already been learnt within, and documented for, the Kruger National Park. It also highlighted several implementation challenges that prove useful to other conservation agencies planning to adopt this approach to managing complex ecosystems.


Cregagh Hill 360 is an outcome from the Pan 360 project.Exploring and critiquing methods of video based landscape narrative construction.An ongoing series of short, landscape based, video works made by attaching a modified camera to a leash and whirling it through the space above and around the body. This simple activity of production dissolves conventional landscape scenes or views into sequences of dramatic visual activity where the landscape image is literally put into a spin. The raw video-scapes combine both the performative activity with the beautiful concordant / discordant footage of the environment.Through this, it aims to merge the figure and the landscape within a spatial narrative that is not constructed on the organizing principle of the static frame and single viewpoint but on the physicality of actions in the landscape embedded with functional technology.The significance of location enters the project as each place contributes specific visual data creating specific narratives faithful to location and method.This outcome was made in the Cregagh Hill location in east Belfast, Northern Ireland.Cregagh Hill 360 has been shown at several national and international venues.