Data obtained from a pair-mated ostrich flock maintained at Oudtshoorn, South Africa, were used to estimate environmental and genetic parameters for egg weight (EWT), water loss of incubated eggs up to 21 days (WL21), water loss up to 35 days (WL35), pipping time (PT) and weight of day-old chicks (CWT). Between 13806 and 19913 artificially incubated ostrich eggs during the 2003 to 2006 production years were used. Systematic factors affecting these traits such as production year, breeding season, female age, incubator type, storage time and ostrich breed, were initially assessed in single-trait-analyses, using ASREML. Eggs and chicks produced by Zimbabwean Blue (ZB) females were 5 and 7% heavier, respectively, than those produced by South African Black (SAB) females. WL21 and WL35 were not significantly different between ZB and SAB birds. There were trends for within-season effects on EWT and CWT, but no general, robust trend applicable to all years could be discerned. Season had a significant effect on WL21, WL35 and PT. An increase was apparent in EWT, CWT and PT with an increase in female age. There was a linear increase in pipping time as egg storage time prior to incubation increased. Incubator type had an effect on WL21 and WL35. Systematic factors affect traits such as WL21, WL35 and PT and should be accounted for before the estimation of genetic parameters. These factors should be considered when planning commercial ostrich husbandry and artificial incubation operations.


Web Design Inspiration at a GlanceVolume 2 of The Web Designer's Idea Book includes more than 650 new websites arranged thematically, so you can easily find inspiration for your work. Author Patrick McNeil, creator of the popular web design blog designmeltdown.com and author of the original bestselling Web Designer's Idea Book, has cataloged thousands of sites, and showcases the latest and best examples in this book. The web is the most rapidly changing design medium, and this book offers an organized overview of what's happening right now. Sites are categorized by type, design element, styles and themes, structural styles, and structural elements. This new volume also includes a helpful chapter explaining basic design principles and how they can be applied online. Whether you're brainstorming with a coworker or explaining your ideas to a client, this book provides a powerful communication tool you can use to jump start your next project.


Dracaena L. (Ruscaceae) is a predominantly African genus with a smaller centre of diversity in South-East Asia. The taxonomy of the 29 species occurring in Central, East and Southern Africa was revised through phenetic and phylogenetic analyses of the morphology as well as through herbarium, literature and field studies. An infrageneric classification is proposed, in which four sub-genera are recognised for the first time. A taxonomic account for the study area incorporating an identification key, distribution maps and an IUCN Red List assessment is presented. Analysis of Dracaena phytogeography reveals that the Guineo-Congolian centre of endemism is the richest with 21 species while the Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic and the Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone are the poorest, having only one species each. Investigation of the ecology of Dracaena in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, shows that it plays an important role in the forest ecology and is an indicator of forest quality.


Caridean shrimps comprise the only decapod infraorder in the markedly impoverished high Antarctic decapod fauna. Their presence, with about a dozen species only, was previously assigned to their capability of down-regulating high haemolymph magnesium ([Mg2+]HL) concentrations at low temperatures. This regulation is missing or insufficient in reptant decapods, affecting in particular their scope of activity. This deficiency has been hypothesised as one important factor explaining their extinction during Antarctic cooling in the Tertiary, as evidenced by the fossil record.The present work demonstrates an ecological adaptation in the early life history of decapods to ecophysiological constraints in the cold, primarily a mismatch between reproductive traits and a marked seasonality of primary production and low temperatures increasing with latitude. It is shown that on a macroecological scale, natant decapods show remarkable plasticity in changing their early life history patterns with latitude and decreasing water temperature. These changes include, for example, an increase in egg size, hatching of large and advanced larvae and a reduction of fecundity with latitude. Energy saving traits to abbreviate larval developments such as a strong suppression of the number of instars, low metabolic losses in very thin exuviae during fewer moults, and a loss of highly variable developmental pathways compared to lower latitides, are observed already in the Subantarctic realm of southernmost America. Early larvae generally present a high resistance to starvation, which in combination with an abbreviated larval development allows for a better synchronisation with peaks in food availability. However, caridean larvae rely on primary production, and the evolutionary step towards complete endotrophic larval development, possibly due to phylogenetic constraint, is almost unknown in marine shrimps.The need for food in planktotrophic and extended larval development of ancestor reptants, and the lacking resistance of larvae to starvation as well as their low tendency of suppressing the number of larval instars, is herein supposed to have selected against Reptantia at high latitudes. However, it is shown that lithodid crabs, which evolved fairly recently about 13 to 25 Ma ago, did develop early life history adaptations to cold environments. Two lithodid crab species from the Subantarctic Magellan region (Lithodes santolla, Paralomis granulosa) developed complete food independent lecithotrophic and strongly abbreviated development of demersally living larvae, and a high tolerance to low temperatures typical of the Antarctic. Under present climate conditions, these anomuran crabs may represent a reptant group that might be able to recuperate the polar environments as a habitat for reptants, as already indicated by a few recent records of lithodids off the Antarctic continental shelf.


The suborder Ingolfiellidea currently consists of 39 named species. An historical overview is presented and phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses are made. The result of the phylogenetic analysis suggests the definition of two new genera within an African freshwater group, namely Paraleleupia n. gen. and Proleleupia n. gen. Re-examination of a supposedly Italian relict species, Metaingolfiella mirabitis, with the aid of SEM techniques reveals a half-fusion of the head region with the first pereionite. The issue of the function of the 'eyelobe' is addressed and an explanation presented after examining with SEM such lobes in different species. Furthermore, additional descriptions are given based on the type-material of Metaingolfiella mirabilis, Trogloleleupia eggerti, Trogloleleupia leleupi, Ingolfiella littoralis, I. tabularis, I. margaritae, I. quadridentata, and I. abyssi. An attempt to relate the geographic distribution and ecological characteristics to the phylogeny of the Ingolfiellidea results in a paleogeographic scenario that points to a freshwater subterranean origin for the group that dates from at least Triassic times.


It has often been recognized that the book of Jonah as well as several other passages in the Book of the Twelve are influenced by the so called "grace formula" ("Gnadenformel") from Exod 34:6-7 (Joel 2:12-14; Jon 3:9; 4:2; Mic 7:18-20; Nah 1:2b, 3a; Mal 1:9a). But up to now the redactional relationship of these passages and their intention in the context of the book of the Twelve have only been defined inadequately. The article shows that the redaction responsible for the final redactional stage of the book of Jonah and for the integration of this book into the book of the Twelve, is also responsible for Joel 2:12-14; Mic 7:18-20; Nah 1:2b, 3a; Mal 1:9a. Because of this redaction the Book of the Twelve can be read as a reflection on the conditions, the theological reasons and the limits of divine forgiveness.


Modern and advanced organizations in today's world are influenced by various changes. One of these changes is impact of information technology applications and programs. This phenomenon is becoming increasingly popular and today's big, medium and small companies have to deal with changes of the new era and modern technology. One important reason is achieving competitive advantages, better control of information, and significant savings on operating costs. Institutions and companies that do not accept, or avoid the adoption and implementation of information technology in business, in most cases, are not ready for market race, or they must be expressed in differentiated and expensive service or product that is not dependent on information technologies. Lately, many companies referred to the so-called ERP solutions, which is an acronym for Enterprise Resource Planning. The purpose of these solutions is to cover the entire business of the company through the offered modules. In this way, the company implements a unique business solution that shows insight into the entire business, achieves excellent control of operations, and uses the existing data, in order to make crucial decisions. ERP solution, called SAP, is a famous one among the top ten vendors of business software. The demand for human resources that are capable of adjusting to modern trends and operating in SAP solution is huge. However, the purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of human capital in soft computing in general. In this paper, we are analyzing soft computing model: SAP and the role of human capital in it.


Using the new OpenCL (Open Computing Language) standard, you can write applications that access all available programming resources: CPUs, GPUs, and other processors such as DSPs and the Cell/B.E. processor. Already implemented by Apple, AMD, Intel, IBM, NVIDIA, and other leaders, OpenCL has outstanding potential for PCs, servers, handheld/embedded devices, high performance computing, and even cloud systems. This is the first comprehensive, authoritative, and practical guide to OpenCL 1.1 specifically for working developers and software architects. Written by five leading OpenCL authorities, OpenCL Programming Guide covers the entire specification. It reviews key use cases, shows how OpenCL can express a wide range of parallel algorithms, and offers complete reference material on both the API and OpenCL C programming language. Through complete case studies and downloadable code examples, the authors show how to write complex parallel programs that decompose workloads across many different devices. They also present all the essentials of OpenCL software performance optimization, including probing and adapting to hardware. Coverage includes Understanding OpenCLs architecture, concepts, terminology, goals, and rationaleProgramming with OpenCL C and the runtime APIUsing buffers, sub-buffers, images, samplers, and eventsSharing and synchronizing data with OpenGL and Microsofts Direct3DSimplifying development with the C++ Wrapper APIUsing OpenCL Embedded Profiles to support devices ranging from cellphones to supercomputer nodesCase studies dealing with physics simulation; image and signal processing, such as image histograms, edge detection filters, Fast Fourier Transforms, and optical flow; math libraries, such as matrix multiplication and high-performance sparse matrix multiplication; and more


The initiative to link habitat and parks across political borders, to form large Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs), has gained momentum in Africa and the world. TFCAs hold many advantages, one of them being the restoration of habitat connectivity in order to conserve ecosystem functioning. A feasibility study in 2002 highlighted 22 sites as potential TFCAs in southern Africa, and the Peace Parks Foundation is facilitating the implementation of eight of them. This paper describes a methodological framework with which to map remaining large, natural habitat fragments (or remnants) in southern Africa, the distribution, shape and size of which will provide the foundation and stakeholders with information on possible coarse-scale landscape linkages. This framework, which maps remnants, was designed to be transparent, systematic and dynamic to facilitate easy updating as TFCA projects mature, or updated data become available. This is intended to be the first in a series of studies towards developing an integrated, systematic framework for TFCA planning at a sub-continental scale. It does not aim to prioritize remnants or linkages.


This article reports on how law students use laptops, based on observations of 1072 laptop users (though there was considerable overlap among those users from one class to another) during 60 sessions of six law school courses. Some findings: More than half the upper-year students seen using laptops employed them for non-class purposes more than half the time, raising serious questions about how much they learned from class. By contrast, first-semester Civil Procedure students used laptops for non-class purposes far less: only 4% used laptops for non-class purposes more than half the time while 44% were never distracted by laptops. Students in exam courses were more likely to tune out when classmates asked and professors responded to questions and less likely to tune out when a rule was discussed or textual material read in class. For first-semester students, policy discussions generated the highest level of distraction while displaying a PowerPoint slide which was not later posted on the web elicited the lowest level. With some exceptions, what was happening in the class did not affect whether upper-year students tuned out or paid attention. The format used to convey information - lecture, calling on students, or class discussion - seemed to make little difference to the level of attention. Student attentiveness to the facts of cases is comparable to their overall attention levels.The article speculates that student decisions on whether to pay attention are responses to the tension between incentives and temptation. While the temptation to tune out probably remains constant, ebbs and flows in incentives may cause students to resist or yield to that temptation. Because first-semester grades have more of an impact on job prospects, first-semester students have a greater incentive than upper-year students to attend to classes. Similarly, because students probably anticipate that rules are more likely to be tested on exams, students perceive that they have more of an incentive to pay attention when rules are discussed. Conversely, students may suspect that matters asked about by classmates are less likely to be tested on and so their grades are unlikely to be affected if they miss the question and answer, reducing the incentive to pay attention. Because of methodological limits to the study, the article notes that its conclusions cannot be considered definitive, and so it urges others to conduct similar studies.


This poster discusses scaffolding for digital curation eductaion. The authors will teach students how to perform commands such as changing directories, moving and copying files, compressing folders, and altering permissions in the Unix environment. This will give students some basic preparation for digital curation work and for the (4) intermediate and advanced courses in digital curation and data management offered by the iCamp Project at the University of North Texas.


Is the Internet a vast arena of unrestricted communication and freely exchanged information or a regulated, highly structured virtual bureaucracy? In Protocol, Alexander Galloway argues that the founding principle of the Net is control, not freedom, and that the controlling power lies in the technical protocols that make network connections (and disconnections) possible. He does this by treating the computer as a textual medium that is based on a technological language, code. Code, he argues, can be subject to the same kind of cultural and literary analysis as any natural language; computer languages have their own syntax, grammar, communities, and cultures. Instead of relying on established theoretical approaches, Galloway finds a new way to write about digital media, drawing on his backgrounds in computer programming and critical theory. "Discipline-hopping is a necessity when it comes to complicated socio-technical topics like protocol," he writes in the preface. Galloway begins by examining the types of protocols that exist, including TCP/IP, DNS, and HTML. He then looks at examples of resistance and subversion -- hackers, viruses, cyberfeminism, Internet art -- which he views as emblematic of the larger transformations now taking place within digital culture. Written for a nontechnical audience, Protocol serves as a necessary counterpoint to the wildly utopian visions of the Net that were so widespread in earlier days.


The potential social benefits of open access (however it is defined) appear to be significant. More research information is readily available than ever before and there is every indication that the amount will increase. There is a rising tide of enthusiasm for institutional, funder or government mandates that will result in some measure of increased free access, although relatively few of these initiatives actually make the final versions of peer-reviewed articles freely available immediately upon publication. Perhaps in the same way that we have been willing to sacrifice the clarity and reliability of the old landline telephones for the ease and ubiquity of cell phones, we will find that the power of unedited manuscript articles is a sufficient trade-off. It is still too early to tell what the unintended consequences of this focus on open-access mandates might be.

Unfortunately, what has passed for discussion among the interested parties in this arena has been marked with rancour, accusation and a dedicated unwillingness to consider whether the objections and issues of those on the "other side" (whichever side that is) have any merit at all. Open access advocates, convinced of the moral superiority of their position, have turned to legislative mandates, such as the public access policy of the National Institutes of Health,1 as a way of forcing a degree of open access. This has caused many publishers to dig in their heels, claiming the ultimate destruction of publishing as we know it, as they try to retain some measure of control in the face of withering scorn and vituperation.2

The fighting wastes a tremendous amount of valuable energy. Much of the energy on both sides of the debate over the past year has focused on arguments for or against the "Fair copyright in research works act," which was introduced in the Congress of the United States of America in September 2008.3 One might be forgiven for wondering how much further advanced we might be in truly taking advantage of the opportunities before us if we had figured out a way to get the stakeholders together productively rather than allowing emotion, frustration over a history of high journal prices, defensiveness and a penchant for hyperbolic rhetoric to turn the discussion into a fight among advocates who have already drawn their lines in the sand.

The Chicago Collaborative, still in its early stages, is one attempt to escape this cycle of contentious advocacy.4 Initiated by a taskforce of the Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries, the founding members of the Collaborative include representatives from several of the major scientific, technical and medical publishing associations, as well as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the American Association of Medical Colleges. They are united in their belief that a robust scholarly communication future can only be created when all of the stakeholders work together in a collaborative fashion, rather than in the confrontational mode that has characterized the open access debates.

Making the results of scientific research more readily available throughout the world is clearly a noble and important goal. Building a sustainable system of scholarly communication that can meet that goal will require reasoned engagement, rather than slogans and banner waving. ■


Qualitative inquiry that commences with the concept, rather than the phenomenon itself, is subject to violating the tenet of induction, thus is exposed to particular threats of invalidity. In this symposium, using the examples of the concepts of uncertainty, trust, vulnerability and suffering, and interview and videotaped data, we discuss strategies to maintain the inductive thrust, and hence validity, during data analysis. The authors present the use of a skeletal framework and scaffold as techniques to "frame" the concept, while, at the same time, continuing to further develop the concept.


Original Articles are accepted by the Editors of this Journal on the condition that they have not previously been published elsewhere. Twenty-five reprints are allowed each author. If more are required it is requested that this be stated when the article is first forwarded to this Journal. Such extra reprints will be charged to the author. Editorial Communications are to be addressed to " Editors of JOURNAL OF LAKTNGOLOOT, care of Messrs. Adlard and Son, Bartholomew Close, E.C."


Educators use information to support their teaching, which is largely concerned with the transfer of information. To support this information exchange, teachers manage complex information environments that are continually changing based on outside influences. Decisions on when to go out and seek additional information, what information to incorporate, and what information to dispose of are all based on notions of relevance. This exploratory study found that notions of relevance are largely driven by the educational context and are therefore unique to this particular user group. Relevance is often prescriptive for teachers, that is, information needs are driven by curriculum and school policy. Teachers also appear to stack the deck when looking for relevant resources, increasing their chances for finding a good resource fit by drawing on shared experience and information from close colleagues. Resource selection is again curriculum based, but also has the interesting feature that teachers are proxies for relevance decisions that affect their students. Anticipated relevance is present in various aspects of teachers' personal information management (PIM), such as deciding whether to keep resources for future use, organizing their physical classroom space, and resource housekeeping decisions.


We describe how a simple class of out-of-equilibrium, rotating, and asymmetrical mass distributions evolve under their self-gravity to produce a quasi-planar spiral structure surrounding a virialized core, qualitatively resembling a spiral galaxy. The spiral structure is transient, but can survive tens of dynamical times, and further reproduces qualitatively noted features of spiral galaxies such as the predominance of trailing two-armed spirals and large pitch angles. As our models are highly idealized, a detailed comparison with observations is not appropriate, but generic features of the velocity distributions can be identified to be the potential observational signatures of such a mechanism. Indeed, the mechanism leads generically to a characteristic transition from predominantly rotational motion, in a region outside the core, to radial ballistic motion in the outermost parts. Such radial motions are excluded in our Galaxy up to 15 kpc, but could be detected at larger scales in the future by GAIA. We explore the apparent motions seen by external observers of the velocity distributions of our toy galaxies, and find that it is difficult to distinguish them from those of a rotating disk with sub-dominant radial motions at levels typically inferred from observations. These simple models illustrate the possibility that the observed apparent motions of spiral galaxies might be explained by non-trivial non-stationary mass and velocity distributions without invoking a dark matter halo or modification of Newtonian gravity. In this scenario the observed phenomenological relation between the centripetal and gravitational acceleration of the visible baryonic mass could have a simple explanation.


Abstract. The Arctic sea-ice is retreating faster than predicted by climate models and could become ice free during summer this century. The reduced sea-ice extent may effectively "unlock" the Arctic Ocean to increased human activities such as transit shipping and expanded oil and gas production. Travel time between Europe and the north Pacific Region can be reduced by up to 50 % with low sea-ice levels and the use of this route could increase substantially as the sea-ice retreats. Oil and gas activities already occur in the Arctic region and given the large undiscovered petroleum resources increased activity could be expected with reduced sea-ice. We use a bottom-up shipping model and a detailed global energy market model to construct emission inventories of Arctic shipping and petroleum activities in 2030 and 2050 given estimated sea-ice extents. The emission inventories are on a 1×1 degree grid and cover both short-lived components (SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, BC, OC) and the long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O). We find rapid growth in transit shipping due to increased profitability with the shorter transit times compensating for increased costs in traversing areas of sea-ice. Oil and gas production remains relatively stable leading to reduced emissions from emission factor improvements. The location of oil and gas production moves into locations requiring more ship transport relative to pipeline transport, leading to rapid emissions growth from oil and gas transport via ship. Our emission inventories for the Arctic region will be used as input into chemical transport, radiative transfer, and climate models to quantify the role of Arctic activities in climate change compared to similar emissions occurring outside of the Arctic region.


The best-selling C++ For Dummies book makes C++ easier!C++ For Dummies, 7th Edition is the best-selling C++ guide on the market, fully revised for the 2014 update. With over 60% new content, this updated guide reflects the new standards, and includes a new Big Data focus that highlights the use of C++ among popular Big Data software solutions. The book provides step-by-step instruction from the ground up, helping beginners become programmers and allowing intermediate programmers to sharpen their skills. The companion website provides all code mentioned in the text, an updated GNU_C++, the new C++ compiler, and other applications. By the end of the first chapter, you will have programmed your first C++ application!As one of the most commonly used programming languages, C++ is a must-have skill for programmers who wish to remain versatile and marketable. C++ For Dummies, 7th Edition provides clear, concise, expert instruction, which is organized for easy navigation and designed for hands-on learning. Whether you're new to programming, familiar with other languages, or just getting up to speed on the new libraries, features, and generics, this guide provides the information you need.Provides you with an introduction to C++ programmingHelps you become a functional programmerFeatures information on classes, inheritance, and optional featuresTeaches you 10 ways to avoid adding bugsThe book incorporates the newest C++ features into the fundamental instruction, allowing beginners to learn the update as they learn the language. Staying current on the latest developments is a crucial part of being a programmer, and C++ For Dummies, 7th Edition gets you started off on the right foot.


The premature baby in the decision-making process.

Introduction. Decision-making concerning withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatment for premature children at the border of viability is difficult and feared. Many articles are focusing these difficulties and burdening factors (e.g. Austin et al. 2009; Bucher et al. 2018; Webb et al. 2014). Nevertheless there are experienced nurses who narrate cases of decision-making processes which were reflected as well done. Often the supportive factors and values that enable a team to perform a good process are not explicit, but part of the tacit knowing of the "moral community", as Walker (1993) named it. This investigation was undertaken to make these factors and values accessible.

Method. Documentary Method applied to the interpretation of narrative interviews, as developed by Nohl (2005), was used to reconstruct social reality. 24 narrative interviews were sequential and comparative analyzed and semantically interpreted. Then, the Care-Ethic Model (Tronto 1993, 2013) was tested for it´s fitting to the reconstructed moral practice.

Results. Decision-making processes which are reflected as well done have at least two important characteristics: (1) Collaborative decision making (not only shared decision-making) is needed, with building a kind of temporarily companionship and putting the different knowing, the different kind of concernment and the different perspectives into account and not only respect it but use it as a resource. (2) Everybody should focus the premature child in the center of the decision-making process as a fellow human and take her/ him as the protagonist of the process: By taking the child's reactions and signals as serious and important information about vitality and live will, the companions on their way through this process reach more certainty.

Conclusion. The Care Ethic framework amended by adding the anthropology of children as Janusz Korczak (1983, 2015) developed and practiced it in his "Pedagogic of Respect to the Child" (Beiner 2016), enables to understand the moral practice of actors in Neonatal Intensive Care.


This chapter is an excerpt from a study commissioned by the European Parliament, which examines EU subsidies for agriculture, fisheries, transport, energy and regional development. Based on proven methodologies for the identification and assessment of environmentally harmful subsidies, the study assesses the sustainability level of the sectoral policies and makes recommendations for a reform that would contribute to the alignment of the EU budget towards a more sustainable growth. The following sections provide the main findings of one of the largest fields of expenditure within the EU budget, the structural and cohesion policy.


Nowadays mathematical models are applied in almost every field of our life to predict how real systems behave. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a standard tool for analyzing various situations where fluid flow has a significant effect on the studied processes. Complex models can be implemented and solved in commercial CFD packages (e.g. COMSOL Multiphysics). The goal of this paper is to model a catalytic bed based on the model of individual catalyst pellets. The proposed model takes into account the mass, heat and momentum transport as well as the reactions in a catalytic pellet of an industrial fixed-bed tube reactor. Different ways for aggregating pellet models were compared and evaluated applying COMSOL Multiphysics [1]. The catalytic pellet model was exported using MATLAB-COMSOL connection, and the catalytic bed model was implemented and tested using MATLAB.


English for Medicine is a skills-based course designed specifically for students of medicine who are about to enter English-medium tertiary level studies. It provides carefully graded practice and progressions in the key academic skills that all students need, such as listening to lectures and speaking in seminars. It also equips students with the specialist medical language they need to participate successfully within a medical faculty. Extensive listening exercises come from medical lectures, and all reading texts are taken from the same field of study. There is also a focus throughout on the key medical vocabulary that students will need.•Listening: how to understand and take effective notes on extended lectures, including how to follow the argument and identify the speaker's point of view.•Speaking: how to participate effectively in a variety of realistic situations, from seminars to presentations, including how to develop an argument and use stance markers.•Reading: how to understand a wide range of texts, from academic textbooks to Internet articles, including how to analyze complex sentences and identify such things as the writer's stance.•Writing: how to produce coherent and well-structured assignments, including such skills as paraphrasing and the use of the appropriate academic phrases.•Vocabulary: a wide range of activities to develop students' knowledge and use of key vocabulary, both in the field of medicine and of academic study in general.•Vocabulary and Skills banks: a reference source to provide students with revision of the key words and phrases and skills presented in each unit.•Full transcripts of all listening exercises.


This project sets out to refute the common criminological assumption that women have always constituted a negligible percentage of those subjected to the criminal justice process. Using a variety of primary and secondary datasets drawn from dozens of European courts, we prove that, in the 17th and 18th century, women constituted a significant proportion of criminal defendants all over Europe, particularly in large, urban areas. Female percentage then dramatically declined over the 19th century. This general tendency transcends local explanations, and cannot be fully accounted for by any traditional historical explanation. We suggest that the decline of women in the criminal justice process reflects the shift in patriarchal patterns before and during the industrial revolution; during this period, women were removed from the public sphere, the labor market and the control of their communities and confined in the private sphere of the home, where their opportunities to commit crime decreased, their socialization into feminine roles increased, and the state's willingness to draw them into the public sphere for criminal trial declined. This pattern can be incorporated into two broader theoretical explanations: Elias' process of civilization, and Foucault's rise of disciplinary structures. We conclude by suggesting the project's value for criminology, feminist scholarship and the dialogue between history and sociology.


The need for efficient monitoring of spatio-temporal dynamics in large environmental applications, such as the water quality monitoring in rivers and lakes, motivates the use of robotic sensors in order to achieve sufficient spatial coverage. Typically, these robots have bounded resources, such as limited battery or limited amounts of time to obtain measurements. Thus, careful coordination of their paths is required in order to maximize the amount of information collected, while respecting the resource constraints. In this paper, we present an efficient approach for near-optimally solving the NP-hard optimization problem of planning such informative paths. In particular, we first develop eSIP (efficient Single-robot Informative Path planning), an approximation algorithm for optimizing the path of a single robot. Hereby, we use a Gaussian Process to model the underlying phenomenon, and use the mutual information between the visited locations and remainder of the space to quantify the amount of information collected. We prove that the mutual information collected using paths obtained by using eSIP is close to the information obtained by an optimal solution. We then provide a general technique, sequential allocation, which can be used to extend any single robot planning algorithm, such as eSIP, for the multi-robot problem. This procedure approximately generalizes any guarantees for the single-robot problem to the multi-robot case. We extensively evaluate the effectiveness of our approach on several experiments performed infield for two important environmental sensing applications, lake and river monitoring, and simulation experiments performed using several real world sensor network data sets.


It is well-known that the representation theory of the finite group of unipotent upper-triangular matrices $U_n$ over a finite field is a wild problem. By instead considering approximately irreducible representations (supercharacters), one obtains a rich combinatorial theory analogous to that of the symmetric group, where we replace partition combinatorics with set-partitions. This paper studies the supercharacter theory of a family of subgroups that interpolate between $U_{n-1}$ and $U_n$. We supply several combinatorial indexing sets for the supercharacters, supercharacter formulas for these indexing sets, and a combinatorial rule for restricting supercharacters from one group to another. A consequence of this analysis is a Pieri-like restriction rule from $U_n$ to $U_{n-1}$ that can be described on set-partitions (analogous to the corresponding symmetric group rule on partitions).


Orientation: This article deals with the unconscious role of risk management in an African country. Research purpose: The aim of the study is to describe how risk management unconsciously influences behaviour when doing business in an African country. Motivation for the study: Operational risk management is a rational management imperative. However, this does not take cognisance of the unconscious role of risk management. A systems-psychodynamic perspective might be particularly relevant if the anxiety implied in risk management is not appropriately contained. Awareness of these dynamics may provide an opportunity for addressing them and allow for a more holistic way of managing risk. Research design, approach and method: The researchers conducted the study as a qualitative case study in an African country. They used purposive sampling and analysed the data using qualitative content analysis. Main findings: Viewing risk management from a systems-psychodynamic perspective allowed the researchers to identify the influence of risk management on the behaviour of people. The emerging hypothesis was that, if businesses do not address the anxiety underlying risk management, managing risk becomes a social defence against the anxiety. Practical/managerial implications: Awareness of the anxiety involved in risk management may assist businesses to manage risk in a more realistic way, making provision for, and even capitalising on, the human element. Contributions/value-add: The article provides a systems-psychodynamic, and hence a more complete, perspective of operational risk management when doing business in an African country.


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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Gazprom has dominated the Russian gas industry. However, the markets in which it operates have changed dramatically, with the company increasingly being challenged at home and abroad. At this critical moment, this insightful book analyses the involvement of the Russian gas industry in the changing international gas market and the dramatic implications for Russia's role as a global supplier of gas in the future.


Over the past decade, European businesses have accelerated internationalization, expanding within and beyond Europe. I argue that a major driving force behind this push towards global presence is the restructuring of corporate diversification strategies, which in turn is a result of gradual changes in industry structure and the institutional environment in home markets as well as global markets. The strategic change converts diversified conglomerates to global specialists in narrower niche markets. It brings them in direct confrontation with a small number of key competitors operating worldwide. On this stage, key competitive advantages are gained by making best use of resources across the world, and by effective global integration of operations. Hence dediversification and internationalization are opposite sides of the same coin: globalfocusing. The argument is developed based on inductive case research of the restructuring in two Danish manufacturing enterprises, and a review of overall trends in Danish businesses. On this basis, I analyze the economic and institutional forces driving this process, and suggest propositions for empirical testing. The paper points to consequences of liberalization, and is thus of high relevance for managers and policy makers in countries that are not yet as open as Denmark.


The recent economic turmoil has generated renewed interest in a financial transactions tax (FTT). While such a tax will be vigorously opposed by the financial industry, it offers a very attractive mechanism for raising revenue that is arguably efficiency-enhancing. Calculations based on 2000 trading volumes showed that a set of scaled transactions taxes, imposed on transfers of stock and other financial assets, could raise more than $100 billion a year, even assuming large reductions in trading volume.


Regarding the rapidly growing amount of data produced every year and the increasing acceptance of Enterprise 2.0 enterprises have to care about the management of their data more and more. Content created and stored in an uncoordinated manner can lead to data-silos (Williams & Hardy 2011, p.57), which result in long search times, inaccessible data and in consequence monetary losses. The "expanding digital universe" forces enterprises to develop new archiving solutions and records management policies (Gantz et al. 2007, p.13). Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is the research field that deals with these challenges. It is placed in the scientific context of Enterprise Information Management. This thesis aims to find out to what extent current Enterprise Content Management Systems (ECMS) support these new requirements, especially concerning the archiving of Enterprise 2.0 data. For this purpose, three scenarios were created to evaluate two different kinds of ECMS (one Open Source - and one proprietary system) chosen on the basis of a short marketrnresearch. The application of the scenarios reveals that the system vendors actually face the industry- concerns: both tools provide functionality for the archiving of data arising from online collaboration and also business records management capabilities but the integration of those topics is not, or is only inconsistently solved. At this point new questions - such as, "Which datarngenerated in an Enterprise 2.0 is worth being a record?" - arise and should be examined in future research.


For designers working in every medium, layout is arguable the most basic and most important element. Effective layout is essential to communication and enables the end user to not only be drawn in with an innovative design but to digest information easily. Making and Breaking the Grid is a comprehensive layout design workshop that assumes that to effectively break the rules of grid-based design one must first understand those rules and see them applied to real-world projects. Text reveals top designers' work in process and rationale. Projects with similar characteristics are linked through a simple notational system that encourages exploration and comparison of structure ideas. Also included are historical overviews that summarise the development of layout concepts, both grid-based and non-grid based, in modern design practice.


Stop and Shop [2] 150 Whalley Avenue [3] typical American grocery store, on the weekend Yale shuttle line [4]. Elm City Market [5] 777 Chapel Street [6] Co-op grocery with many natural and organic options. Hong Kong Grocery 71 Whitney Avenue [7] Traditional Chinese supermarket with fresh produce, fresh fish and all the Asian staples. Edge of the Woods [8] 379 Whalley Avenue [9] Natural and organic offerings such as produce, dry bulk goods, healthcare, and more. City Seed Farmer's Markets [10] Multiple Locations


Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level Radiography knee May Be Appropriate ☢ Bone scan with SPECT or SPECT/CT knee Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT knee with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢ CT knee without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢ CT knee without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢ MR arthrography knee Usually Not Appropriate O MRA knee without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRA knee without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI knee without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI knee without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O US knee Usually Not Appropriate O


A general multi-period network redesign problem arising in the context of strategic supply chain planning (SCP) is studied. Several aspects of practical relevance in SCP are captured namely, multiple facility layers with different types of facilities, flows between facilities in the same layer, direct shipments to customers, and facility relocation. An efficient two-phase heuristic approach is proposed for obtaining feasible solutions to the problem, which is initially modeled as a large-scale mixed-integer linear program. In the first stage of the heuristic, a linear programming rounding strategy is applied to second initial values for the binary location variables in the model. The second phase of the heuristic uses local search to correct the initial solution when feasibility is not reached or to improve the solution when its quality does not meet given criteria. The results of an extensive computational study performed on randomly generated instances are reported.


The primary goal of the GO! Series, aside from teaching computer applications, is ease of implementation. This approach is based on clearly defining projects for readers in a way thats easy to understand. Creating Documents with Microsoft Word 2007; Formatting and Organizing Text; Using Graphics and Tables; Special Document Formats, Columns, and Mail Merge; Creating a Worksheet and Charting Data; Managing Workbooks and Analyzing Data; Using Functions and Tables; Getting Started with Access Databases and Tables; Sort and Query a Database; Forms, Filters, and Reports; Getting Started with Microsoft PowerPoint 2007; Designing a PowerPoint Presentation; Enhancing a Presentation with Animation, Tables, and Charts; Using Access Data with Other Office Programs; Using Tables in Word and Excel; Using Excel as a Data Source in a Mail Merge; Linking Data in Office Documents; Creating Presentation Content from Office Documents MARKET: For professionals seeking to learn and understand Microsoft Office 2007.


A Thesis Submitted To The Institute Of Distance Learning, Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of

COMMONWEALTH EXECUTIVE MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, 2012


The idea of civil society has undergone a renaissance in recent years, but missing from this literature is an explanation for its historical transformation in meaning. Originally civil society was synonymous with political society, but the common modem meaning emphasizes autonomy from the state. This paper traces this historical transformation within the context of the history of ideas, and suggests that the critical event was an eighteenth-century reaction against the rationalistic universalism associated with the French Enlightenment. The continued significance of the question of universalism is suggested by the fact that universalistic Marxist Leninist theories provided the ideological underpinnings for the destruction of civil society in Eastern European nations. The paper concludes that three elements are essential to the modern understanding of civil society: its autonomy from the state, its interdependence with the state, and the pluralism of values, ideals and ways of life embodied in its institutions.


This article addresses the problem of prison rape in the United States from a philosophical perspective. A series of prison rape "jokes" by public officials and commercial advertisers in recent years seems to celebrate the fact of prison rape, which suggests a disparity between our official conception of prison as a form of punishment in the United States - punitive primarily because of the curtailment of liberty - and the conditions that actually prevail in these institutions. After outlining the nature and scope of the problem of prison rape, the article reviews the Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence as it bears on the duty of corrections officials to ensure the health and safety of prison inmates. This analysis reveals that the traditional liberal rights framework is inadequate to capture the wrongness of prison rape. Specifically, the rights model fails to incorporate considerations of motive and character that seem central to any account of this phenomenon. Virtue ethics provides an alternative normative framework that adds an important dimension to our understanding of the problem of prison rape, including an assessment of the ways in which what we do (or fail to do) defines who we are.


Crowd-sourcing is increasingly being used for providing responses to polls and surveys on a large scale. Companies such as SurveyMonkey and Instant.ly are attempting to make crowd-sourced surveys commonplace, by making it easy to pose survey questions using an easy-to-use UI and retrieve results with a relatively low latency by having dedicated crowds at their disposal. In this paper we argue that the ease with which polls can be created conceals an inherent difficulty: the survey maker does not know how many workers to hire for their survey. Asking too few may lead to samples sizes that `"do not look impressive enough." Asking too many clearly involves spending extra money, which can quickly become costly. Existing crowd-sourcing platforms do not provide help with this, neither, one can argue, do they have any incentive to do so. We present a systematic approach to determining how many samples (i.e. workers) are required to achieve a certain level of statistical significance by showing how to automatically perform power analysis on questions of interest. Using a range of queries we demonstrate that power analysis can save significant amounts of money and time by concluding that frequently, only a handful of results is required to arrive at a certain decision. We have implemented our approach within InterPoll, aprogrammable developer-driven polling system that uses a generic crowd (Mechanical Turk) as a back-end. Power analysis is automatically performed given both the structure of the query and the data that is being polled from the crowd. In all of our studies we are able to obtain statistically significant answers for under $30, with most costing less than $10. Our approach saves both time and money for the survey maker.


We derive a new class of particle methods for conservation laws, which are based on numerical flux functions to model the interactions between moving particles. The derivation is similar to that of classical finite-volume methods; except that the fixed spatial mesh in a finite-volume method is substituted by so-called mass packets of particles. We give some numerical results on a shock wave solution for Burgers equation as well as the well-known one-dimensional shock tube problem.


SQL Server 2012 T-SQL Recipes is an example-based guide to the Transact-SQL language that is at the core of SQL Server 2012. It provides ready-to-implement solutions to common programming and database administration tasks. Learn to create databases, insert and update data, generate reports, secure your data, and more. Tasks and their solutions are broken down into a problem/solution format that is quick and easy to read so that you can get the job done fast when the pressure is on. Solutions in this book are divided into chapters by problem domain. Each chapter is a collection of solutions around a single facet of the language such as writing queries, developing triggers, and applying aggregate functions. Each solution is presented code-first, giving you a working code example to copy from and implement immediately in your own environment. Following each example is an in-depth description of how and why the given solution works. Tradeoffs and alternative approaches are also discussed. Focused on solutions: Look up what you need to do. Learn how to do it. Do it. Current: Newly updated for SQL Server 2012 Comprehensive: Covers all common T-SQL problem domains What youll learn Create databases, tables, and indexes Query and manipulate data Store and manage XML inside the database Move business logic into the database Resolve common performance problems. Build reports that matter to your business. Perform common backup and recovery tasks. Who this book is for SQL Server 2012 T-SQL Recipes is aimed at technically-oriented users of SQL Server desiring to extract the full power of the platform through it's powerful, built-in programming and scripting language. Target readers include developers who use Microsoft SQL Server 2012 as their backend database, and the database administrators who create, manage, and secure those databases. Table of Contents Getting Started with SELECT Elementary Programming Nulls and Other Pitfalls Combining Data from Multiple Tables Grouping and Summarizing Advanced SELECT Techniques Query Techniques for Reporting Inserting, Updating, Deleting Working with Strings Working with Dates Working with Numbers Transactions, Locking, Blocking, Deadlocking Managing Tables Managing Views Managing Indexes Managing Large Tables Stored Procedures User-Defined Functions Triggers Error Handling Query Performance Hints Index Tuning and Statistics XML Files, Filegroups, and Integrity Backup Recovery Principals and Users Securables and Permissions Objects and Dependencies


What if you could sit down with some of the most talented security engineers in the world and ask any network security question you wanted? Security Power Tools lets you do exactly that! Members of Juniper Networks' Security Engineering team and a few guest experts reveal how to use, tweak, and push the most popular network security applications, utilities, and tools available using Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and Unix platforms. Designed to be browsed, Security Power Tools offers you multiple approaches to network security via 23 cross-referenced chapters that review the best security tools on the planet for both black hat techniques and white hat defense tactics. It's a must-have reference for network administrators, engineers and consultants with tips, tricks, and how-to advice for an assortment of freeware and commercial tools, ranging from intermediate level command-line operations to advanced programming of self-hiding exploits. Security Power Tools details best practices for: Reconnaissance -- including tools for network scanning such as nmap; vulnerability scanning tools for Windows and Linux; LAN reconnaissance; tools to help with wireless reconnaissance; and custom packet generationPenetration -- such as the Metasploit framework for automated penetration of remote computers; tools to find wireless networks; exploitation framework applications; and tricks and tools to manipulate shellcodesControl -- including the configuration of several tools for use as backdoors; and a review of known rootkits for Windows and LinuxDefense -- including host-based firewalls; host hardening for Windows and Linux networks; communication security with ssh; email security and anti-malware; and device security testingMonitoring -- such as tools to capture, and analyze packets; network monitoring with Honeyd and snort; and host monitoring of production servers for file changesDiscovery -- including The Forensic Toolkit, SysInternals and other popular forensic tools; application fuzzer and fuzzing techniques; and the art of binary reverse engineering using tools like Interactive Disassembler and Ollydbg A practical and timely network security ethics chapter written by a Stanford University professor of law completes the suite of topics and makes this book a goldmine of security information. Save yourself a ton of headaches and be prepared for any network security dilemma with Security Power Tools.


This article presents the reframing of flood management practices in the light of social-ecological systems governance. It presents an exploratory theoretical analysis of social-ecological systems (SES) governance complemented by insights from case study analysis. It identifies a mismatch between the goals of the underlying ecosystem paradigms and their manifestation in management practice. The Polder Altenheim case study is an illustration of the consequences of flood management practices that do not match their underlying paradigm. The article recommends two institutional arrangements that will allow institutions to increase their capacity to co-evolve with SES dynamics: (a) institutional arrangements to ensure and enable openness in actor participation, and (b) institutional arrangements to enable updating of the management practices in response to SES dynamics.


Margaret are you grieving Over Goldengrove unleaving? Leaves, like the things of man, you With your fresh thoughts care for, can you? Ah! as the heart grows older It will come to such sights colder By and by, nor spare a sigh Though worlds of wanwood leafmeal lie; And yet you will weep and know why. Now no matter, child, the name: Sorrow's springs are the same. Nor mouth had, no nor mind, expressed What heart heard of, ghost guessed: It is the blight man was born for, It is Margaret you mourn for.


This paper explores the current state of urban Aboriginal housing in Canada, by providing an up-to-date mapping of national urban Aboriginal housing conditions. This paper demonstrates that home ownership helps to reduce the gap between mainstream and Aboriginal rates of core housing need, for Aboriginal renters are substantially worse off than their non-Aboriginal counterparts in terms of core housing need and overcrowding. Métis and Non-Status Indians are also more likely to become homeowners than Status Indians and Inuit. A cyclical process is identified that hinders urban Aboriginal homeownership, and home rental advancement is also discussed. Existing federal housing programs are inadequate to address the housing and homeless issues identified. We highlight the need to establish proactive policies, the goal being to facilitate individual transition into urban centres, thereby helping to ameliorate existing housing disparities.


ElectricICT is a multi-disciplinary project aimed at developing a Energy Management System (EMS) which schedules and manages home loads and dispersed generators (DG). The final goal is to improve the overall SmartGrid approach performance. ElectricICT involves scientific and technical aspects in three research area: energy, telecommunication and operations research. The project is based on a model representations of each appliance, developed starting from literature data and integrated with experimental data. An artificial intelligence approach is developed and integrated in the EMS with the aim to measure the real consumption profile of the appliances installed in the house and adapt/correct the standard mathematical model available in the database. Similarly, a detailed analysis is carried out on renewable energy resources available in the house environment, with particular attention to heat pump apparatus (cooling and heating one) and on Photovoltaic production. In particular a tool is developed to estimate, in the day ahead time frame, the Photovoltaic generation curve (taking into account information gathered on public web area: weather forecast, special events, etc.). Finally, a detailed technical analysis (on literature data) is carried out to define the energy model of the house storage apparatus (Thermal Inertia, Thermal Storage, Electric Plug-in Vehicles). The developed appliances models are exploited within the optimization core of the EMS, whose goal is to optimize the global consumption/generation power profile of the house, taking into account the citizen needs. Telecommunication solutions are applied to collect data from house appliances and to control tasks, while the user has to define the required tasks, each with the correspondent due date. The EMS core schedules the task, taking into account the overall energy consumption profile and the energy market costs. In the paper the proposed approach is presented and motivated, moreover the feature of the optimization core is detailed and discussed.


The HIE-ISOLDE project represents a major upgrade of the ISOLDE nuclear facility with a mandate to significantly improve the quality and increase the intensity and energy of radioactive nuclear beams produced at CERN. The project will expand the experimental nuclear physics programme at ISOLDE by focusing on an upgrade of the existing Radioactive ion beam EXperiment (REX) linac with a 40 MV superconducting linac comprising thirty-two niobium-on-copper sputter-coated quarter-wave resonators housed in six cryomodules. The new linac will raise the energy of post-accelerated beams from 3 MeV/u to over 10 MeV/u. The upgrade will be staged to first deliver beam energies of 5.5 MeV/u using two high-$\beta$ cryomodules placed downstream of REX, before the energy variable section of the existing linac is replaced with two low-$\beta$ cryomodules and two additional high-$\beta$ cryomodules are installed to attain over 10 MeV/u with full energy variability above 0.45 MeV/u. An overview of the project including a status summary of the different R&D activities and the schedule will outlined.


Many thousands of children experience serious disabling conditions such as autism and debilitating chronic illnesses such as asthma. Caring for these children is often so demanding that caregiving parents cannot remain employed outside the home. Parental resources available to these children are also limited because an unusually high percentage of them live with only one parent. Nonetheless, surprisingly few cases involving families with a disabled or chronically ill child appear in the family law case law or scholarly literature. Even where child support and alimony are concerned, these families are seen only at the margins.In my recent article, I propose addressing some of the resource problems of families with disabled and chronically ill children through the creation of a new inter-parental financial remedy which I call chalimony. The remedy would highlight the interdependent reality of disabled and chronically ill children with the caregivers whose market activity is limited because of their unusual caregiving responsibilities. Caregivers would be entitled to the remedy if three conditions are met. First, meeting the child's reasonable caregiving needs would have to be incompatible with full market participation by the caregiving parent. Second, the child's other parent would not be meeting enough of the child's caregiving needs to permit the primary caregiving parent to engage fully in the market. And, third, the economic resources of the paying parent would have to sufficient to provide chalimony in addition to child support and alimony. In the article, I distinguish chalimony from child support and alimony on both theoretical and practical grounds. Then I justify chalimony on the grounds of economic fairness to the payor parent, gender fairness to the caregiving parent, and the value of chalimony to the child, especially in terms of the child's access to additional parental time and economic resources.


More than 120 countries require or permit the use of International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') by publicly listed companies on the basis of higher information quality and accounting comparability from IFRS application. However, the empirical evidence about these presumed benefits are often conflicting and fail to separate between information quality and comparability. In this paper we examine the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on firms' information environment. We find that after mandatory IFRS adoption consensus forecast errors decrease for firms that mandatorily adopt IFRS relative to forecast errors of other firms. We also find decreasing forecast errors for voluntary adopters, but this effect is smaller and not robust. Moreover, we show that the magnitude of the forecast errors decrease is associated with the firm-specific differences between local GAAP and IFRS. This finding suggests that it is IFRS adoption rather than a correlated unobservable factor that is causing forecast errors to decrease. Exploiting individual analyst level data and isolating settings where analysts would benefit more from either increased comparability or higher quality information, we document that the improvement in the information environment is driven both by information and comparability effects. These results suggest that mandatory IFRS adoption has improved the quality of information intermediation in capital markets and as a result firms' information environment by increasing both information quality and accounting comparability.


The reason for the presence of valgus knee angles during jumping in certain
individuals is unclear. It appears to be more prevalent in females but has been observed in
male subjects as well. Valgus knee position has been attributed to an increase in knee
injury. The purpose of this investigation was to compare valgus/varus knee angles during
various jumps and lower body strength levels between males and females relative to body
mass. Seventeen recreationally active females (age: 21.94±2.59 years; height:
167.32±5.20 cm; mass: 64.42±8.39 kg; % body fat: 26.89±6.26; squat 1RM: 66.18±19.47
kg; S:BM: 1.03±0.28) and thirteen recreationally active males (age: 21.69±1.65 years;
height: 176.85±7.26 cm; mass: 72.39±9.23 kg; % body fat: 13.15±5.18; squat 1RM:
115.77±30.40 kg; S:BM: 1.59±0.31) performed a one repetition maximum in the squat
(1RM) and three of each of the following jumps: counter-movement jump (CMJ), 30 cm drop jump (DJ30), 45 cm drop jump (DJ45) and 60 cm drop jump (DJ60). Knee angles
were analyzed through videography, concentric forces were collected from a force plate,
and body composition was analyzed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to allow for
squat to body mass ratio (S:BM) and squat to fat-free mass (S:FFM) to be calculated.
Significant differences (p = 0.05) were found between male and female 1RM, male and
female S:BM, and male and female S:FFM. Significant differences were found between
male and female varus/valgus knee positions during maximum flexion (MF) of the right
leg in the CMJ, DJ30, DJ45 and DJ60. Significant differences were found between male
and female varus/valgus knee positions during maximum flexion of the left leg in the
CMJ, DJ30, DJ45 and DJ60. Peak concentric force data was only found to be significant
between males and females at CMJ, but not at DJ30, DJ45, or DJ60. Correlations
between varus/valgus knee angles and S:BM for all for jumps displayed moderate, nonsignificant
relationships (CMJ, r = 0.445; DJ30 r = 0.448; DJ45 r = 0.449; DJ60 r =
0.439). In conclusion, males and females have significantly different lower body strength
levels and varus/valgus knee position when landing from jumps. The discrepancy in
strength level could be an important factor in knee position when landing.


Written by a leading developer and maintainer of the Linux kernel, Linux Kernel in a Nutshell is a comprehensive overview of kernel configuration and building, a critical task for Linux users and administrators.No distribution can provide a Linux kernel that meets all users' needs. Computers big and small have special requirements that require reconfiguring and rebuilding the kernel. Whether you are trying to get sound, wireless support, and power management working on a laptop or incorporating enterprise features such as logical volume management on a large server, you can benefit from the insights in this book.Linux Kernel in a Nutshell covers the entire range of kernel tasks, starting with downloading the source and making sure that the kernel is in sync with the versions of the tools you need. In addition to configuration and installation steps, the book offers reference material and discussions of related topics such as control of kernel options at runtime.A key benefit of the book is a chapter on determining exactly what drivers are needed for your hardware. Also included are recipes that list what you need to do to accomplish a wide range of popular tasks.


Mixed-signal systems combine analog circuits with digital hardware and software systems. A particular challenge is the sensitivity of analog parts to even small deviations in parameters, or inputs. Parameters of circuits and systems such as process, voltage, and temperature are never accurate; we hence model them as uncertain values ('uncertainties'). Uncertain parameters and inputs can modify the dynamic behavior and lead to properties of the system that are not in specified ranges. For verification of mixed- signal systems, the analysis of the impact of uncertainties on the dynamical behavior plays a central role.

Verification of mixed-signal systems is usually done by numerical simulation. A single numerical simulation run allows designers to verify single parameter values out of often ranges of uncertain values. Multi-run simulation techniques such as Monte Carlo Simulation, Corner Case simulation, and enhanced techniques such as Importance Sampling or Design-of-Experiments allow to verify ranges – at the cost of a high number of simulation runs, and with the risk of not finding potential errors. Formal and symbolic approaches are an interesting alternative. Such methods allow a comprehensive verification. However, formal methods do not scale well with heterogeneity and complexity. Also, formal methods do not support existing and established modeling languages. This fact complicates its integration in industrial design flows.

In previous work on verification of Mixed-Signal systems, Affine Arithmetic is used for symbolic simulation. This allows combining the high coverage of formal methods with the ease-of use and applicability of simulation. Affine Arithmetic computes the propagation of uncertainties through mostly linear analog circuits and DSP methods in an accurate way. However, Affine Arithmetic is currently only able to compute with contiguous regions, but does not permit the representation of and computation with discrete behavior, e.g. introduced by software. This is a serious limitation: in mixed-signal systems, uncertainties in the analog part are often compensated by embedded software; hence, verification of system properties must consider both analog circuits and embedded software.

The objective of this work is to provide an extension to Affine Arithmetic that allows symbolic computation also for digital hardware and software systems, and to demonstrate its applicability and scalability. Compared with related work and state of the art, this thesis provides the following achievements:
1. The thesis introduces extended Affine Arithmetic Forms (XAAF) for the representation of branch and merge operations.
2. The thesis describes arithmetic and relational operations on XAAF, and reduces over-approximation by using an LP solver.
3. The thesis shows and discusses ways to integrate this XAAF into existing modeling languages, in particular SystemC. This way, breaks in the design flow can be avoided.
The applicability and scalability of the approach is demonstrated by symbolic simulation of a Delta-Sigma Modulator and a PLL circuit of an IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver system.


Concentrating solar power (CSP) deployed with thermal energy storage (TES) provides a dispatchable source of renewable energy. The value of CSP with TES, as with other potential generation resources, needs to be established using traditional utility planning tools. Production cost models, which simulate the operation of grid, are often used to estimate the operational value of different generation mixes. CSP with TES has historically had limited analysis in commercial production simulations. This document describes the implementation of CSP with TES in a commercial production cost model. It also describes the simulation of grid operations with CSP in a test system consisting of two balancing areas located primarily in Colorado.


Copyright © 2007, 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. H O W A R D H . S T E V E N S O N


Sustainable tourism is a niche market that has been growing in recent years. At the same time, companies in the mass tourism market have increasingly marketed themselves with a "green" image, although this market is not sustainable. In order to successfully market sustainability, targeted marketing tactics are needed.
The aim of this research is to establish appropriate marketing tactics for sustainable tourism in the niche market and in the mass market. The purpose is to uncover current marketing tactics for both the mass tourism market and the sustainable tourism niche market. It also intends to explore how consumers who are more interested in sustainability differ from consumers with less interest in sustainability in terms of their perception of sustainability in tourism. Furthermore, this research paper will assess the trustworthiness of sustainable travel offers and the trustworthiness of quality seals in sustainable tourism. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted, which was addressed at German-speaking consumers. The survey showed, that consumers with more general interest in sustainability also consider sustainability to be more relevant in tourism. Offers for sustainable travel and quality seals were perceived as not very trustworthy. Moreover, no link could be found between the interest in sustainability and the perception of trustworthiness.
On the basis of the above, it is advisable to directly advertise sustainability in the niche market and to mention sustainability in the mass market only as an accompaniment or not at all. Further research could be undertaken to identify which factors influence the trustworthiness of offers, and trustworthiness of quality seals in sustainable tourism.


In one of the first major texts in the emerging field of computational molecular biology, Pavel Pevzner covers a broad range of algorithmic and combinatorial topics and shows how they are connected to molecular biology and to biotechnology. The book has a substantial "computational biology without formulas" component that presents the biological and computational ideas in a relatively simple manner. This makes the material accessible to computer scientists without biological training, as well as to biologists with limited background in computer science. Computational Molecular Biology seriesComputer science and mathematics are transforming molecular biology from an informational to a computational science. Drawing on computational, statistical, experimental, and technological methods, the new discipline of computational molecular biology is dramatically increasing the discovery of new technologies and tools for molecular biology. The new MIT Press Computational Molecular Biology series provides a unique venue for the rapid publication of monographs, textbooks, edited collections, reference works, and lecture notes of the highest quality.


Conceived originally as a serious presentatin of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston'snine-volume "A History Of Philosophy" has journeyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author to universal acclaim as the best history of philosophy in English. Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit of immense erudition who once tangled with A.J. Ayer in a fabled debate about the existence of God and the possibility of metaphysics, knew that seminary students were fed a woefully inadequate diet of theses and proofs, and that their familiarity with most of history's great thinkerswas reduced to simplistic caricatures.Copleston set out to redress the wrong by writing a complete history of Western Philosophy, one crackling with incident an intellectual excitement - and one that gives full place to each thinker, presenting his thought in a beautifully rounded manner and showing his links to those who went before and to those who came after him."


We study a greedy mapping method that always moves the robot from its current location to the closest location that it has not visited (or observed) yet, until the terrain is mapped. Although one does not expect such a simple mapping method to minimize the travel distance of the robot, we present analytical results that show (perhaps surprisingly) that the travel distance of the robot is reasonably small. This is interesting because greedy mapping has a number of desirable properties. It is simple to implement and integrate into complete robot architectures. It does not need to have control of the rebut at all times, takes advantage of prior knowledge about parts of the terrain (if available), and can be used by several robots cooperatively.


This report describes a new seismic source characterization (SSC) model for the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS). It will replace the Seismic Hazard Methodology for the Central and Eastern United States, EPRI Report NP-4726 (July 1986) and the Seismic Hazard Characterization of 69 Nuclear Plant Sites East of the Rocky Mountains, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Model, (Bernreuter et al., 1989). The objective of the CEUS SSC Project is to develop a new seismic source model for the CEUS using a Senior Seismic Hazard Analysis Committee (SSHAC) Level 3 assessment process. The goal of the SSHAC process is to represent the center, body, and range of technically defensible interpretations of the available data, models, and methods. Input to a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) consists of both seismic source characterization and ground motion characterization. These two components are used to calculate probabilistic hazard results (or seismic hazard curves) at a particular site. This report provides a new seismic source model. Results and Findings The product of this report is a regional CEUS SSC model. This model includes consideration of an updated database, full assessment and incorporation of uncertainties, and the range of diverse technical interpretations from the larger technical community. The SSC model will be widely applicable to the entire CEUS, so this project uses a ground motion model that includes generic variations to allow for a range of representative site conditions (deep soil, shallow soil, hard rock). Hazard and sensitivity calculations were conducted at seven test sites representative of different CEUS hazard environments. Challenges and Objectives The regional CEUS SSC model will be of value to readers who are involved in PSHA work, and who wish to use an updated SSC model. This model is based on a comprehensive and traceable process, in accordance with SSHAC guidelines in NUREG/CR-6372, Recommendations for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis: Guidance on Uncertainty and Use of Experts. The model will be used to assess the present-day composite distribution for seismic sources along with their characterization in the CEUS and uncertainty. In addition, this model is in a form suitable for use in PSHA evaluations for regulatory activities, such as Early Site Permit (ESPs) and Combined Operating License Applications (COLAs). Applications, Values, and Use Development of a regional CEUS seismic source model will provide value to those who (1) have submitted an ESP or COLA for Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review before 2011; (2) will submit an ESP or COLA for NRC review after 2011; (3) must respond to safety issues resulting from NRC Generic Issue 199 (GI-199) for existing plants and (4) will prepare PSHAs to meet design and periodic review requirements for current and future nuclear facilities. This work replaces a previous study performed approximately 25 years ago. Since that study was completed, substantial work has been done to improve the understanding of seismic sources and their characterization in the CEUS. Thus, a new regional SSC model provides a consistent, stable basis for computing PSHA for a future time span. Use of a new SSC model reduces the risk of delays in new plant licensing due to more conservative interpretations in the existing and future literature. Perspective The purpose of this study, jointly sponsored by EPRI, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and the NRC was to develop a new CEUS SSC model. The team assembled to accomplish this purpose was composed of distinguished subject matter experts from industry, government, and academia. The resulting model is unique, and because this project has solicited input from the present-day larger technical community, it is not likely that there will be a need for significant revision for a number of years. See also Sponsors Perspective for more details. The goal of this project was to implement the CEUS SSC work plan for developing a regional CEUS SSC model. The work plan, formulated by the project manager and a technical integration team, consists of a series of tasks designed to meet the project objectives. This report was reviewed by a participatory peer review panel (PPRP), sponsor reviewers, the NRC, the U.S. Geological Survey, and other stakeholders. Comments from the PPRP and other reviewers were considered when preparing the report. The SSC model was completed at the end of 2011.


What rational justification is there for conceiving of all living things as possessing inherent worth? In Respect for Nature, Paul Taylor draws on biology, moral philosophy, and environmental science to defend a biocentric environmental ethic in which all life has value. Without making claims for the moral rights of plants and animals, he offers a reasoned alternative to the prevailing anthropocentric view--that the natural environment and its wildlife are valued only as objects for human use or enjoyment. Respect for Nature provides both a full account of the biological conditions for life--human or otherwise--and a comprehensive view of the complex relationship between human beings and the whole of nature. This classic book remains a valuable resource for philosophers, biologists, and environmentalists alike--along with all those who care about the future of life on Earth. A new foreword by Dale Jamieson looks at how the original 1986 edition of Respect for Nature has shaped the study of environmental ethics, and shows why the work remains relevant to debates today.


This thesis explores the use of program transformation tools in the analysis and compilation of programs for embedded systems. The intrinsic difficulty in programming for these small-scale systems arises from the discrete effects that executing an instruction produces. In larger scale systems these effects are masked by the large number of instructions executed to perform a typical action. The central claim of this thesis is that program transformation tools can aid the programmer in understanding and controlling these effects and therefore reduce the complexity of the problem; both in difficulty and in scale. We have investigated this method on two cases that are typical of the problems in embedded software development; software timing and precision. In the former case we have developed a novel abstract interpretation that computes the timing distance between locations in a program binary. Our new technique for analysing the structure of a program can then be combined with the set of timing distances to generate models of the timing behaviour of the program. We demonstrate this work in the context of verifying legacy applications. In the later case we look at the problem of roundoff error in software. Given the small datasizes on typical embedded processors, the programmer is normally responsible for handling the rounding of values and ensuring that datatypes are sufficiently large to represent data without an error. We present a domain specific language that allows this property to be expressed directly. Analysis of how to propagate the variable precisions in this domain is investigated, and we conclude with a technique to automatically generate a compiler for the domain.


Essential reading following an astounding summer of sport; if you've ever wondered what makes a champion, Bounce has the answer. What are the real secrets of sporting success, and what lessons do they offer about life? Why doesn't Tiger Woods "choke"? Why are the best figure skaters those that have fallen over the most and why has one small street in Reading produced more top table tennis players than the rest of the country put together. Two-time Olympian and sports writer and broadcaster Matthew Syed draws on the latest in neuroscience and psychology to uncover the secrets of our top athletes and introduces us to an extraordinary cast of characters, including the East German athlete who became a man, and her husband - and the three Hungarian sisters who are all chess grandmasters. Bounce is crammed with fascinating stories and statistics. Looking at controversial questions such as whether talent is more important than practice, drugs in sport (and life) and whether black people really are faster runners, the mind-bending Bounce is a must-read for the hardened sports nut or brand new convert.


The nitty-gritty details as to what OpenSSH is and why it is ubiquitous. Is there a program more commonly used in day-to-day Linux computing than SSH? I doubt it. Not only is it rock-solid, secure and versatile, but it also is extremely simple to use and feature-rich. Because its algorithms and protocols are both state of the art and their implementation is open for peer review, we can rest assured on the cryptographic integrity of SSH. SSH does have weaknesses, however; although most of them stem from social engineering, and working around broken protocols, such as X11, pose a big challenge. SSH can do wonders in only a few lines of C code—thanks to the UNIX philosophy of stringing together powerful tools in generic ways. SSH acts as a secure channel, and it makes a remote system appear local, and a local one appear at the remote side. It can be used either for remote command execution, with or without a pty, and it can be used for multiplexing several TCP and X11 sessions. It also can be used for tunneling insecure protocols, such as POP3 or SMTP, through secure SSH tunnels. In addition, it can be used with some limitations to tunnel FTP securely. The OpenSSH Architecture Let's begin with the overall scheme of things. Figure 1. OpenSSH Architecture As shown in Figure 1, OpenSSH is composed of three key layers. The bottom layer, ssh-transport, is the most critical component involved in all the crypto operations, such as key exchange, re-keying at intervals, protecting against attacks in various ways and so on. The layer on top of that, ssh-userauth, is responsible for authenticating end users to the sshd dæmon that runs at the server end. Remember that SSH authenticates both ways. The client SSH program authenticates the sshd server dæmon using the ssh-transport protocol. After authentication, key exchange is completed, and a secure connection is established. Subsequent to that, user authentication takes place in the ssh-userauth layer. ssh-userauth provides a lot of flexibility, because users can authenticate to the server in various ways—from a private key on a smart card to simple user name/password authentication. Once it goes through, the ssh-connection layer establishes a secure channel, either for executing a remote command The OpenSSH Protocol under the Hood http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1250000/12... 2 of 6 8/27/2007 8:07 PM or to obtain an interactive login shell. The ssh-connection layer is capable of multiplexing any number of simultaneous independent secure sessions over a single ssh-userauth layer with the transport stack layer below it, as shown in Figure 1. All of SSH's magic—forwarding arbitrary TCP ports from local to remote and remote to local, acting as a SOCKS proxy, forwarding X11 connections, establishing VPN tunnels, executing remote commands with and without a pty—is done with the ssh-connection layer. SSH has flow control built in to the protocol. Each secure channel has a separate window size allocated. Because SSH operates above a reliable TCP layer, this does not have much of a role. At least, it is not as critical as the TCP windowing mechanism. Most of the critical channel open/close messages and other termination messages don't consume any window space. Because all messages are encrypted and integrity-protected, nobody can interpret the messages. There is a special SSH_MSG_IGNORE message type that can be used for defeating traffic analysis attacks. These are the kinds of attacks that figure out when data is going over the wire and how much data is being transferred. SSH, of course, comes with many other niceties for sending secure KEEPALIVE messages, redirecting stdin to /dev/null for specialized X window applications and many more. Now, let's take a look at a sample SSH session and typical message exchanges (Figure 2). Figure 2. OpenSSH Protocol Flow Diagram Here is a typical unencrypted SSH packet: byte SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST uint32 recipient channel string "pty-req" boolean want_reply string TERM environment variable value (e.g., vt100) uint32 terminal width, characters (e.g., 80) uint32 terminal height, rows (e.g., 24) uint32 terminal width, pixels (e.g., 640) uint32 terminal height, pixels (e.g., 480) string encoded terminal modes Most fields are self-explanatory. The top two fields are always present in all messages. The payload packets (what the user types and the responses from the server) are all carried with the SSH_MSG_DATA message type. Every packet has a header that describes the contents of the payload (message type) and the channel for which it is destined. Some of the messages do not need a response from the other side, as the underlying layer is not only reliable but also tamper-resistant. But, most requests from the client have a corresponding response from the server. Now, let's get to the gory details of the SSH key exchange protocol, because that is the most critical The OpenSSH Protocol under the Hood http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1250000/12... 3 of 6 8/27/2007 8:07 PM component that accounts for the security and popularity of SSH. Figure 3 shows the data manipulations that are necessary to encrypt, compress and integrity-protect. Of course, we need to protect ourselves against replay attacks as well. For that, there is an implicit sequence number for each packet, and it starts at 0 and goes to 232 before wrapping around. Because the sequence number is hashed, it can be sequential, and attackers never can guess what input will lead to what hash. Figure 3. OpenSSH Packet Processing The key components of OpenSSH keys are: Hash: H. Shared secret: K. Session ID: session_id. SSH uses the above components to derive the following encryption vectors and keys: Client to server initialization vector. Server to client initialization vector. Client to server encryption key. Server to client encryption key. Client to server MAC key. Server to client MAC key. The equations used for deriving the above vectors and keys are taken from RFC 4253. In the following, the || symbol stands for concatenation, K is encoded as mpint, "A" as byte and session_id as raw data. Any letter, such as the "A" (in quotation marks) means the single character A, or ASCII 65. Initial IV client to server: HASH(K || H || "A" || session_id). Initial IV server to client: HASH(K || H || "B" || session_id). Encryption key client to server: HASH(K || H || "C" || session_id). Encryption key server to client: HASH(K || H || "D" || session_id). Integrity key client to server: HASH(K || H || "E" || session_id). Integrity key server to client: HASH(K || H || "F" || session_id). Simple, right? The OpenSSH Protocol under the Hood http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1250000/12... 4 of 6 8/27/2007 8:07 PM What is not simple, however, is figuring out the K and H parameters. HASH is usually an SHA1 hash mechanism, but it can be something else as well. The typical cipher algorithm used is AES or DES3 in CBC mode. The MAC is a combination of MD5 or the SHA1 hash algorithm with a secret key. There are four choices here: hmac-sha1 hmac-md5 hmac-sha1-96 hmac-md5-96 Actually, sha1 is a little weak in today's world, because collision attacks are possible. The zeitgeist in hashing today is sha512, but with proper re-keying and other smarts built in, it should not be a problem. Remember that hashes are of a constant length, so hmac-sha1 is 20 bytes long, hmac-md5 is 16 bytes, and the other two have a fixed length of 12 bytes each. Okay, now for some mathematical and crypto gymnastics of the kex stage. We know how to compute the individual encryption and MAC keys provided that we derive the basic parameters using the simple equation above. But, how do we get the parameters to begin with, in a secure, authenticated manner? Now, we need to look at how OpenSSH uses diffie-hellman-group14 and diffie-hellman-group1 fields to derive the DH generator and DH moduli for an anonymous key agreement. However, this leaves us open to several man-in-the-middle and other active attacks. To thwart this, we use a known and trusted server public key to authenticate key exchanges. Authentication of key exchange data is nothing more than signing with a private key. And, OpenSSH typically uses ssh-dsa or ssh-rsa keys for this purpose. In other words, a combination of DH and RSA/DSS keys are used for authentication and to derive the secret parameters K, H and session_id. session_id is simply the hash of the first key exchange. A 16-byte random cookie also is used to protect against replay and other man-in-the-middle attacks. Here is the equation for deriving H: H = hash(V_C || V_S || I_C || I_S || K_S || e || f || K) hash is usually the SHA1 hash algorithm. V_C and V_S are the client and server identification strings. I_C and I_S are the client and server SSH_MSG_KEXINIT messages just exchanged. Now, we are left with computing e, f and K; e and f are the DH parameters used for exponentiation: e = gx modulo p The OpenSSH Protocol under the Hood http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1250000/12... 5 of 6 8/27/2007 8:07 PM f = gy modulo p K = ey modulo p Here, p is a prime number from the DH generator field. And, x and y are chosen arbitrarily by client and server. Remember that DH works using the simple mathematical principle that ab c = ac b = abc. Now, we have everything required for computing the secret keys. The nice thing about all of these cryptographic parameters is that they are thrown away after every session. The only reused parameter is the server RSA/DSA key, but because we add a random cookie in our calculations, it's difficult for attackers to break SSH cryptographically. Description of Each Component Let's take a look at the OpenSSH family before we proceed. Figure 4. Stars in the OpenSSH Galaxy As you can see in Figure 4, there are many executables and players in the grand scheme of things. However, the interplay is not a complex one. Eve


The notions of sustainable design and energy efficiency first entered global consciousness following the energy shortages of the 1970s and 1980s. Influenced by ideas of energy independence, many designers in Europe and North America sought ideas and strategies that could help create energy-efficient buildings and cities. As they searched for design solutions, some researched the environmentally responsive elements of traditional architecture, while others developed new solutions that employ modern technologies and high performance materials. As the energy crisis subsided, the building industry in North America returned to business as usual, allowing its European counterpart – which emphasised technological solutions – to take a lead. But with the revival of global interest in sustainability – this time driven by both environmental and energy concerns – the dormant dialogue between the two approaches to sustainable design returned to play a role in shaping the global sustainability agenda. Oscillating between advocates of passive design and proponents of technological solutions, this dialogue continues to enrich the discourse on the future of sustainable design and development.