Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes the 3 major forms of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Public awareness of the risk is not optimal, overall compliance with sun protection is inconsistent, and melanoma rates continue to rise. The risk of skin cancer increases when people overexpose themselves to sun and intentionally expose themselves to artificial sources of UVR. Yet, people continue to sunburn, and teenagers and adults alike remain frequent visitors to tanning parlors. Pediatricians should provide advice about UVR exposure during health-supervision visits and at other relevant times. Advice includes avoiding sunburning, wearing clothing and hats, timing activities (when possible) before or after periods of peak sun exposure, wearing protective sunglasses, and applying and reapplying sunscreen. Advice should be framed in the context of promoting outdoor physical activity. Adolescents should be strongly discouraged from visiting tanning parlors. Sun exposure and vitamin D status are intertwined. Cutaneous vitamin D production requires sunlight exposure, and many factors, such as skin pigmentation, season, and time of day, complicate efficiency of cutaneous vitamin D production that results from sun exposure. Adequate vitamin D is needed for bone health. Accumulating information suggests a beneficial influence of vitamin D on many health conditions. Although vitamin D is available through the diet, supplements, and incidental sun exposure, many children have low vitamin D concentrations. Ensuring vitamin D adequacy while promoting sun-protection strategies will require renewed attention to children's use of dietary and supplemental vitamin D.


The American bankruptcy system is a hybrid of state law and federal bankruptcy law. Under the Butner principle, federal bankruptcy courts preserve non-bankruptcy law substantive entitlements in bankruptcy unless bankruptcy policies compel a contrary result.This hybrid system, however, gives rise to the threat of forum-shopping if parties attempt to invoke bankruptcy jurisdiction for improper purposes, namely to rearrange non-bankruptcy entitlements to advance no coherent bankruptcy policy. Modern developments in bankruptcy law, as exemplified in the case of Marshall v. Marshall raise a novel threat of bankruptcy forum-shopping. Marshall involved the bankruptcy of tabloid starlet Anna Nicole Smith and her efforts to recover from the estate of deceased billionaire oilman J. Howard Marshall. Rather than deferring to the processes of the Texas probate court, Smith raced into bankruptcy court in California to capture a large share of Marshall's estate. The technical issue in the case concerns whether the dispute constituted a "core" matter under federal bankruptcy law and thus the timing of the entry of a final judgment by the bankruptcy court. If the Marshall Bankruptcy Court's decision is allowed to stand, it could set a precedent for rampant forum-shopping by dissatisfied parties seeking a more favorable resolution of claims in federal bankruptcy court than that to which they would be entitled under state law.


This report elucidates the risk channels for EU economies associated with international financial integration and provides an overview of the macroprudential policy options that are available to address these risks.1 It builds on the main insights from the rich academic literature developed recently to create a narrative of the role of global variables for the conduct of macroprudential policy at a national level. The report reviews the evidence on the cross-border spillovers of domestic macroprudential policies (MPPs). It also highlights key policy areas for making macroprudential policy as effective as possible. Annex 1 presents findings from several new research papers across the European System of Central Banks


Paul Tillich's classic work confronts the age-old question of how the moral is related to the religious. In particular, Tillich addresses the conflict between reason-determined ethics and faith-determined ethics and shows that neither is dependent on the other but that each alone is inadequate. Instead, Tillich reveals to us the gift that came with the arrival of Christ: a new reality that offers a power of being in which we can participate and out of which true thought and right action are possible. The Library of Theological Ethics series focuses on what it means to think theologically and ethically. It presents a selection of important and otherwise unavailable texts in easily accessible form. Volumes in this series will enable sustained dialogue with predecessors though reflection on classic works in the field.


Risky Work Environments provides new insights into the multiple and dynamic trajectories of both near misses and mistakes in complex work environments, based on actual case examples. It also studies the interactions between various activity systems or work practices (design, maintenance, incident investigation, regulation, operation) and their consequences for operational performance. The role of rules and regulations is explored, considering the consequences of deviations and the limitations of enforced compliance. Further, the book explains how to search for, think about and act on information about vulnerability, near misses and mistakes in a way that emphasizes accountability in ways that are not punitive but instead responsible, innovative and provide opportunities for learning.

Writing from different disciplines and theoretical perspectives, the contributors analyse working in risky environments which include air traffic control, offshore mining, chemical plants, neo-natal intensive care units, ship piloting and emergency call dispatch centres. In each chapter the authors present rich empirical data and their analyses illustrate a variety of ways in which, despite imperfect systems, safety and resilience is created in human action. In the chapters where the focus is on error or mistakes, the analysis undertaken reveals the logic of actions undertaken at the time as well as their constraints.
The contributors are all active researchers within their disciplines and come from Australia, Finland, France, Norway and the Netherlands. The book will be of direct interest to safety scientists, researchers and scientists, as well as human factors practitioners working in complex technological systems.


Hands-on, practical guide to implementing SSL and TLS protocols for Internet securityIf you are a network professional who knows C programming, this practical book is for you. Focused on how to implement Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), this book guides you through all necessary steps, whether or not you have a working knowledge of cryptography. The book covers SSLv2, TLS 1.0, and TLS 1.2, including implementations of the relevant cryptographic protocols, secure hashing, certificate parsing, certificate generation, and more.Coverage includes:Understanding Internet Security Protecting against Eavesdroppers with Symmetric Cryptography Secure Key Exchange over an Insecure Medium with Public Key Cryptography Authenticating Communications Using Digital Signatures Creating a Network of Trust Using X.509 Certificates A Usable, Secure Communications Protocol: Client-Side TLS Adding Server-Side TLS 1.0 Support Advanced SSL Topics Adding TLS 1.2 Support to Your TLS Library Other Applications of SSL A Binary Representation of Integers: A Primer Installing TCPDump and OpenSSL Understanding the Pitfalls of SSLv2Set up and launch a working implementation of SSL with this practical guide.


We study the degree of success of a single predator hunting a herd of prey on a two-dimensional square lattice landscape. We explicitly consider the self volume of the prey restraining their dynamics on the lattice. The movement of both predator and prey is chosen to include an intelligent, decision making step based on their respective sighting ranges, the radius in which they can detect the other species (prey cannot recognise each other besides the self volume interaction): after spotting each other the motion of prey and predator turns from a nearest neighbour random walk into directed escape or chase, respectively. We consider a large range of prey densities and sighting ranges and compute the mean first passage time for a predator to catch a prey as well as characterise the effective dynamics of the hunted prey. We find that the prey's sighting range dominates their life expectancy and the predator profits more from a bad eyesight of the prey than from his own good eye sight. We characterise the dynamics in terms of the mean distance between the predator and the nearest prey. It turns out that effectively the dynamics of this distance coordinate can be captured in terms of a simple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck picture. Reducing the many-body problem to a simple two-body problem by imagining predator and nearest prey to be connected by an effective Hookean bond, all features of the model such as prey density and sighting ranges merge into the effective binding constant.


German photography pioneer Karl Blossfeldt (1865-1932) photographed plants so beautifully, and with such originality, that his work transcends the medium itself. Over more than 30 years, he took thousands of photographs, revealing a formally rigorous talent whose precision and dedication bridge the nineteenth and twentieth century worlds of image making and bring a distinctly sculptural aspect to a firmly two-dimensional art form. Beautifully but starkly composed against plain cardboard backgrounds, Blossfeldt's images, relying on a northern light for their sense of volume, reveal nothing of the man but everything of themselves. They are still-lifes, piercingly final statements on their subject, and have endured owing to their technical brilliance and the ongoing fascination of students and photographers. Like their maker, they are quietly and lastingly effective.


This paper investigates the just-noticeable-difference (JND) for natural frequency of virtual second order dynamic systems. Using a one degree-of-freedom haptic device, visual and/or haptic sensory feedback were presented during interactions with the system. Participants were instructed to either perceive passively or actively excite the system in order to discriminate natural frequencies. The JND for this virtual resonance task ranged from 3.99 % to 6.96 % for reference frequencies of 1 Hz and 2 Hz. Results show that sensory feedback has a significant effect on JND in passive perception, with combined visual and haptic feedback enabling the best discrimination performance. In active perception, there is no significant difference on JND with haptic and combined visual and haptic feedback. There is also no significant difference between active perception and passive perception for this JND experiment. The presentation of systems with equivalent natural frequencies but different spring stiffness resulted in no large bias toward larger stiffness and no significant difference in JND for equivalent systems. This finding indicates that human participants do not discriminate natural frequency based on the maximum force magnitude perceived, as indicated by prior studies.


Considerable work has considered the place of pets in humans' lives, although most of this research takes for granted that pets are certain animals. While these perspectives provide insight into the character of human-nonhuman relationships, the assumptions underlying such research frequently invest in a conception of pets as having essential qualities. This paper explores the possibility that petness, which can generally be defined as the state, quality or conditions under which a pet is constituted, arises from socially constructed relations and the treatment of objects. Using the example of virtual pets I will argue that there is no essential 'petness' to anything and that petness is a social construct. More specifically, I contend that pets are the product of the investment of human emotion into objects. After outlining how such treatment is not exclusive to the animals that live close to us, but is similarly exhibited toward inanimate entities as well as other sentient creatures, I will conclude with some discussion of how pet relations can be understood in the context of late capitalism.


This thesis consists of four independent essays which address two main areas of research. The first area deals with the role of income distribution in economic transactions. The first paper in the thesis, Knowing me, Knowing you, suggests a new method of incorporating income distribution into international trade analysis. The method suggested provides a way to compare the distribution of income between two countries, and this is used to proxy demand similarities between the countries in question. The article Income Distribution and the diffusion of networks analyzes the impact of income distribution on the diffusion of fixed telecommunications in Brazil by showing how income distribution affects aggregate demand. The second line of research has to do with the impact of information on international trade. Insufficient information generates transaction costs, and in order to reduce costs it may be preferable to trade with known partners. The article Everybody knows? focuses on news flows as an explanatory variable in trade models. The determinants of news flows are estimated in a gravity model and subsequently in a structural equation model of international trade. The results suggest that information flow is an important determinant of international trade, but that traditional variables used in gravity models, such as income level and distance, also can be interpreted as taking information into account. Finally, the chapter Stranger in a strange land addresses the effects of international migration on explaining international trade patterns. The results reveal that immigration to Sweden has had a positive and robust effect on Swedish exports.


Torture is perhaps the most unequivocally banned practice in the world today. Yet within six weeks after September 11, articles began appearing suggesting that torture might be "required" in order to interrogate suspected terrorists about future possibilities of violence. The United States and some of its allies are using methods of questioning relating to the war on terrorism that could be described as torture or, at the very least, as inhuman and degrading. It is known that the United States sent some suspected terrorists to allied countries that are well known to engage in torture. And in terror's wake, the use of such methods, at least under some conditions, has gained some prominent defenders. Torture: A Collection brings together leading lawyers, political theorists, social scientists, and public intellectuals to debate the advisability of maintaining the absolute ban and to reflect on what it says about our societies if we do - or do not - adhere to it in all circumstances. One important question is how we define torture at all. Are "cruel and inhumane" practices that result in profound physical or mental discomfort tolerable so long as they do not meet some definition of "torture"? And how much "transparency" do we really want with regard to interrogation practices? Is "don't ask, don't tell" an acceptable response to those who concern themselves about these practices? Addressing these questions and more, this book tackles one of the most controversial issues that we face today. The noted contributors include Ariel Dorfman, Elaine Scarry, Alan Dershowitz, Judge Richard Posner, Michael Walzer, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and other lawyers from both the United States and abroad.


A thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics


Purely functional programs should run well on parallel hardware because of the absence of side effects, but it has proved hard to realise this potential in practice. Plenty of papers describe promising ideas, but vastly fewer describe real implementations with good wall-clock performance. We describe just such an implementation, and quantitatively explore some of the complex design tradeoffs that make such implementations hard to build. Our measurements are necessarily detailed and specific, but they are reproducible, and we believe that they offer some general insights.


"The Rhetoric of Revenge" addresses the way that individual acts of brutality during the
War for Independence in North and South Carolina were perceived and interpreted by
both Whig and Tory participants. This thesis looks at the processes of identity formation
and contextualization, whereby individuals took the facts as they knew them and tried to
make sense of both their own and their opponents' place in the unfolding drama. It also
examines the ways these events were incorporated into the rhetoric of each side and were
used as tools in creating narratives of heroism on one side and brutality on the other.
Through analysis of opposing accounts of the same event, this work is able to break
through the facts of these events to understand the way individuals understood them. It is
more interested in perception than reality, and in the choices that were made regarding
the inclusion, exclusion, interpretation and exaggeration of individual factual elements.
This work also use the journals of two young men, Thomas Young, a Whig, and Anthony
Allaire, a Tory, throughout, as a common thread to tie together the many disparate and
chaotic events that became a part of conflicting identities and ultimately created two
opposing narratives of the events of the American Revolution, based on atrocity.


A review of:

Tucker, James, Corey. "Database Support for Research in Public Administration." Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 24.1 (2005): 47-60.

Objective – To examine the extent to which six commercial database products support student and faculty research in the area of public administration.

Design – Bibliometric study.

Setting – Academic library in the United States.

Subjects – Six commercial business-related database products were examined: Proquest's ABI/INFORM Global edition (ABI), EBSCO's Business Source Premier (BSP), Gale's General BusinessFile ASAP (GBF), EBSCO's Academic Search Premier (ASP), EBSCO's Expanded Academic Index (EAI) and Proquest's International Academic Research Library (ARL). Three of the databases (ABI, BSP, GBF) were chosen because they address the management, human resource, and financing elements of public administration. The other three (ASP, EAI, ARL) were included because of their multidisciplinary coverage.

Methods – A list of journal titles covering public administration was assembled from the Institute of Scientific Information's Social Sciences Citation Index and previously published lists of recommended journals in the field. The author then compared the compiled list of journal titles against the journal titles indexed by the six database
products. He further analyzed the results by level of journal coverage (abstract only, full-text, and full-text with embargo) and subject area based on categories described in Ulrich's Periodicals Directory.

Main Results – The study found that three of the six database products --EAI, BSP, and ARL -- provide indexing for the greatest number of public administration journals contained in the compiled list. EIA and ARL cover the greatest number of those that are full-text journals, while BSP and ASP cover the greatest number of those full-text journals limited by publisher embargoes.

Conclusion – The author concludes that of the six databases examined, EAI, BSP, and ARL are the best for public administration research, based on their strength in the subject areas of public administration and public finance. The author also recommends that librarians in the field of public administration "carefully evaluate each database to see which one best fits the needs of the library and patrons" (56).


The purpose of the current thesis was to conduct a feasibility study of alternate methods for creating proton range compensators. Currently, proton range compensators are made of solid materials, but an interest in creating a proton range compensator using fluid has arose in respect to a need for cost and time efficiency. The current process of making proton compensators is costly and time consuming. A fluid-based design is expected to allow doctors to quickly "dial up" a dose within a matter of minutes. The current study included the fabrication, and testing, of a fluid-based range compensator. The fluid-based design consisted of a block of acrylic with an array of holes. Each of the holes was plugged with an acrylic plunger. The plungers were depressed to a desired depth to achieve a specific dosimetric value. The testing sequence used in the current study included multiple compensator configurations that were used to compare the fluid-based design to the conventional solid design. Photon radiation was passed through each compensator and each compensator's exposure image was compared. The results of the statistical analysis showed no significant similarities between the conventional compensator design and the fluid-based compensator design. Reflection of the current study discusses the potential for the fluid-based design to be used as an alternative method to achieve proton range compensation rather than a replacement for the conventional solid design.


Health information systems are spreading globally which promote health and human prosperity. Globalization of health informatics infrastructures is needed to have significant growth in improving quality and capacity of healthcare sector in developing countries. At present the health information infrastructure remains inadequate to meet the needs of rising population. Poverty and technological implementations are major barriers in the lesser-developed countries. Health care can be transformed and health status of population improved by eliminating barriers and implementing health informatics in developing countries.


Business firms and Business corporations enter into thousands of contracts everyday. Making a formal and written contract is very important for business corporations and firms although oral contracts are accepted and recognized by law. There are certain rules on making a valid formal contract. If the business firms do not have knowledge of those contract formation rules and they make contracts in ignorance of those rules, their contracts would be liable to be declared as null and void by the court of law if it is referred to it to determine its validity or to get a remedy for breach of contracts by one of the parties in the contract. In this paper I have not discussed all the elements of a valid contract. I have discussed only one of the fundamental elements of a valid contract that is 'acceptance'. In a business contract, there must have be an 'offer' and an 'acceptance', to make a valid contract, if not the contract will not be valid, recognized and enforceable in the court of law. The objective of this paper is to clarify the rules of making a valid 'acceptance' which may lead to making a binding contract between the parties.


The cult of the Virgin Mary in southern India and especially in Tamil Nadu is very popular, and she certainly incarnates the emblematic figure of contemporary Indian Catholicism. After the arrival of the Portuguese in India, the task of evangelization was in the hands of the missionary orders who worked under Portuguese rule. In the seventeenth century, the centre of interest in Christian missions in India moved southwards to the Tamil country. It was the Jesuits who ruled and administered over the area for the next century or so. They contributed to the assimilation of the Virgin Mary into the Tamil villagers' pantheon, trying to translate the Catholic conception of the divine into Tamil and locating the Catholic faith at "home" in the Tamil world. This study will try to explain how missionaries succeeded in spreading the cult of a new Catholic female deity among devotees of the grama-devatas.


Former Wall Street Journal technology reporter Yukari Iwatani Kane delves deep inside Apple in the two years since Steve Jobss death, revealing the tensions and challenges CEO Tim Cook and his team face as they try to sustain Jobss vision and keep the company moving forward.Steve Jobs's death raised one of the most pressing questions in the tech and business worlds: Could Apple stay great without its iconic leader? Many inside the company were eager to prove that Apple could be just as innovative as it had been under Jobs. Others were painfully aware of the immense challenge ahead. As its business has become more complex and global, Apple has come under intense scrutiny, much of it critical. Maintaining market leadership has become crucial as it tries to conquer new frontiers and satisfy the public's insatiable appetite for "insanely great products.Based on over two hundred interviews with current and former executives, business partners, Apple watchers and others, Haunted Empire is an illuminating portrait of Apple today that offers clues to its future. With nuanced insights and colorful details that only a seasoned journalist could glean, Kane goes beyond the myths and headlines. She explores Tim Cooks leadership and its impact on Jobss loyal lieutenants, new product development, and Apples relationships with Wall Street, the government, tech rivals, suppliers, the media, and consumers.Hard-hitting yet fair, Haunted Empire reveals the perils and opportunities an iconic company faces when it loses its visionary leader.


The contributions to this Edited Collection reveal the complexity of the deceptively simple question posed by its title: Gender, Sexuality and Social Justice: What's Law Got to Do With It? Many of those involved in this publication are directly involved in and affected by the issues to which the Edited Collection's title speaks. From activists working with women in Assam's tea gardens in India or young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender leaders in Vietnam, to lawyers fighting the Anti-Homosexuality Bill in Uganda or the criminalisation of cross-dressing in Malaysia, to academics carefully re-reading Islamic Sharia or researchers assessing HIV prevention programmes in South Africa, the contributors to this Collection have first-hand knowledge and experience of the complexities of gender, sexuality and social justice. The product of this vast array of experience is a series of conversations that decisively indicate that the question of law's relation to sexuality, gender and social justice does not have a single, simple answer. The increased legalisation of processes by which sexual, sexuality and gender justice is sought requires interrogation and careful scrutiny and, as the contributions in this collection show, the law is often an imperfect tool for achieving meaningful justice. Yet it is in these important and complex conversations that the scope for future action becomes tangible. In exploring different processes by which activists and other actors have worked for change, in interrogating what we mean when we talk about 'solidarity', and in questioning the usefulness and place of law, a picture of a complex but vibrant field of action for sexuality and gender justice begins to emerge. This Collection offers multiple routes to sexuality and gender justice and numerous suggestions of what sexuality and gender justice could be in a plurality of contexts. It also suggests that there are many potential pitfalls and barriers to justice or progress. What this Collection highlights, however, is that by listening carefully to each other and by paying careful attention to the needs of those working on the ground, we give ourselves the best chances of success, individually and collectively. The ongoing conversations in this Collection are part of this process. It has been a privilege to be part of them and we will watch how they develop further with interest and with hope.


Network utilities, such as electricity, telephones, and gas, are public utilities that require a fixed network to deliver their services. Because consumers have no choice of network, they risk exploitation by network owners. Once invested, however, a network's capital is sunk, and the bargaining advantage shifts from investor to consumer. The investor, fearing expropriation, may be reluctant to invest. The tension between consumer and investor can be side-stepped by state ownership. Alternatively, private ownership and consumers' political power can be reconciled through regulation. Either way, network utilities operate under terms set by the state. David Newbery argues that price-setting rules comprise only part of the policy agenda. Network utilities pose special problems of ownership and regulation. He discusses the history of ownership and regulation, privatization, and theories of regulation. Examining three network utilities in detail—telecoms, electricity, and gas—he contrasts the regulatory approaches of Britain and the United States. He also looks at liberalization in a variety of other countries. History shows that the mature forms of regulatory institutions are remarkably similar under both public and private ownership. This raises obvious questions such as: Will the forces that caused convergence to regulated vertical integration in the past reassert themselves? Can the benefits of competition be protected against the pressure to reintegrate? Will different utilities differ in their form and structure? A full understanding of the forces shaping regulatory institutions is necessary to answer these important questions.


Outlook 2010 is a powerful Information management application that allows you to co-ordinate projects using a variety of different tools. These range from E-mail for communication, to the Calendar, which can be used for time management. Tasks to manage your workload and notes to stop you forgetting important bits of information, Finally contacts to keep track of all the people you need to incorporate into your busy schedule either by phone, email projects, mailings or social connections. This ebook is the first part of a series of three ebooks. First you find a brief introduction to help you understanding Outlook 2010 better. Furthermore you will learn how to use folders, mail messages and make use of the different Outlook 2010 message options.

A Folder is a container that holds items within Outlook. Folders only store specific items, such as e-mails in an e-mail folder or appointments and meetings in a calendar folder. Each different kind of folder holds a different kind of item it is not possible to for example store appointments in an e-mail folder and vice versa. In the chapter about Outlook 2010 folders you will learn how to use folders. You will also learn how to create and manage your folder list, how to create and use public folders and how to navigate within the navigation pane.

In Outlook 2010 there are several message options you can set before a message is sent. In the chapter Outlook 2010 message options you will learn how to ask for read and delivery receipts, how to ask contacts to vote and how to divert replies. Moreover you will learn how to set delivery and expiry dates, flag messages for follow up, create an auto signature and use more than one e-mail account.


Methods by which to restrict the processing of personal data could include, inter alia, temporarily moving the selected data to another processing system, making the selected personal data unavailable to users, or temporarily removing published data from a website. In automated filing systems, the restriction of processing should in principle be ensured by technical means in such a manner that the personal data are not subject to further processing operations and cannot be changed. The fact that the processing of personal data is restricted should be clearly indicated in the system.


The vulnerability assessment integrates the analysis of the conditions and the characteristics of a system that is exposed to a certain type of natural hazard. In the model that has been used in the present paper, the vulnerability was assessed at the administrative unit (county) level, as a result of the interaction between hazard and the exposed components of the system. The assessment of the exposure was done by measuring the total value of goods, resources and population that are exposed to natural hazards. There were selected 39 indicators, which were included into four major groups, depending on the main factors (physical, social, environmental and economic) that enhance the susceptibility of communities to natural hazards and on the elements that are exposed to these events. Each indicator was classified on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 - very low, 5 - very high). The sum of the indicators was reclassified according to the same model and, finally, the total exposure was obtained. The natural hazard was assessed according to the same principle, the earthquake, flood and landslide prone surfaces being taken into consideration. The total vulnerability was determined by overlapping the results. The analysis of the vulnerability enables the identification of the regions that need the allocation of financial resources in order to diminish the negative impact of natural hazards. Moreover, the vulnerability studies can be added to the natural hazards analyses, thus representing the fundament of the correct assessment of the risk that is associated to natural hazards.


This transcript is the record of an interview with photographer Adelma Benavente Garcia about how technology affects her work as part of a lecture series, "Women Art Technology." During the interview, Garcia discusses the projects she has worked on to preserve photographs in the Andes mountains and other parts of Peru. The transcript includes a brief introduction with a biography of Garcia and general information about the lecture series and the specific interview. A list of 'Suggested reading' materials is also listed at the end of the transcript.


foreword by Ronald Rice The vast, international web of computer networks that is the Internet offers millions of users the opportunity to exchange electronic mail, photographs, and sound clips; to search databases for books, CDs, cars, and term papers; to participate in real-time audio- and video-conferencing; and to shop for products both virtual and physical. This huge conglomerate of links, hyperlinks, and virtual links is not just a technology for linking computers--it is a medium for communication.The convergence of computer and communication technologies creates a social convergence as well. People meet in chat rooms and discussion groups to converse on everything from auto mechanics to postmodern art. Networked groups form virtually and on-the-fly, as common interests dictate. Like interpersonal communication, the networks are participatory, their content made up by their audience. Like mass-mediated communication, they involve large audiences. But the networks are neither purely interpersonal nor purely mass--they are a new phenomenon.Network and Netplay addresses the mutual influences between information technology and group formation and development, to assess the impact of computer-mediated communications on both work and play. Areas discussed include the growth and features of the Internet, network norms and experiences, and the essential nature of network communication.Contributors : Michael Berthold, Lee Li-Jen Chen, Richard Coyne, Brenda Danet, Patrick Doyle, Brian R. Gaines, Barbara Hayes-Roth, Steve Jones, Sandra Katzman, Edward Mabry, Richard MacKinnon, Margaret McLaughlin, Sid Newton, Kerry Osborne, Sheizaf Rafaeli, Yehudit Rosenbaum-Tamari, Lucia Ruedenberg, Christine Smith, Fay Sudweeks, Alexander Voiskounsky, Diane Witmer.


[1] Measurements of NOY condensation on cirrus particles found in stratospherically influenced air sampled during the SOLVE-I mission are analyzed and compared with data from other field studies of HNO3 or NOY condensation on ice. Each field study exhibits an order of magnitude data spread for constant HNO3 pressures and temperatures. While others assumed this distribution is due to random error, the data spread exceeds instrument precision errors and instead suggests HNO3 removal had not attained equilibrium at the time of sampling. During the SOLVE-I mission, condensation on ice was a significant sink for HNO3 despite submonolayer surface coverages; we therefore propose condensation of HNO3 on lower-stratospheric cirrus particles is controlled by kinetics and will occur at a kinetically limited rate. Furthermore, we suggest the low accommodation coefficient for HNO3 on ice combined with relatively short-lived clouds causes highly scattered, limited HNO3 uptake on cirrus particles. We couple laboratory data on the accommodation coefficient of HNO3 on ice with field surface coverage data in order to generate a "cloud clock": a calculation to determine the age of a cloud parcel. Data from the aforementioned field studies are compared to theoretical models for equilibrium surface coverage on the basis of laboratory data extrapolated to atmospheric temperatures and HNO3 pressures. This comparison is difficult because most of the atmospheric data are probably not at equilibrium and follow a condensation time curve rather than an equilibrium surface coverage curve. Finally, we develop a simple mathematical solution for the time required for HNO3 condensation on ice.


The quality of life for ordinary Roman citizens at the height of the Roman Empire probably was better than that of any other large group of people living before the Industrial Revolution. The Roman Market Economy uses the tools of modern economics to show how trade, markets, and the Pax Romana were critical to ancient Rome's prosperity. Peter Temin, one of the world's foremost economic historians, argues that markets dominated the Roman economy. He traces how the Pax Romana encouraged trade around the Mediterranean, and how Roman law promoted commerce and banking. Temin shows that a reasonably vibrant market for wheat extended throughout the empire, and suggests that the Antonine Plague may have been responsible for turning the stable prices of the early empire into the persistent inflation of the late. He vividly describes how various markets operated in Roman times, from commodities and slaves to the buying and selling of land. Applying modern methods for evaluating economic growth to data culled from historical sources, Temin argues that Roman Italy in the second century was as prosperous as the Dutch Republic in its golden age of the seventeenth century. The Roman Market Economy reveals how economics can help us understand how the Roman Empire could have ruled seventy million people and endured for centuries.


These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs. Martin J. Cline and Hibbard E Williams, Assistant Professors of Medicine, under the direction of Dr. Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine.


A current U.S. policy is to introduce a new style of currency that is harder to counterfeit, but not immediately to withdrawal from circulation all of the old-style currency. This policy is analyzed in a random-matching model of money, and its potential to decrease counterfeiting in the long run is shown. For various parameters of the model, three types of equilibria are found to occur. In only one does counterfeiting continue at its initial high level. In the other two, both genuine and counterfeit old-style money go out of circulation-- immediately in one and gradually in the other. There are objectives and expectations that can reasonably be imputed to policymakers, under which the policy that they have chosen can make sense.


Control systems are usually described by differential equations, but their properties of interest are most naturally expressed in terms of the system trajectories, i.e., the set of all solutions to the equations. This is the central idea behind the so-called "behavioral approach" to systems and control theory. On the other hand, the manipulation of linear systems of differential equations can be formalized using algebra, more precisely, module theory and homological methods ("algebraic analysis"). The relationship between modules and systems is very rich, in fact, it is a categorical duality in many cases of practical interest. This leads to algebraic characterizations of structural systems properties such as autonomy, controllability, and observability. The aim of these lecture notes is to investigate this module-system correspondence. Particular emphasis is put on the application areas of one-dimensional rational systems (linear ODE with rational coefficients), and multi-dimensional constant systems (linear PDE with constant coefficients).


What mobilizes people to take up reproductive options, directions, and trajectories in ways that generate the possibilities and practices of mobilities? People's desires for procreation or to resolve fertility challenges or partake in sperm donation, egg freezing, or surrogacy; the need for abortion services; and forced evacuation for childbirth care all involve movement. Reproductive aspirations, norms, and regulations move people's bodies, as well as related technologies and bioproducts. At the same time, these corporeal, material, in/tangible mobilities of bodies, things, and ideas are also generative of reproductive imaginaries and practices. Reproduction is mobile and movement affects reproduction.
Building from an interdisciplinary workshop on reproductive mobilities in
Kelowna, Canada, this article aims to push the mobilities framework toward the edges of feminist, affect, queer, decolonizing, materialist, and nonrepresentational theories in thinking through both reproduction and movement.


Both law students and law schools have an opportunity created by the convergence of (1) significant employment market changes for law graduates, (2) sharp declines in law school applications, (3) increased applicant attention to each school's employment outcomes, (4) law firm development of competency models to assess associate development, and (5) the high probability of accreditation changes emphasizing each student's competency to represent clients and participate ethically in the profession. A law student who understands legal employer competency models can differentiate him or herself from other graduates by using the three years of law school to develop (and to create supporting evidence to demonstrate) specific competencies beyond just knowledge of doctrinal law, legal analysis, and some written and oral communication skills. Indiana law professor Bill Henderson notes that "there is a glut in the market for entry level law graduates. Further, virtually all lack the skills needed to differentiate themselves . . . ." In Part I below, this essay analyzes all available empirical research on the values, virtues, capacities and skills in law firm competency models that define the competencies of the most effective and successful lawyers. Part II examines empirical evidence on the competencies that clients evaluate. Part III evaluates the competencies that make the most difference in fast-track associate and partnership promotions. These data and analyses lead to several bold propositions developed in Part IV: 1. Law students and legal educators should identify and understand the values, virtues, capacities and skills (the competencies) of highly effective and successful lawyers in different types of practice (one major example is law firm competency models analyzed below in Part I); 2. Each student should use all three years of experiences both inside and outside of law school (including the required and elective curriculum, extracurricular activities, and paid or pro bono work experiences) to develop and be able to demonstrate evidence of the competencies that legal employers and clients want in the student's area of employment interest; 3. Law schools should develop a competency-based curriculum that helps each student develop and be able to demonstrate the competencies that legal employers and clients want; and 4. Both law students and law schools should understand that the values, virtues, capacities and skills of professional formation (professionalism) are the foundation for excellence at all of the competencies of an effective and successful lawyer.


Obtaining the economically efficient use of spectrum requires that the price signals that guide its allocation and use be competitive. One approach involves establishing a nonexclusive licensing regime that provides for open and free access to spectrum. However, myopic, self-interested behavior on the part of users can give rise to excessive wireless spectrum congestion. This paper examines the Nash Equilibria that exist in an environment that exhibits characteristics present in the naturally occurring environment. The various Nash Equilibria generate total surplus levels that are far below the levels achieved under the efficient allocation of spectrum. This paper also examines the performance properties of congestion etiquettes that utilize various types of user information to address the congestion problem. Termed "market-informed" etiquettes, Nash Equilibrium theory predicts that these etiquettes are superior to the currently and widely used congestion etiquette, despite the fact that such etiquettes introduce a surprising strategic effect that may substantially reduce total welfare. TABLE OF CONTENTS


Diffusion weighted imaging is an important modality in clinical imaging and the only possibility to gain insight into the human brain noninvasively and in-vivo. The applications of this imaging technique are diversified. It is used to study the brain, its structure, development and the functionality of the different areas. Further, important fields of application are neurosurgical planning, examinations of pathologies, investigation of Alzheimer-, strokes, and multiple sclerosis. This thesis gives a brief introduction to MRI and diffusion MRI. Based on this, the mostly used data representation in diffusion MRI in clinical imaging, the diffusion tensor, is introduced. As the diffusion tensor suffers from severe limitations new techniques subsumed under the term HARDI (high angular resolution diffusion imaging) are introduced and discussed in detail. Further, an extensive introduction to tractography, approaches that aim at reconstructing neuronal fibers, is given. Based on the knowledge fromthe theoretical part established tractography algorithms are redesigned to handle HARDI data and, thus, improve the reconstruction of neuronal fibers. Among these algorithms, a novel approach is presented that successfully reconstructs fibers on phantom data as well as on human brain data. Further, a novel global classification approach is presented to cluster voxels according to their diffusion properties.


A fundamental and respected resource book in critical care, The ICU Book, Fourth Edition, continues to provide the current and practical guidance that have made it the best-selling text in critical care. The text addresses both the medical and surgical aspects of critical care, delivering the guidance needed to ensure sound, safe, and effective treatment for patients in intensive care-regardless of the specialty focus of the unit. Traditionally available as a printed textbook, the print version now comes with a completely revamped digital experience, powered by Inkling. Viewable through a browser or as a download to your tablet or smartphone, the digital version includes: * The complete text with optimized navigation * A powerful, index-based search function * All referenced content is linked throughout for instant access * Regular literature and commentary updates integrated into the text * The ability to share notes with friends and colleagues NEW to the Fourth Edition *Fully rewritten content (including eight new chapters plus a new Appendix on drug dosing) assures readers of only the most up-to-date and practical information available *Full-color format emphasizes clinical anatomy and facilitates visual learning Key Features *Problem-based approach teaches critical thinking and mirrors the decision-making process of the intensive care unit *Expert perspectives from Dr. Marino help sharpen technique, minimize error, and improve outcomes *Reader-friendly format makes essential information easy to locate and apply *"Final Word" summaries at the conclusion of each chapter highlight salient points and improve retention of key concepts


. The FuturICT project seeks to use the power of big data, analytic models grounded in complexity science, and the collective intelligence they yield for societal benefit. Accordingly, this paper argues that these new tools should not remain the preserve of restricted government, scientific or corporate ´elites, but be opened up for societal engagement and critique. To democratise such assets as a public good, requires a sustainable ecosystem enabling different kinds of stakeholder in society, including but not limited to, citizens and advocacy groups, school and university students, policy analysts, scientists, software developers, journalists and politicians. Our working name for envisioning a sociotechnical infrastructure capable of engaging such a wide constituency is the Global Participatory Platform (GPP). We consider what it means to develop a GPP at the different levels of data, models and deliberation, motivating a framework for different stakeholders to find their ecological niches at different levels within the system, serving the functions of (i) sensing the environment in order to pool data, (ii) mining the resulting data for patterns in order to model the past/present/future, and (iii) sharing and contesting possible interpretations of what those models might mean, and in a policy context, possible decisions. A research objective is also to apply the concepts and tools of complexity science and social science to the project's own work. We therefore conceive the global participatory platform as a resilient, epistemic ecosystem, whose design will make it capable of self-organization and adaptation to a dynamic environment, and whose structure and contributions are themselves networks of stakeholders, challenges, issues, ideas and arguments whose structure and dynamics can be modelled and analysed.


The purpose of this paper is to present the state of the art in singular optimal control. If the Hamiltonian in an interval [tl, ts] is independent of the control we call the control in this interval singular, Singular optimal controls appear in many applications so that research ha.5 been motivated since the 1950s. Often Optimid controls consist of nonsingular and singular parts where the junctions between these parts are most,ly very difficult, to find. One section of this work shows t,he actual knowledge about. the location of the junctions and the behaviour of the control at t,he junct,ions. The definition and the properties of the orders (problem order and arc order), which are important in this context, <are given, too. Another chapter considers multidimensional controls and how they can be treated. An alternate definition of the orders in the multidimensional case is proposed and a count,erexample, which confirms a remark given in the 196Os, is given. A voluminous list of optimality conditions, which can be found in several publications, is added. A strategy for solving optimal cont,rol problems numerically is given, and the existing algorithms are compared with each other. Finally conclusions and an outlook on the future research is given.


n this paper we present the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of a multi-agent Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) service model that applies Semantic Web technologies for specialized digital libraries. These technologies make possible achieving more efficient information management, improving agent–user communication processes, and facilitating accurate access to relevant resources. Other tools used are fuzzy linguistic modelling techniques (which make possible easing the interaction between users and system) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques for semiautomatic thesaurus generation. Also, RSS feeds are used as "current awareness bulletins" to generate personalized bibliographic alerts.


Two week, funded residency at Cove Park, Scotland
Cove Park's Literature Residency supports an established writer based in Scotland or the UK at a key stage in their work. We offer the writer time and space to pursue a project or new ways of working free from the pressure of specified outcomes, in a changing community of artists across a range of art-forms, career stages and nationalities. Recent Literature Residents include Ellen Aaku, Helen Cross, Gerry Cambridge, Rachel Cusk, Jennie Erdal, John Glenday, Russell Celyn Jones, Tom Pow, Jess Richards, Jo Shapcott, Zoe Strachan, Louise Welsh, Nicola White.


Abstract. The assessment of the climatic impacts and adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosol particles requires detailed information on particle properties. However, very limited information is available on the morphology and phase state of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles. The physical state of particles greatly affects particulate-phase chemical reactions, and thus the growth rates of newly formed atmospheric aerosol. Thus verifying the physical phase state of SOA particles gives new and important insight into their formation, subsequent growth, and consequently potential atmospheric impacts. According to our recent study, biogenic SOA particles produced in laboratory chambers from the oxidation of real plant emissions as well as in ambient boreal forest atmospheres can exist in a solid phase in size range >30 nm. In this paper, we extend previously published results to diameters in the range of 17–30 nm. The physical phase of the particles is studied by investigating particle bounce properties utilizing electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). We also investigate the effect of estimates of particle density on the interpretation of our bounce observations. According to the results presented in this paper, particle bounce clearly decreases with decreasing particle size in sub 30 nm size range. The comparison measurements by ammonium sulphate and investigation of the particle impaction velocities strongly suggest that the decreasing bounce is caused by the differences in composition and phase of large (diameters greater than 30 nm) and smaller (diameters between 17 and 30 nm) particles.


Terrain rendering is an important component of many GIS applications and simulators. Most methods rely on heightmap-based terrain which is simple to acquire and handle, but has limited capabilities for modeling features like caves, steep cliffs, or overhangs. In contrast, volumetric terrain models, e.g. based on isosurfaces can represent arbitrary topology. In this paper, we present a fast, practical and GPU-friendly level of detail algorithm for large scale volumetric terrain that is specifically designed for real-time rendering applications. Our algorithm is based on a longest edge bisection (LEB) scheme. The resulting tetrahedral cells are subdivided into four hexahedra, which form the domain for a subsequent isosurface extraction step. The algorithm can be used with arbitrary volumetric models such as signed distance fields, which can be generated from triangle meshes or discrete volume data sets. In contrast to previous methods our algorithm does not require any stitching between detail levels. It generates crack free surfaces with a good triangle quality. Furthermore, we efficiently extract the geometry at runtime and require no preprocessing, which allows us to render infinite procedural content with low memory consumption.


This article examines the investment decisions of small business investment companies (SBICs). The results indicate that potential costs of contracting among SBICs, small firms, and others may have significant effects on how small firms are funded. For instance, projects generating tangible assets and firms operating in industries with few growth opportunities are more likely to be financed with debt than nondebt.


The use of assertions in software development is thought to help produce quality software. Unfortunately, there is scant empirical evidence in commercial software systems for this argument to date. This paper presents an empirical case study of two commercial software components at Microsoft Corporation. The developers of these components systematically employed assertions, which allowed us to investigate the relationship between software assertions and code quality. We also compare the efficacy of assertions against that of popular bug finding techniques like source code static analysis tools. We observe from our case study that with an increase in the assertion density in a file there is a statistically significant decrease in fault density. Further, the usage of software assertions in these components found a large percentage of the faults in the bug database


Modern Internet and Intranet techniques, such as Web services and virtualization, facilitate the distributed processing of data providing improved flexibility. The gain in flexibility also incurs disadvantages. Integrated workflows forward and distribute data between departments and across organizations. The data may be affected by privacy laws, contracts, or intellectual property rights. Under such circumstances of flexible cooperations between organizations, accounting for the processing of data and restricting actions performed on the data may be legally and contractually required. In the Internet and Intranet, monitoring mechanisms provide means for observing and auditing the processing of data, while policy languages constitute a mechanism for specifying restrictions and obligations.
In this thesis, we present our contributions to these fields by providing improvements for auditing and restricting the data processing in distributed environments. We define formal qualities of auditing methods used in distributed environments. Based on these qualities, we provide a novel monitoring solution supporting a data-centric view on the distributed data processing. We present a solution for provenance-aware policies and a formal specification of obligations offering a procedure to decide whether obligatory processing steps can be met in the future.


This paper studies whether financial contracts exacerbate or mitigate agency conflicts among stakeholders. We consider a specific contractual provision, debt covenants, and examine how, by allocating control rights between shareholders and debtholders, debt covenants affect the employment relationship. We analyze the role of covenants in both public (bonds) and private (loans) debt contracts. For public debt covenants, we estimate dynamic employment equations and find a significant negative effect of leverage on employment only for firms with relatively high covenant protection. For private debt covenants, we use a regression discontinuity design and document sizable job cuts following a covenant violation. Overall, these findings suggest that creditor rights increase employment risk. As such, they complement the recent literature on financial covenants by showing that covenants affect a broader set of operating decisions than previously recognized. Moreover, the results contribute to our understanding of the consequences of the allocation of control rights within the firm by identifying a specific risk-shifting channel from debtholders to employees.


"One of the common criticisms of poverty alleviation programs is that the high share of administrative (nontransfer) costs substantially reduces the programs' impact on poverty. But very little empirical evidence exists on program costs. For example, a recent extensive international review of targeted poverty alleviation programs in developing countries could find data on costs for only 32 out of the 111 programs reviewed. Even then, the numbers available were not always comparable. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the cost structure of a program recently introduced in Mexico, called PROGRESA. Our analysis shows how cost data can be used as the basis for an evaluation of the cost efficiency of anti-poverty programs. It cautions, however, that one must be very careful when interpreting cost numbers or undertaking comparisons across programs in order to avoid misleading conclusions. Any credible analysis of a program's cost efficiency must involve a detailed analysis of cost structure and not simply provide aggregate cost information. We also highlight the importance of not neglecting private costs incurred by households in taking up transfers." Authors' Abstract


Investment banks selling securities to their customers that the banks themselves were dumping crystallized the disconnect between Wall Street and Main Street during the recent financial crisis. Goldman Sachs asserted conflict was simply not relevant in the market maker relationship involving swaps and other innovative financial instruments since a dealer, by design, takes the opposite side of a transaction from the customer and does not typically disclose its mark-up or motives in entering into the transaction. Congress, not persuaded by the argument, reached out to move more dealer relationships from the space governed by markets to that governed by legal rules. The immediacy of the crisis has passed but the ongoing regulatory ambiguity over how much of market-making behavior should be regulated suggests continuing gaps in the law's understanding of the role of intermediaries in securities regulation. This article seeks to fill some of those gaps and shape the learning as to the modern look of securities regulation in the aftermath of the financial crisis and subsequent law-making. First, the position of market-makers, long at the center of the debate over the role for markets and law, illustrates two distinct versions of private ordering that have not been clearly recognized. In one manifestation markets and express contracting will likely work fine, but the other is more like the agency and advisory relationships in which law has inserted fiduciary duties. When the dealer receives additional consideration for its effort on the selling side than the buying side, it destroys the neutral market-making that can be a predicate for leaving those relationships only to markets. Law imposed such obligations on underwriters and broker-dealers after the Depression; it is imposing such obligations on banks selling swaps after the meltdown of 2008. Second, the law's tool kit in addressing securities markets is broader than disclosure that has occupied so much of our law school courses and thinking in the area. The recent federal response, in fact, has little in the way of disclosure and much more in the way of conflict management and market structuring to combat incentives that have not worked out as anticipated. The derivatives regulation in Dodd-Frank illustrates legal efforts to shape incentives of market participants in a broader way. Third, this spread of legal responses is not new but resembles more the approach of the New Deal legislation enacted during the 1930s that also was motivated by conflicts between investment banks and their customers and melded disclosure with a host of market structures to bring more social control over finance.


Article history: Received 12 October 2014 Received in revised form 26 December 2014 Accepted 1 January 2015 Available online 27 February 2015


Econometricians have been claiming proudly since World War II that significance testing is the empirical side of economics. In fact today most young economists think that the word "empirical" simply means "collect enough data to do a significance test". Tjalling Koopmans's influential book of 1957, Three Essays on the State of Economic Science, solidified the claim. A century of evidence after Student's t-test points strongly to the opposite conclusion. Against conventional econometrics we argue that statistical significance is neither necessary nor sufficient for proving commercial, human, or scientific importance. A recent comment by Thomas Mayer, though in parts insightful, does nothing to alter conclusions about the logic and evidence which we and others have assembled against significance testing. Let's bury it, and get on to empirical work that actually changes minds.


This paper addresses the open debate about the usefulness of high-frequency (HF) data in large-scale portfolio allocation. Daily covariances are estimated based on HF data of the S&P 500 universe employing a blocked realized kernel estimator. We propose forecasting covariance matrices using a multi-scale spectral decomposition where volatilities, correlation eigenvalues and eigenvectors evolve on different frequencies. In an extensive out-of-sample forecasting study, we show that the proposed approach yields less risky and more diversified portfolio allocations as prevailing methods employing daily data. These performance gains hold over longer horizons than previous studies have shown.


1821, when it gained independence. In the 19thand 20th centuries, the level of corruption fluctuated, depending on the government in power. During the government of President Hugo Chavez, however, corruption has exploded to unprecedented levels. Billions of dollars are being stolen or are otherwise unaccounted for, squandering Venezuelan resources and enriching high-level officials and their cronies. The windfall of oil revenues has encouraged the rise in corruption. In the approximately eight years Chavez has been in power, his government has received between $175 billion and $225 billion from oil and new debt. Along with the increase in revenues has come a simultaneous reduction in transparency. For example, the state-owned oil company ceased publishing its consolidated annual financial statements in 2003, and Chavez has created new state-run financial institutions, whose operations are also opaque, that spend funds at the discretion of the executive. Corruption now permeates all levels of Venezuelan society. Bureaucrats now rarely follow existing bidding regulations, and ordinary citizens must pay bribes to accomplish bureaucratic transactions and have to suffer rampant neglect of basic government services. All this has been encouraged by a general environment of impunity: officers implicated in major corruption scandals have sometimes been removed from their posts, but they have not otherwise been held legally accountable. The dramatic rise in corruption under Chavez is ironic since he came to power largely on an anti-corruption campaign platform. To truly fight corruption, the government needs to increase the transparency of its institutions and reduce its extensive involvement in the economy, something that has placed Venezuela among the least economically free countries in the world. n o v e m b e r 2 7 , 2 0 0 6 ● n o . 2


This essay addresses four main questions. The first is devoted to how I became interested in the philosophy of sport. The second question concerns how my academic career has evolved over time in line with various developments in the field that privileged certain lines of study over others and which largely marginalized philosophy in particular and the humanities in general. The third question centers on what I take to be my own main contributions to the philosophy of sport and what, if any, impact they may have had on the larger field of kinesiology. Finally, I offer my own brief prognosis of what I think the future has in store for the relationship between sport philosophy and kinesiology.


The paper is based on early research and practices in developing workplace Learning Analytics for the EU funded EmployID project, focused on identity transformation and continuing professional development in Public Employment Services (PES) in Europe. Workplace learning is mostly informal with little agreement of proxies for learning, driven by demands of work tasks or intrinsic interests of the learner, by selfdirected exploration and social exchange that is tightly connected to processes and the places of work. Rather than focusing on formal learning, LA in PES needs to be based on individual and collective social practices and informal learning and facilitation processes rather than formal education. Furthermore, there are considerable concerns and restraints over the use of data in PES including data privacy and issues including power relations and hierarchies. Following a consultation process about what innovations PES would like to pilot and what best meets their needs, PES defined priorities for competence advancement around the 'resourceful learner', self-reflection and self-efficacy as core competences for their professional identity transformation. The paper describes an approach based on Social Learning Analytics linked to the activities of the EmployID project in developing social learning including advanced coaching, reflection, networking and learning support services. SLA focuses on how learners build knowledge together in their cultural and social settings. In the context of online social learning, it takes into account both formal and informal educational environments, including networks and communities. The final section of the paper reports on work in progress to build a series of tools to embed SLA within communities and practices in PES organisations.


Agile Java™ Development With Spring, Hibernate and Eclipse is a book about robust technologies and effective methods which help bring simplicity back into the world of enterprise Java development. The three key technologies covered in this book, the Spring Framework, Hibernate and Eclipse, help reduce the complexity of enterprise Java development significantly. Furthermore, these technologies enable plain old Java objects (POJOs) to be deployed in light-weight containers versus heavy-handed remote objects that require heavy EJB containers. This book also extensively covers technologies such as Ant, JUnit, JSP tag libraries and touches upon other areas such as such logging, GUI based debugging, monitoring using JMX, job scheduling, emailing, and more. Also, Extreme Programming (XP), Agile Model Driven Development (AMDD) and refactoring are methods that can expedite the software development projects by reducing the amount of up front requirements and design; hence these methods are embedded throughout the book but with just enough details and examples to not sidetrack the focus of this book. In addition, this book contains well separated, subjective material (opinion sidebars), comic illustrations, tips and tricks, all of which provide real-world and practical perspectives on relevant topics. Last but not least, this book demonstrates the complete lifecycle by building and following a sample application, chapter-by-chapter, starting from conceptualization to production using the technology and processes covered in this book. In summary, by using the technologies and methods covered in this book, the reader will be able to effectively develop enterprise-class Java applications, in an agile manner!


[1] Spectral surface albedo, a boundary condition which needs to be accurately known for aerosol remote sensing, surface aerosol forcing, and radiative transfer calculations, also strongly affects Earth's radiation balance. The difficulty in deriving surface albedo from space and aircraft observations lies mainly in the atmospheric correction, especially in aerosol-burdened regions. Because of the different scales, comparing satellite retrievals with airborne or ground-based observations is not straightforward. We use Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) measurements of upward and downward irradiance from aircraft altitude during Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) to determine spectral surface albedo at ground stations and along the flight track (over the wavelength range 350 to 2100 nm), thereby linking flight-level retrieved measurements to larger-scale satellite observations in the polluted Mexico City environment. Our approach involves iteratively adjusting the surface albedo input of a SSFR specific radiative transfer model until the modeled upward irradiance matches the SSFR measurements at flight level. A sensitivity analysis of surface albedo to aerosol optical properties provides a retrieval uncertainty, which can outweigh the SSFR instrument uncertainty under highly variable conditions (or uncertain measurements) of aerosol optical depth and asymmetry parameter. Comparisons between spectral surface albedo derived from the SSFR, Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the NASA-EOS Terra and Aqua satellites are shown with differences of 6–10% and 0.025–0.05 units, respectively. Along-track comparisons between the SSFR and MODIS show that two instruments (aircraft and satellite) can capture inhomogeneous surface albedo scene changes.


The United States and the world need a revolution in energy technology—a revolution that would improve the performance of our energy systems to face the challenges ahead. A dramatic increase in the pace of energy innovation is crucial to meet the challenges of: • Energy and national security, to address the dangers of undue reliance on dwindling supplies of oil increasingly concentrated in some of the most volatile regions of the world, and to limit the connection between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons; • Environmental sustainability, to reduce the wide range of environmental damages due to energy production and use, from fine particulate emissions at coal plants, to oil spills, to global climate disruption; and • Economic competitiveness, to seize a significant share of the multi-trillion-dollar clean energy technology market and improve the balance of payments by increasing exports, while reducing the hundreds of billions of dollars spent every year on importing oil. In an intensely competitive and interdependent global landscape, and in the face of large climate risks from ongoing U.S. reliance on a fossil-fuel based energy system, it is important to maintain and expand long-term investments in the energy future of the U.S. even at a time of budget stringency. It is equally necessary to think about how to improve the efficiency of those investments, through strengthening U.S. energy innovation institutions, providing expanded incentives for private-sector innovation, and seizing opportunities where international cooperation can accelerate innovation. The private sector role is key: in the United States the vast majority of the energy system is owned by private enterprises, whose innovation and technology deployment decisions drive much of the country's overall energy systems. Efficiently utilizing government investments in energy innovation requires understanding the market incentives that drive private firms to invest in advanced energy technologies, including policy stability and predictability. The U.S. government has already launched new efforts to accelerate energy innovation. In particular, the U.S. Department of Energy is undertaking a Quadrennial Technology Review to identify the most promising opportunities and provide increased coherence and stability. Our report offers analysis and recommendations designed to accelerate the pace at which better energy technologies are discovered, developed, and deployed, and is focused in four key areas: • Designing an expanded portfolio of federal investments in energy research, development, demonstration (ERDD • Increasing incentives for private-sector innovation and strengthening federal-private energy innovation partnerships; • Improving the management of energy innovation institutions to maximize the results of federal investments; and • Expanding and coordinating international energy innovation cooperation to bring ideas and resources together across the globe to address these global challenges.


In feed-following applications such as Twitter and Facebook, users (consumers) follow a large number of other users (producers) to get personalized feeds, generated by blending producers- feeds. With the proliferation of Cloud-connected smart edge devices such as smartphones, producers and consumers of many feed-following applications reside on edge devices and the Cloud. An important design goal of such applications is to minimize communication (and energy) overhead of edge devices. In this paper, we abstract distributed feed-following applications as a view maintenance problem, with the goal of optimally placing the views on edge devices and in the Cloud to minimize communication overhead between edge devices and the Cloud. The view placement problem for general network topology is NP Hard; however, we show that for the special case of Cloud-edge topology, locally optimal solutions yield a globally optimal view placement solution. Based on this powerful result, we propose view placement algorithms that are highly efficient, yet provably minimize global network cost. Compared to existing works on feed-following applications, our algorithms are more general--they support views with selection, projection, correlation (join) and arbitrary black-box operators, and can even refer to other views. We have implemented our algorithms within a distributed feed-following architecture over real smartphones and the Cloud. Experiments over real datasets indicate that our algorithms are highly scalable and orders-of-magnitude more efficient than existing strategies for optimal placement. Further, our results show that optimal placements generated by our algorithms are often several factors better than simpler schemes.


The U.S. Supreme Court's recent opinion in Ricci v. DeStefano suggests trouble ahead for disparate impact analysis under Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991. Commentators, too, have begun to question the policy bases for this doctrine. Part of the current tenuousness surrounding disparate impact analysis, which the Court first approved in its 1971 opinion in Griggs v. Duke Power Company, stems from assumptions that the EEOC pursued this theory as a last-minute, ill-conceived afterthought that was not in keeping with Congress's intent when it passed Title VII in 1964. In this Article I use the methodology of social movements theory to cast a different light on the history of disparate impact analysis. Disparate impact analysis asks employers to evaluate whether their employment practices pose barriers to the employment opportunities of traditionally excluded outsiders and, if so, to replace such practices with alternative effective practices with less exclusionary effect. Disparate impact analysis thus augments federal employment anti-discrimination law by introducing a structural approach alongside an intent-based standard that focuses exclusively on detecting invidious motives buried in individual decision-makers' hearts. In this Article I trace concerns about tackling structural race discrimination in employment to the early history of civil rights activism. I locate the origins of disparate impact analysis in civil rights activists' long-held understandings about the structural nature of racial employment subordination. Throughout a long historical period, employment subordination based on race was pervasive and unremitting, enforced by a complex of institutions including law, tradition, and white violence insisting on a "whites only" rule for desirable jobs. These forces imposed a tight structural block on the employment advancement of persons of color, and civil rights activists therefore aimed their efforts at achieving broad-scale reform of these institutional barriers. Law also shaped the strategies of these early civil rights activists. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the relevant legal question had nothing to do with the intent versus effects tests so heatedly debated today. Instead, two lines of the Court's jurisprudence were important: its Post Reconstruction civil rights jurisprudence, which limited the reach of anti-discrimination law to state actors; and its Lochner Era employment law jurisprudence, which recognized a natural law "freedom of contract" right barring most forms of state regulation of the employment relationship. These two lines of caselaw defined the sphere of private employment as largely unreachable through federal or state law. Activists accordingly concentrated their efforts on inducing employers to voluntarily reform their workplace hiring and promotion practices. The end of the Lochner Era paved the way for New York State's passage of the first employment anti-discrimination statute to reach the private sector. State agency officials charged with the statute's enforcement, some recruited from the ranks of the activists responsible for the statute's enactment, continued to experiment with methods of inducing employers – now with the background threat of legal action to encourage compliance – to make broad-scale institutional change by examining traditional employment practices to find ways to eliminate barriers to racial inclusiveness. By the time Congress began to debate Title VII's passage, at least several prototypical disparate impact cases had emerged from state fair employment agencies. After the legislation's enactment, the EEOC followed in the footsteps of state fair employment agencies by focusing its efforts on promoting broad-scale institutional reform. The EEOC encouraged employers in targeted industries to engage in self study to identify employment practices, such as testing and other selection devices, that could be reformed to increase employment opportunities for racial minorities. At the same time, the NAACP and others successfully litigated a number of disparate impact cases in the lower courts. At all these stages, civil rights activists and those charged with implementing statutes enacted as a result of these activists' efforts developed and passed on ideas now embedded in the current statutory articulation of the disparate impact doctrine. Disparate impact analysis thus was not a last-minute afterthought, unwittingly endorsed by the U.S. Supreme Court, but the product of a sustained social movement effort over decades of theorizing and experimentation. In sum, my account adds important historical context to the current debate about the continued viability of Title VII disparate impact analysis and also illustrates the potential substantive payoff of a social movement focus on the development of public law.


This article focuses on two popular sports that can put male athletes at risk of developing an eating disorder: bodybuilding and running. Bodybuilders concentrate on gaining muscle mass and runners on leaning body mass. Based on the trans-contextual model of motivation, this study aimed to better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying eating disorders in these athletes. In all, 272 male bodybuilders and 217 male runners completed measures of sport motivation, theory of planned behavior variables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to gain muscle mass/lean body mass), and eating disorders (dieting, control, and bulimia behaviors). The results revealed satisfactory fit indices for both samples. Autonomous and controlled motivations for sport were positively directly and indirectly related to eating disorders in these athletes. This motivational mechanism needs more in-depth investigation, and motivational profiles might help distinguish athletes with and without eating disorders.


The subsurface soil around Baruwa community was reportedly contaminated by hydrocarbon not because the area falls within oil-producing community but it suffers from inceasant leakage from petroleum pipeline that supply petroleum products to hydrocarbon terminar located within the area. Thus, to ascretain the extent of contamination of the subsurface soil around the area, an integrated geophysical methods involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) supported with induced polarization (IP) and spontaneous potential (SP) methods were carried out. The hydrocarbon contaminated layers were marked out beneath each VES point by high resistivity ranging between 943&Omegam and 4749&Omegam at a depth of 1 to 35.44m below the surface. Similarly, ERT result shows that the subsurface soil around the investigated area has been contaminated at a shallow depth of about 2m downward with resistivity value above 1000&Omegam. IP and SP data were Integrated to identify the sandy contaminated layers from clayey layer. IP value of 0 to 10mV/V and SP values of &saquo10mV were obtained over the sandy formation. The work shows that hydrocarbon leaking from the pipeline laid a few meters beneath the earth surface actually flow both upwardly (possibly due to seasonal variation in the water table which is usually close to the surface during rainy season) to the surface and downwardly at greater depth into the subsurface, through a porous medium - sandy layer. This may probably accounts for the reason while most of the handdug wells in the area are reportedly contaminated with hydrocarbon products.


Bold, inventive and highly graphic, the indigenous art of the Northwest Coast is distinguished by its sophistication and complexity. It is also composed of basically simple elements, which, guided by a rich mythology, create images of striking power. This indispensable and beautifully illustrated book is the first to introduce everyone, from the casual observer to the serious collector of Northwest Coast prints, to the forms, cultural background and structures of this highly imaginative art. The elements of style are introduced; the myths and legends which shape the motifs are interpreted; the stylistic differences between the major cultural groupings are defined and illustrated. Raven, Thunderbird, Killer Whale, Bear: all the traditional forms are here, deftly analyzed by a professional writer and artist who has a deep understanding of this powerful culture.


In this research, the effect of high-oxygen packaging (HOP) with initial 80% and 100% oxygen on fresh shiitake mushrooms was studied. Initial air in package was the control treatment. All the samples were stored at 10 °C with RH 90% for 9 days. Respiration rate, hardness, TSS, and color were determined, and sensory quality was evaluated during the storage. Results indicated that high-oxygen packaging retarded the anaerobic metabolism occurrence and HOP with initial 100% oxygen could maintain the lightness of shitake mushroom better than 80% oxygen. Hardness and TSS did not show significant difference between high-oxygen packaging and control treatment. However, neither initial 100% O 2 nor 80% O 2 could reduce the respiration rate of fresh shiitake mushroom. Sensory quality especially the aroma, cap color and gill color of fresh shiitake mushroom could be better maintained in high-oxygen packaging than control treatment. The acceptability of the shiitake mushrooms after storage was the highest in HOP with initial 100% oxygen. In conclusion, high-oxygen packaging especially with initial 100% oxygen showed the obvious effect maintaining the sensory quality of fresh shiitake mushrooms although it could not reduce the respiration rate at 10 °C.


The EU's Eastern Enlargement is considered to be one of the (few) successful experiments of promoting good – both effective and legitimate – governance. By contrast, the EU's transformative power appears to be weak or non-existent vis-a-vis its (old) neighbors in the South and its (new) neighbors in the East. Both are not only marked by 'bad governance' but also lack a (credible) membership perspective. While the Western Balkans and Turkey have made significant progress towards good governance, both with regard to government effectiveness and democratic legitimacy, the European Neighborhood Countries (ENCs) appear to be stuck in transition or never got that far in the first place. Even when the effectiveness of their governance institutions has improved, they remain well behind the other regions and especially their democratic legitimacy is still wanting or even in decline. The paper shows that there is a correlation between an EU membership perspective and the successful transformation of neighboring countries. Therefore, it has been argued that the ineffectiveness of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is due to the lack of this 'golden carrot'. However, we argue that the prospects of EU membership stabilizes rather than drives the move towards effective and legitimate governance in candidate countries. Thus, a membership perspective is unlikely to either turn around negative or speed up positive developments in the EU's neighborhood. Even if the ENCs received a membership perspective, it would be unlikely to push them significantly towards democratic and effective governance as long as there is no endogenously driven process of change. Given the EU's preference for stability and state-building, the ENP does not provide an alternative for promoting good governance either. The ENP clearly lacks transformative power and where it might have some domestic impact, it risks consolidating rather than undermining authoritarian regimes by helping to strengthen their capacities for effective governance.


The foremost authority on innovation and growth presents a path-breaking book every company needs to transform innovation from a game of chance to one in which they develop products and services customers not only want to buy, but are willing to pay premium prices for. How do companies know how to grow? How can they create products that they are sure customers want to buy? Can innovation be more than a game of hit and miss? Harvard Business School professor Clayton Christensen has the answer. A generation ago, Christensen revolutionized business with his groundbreaking theory of disruptive innovation. Now, he goes further, offering powerful new insights. After years of research, Christensen and his co-authors have come to one critical conclusion: our long held maxim--that understanding the customer is the crux of innovation--is wrong. Customers don't buy products or services; they "hire" them to do a job. Understanding customers does not drive innovation success, he argues. Understanding customer jobs does. The "Jobs to Be Done" approach can be seen in some of the world's most respected companies and fast-growing startups, including Amazon, Intuit, Uber, Airbnb, and Chobani yogurt, to name just a few. But this book is not about celebrating these successes--it's about predicting new ones. Christensen, Hall, Dillon, and Duncan contend that by understanding what causes customers to "hire" a product or service, any business can improve its innovation track record, creating products that customers not only want to hire, but that they'll pay premium prices to bring into their lives. Jobs theory offers new hope for growth to companies frustrated by their hit and miss efforts. This book carefully lays down the authors' provocative framework, providing a comprehensive explanation of the theory and why it is predictive, how to use it in the real world--and, most importantly, how not to squander the insights it provides.


Slogans have a long history. They not only affect people's daily language, but also influence people's consciousness and behavior. Slogans are said to be the strongest voices of the time and represent an important communication phenomenon. Therefore, a study on slogans is of great significance. Since the 1970s, the environmental problem has become the focus of the world, and the environmental protection slogans have played an important role not only in stimulating people's awareness of the environment but also in enhancing political attention and public action. The authors in this paper first briefly introduce the definitions, structures and functions of slogans and then point out the similarities and differences between the World Environment Day theme slogans and Chinese environmental protection slogans in order to help people understand the meaning of environmental protection slogans, thus awakening people to the protection of the environment and promoting the communication among countries.


The financial crisis that erupted in the eurozone not only affected the EU's financial governance
mechanisms, but also the very nature of state sovereignty and balances in the relations of member states;
thus, the actual inequalities between the member states hidden behind their institutional equality have
deteriorated. This transformation is recorded in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European
Union and the member states' constitutional courts, particularly in those at the heart of the crisis, with
Greece as the most prominent example.
It is the issue of public debt (sovereign debt) of the EU member states that particularly reflects the
influence of the crisis on state sovereignty as well as the intensely transnational (intergovernmental)
character of European integration, which under these circumstances takes the form of a continuous,
tough negotiation. The historical connection between public debt (sovereign debt) and state sovereignty
has re-emerged because of the financial crisis. This development has affected not only the European
institutions, but also, at the member state level, the actual institutional content of the rule of law
(especially judicial review) and the welfare state in its essence, as the great social and political acquis of
20th century Europe. From this perspective, the way that the Greek courts have dealt with the gradual
waves of fiscal austerity measures and structural reforms from 2010 to 2015 is characteristic. The effect
of the financial crisis on the sovereignty of the member states and on the pace of European integration
also has an impact on European foreign and security policy, and the correlations between the political
forces at both the national and European level, thus producing even more intense pressures on
European social democracy. In light of the experience of the financial crisis, the final question is whether
the nation state (given the large real inequalities among the EU member states) currently functions as a
brake or as an engine for future European integration.


In the critically important area of preemption, the Supreme Court's approach to statutory interpretation differs from the approach it follows elsewhere. Whether in politically salient matters, like challenges to Arizona's immigration laws, or in more conventional cases, such as those in which state tort liability overlaps with federal regulation, the Court's preemption decisions reflect a highly purposive approach to reading statutes, most notably through the application of "obstacle preemption" analysis. Recently, however, Justice Thomas has objected to the Court's failure in preemption cases to respect its more textualist approach to issues of statutory interpretation, and he has urged that obstacle preemption be abandoned. Although three other justices have endorsed some aspects of Justice Thomas's approach, no dramatic shift in the Court's approach has yet occurred.This Article examines recent preemption decisions and seeks to explain why textualist premises have so little grip in this domain. One might therefore view this Article as, in part, a case study of the feasibility of textualism. I argue that Congress lacks the capacity, foresight, and linguistic tools to be able adequately to specify in statutory text the proper resolution of the range of preemption issues that invariably arise under regulatory statutes of any complexity. Consequently, the task of fashioning a workable legal system that integrates state and federal law necessarily falls to courts (with assistance in some instances from federal administrative agencies). This Article concludes by examining recent challenges to the presumption against preemption that Professor Nelson posed and Justice Thomas endorsed. It criticizes the Nelson/Thomas understanding that the Supremacy Clause calls for rejection of the presumption against preemption and explains the significant role that that presumption continues to play.