Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols impact climate directly by scattering and absorbing radiation, and hence play a major, although highly uncertain, role in global radiative forcing. Commonly, ambient carbonaceous aerosols are internally mixed with secondary species such as nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which influences their optical properties, hygroscopicity, and atmospheric lifetime, thus impacting climate forcing. Aircraft-aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (A-ATOFMS), which measures single-particle mixing state, was used to determine the fraction of organic and soot aerosols that are internally mixed and the variability of their mixing state in California during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) and the Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaigns in the late spring and early summer of 2010. Nearly 88% of all A-ATOFMS measured particles (100–1000 nm in diameter) were internally mixed with secondary species, with 96% and 75% of particles internally mixed with nitrate and/or sulfate in southern and northern California, respectively. Even though atmospheric particle composition in both regions was primarily influenced by urban sources, the mixing state was found to vary greatly, with nitrate and soot being the dominant species in southern California, and sulfate and organic carbon in northern California. Furthermore, mixing state varied temporally in northern California, with soot becoming the prevalent particle type towards the end of the study as regional pollution levels increased. The results from these studies demonstrate that the majority of ambient carbonaceous particles in California are internally mixed and are heavily influenced by secondary species that are most prevalent in the particular region. Based on these findings, considerations of regionally dominant sources and secondary species, as well as temporal variations of aerosol physical and optical properties, will be required to obtain more accurate predictions of the climate impacts of aerosol in California.


This paper exploits a unique panel of U.S. community banks to re-examine the role of regulatory oversight in disciplining bank management and to consider the effect of such regulatory-linked disciplinary actions on subsequent bank performance. The results indicate that both weak bank performance and poor regulatory evaluations are associated with increased executive turnover. Furthermore, the relationship between poor regulatory evaluations and turnover persists after controlling for performance. Finally, executive turnover linked to poor regulatory evaluations is found to be positively related to future performance. Overall, the findings are consistent with the explanation that regulatory oversight can lead to improved bank governance.


This volume of the Publications of the Texas Folklore Society includes information about weather, plant and animal lore in Texas and Mexico. It also discusses folk remedies, folktales about tornadoes, information about prairie dogs, and ghost stories.


The objective of this study is to investigate antimicrobial action of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) gel and hyaluronate gel (Gengigel (R)) on dental biofilm. Pooled supra and subgingival dental biofilm were obtained from healthy individuals and incubated aerobically and anaerobically. Plaque bacteria investigated including Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus mitis, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, dental plaque pool samples (aerobic and anaerobic) and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as internal control microorganisms. All bacteria were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and the clinical isolate strains were sub-cultured on BHI agar. Single pure colonies of bacteria were transferred into fresh BHI broth and incubated overnight. Bacterial counting was done using hemocytometer. Antibacterial activities were determined using bacteria grown on Mueller Hinton II agar and antimicrobial disc diffusion susceptibility testing with paper discs impregnated with ClO(2) and Hyaluronate gels as well as by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) test. Bacterial morphological alterations following treatment with ClO(2) and Hyaluronate gels were viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 3500x, 10000 x and 20000x magnification. Positive results were obtained with disc diffusion technique whereby both agents exhibited antibacterial action against the microorganisms tested. ClO(2) gel produced large diameter inhibition zones while Hyaluronate gel resulted in smaller diameter inhibition zones. In MIC test the lowest MIC value of ClO2 gel (0.02 w/v) was obtained for S. aureus, S. mitis and S. constellatus. The other bacteria and pool samples of dental biofilm indicated slightly higher MIC values (0.2 w/v) for ClO(2) gel. However, MIC values for Hyaluronate gel could not be determined. Under SEM, ClO(2) gel produced obvious alterations to the bacterial morphology while no changes were observed after treatment with hyaluronate gel. Chlorine dioxide gel demonstrated stronger and obvious antibacterial activity.


This paper presents results of a research project within Heerema Marine Contractors to determine added mass and damping coefficients of suction piles using CFD. Analyses have been performed for suction piles which are fully closed and with open hatches. The results are compared with model tests presented at the OMAE by Ireland et al. (2007) and Roe et al. (2008). Two modeling approaches have been used. The first approach is simulating a forced oscillation by oscillating the flow around a fixed body. The second approach is by using a Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) model simulating a decay test. The DFBI model allows the (fluid induced) motion of an object to be predicted in six degrees of freedom. The oscillating flow method gives very good results for both closed and open hatch conditions. The computational costs for this method are very low. The main drawback is the inability to model oscillations close to a floor. The DFBI model gives the opportunity to quantify floor effects. At a floor clearance of h/D = 0.40 damping and added mass are accurately predicted. For a floor clearance of h/D = 0.20 added mass as well as damping is slightly overestimated. No major deviations have been noticed when comparing the results of model-scale to full-scale simulations. Apparently, Froude scaling is applicable for this particular geometry and scaling.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Go Spanning the World with Len Berman in this wildly entertaining, insightful, and often hilarious book that takes sports fans behind the scenes and inside locker rooms. One of the most popular television sports personalities--known for his "Spanning the World" segments on NBC's Today show--Len Berman delivers his unique view of the world of sports, from the bizarre to the historic, all with his characteristic wit. Over the years sports and sports reporting have changed, but Spanning the World puts it all in perspective in this irreverent take on the heroes and iconic moments.Barry Bonds massages the media: "If you put that camera in my face, I'll slit your throat."Mickey Mantle reveals his most pleasurable Yankee Stadium experience (it didn't happen on the field). Bobby Orr loses his cool and chairs start flying from the upper decks.Bill Parcells finally spills his Super Bowl-winning formula: "Power wins!"And much more ... Berman guides us through the world he knows like no one else, from intimate recollections of his heroes to postgame celebrations, exhibiting the most hilarious and shocking moments from the whole cast of characters from the last decades in sports: John McEnroe, Muhammad Ali, Larry Bird, Derek Jeter, and many more. He also addresses the more serious issues facing sports today, including steroids, overpaid stars, athletes and violence, and the place of sports in society. A must read for every sports fan, Spanning the World is an irresistible blend of humor, history, and contemporary commentary on the state of sports from the ultimate fan who has seen it all.


This transcript is the record of an interview with photographer Elda Harrington about how technology affects her work as part of a lecture series, "Women Art Technology." During the interview, Harrington discusses her own work in photography as well as the schools and the photography festival that she has established in Argentina. The transcript includes a brief introduction with a biography of Harrington and general information about the lecture series and the specific interview. A list of 'Suggested reading' materials is also listed at the end of the transcript.


Constitutional transition periods present a twilight time between two executives. At such times, the outgoing executive's authority is questionable because of the democratic difficulties and agency concerns that arise at the end of the executive's term. Thus, parliamentary systems developed constitutional conventions that restrict caretaker governments' action. These conventions seem to achieve the desired results in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. In contrast, in the United States, the prevailing norm is that there is only one president at a time, and this is the incumbent president, who is fully authorized to govern the country and his or her discretion is unfettered. Transition periods are thus exploited by U.S. lame-duck presidents to make last minute appointments, regulations, and even international agreements. Israel does not fit either of the two poles in the dichotomy between parliamentary systems that successfully deal with caretaker authority and presidential systems that do not. Though a parliamentary system, its constitutional history is full of examples of abuse of caretaker power. This has led Israel's Supreme Court to treat the sphere of authority of caretaker governments as justiciable in contrast to other courts' treatment of the subject. Exploring its case law in issues of war, peace, and other lesser matters offers a rich case study of the standards that should govern this unexplored legal–political area. Using Israel as a case study within a comparative constitutional framework, this Article suggests three important lessons: First, it is not the nature of the constitutional system per se, whether parliamentary or presidential, that determines the success of preventing abuses of transitional governments' power. Rather, the potential for abuse exists in both types of systems. Furthermore, the challenges posed by these transitional governments are similar in both types of systems. Second, transitional governments' power is not a topic that courts are inherently unable to regulate. Rather, if constitutional conventions fail to do their job or do not evolve, judicial review is a potent possibility. Last, it is not enough to determine that transitional governments must act with restraint, as the Israeli Supreme Court has determined, but it is important to give concrete meaning to which actions are permitted by transitional governments and the circumstances under which they are allowed. The Article concludes by delineating such general guidelines.


Moomin's tail gets its fifteen minutes of fame. One day Moomin notices that his tail seems to be thinning. Worried that Snorkmaiden will no longer love him if his tail goes bald, he consults the family doctor and several tail specialists, and even gets an X-ray. Nothing helps! Finally Moominmamma cooks up a magic potion, and it works like a charm, but now Moomin's lustrous new tail is, well, solid gold! Moomin becomes the toast of society, and the target of numerous journalists and money-making schemes. Moomin and the Golden Tail takes a long hard look at the consequences of fame. Tove Jansson's flawless cartooning is brought to life in a whole new way within these pages. A delight for the whole family!


We propose a constraint-based approach for the two-dimensional rectangular packing problem with orthogonal orientations. This problem is to arrange a set of rectangles that can be rotated by 90 degrees into a rectangle of minimal size such that no two rectangles overlap. It arises in the placement of electronic devices during the layout of 2.5D System-in-Package integrated electronic systems. Moffitt et al. [8] solve the packing without orientations with a branch and bound approach and use constraint propagation. We generalize their propagation techniques to allow orientations. Our approach is compared to a mixed-integer program and we provide results that outperform it.


Making the case for the mutual relationship between ontology (what reality is like) and ethics (how we should conduct ourselves), this essay argues that the dualistic, linear, deterministic ontology of Modern Science that categorically separates perceiver and the perceived, knower and known is oppressive by virtue of objectification. Delineating a relational (that is, non-linear) ontology disclosed by New Science and Complexity Theory, this essay extrapolates to an ethical paradigm, named 'participatory ethics'. Key to participatory ethics is perception of "patterns that connect"—which, to manifest, the moral agent needs to emergently embed itself in the pattern, in a manner analogous to fractal reiteration. Since non-linearity (complexity) manifests everywhere we turn and in everything we encounter, participatory ethics modeled after complexity is about recalling, remembering, and reminding ourselves of, our inter-beingness.


Not the palm, not the pear tree Switch, not the broomstick, Nor the closest extension Cord, not his braided belt, but God, Bless the back of my daddy's hand Which, holding nothing tightly Against me and not wrapped In leather, eliminated the air Between itself and my cheek. Make full this dimpled cheek Unworthy of its unfisted print And forgive my forgetting The love of a hand Hungry for reflex, a hand that took No thought of its target Like hail from a blind sky, Involuntary, fast, but brutal In its bruising. Father, I bear the bridge Of what might have been A broken nose. I lift to you What was a busted lip. Bless The boy who believes His best beatings lack Intention, the mark of the beast. Bring back to life the son Who glories in the sin Of immediacy, calling it love. God, save the man whose arm Like an angel's invisible wing May fly backward in fury Whether or not his son stands near. Help me hold in place my blazing jaw As I think to say excuse me.


Instructional technology plays a vital role in enhancing instructional process and makes it more interesting, successful and productive (Suleman, et al. 2011a). The purpose of the study was to explore the role of instructional technology in enhancing student's educational attainment in General Science at elementary level in District Karak (Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) Pakistan. All the students at elementary level in District Karak constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the students of Government High School Khurram District Karak. The study was further delimited to the students of 8 th class. Fifty students of class 08 of the same school were selected as sample of the study. Sample students were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group by equating them on the basis of their previous knowledge in subject of General Science as determined through pre-test. Each group was comprised of 25 students. The study was experimental in nature therefore pre-test and post-test technique was used as research instrument for the collection of data. Mean, standard deviation and t-test were used for the statistical treatment of the data. After analysis of the data, the researchers concluded that instructional technology plays a fundamental and crucial role in teaching of General Science at elementary level. The application of instructional technology during teaching learning process increased the achievement level of the students. It also increased the motivational level of the students. Students of the experimental group were found more attentive and interested. On the basis of findings and conclusions it is recommended that instructional technologies should be utilized in teaching of General Science at elementary level. It is further recommended that instructional technologies should be provided to each school on priority basis. KEYWORDS: Instructional Technology; Enhancing Students' Educational Attainment; General Science; Elementary Level


The common wisdom that goal orderings can be used to improve planning performance is nearly as old as planning itself. During the last decades of research several approaches emerged that computed goal orderings for different planning paradigms, mostly in the area of state-space planning. For partial-order, plan-space planners goal orderings have not been investigated in much detail. Mechanisms developed for statespace planning are not directly applicable because partial-order planners do not have a current (world) state. Further, it is not completely clear how plan-space planners should make use of goal orderings. This paper describes an approach to extract goal orderings to be used by the plan-space planner CAPlan. The extraction of goal orderings is based on the analysis of an extended version of operator graphs which previously have been found useful for the analysis of interactions and recursion of plan-space planners.


Abstract. The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM) includes two aerosol schemes: the Coupled Large-scale Aerosol Simulator for Studies in Climate (CLASSIC), and the new Global Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP-mode). GLOMAP-mode is a modal aerosol microphysics scheme that simulates not only aerosol mass but also aerosol number, represents internally-mixed particles, and includes aerosol microphysical processes such as nucleation. In this study, both schemes provide hindcast simulations of natural and anthropogenic aerosol species for the period 2000–2006. HadGEM simulations of the aerosol optical depth using GLOMAP-mode compare better than CLASSIC against a data-assimilated aerosol re-analysis and aerosol ground-based observations. Because of differences in wet deposition rates, GLOMAP-mode sulphate aerosol residence time is two days longer than CLASSIC sulphate aerosols, whereas black carbon residence time is much shorter. As a result, CLASSIC underestimates aerosol optical depths in continental regions of the Northern Hemisphere and likely overestimates absorption in remote regions. Aerosol direct and first indirect radiative forcings are computed from simulations of aerosols with emissions for the year 1850 and 2000. In 1850, GLOMAP-mode predicts lower aerosol optical depths and higher cloud droplet number concentrations than CLASSIC. Consequently, simulated clouds are much less susceptible to natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes when the microphysical scheme is used. In particular, the response of cloud condensation nuclei to an increase in dimethyl sulphide emissions becomes a factor of four smaller. The combined effect of different 1850 baselines, residence times, and abilities to affect cloud droplet number, leads to substantial differences in the aerosol forcings simulated by the two schemes. GLOMAP-mode finds a present-day direct aerosol forcing of −0.49 W m−2 on a global average, 72% stronger than the corresponding forcing from CLASSIC. This difference is compensated by changes in first indirect aerosol forcing: the forcing of −1.17 W m−2 obtained with GLOMAP-mode is 20% weaker than with CLASSIC. Results suggest that mass-based schemes such as CLASSIC lack the necessary sophistication to provide realistic input to aerosol-cloud interaction schemes. Furthermore, the importance of the 1850 baseline highlights how model skill in predicting present-day aerosol does not guarantee reliable forcing estimates. Those findings suggest that the more complex representation of aerosol processes in microphysical schemes improves the fidelity of simulated aerosol forcings.


The WorldWide Telescope computer program, released to researchers and the public as a free resource in 2008 by Microsoft Research, has changed the way the ever-growing Universe of online astronomical data is viewed and understood. The WWT program can be thought of as a scriptable, interactive, richly visual browser of the multi-wavelength Sky as we see it from Earth, and of the Universe as we would travel within it. In its web API format, WWT is being used as a service to display professional research data. In its desktop format, WWT works in concert (thanks to SAMP and other IVOA standards) with more traditional research applications such as ds9, Aladin and TOPCAT. The WWT Ambassadors Program (founded in 2009) recruits and trains astrophysically-literate volunteers (including retirees) who use WWT as a teaching tool in online, classroom, and informal educational settings. Early quantitative studies of WWTA indicate that student experiences with WWT enhance science learning dramatically. Thanks to the wealth of data it can access, and the growing number of services to which it connects, WWT is now a key linking technology in the Seamless Astronomy environment we seek to offer researchers, teachers, and students alike.


Building on existing research into sound symbolism and cross-modal correspondences, this article proposes that cross-modal correspondences—systematic mappings between different sensory modalities—can be used to communicate nonmusical, low-level sensory properties such as basic tastes through music. A series of three experiments demonstrates that cross-modal correspondences enable people to systematically encode basic taste properties into parameters in musical space (Experiment 1), and that they are able to correctly decode basic taste information embedded in complex musical compositions (Experiments 2 and 3). The results also suggest some culture-specificity to these mappings, given that decoding performance, while still above chance levels, was lower in Indian participants than in those from the United States (Experiment 3). Implications and potential applications of these findings are discussed.


Coalition formation is a fundamental type of interaction that involves the creation of coherent groupings of distinct, autonomous, agents in order to efficiently achieve their individual or collective goals. Forming effective coalitions is a major research challenge in the field of multi-agent systems. Central to this endeavour is the problem of determining which of the many possible coalitions to form in order to achieve some goal. This usually requires calculating a value for every possible coalition, known as the coalition value, which indicates how beneficial that coalition would be if it was formed. Once these values are calculated, the agents usually need to find a combination of coalitions, in which every agent belongs to exactly one coalition, and by which the overall outcome of the system is maximized. However, this coalition structure generation problem is extremely challenging due to the number of possible solutions that need to be examined, which grows exponentially with the number of agents involved. To date, therefore, many algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem using different techniques -- ranging from dynamic programming, to integer programming, to stochastic search -- all of which suffer from major limitations relating to execution time, solution quality, and memory requirements.

With this in mind, we develop an anytime algorithm to solve the coalition structure generation problem. Specifically, the algorithm uses a novel representation of the search space, which partitions the space of possible solutions into sub-spaces such that it is possible to compute upper and lower bounds on the values of the best coalition structures in them. These bounds are then used to identify the sub-spaces that have no potential of containing the optimal solution so that they can be pruned. The algorithm, then, searches through the remaining sub-spaces very efficiently using a branch-and-bound technique to avoid examining all the solutions within the searched subspace(s). In this setting, we prove that our algorithm enumerates all coalition structures efficiently by avoiding redundant and invalid solutions automatically. Moreover, in order to effectively test our algorithm we develop a new type of input distribution which allows us to generate more reliable benchmarks compared to the input distributions previously used in the field. Given this new distribution, we show that for 27 agents our algorithm is able to find solutions that are optimal in 0.175% of the time required by the fastest available algorithm in the literature. The algorithm is anytime, and if interrupted before it would have normally terminated, it can still provide a solution that is guaranteed to be within a bound from the optimal one. Moreover, the guarantees we provide on the quality of the solution are significantly better than those provided by the previous state of the art algorithms designed for this purpose. For example, for the worst case distribution given 25 agents, our algorithm is able to find a 90% efficient solution in around 10% of time it takes to find the optimal solution.


The study tested the investment model as a predictor of college women's likelihood of staying with or leaving a romantic partner. Physical and sexual abuse measures were used to determine the frequency of abuse in dating relationships. Specifically, it was hypothesized that women who have high levels of commitment will be more likely to stay in a relationship with their boyfriend than women with low levels of commitment. Furthermore it was hypothesized that physical and sexual abuse by a partner would be associated with lower commitment, thus women with an abuse history would be more likely to leave the relationship.The results suggest that abuse did not affect commitment. Women who experienced abuse were no different than women who had not experienced abuse in satisfaction, quality of alternatives or subjective norms. Women who were abused had higher levels of investment than women who had never experienced abuse. Commitment was negatively correlated with stay-leave decision. Women who scored high on commitment were more likely to stay in the relationship than women who had low commitment scores.


ABSTRACT

"Spin and orbital contribution to the magnetic moment of transition metal clusters and complexes"
The spin and orbital contributions to the magnetic moments of isolated iron \(Fe_n^+\) \((7 ≤ n ≤ 18)\), cobalt \(Co_n^+\) \((8 ≤ n ≤ 22)\) and nickel \(Ni_n^+\) \((7 ≤ n ≤ 17)\) clusters were investigated. An experimental access to both contributions is possible by the application of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy. XMCD spectroscopy is based on x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). It exploits the fact that for a magnetic sample the resonant absorption cross sections for negative and positive circular polarized x-rays differ for the transition from a spin orbit split ground state to the valence level. The resulting dichroic effects contain the information about the magnetism of the investigated sample. It can be extracted from the experimental spectrum via application of the so called sum rules. However, only the projections of the magnetic moments onto the quantization axis are experimentally accessible which corresponds to the magnetization of the sample.
We developed a method to apply XMCD spectroscopy to isolated clusters in the gas phase. A modified Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer was used to record the XA spectra in Total Ion Yield (TIY) mode, i.e. by recording the fragmentation intensity of the clusters in dependence of x-ray energy. The clusters can be considered to be a superparamagnetic ensemble. Thus, the magnetization follows a Langevin curve. The intrinsic magnetic moments can be calculated by Langevin correction of the experimental magnetic moments because the cluster temperature and the magnetic field are known.
The spin and the orbital magnetic moments are enhanced compared to the respective bulk values for all three investigated elements. The enhancement of the orbital contribution is more pronounced, by about a factor 3 - 4 compared to the bulk, than for the spin magnetic moment. However, if compared to the atomic value, both contributions are quenched. The orbital magnetic moment only amounts to about 10 - 15 % of the atomic value while the spin retains about 80 % of its atomic value. If the magnetic moments found for the clusters are put into perspective with respect to the atomic and bulk values by means of scaling laws, it becomes evident that both contributions follow different interpolations between the atomic and bulk value. The spin follows the well-known trend
\(n^{-1/3} = 1/(cluster radius)\) (n = number of atoms per cluster, assumption of a spherical particle). This trend relates to the ratio of surface to inner atoms in spherical particle. Hence, our interpretation is that the spin magnetic moment seems to follow the surface area of the cluster. On the other hand, the orbital magnetic moment follows \(1/n = 1/(cluster volume)\).
First XA spectra recorded with circularly polarized x-rays of a Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) \([Fe_4Ln_2(N_3)_4(Htea)_4(piv_6)]\) (Ln = Gd, Tb; \(H_3tea\) = triethanolamine, Hpiv = pivalic acid) are presented.


It is amazing to think that just ten years ago hardly anyone had heard of ocean acidification.
It is now much more widely understood that the increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
we are emitting into the air by our activities is reacting with the ocean to alter its chemistry
and push it along the scale towards acidity and is, amongst other effects, reducing the
availability of carbonate ions needed by many marine animals and plants to build their shells
and skeletons.
This paper from the International Ocean Acidification Reference User Group, in partnership
with national research programmes, provides essential information, and highlights the
actions needed on ocean acidification by Governments.
There is little doubt that the ocean is under-going dramatic changes that will impact many
human lives now, and ever more so in the coming generations, unless we act quickly
and decisively.
Previous acidification events in the Earth's geological record were often associated with
extinctions of many species. Whilst the causes of such extinction episodes are complex,
it is notable that the biodiversity recovery took hundreds of thousands and – after mass
extinctions – millions of years.


In all sexually reproducing organisms meiotic recombination increases genetic diversity among offspring and creates new genomes through chromosomal reconfiguration. The rate at which recombination occurs varies among and within species. Recombination rates are exceptionally high in social insect species and the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) has the highest recombination rate known in multi-cellular eukaryotes. To explain this, three major, non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed. High recombination may be the result of strong selection during domestication of the honey bee (1). Alternatively, it may benefit division of labor (2) or disease resistance (3) by increasing the genetic diversity among colony members. Therefore, I compared the genomic recombination rate in Apis mellifera to that of A. florea (the red dwarf honey bee). This species is undomesticated, has a relatively low degree of pathogen pressure and a complex division of labor. I screened 684 microsatellite markers from the A. mellifera genome for polymorphism in A. florea; 37 polymorphic markers were identified and genotyped in a mapping population of 96 A. florea drones. Pairwise recombinational distances were calculated using MapMaker3.0. I examined genomic synteny over two chromosomes, finding marker order conserved in both. Overall recombination distances are comparable between the species, though I found one interval of significantly higher recombinational distances in A. florea and no intervals of significantly lower distances. I conclude that the high recombination rate in A. mellifera is not a result of domestication and provide further support for the link between complex division of labor and high recombination rate.


By banning payments to donors, government has limited organ supply to barter and charity. Economists have generated a growing literature on organ policy. Starting with Econlit and fanning out from there, I survey and compile the published judgments of economists to see whether they preponderantly support liberalization. I classify 72 economists and find that most of those economists who publish a judgment favor liberalization to one extent or another. This consensus among the surveyed economists pretty well fits opinion of economists in general. The consensus is not universal, however. The organ issue raises interesting analytic issues in the meaning of "liberalization," for quite a few economists favor reforms of "presumed consent" or "mandated choice," both of which, in themselves, would seem to be a contravention of the liberty principle. These complications notwithstanding, a consensus in favor of liberalization remains quite clear. I back-up my treatment with an Excel file containing quotations.


Somatic tissue evolves over a vertebrate's lifetime due to the accumulation of mutations in stem cell populations. Mutations may alter cellular fitness and contribute to tumorigenesis or aging. The distribution of mutational effects within somatic cells is not known. Given the unique regulatory regime of somatic cell division we hypothesize that mutational effects in somatic tissue fall into a different framework than whole organisms; one in which there are more mutations of large effect. Through simulation analysis we investigate the fit of tumor incidence curves generated using exponential and power law Distributions of Fitness Effects (DFE) to known tumorigenesis incidence. Modeling considerations include the architecture of stem cell populations, i.e., a large number of very small populations, and mutations that do and do not fix neutrally in the stem cell niche. We find that the typically quantified DFE in whole organisms is sufficient to explain tumorigenesis incidence. Further, due to the effects of small stem cell population sizes, i.e., strong genetic drift, deleterious mutations are predicted to accumulate, resulting in reduced tissue maintenance. Thus, despite there being a large number of stem cells throughout the intestine, its compartmental architecture leads to significant aging, a prime example of Muller's Ratchet.


While electronic publications can greatly increase a university community's access to information, they also pose many challenges to the libraries charged with collecting and managing them. In the print environment, libraries purchase and own content in perpetuity, while in the electronic environment, they generally lease access to content for limited time periods on a subscription basis. This paradigm shift, often referred to as the "ownership vs. access" model, has profound consequences. The leasing of information is frequently governed by a license agreement entered into by the library and a publisher or vendor. As license agreements are contracts, and, in the United States contract law supersedes existing law such as U.S. Copyright Law, license agreements have the power to undo a user community's rights to use information in ways long assumed in the print environment. Publishers and libraries must work together to negotiate agreements that benefit both. Beyond the development of fair license agreements, e-publishers wanting to market to academic libraries should design their products in ways that allow them to be easily integrated into a libraries greater e-collection and infrastructure. Today, many libraries are implementing products that integrate their individual esubscriptions, allowing interlinking of abstracting and indexing databases with full-text sources, and providing the ability to search across multiple databases simultaneously. Publishers must also work collaboratively with libraries to address the issue of archiving in the electronic environment. The libraries role to continue to collect and preserve the history of our society is uncertain in the digital world, where most libraries are as yet unprepared and unequipped to systematically handle large volumes of electronic content. Even where they are able to do so, the contracts governing use of electronically published materials frequently forbid libraries from duplicating their content for archival purposes. For usability, e-publications need to be designed with levels of granularity that provide the ability to link directly to the article level in journals is essential. Article level linking is necessary for libraries to effectively integrate various systems via link-resolvers and course management software. Both publishers and libraries need to be able to collect information about the use of their e-content, so the development of standards for usage statistics must be achieved. In order to manage their e-collections, libraries need to be able to collect usage statistics, just as they collect and analyze circulation statistics for their print collections. A new international Code of Practice, developed by COUNTER, is gaining wide international support by librarians and e-publishers, as well as they professional organizations, and libraries are increasingly asking their e-publishers to be COUNTER compliant.


The main content of this report is the identification and definition of market mechanisms for Application Layer Networks (ALNs). On basis of the structured Market Engineering process, the work comprises the identification of requirements which adequate market mechanisms for ALNs have to fulfill. Subsequently, two mechanisms for each, the centralized and the decentralized case are described in this document. These build the theoretical foundation for the work within the following two years of the CATNETS project.


With the explosion of rock music in the mid-1960s, women arrived-as performers, critics, and fans. While operating in radically different ways within rock culture, female musicians, journalists, and groupies rewrote women's roles on and off the stage in the 1960s and 1970s. Electric Ladyland is a social and cultural history of this formative era in rock and roll, examining how the changing roles of women were intertwined with the evolution of the music. Articles and reviews from Rolling Stone and the Village Voice provide a window on a time when female musicians such as Janis Joplin, Aretha Franklin, and Joni Mitchell battled sexism from concert promoters and mainly male reviewers. Feminist rock journalists, however, were coming into their own. In particular, Ellen Willis, music critic for the New Yorker, and Lillian Roxon, author of the influential Rock Encyclopedia, transformed the way society perceived sometimes marginalized female performers. The groupie was born at the same time, and Rhodes devotes considerable attention to the rise of this phenomenon. Through journalistic accounts as well as personal interviews with groupies of the 1960s and 1970s, she explores these women's dual legacy of self-assertion and promiscuous behavior that resonates to this day through the popularity of such films as Almost Famous. Deeply informed by critical media studies and drawing on diverse and rich sources, Electric Ladyland assesses the lasting effects of cultural representations on female sexuality and gender roles.


Nanoparticles made of coinage metals are well known to display unique optical properties stemming from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon, allowing their use as transducers in various biosensing configurations. While most of the reports initially dealt with spherical gold nanoparticles owing to their ease of synthesis, the interest in gold nanorods (AuNR) as plasmonic biosensors is rising steadily. These anisotropic nanoparticles exhibit, on top of the LSPR band in the blue range common with spherical nanoparticles, a longitudinal LSPR band, in all respects superior, and in particular in terms of sensitivity to the surrounding media and LSPR-biosensing. However, AuNRs synthesis and their further functionalization are less straightforward and require thorough processing. In this paper, we intend to give an up-to-date overview of gold nanorods in LSPR biosensing, starting from a critical review of the recent findings on AuNR synthesis and the main challenges related to it. We further highlight the various strategies set up to coat AuNR with a silica shell of controlled thickness and porosity compatible with LSPR-biosensing. Then, we provide a survey of the methods employed to attach various bioreceptors to AuNR. Finally, the most representative examples of AuNR-based LSPR biosensors are reviewed with a focus put on their analytical performances.


Japanese houses today have to contend with unique factors that condition their design, from tiny plots in crowded urban contexts to ever-present seismic threats. These challenges encourage their architects to explore alternating ideas of stability and ephemerality in various ways, resulting in spaces that are as fascinating as they are idiosyncratic. Their formal innovation and attention to materials, technology and measures to coax in light and air while maintaining domestic privacy make them cutting-edge residences that suggest new ways of being at home. Contemporary Japanese architecture has emerged as a substantial force on the international scene ever since Kenzo Tange won the Pritzker Prize in 1987. This overview of 50 recent houses powerfully demonstrates Japans enduring commitment to design innovation.


Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) accounts for up to 60% of hospital acquired acute kidney injury with considerable morbidity and mortality. Several efforts have been made to reduce drug-induced nephrotoxicity; however, DIN remains a matter of concern. Statins with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects may have the potential to protect kidney against DIN. The present review evaluated all of the available in vitro and in vivo studies that examined the use of statins as renoprotective agents against nephrotoxic drugs. Materials for this review were obtained by searching Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Key words used as search terms included "statin", "3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors", "nephroprotective", "renoprotective", "drug-induced renal diseases", "drug-induced nephrotoxicity", "drug-induced renal toxicity", "drug-induced nephropathy", "drug-induced renal side effects", and "contrast-induced nephropathy". This search was performed without time limitation. Only English language articles were included in this review. This review concluded that chronic statin user may be less prone to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) compared with statin non-users. Short-term high dose statin administration may also reduce the incidence of CIN in statin naïve patients. This renoprotective effect of statins against CIN is seen in low risk patients with normal kidney function or mild kidney dysfunction, but probably not in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction. Based on available animal data, statins may protect kidney against gentamicin-, cisplatin- and cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, however, theses animal results have not yet been confirmed by human data. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.


The molecular dynamics and ordering of polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal displays are studied using the technique of paramagnetic resonance of spin probes. A complex spectrum is observed in which components are identified from probes dissolved in the droplet, binder, and interfacial regions of the display. In particular, the liquid‐crystal curing, phase separation, and structure of displays with both thermoplastic and epoxy binders are investigated. Observations are also performed as the liquid‐crystal droplet size is varied. Among the more interesting results is the demonstrated ability to observe the interfacial region. It appears to be quite fluid and has little or no average order. It is also observed that the compatibility between the binder and liquid crystal, seen from some of the formulations studied, correlates with the reported electro‐optical properties. These include the magnitude and hysteresis of switching voltages and the magnitudes of switching times.


Context. Contemporary high precision photometry from space provided by the Kepler and CoRoT satellites generates significant breakthroughs in terms of exploiting the long-period, g-mode pulsating hot B subdwarf (sdBVs) stars with asteroseismology. Aims. We present a detailed asteroseismic study of the sdBVs star KIC02697388 monitored with Kepler, using the rich pulsation spectrum uncovered during the ∼27-day-long exploratory run Q2.3. Methods. We analyse new high-S/N spectroscopy of KIC02697388 using appropriate NLTE model atmospheres to provide accurate atmospheric parameters for this star. We also reanalyse the Kepler light curve using standard prewhitening techniques. On this basis, we apply a forward modelling technique using our latest generation of sdB models. The simultaneous match of the independent periods observed in KIC02697388 with those of models leads objectively to the identification of the pulsation modes and, more importantly, to the determination of some of the parameters of the star. Results. The light curve analysis reveals 43 independent frequencies that can be associated with oscillation modes. All the modulations observed in this star correspond to g-mode pulsations except one high-frequency signal, which is typical of a p-mode oscillation. Although the presence of this p-mode is surprising considering the atmospheric parameters that we derive for this cool sdB star (Teff = 25 395 ± 227 K, log g = 5.500 ± 0.031 (cgs), and log N(He)/N(H) = −2.767 ± 0.122), we show that this mode can be accounted for particularly well by our optimal seismic models, both in terms of frequency match and nonadiabatic properties. The seismic analysis leads us to identify two model solutions that can both account for the observed pulsation properties of KIC02697388. Despite this remaining ambiguity, several key parameters of the star can be derived with stringent constraints, such as its mass, its H-rich envelope mass, its radius, and its luminosity. We derive the properties of the core proposing that it is a relatively young sdB star that has burnt less than ∼34% (in mass) of its central helium and has a relatively large mixed He/C/O core. This latter measurement is in line with the trend already uncovered for two other g-mode sdB pulsators analysed with asteroseismology and suggests that extra mixing is occurring quite early in the evolution of He cores on the horizontal branch. Conclusions. Additional monitoring with Kepler of this particularly interesting sdB star should reveal the inner properties of KIC02697388 and provide important information about the mode driving mechanism and the helium core properties.


This Essay for the Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc roundtable on Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. focuses on new developments in the law of class action certification. Prior to Dukes, the federal appellate courts had been gravitating toward a consensus on the parameters for judicial rulings on class certification. Under this emerging consensus view, the court is obligated to determine – under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard and with no preclusive effect on the merits – whether the pertinent requirements for class certification have been satisfied. But the court has no authority to conduct a free-floating inquiry into the plaintiffs' likelihood of success on the merits, unrelated to a class certification requirement. Dukes unsettles this emerging consensus, positing that courts may not withhold class certification as long as plaintiffs put forward a triable case as to the existence of a common, class-wide course of misconduct by the defendant. Under this view, the court may not determine whether the alleged class-wide course of misconduct more likely than not exists – even for the limited purpose of ruling on class certification – for fear of intrusion into the role of the fact finder at trial.This Essay first explains why Supreme Court review is warranted in Dukes, above and beyond the usual concern over splits among the federal appellate courts. The Essay then observes that Dukes is part of a larger category of cases in recent years that involve class certification disputes centered on aggregate proof – in Dukes, primarily an analysis of Wal-Mart's hourly work force, said to reveal statistically significant differences in pay and promotions across male-female lines. The bulk of the Essay spotlights the crucial conceptual error in Dukes: the majority's confusion between motions for class certification and the motion that really does regulate the relationship between the court and the fact finder (summary judgment). Drawing on illustrations from class certification decisions in securities fraud, antitrust, and RICO litigation, the Essay explains how confusion between class certification and summary judgment can lead to both judicial underreach (as in Dukes) and judicial overreach (as in some decisions from other circuits). Supreme Court reversal in Dukes would lend clarity and consistency to the law of class certification, but in a way that would not cut uniformly for or against either plaintiffs or defendants across the gamut of civil law.


Abstract : The SRI Cartographic Modeling Environment has been created to support research on interactive, semiautomated, and automated computer-based cartographic activities. The underlying image manipulation capabilities are provided by the SRI ImagCalc(TM) system. The cartographic features and data that can be entered include multiple images, camera models, digital terrain elevation data, point, line, and area cartographic features, and a wide assortment of three-dimensional objects. Interactive capabilities include free-hand feature lighting entry, altering features while constraining them to conform to the terrain and lighting geometry, adjustment of feature parameters, and the adjustment of the camera model to display the scene features from arbitrary viewpoints. Cartographic features are depictable either as wire-frame sketches for interactive purposes or as texture-mapped renderings for realistic scene synthesis. High-quality simulated scenes are created by texture-mapping images onto terrain data and adding renderings of cartographic features using depth-buffering and antialiasing techniques. Motion sequences can be created by choosing a series of camera models and rendering the simulated appearance of the scene from each viewpoint.


The semantic web and model-driven engineering are changing the enterprise computing paradigm. By introducing technologies like ontologies, metadata and logic, the semantic web improves drastically how companies manage knowledge. In counterpart, model-driven engineering relies on the principle of using models to provide abstraction, enabling developers to concentrate on the system functionality rather than on technical platforms. The next enterprise computing era will rely on the synergy between both technologies. On the one side, ontology technologies organize system knowledge in conceptual domains according to its meaning. It addresses enterprise computing needs by identifying, abstracting and rationalizing commonalities, and checking for inconsistencies across system specifications. On the other side, model-driven engineering is closing the gap among business requirements, designs and executables by using domain-specific languages with custom-built syntax and semantics. In this scenario, the research question that arises is: What are the scientific and technical results around ontology technologies that can be used in model-driven engineering and vice versa? The objective is to analyze approaches available in the literature that involve both ontologies and model-driven engineering. Therefore, we conduct a literature review that resulted in a feature model for classifying state-of-the-art approaches. The results show that the usage of ontologies and model-driven engineering together have multiple purposes: validation, visual notation, expressiveness and interoperability. While approaches involving both paradigms exist, an integrated approach for UML class-based modeling and ontology modeling is lacking so far. Therefore, we investigate the techniques and languages for designing integrated models. The objective is to provide an approach to support the design of integrated solutions. Thus, we develop a conceptual framework involving the structure and the notations of a solution to represent and query software artifacts using a combination of ontologies and class-based modeling. As proof of concept, we have implemented our approach as a set of open source plug-ins -- the TwoUse Toolkit. The hypothesis is that a combination of both paradigms yields improvements in both fields, ontology engineering and model-driven engineering. For MDE, we investigate the impact of using features of the Web Ontology Language in software modeling. The results are patterns and guidelines for designing ontology-based information systems and for supporting software engineers in modeling software. The results include alternative ways of describing classes and objects and querying software models and metamodels. Applications show improvements on changeability and extensibility. In the ontology engineering domain, we investigate the application of techniques used in model-driven engineering to fill the abstraction gap between ontology specification languages and programming languages. The objective is to provide a model-driven platform for supporting activities in the ontology engineering life cycle. Therefore, we study the development of core ontologies in our department, namely the core ontology for multimedia (COMM) and the multimedia metadata ontology. The results are domain-specific languages that allow ontology engineers to abstract from implementation issues and concentrate on the ontology engineering task. It results in increasing productivity by filling the gap between domain models and source code.


This paper presents preliminary evidence on cyber risk in the Italian private sector based on the Bank of Italy's annual surveys of Italian industrial and service firms. The information collected, albeit only covering the incidence of cyber attacks and some aspects of security governance, is the first of its kind for Italy. The results are striking: even though a mere 1.5 per cent of businesses do not deploy any cybersecurity measures, 30.3 per cent – corresponding to 35.6 per cent of total employees – report at least some damage from a cyber attack between September 2015 and September 2016. Once data are corrected to account for unwillingness to report or inability to detect attacks on the part of some respondents, these figures climb to 45.2 and 56 per cent respectively, with large, high-tech and internationally exposed businesses faring worse than average. The economy-wide risk level is likely to be higher still; the financial sector, healthcare, education and social care are excluded from the sample, but they are known from other sources to be particularly appealing to attackers. Further research is needed on the correlation between firm-level vulnerability and investment in cyber defence, and on the cost of cyber breaches.


Abstract Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytostatic agent used in oncology. Because of its immunosuppressive properties, MTX is also used in autoimmune disorders. Low-dose MTX regimens in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and severe psoriasis are considered to be safe. However, pharmacovigilance centers warn of serious and even fatal incidents due to errors in oral MTX administration. The aim of this case series presentation was to identify the specific factors related to the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) induced by MTX. A prospective pharmacovigilance study was conducted at the Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital, Stara Zagora. We report 3 cases of patients with psoriasis vulgaris in which severe haematological abnormalities associated with previous administration of MTX were detected during hospitalization. A 73-year old female with malaise, vomiting and oral ulcers who had taken approximately 120 mg MTX was found to have pancytopenia. A 59-year old male hospitalized for psoriatic erythroderma who had erroneously taken 10 mg MTX daily instead of weekly for 8 days, was diagnosed with bicytopenia and toxic hepatitis. An 88-year old male with psoriatic arthritis presented with aphthous stomatitis, erosive crusted lesions, ecchymoses and aplastic anemia 2 weeks after treatment with 12.5 mg MTX once weekly plus i.m. Movalis®, followed by Diclophenac Duo®. The main predisposing factors for the development of these ADRs were patient-related dosage errors and concomitant administration of NSAIDs. Safe use of oral MTX requires clear dosing instructions and strict patient compliance. Potential drug interactions of MTX with other drugs should also be considered.


Select copyrighted material from published articles may be included in this CAT for the purpose of providing a context for an informed critical appraisal. Readers are strongly encouraged to seek out the published articles included here for additional information and to further examine the findings in their original presentation. Copyrighted materials from articles included in this CAT should not be re-used without the copyright holder's permission.


As Consciousness is Harnessed to Flesh reveals the inner life of Susan Sontag. Providing a unique insight into the mind of one of the leading intellectuals of the modern age, Susan Sontag's As Conscious is Harnessed to Flesh chronicles the cultural, moral, and political journeys of this renowned critic and artist at the height of her powers. As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh follows Sontag through the turbulent years of the late 1960s - from her trip to Hanoi at the peak of the Vietnam War to her time making films in Sweden - up to 1980, just before the beginning of the Reagan era. This is an invaluable record of the inner workings of one of the most inquisitive and analytical thinkers of the twentieth century at the height of her power. It is also a remarkable document of on individual's political and moral awakening. "More true to life, both intellectual and emotional, than the most artful novel or careful biography". (Sunday Telegraph). "Gold dust". (Sunday Times). "A powerful self-portrait emerges. In its fragmentation ...and passion, its combination of the erudite and the everyday, it is more true to life, both intellectual and emotional, than the most artful novel or careful biography. It may well be that Sontag's diaries will come to be seen as just as brilliant and important as anything she wrote". (Sunday Telegraph). "Mesmerising, fascinating". (Guardian). "Express the fullness and diversity of her intellectual curiosity. Revelatory in the most profound sense: they are existential fragments, self-selected thoughts, emotions, reactions ...arising in one of the most remarkable minds of the twentieth century". (The Times). One of America's best-known and most admired writers, Susan Sontag was also a leading commentator on contemporary culture until her death in December 2004. Her books include four novels and numerous works of non-fiction, among them Regarding the Pain of Others, On Photography, Illness as Metaphor, At the Same Time, Against Interpretation and Other Essays and Reborn: Early Diaries 1947-1963, all of which are published by Penguin. A further eight books, including the collections of essays Under the Sign of Saturn and Where the Stress Falls, and the novels The Volcano Lover and The Benefactor, are available from Penguin Modern Classics.


Abstract The ability to accurately estimate the extent to which the failure of a bank disrupts the financial system is very valuable for regulators of the financial system. One important part of the financial system is the interbank payment system. This paper develops a robust measure, SinkRank, that accurately predicts the magnitude of disruption caused by the failure of a bank in a payment system and identifies banks most affected by the failure. SinkRank is based on absorbing Markov chains, which are well-suited to model liquidity dynamics in payment systems. Because actual bank failures are rare and the data is not generally publicly available, the authors test the metric by simulating payment networks and inducing failures in them. They test SinkRank on several types of payment networks, including Barabási-Albert types of scale-free networks modeled on the Fedwire system, and find that the failing bank's SinkRank is highly correlated with the resulting disruption in the system overall; moreover, the SinkRank algorithm can identify which individual banks would be most disrupted by a given failure.


This paper presents the current status in the development and validation of an advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, CFD-BWR, which allows the detailed analysis of the two-phase flow and heat transfer phenomena in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel assemblies under various operating conditions. The CFD-BWR model uses an Eulerian Two-Phase (E2P) approach, and is also referred to as the E2P modeling framework. It is being developed as a customized module built on the foundation of the commercial CFD-code STAR-CD which provides general two-phase flow modeling capabilities. The integral validation efforts have focused on the analysis of the NUPEC Full-Size Boiling Water Reactor Test (BFBT) within the framework of the OECD/NRC benchmark exercise. The paper reviews the two-phase models implemented in the CFD-BWR code, and emphasizes recently implemented models of inter-phase and coolant-cladding momentum and energy exchanges. Results of recent BFBT experiment simulations using these models are presented and the effects of the new models on the calculated void distribution are discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of future model development and validation plans.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


According to Drs. Larry Crabb and Dan Allender, encouragement is more than a compliment or a pat on the back. It's a skill that can be mastered by anyone. Crabb and Allender ask: "What must we know in order to fulfill the biblical exhortation to 'encourage one another?'" Encouragement provides the answer. Part one deals with understanding encouragement, and part two explores the process of encouragement, including such practical how-tos as developing a careful selection of encouraging words; cultivating active listening skills; using biblical fellowship to move beyond superficial smiles and shallow greetings; and recognizing subtle opportunities for encouragement. Without the encouragement of a caring community, biblical truth taught in church tends to just thicken people's defense layers. But authenticity, freedom, and greater love for God and others are the fruit of encouragement, and evidence of the tremendous power God invests in individuals who practice it.


This article describes the virtual humans developed as part of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise project, a virtual reality-based training system. This project is an ambitious exercise in integration, both in the sense of integrating technology with entertainment industry content, but also in that we have joined a number of component technologies that have not been integrated before. This integration has not only raised new research issues, but it has also suggested some new approaches to difficult problems. We describe the key capabilities of the virtual humans, including task representation and reasoning, natural language dialogue, and emotion reasoning, and show how these capabilities are integrated to provide more human-level intelligence than would otherwise be possible.


Let $U$ be a matrix chosen randomly, with respect to Haar measure, from the unitary group $U(d).$ For any $k \leq d,$ and any $k \times k$ submatrix $U_k$ of $U,$ we express the average value of $|{\rm Tr}(U_k)|^{2n}$ as a sum over partitions of $n$ with at most $k$ rows whose terms count certain standard and semistandard Young tableaux. We combine our formula with a variant of the Colour-Flavour Transformation of lattice gauge theory to give a combinatorial expansion of an interesting family of unitary matrix integrals. In addition, we give a simple combinatorial derivation of the moments of a single entry of a random unitary matrix, and hence deduce that the rescaled entries converge in moments to standard complex Gaussians. Our main tool is the Weingarten function for the unitary group.


The Office of the Board of Regents provides support to the Regents, which consists of nine members serving staggered six-year terms, one elected from each of Colorado's seven congressional districts and two from the state at-large. The board is charged constitutionally with the general supervision of the university and the exclusive control and direction of all funds of and appropriations to the university, unless otherwise provided by law. VIEW WEBSITE [2]


This Article explores the administrative reform potential that exists for integrating new knowledge about ecosystem services into Clean Water Act (CWA) regulatory programs as an example for all environmental laws. Part II of the Article reviews the relevant general rules of federal administrative law governing agency interpretation of the policy space available under statutory authority for integrating new science into decision making. Part III then explores the strategies an agency such as EPA can use under those rules to integrate the concept of ecosystem services into regulatory programs by searching for statutory provisions to support what I call "direct protection" authority and "performance metric" authority. Part IV of the Article turns to the dredge and fill permit program of section 404 of the CWA and the water quality standards and total maximum daily load (TMDL) program of section 303 of the CWA as its case studies, showing how opportunities for and obstacles to the two integration strategies arise in the structure and text of the statute. The Article closes with some thoughts on a more overarching agenda for working ecosystem services into existing federal environmental protection programs.


This thesis builds a bridge between singularity theory and computer algebra. To an isolated hypersurface singularity one can associate a regular meromorphic connection, the Gaus-Manin connection, containing a lattice, the Brieskorn lattice. The leading terms of the Brieskorn lattice with respect to the weight and V-filtration of the Gaus-Manin connection define the spectral pairs. They correspond to the Hodge numbers of the mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology of the Milnor fibre and belong to the finest known invariants of isolated hypersurface singularities. The differential structure of the Brieskorn lattice can be described by two complex endomorphisms A0 and A1 containing even more information than the spectral pairs. In this thesis, an algorithmic approach to the Brieskorn lattice in the Gaus-Manin connection is presented. It leads to algorithms to compute the complex monodromy, the spectral pairs, and the differential structure of the Brieskorn lattice. These algorithms are implemented in the computer algebra system Singular.


Terrorism and radicalization came to the forefront of news and politics in the US after the unforgettable attacks of September 11th, 2001. When George W. Bush famously asked "Why do they hate us?," the President echoed the confusion, anger and fear felt by millions of Americans, while also creating a politicized discourse that has come to characterize and obscure discussions of both phenomenon in the media. Since then the American public has lived through a number of domestic attacks and threats, and watched international terrorist attacks from afar on television sets and computer screens. The anxiety and misinformation surrounding terrorism and radicalization are perhaps best detected in questions that have continued to recur in the last decade: "Are terrorists crazy?"; "Is there a profile of individuals likely to become terrorists?"; "Is it possible to prevent radicalization to terrorism?" Fortunately, in the two decades since 9/11, a significant body of research has emerged that can help provide definitive answers. As experts in the psychology of radicalization, Sophia Moskalenko and Clark McCauley propose twelve mechanisms that can move individuals, groups, and mass publics from political indifference to sympathy and support for terrorist violence. Radicalization to Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to Know synthesizes original and existing research to answer the questions raised after each new attack, including those committed by radicalized Americans. It offers a rigorously informed overview of the insight that will enable readers to see beyond the relentless new cycle to understand where terrorism comes from and how best to respond to it.


The book The Structure and Limits of Criminal Law (Ashgate) collects and reprints classic articles on three topics: the conceptual structure of criminal law doctrine, the conduct necessary and that sufficient for criminal liability, and the offender culpability and blameworthiness necessary and that sufficient for criminal liability. The collection includes articles by H.L.A. Hart, Sanford Kadish, George Fletcher, Herbert Packer, Norval Morris, Gordon Hawkins, Andrew von Hirsch, Bernard Harcourt, Richard Wasserstrom, Andrew Simester, John Darley, Kent Greenawalt, and Paul Robinson. This essay serves as an introduction to the collection, explaining how each article fits into the larger debate and giving a brief summary of each that will orient the (primarily student) reader.Part I considers how best to construct a conceptual framework for criminal law. Under existing law, criminal law doctrine tends to operate in one of three ways: defining an offense, or defining a general defense that operates independent of the offense requirements to bar liability, or defining a doctrine of imputation that treats the actor as if he satisfies an offense requirement that he does not in fact satisfy. However, one could organize criminal law doctrines differently, around the different function that each performs: articulating ex ante the rules of conduct or adjudicating ex post the violation of those rules of conduct, to assess liability and the grade of the liability.Part II examines the debate over what conduct should be necessary for criminal liability, and what conduct should be sufficient. Harm to another is surely necessary but probably insufficient. And the harm principle has been stretched so far that it cannot now, by itself, serve as a meaningful limitation in the modern criminalization debate. On the other hand, immorality or at least condemnability of conduct is surely insufficient but probably necessary: on both philosophical and empirical grounds, there is reason to think that conduct should not be criminalized unless society regards it as morally blameworthy.Part III considers the debate over what offender culpability and blameworthiness should be necessary for criminal liability, and what should be sufficient. Despite calls by some to ignore blameworthiness in the name of prevention, the increasingly more accepted view is that criminal liability should be imposed only on the blameworthy. Indeed, many go further, arguing that also the extent of the offender's liability and punishment should depend upon the extent of his blameworthiness. This means retaining the mens rea requirement, offering a full array of excuse defenses, and, in its strongest form, adopting desert as an inviolable distributive principle.


The Vienna Tonkunstler-Verein (1885-1929) was established for the sole purpose of providing extensive support to the music and musicians of Vienna. The society became renowned in Vienna for its outstanding performances of chamber music and counted among its members many of the city's foremost musicians and composers. Johannes Brahms had a significant influence on the society as its honorary president and assisted in establishing its composition competitions, aimed at promoting and reviving under-developed chamber genres. Of particular interest to clarinetists is the Verein's competition of 1896, which aspired to promote chamber music literature for wind instruments. Brahms's recently completed chamber works for clarinet were clearly influential in fin-de-siecle Vienna; for of the twelve works chosen as finalists in the competition, ten included the clarinet in the chamber combination.The purpose of this document is to provide an English-language history of the Vienna Tonkunstler-Verein and a thorough account of its1896 competition based on my study of the society's annual reports. In addition, this document will provide the first published account of the anonymous submissions for the 1896 competition. It is my hope that this paper will serve as a springboard for future endeavors aimed at uncovering the identities of the anonymous finalists for this competition.


The small but stubbornly unyielding possibility of a very large long-term response of global temperature to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide can be termed the fat tail of high climate sensitivity. Recent economic analyses suggest that the fat tail should dominate a rational policy strategy if the damages associated with such high temperatures are large enough. The conclusions of such analyses, however, depend on how economic growth, temperature changes, and climate damages unfold and interact over time. In this paper we focus on the role of two robust physical properties of the climate system: the enormous thermal inertia of the ocean, and the long timescales associated with high climate sensitivity. Economic models that include a climate component, and particularly those that focus on the tails of the probability distributions, should properly represent the physics of this slow response to high climate sensitivity, including the correlated uncertainty between present forcing and climate sensitivity, and the global energetics of the present climate state. If climate sensitivity in fact proves to be high, these considerations prevent the high temperatures in the fat tail from being reached for many centuries. A failure to include these factors risks distorting the resulting economic analyses. For example, we conclude that fat-tail considerations will not strongly influence economic analyses when these analyses follow the common—albeit controversial—practices of assigning large damages only to outcomes with very high temperature changes and of assuming a significant baseline level of economic growth.


Bigtable is a distributed storage system for managing structured data that is designed to scale to a very large size: petabytes of data across thousands of commodity servers. Many projects at Google store data in Bigtable, including web indexing, Google Earth, and Google Finance. These applications place very different demands on Bigtable, both in terms of data size (from URLs to web pages to satellite imagery) and latency requirements (from backend bulk processing to real-time data serving). Despite these varied demands, Bigtable has successfully provided a flexible, high-performance solution for all of these Google products. In this paper we describe the simple data model provided by Bigtable, which gives clients dynamic control over data layout and format, and we describe the design and implementation of Bigtable.


President John F. Kennedy officially dedicated the Pinchot Institute for Conservation Studies on September 24, 1963 to further the legacy and activism of conservationist Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946). Pinchot was the first chief of the United States Forest Service, appointed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. During his five-year term, he more than tripled the national forest reserves to 172 million acres. A pioneer in his field, Pinchot is widely regarded as one of the architects of American conservation and an adamant steward of natural resources for future generations. Author Char Miller highlights many of the important contributions of the Pinchot Institute through its first fifty years of operation. As a union of the United States Forest Service and the Conservation Foundation, a private New York-based think tank, the institute was created to formulate policy and develop conservation education programs. Miller chronicles the institution's founding, a donation of the Pinchot family, at its Grey Towers estate in Milford, Pennsylvania. He views the contributions of Pinchot family members, from the institute's initial conception by Pinchot's son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot, through the family's ongoing participation in current conservation programming. Miller describes the institute's unique fusion of policy makers, scientists, politicians, and activists to increase our understanding of and responses to urban and rural forestry, water quality, soil erosion, air pollution, endangered species, land management and planning, and hydraulic franking. Miller explores such innovative programs as Common Waters, which works to protect the local Delaware River Basin as a drinking water source for millions; EcoMadera, which trains the residents of Cristobal Colon in Ecuador in conservation land management and sustainable wood processing; and the Forest Health-Human Health Initiative, which offers health-care credits to rural American landowners who maintain their carbon-capturing forestlands. Many of these individuals are age sixty-five or older and face daunting medical expenses that may force them to sell their land for timber. Through these and countless other collaborative endeavours, the Pinchot Institute has continued to advance its namesake's ambition to protect ecosystems for future generations and provide vital environmental services in an age of a burgeoning population and a disruptive climate.


To test large scale socially embedded systems, this paper proposes a multiagent-based participatory design that consists of two steps; 1) participatory simulation, where scenario-guided agents and human-controlled avatars coexist in a shared virtual space and jointly perform simulations, and the extension of the participatory simulation into the 2) augmented experiment, where an experiment is performed in real space by human subjects enhanced by a large scale multiagent simulation. The augmented experiment, proposed in this paper, consist of 1) various sensors to collect the real world activities of human subjects and project them into the virtual space, 2) multiagent simulations to simulate human activities in the virtual space, and 3) communication channels to inform simulation status to human subjects in the real space. To create agent and interaction models incrementally from the participatory design process, we propose the participatory design loop that uses deductive machine learning technologies. Indoor and outdoor augmented experiments have been actually conducted in the city of Kyoto. Both experiments were intended to test new disaster evacuation systems based on mobile phones.


Intratumoral fibrosis results from the deposition of a cross-linked collagen matrix by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This type of fibrosis has been shown to exert mechanical forces and create a biochemical milieu that, together, shape intratumoral immunity and influence tumor cell metastatic behavior. In this Review, we present recent evidence that CAFs and tumor cells are regulated by provisional matrix molecules, that metastasis results from a change in the type of stromal collagen cross-link, and that fibrosis and inflammation perpetuate each other through proteolytic and chemotactic mediators released into the tumor stroma. We also discuss aspects of the emerging biology that have potential therapeutic value.


Orientation: Taking charge as an extra role in the workplace is necessary for the survival of modern firms. Therefore, understanding the personal and organisational factors when one takes charge is critical for organisations. Research purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the contributions of self-efficacy and perceived organisational support when taking charge at work. Motivation for the study: Although many previous studies have examined the antecedents of taking charge in North American business environments, we know little about taking charge in the developing economies of Africa. Research about taking charge will provide valuable information for managers of businesses in developing countries in Africa. Research design, approach and method: This study used a cross-sectional survey design to examine the contributions of self-efficacy and perceived organisational support to taking charge at work amongst 201 bank workers in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria. Main findings: Regression analysis results showed that self-efficacy had a significant relationship with taking charge at work. The results also showed a statistically significant relationship between perceived organisational support and taking charge at work. Practical/managerial implications: The implications of the results are that interventions that focus on improving self-efficacy will contribute to the behaviours of employees who take charge. In addition, organisations that develop strategies to make employees perceive the organisation as supportive will also have members that engage in more supervisory behaviours. Contribution/value-add: This study was one of the first attempts to investigate taking charge at work in a developing economy of Africa. The results of the study, that self-efficacy and perceived organisational support have relationships with taking charge at work, will contribute to a better understanding of the concept and to building robust theories.


The Government of Canada retained control of Crown lands and mineral and water rights in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba until 1930 when they were transferred to the three provincial governments as a result of agreements reached in 1929. In the case of Alberta, the agreement also settled the boundaries for Banff and Jasper national parks. The national parks discussions helped establish the principle that resource extraction would not take place in national parks anywhere in Canada. This paper examines the political background to the discussions over national parks and the process for setting the boundaries of these parks, with an emphasis on a report on park boundaries that addressed resource development and wildlife management in and near the parks, issues that parks administrators continue to face today.


Applying the theory of the intergenerational transmission of divorce, this paper examines the consequences of parental divorce on three aspects of the life course of children: union formation, nonmarital fertility, and marital dissolution. The 1995 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) is used to estimate various regression models (Cox proportional hazards). Results show that children of divorced parents have a significantly higher likelihood to have births outside of marriage, enter into cohabiting unions, and to experience higher levels of divorce. Throughout the paper, attention is placed on the markedly different behaviour observed in Quebec compared to elsewhere in Canada.


Simulations are an excellent tool for studying AI. However, the simulation technology in use by, and designed for, the AI community often fails to take advantage of much of the work in the larger simulation community to produce stable, repeatable, and efficient simulations. I present SPADES (SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL-AGENT DISCRETE-EVENT SIMULATION) as a simulation substrate for the AI community. SPADES focuses on the agent as a fundamental simulation component. The "thinking time" of an agent is tracked and reflected in the results of the agents' actions. SPADES supports and manages the distribution of agents across machines while it is robust to variations in network performance and machine load. SPADES is not tied to any particular simulation and is a powerful new tool for creating simulations for the study of AI.


"Leadership should mean giving control rather than taking control and creating leaders rather than forging followers." David Marquet, an experienced Navy officer, was used to giving orders. As newly appointed captain of the USS Santa Fe, a nuclear-powered submarine, he was responsible for more than a hundred sailors, deep in the sea. In this high-stress environment, where there is no margin for error, it was crucial his men did their job and did it well. But the ship was dogged by poor morale, poor performance, and the worst retention in the fleet. Marquet acted like any other captain until, one day, he unknowingly gave an impossible order, and his crew tried to follow it anyway. When he asked why the order wasn't challenged, the answer was "Because you told me to." Marquet realized he was leading in a culture of followers, and they were all in danger unless they fundamentally changed the way they did things. That's when Marquet took matters into his own hands and pushed for leadership at every level. Turn the Ship Around! is the true story of how the Santa Fe skyrocketed from worst to first in the fleet by challenging the U.S. Navy's traditional leader-follower approach. Struggling against his own instincts to take control, he instead achieved the vastly more powerful model of giving control. Before long, each member of Marquet's crew became a leader and assumed responsibility for everything he did, from clerical tasks to crucial combat decisions. The crew became fully engaged, contributing their full intellectual capacity every day, and the Santa Fe started winning awards and promoting a highly disproportionate number of officers to submarine command. No matter your business or position, you can apply Marquet's radical guidelines to turn your own ship around. The payoff: a workplace where everyone around you is taking responsibility for their actions, where people are healthier and happier, where everyone is a leader.


The goal of this study was to determine the extent, motivations, and justifications of nonmedical prescription stimulant use among the population at a large public university in the North Texas region. Participants consisted of 526 undergraduate students enrolled at the studied university during the spring and summer 2014 semesters. The findings of the study suggest that the nonmedical use by students was higher than the findings in much of the current literature, but was within the parameters established in the literature. The primary motivation for nonmedical use was academic in nature and was justified by moderation of nonmedical use to strategic academic times.


We have developed the VC200 series of mobile phone testers for both wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA) and global system for mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones. The VC200 series is a line of simplified testers, enabling users to test W-CDMA/GSM dual-mode terminals with just one tester, as well as test for both W-CDMA and GSM protocols at one time. Users can test mobile phones for signaling, voice calls, and radio characteristics using simple operations. The VC200 is thus suited for failure diagnoses at service shops or final inspections on production lines.


Iraq, holding oil reserves second only to those of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East, is locked in a war with Iran whose outcome will affect Western energy supplies and the prospects for stability in the Arabian Gulf. Yet Iraq even now remains little known to Western governments and publics. This study is intended to enlarge understanding of Iraqi behavior and of the concerns that motivate its leaders. Some may find it unconventional. Rather than selecting issues of importance to other countries, the author focuses on the forces that influence policy formulation in Iraq and evokes the perspective from which the Iraqi government itself views its problems and sets its priorities. Part 1 examines the country's evolution into modern Iraq, explaining why problems that have recurred throughout Iraqi history have bedeviled all recent Iraqi governments and created tension between "Iraq the nation" and "Iraq the state." Part 2 discusses the Arab Ba'th Socialist party, which has dominated Iraqi political life since 1968. The author neither condemns nor praises this controversial party and its current leader, President Saddam Husain, but seeks to explain why they have adopted the positions and taken the actions that have characterized their rule. Part 3 analyzes the war between Iraq and Iran, its causes, and the decisions Iraq has made in light of its goals and its assumptions about Iran. The author finds that this is not simply "a war over borders" but a deeper conflict between Islamic conservatism and Arab nationalism. Looking beyond the war, the final chapter assesses Iraq's potential importance in the Middle East and to the world economy.


Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python's elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python web site, http://www.python.org, and can be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation. The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C ++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see the Python Library Reference document. The Python Reference Manual gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C ++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference. There are also several books covering Python in depth. This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python's most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language's flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in the Python Library Reference.


As the advertising director of Nutty Nathan's, Nick Stefanos knows all the tricks of the electronics business. Blow-out sales and shady deals were his life. When one of the stockboys disappears, it's not news: just another metalhead who went off chasing some dream of big money and easy living. But the kid reminded Nick of himself twelve years ago: an angry punk hooked on speed metal and the fast life. So when the boy's grandfather begs Nick to find the kid, Nick says he'll try. "A Firing Offense", Nick Stefanos' debut, shows why, as Barry Gifford puts it, 'To miss out on Pelecanos would be criminal'.


Donald Schon's theory of reflective learning (1983, 1987) has been the model of professional education for decades. Yet little research is done to examine the role of practitioners as part-time teachers in professional education in light of his ideas. This research investigated four programmes of professional education in Hong Kong: (a) a master degree in journalism, (b) a top-up degree in architecture, (c) a professional diploma in architecture, and (d) a higher diploma in visual communication (design). Interviews were conducted with teachers and students. The results confirm Schon's (1983, 1987) concepts about the experiential and artistic nature of professional education, in which coaching and mentoring in practicum are the most effective pedagogy. As development of Schon's theory, the role of practitioner-educators, in the use of professional experience and knowledge rather than textbook in helping students to develop reflective practice, is critical in bridging the gap between the academic and professional worlds. These findings indicated the importance of a restructuring of curriculum and pedagogy and the institutionalization of the role of practitioners as part-time teachers, in order to improve professional education.


security, programming, performance How does one make a program breach resistant? One promising approach is to apply the Principle of Least Authority at object granularity. The E language has previously demonstrated that object-capability languages turn many of the security requirements for software into emergent properties of traditional object-oriented design and modularity enforcement. Emily is a subset of OCaml that uses a design rule verifier to enforce object-capability principles. It demonstrates how memory-safe languages can be transformed into breach-resistant object-capability systems with little loss of either expressivity or performance.


Metaphors, such as the Cathedral and Bazaar, used to describe the organization of FLOSS projects typically place them in sharp contrast to proprietary development by emphasizing FLOSS's distinctive social and communications structures. But what do we really know about the communication patterns of FLOSS projects? How generalizable are the projects that have been studied? Is there consistency across FLOSS projects? Questioning the assumption of distinctiveness is important because practitioner–advocates from within the FLOSS community rely on features of social structure to describe and account for some of the advantages of FLOSS production.

To address this question, we examined 120 project teams from SourceForge, representing a wide range of FLOSS project types, for their communications centralization as revealed in the interactions in the bug tracking system. We found that FLOSS development teams vary widely in their communications centralization, from projects completely centered on one developer to projects that are highly decentralized and exhibit a distributed pattern of conversation between developers and active users.

We suggest, therefore, that it is wrong to assume that FLOSS projects are distinguished by a particular social structure merely because they are FLOSS. Our findings suggest that FLOSS projects might have to work hard to achieve the expected development advantages which have been assumed to flow from "going open." In addition, the variation in communications structure across projects means that communications centralization is useful for comparisons between FLOSS teams. We found that larger FLOSS teams tend to have more decentralized communication patterns, a finding that suggests interesting avenues for further research examining, for example, the relationship between communications structure and code modularity.


"Revised Fourth Edition: updated for use through 2025." The first three editions of NightWatch sold more than 600,000 copies, making it the top-selling stargazing guide in the world for the last 20 years. The key feature of this classic title is the section of star charts that are cherished by backyard astronomers everywhere. Each new edition has outsold the previous one because of thorough revisions and additional new material. NightWatch has been acclaimed as the best general interest introduction to astronomy. The fourth edition has improvements over the 3rd edition in every chapter, including: The famous charts, ideal for stargazers using a small telescope or binoculars A complete update of the equipment section, including computerized telescopes An enlarged photography section, including how-to instructions for using the new generation of digital cameras for astronomical photography, both with and without a telescope The tables of future solar and lunar eclipses, planetary conjunctions and planet locations, updated through 2025. This edition includes star charts for use in the southern hemisphere. There are also dozens of new photographs throughout the book that show the latest thrilling discoveries made by current space observatories and probes.


. Within the scheduling of construction projects, different, partly conflicting objectives have to be considered. The specification of an efficient construction schedule is a challenging task, which leads to a NP-hard multi-criteria optimization problem. In the past decades, so-called metaheuristics have been developed for scheduling problems to find near-optimal solutions in reasonable time. This paper presents a Simulated Annealing concept to determine near-optimal construction schedules. Simulated Annealing is a well-known metaheuristic optimization approach for solving complex combinatorial problems. To enable dealing with several optimization objectives the Pareto optimization concept is applied. Thus, the optimization result is a set of Pareto-optimal schedules, which can be analyzed for selecting exactly one practicable and reasonable schedule. A flexible constraint-based simulation approach is used to generate possible neighboring solutions very quickly during the optimization process. The essential aspects of the developed Pareto Simulated Annealing concept are presented in detail.