This article, written for a symposium analyzing Justice Ginsburg's jurisprudence on the 15th anniversary of her tenure on the Supreme Court, is the first sustained look at her views on criminal procedure issues (search and seizure, interrogation, the right to counsel, trial rights, sentencing procedures, and the criminal appeals and collateral review processes). Not surprisingly, given her ACLU background, she tends to vote in favor of criminal defendants' positions more often than most other justices, and she is the most likely to do so since Chief Justice Roberts joined the Court. At the same time, the gradualist tendencies that she has exhibited in other areas of the law – involving incremental steps rather than sweeping pronouncements – is apparent in this area as well. After describing in some detail the major trends in Justice Ginsburg's voting patterns in criminal procedure cases, the article investigates the effects of this gradualist approach in the Fourth Amendment area, focusing in particular on her decision-making in drug testing and car stop cases.


James Fredal s wide-ranging survey examines the spatial and performative features of rhetorical artistry in ancient Athens from Solon to Demosthenes, demonstrating how persuasive skill depended not on written treatises, but on the reproduction of spaces and modes for masculine self-formation and displays of contests of character.Studies of the history of rhetoric generally begin with Homer and Greek orality, then move on to fifth-century Sicily and the innovations of Corax, Tisias, and the older Sophists. While thorough and useful, these narratives privilege texts as the sole locus of proper rhetorical knowledge. "Rhetorical Action in Ancient Greece: " "Persuasive Artistry from Solon to Demosthenes" describes rhetoric as largely unwritten and rhetorical skill as closely associated with the ideologies and practices of gender formation and expression. In expanding the notion of rhetorical innovation to include mass movements, large social genres, and cultural practicesrather than the formulations of of individual thinkers and writersFredal offers a view of classical rhetoric as local and contingent, bound to the physical spaces, local histories, and cultural traditions of place.Fredal argues that Greek rhetorical skill remained a function of local spaces like the Pnyx, social practices such as symposia or local meetings, cultural ideologies like those surrounding masculine friendship, and genres of performance such as how to act like a man, herald, sage, tyrant, or democrat. Citizen participation, he explains, was motivated by the desire to display masculine excellence in contests of character by overcoming fear and exerting symbolic and bodily control over self, situation, and audience. He shows how ancient Greek rhetoric employed patterns of action such as public oratory and performance to establish, reinforce, or challenge hierarchies and claims to political power.Instead of examining speeches, handbooks, and theory, "Rhetorical Action in Ancient Greece "examines the origins of rhetoric in terms of performance. The result is a presentation of rhetorical knowledge as embodied in places and practices with spatial and practical logics that are rarely articulated in written discourse. The volume calls on archaeological, literary, and anthropological evidence about the rhetorical actions of Athens s leading political agentsincluding Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes, Demosthenes, and the anonymous herm-choppers of the Peloponnesian warto demonstrate how each generation of political leaders adopted and transformed existing performance genres and spaces to address their own political exigency."


Fair trade critiques the historical inequalities inherent in international trade and seeks to promote social justice by creating alternative networks linking marginalized producers (typically in the global South) with progressive consumers (typically in the global North). The first of its kind, this volume brings together 43 of the foremost fair trade scholars from around the world and across the social sciences. The Handbook serves as both a comprehensive overview and in-depth guide to dominant perspectives and concerns. Chapters analyze the rapidly growing fair trade movement and market, exploring diverse initiatives and organizations, production and consumption regions, and food and cultural products. Written for those new to fair trade as well as those well versed in this domain, the Handbook is an invaluable resource for scholars and practitioners interested in global regulation, multi-stakeholder initiatives, social and environmental certification, ethical labeling, consumer activism, and international development.


The inhomogeneous Poisson process is a point process that has varying intensity across its domain (usually time or space). For nonparametric Bayesian modeling, the Gaussian process is a useful way to place a prior distribution on this intensity. The combination of a Poisson process and GP is known as a Gaussian Cox process, or doubly-stochastic Poisson process. Likelihood-based inference in these models requires an intractable integral over an infinite-dimensional random function. In this paper we present the first approach to Gaussian Cox processes in which it is possible to perform inference without introducing approximations or finitedimensional proxy distributions. We call our method the Sigmoidal Gaussian Cox Process, which uses a generative model for Poisson data to enable tractable inference via Markov chain Monte Carlo. We compare our methods to competing methods on synthetic data and apply it to several real-world data sets.


User story mapping is a valuable tool for software development, once you understand why and how to use it. This insightful book examines how this often misunderstood technique can help your team stay focused on users and their needs without getting lost in the enthusiasm for individual product features. Author Jeff Patton shows you how changeable story maps enable your team to hold better conversations about the project throughout the development process. Your team will learn to come away with a shared understanding of what youre attempting to build and why. Get a high-level view of story mapping, with an exercise to learn key concepts quickly Understand how stories really work, and how they come to life in Agile and Lean projects Dive into a storys lifecycle, starting with opportunities and moving deeper into discovery Prepare your stories, pay attention while theyre built, and learn from those you convert to working software


A quality control procedure mandatory for audit firms in the SEC practice section is concurring partner review. The specific actions taken by the concurring partner in conducting the review, however, vary across audit firms. Some firms encourage a consultative role where the concurring partner and the engagement partner routinely interact to discuss the major decisions involved in the planning, conduct, and final review of the audit (Jamal et al. 1995). Other firms advocate an advisory role in which the concurring partner explores key judgments made by the engagement partner and verifies that no oversights or errors have been made (Jamal et al. 1995). Still other firms advocate an investigative role in which the concurring partner has no input in the planning or conduct of the audit and serves only to "ensure that auditing standards and SEC requirements have been fulfilled and that the audit report is appropriate in the circumstances" (Johnson et al. 1991, p. 80). The key factor that differentiates each of these roles is the type of interaction that takes place between the engagement partner and the concurring partner. When assuming a consultative role, the engagement partner and concurring partner engage in a significant amount of interactive problem solving and decision making. In assuming an advisory role, the concurring partner reviews the most difficult audit issues in a relatively independent fashion and interacts with the engagement partner on only a limited basis. The investigative role implies almost no decision making or problem solving interaction between the engagement partner and the concurring partner. In fact, "the SEC has interpreted the role of a concurring partner as being independent and almost adversarial (emphasis added) with respect to the engagement partner" (Jamal et al. 1995, p. 6). It is unclear whether the alternative levels of interaction evidenced across concurring partner review roles will impact decision making, problem solving, and the outcome of the concurring partner review process. For example, consider a case where an audit client has a material and unusual source of revenue and the appropriate revenue recognition process is not clear. The concurring partner, whether assuming a consultative, advisory, or investigative role, must aid in the resolution and/or evaluate the solution ultimately chosen. To be successful, the concurring partner must generate possible solutions that are acceptable under GAAP and acceptable to the client. To generate such solutions the concurring partner must access considerable technical knowledge and must engage in appropriate creative thinking. There are many possible impediments to the effective performance of the concurring partner in this case. For example, the creativity of a concurring partner may be inhibited by the revenue recognition solution already suggested by the engagement partner. The inability to generate creative solutions in this situation is related to a psychological phenomenon, output interference, which has been the subject of considerable research in both psychology and auditing. "Output interference is a psychological concept that implies that whatever is thought about first interferes with, and thus inhibits, later thoughts about an issue" (Moser 1989, p. 433). This paper explores the notion that the level and type of interaction between the engagement partner and the concurring partner may impact


In The Leadership Engine, Noel Tichy showed how great companies strive to create leaders at all levels of the organization, and how those leaders actively develop future generations of leaders. In this new book, he takes the theme further, showing how great companies and their leaders develop their business knowledge into "teachable points of view," spend a great portion of their time giving their learnings to others, sharing best practices, and how they in turn learn and receive business ideas/knowledge from the employees they are teaching. Calling this exchange a virtuous teaching cycle, Professor Tichy shows how business builders from Jack Welch at GE to Joe Liemandt at Trilogy create organizations that foster this knowledge exchange and how their efforts result in smarter, more agile companies, and winning results. Some of these ideas were showcased in Tichy's recent Harvard Business Review article entitled, "No Ordinary Boot Camp." Using examples from GE, Ford, Dell, Southwest Airlines and many others, Tichy presents and analyzes these principles in action and shows how managers can begin to transform their own businesses into teaching organizations and, consequently, better-performing companies.


The national bestseller that defines a new economic class and shows how it is key to the future of our cities. The Washington Monthly 2002 Annual Political Book Award WinnerThe Rise of the Creative Class gives us a provocative new way to think about why we live as we do today-and where we might be headed. Weaving storytelling with masses of new and updated research, Richard Florida traces the fundamental theme that runs through a host of seemingly unrelated changes in American society: the growing role of creativity in our economy. Just as William Whyte's 1956 classic The Organization Man showed how the organizational ethos of that age permeated every aspect of life, Florida describes a society in which the creative ethos is increasingly dominant. Millions of us are beginning to work and live much as creative types like artists and scientists always have-with the result that our values and tastes, our personal relationships, our choices of where to live, and even our sense and use of time are changing. Leading the shift are the nearly 38 million Americans in many diverse fields who create for a living-the Creative Class. The Rise of the Creative Class chronicles the ongoing sea of change in people's choices and attitudes, and shows not only what's happening but also how it stems from a fundamental economic change. The Creative Class now comprises more than thirty percent of the entire workforce. Their choices have already had a huge economic impact. In the future they will determine how the workplace is organized, what companies will prosper or go bankrupt, and even which cities will thrive or wither.


When Social Security's Full Retirement Age (FRA) increased to age 66 for recent retirees, the peak retirement age increased with it. However, a large share of people continue to claim their Social Security benefits at age 65. This paper explores two potential explanations for the "stickiness" of age 65 as a claiming age: Medicare eligibility and workers' lack of knowledge about their future Social Security benefits. First, we analyze the impact of Medicare eligibility by comparing two groups – one has an FRA of exactly 65; the other, between age 65 and 2 months and age 66. We find that the group with later FRAs who do not have access to retiree health benefits through their employer are more likely to claim Social Security at age 65. We interpret this finding as evidence that Medicare eligibility persuades more people to retire, because they can begin receiving federal health coverage. Individuals without access to retiree health insurance at work are 7.5 percentage points more likely to retire soon after their 65th birthdays and are 5.8 percentage points less likely to delay retirement until the FRA than those with that insurance. This result fits into extensive research showing that access to health insurance is an important component of the retirement decision. On the question of whether misinformation about Social Security benefits may drive individuals to claim at age 65, we find that some individuals are unable to accurately forecast their retirement benefits. However, our analysis suggests that there is no relationship between this confusion and the age 65 peak for claiming Social Security.


What role do expertise and specialization play in regulatory regimes that deploy private litigation as an enforcement tool? This question is of enormous practical importance to the optimal design of law enforcement across a range of regulatory areas, from securities and antitrust to environmental protection and civil rights. Yet it has generated surprisingly little rigorous empirical analysis. This Article begins to fill that gap by offering the first large-scale empirical study of a growing and increasingly controversial litigation regime in which debate about the role of specialized private enforcers has taken center stage: qui tam lawsuits brought under the False Claims Act ("FCA"). Using an original data set of more than 4,000 qui tam suits filed between 1986 and 2011, this Article tests, and mostly rejects, a pair of what might be called "supply-side" critiques of the regime: first, that qui tam litigation is inefficiently dominated by a growing cadre of repeat, "professional" plaintiffs; and second, that qui tam's explosive growth and seeming excesses can be attributed to an increasingly specialized qui tam plaintiffs' bar. The findings demonstrate that, contrary to a chorus of critics, specialized relator-side firms appear to play a positive role in the system, enjoying higher litigation success rates and surfacing larger frauds than less experienced firms. Similarly, while repeat relators win less often than one-shotters, they offset lower win rates by obtaining substantially larger recoveries when they succeed. These findings offer a much-needed empirical baseline for evaluating legal and policy debate around the FCA as well as leading proposals for its reform. More broadly, exploring the role of expertise and specialization in a specific, microinstitutional context such as qui tam is a first step to developing a thicker and more systematic account of the possibilities and limits of private enforcement of public law.


Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.


This lavish set of books contains the most complete collection of raw material for reconstructing the history of the Achaemenid Persian Empire to date. Studying Achaemenid history has been difficult in the past because original sources include texts from hugely disparate origins, many different languages and various periods in history; the risk is to rely too heavily on biased and often inaccurate Greek and Roman sources. Amelie Kuhrt presents here an unprecedented collection of key texts to form a balanced representation of all aspects of the Empire, in translations from their original Greek, Old Persian, Akkadian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Egyptian or Latin. Kuhrt selects from classical writers, the Old Testament, royal inscriptions, administrative documents and Babylonian historical writing, as well as the evidence of monuments, artefacts and archaeological sites. All material is accompanied by a detailed introduction to the sources and guidelines to their interpretation. A truly monumental achievement, this collection will prove to be a major resource for any student of Persian history, from undergraduate level to the advanced scholar.


I study the effects of credit tightening in an economy with uninsured idiosyncratic investment risk. In the model, entrepreneurs require an equity premium because collateral constraints limit insurance. After collateral constraints tighten, the equity premium and the riskiness of consumption rise and the risk-free interest rate falls. I show that, both immediately after the shock and in the long run, the equity premium and the riskiness of consumption increase more than they would if the risk-free rate were constant. Indeed, the long-run increase in the riskiness of consumption growth is purely a general-equilibrium effect: if the risk-free rate were constant (as in a small open economy), an endogenous decrease in risk-taking by entrepreneurs would, in the long run, completely offset the decrease in their ability to diversify. I also show that the credit shock leads to a decrease in aggregate capital if the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is sufficiently high. Finally, I show that, due to a general-equilibrium effect, there is no "overshooting" in the equity premium: in response to a permanent decrease in firms' ability to pledge their future income, the equity premium immediately jumps to its new steady-state level and remains constant thereafter, even as aggregate capital adjusts over time. However, if idiosyncratic uncertainty is sufficiently low, credit tightening has no short- or long-run effects on aggregate capital, the equity premium, or the riskiness of consumption. Thus my paper highlights how investment risk affects the economy's response to a credit crunch.


This paper investigates how a firm's capital structure choice affects the informational efficiency of its security prices in the secondary markets. We identify two new determinants of a firm's capital structure policy: liquidity (adverse selection) premium due to investors' anticipated losses to informed trading, and operating efficiency improvement due to information revelation from the firm's security prices. We show that capital structure decision affects traders' incentives to acquire information and subsequently, the distribution of informed traders across debt and equity claims. When information is less imperative for improving its operating decisions, a firm issues zero or negative debt (i.e., holding excess cash reserves) in order to reduce socially wasteful information acquisition and the liquidity premium associated with it. When information is crucial for a firm's operating decisions, the optimal debt level is one which achieves maximum information revelation at the lowest possible liquidity cost. Our model can explain why many firms consistently hold no debt. It also provides new implications for financial system design and for the relationship among leverage, liquidity premium, profitability, and the cost of information acquisition.


"The Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World looks at women today and delves into contexts of being female in the 21st century. The scope of the Encyclopedia focuses on women's status starting approximately in the year 2000 and going forward. From A-to-Z, this work will cover the spectrum of defining women in the contemporary world. Signed entries (with cross-references and recommended readings) cover the full range of issues in contemporary women's studies, with volumes including information relevant to the following academic disciplinary contexts: arts and media; business and economics; criminal justice; education; family studies; health; media; military; politics; science and technology; sports; religion; and women in different cultures and countries"--Provided by publisher.


The phenomenon of aerodynamic instability caused by the wind is usually a major design criterion for long-span cable-supported bridges. If the wind speed exceeds the critical flutter speed of the bridge, this constitutes an Ultimate Limit State. The prediction of the flutter boundary, therefore, requires accurate and robust models. The complexity and uncertainty of models for such engineering problems demand strategies for model assessment. This study is an attempt to use the concepts of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to assess the aeroelastic instability prediction models for long-span bridges. The state-of-the-art theory concerning the determination of the flutter stability limit is presented. Since flutter is a coupling of aerodynamic forcing with a structural dynamics problem, different types and classes of structural and aerodynamic models can be combined to study the interaction. Here, both numerical approaches and analytical models are utilised and coupled in different ways to assess the prediction quality of the coupled model.


Nicholas Cabasilas' Commentary on the Divine Liturgy is a remarkable product of Byzantium's last great flowering of theology. The wok has long been essential reading for specialists in the fields of comparative liturgy and history of liturgy, since Cabasilas comments in detail on the Byzantine rite of his day and is able to draw comparisons with the Roman liturgy as well. The work is also invaluable for all those who wish to understand more about the theory and practice of worship in the Orthodox Church. In this edition the text of the Commentary, translated by J. M. Hussey and P. A. McNulty, has been supplemented by a brief foreword which places Cabasilas' work in its historical context. A helpful introduction by R.M. French describes the celebration of the liturgy in the Orthodox Church. A Commentary on the Divine Liturgy begins with observations and description, but it does not end there. Like Cabasilas' Life in Christ, his Commentary is imbued with a fervent sacramental mysticism. For Cabasilas, man's redemption in Jesus Christ is not just a matter of history. It is a saving event in which man is called to participate here and now, in body and spirit as well as intellect, through the sacramental life of the Church. The vitality of worship, and not just its form, therefore is the focus of Cabasilas' thought. His message remains pertinent for us today.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the degree and determinants of the use on statin among patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke in China.

METHODS
In the context of an international multi-center clinical trial being undertaken in China, 5585 patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke were screened in 39 prestigious hospitals in 10 cities. The characteristics collected through electronic questionnaire were described and analyzed.

RESULTS
All the screened patients had indications for statins. Among those, 60% of the patients had a history from 3 months to 2 years of suffering from stroke. However, up to 80% of the patients were not using statins when screened. Even in those with statins, about 1/4 of the patients took statins for much shorter period than the history of stroke. The proportion using statins among IS patients with CHD was 4 times more than in those without CHD. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were most commonly used.

CONCLUSION
Statins were greatly underused for secondary prevention among patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke in China. There was a large gap between evidence and practice. It remains a major challenge for healthcare professionals and policy makers to tackle this problem more positively.


A company's logo is the most important component of its brand identity. So why would a company ever change its logo? Because things change -- the competition, the times, even the company itself. And the company whose logo does not reflect present realities is at a marketing disadvantage.In this comprehensively illustrated compendium, David E. Carter shows 200 corporate logo changes, and then discusses each. You'll see everything from minor "evolutionary" changes to complete "revolutionary" changes where the old logo has been discarded and a totally new one designed. Examples of the ultimate logo changes -- where a new corporate name has been adopted -- are also included in this book. Packed with case studies on logo redesign, it features companies both large and small, and from a diverse array of industries -- global firms such as Apple Computer, UPS, and Time Warner, as well as small firms who compete, no less vigorously, in their own arenas. This essential resource will be invaluable to designers, ad creatives, marketing people, and corporate executives whose task it is to keep their firms competitive in this changing world.


O'Reilly v. Morse (1854) is a famous patent case. It is relied on by Justices and judges, discussed by scholars, and taught to students. Everyone agrees it was correctly decided: Chief Justice Roger Taney's majority opinion stopped Samuel Morse's attempt to control all telecommunication technologies with a patent that went far beyond his invented telegraph and encompassed modern email, fax machines and text messages. This conventional wisdom, however, is profoundly mistaken. It fails to account for the historical context in which Morse invented, patented, commercialized and ultimately was swept up in massive litigation over his innovative telegraph. This paper corrects this anachronism by reinserting this full historical context back into our understanding of Morse. It details the invention and innovative commercial development of the telegraph, and it reveals that Chief Justice Taney's opinion was not a sterling exemplar of patent law. Similar to his decisions in constitutional law and in other patent cases, Chief Justice Taney ignored established patent doctrines and instead decided the case on the basis of his own political biases. As a fervent Jacksonian Democrat, Chief Justice Taney viewed patents as state-granted monopolies, and not as property rights in technological innovation. It is only a happy accident for him that his judicial activism in O'Reilly v. Morse comported with much-later changes in patent law that made his opinion appear correct to our modern eyes — unlike Chief Justice Taney's similar twisting of established law in Dred Scott to reach a result similarly dictated by his personal political preferences.


This paper makes two straightforward points that we argue are central to understanding the literature and debate surrounding the stability of the Phillips curve. First, the endogeneity of monetary policy implies that aggregate data are largely uninformative as to the existence of a stable relationship between unemployment and future inflation. Second, if the NAIRU model is assumed to be true, regional data can be used to identify the structural relationship between unemployment and future inflation. We find that a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate is associated with a roughly 0.3 percentage point decline in inflation over the next year.


Evaluating scientific quality is a notoriously difficult problem which has no standard solution. Ideally, published scientific results should be scrutinised by true experts in the field and given scores for quality and quantity according to established rules. In practice, however, what is called peer review is usually performed by committees with general competence rather than with the specialist's insight that is needed to assess primary research data. Committees tend, therefore, to resort to secondary criteria like crude publication counts, journal prestige, the reputation of authors and institutions, and estimated importance and relevance of the research field,1 making peer review as much of a lottery as of a rational process.2 3

On this background, it is hardly surprising that alternative methods for evaluating research are being sought, such as citation rates and journal impact factors, which seem to be quantitative and objective indicators directly related to published science. The citation data are obtained from a database produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia, which continuously records scientific citations as represented by the reference lists of articles from a large number of the world's scientific journals. The references are rearranged in the database to show how many times each publication has been cited within a certain period, and by whom, and the results are published as the Science Citation Index (SCI) . On the basis of the Science Citation Index and authors' publication lists, the annual citation rate of papers by a scientific author or research group can thus be calculated. Similarly, the citation rate of a scientific journal—known as the journal impact factor—can be calculated as the mean citation rate of all the articles contained in the journal.4 Journal impact factors, which are published annually in SCI Journal Citation Reports , are widely regarded as …


The determinants of risk attitude amongst family members are explored using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel over the period 2004 to 2009. The focus of the analysis is the repeated responses to the survey question about general willingness to take risk. Responses to this question are provided on a 0-10 Likert scale. We respect both the ordinality and the panel structure of the data by estimating the random effects ordered probit model. We divide household members into thee types: heads, spouses and offspring. Of the three types, we find that spouses are the most risk averse, and offspring the least risk averse. In view of these findings, we estimate the model separately for the three groups and find different results between the three. For example, household income has a positive effect (on risk-taking) for heads and spouses (particularly strong for spouses), but no effect on offspring. Some effects are similar between the the three groups; for example, risk aversion always increases with age. In the offspring equation, we include both the head's and the spouse's risk attitude as explanatory variables, and find that both have a significantly positive effect on the offspring's risk-attitude, indicating that children tend to inherit the risk attitude of their guardians. We then focus on couples in the data set, and we apply the random effects bivariate ordered probit model to the analysis of the simultaneous determination of the male's and the female's risk attitude. In this model, the individual-specific effects for the male and the female are assumed to have a non-zero correlation, which is estimated to be +0.412. This significantly positive correlation is interpreted as a form of homophily: individuals tend to form partnerships with others having a similar risk attitude. The importance of respecting the ordinality of the data is confirmed when a straightforward (linear) seemingly unrelated model is applied to the same problem; this gives a correlation of only +0.27: a seriously downward-biased estimate of this key parameter.


Geralt is a witcher, a man whose magic powers, enhanced by long training and a mysterious elixir, have made him a brilliant fighter and a merciless assassin. Yet he is no ordinary murderer: his targets are the multifarious monsters and vile fiends that ravage the land and attack the innocent. He roams the country seeking assignments, but gradually comes to realise that while some of his quarry are unremittingly vile, vicious grotesques, others are the victims of sin, evil or simple naivety. One reviewer said: 'This book is a sheer delight. It is beautifully written, full of vitality and endlessly inventive: its format, with half a dozen episodes and intervening rest periods for both the hero and the reader, allows for a huge range of characters, scenarios and action. It's thought-provoking without being in the least dogmatic, witty without descending to farce and packed with swordfights without being derivative. The dialogue sparkles; characters morph almost imperceptibly from semi-cliche to completely original; nothing is as it first seems.Sapkowski succeeds in seamlessly welding familiar ideas, unique settings and delicious twists of originality: his Beauty wants to rip the throat out of a sensitive Beast; his Snow White seeks vengeance on all and sundry, his elves are embittered and vindictive. It's easily one of the best things I've read in ages.'


n the first clinical study of a new blood protein associated with prostate cancer, researchers have found that the marker, called EPCA or early prostate cancer antigen, can successfully detect prostate cancer in its earliest stages. At the same time, the marker successfully avoids the problem of false positive results that plagues prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Study results appear in the May 15, 2005, issue of Cancer Research. The lead author is Robert H. Getzenberg, Ph.D., professor of urology and director of research at the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute at Johns Hopkins. The traditional two-step approach of PSA testing and digital rectal examination has helped doctors identify prostate tumors early, while the cancers can still be cured. But PSA testing, like many disease-screening procedures, misses some cases of cancer and in other cases erroneously highlights noncancerous conditions. "This new blood test, when coupled with PSA screening, may help reduce the number of both unnecessary biopsies and undetected prostate tumors," said Getzenberg, In addition to being highly sensitive to prostate cancer, the EPCA test is also very specific to it, meaning that other cancers and benign prostate conditions are not detected, thus boosting doctors' confidence that a positive EPCA test is really a sign of prostate cancer, added Getzenberg. "Once this test is refined and approved for general use, it will have an impact on the detection and treatment of prostate cancer," said Getzenberg. For the current study, Getzenberg and colleagues developed a simple test that would detect EPCA in the blood and then measured the EPCA levels in 46 patients, including those with prostate cancer (12 patients), bladder cancer (six patients), colon cancer (two patients), kidney cancer (one patient), spinal cord injury (seven patients) and noncancerous prostate inflammation (two patients), and 16 healthy individuals. The study was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh while Getzenberg was a member of its faculty. The researchers found that EPCA levels were high in 11 of 12 prostate cancer patients (92 percent) and low in all of the healthy individuals. Only two bladder cancer patients and none of the other patients had elevated EPCA levels, suggesting that for this study, the test was correct 94 percent of the time. For comparison, only one-quarter of patients who undergo biopsies because they have elevated PSA values are actually positive for prostate cancer, while as many as 15 percent of those with low PSA values were found to have prostate cancer as detected by biopsy, according to Getzenberg. Larger clinical trials are under way to further refine the EPCA test, to make it more sensitive so it can pick up even the smallest traces of the marker, and to verify its usefulness for detecting prostate cancer in a larger sample of patients, said Getzenberg. Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in American men. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be approximately 232,090 new cases of prostate cancer in the United States in 2005, and 30,350 men will die of this disease. Funding for the study was provided by Tessera Inc. Other authors on the report are Barbara Paul, Rajiv Dhir, Douglas Landsittel and Moira Hitchens, all of the University of Pittsburgh. On the Web: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/ http://urology.jhu.edu/robertgetzenberg/index.php Robert Getzenberg is a paid consultant to and received an unrestricted research grant from Tessera Inc. Under separate agreements between the University of Pittsburgh and Tessera and the Johns Hopkins University and Tessera, Getzenberg is entitled to a share of royalty payments to the universities on sales of licensed products. The EPCA test is the subject of the license agreement between the University of Pittsburgh and Tessera.


Why do smart people make irrational decisions every day? The answers will surprise you. Predictably Irrational is an intriguing, witty and utterly original look at why we all make illogical decisions. Why can a 50p aspirin do what a 5p aspirin can't? If an item is "free" it must be a bargain, right? Why is everything relative, even when it shouldn't be? How do our expectations influence our actual opinions and decisions? In this astounding book, behavioural economist Dan Ariely cuts to the heart of our strange behaviour, demonstrating how irrationality often supplants rational thought and that the reason for this is embedded in the very structure of our minds. Predicatably Irrational brilliantly blends everyday experiences with a series of illuminating and often surprising experiments, that will change your understanding of human behaviour. And, by recognising these patterns, Ariely shows that we can make better decisions in business, in matters of collective welfare, and in our everyday lives from drinking coffee to losing weight, buying a car to choosing a romantic partner.


Stratton, Allan. The Grave Robber's Apprentice . Toronto: Harper Collins Publishers Limited, 2012. Print. The Grave Robber's Apprentice is a dark tale of the vilest sorcerer and the most sinister Archduke who constantly orchestrate unsettling dangers that protagonists Hans and Angela must endure to save themselves and their families. In this beautifully crafted literary tale, Stratton offers first a found child tossed into the sea in a box emblazoned with a strange crest and jewels, the child bears an eagle birthmark on his shoulder. We next meet Knobbe the Bent, a grave robber, who finds the boy and decides to take him in so "in my old age, he can tend me" (p. 6). Until that time Hans exists as a son to the grave robber, living in a cave and learning, but not liking, the trade. What would this story be without a princess? Stratton doesn't disappoint the reader when he introduces the headstrong Countess Angela who spends her days presenting fantastic puppet plays to her nurse and wishing for her own happy ending. But in such a tale as this where evil lurks and secrets are kept it is only a matter of time before the Archduke Arnulf's henchmen come to claim Angela for the Archduke. Angela's mother and father are imprisoned by Arnulf until they agree to the marriage. When the plan to feign Angela's death with a potion from the necromancer is foiled, a lifeless Angela is left abandoned in a coffin in the family tomb. Hans saw Angela buy the potion from the necromancer and in an attempt to placate his grave robber father, enters her tomb where he inadvertently saves a reanimated Angela. The pauper and the princess now band together (although unhappily at first) to escape their present dangers and find the help needed to save Angela's parents from the depths of the Archduke's asylum. They embark on an action-packed adventure seeking a reclusive hermit in the mountains who they hope will help them. Together Hans and Angela befriend some quirky characters; a family of wild circus entertainers with bears and the band of the legendary Wolf King who come to their aid more than once when they team up to outwit the necromancer and the Archduke.The evil necromancer, the Archduke Arnulf, his executioners and henchmen's despicable plans counterbalance the good of the Wolf King, the Pandolini family, and Peter the Hermit. The short chapters are organized in five acts identifying each of the characters: The 'Little' Countess, The Wolf King, Peter the Hermit, The Circus of Dancing Bears, and Johannes, Prince of Waldland. Some readers may feel that a folk tale formula offers limited novelty, but the story is packed with adventure after adventure, capture following escape, escape following capture, and plenty of secrets, which when revealed, tie this tale into a very satisfying package. Fans of adventure and fast-paced tales full of fantastic events will enjoy this engrossing story. Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Leslie Holwerda Leslie Holwerda is a teacher-librarian/literacy coach at Lougheed Middle School in Brampton, Ontario. She has been a teacher-librarian for ten years and loves reading, selecting and recommending books for readers. She is especially interested in encouraging reluctant readers to pick up and read books no matter the genre, topic or format. The opportunity to motivate readers with e-books and reading apps in the school library is an exciting prospect.


Why is the nation in a post-colonial world so often seen as a motherland? This study explores the relationship between gender icons and foundational fictions of the nation in different post-colonial spaces. The author's work on the intersections between independence, nationalism and gender has already proved canonical in the field. This book combines her keynote essays on the mother figure and the post-colonial nation with new work on male autobiography, 'daughter' writers, the colonial body, the trauma of the post-colony and the nation in a transnational context. Focusing on Africa as well as South Asia, and sexuality as well as gender, the author offers close readings of writers ranging from Chinua Achebe, Ben Okri and Nelson Mandela to Arundhati Roy and Yvonne Vera, shaping these into a critical engagement with theorists of the nation such as Fredric Jameson and Partha Chatterjee. Moving beyond cynical deconstructions of the post-colony, the book mounts a reassessment of the post-colonial nation as a site of potential empowerment, as a 'paradoxical refuge' in a globalised world. It acts on its own impassioned argument that post-colonial and nation-state studies address substantively issues hitherto raised chiefly within international feminism.


Social contagion effects due to geographical proximity refer to the social effects wherein the behavior of an individual varies with the behavior of other individuals who are geographically close. Although the influence of such effects on consumer choices has been established in several contexts, much of the extant studies have focused on its effect on consumers' decision of whether to buy a new product or adopt a new innovation. There has been no systematic examination of the influence of geographic proximity on other aspects of consumers' product buying process such as what to buy (i.e., brand choice), how to buy (i.e., the channel), and where to buy (i.e., retailers). Such effects can matter significantly in high-technology and durable goods markets and therefore, it is critical to understand the scope of these on consumers' choice of retailers and channel as well. Drawing on literatures from word of mouth effects, ecommerce, and consumers' perception of risk in their purchase process, we develop a set of hypotheses on the effect of geographic proximity on consumers' choices of what to buy, how to buy, and where to buy. Leveraging a microlevel dataset of purchases of personal computers, we develop brand-, retailer-, and channel-related measures of proximity effects at the individual consumer level and estimate a joint disaggregate model of the three choices that make up a product purchase process to test these hypotheses. Our results indicate a significant contagion effect on each of the three choices. Furthermore, we find evidence of a greater effect of geographic proximity on inexperienced consumers—those who are new to the product category. Our results thus help develop a holistic understanding of the influence of social contagion effects on consumers' decision making.


This Article uses the Trayvon Martin shooting to examine the operation of implicit racial bias in cases involving self-defense claims. Judges and juries are often unaware that implicit racial bias can influence their perceptions of threat, danger, and suspicion in cases involving minority defendants and victims. Failure to recognize the effects of implicit racial bias is especially problematic in cases involving black male victims and claims of self-defense because such bias can make the defendant's fear of the victim and his decision to use deadly force seem reasonable. The effects of implicit racial bias are particularly likely to operate under the radar screen in a society like ours that views itself as post-racial. Recent social science research on race salience by Samuel Sommers and Phoebe Ellsworth suggests that individuals are more likely to overcome their implicit biases if race is made salient than if race is simply a background factor — known but not highlighted. Making race salient or calling attention to the relevance of race in a given situation encourages individuals to suppress what would otherwise be automatic, stereotypic congruent responses in favor of acting in a more egalitarian manner. In the Trayvon Martin case, race was made salient by the huge public outcry over the Sanford Police Department's failure to arrest George Zimmerman and accusations of racial profiling, which received extensive media coverage. Most criminal cases, however, do not receive the kind of media attention received in the Trayvon Martin case. In most criminal cases involving a minority defendant or victim, race is a background factor but is not something either party tries to highlight. The parties may think race is not relevant, or they may fear that if they call attention to race, they will be accused of playing the race card. Race, however, often is relevant to questions about the reasonableness of fear and calling attention to race may be the best way to defuse the adverse effects of implicit racial bias.Building on these insights, this Article suggests that in the run-of-the- mill case, when an individual claims he shot a young black male in self-defense, the police, the prosecutor, the judge, and the jury are likely to find reasonable the individual's claim that he felt he was being threatened by the young black male unless mechanisms are in place to make the operation of racial stereotypes in the creation of fear salient. The Article concludes with some suggestions as to how prosecutors and defense attorneys concerned about the operation of implicit racial bias can make race salient in the criminal courtroom.


A formidable geographic barrier exists in Canada for institutions wishing to provide opportunities for university education but serving clients and communities in remote regions of a province. In early September l995, the University of Alberta, Fairview College, and Kayas Cultural College embarked on a new partnership in offering a selected number of introductory Faculty of Arts courses in remote regions of northwestern Alberta. The primary mode of delivery was synchronized, multi-point videoconferencing (to as many as six sites), with all courses delivered from the University of Alberta campus. Slightly more than 70 percent of the student cohort for the first academic year were Aboriginal students. This paper provides a contextual background, describes the implementation, and reports the findings from a detailed formative evaluation of this partnership. The focus is primarily administrative in that questions addressed will relate to how such programs can be planned, implemented, managed, and monitored.


The main motivation of this contribution is to introduce a computational laboratory to analyse defects and fractures at the sub--micro scale. To this end, we have attempted to present a continuum--atomistic multiscale algorithm for the analysis of crystalline deformation, i.e. we have combined the above--mentioned Cauchy--Born rule within a finite element approximation (FEM) on the continuum region with a molecular dynamics (MD) resolution on the atomistic domain. The aim is twofold: on the one hand the stability, i.e. validity of the Cauchy--Born rule and its transition to non--affine deformation at the micron--scale is studied with the help of molecular dynamics approach to capture fine--scales features; on the other hand a horizontal FEM/MD, i.e. continuum atomistic coupling, is envisaged in order to study representative cases of crystalline defects. To cope with the latter we have introduced a horizontal coupling method for continuum--atomistic analysis.


Filoviral haemorrhagic fevers (FVHF) are caused by agents belonging to Filoviridae family, Ebola and Marburg viruses. They are amongst the most lethal pathogens known to infect humans. Incidence of FVHF outbreaks are increasing, with affected number of patients on the rise. Whilst there has been no report yet of FVHF in Zambia, its proximity to Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo, which have recorded major outbreaks, as well as the open borders, increased trade and annual migration of bats between these countries, puts Zambia at present and increased risk. Previous studies have indicated bats as potential reservoir hosts for filoviruses. An increasing population with an increasing demand for resources has forced incursion into previously uninhabited land, potentially bringing them into contact with unknown pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or amplifying hosts. The recent discovery of a novel arenavirus, Lujo, highlights the potential that every region, including Zambia, has for being the epicentre or primary focus for emerging and re-emerging infections. It is therefore imperative that surveillance for potential emerging infections, such as viral haemorrhagic fevers be instituted. In order to accomplish this surveillance, rapid detection, identification and monitoring of agents in patients and potential reservoirs is needed. International co-operation is the strategy of choice for the surveillance and fight against emerging infections. Due to the extensive area in which filoviral infections can occur, a regional approach to surveillance activities is required, with regional referral centres. There is a need to adopt shared policies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. There is also need for optimisation of currently available tests and development of new diagnostic tests, in order to have robust, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that can be used even where there are inadequate laboratories and diagnostic services.


Water-and-energy supply is a global issue of paramount importance. The demand for safe potable water is quickly exceeding the limits of natural regional water resources. Like oil, water is a finite resource; unlike oil, however, water has no alternatives. Water, energy and their environmentally sound solutions are interrelated; and of all the present-day environmental problems, those related to energy-and-water will have the worst long-term consequences if not resolved. Spiral-woundreverse-osmosis (SWRO) desalination provides an alternative water resource that is both energyefficient and highly-effective in removing particulate matter to well within the EPA's NPDWRs. Thermodynamically SWRO is an isothermal, reversible process that is closer to the lower energy limit than any other present-day desalination process. Real-world energy consumption, however, still accounts for +50% of the total operating cost of SWRO desalination plants. According to the U.S. Desalination and Water Purification Roadmap, membrane-permeability and fouling-resistance are primary economic drivers which translate directly to the energy footprint of these multimegawatt facilities, whereby biofouling (marine-bacteria-biofilms) is considered the "Achilles Heel" of SWRO-membrane processes. , Concurrent research demonstrating the feasibility of dielectrophoresis as a biofouling remediation technology revealed that colloidal particles can be effectively levitated to a steady height above a SWRO-membrane. This study is still largely inconclusive in that only clay-colloids were examined; the electrokinetic properties of which are drastically different than those of marine-bacteria. Rather than developing potentially-costprohibitive SWRO-membrane embedded microelectrode arrays, the primary focus of the simulation studies being conducted (utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3; AC/DC, Microfluidics, & ParticleTracing-Modules) are focused on developing a pretreatment-filtration device that is immediately upstream of the SWRO-membranes (d_p: 1-1000μm),. The mCD device is an ideal desalination feasibility study platform. In order to better quantitatively describe the performance characteristics of a mCD device, numerical simulation efforts are being conducted utilizing COMSOL Mulitphysics. The system of interest is comprised of 8 channels (50micron square cross-section, +20mm in radial length) rotating at 1rps, 10rps, and 100rps. The flow fields for various mCD-channel (angular) velocities is calculated using COMSOLs Rotating Machinery, Laminar Flow interface for singlephase flows. A "freeze" boundary condition will be applied to the outlets of each of the 8 channels whereby the specific flow cross-sectional makeups can be described using the Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow Module (to determine the cell distributions on the channel outlet flows and determine the 100%SeparationZone geometry). Preliminary simulation fluid flow results demonstrate good agreement with published research results. Research to be concluded prior to the October: (Study 1) Anisotropic diffusion of magnetotactic-bacteria (dynamic chemotaxis modeling w/ bi-directional, flagellar-locomotion) using: a) magnetophoresis, and b) dielectrophoresis; (Study 2) Design improvements of microfluidic devices used for magnetophoretic separations, as well as follow-on studies to describe separation efficiencies for various solute-solvent concentrations (i.e. 10^n/mL; cells/milliliters/(solvent/solute). To further SWRO-membrane desalination as an energy-efficient, drought-proof and environmentally benign technology; it is herein proposed that cellular-bacteriaseparations can be demonstrated utilizing the centrifugal-microfluidics (mCD) platform. Forecasting the system's separation effectiveness and subsequent energy-demand utilizing COMSOL Multiphyics is the most significant component of this technology's success. Furthermore, this novel demonstration of the mCD platform using COMSOL Mulitphysics can be applied to other applications such as clinical diagnostics, cancer research, and other flow-cytometry applications.


One of the most curious and misdirected regulatory approaches of the Securities and Exchange Commission is the Commission's relentless refusal to permit small businesses to solicit broadly for external capital. The Commission is ably assisted in this unfortunate approach by state blue sky laws and state securities regulators. To some extent, it has always been a perfect storm for small businesses in this regard. The Securities and Exchange Commission has never understood small businesses, the way they raise capital and the obstacles they face in the capital markets, and high profile matters have left the Commission little time for (or interest in) the problems of small issuers. State securities regulators, who hold trumps in the matter, have a notorious hostility to legitimate capital formation activities by small companies. Finally, collective action problems have made it difficult for small issuers to compete for fair and efficient governmental rules respecting capital formation. As a result, small businesses, which are vital to our national economy and otherwise face enormous structural impediments when they compete for external capital, are further disadvantaged by burdensome, inefficient and anti-competitive governmental regulatory schemes. The purpose of this article is to make the case for Commission action freeing small companies from regulatory rules that unfairly limit their legitimate capital formation activities. The focus of the article is Regulation D, which is the most likely path small issuers take in order to meet the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. Regulation D, however, requires issuers in marketing their securities to refrain from any general solicitation. State blue sky laws also effectively prohibit any general solicitation by small businesses attempting to rely on Regulation D. The Commission can - and should - eliminate both the federal and state prohibitions against general solicitations in Regulation D offerings. Permitting small issuers to solicit broadly in a Regulation D offering would improve small businesses access to external capital without any loss of investor protection.


Ensemble consisting of a vest and pants. The vest is of wool,with a scoop-neck and with 5 hook-and-eye closures down center front. It is covered in sewn-on black sequins, and has a 1" border of orange, white and gold beads with gold trim at neckline, front opening, hem, and armholes. On the front and back of the vest are 3" diamond shapes formed of the same beads. The white and orange beads are plastic. The vest is fully lined in black fabric. Labels in vest: "Valentina LTD / RN 34435 / Made in Hong Kong"; "100% Wool / Made in Hong Kong"; and "Medium". The pants are formed as a divided skirt of black wool in a satin weave simulating crepe-back satin. They are floor length, with full-length accordion pleats. There is a wide 3" waistband that is completely beaded to match the vest. The pants have a center back zipper closure with hook-and-eye at waistband, and are unlined. Inside the pants is a single tag at waistband: "Lot Number 11/12".


This short overview reviews, in the first part, some of the most important fields of investigation where studies on Galician have contributed to variational linguistics, including macro- and micro-sociolinguistic studies (sections 1-3). The second part (sections 4-7) postulates some possible theoretical and empirical areas which we recommend to be included in future research. We propose a critical application of new models of linguistic variation, including recent frameworks such as studies on grammaticalisation, OT, intonational phonology, etc., but also call for the inclusion of established insights into language variation common in the European tradition. The high concentration of research institutions and the strongly dynamic situation of contemporary Galician could serve as an empirical touchstone for these theoretical frameworks, and Galician linguistics should apply them in a critical, flexible and creative way. This means that research on Galician will not only learn from theory but also contribute to it. We also briefly mention some of the areas where the studies of Galician have already contributed some important results to an overall perspective on linguistic variation


One of the most important determinant aspects of children's outcome is parenting. The baby who is born doesn't have any knowledge about the world so the family can be considered as a first teacher.The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between Baumrind's three perceived paternal and maternal parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian & permissive) with academic achievement among Iranian high school students who were between the ages 15 to 17. The total numbers of participants were 546 who included 249 males and 297 females. Participants were selected using proportional stratified and multi-stage cluster random sampling. They filled two questioners, Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991), and self-demographic report which included their current Grade Point Average. In this study academic achievement was dependent variable and subscales of parenting style were independents ones. A noteworthy positive relationship between authoritative parents with academic achievements was shown by Pearson's correlation. Authoritative parents were determined as the best predicator for dependent variables by standard multiple regression. In contrast, based on students' academic achievement, the approximate mean score of the three paternal and maternal parenting styles were similar. By considering students' academic achievement, an independent t-test expressed no differences between male and female students. There are several implications for the Ministry of Education, Administrators of schools, and Parents, which are discussed at various levels.


Top cybersecurity journalist Kim Zetter tells the story behind the virus that sabotaged Irans nuclear efforts and shows how its existence has ushered in a new age of warfareone in which a digital attack can have the same destructive capability as a megaton bomb. In January 2010, inspectors with the International Atomic Energy Agency noticed that centrifuges at an Iranian uranium enrichment plant were failing at an unprecedented rate. The cause was a complete mysteryapparently as much to the technicians replacing the centrifuges as to the inspectors observing them. Then, five months later, a seemingly unrelated event occurred: A computer security firm in Belarus was called in to troubleshoot some computers in Iran that were crashing and rebooting repeatedly. At first, the firms programmers believed the malicious code on the machines was a simple, routine piece of malware. But as they and other experts around the world investigated, they discovered a mysterious virus of unparalleled complexity. They had, they soon learned, stumbled upon the worlds first digital weapon. For Stuxnet, as it came to be known, was unlike any other virus or worm built before: Rather than simply hijacking targeted computers or stealing information from them, it escaped the digital realm to wreak actual, physical destruction on a nuclear facility. In these pages, Wired journalist Kim Zetter draws on her extensive sources and expertise to tell the story behind Stuxnets planning, execution, and discovery, covering its genesis in the corridors of Bushs White House and its unleashing on systems in Iranand telling the spectacular, unlikely tale of the security geeks who managed to unravel a sabotage campaign years in the making. But Countdown to Zero Day ranges far beyond Stuxnet itself. Here, Zetter shows us how digital warfare developed in the US. She takes us inside todays flourishing zero-day grey markets, in which intelligence agencies and militaries pay huge sums for the malicious code they need to carry out infiltrations and attacks. She reveals just how vulnerable many of our own critical systems are to Stuxnet-like strikes, from nation-state adversaries and anonymous hackers alikeand shows us just what might happen should our infrastructure be targeted by such an attack. Propelled by Zetters unique knowledge and access, and filled with eye-opening explanations of the technologies involved, Countdown to Zero Day is a comprehensive and prescient portrait of a world at the edge of a new kind of war.


Many companies are in competition with their customers to extract as much value as possible from every transaction. Pricing is their weapon of choice, and consumers fight back by rooting out and disseminating pricing policies that seem unfair. The problem is that companies generally think of value as a pie that is rightfully theirs. But value is not fixed, and it neither originates with nor belongs solely to the firm. Without a willing customer, there is no value. Instead of using pricing in a way that turns customers into adversaries, companies can use it to enlarge the pie. That means viewing customers as partners in value creation - a collaboration that increases customers' engagement and taps their insights about the value they seek and how firms could deliver it. The result can be new revenue, increased customer satisfaction and loyalty, positive word of mouth, and cost savings. The multi-year process to price the 8 million tickets to the upcoming London 2012 Olympic Games suggests five principles for using pricing to create shared value: Focus on relationships, not on transactions, by using pricing to communicate that you value customers as people; set prices proactively to discourage detrimental behavior and to encourage behavior that is beneficial to both your firm and your customers; allow prices to change in response to shifting customer needs; promote transparency by providing the rationale for your pricing; and make sure that prices and the processes by which they are set meet consumers' expectations about what is fair.


Summary Thyroid storm with multi-organ failure limits the use of conventional treatment. A 44-year-old male presented with thyroid storm and experienced cardiovascular collapse after beta-blocker administration, with resultant fulminant multi-organ failure requiring inotropic support, mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hepatic and renal failure precluded the use of conventional thyroid storm treatment and early plasma exchange was instituted. The patient underwent emergency thyroidectomy after four effective exchanges, with subsequent rapid reversal of multi-organ failure. The challenges of institution of plasma exchanges with ongoing ECMO support, dialysis and timing of thyroidectomy are discussed. This case highlights the important role of early therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as an effective salvage therapy for lowering circulating hormones and stabilization of patients in preparation for emergency thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid storm and fulminant multi-organ failure. Learning points: Administration of beta-blockers in thyroid storm presenting with congestive cardiac failure may precipitate cardiovascular collapse due to inhibition of thyroid-induced hyperadrenergic compensation which maintains cardiac output. TPE can be an effective bridging therapy to emergency total thyroidectomy when conventional thyroid storm treatment is contraindicated. End-organ support using ECMO and CRRT can be combined with TPE effectively in the management of critically ill cases of thyroid storm. The effectiveness of plasma exchange in lowering thyroid hormones appears to wane after 44–48 h of therapy in this case, highlighting the importance early thyroidectomy.


This captivating book takes readers on an illustrated tour of the black railroad experience from slavery to Amtrak. With almost 200 images-many never before published-Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., examines the significant contributions of African Americans to the building, maintenance, operation, and profitability of the American railway system. The history of American railroads, Kornweibel makes clear, cannot be separated from African American history. For over a century, railroading provided the most important industrial occupation for blacks. Brakemen, firemen, porters, chefs, mechanics, laborers-African American men and women have been essential to the daily operation and success of American railroads. The connections between railroads and African Americans extend well beyond employment. Civil rights protests beginning in the late 19th century challenged railroad segregation and job discrimination; the major waves of black migration to the North depended almost entirely on railroads; and railroad themes and imagery penetrated deep into black art, literature, drama, folklore, and music. Kornweibel's visual presentation of this rich history brings to life the hundreds of thousands of blacks who toiled for decades on America's great rail systems. Each chapter of text focuses on a different occupation or railroading experience, some peculiar to blacks. Together, the evocative images and the complementary essays supply a comprehensive and powerful survey of the social, cultural, political, and economic influence of African Americans on railroads and of railroads on the black community. Few today recall the importance of blacks to the American railroad industry, even though most black families have railroading ancestors. These stories of hardship and heroism, exploitation and endurance, anger and artistry illuminate a rich heritage and fascinating chapter in American history.


This paper examines how the constitutional protections for commercial speech have limited the ability of Congress and FDA to regulate prescription drugs in ways that can affect safety. In Thompson v. Western States, the Supreme Court struck down a Congressional restriction on advertisements for unapproved "compound" drugs because a disclosure that FDA had not approved the compound was considered a constitutionally adequate alternative. While drug compounds are a relatively obscure category, the decision influenced Congress in deciding not to require a moratorium on television advertisements for newly approved drugs until the risks were better known. The paper also provides an overview of the intense dispute about the legal and constitutional protections for manufacturers who distribute reprints to doctors of studies they fund about off-label uses of a drug with a disclosure about the lack of agency approval. At the end of the Bush Administration, FDA issued a Guidance Document that the agency did not intend to consider the non-promotional distribution of reprints about an off-label use by a company with disclosures about the lack of FDA approval as establishing an "intent" that the product be used for an unapproved use. While the agency position is ambiguous on whether it rests on statutory or constitutional grounds, or is an enforcement policy, if the new Administration were to revoke the Guidance, a constitutional challenge could ensue. That litigation could also test the difference between commercial speech and expressive speech that receives the highest First Amendment protections.Justice Breyer, in his dissent in Western States, maintained that a "more lenient application" of the Constitution is needed and warned against "an overly rigid commercial speech doctrine" for Governmental decisions that affect "health and safety." Transforming these decisions into a constitutional decision "would involve a tragic constitutional misunderstanding" as shown by history with respect to the Due Process clause. Instead, for drugs and products that affect health, the test needs to be a "flexible" one that examines the restrictions "proportionality, the relation between restriction and objective, the fit between ends and means." This paper explores how a safety-aware proportionality test would apply to the areas where the commercial speech doctrine has limited FDA's ability to restrict drug promotion.


Counseling Association by Dr. Garry R. Walz and Dr. Jeanne C. Bleuer of Counseling Outfitters, LLC. Its purpose is to provide a means of capturing the ideas, information and experiences generated by the annual ACA Conference and selected ACA Division Conferences. Papers on a program or practice that has been validated through research or experience may also be submitted. This digital collection of peer-reviewed articles is authored by counselors, for counselors. VISTAS Online contains the full text of over 500 proprietary counseling articles published from 2004 to present.


Federal interest in using facial recognition technology ("FRT") to collect, analyze, and use biometric information is rapidly growing. Despite the swift movement of agencies and contractors into this realm, however, Congress has been virtually silent on the current and potential uses of FRT. No laws directly address facial recognition — much less the pairing of facial recognition with video surveillance — in criminal law. Limits placed on the collection of personally identifiable information, moreover, do not apply. The absence of a statutory framework is a cause for concern. FRT represents the first of a series of next generation biometrics, such as hand geometry, iris, vascular patterns, hormones, and gait, which, when paired with surveillance of public space, give rise to novel questions of law and policy. These technologies constitute what can be termed Remote Biometric Identification ("RBI"). That is, they give the government the ability to ascertain the identity (1) of multiple people, (2) at a distance, (3) in public space, (4) absent notice and consent, and (5) in a continuous and on-going manner. RBI fundamentally differs from what can be understood as Immediate Biometric Identification ("IBI") — i.e., the use of biometrics to determine identity at the point of arrest, following conviction, or in conjunction with access to secure facilities. IBI, in contrast, tends to be focused (1) on a single individual, (2) close-up, (3) in relation either to custodial detention or in the context of a specific physical area related to government activity, (4) in a manner often involving notice and often consent, and (5) is a one-time or limited occurrence. The types of legal and policy questions raised by RBI significantly differ from those accompanying IBI. In the absence of a statutory framework, we are driven to Constitutional considerations, where the Court's jurisprudence proves inadequate as a way of addressing the concerns that present in the realm of RBI. The Fourth Amendment's guarantee to protection against unreasonable search and seizure and the probable cause requirement for the issuance of warrants; the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination; the First Amendment's protection of speech and assembly; and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' due process protections fail to account for the way in which such measures fundamentally challenge the current norms. The article calls for Congressional action and a judicial framing commensurate with the threat posed by these new and emerging technologies.


Orientation: The interference between work and personal life is a central issue in the 21st century as employees attempt to balance or integrate their involvement in multiple social roles. Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to, (1) develop new items for a more comprehensive work−nonwork interference instrument, (2) evaluate the newly developed items to retain those items that accurately capture the different dimensions and (3) eliminate undesirable items from the different subscales in the instrument. Motivation for the study: Although the interaction between work and personal life has received extensive attention in the work−family fields of research, various theoretical, empirical and measurement issues need to be addressed. Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect the data. Main findings: Initially, 89 items were developed. During the pilot study among mineworkers ( n = 245), 41 poor items were eliminated on the basis of descriptive statistics, inter-item correlations, item-total correlations and the qualitative investigation of items highly redundant in terms of wording. Thereafter, the instrument (48 items) was administered to 366 support and academic personnel at a tertiary institution. Using Rasch analyses and item correlations, 18 additional items were eliminated, resulting in a 30-item instrument (15 items were retained to measure work-nonwork interference and 15 items to measure nonwork-work interference). Practical/managerial implications: A major theoretical limitation to the measurement of work−family interference relates to the dimensionality and inconsistent measurement of the directionality of interference. Contribution/value-add: With the development of this new instrument, several of the theoretical and measurement limitations voiced by previous researchers have been addressed, providing this instrument with distinct advantages over previous work−family instruments.


Sennacherib's third campaign is one of the more thoroughly inves- tigated events that intersects with biblical history. The fact that there are three biblical narratives (2 Kgs 18–19; Isa 36–37; 2 Chr 32) concerned with the Assyrian campaign against Judah under- scores its obvious importance to the biblical writers. The existence of multiple copies of Assyrian annals that refer to these events, as well as the "Lachish reliefs" pictorially depicting the Assyrian siege and sacking of the Judahite city during the same campaign, likely explains why the events have captured the imagination of biblical scholars and historians alike. 1 Some of the chief debates concerning


Sir Alex announced his retirement as manager of Manchester United after 27 years in the role. He has gone out in a blaze of glory, with United winning the Premier League for the 13th time, and he is widely considered to be the greatest manager in the history of British football. Over the last quarter of a century there have been seismic changes at Manchester United. The only constant element has been the quality of the manager's league-winning squad and United's run of success, which included winning the Champions League for a second time in 2008. Sir Alex created a purposeful, but welcoming, and much envied culture at the club which has lasted the test of time. Sir Alex saw Manchester United change from a conventional football club to what is now a major business enterprise, and he never failed to move with the times. It was directly due to his vision, energy and ability that he was able to build teams both on and off the pitch. He was a man-manager of phenomenal skill, and increasingly he had to deal with global stars. His relationship with Cristiano Ronaldo, for instance, was excellent and David Beckham has described Sir Alex as a father figure. Over the past four years, Sir Alex has been reflecting on and jotting down the highlights of his extraordinary career and in his new book he will reveal his amazing story as it unfolded, from his very early days in the tough shipyard areas of Govan.


The catastrophic flood of 2010 along the Indus River began in July with unusually intense but not unprecedented rainfall in the upland catchment. During four months, close to 2,000 fatalities occurred and ~20,000,000 inhabitants were displaced. The meteorological events triggered but did not cause this "natural" disaster. Analysis of multi-temporal remote sensing and topography instead indicates that most damage was caused by dam and barrage-related backwater effects, reduced water and sediment conveyance capacity, and multiple failures of irrigation system levees. The numerous failures extended from upstream areas, where some record discharges occurred, to downstream reaches and the delta, where peak discharges were not extreme. In Sindh, Pakistan, two major river avulsions (sudden changes in flow location) occurred. At one of these (the northern avulsion), Indus water flooded ~8,000 km of agricultural land to depths of 1–3 m; part of the river flowed 50–100 km west of its pre-flood location. The avulsion was caused by breaching of the Tori Bund, an artificial levee upstream of Sukkur Barrage, on 6–7 August, two days before arrival of the first flood crest and long before attainment of peak river flow at Chacharan, 100 km upstream, on 24 August. The early breach, during the rising stages of the flood, permitted much of the incoming flood wave to feed the avulsion over a sustained period. As was the case for the dramatic and temporary avulsion of the Kosi River, India, in 2008, the lack of planned accommodation to the river's high sediment load and its super-elevation above the surrounding terrain set the stage for exceptionally dangerous levee failures and channel avulsions. Major translocations of river flow will continue to occur during large flood events whether flood warning is improved or not. The observed dynamics indicate that reinforcing the existing engineering structures is not a sustainable strategy for avoiding future flood catastrophes. Instead, planning for major water and sediment flow diversions is required for effective flood control along the Indus and other sediment-rich and avulsion-prone rivers.


On April 16, 2010 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a civil complaint against Goldman Sachs in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint alleged that Goldman violated the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws, in connection with a 2007 synthetic collateralized debt obligation (CDO) transaction, ABACUS 2007-AC1 SPV (ABACUS). Goldman agreed a $500 million settlement with the SEC on July 15, 2010. We analyze the ABACUS transaction and the SEC's complaint against Goldman Sachs in the context of recent technological changes within the investment banking market. Investment banking was historically a relationship-based business, sustained by reputationally intermediated tacit contracts. Recent advances in information technology and financial economics have codified many formerly tacit elements of investment banking. As a result, some investment banking deals are now transacted at arm's length, and rely more upon formal contracts; we argue that, for this type of deal, there is a stronger case for legal rules regulating the investment bank-counterparty relationship. However, some deals continue to be arbitrated by tacit rules and norms and, for these deals, legal rules are less appropriate, because it is very hard for a third party to ascertain tacit understandings made in the context of a long-lived relationship. An attempt to introduce legal rules into reputationally intermediated relationships may even impair the counterparties' ability to arrive at informal arrangements, and so to trade. The supervision of deals like ABACUS should therefore reflect the extent to which they are transactional or relational; we argue that in neither case is there justification for the application of legal rules or the gap-filling standard of fiduciary duties.


We present RetroDepth, a new vision-based system for accurately sensing the 3D silhouettes of hands, styluses, and other objects, as they interact on and above physical surfaces. Our setup is simple, cheap, and easily reproducible, comprising of two infrared cameras, diffuse infrared LEDs, and any off-the-shelf retro-reflective material. The retro-reflector aids image segmentation, creating a strong contrast between the surface and any object in proximity. A new highly efficient stereo matching algorithm precisely estimates the 3D contours of interacting objects and the retro-reflective surfaces. A novel pipeline enables 3D finger, hand and object tracking, as well as gesture recognition, purely using these 3D contours. We demonstrate high-precision sensing, allowing robust disambiguation between a finger or stylus touching, pressing or interacting above the surface. This allows many interactive scenarios that seamlessly mix together freehand 3D interactions with touch, pressure and stylus input. As shown, these rich modalities of input are enabled on and above any retro-reflective surface, including custom "physical widgets" fabricated by users. We compare our system with Kinect and Leap Motion, and conclude with limitations and future work.


This article is concerned with natural convective heat transfer from square cylinder mounted on a plane adiabatic base, the cylinders having an exposed cylinder surface according to different horizontal angle. The cylinder receives heat from a radiating heater which results in a buoyant flow. There are many industrial applications, including refrigeration, ventilation and the cooling of electrical components, for which the present study may be applicable


Introduction: Medium voltage reclosers are representing nowadays an important link between transmission power systems and low voltage grids. With a high level of renewable energy penetration, the medium voltage networks are becoming bidirectional. Therefore, the associated switching devices must ensure the protection of newer types of power systems as well as new types of loads. The optimal design of medium voltage reclosers is therefore important in order to enable high level switching capabilities. GriedShield recloser is a well know medium voltage protection device where the single coil actuators are being successfully used. GriedShield recloser has the ability to perform as a recloser, sectionalizer or automated load break switch. Proven design rated for 10.000 full load operations [1]. One pole of such device can be considered as being composed of two main subsystems: power and actuation. The first is represented by the power connections and the key element that ensures the arc extinguish the vacuum interrupter [2]. The second subsystem can be either mechanical or an electromagnetic-based actuation unit. The electromagnetic solution presents several advantages compared to the mechanical approach, such as fewer components, higher reliability and less maintenance. The dynamic characteristics of electromagnetic actuators are strongly influenced by their shape, material proprieties, electric and mechanical elements. The magnetic, electric and mechanical dynamics are actually mutually dependent, with each affecting the others. Therefore, in order to ensure a fast and efficient design it is important to consider the Finite Element modeling and simulation enabling electromagnetic actuators virtual prototyping. This paper focuses on modeling, simulation and optimization of the electromagnetic actuators integrated in ABB's reclosers. In the next section, this paper gives an overview regarding the operating principle of a single phase recloser. The third part focuses on the set-up of a steady-state 2D finite element simulation including materials non-linearity. The fourth section illustrates the coupling of the 2D model with an optimization software, modeFrontier [3] as well as an optimization case study. The next section introduces the challenges related to the actuator's modeling and simulation in 3D Transient. The final part of this paper presents the contribution of this work as well as the perspectives. Operating Principle: The electromagnetic actuation unit used to drive the recloser is shown in Figure 2. The main subsystems of this unit are: stator, the two armatures (corresponding to the on and off positions), the coil, the permanent magnet, the opening spring and the stator. In the closed position, the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets attracts the "on" armature. The open position is reached when the repelling opening spring is discharged. The permanent magnets will generate magnetic short circuits at the rear side of the stator. During the closing process a coil current will generate an attractive force that overcomes the holding force due to the short circuits on the rear side of the stator and subsequently the repelling spring force. At the end of the closing process, the "on" armature is attracted by the stator pole faces. For the opening operation, a coil current in the inverse direction has to compensate the magnetic force of the "on" armature. Then the repelling spring force becomes greater than the attracting magnetic force and the actuator opening operation is initiated. Both for closing and opening processes, the maximum amplitude of the coil current must be high enough in order to cause movement over the whole stroke length. Depending on the reclosers rating, different stroke lengths are included in the actual products. At the same time, the driving current amplitude and control is adapted accordingly [1]. Therefore, depending on the application, different variants of electronic control units are used. 2D Static Simulations: This section presents the setup of a 2D Static simulation model of the electromagnetic actuation unit presented in Figure 2. The subsystems of this model are the stator, the two armatures, the coil and the permanent magnet. The holding force in close and open position is being evaluated in order to identify the optimal permanent magnet volume. Different permanent magnet materials and different ambient temperatures are considered. This section introduces the coupling of the FE 2D static simulation model with an optimization toolbox (modeFrontier). Afterwards, a case study illustrates the application of this approach for the evaluation of different design parameters of the actuator (e.g. permanent magnet volume). 3D Dynamic Simulations: This section will introduce the challenges of setting up 3D Dynamic Simulation and will present the actual status of the models implementation. Conclusions: This paper presents the set-up of a FE simulation and optimization study platform for medium voltage reclosers analysis. The accuracy of the developed methods has been proved by validation against measurements. Based on the described methodology, the influence of different design parameters is analyzed in order to enable the robust design of switching devices.


William Shakespeare, the most celebrated poet in the English language, left behind nearly a million words of text, but his biography has long been a thicket of wild supposition arranged around scant facts. With a steady hand and his trademark wit, Bill Bryson sorts through this colorful muddle to reveal the man himself. Bryson documents the efforts of earlier scholars, from today's most respected academics to eccentrics like Delia Bacon, an American who developed a firm but unsubstantiated conviction that her namesake, Francis Bacon, was the true author of Shakespeare's plays. Emulating the style of his famous travelogues, Bryson records episodes in his research, including a visit to a bunkerlike room in Washington, D.C., where the world's largest collection of First Folios is housed. Bryson celebrates Shakespeare as a writer of unimaginable talent and enormous inventiveness, a coiner of phrases ("vanish into thin air," "foregone conclusion," "one fell swoop") that even today have common currency. His Shakespeare is like no one else's--the beneficiary of Bryson's genial nature, his engaging skepticism, and a gift for storytelling unrivaled in our time.


Seamus Heaney, Denis Donoghue, William Pritchard, Marilyn Butler, Harold Bloom, and many others have praised Helen Vendler as one of the most attentive readers of poetry. Here, Vendler turns her illuminating skills as a critic to 150 selected poems of Emily Dickinson. As she did in "The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets", she serves as an incomparable guide, considering both stylistic and imaginative features of the poems. In selecting these poems for commentary Vendler chooses to exhibit many aspects of Dickinson's work as a poet, "from her first-person poems to the poems of grand abstraction, from her ecstatic verses to her unparalleled depictions of emotional numbness, from her comic anecdotes to her painful poems of aftermath". Included here are many expected favorites as well as more complex and less often anthologized poems. Taken together, Vendler's selection reveals Emily Dickinson's development as a poet, her astonishing range, and her revelation of what Wordsworth called "the history and science of feeling". In accompanying commentaries Vendler offers a deeper acquaintance with Dickinson the writer, "the inventive conceiver and linguistic shaper of her perennial themes." All of Dickinson's preoccupations - death, religion, love, the natural world, the nature of thought - are explored here in detail, but Vendler always takes care to emphasize the poet's startling imagination and the ingenuity of her linguistic invention. Whether exploring less familiar poems or favorites we thought we knew, Vendler reveals Dickinson as "a master" of a revolutionary verse - language of immediacy and power. "Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries" will be an indispensable reference work for students of "Dickinson" and readers of lyric poetry.


The main aim of the research project in progress is to develop virtual models as tools to support decision-making in the planning of construction maintenance. The virtual models gives the capacity to allow them to transmit, visually and interactively, information related to the physical behaviour of materials, components of given infrastructures, defined as a function of the time variable. The interactive application allows decisions to be made on conception options in the definition of plans for maintenance, conservation or rehabilitation. The first virtual prototype that is now in progress concerns just lamps. It allows the examination of the physical model, visualizing, for each element modelled in 3D and linked to a database, the corresponding technical information concerned with the wear and tear aspects of the material, calculated for that period of time. In addition, the analysis of solutions for repair work or substitution and inherent cost are predicted, the results being obtained interactively and visualized in the virtual environment itself. The aim is that the virtual model should be able to be applied directly over the 3D models of new constructions, in situations of rehabilitation. The practical usage of these models is directed, then, towards supporting decision-making in the conception phase and the planning of maintenance. In further work other components will be analysed and incorporated into the virtual system.


This title is part of four new titles in the fantastic "First Reading" series, aimed at children who are beginning to read. Luxurious hardback editions foster pride in book ownership and enthusiasm for reading. Each of these four exciting new stories is a classic story or fable, retold with simple text to delight and inspire any child who is just beginning to read. This key series was developed in conjunction with reading expert Allison Kelly from the University of Surrey, a reading specialist. Every title has clear and compelling text that allows children to build their burgeoning reading skills and is accompanied by charming and highly appealing illustrations.


New records of grasshoppers and allied insects in the Netherlands (Orthoptera) In this paper a summary is given of the new records on Dutch Orthoptera since Kleukers et al. (1997). The field work in the Orthoptera Mapping Scheme (1990- 1995) covered almost all the country, on a scale of 5x5km-squares. Nevertheless many new records were gathered in the following period (1996-2002). The most spectacular discovery was that of a large population of Gamposcleis glabra on the northern Veluwe (Berg et al. 2000). The species was thought to be extinct in the Netherlands. On the same site one of the biggest populations of Ephippiger ephippiger in northwestern Europa occurs. Phaneroptera falcata and Conocephalus discolor show a clear range expansion, of which that of Phaneroptera falcata is very spectacular (fig. 3). Metrioptera roeselii and Chrysochraon dispar are probably also expanding their range, although this is less evident. Chrysochraon dispar seems to be colonizing a new habitat (for the Netherlands): rough vegetation in the newly created nature development reserves along the Dutch rivers. A puzzling fact is the discovery of 19 small populations of Stenobothrus lineatus on the Utrechtse Heuvelrug, a large Pleistocene hill, in the central part of the Netherlands. In the past the area has been surveyed quite extensively but only one small population was found in 1993. Stenobothrus lineatus is not known for its migrational tendencies, but it also seems improbable that so many populations have always been overlooked in the past. Meconema meridionale and Oecanthus pellucens have probably been introduced in the Netherlands by cars of tourists. Meconema meridionale has established several large populations and has been found on a few new localities in the period 1996-2002. Oecanthus pellucens was found for the first time in the Netherlands in Delft in 1995. After that the species was found on several localities spread over the country, probably all to be traced back to passive transportation by tourists. Surprisingly, in 2002 three males were found in Delft, indicating a breeding population. It is to be expected that Oecanthus pellucens will reach the Netherlands 'the natural way' along the valley of the river Rhine, where it is has already pushed northward to Duisburg (Germany), 75 km from the Dutch border. Despite all these new records, not all is well in grasshopper country. We have indications that the decline of the really vulnerable species is still ongoing. For example, Decticus verrucivorus seems to have disappeared from two of the remaining four localities. Apart from the new distribution data, much progress is made in the field of Orthoptera conservation. The publication of Kleukers et al. (1997) has paved the way for inclusion of Orthoptera in Dutch nature conservation policy. This insect group now plays a role in many major environmental projects and publications (Kleukers 2001). Furthermore it proved to be possible to convince nature managers to actively protect endangered species like Decticus verrucivorus.


The following thesis analyses the functionality and programming capabilities of compute shaders. For this purpose, chapter 2 gives an introduction to compute shaders by showing how they work and how they can be programmed. In addition, the interaction of compute shaders and OpenGL 4.3 is shown through two introductory examples. Chapter 3 describes an NBody simulation that has been implemented in order to show the computational power of compute shaders and the use of shared memory. Then it is shown in chapter 4 how compute shaders can be used for physical simulations and where problems may arise. In chapter 5 a specially conceived and implemented algorithm for detecting lines in images is described and then compared with the Hough transform. Lastly, a final conclusion is drawn in chapter 6.