Despite the increased recognition afforded to biological fathers as legal parents, the Children's Act1 still does not treat fathers on the same basis as mothers as far as the automatic allocation of parental responsibilities and rights is concerned. This article investigates the constitutionality of the differential treatment of fathers in this respect, given South Africa's international obligations, especially in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, to ensure that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing of their child. After a brief consideration of the constitutionality of the mother's position as parent, the constitutionality of the father's position is investigated, firstly, with reference to Section 9 of the Constitution and the question of whether the differentiation between mothers and fathers as far as the allocation of parental responsibilities and rights is concerned, amounts to unfair discrimination. The inquiry also considers whether the differentiation between committed fathers (that is, those who have shown the necessary commitment in terms of Sections 20 and 21 of the Children's Act to acquire parental responsibilities and rights) and uncommitted fathers may amount to discrimination on an unspecified ground. Since the limitation of the father's rights to equality may be justifiable, the outcomes of both inquiries are shown to be inconclusive. Finally, the legal position of the father is considered in relation to the child's constitutional rights – the rights to parental care and the right of the child to the paramountcy of its interests embodied in Section 28 of the Constitution. While there appears to be some justification for the limitation of the child's right to committed paternal care, it is submitted that an equalisation of the legal position of mothers and fathers as far as the automatic acquisition of parental responsibilities and rights is concerned, is not only justified but imperative if the constitutional rights of children are to be advanced and protected. Keywords: Biological father; constitutional rights of child, parents or father; legal parentage; parental responsibilities and rights; paternity.


During recent years, many sites with sediments pre-dating the Last Glacial Maximum have been identified in formerly glaciated areas. As more and better dates are presented from these sites, the dynamic behaviour of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is becoming increasingly clear. In this study, we revisited the site Skorgenes in western Norway. Here, sediments from two ice-free periods are found below and interbedded with glacial diamicts. We present an updated chronology for the site, based on ten new Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dates, and discuss possible correlations. The samples had poor OSL properties but still provide a substantial improvement of the existing chronology. The oldest sediments identified at Skorgenes were deposited in a proglacial subaqueous setting at some point between 21 and 42 ka. This period was followed by a glacial advance and, during the subsequent ice retreat, a delta or subaqueous fan formed at Skorgenes. OSL ages from the foreset beds indicate deposition at some point between 17 and 30 ka, implying that the ice-front retreated east of Skorgenes at least once during the Late Weichselian. A substantial ice advance followed this retreat. The youngest sediments, forming a proglacial delta succession, were deposited during the final deglaciation of the site. (Less)


HSP and HSPr are two recent planners that search the state-space using an heuristic function extracted from Strips encodings. HSP does a forward search from the initial state recomputing the heuristic in every state, while HSPr does a regression search from the goal computing a suitable representation of the heuristic only once. Both planners have shown good performance, often producing solutions that are competitive in time and number of actions with the solutions found by Graphplan and SAT planners. HSP and HSPr. however, are not optimal planners. This is because the heuristic function is not admissible and the search algorithms are not optimal. In this paper we address this problem. We formulate a new admissible heuristic for planning, use it to guide an IDA* search, and empirically evaluate the resulting optimal planner over a number of domains.

The main contribution is the idea underlying the heuristic that yields not one but a whole family of polynomial and admissible heuristics that trade accuracy for efficiency. The formulation is general and sheds some light on the heuristics used in HSP and Graphplan, and their relation. It exploits the factored (Strips) representation of planning problems, mapping shortest-path problems in state-space into suitably defined shortest-path problems in atom-space. The formulation applies with little variation to sequential and parallel planning, and problems with different action costs.


The world of politics is a fast moving one; what is true one moment may not be true of the next. Unfortunately, the full scholarly process is not always well suited to dissecting swiftly moving issues, as good scholarship is based upon careful reflection and critical review—time consuming processes. However, sometimes it is necessary for scholars to provide advice on the go, as situations evolve and develop in real time. These judgments may lack the meticulously researched analysis that is possible when events are viewed in hindsight. However, these judgments are no less important, as they will often determine how political actors respond to changing events. With the current state of global affairs, it is almost impossible not to address the variety of perspectives on the place and polices of foreign intervention. Such dialogues are contrasted between an understanding of the moral rights of the state. These two camps are contrasted in the following way. The first, arguing for intervention, believes that the state has a moral obligation to represent its idealized values in the global environment. As a result, intervention is required to promote and maintain these values. The second, arguing against intervention, believes that the state has a moral obligation to respect the sovereignty of foreign nations. Such positions are only made more complicated by the faith placed in institutions and other non-state actors to address such issues. However, the reality of global politics requires that states make decisive choices on such matter, and bear the consequences these choices can have on both international affairs and domestic politics. This is not merely a simple question of two perspectives, but rather, how these perspectives balance and effect actual policy.


I, _____, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. So help me God. Oath of Enlistment


Severe environmental conditions, coupled with the routine use of deicing chemicals and increasing traffic volume, tend to place extreme demands on portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. In most instances, engineers have been able to specify and build PCC pavements that met these challenges. However, there have also been reports of premature deterioration that could not be specifically attributed to a single cause. Modern concrete mixtures have evolved to become very complex chemical systems. The complexity can be attributed to both the number of ingredients used in any given mixture and the various types and sources of the ingredients supplied to any given project. Local environmental conditions can also influence the outcome of paving projects. This research project investigated important variables that impact the homogeneity and rheology of concrete mixtures. The project consisted of a field study and a laboratory study. The field study collected information from six different projects in Iowa. The information that was collected during the field study documented cementitious material properties, plastic concrete properties, and hardened concrete properties. The laboratory study was used to develop baseline mixture variability information for the field study. It also investigated plastic concrete properties using various new devices to evaluate rheology and mixing efficiency. In addition, the lab study evaluated a strategy for the optimization of mortar and concrete mixtures containing supplementary cementitious materials. The results of the field studies indicated that the quality management concrete (QMC) mixtures being placed in the state generally exhibited good uniformity and good to excellent workability. Hardened concrete properties (compressive strength and hardened air content) were also satisfactory. The uniformity of the raw cementitious materials that were used on the projects could not be monitored as closely as was desired by the investigators; however, the information that was gathered indicated that the bulk chemical composition of most materials streams was reasonably uniform. Specific minerals phases in the cementitious materials were less uniform than the bulk chemical composition. The results of the laboratory study indicated that ternary mixtures show significant promise for improving the performance of concrete mixtures. The lab study also verified the results from prior projects that have indicated that bassanite is typically the major sulfate phase that is present in Iowa cements. This causes the cements to exhibit premature stiffening problems (false set) in laboratory testing. Fly ash helps to reduce the impact of premature stiffening because it behaves like a low-range water reducer in most instances. The premature stiffening problem can also be alleviated by increasing the water–cement ratio of the mixture and providing a remix cycle for the mixture.


Few patented inventions challenge the traditional boundaries of the patent and antitrust laws like those that are capable of multiplying as they are used. These self-replicating technologies are embedded in our food, fortify our vaccines, and form the computer code upon which the information age is based. These inventions create an inherent conflict between patentees and their customers. The conflict arises because every customer could become competitors as the product replicates, potentially making every first sale the patentee's last. They also challenge how we think about fundamental issues of ownership as well as innovation and market competition, and make it necessary to identify what downstream uses are or should be permissible. This struggle culminated recently in the Supreme Court case of Bowman v. Monsanto. There, the Court had to determine what rights a farmer had over the genetically modified seeds he had bought. At the core of Bowman v. Monsanto was the scope of patent exhaustion, a judge-made doctrine designed to end the patent owner's control over downstream commerce once its patented goods or methods were sold. Monsanto had also been accused of monopolizing the market, leading to upward spiraling prices and a drought of seed varieties. The Article examines the patent and antitrust issues arising in agro-biotechnology, and analyzes their impact on other self-replicating technologies. In looking at patent issues, this Article first explains how courts can apply a technology-neutral three-step test to distinguish between permissible "uses" and impermissible "making" of patented articles. Second, it explores the benefits of five alternatives to patent infringement as a means of appropriating returns to innovation, and explains why their limitations vindicate the Court's conclusion in Bowman v. Monsanto. Third, it discusses thorny matters left unresolved: inadvertent and incidental infringement, as well as the "conditional sale" doctrine. In looking at the antitrust issues, the Article first explains why the controversial essential facilities doctrine could prove to be a useful tool for courts to ensure adequate access to standard essential patents over traits like Roundup Ready. Second, it explains why Monsanto's win over Bowman may hold unexpected promise of a better future for farmers as its customers. Third, it argues that legislation similar to Paragraph IV challenges under the Hatch-Waxman Act can serve to incentivize greater competition in agro-biotechnology and other fields of technology.


Whats the use of putting out reports that no one reads? Properly created dashboards are graphical representations that put data in a context for your audience, and they look really cool! How cool? Youll find out when you see the dazzling examples in Excel 2007 Dashboards & Reports For Dummies. And, before long, everyones eyes will be riveted to your dashboards and reports too! This revolutionary guide shows you how to turn Excel into your own personal Business Intelligence tool. Youll learn the fundamentals of using Excel 2007 to go beyond simple tables to creating dashboard-studded reports that wow management. Get ready to catch dashboard fever as you find out how to use basic analysis techniques, build advanced dashboard components, implement advanced reporting techniques, and import external date into your Excel reports. Discover how to: Unleash the power of Excel as a business intelligence tool Create dashboards that communicate and get noticed Think about your data in a new way Present data more effectively and increase the value of your reports Create dynamic labels that support visualization Represent time and seasonal trending Group and bucket data Display and measure values versus goals Implement macro-charged reporting Using Excel 2007 as a BI tool is the most cost-efficient way for organizations of any size create powerful and insightful reports and distribute throughout the enterprise. And Excel 2007 Dashboards and Reports for Dummies is the fastest you for you to catch dashboard fever!


The pan-Amazonian treefrog genus Ostecephalus is poorly understood both on a taxonomic and phylogenetic level. The status of several frogs already or not yet referred to the genus is unclear and the relationships among the genus and with respect to related genera is not understood. In this work O. cabrerai (Cochran and Goin, 1970) from Colombia and Peru is redescribed and O. festae (Peracca, 1904) from the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador is revalidated. Hyla inframaculata Boulenger, 1882, from the lower Amazon in Brazil, is reallocated to Osteocephalus and O. elkejungingerae (Henle, 1981) from the Andean foothills in Peru is shown to be a synonym of Hyla mimetica (Melin, 1941), the valid name being O. mimeticus. Hyla vilarsi Melin, 1941 is considered a valid species in the genus Osteocephalus and revalidated from the synonymies of several other frogs. Three new species, O. castaneicola from northern Bolivia and southern Peru, O. duellmani from a sub-Andean mountain range in southern Ecuador, and O. camufatus from central Amazonian Brazil, are described. A phylogenetic analysis based on up to nine mitochondrial genes and one nuclear one reveals the paraphyly of the genus as previously understood with respect to the genus Tepuihyla. A new taxonomy is proposed, securing the monophyly of Osteocephalus and Tepuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera. A new genus, Dryaderces, is erected for the sister group of Osteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for Osteocephalus. Five monophyletic species groups within Osteocephalus are recognized, three species of Osteocephalus (O. germani, O.rnphasmatus, O. vilmae) and three species of Tepuihyla (T. celsae, T. galani, T. talbergae) synonymized and three species (Hyla helenae to Osteocephalus, O.rnexophthalmus to Tepuihyla and O. pearsoni to Dryaderces gen. n.) reallocated. Furthermore, nine putative new species are flagged (an increase to 138% of the current diversity), an indication that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within Osteocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogeny and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are used extensively for imaging vast areas using electromagnetic radiation. Radar systems have the benefit of being able to image areas which optical light cannot pass through, which makes them suitable for surveillance and weather monitoring, or monitoring through difficult atmospheric conditions. This thesis investigates, based on simulation and real data, whether a hand-held radar utilizing gaussian monopulses can function as a synthetic aperture radar device, by employing standard SAR focusing and filtering algorithms. The implementation of SAR algorithms was verified by a simulation and processing program written in the C programming language, and includes a novel algorithm for simulating raw SAR data. The novel algorithm was verified by inspecting the pulse-compressed and Global Backprojection (GBP)-focused image and its two-dimensional spectrum, and compared and contrasted to images generated in standard fashion. Handheld radar measurements of corner reflectors and a large reflecting sphere processed by GBP indicated that additional pre-processing is needed for focusing to work. Pre-processing the radar data by employing a rolling calculation of background noise and its subtraction yielded filtered raw data of sufficient quality to enable azimuth focusing with GBP. In conclusion this thesis has shown the new radar imaging algorithm to work in conjunction with standard SAR processing steps if its projecting nature can be tolerated. In addition GBP has been found to be a viable algorithm for accomplishing azimuth focusing of background-filtered radar data from a handheld pulsed radar system, and that the radar system in question may be used to perform SAR imaging.


Are we witnessing the gradual universality of national land laws, which have traditionally been considered to be the paradigm of legal idiosyncrasy, by virtue of their reflecting place-specific society, culture, and politics? This Article offers an innovative analysis of the conflicting forces at work in this legal field, basing itself on an historical, comparative, and theoretical study of the structures and strictures of domestic land laws and of current cross-border phenomena that dramatically affect national land systems. The central thesis of this Article is that, irrespective of our basic normative viewpoint regarding the opening up of domestic land laws to the forces of "globalization," we must come to terms with the particularly difficult institutional and jurisprudential constraints that are involved in undermining the local basis of land laws. Thus, in order to systematically succeed in intensifying cross-border land law rules, global and national actors need to construct more comprehensive supra-national institutions, prevent normative over-fragmentation within each legal system, and pay close attention to local-specific interplays between law, politics, economics, and culture.


Diet and ecomorphology of the ichthyofauna of Manantiales stream, Buenos Aires prov- ince, Argentina . The present study addresses the correlation between diet and morphology of 19 fish species that inhabit the Manantiales stream at the headwaters of the Samborombon river, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The species were classified into four trophic groups: carnivores, omnivores, insectivores and detritivores-alguivores. Twelve ecomorfologic attributes related to habitat use and feeding patterns were analyzed to distinguish ecomor- phologic groups of species with the food consumed. Univariate and multivariate analysis techniques were used to determine groups of species using the ecomorfologic and diet attributes as descriptors. Carnivores were associated with well developed head, mouth, pectoral and caudal fins and usually presenting compressed bodies. Omnivores were a more heterogeneous group. Nektonic forms of this group were associated with a compressed body, lateral eyes and relatively small size of the pectoral fins and caudal fins; nektobentonic forms were associated with small mouth, fusiform body and long caudal peduncle; benthic forms were related to depressed body, dorsal eyes, ventral mouth and long digestive tract. The only nektonic species consuming insects on the surface is characterized by a strongly compressed body, lateral eyes, tail and big wide mouth facing up. The detritus-alguivores had a long digestive tract, mouth ventral or terminal and long caudal fin. The significant relationship between diet and ecomorphology allows to sustain that fish with similar diets converge towards common ecomorfologicic attributes.


VideoTrace is a system for interactively generating realistic 3D models of objects from video---models that might be inserted into a video game, a simulation environment, or another video sequence. The user interacts with VideoTrace by tracing the shape of the object to be modelled over one or more frames of the video. By interpreting the sketch drawn by the user in light of 3D information obtained from computer vision techniques, a small number of simple 2D interactions can be used to generate a realistic 3D model. Each of the sketching operations in VideoTrace provides an intuitive and powerful means of modelling shape from video, and executes quickly enough to be used interactively. Immediate feedback allows the user to model rapidly those parts of the scene which are of interest and to the level of detail required. The combination of automated and manual reconstruction allows VideoTrace to model parts of the scene not visible, and to succeed in cases where purely automated approaches would fail.


Probabilistic planning problems are typically modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). MDPs, while an otherwise expressive model, allow only for sequential, non-durative actions. This poses severe restrictions in modeling and solving a real world planning problem. We extend the MDP model to incorporate-1) simultaneous action execution, 2) durative actions, and 3) stochastic durations. We develop several algorithms to combat the computational explosion introduced by these features. The key theoretical ideas used in building these algorithms are -- modeling a complex problem as an MDP in extended state/action space, pruning of irrelevant actions, sampling of relevant actions, using informed heuristics to guide the search, hybridizing different planners to achieve benefits of both, approximating the problem and replanning. Our empirical evaluation illuminates the different merits in using various algorithms, viz., optimality, empirical closeness to optimality, theoretical error bounds, and speed.


Here are all the CCNA-level Routing and Switching commands you need in one condensed, portable resource. CCNA Routing and Switching Portable Command Guide is filled with valuable, easy-to-access informationand its portable enough to use whether youre in the server room or the equipment closet. The guide summarizes all CCNA certification-level Cisco IOS Software commands, keywords, command arguments, and associated prompts, providing you with tips and examples of how to apply the commands to real-world scenarios. Throughout, configuration examples give you a better understanding of how these commands are used in simple network designs. This book has been completely updated to cover all topics in the new ICND1 100-105, ICND2 200-105, and CCNA 200-125 exams. Use this quick reference resource to help you memorize commands and concepts as you work to pass the CCNA Routing and Switching certification exam. Coverage includes Network Fundamentals: Subnetting, VLSM, route summarization, cables/connections, CLI LAN Switching: Switch configuration, VLANs, VLAN trunking protocol, inter-VLAN communication, STP, EtherChannel Routing (IPv4/IPv6): Router configuration, static routing, RIPng, EIGRP/EIGRPv6, OSPFv2/OSPFv3 WAN: Point-to-point protocols, eBGP, GRE tunnels, QoS Infrastructure Services: DHCP, FHRP, HSRP, NAT Infrastructure Security: Switch port security, ACL traffic management, device hardening Infrastructure Management: Backup/restore, password recovery, CDP, LLDP, IOS tools, device monitoring, IOS licensing, troubleshooting Quick, offline access to all CCNA Routing and Switching commands for research and solutions --Logical how-to topic groupings for a one-stop resource --Great for review before CCNA Routing and Switching certification exams --Compact size makes it easy to carry with you wherever you go --Create Your Own Journal section with blank, lined pages enables you to personalize the book for your needs --What Do You Want to Do? chart inside the back cover helps you to quickly reference specific tasks This book is part of the Cisco Press Certification Self-Study Product Family, which offers readers a self-paced study routine for Cisco certification exams. Titles in the Cisco Press Certification Self-Study Product Family are part of a recommended learning program from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press.


Though unauthorized migration into the United States has diminished substantially since 2007, anti-"illegal alien" state and local laws and furor are flaring again. While one of the biggest worries regarding such "anti-alien" laws is the risk of racialized harm, courts invalidating overreaching statutes are relying on structural or procedural grounds, such as preemption and due process doctrines. This Article examines how these political and legal trends point to how proxies are used in a post-racial era to dance around race, in constructive national unity-rebuilding as well as divisive inflammatory ways. Anti-alien legislation is a proxy way to vent resurgent racialized anxieties and engage in friend-enemy politics founded on conflict with the "Other"— the foreign enemy within — in a time of economic and political turmoil. The approach of cutting back overreaching statutes using alternate frames of analysis such as preemption rationales to vindicate prior national commitments to balancing antidiscrimination with enforcement can be constructively deployed to fill gaps and blind spots in antidiscrimination doctrine, and to mitigate polarization by making shared interests and social cohesiveness rather than racial divergence of interests salient. Equality norms can be framed and vindicated in a more palatable, legally tenable form, and tied to other interests to appeal more widely and ameliorate estrangement in a polarized polity. Legislation is invalidated not to "accommodate" the minorities against the majority will, but to preserve values such as the federal balance, or guard against arbitrary governmental power. The approach is also a technique of bridge-building across worldviews to appeal to hierarchs, who tend to be conservative supporters of tough legislation, as well as egalitarians, who value equality more highly. To be constructive, however, these alternate approaches must enfold antidiscrimination concerns and norms into the analysis rather than altogether elide the concerns. Moreover, in crafting decisions, courts have an important role to play in counteracting rather than amplifying the spread of conflation and misperception that fuel fierce friend-enemy politics.


This essay explores the impact of racial discrimination on the imposition of collateral consequences on those convicted of crime. The category of serious crime which is intrinsically most subject to discretionary enforcement is drug law violations; the number of violators far exceeds the criminal justice resources available to investigate, prosecute and punish them. Accordingly, a high level of selectivity is inevitable. At the same time, the best evidence for racially discriminatory prosecution is in the area of drug violations; while most drug offenders are white, most people imprisoned for drug violations are not. African Americans are imprisoned for drug offenses at rates that far exceed their representation in the general population, in the population of drug offenders, in the population of those arrested for drug crimes, and in the population of those convicted of drug crimes. The essay also notes that of all categories of crime, drug convictions have been freighted with the most severe collateral consequences. Under statutes which do not apply to convicted rapists, murderers or terrorists, drug offenders may lose student loans and other educational benefits, their drivers' licenses, access to public housing, food stamps and other benefit providing necessities of life. These collateral consequences are so numerous and burdensome that they may interfere with former prisoners' ability to reenter society and support themselves without reoffending. Unfortunately, the legislative history of the development of collateral consequences such as disenfranchisement, like the development of the drug laws themselves, suggests that the laws were enacted with racial minorities in mind. The essay concludes by proposing that jurisdictions reexamine the way in which collateral consequences are imposed.


A absorbance ACES 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino] ethanesulfonic acid ACN acetonitrile amu atomic mass unit ANOVA analysis of variance APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization API atmospheric pressure ionization AUC area under curve BCIP 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate Bis N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide bp base pairs BSA bovine serum albumin %C cross-linking agent (g/100 mL)/%T CAPS 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1propanesulfonic acid CBB Coomassie Brilliant Blue CCD charge-coupled device CE capillary electrophoresis CEC capillary electrochromatography CFE continuous flow electrophoresis CHAPS 3-[(3cholamidopropyl)dimethylamonio]1-propanesulfonate CHCA -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid CHES 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethane sulfonic acid CID collision-induced dissociation CIEF capillary isoelectric focusing CMC critical micelle concentration Con A Concanavalin A CNS central nervous system cpm counts per minute CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte CV coefficient of variation CZE capillary zone electrophoresis 1D one-dimensional 2D two-dimensional Da dalton (molecular mass) DAPI 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 2DE two-dimensional gel electrophoresis DIGE fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis DHB dihydroxybenzoic acid DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide DTT dithiothreitol ECD electron capture dissociation ECL enhanced chemiluminescence EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EEO electroendosmosis EGTA ethylene glycol-bis( -aminoethylether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid EKC electrokinetic chromatography ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EOF electroosmotic flow ER endoplasmic reticulum ESI electrospray ionization EST expressed sequence tag eV electron volt FAB fast atomic bombardment FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting FBS fetal bovine serum FCS fetal calf serum FDR false discovery rate FIGE field inversion gel electrophoresis FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer FT-ICR Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance GC gas chromatography GIF graphic interchange format GO Gene Ontology GRAVY grand average of hydrophobicity GSH glutathione GST glutathione-S-transferase H&E hematoxylin and eosin HEPES N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-2'-(2ethanesulfonic acid) HPCE high-performance capillary electrophoresis HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HRP horseradish peroxidase HSA human serum albumin HSP heat shock protein HTML hypertext mark-up language HUPO Human Proteome Organisation ICAT isotope-coded affinity tag ICP inductively coupled plasma ICR ion cyclotron resonance id inside diameter IEF isoelectric focusing Ig immunoglobulin IMAC immobilized metal affinity chromatography IP immunoprecipitation IPG immobilized pH gradient IPI international protein index IPTG isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside IRB institutional review board ITMS ion trap mass spectrometry iTRAQ isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation kbp kilobase pairs kDa kilodalton (molecular mass) LC liquid chromatography LED light-emitting diode LOD limit of detection LOQ limit of quantitation mAb monoclonal antibody MACS magnetic-activated cell separation MALDI-MS matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry Mbp megabase pairs MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid MHC major histocompatibility complex MOPS 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid Mr relative molecular mass (dimensionless) MRM multiple-reaction monitoring MS mass spectrometry MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry MudPIT multidimensional protein identification technology m/z mass-to-charge ratio NBT nitroblue tetrazolium ncRNA noncoding RNA NEPHGE nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis NIH National Institutes of Health NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NP-40 Nonidet P-40 od outside diameter OD optical density ORF open reading frame PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBS phosphate-buffered saline PCA principal components analysis PCR polymerase chain reaction PEG polyethylene glycol PFU plaque-forming units pI isoelectric point PMF peptide mass fingerprinting PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride PMT photomultiplier tube PRIDE PRoteomics IDEntifications database PRM parallel reaction monitoring PSD post-source decay PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene PTM post-translational modification PVA polyvinyl alcohol PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone RIA radioimmunoassay RNA-Seq next generation RNA sequencing Q-TOF quadrupole time-of-flight ROC receiver operating characteristic ROS reactive oxygen species RP reversed phase rpm revolutions per minute RT-PCR reverse transcriptase-PCR SCX strong cation exchange SD standard deviation SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate SEC size-exclusion chromatography SELDI surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization SEM standard error of the mean SILAC stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture SIM selected ion monitoring S/N signal-to-noise ratio SPE solid-phase extraction SPR surface plasmon resonance SSCP single-strand conformation polymorphism ssDNA single-stranded DNA SRM selected-reaction monitoring %T total gel concentration (acrylamide plus cross-linking agent; g/100mL) TBS Tris-buffered saline TEMED N,N,N',N'tetramethylethylenediamine TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran TIC total ion current TLC thin-layer chromatography TOF time of flight Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane URL uniform resource locator


.  Political interest is usually depicted as an individual attribute that can be explained by referring to the resources and skills of citizens. The analyses presented here are based on a critical assessment of the explanatory power of these approaches in cross-national and longitudinal comparisons. A contextual model is presented emphasising the relevance of distinct degrees of politicisation and economic development in different societies in addition to traditional sociodemographic factors (education, date of birth and gender) at the microlevel. The resulting multilevel model combines both individual and contextual factors to explain the cross-national differences and changes in political involvement and apathy in Europe in the last three decades. The politicisation thesis, which states that the level of political interest among citizens is an increasing function of the relevance of societal and political arrangements in a society, is not supported by the empirical findings presented here. The most noteworthy conclusion is the remarkable disappearance of the impact of societal politicisation when the level of economic development of each country is included in multilevel models. The level of political interest, then, clearly depends on the level of economic development.


Automated problem solving is viewed typically as the expenditure of computation to solve one or more problems passed to a reasoning system. In response to each problem received, effort is applied to generate a solution and problem solving ends when the solution is rendered. We discuss the notion of continual computation that addresses a broader conception of problem by considering the ideal use of the idle time between problem instances. The time is used to develop solutions proactively to one or more expected challenges in the future. We consider analyses for traditional all-or-nothing algorithms as well as more flexible computational procedures. After exploring the allocation of idle time for several settings, we generalize the analysis to consider the case of shifting computation from a current problem to solve future challenges. Finally, we discuss a sample application of the use of continual computation in the setting of diagnostic reasoning.


A comprehensive exploration of 21st Century school politics, Teachers versus the Public offers the first comparison of the education policy views of both teachers and the public as a whole, and reveals a deep, broad divide between the opinions held by citizens and those who teach in the public schools. Among the findings: Divisions between teachers and the public are wider and deeper than differences between other groups often thought to contest school policy, such as Republicans and Democrats, the young and the old, the rich and the poor, or African Americans and whites. The teacher-public gap is widest on such issues as merit pay, teacher tenure reform, impact of teacher unions, school vouchers, charter schools, and requirements to test students annually. Public support for school vouchers for all students, charter schools, and parent trigger laws increases sharply when people are informed of the national ranking of student performance in their local school district. Public willingness to give local schools high marks, its readiness to support higher spending levels, and its support for teacher unions all decline when the public learns the national ranking of their local schools. On most issues, teacher opinion does not change in response to new information nearly as much as it does for the public as a whole. In fact, the gap between what teachers and the public think about school reform grows even wider when both teachers and the public are given more information about current school performance, current expenditure levels, and current teacher pay. The book provides the first experimental study of public and teacher opinion. Using a recently developed research strategy, the authors ask differently worded questions about the same topic to randomly chosen segments of representative groups of citizens. This approach allows them to identify the impact on public opinion of new information on issues such as student performance and school expenditures in each respondent's community. The changes in public opinion when citizens receive information about school performance are largest in districts that perform below the national average. Altogether, the results indicate that support for many school reforms would increase if common core state standards were established and implemented in such a way as to inform the public about the quality of their local schools. These and many other findings illuminate the distance between teacher opinions and those of the public at large. About the Research: In partnership with the Harvard Program on Education Policy and Governance and the journal, Education Next, authors Paul E. Peterson, Martin West and Michael Henderson surveyed nationally representative samples of teachers and the public as a whole annually between 2007 and 2013.


Understanding larval dispersal requires knowledge of whether larvae in situ have orientated swimming, and how this varies temporally and spatially. Orientation of >300 settlement-stage larvae of Chromis atripectoralis (Pomacentridae) measured over 1998-2008 by divers near Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef was consistent. All 10 data sets had southerly orientation at all locations; 94% of larvae swam directionally. Median bearings east and west of Lizard Island were 166 degrees and 170 degrees, respectively. Orientation precision was significantly higher under sunny than cloudy skies. Similar mean bearings were obtained in 2008 with more than 125 larvae observed in a drifting in situ chamber (DISC). Orientation varied with time of day. In sunny conditions, precision was weakly, significantly correlated with time of day, but not solar elevation; however, a greater proportion of larvae was significantly directional at low ( 50 degrees) solar elevation. Mean bearing and time of day were weakly, but significantly correlated. Bearings changed from SE during most of the day to SSW in the late afternoon, with distribution of bearings significantly different. Location-independent but diurnally-dependent orientation implies that larvae used celestial cues for orientation. Of 91 Pomacentrus lepidogenys larvae that were followed by divers, 89% swam directionally, but orientation differed among locations and years. DISC results with 20 larvae were similar. The similarity of orientation returned by different methods used on 2 fish species corroborates previous results using diver following. Both methods are useful for the study of larval-fish orientation in situ: each has advantages and limitations, and their use is complementary.


We propose a supervised maximum entropy ranking approach to pronoun resolution as an alternative to commonly used classification-based approaches. Classification approaches consider only one or two candidate antecedents for a pronoun at a time, whereas ranking allows all candidates to be evaluated together. We argue that this provides a more natural fit for the task than classification and show that it delivers significant performance improvements on the ACE datasets. In particular, our ranker obtains an error reduction of 9.7% over the best classification approach, the twin-candidate model. Furthermore, we show that the ranker offers some computational advantage over the twin-candidate classifier, since it easily allows the inclusion of more candidate antecedents during training. This approach leads to a further error reduction of 5.4% (a total reduction of 14.6% over the twin-candidate model).


We examine sequences containing $p$ "$-t$"s and $pt+r$ "$+1$"s, where $p$, $t$, and $r$ are integers satisfying $p\ge0$, $t\ge 1$ and $pt+r\ge0$. We develop a rotation method to enumerate the number of sequences meeting additional requirements related to their partial sums. We also define downcrossings about $\ell$ and their downcrossing numbers, and obtain formulas for the number of sequences for which the sum of the downcrossing numbers equals $k$, for $\ell \le r+1$. We finish with an investigation of the first downcrossing number about $\ell$, for any $\ell$.


"We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. " (President John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962)


Mental health is one of the most prominent global burdens of disease among young people, while organized youth sport is one of the most popular activities for children and adolescents worldwide. Organized sport can be an engaging vehicle for the promotion of mental health, but participation also brings several meaningful risks and detriments for young people's mental health. This paper contains a review of the evidence underpinning the relationships between sport participation and mental health during childhood and adolescence and also outlines the key areas of risk for mental health problems. Relevant theoretical frameworks are discussed, as are the key concepts underpinning 2 exemplar sport-based interventions to promote mental health and reduce the risk of mental health problems. Recommendations for best practice in organized youth sport are not available. However, relevant frameworks are outlined, from which administrators, coaches, and athletes can base the design and delivery of sport programs to be consistent with relevant theoretical and philosophical approaches such as the athlete-centered approach to youth sports.


Multi-object tracking can be achieved by detecting objects in individual frames and then linking detections across frames. Such an approach can be made very robust to the occasional detection failure: if an object is not detected in a frame but is in previous and following ones, a correct trajectory will nevertheless be produced. By contrast, a false-positive detection in a few frames will be ignored. However, when dealing with a multiple target problem, the linking step results in a difficult optimization problem in the space of all possible families of trajectories. This is usually dealt with by sampling or greedy search based on variants of dynamic programming, which can easily miss the global optimum. In this paper, we show that reformulating that step as a constrained flow optimization problem results in a convex problem that can be solved using standard linear programming techniques. In addition, this new approach is far simpler formally and algorithmically than existing techniques and yields excellent results on the PETS 2009 data set.


For the August‐September 2008 Olympic and the Paralympic Games held in Beijing, China, strict controls on pollutant emissions and motor vehicle traffic were imposed on Beijing and neighboring provinces to the South to improve the air quality in and around the city. Satellite measurements over Beijing between July and September showed 43% reductions of tropospheric column nitrogen dioxide, compared to the past three years. When neighboring provinces to the south are included in our analyses, satellite measurements show boundary layer sulfur dioxide reductions of 13% and carbon monoxide reductions of 12% at 700 hPa. Thus, based on satellites observations alone, noticeable reductions in these pollutant tracers were measured during both games.


The emergence of gay identities in Istanbul is often regarded as a
practical result of mobilisation by minority sexual rights NGOs. Indeed, Istanbul
Pride emerged in the early 2000s as a widely-referenced exemplar of the political
promise of street-level activism in Turkey. Tracing how gay initially was used in
the nightlife market around İstiklal Street and reconstructing the early history of
agitation for an annual Pride march, I argue that street traders and small-scale
entrepreneurs, not street-level campaigners, have played the critical role in prising
open spaces where men could come to identify themselves and be identified as
gay. Moreover, spaces afforded by particular fixed-place businesses in the nightlife
market critically shaped the initial forms of political association involving gay men
that were able to develop and consolidate in the city.


This paper analyzes constitutional dialogue by comparing a constitutional system that (almost) entrenches judicial supremacy - the United States - with a constitutional system that seeks to reconcile a judicial and legislative role in constitutional interpretation - Canada. The argument has three parts. The second part critically examines the scholarship on constitutional dialogue in Canada and the United States. Dialogue theory in the United States focuses on how societal actors respond to judicial decisions whereas Canadian dialogue theorists emphasize legislative sequels to judicial review. The question is why did dialogue take a different path in Canada than in the United States. The third part analyzes this question. The American Supreme Court enjoys a greater degree of autonomy in interpreting the constitution than does the Canadian Supreme Court. Constitutional politics, not constitutional text, however, decisively shaped the tools available to political actors to respond to judicial decisions both in Canada and in the United States. The fourth part argues that weakening judicial supremacy, as has occurred in Canada, has a democratic pay-off. Constitutional systems that empower legislatures to share in the task of judicial review are more likely to engender trust between competing political factions; judicial supremacy, on the other hand, is more likely to facilitate political polarization.


The law frequently distinguishes between individualized knowledge (awareness that one's act will harm a particular victim, e.g., driving through an intersection while aware that one's automobile is likely to injure a pedestrian) and statistical knowledge (awareness that one's activity or multiple acts will, to a high statistical likelihood, harm one or more potential victims, e.g., proceeding with a large construction project that one confidently predicts will result in worker injuries). Under tort and criminal law doctrine, acting with individualized knowledge is ordinarily much more difficult to justify, and, if unjustified, much more culpable, than acting with statistical knowledge. Yet the distinction is very difficult to explain and defend. In this article, the first systematic analysis of this pervasive but underappreciated problem, I offer a qualified defense of the distinction. Acting with statistical knowledge is ordinarily less culpable than acting with individualized knowledge, and often is not culpable at all. Expanding the spatial or temporal scope of an activity or repeating a series of acts sometimes causes the actor to acquire statistical knowledge, but such an increase in scale ordinarily does not increase the level of culpability properly attributable to the actor. Two invariant culpability principles, "Invariant culpability when acts are aggregated" and "Invariant culpability when risk-exposures are aggregated," formalize this idea. Why is acting with individualized knowledge especially culpable? Part of the answer is the special stringency principle (SSP), a deontological principle that treats an actor as highly culpable, and treats his acts as especially difficult to justify, when he knowingly imposes a highly concentrated risk of serious harm on a victim. Under SSP, speeding to the hospital to save five passengers, knowing that this will likely require killing a pedestrian in one's path, is much harder to justify than speeding to the hospital to save one passenger, knowing that this creates a 20% chance of killing a pedestrian in one's path. The analysis has a number of significant implications but is also subject to important qualifications: •Notwithstanding the invariant culpability principles, if a faulty or unjustified actor repeats his acts or expands his activity, that repetition sometimes reveals a new type of culpability: the defiance of moral and legal norms. Accordingly, a retributivist can indeed support a punishment premium for recidivists. •In rare cases, when the actor possesses merely statistical knowledge but his conduct is extremely unjustifiable, the actor's culpability is comparable to that of an actor with individualized knowledge. •The higher culpability of acting with individualized knowledge is not explained by a supposed higher duty owed to "identifiable victims," except insofar as that duty is a crude version of SSP. •When an actor conducts a cost-benefit analysis of a planned activity and thereby acquires statistical knowledge that the activity will cause serious harm, his decision to proceed with the activity despite that knowledge is not, by itself, evidence of his culpability. •A legal system can be legitimate even though legal actors within the system know that it will, as a statistical matter, punish the innocent.


Even before Australian lawmakers abolished university tuition in 1973, students in Australia had long benefited from low tuition and large government subsidies. By the early 1980s, however, the nation's universities faced growing budget challenges and an apparent shortage of capacity as demand for higher education surged. Policymakers, cognizant of a growing budget deficit as well as a hard-hitting recession, hesitated to provide increased funding to higher education. The debate over how best to finance Australian higher education finally came to a head in the late 1980s, following publication of the Report of the Committee on Higher Education Funding (commonly known as the Wran Report). Although the Wran Committee had considered several potential funding schemes, it ultimately proposed a radical system in which students would pay tuition financed through income-contingent loans provided by the government. The Wran Report proved to be of particular interest to the Australian Prime Minister, Robert Hawke. The government's fiscal position seemed to demand that educational financing be overhauled, but there was no consensus on how best to do this. Could the Prime Minister convince his Australian Labor Party to abandon the free-education plank in its platform? And even if he could, how could he be sure that the Wran Committee's strategy was the right one and that its recommendations were workable? Would following an American model of full tuition for higher education and government-guaranteed student loans make more sense? These were just a few of the questions that the Prime Minister confronted as he contemplated new approaches for financing higher education in Australia.Learning Objective:To explore the financing of higher education and a range of public policy options toward this end, including income-contingent lending.


Time series data abounds in real world problems. Measuring the similarity of time series is a key to solving these problems. One state of the art measure is the longest common subsequence. This measure advocates using the length of the longest common subsequence as an indication of similarity between sequences, but ignores information contained in the second, third..., longest subsequences.

In order to capture the common information in sequences maximally we propose a novel measure of sequence similarity - the number of all common subsequences. We show that this measure satisfies the common properties of similarity functions. Calculating this measure is not trivial as a brute force approach is exponential in time. We present a novel dynamic programming algorithm to calculate this number in polynomial time. We also suggest a different way of extending a class of such measures to multidimensional, real-valued time series, in the spirit of probabilistic metric spaces.

We conducted an experimental study on the new similarity measure and the extension method for classification. It was found that both the new similarity and the extension method are consistently competitive.


Innovation plays a central role in economic development, at regional and national level. In the competitive environment companies are obliged to produce more rapidly, more effectively and more efficiently in new product development which is a result of research and development (R&D) activities. It is necessary for them to put together different capabilities and services with the goal, through cooperation between suppliers and customers, service providers and scientific institutions to achieve innovations of high quality. Depending on the type of industry, the type of business, the type of innovation and the strategic objectives that have been set, firms will regularly have to modify the way in which their R&D and innovation is organized. Nowadays shift from serial to simultaneous and parallel working in innovation has become more commonplace. Literature's have shown that collaboration is as a meta-capability for innovation. By a comprehensive reviewing of literature this article after define a virtual teams and its characteristics, addressing virtual environments innovation and the relationship to R&D activities. Finally conclude that innovation cannot be successful unless the knowledge and information in the R&D project are effectively captured, shared and internalized by the R&D project's virtual team members.


In recent years, scholars have drawn attention to the myriad ways in which the lines between criminal enforcement and immigration control have blurred in law and public discourse. This essay analyzes this convergence in the context of immigration detention. For decades, courts and observers have documented and analyzed a wide range of detention-related concerns, including mandatory and presumed custody, coercion and other due process violations, inadequate access to counsel, prolonged and indefinite custody, inadequate conditions of confinement, and violations of international law obligations. With the number of detainees skyrocketing since the 1990s, these concerns have rapidly proliferated - to the point where some commentators resist the very term "detention" in this context as sanitized and misleading, masking quasi-punitive circumstances that approximate criminal "incarceration" or "imprisonment." If convergence of immigration control and criminal enforcement more generally has given rise to a system of crimmigration law, as some observers maintain, then perhaps excessive immigration detention practices have evolved into a quasi-punitive system of immcarceration.A recent report by Dora Schriro, a senior Homeland Security official, gives official imprimatur to crucial aspects of this picture, acknowledging explicitly that most detainees are - systematically and unnecessarily - held under circumstances inappropriate for immigration detention's noncriminal purposes. In response, the Obama Administration has pledged reforms to reconstruct this regime as a "truly civil detention system." This essay considers the possibilities and limits of these initiatives, which target excessive conditions of confinement but leave other excessive practices intact. Notwithstanding these proposed reforms, the expansion of existing enforcement initiatives means that the government will continue to detain noncitizens, in the words of its own head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "on a grand scale" - which may constrain its ability to dismantle many of the detention regime's quasi-punitive features. While excessive detention conditions may well be tempered for many individuals, large-scale immcarceration seems here to stay for the foreseeable future.


We consider a highly-qualified individual with respect to her choice between two distinct career paths. She can choose between a mid-level management position in a large company and an executive position within a smaller listed company with the possibility to directly affect the company's share price. She invests in the financial market including the share of the smaller listed company. The utility maximizing strategy from consumption, investment, and work effort is derived in closed form for logarithmic utility. The power utility case is discussed as well. Conditions for the individual to pursue her career with the smaller listed company are obtained. The participation constraint is formulated in terms of the salary differential between the two positions. The smaller listed company can offer less salary. The salary shortfall is offset by the possibility to benefit from her work effort by acquiring own-company shares. This gives insight into aspects of optimal contract design. Our framework is applicable to the pharmaceutical and financial industry, and the IT sector.


A distinct lack of clarity regarding the identity of university-based continuing education seems commonplace. Continuing educators have tended to focus on the institutional structure of continuing education, linking its identity to its degree of centralization, size of budget, and whether it houses its own faculty members. This paper suggests starting with the function of continuing education, regardless of how and by whom it is carried out. It then proceeds to identify some key values that might guide the practice of continuing education, arguing that in some cases, these values must be in tension with the impulses of the broader institution. Universities today, by necessity, are large bureaucratic institutions with little flexibility. This situation provides continuing education with the opportunity to address the gaps or tensions in the system by offering programs that are more responsive to participants' needs and that allow for a deeper exploration of the values of specific interest groups. UCE programs can also provide alternative entry points to those who want to further their education but have little access to mainstream university programs. Finally, continuing educators can help communities of interest connect with relevant university departments and thereby contribute to the university's mission.


The different models for the criminal liability of juristic persons reveal a tension between individualist and realistic approaches.  For individualists a corporation is the product of a union of individuals.  This means that a juristic person can only be held criminally responsible if the conduct and fault of an individual involved in the entity are attributed to the juristic person. For realists a corporate entity has an existence independent of its individual members.  The juristic person is blameworthy because its corporate identity or corporate ethos encouraged the criminal conduct.  A study of organisational theory reveals that corporate crime may not necessarily be traced to the fault of specific individuals.  Corporate criminality often is the result of complex decisions on different levels of the corporate hierarchy and furthermore is encouraged by the manner in which the organisation is structured.  Prominent scholars such as the American philosopher Peter A French and the Australian Brent Fisse rejected an individualist approach and attempted to develop models of corporate fault based on the corporate identity idea.  The failure of a corporation to take preventative or corrective measures in reaction to corporate criminal conduct is regarded as the basis for corporate fault by these authors.  French calls this the "principle of responsive adjustment" whilst Fisse names it the concept of "reactive fault." A more sophisticated model (the "corporate ethos" model), which is also more reconcilable with the basic notions of criminal law, was developed by the American legal scholar Pamela Bucy. *  A corporation will be held criminally responsible if its corporate ethos has encouraged the criminal conduct.  The corporate ethos can be established with reference to numerous factors such as the corporate hierarchy, corporate goals, the existing monitoring and compliance systems and the question whether employees are rewarded or indemnified for inappropriate behavior.


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Several short-lived pollutants known to impact Arctic climate may be contributing to the accelerated rates of warming observed in this region relative to the global annually averaged temperature increase. Here, we present a summary of the short-lived pollutants that impact Arctic climate including methane, tropospheric ozone, and tropospheric aerosols. For each pollutant, we provide a description of the major sources and the mechanism of forcing. We also provide the first seasonally averaged forcing and corresponding temperature response estimates focused specifically on the Arctic. The calculations indicate that the forcings due to black carbon, methane, and tropospheric ozone lead to a positive surface temperature response indicating the need to reduce emissions of these species within and outside the Arctic. Additional aerosol species may also lead to surface warming if the aerosol is coincident with thin, low lying clouds. We suggest strategies for reducing the warming based on current knowledge and discuss directions for future research to address the large remaining uncertainties.


This short book brings to life a unique and spectacular set of events in Latin American history. In November 1910, shortly after the inauguration of Brazilian President Hermes da Fonseca, ordinary sailors killed several officers and seized control of major new combat vessels, including two of the most powerful battleships ever produced, and commenced bombing Rio de Janeiro. The mutineers, led by an Afro-Brazilian and mostly black themselves, demanded greater rights-above all the abolition of flogging in the Brazilian navy, the last Western navy to tolerate it. This form of torture was closely associated in the sailors' minds with slavery, which had only been prohibited in Brazil in 1888. These events and the scandals that followed initiated a sustained debate about the role of race and class in Brazilian society and the extent to which Brazil could claim to be a modern nation. The commemoration of the centenary of the mutiny in 2010 saw the country still divided about the meaning of the Revolt of the Whip.


Search engines produce immense value by identifying, organizing, and presenting the Internet´s information in response to users' queries. Search engines efficiently provide better and faster answers to users' questions than alternatives. Recently, critics have taken issue with the various methods search engines use to identify relevant content and rank search results for users. Google, in particular, has been the subject of much of this criticism on the grounds that its organic search results — those generated algorithmically — favor its own products and services at the expense of those of its rivals. Much of this criticism has focused on the impact of differences among search engines' algorithmic methods upon individual websites, and allegations of "bias" in search engine results, in lieu of a conventional consumer-welfare driven antitrust analysis. The more useful attempts to define "bias" focus upon differences in organic rankings attributable to the search engine ranking its own content ("own-content bias"); that is, a sufficient condition for own‐content bias is that a search engine ranks its own content more prominently than its rivals do. Critics also fail to explore the possibility that differences in search engine algorithms result naturally from the competitive process and generate consumer benefits, as well as the vast economic literature replete with procompetitive justifications for vertical integration. In this paper, we use a large random sample of search queries to explore empirically the nature of search bias and its potential antitrust implications. Of course, so-called "bias" is not a sufficient condition for competitive harm as a matter of economics because it can increase, decrease, or have no impact at all upon consumer welfare. Nonetheless, documenting whether and how much of the alleged bias exists in Googles and its rivals' search results can improve our understanding of its competitive implications — that is, whether the evidence of discrimination in favor of one's own content across search engines is more consistent with anticompetitive foreclosure or competition. From an antitrust perspective, differences in own‐content references across engines fail to indicate consumer harm; to the contrary, it is quite possible — and indeed likely — that these differences imply the existence of intense competition among engines.


To continue reducing voltage in scaled technologies, both circuit and architecture-level resiliency techniques are needed to tolerate process-induced defects, variation, and aging in SRAM cells. Many different resiliency schemes have been proposed and evaluated, but most prior results focus on voltage reduction instead of energy reduction. At the circuit level, device cell architectures and assist techniques have been shown to lower Vmin for SRAM, while at the architecture level, redundancy and cache disable techniques have been used to improve resiliency at low voltages. This paper presents a unified study of error tolerance for both circuit and architecture techniques and estimates their area and energy overheads. Optimal techniques are selected by evaluating both the error-correcting abilities at low supplies and the overheads of each technique in a 28nm. The results can be applied to many of the emerging memory technologies.


'Then said a teacher, "Speak to us of Teaching." And he said: No man can reveal to you aught but that which already lies half asleep in the dawning of your knowledge. The teacher who walks in the shadow of the temple, among his followers, gives not of his wisdom, but ... rather leads you to the threshold of your own mind. The astronomer may speak to you of his understanding of space, but he cannot give you his understanding. The musician may sing to you of the rhythm which is in all space, but he cannot give you the ear which arrests the rhythm nor the voice that echoes it. And he who is versed in the science of numbers can tell of the regions of weight and measure, but he cannot conduct you thither. For the vision of one man lends not its wings to another man. And even as each one of you stands alone in God's Knowledge, so must each one of you be alone in his knowledge of God and his understanding of the earth.


User experience (UX) strategy requires a careful blend of business strategy and UX design, but until now, there hasn't been an easy-to-apply framework for executing it. This hands-on guide introduces lightweight strategy tools and techniques to help you and your team craft innovative multi-device products that people want to use. Whether you're an entrepreneur, UX/UI designer, product manager, or part of an intrapreneurial team, this book teaches simple-toadvanced strategies that you can use in your work right away. Along with business cases, historical context, and real-world examples throughout, you'll also gain different perspectives on the subject through interviews with top strategists. Define and validate your target users through provisional personas and customer discovery techniques Conduct competitive research and analysis to explore a crowded marketplace or an opportunity to create unique value Focus your team on the primary utility and business model of your product by running structured experiments using prototypes Devise UX funnels that increase customer engagement by mapping desired user actions to meaningful metrics


The last ten years have seen the growth of linkages between many of the world's cap-and-trade systems for greenhouse gases (GHGs), both directly between systems, and indirectly via connections to credit systems such as the Clean Development Mechanism. If nations have tried to act in their own self-interest, this proliferation of linkages implies that for many nations, the expected benefits of linkage outweighed expected costs. In this paper, we draw on the past decade of experience with carbon markets to test a series of hypotheses about why systems have demonstrated this revealed preference for linking. Linkage is a multi-faceted policy decision that can be used by political jurisdictions to achieve a variety of objectives, and we find evidence that many economic, political, and strategic factors — ranging from geographic proximity to integrity of emissions reductions — influence the decision to link. We also identify some potentially important effects of linkage, such as loss of control over domestic carbon policies, which do not appear to have deterred real-world decisions to link. These findings have implications for the future role that decentralized linkages may play in international climate policy architecture. The Kyoto Protocol has entered what is probably its final commitment period, covering only a small fraction of global GHG emissions. Under the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, negotiators may now gravitate toward a hybrid system, combining topdown elements for establishing targets with bottom-up elements of pledge-and-review tied to national policies and actions. The incentives for linking these national policies are likely to continue to produce direct connections among regional, national, and sub-national cap-and-trade systems. The growing network of decentralized, direct linkages among these systems may turn out to be a key part of a future hybrid climate policy architecture. 3 Ranson and Stavins: Linkage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems: Learnin Published by Berkeley Electronic Press Services, 2014 HARVARD PROJECT ON CLIMATE AGREEMENTS • HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL » 1 Linkage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems: Learning from Experience Matthew Ranson and Robert N. Stavins1


Abstract : This report discusses an effort in the application of artificial intelligence to the access of data from a large, distributed data base over a computer network. A running system is described that provides access to multiple instances of a data base management system (DBMS) over the ARPANET in real time. The system accepts a rather wide range of natural language questions about the data, plans a sequence of appropriate queries to the data base management system to answer the question, determines on which machine to carry out the queries, establishes links to those machines over the ARPANET, monitors the prosecution of the queries and recovers from certain errors in execution, and prepares a relevant answer to the original question. In addition to the functional components that make up the demonstration system, equivalent functional components with higher levels of sophistication are discussed and proposed. Keywords: LADDER(Language Access to Distributed Data with Error Recovery).


The prison law library has long been a potent symbol of the inmate's right to access the courts. But it has never been a practical tool for providing that access. This contradiction lies at the core of the law library doctrine. It takes little imagination to see the problem with requiring untrained inmates, many of them illiterate or non-English speakers, to navigate the world of postconviction relief and civil rights litigation with nothing more than the help of a few library books. Yet law libraries are ubiquitous in American prisons. Now, in light of a technological revolution in legal research methods, prison libraries face an existential crisis that requires prison officials, courts, scholars, and inmates to reconsider the very purpose of the prison law library. This Article takes up that challenge by providing a novel historical account of the prison law library's development.This Article uses original historical research to show how prison law libraries arose, not as a means of accessing the courts, but rather as a means of controlling inmates' behavior. By placing the origin of the prison law library in the first decades of the twentieth century — half a century earlier than typical accounts — this Article shows how the law library evolved to take on a new purpose in the 1960s and 1970s, when the Supreme Court and other courts first began to fashion a law library doctrine. The central argument of this Article is simple: The courts' attempts to graft an access-to-courts rationale onto a law library system that had developed for other purposes led to a law library doctrine riddled with contradictions and doomed to failure. This historical account helps explain a prison law library system that never really made sense in terms of providing access to the courts. As prisons look to update their law libraries in light of sweeping technological changes, it is all the more important to understand the history of the law library system so that authorities can plan for its future.


Hopkinson, Deborah. Titanic: Voices from the Disaster . New York: Scholastic Inc., 2012. Print. Almost 100 years after the disastrous sinking of the Titanic, the story of the ship's demise continues to create a fresh sense of horror. In this riveting exploration of the tragedy, acclaimed historical non-fiction author, Deborah Hopkinson, brings history alive by following the stories of several of the Titanic's passengers from setting sail to shipwreck. I quickly discovered that an impressive amount of research went into this book, as revealed by the comprehensive appendices. If it wasn't for this extensive documentation, it would have been easy to forget that I was reading non-fiction because of the way Hopkinson weaves several spell-binding narratives of select passengers. Chapter One begins by introducing an amateur photographer, Frank Browne, who is thrilled to find himself aboard the Titanic for a two day cruise at the outset of the doomed ship's passage. This initial chapter also introduces famed figures such as J. Bruce Ismay, the managing director of the ship's company, as well as Captain Edward Smith, and stewardess Violet Jessop. Frank Browne fortuitously disembarked in Cork, Ireland. The others were not so lucky. What stands out about this book is how Hopkinson puts a human face to the tragedy that claimed the lives of 1,496 people so long ago. In place of the 1997 blockbuster film with Leonardo Di Caprio, I now have a more chilling understanding of the human arrogance that caused the disaster, as well as the dreams and families that were lost on that cold, calm, starry night. Rather than imagining fictitious characters, I now imagine the real heroism of Second Officer Charles Lightoller who loaded lifeboats until he literally sank into the Atlantic (and miraculously survived), and the shocking decision of J. Bruce Ismay who chose to save himself while his passengers drowned. This book is a history of loss and survival, as well as courage and cowardice. Both intermediate and senior students will be hooked, especially reluctant readers who will likely already know something about the sinking of the Titanic and who often find more meaning in real life contexts. This book undoubtedly deserves a place on your library's bookshelves. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Jennifer Lunny Jennifer Lunny is a new teacher-librarian at Ballenas Secondary School on Vancouver Island.  A former English and social studies teacher, she is excited to promote literacy in her new position.  Finding that special book to connect with a student is one of the highlights of her job.  She has spent the fall semester building the collection at her school with many of the titles that were proposed in this project


Many epithelial tissues within large multicellular organisms are continually replenished by small independent populations of stem cells. These stem cells divide within their niches and differentiate into the constituent cell types of the tissue, and are largely responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Mutations can accumulate in stem cell niches and change the rate of stem cell division and differentiation, contributing to both aging and tumorigenesis. Here, we create a mathematical model of the intestinal stem cell niche, crypt system, and epithelium. We calculate the expected effect of fixed mutations in stem cell niches and their expected effect on tissue homeostasis throughout the intestinal epithelium over the lifetime of an organism. We find that, due to the small population size of stem cell niches, fixed mutations are expected to accumulate via genetic drift and decrease stem cell fitness, leading to niche and tissue attrition, and contributing to organismal aging. We also explore mutation accumulation at various stem cell niche sizes, and demonstrate that an evolutionary trade-off exists between niche size, tissue aging, and the risk of tumorigenesis; where niches exist at a size that minimizes the probability of tumorigenesis, at the expense of accumulating deleterious mutations due to genetic drift. Finally, we show that the probability of tumorigenesis and the extent of aging trade-off differently depending on whether mutational effects confer a selective advantage, or not, in the stem cell niche.


Now at seventy-three volumes, this popular MLA series (ISSN 1059-1133) addresses a broad range of literary texts. Each volume surveys teaching aids and critical material and brings together essays that apply a variety of perspectives to teaching the text. Upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, student teachers, education specialists, and teachers in all humanities disciplines will find these volumes particularly helpful.


Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) is the most important woman in Chinese history. She ruled China for decades and brought a medieval empire into the modern age. At the age of sixteen, in a nationwide selection for royal consorts, Cixi was chosen as one of the emperor's numerous concubines and sexual partners. When he died in 1861, their five-year-old son succeeded to the throne. Cixi at once launched a palace coup against the regents appointed by her husband and made herself the real ruler of China - behind the throne, literally, with a silk screen separating her from her officials who were all male. In this groundbreaking biography, Jung Chang vividly describes how Cixi fought against monumental obstacles to change China. Under her the ancient country attained virtually all the attributes of a modern state: industries, railways, electricity, telegraph, and an army and navy with up-to-date weaponry. It was she who abolished gruesome punishments like 'death by a thousand cuts' and put an end to foot-binding. She inaugurated women's liberation, and embarked on the path to introduce parliamentary elections to China. Jung Chang comprehensively overturns the conventional view of Cixi as a diehard conservative and cruel despot. Cixi reigned during extraordinary times and had to deal with a host of major national crises: the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions, wars with France and Japan - and the invasion by eight allied powers including Britain, Germany, Russia and the United States. Jung Chang not only records the Empress Dowager's conduct of domestic and foreign affairs, but also takes the reader into the depths of her splendid Summer Palace and the harem of Beijing's Forbidden City, where she lived surrounded by eunuchs - with one of whom she fell in love, with tragic consequences. The world Jung Chang describes here, in fascinating detail, seems almost unbelievable in its extraordinary mixture of the very old and the very new. Based on newly available, mostly Chinese, historical documents such as court records, official and private correspondence, diaries and eye-witness accounts, this biography will revolutionise historical thinking about a crucial period in China's - and the world's - history. Packed with drama, fast-paced and gripping, it is both a panoramic depiction of the birth of modern China and an intimate portrait of a woman: as the concubine to a monarch, as the absolute ruler of a third of the world's population, and as a unique stateswoman.


Torres, J. & Hicks, Faith Erin. Bigfoot Boy: Into the Woods . Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2012. Print. As a child growing up in a small mountain town, the mystery of the Sasquatch captured my imagination. I searched for him whenever we explored in the woods behind our house, and imagined this creature watching us through the windows at night. So I was delighted to read this collaboration between writer J. Torres and illustrator Faith Erin Hicks, a graphic novel that will appeal to readers of all ages. The story begins when ten-year-old Rufus is dropped off at his grandmother's house for the long weekend. He becomes bored and decides to explore the woods, where he meets a girl named Penny and follows her deep into the woods. The discovery of a legendary totem, inscribed with a special word, provides Rufus with special powers and a magical adventure involving a Sasquatch that he will never forget. The story, although simply told, conveys humour, mystery, and a sense of wonder as Rufus and Penny must overcome obstacles and scheming enemies. Character dialogue is authentic as to how a ten-year-old would speak, and the illustrations by Hicks enhance the humour and charm of the story. From Rufus, the freckle-faced lead, to the feisty Penny who does not slide into a stereotype of a First Nations character, their expressions and interactions feel real and the forest setting simultaneously magical and sinister. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Shelly Jobagy Shelly Jobagy is a teacher-librarian and administrator at a K-9 school in Edmonton, Alberta.


Who should own a federal judge's papers? This question has rarely been asked. Instead, it has generally been accepted that the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal judges own their own working papers, which include papers created by judges relating to their official duties, such as internal draft opinions, confidential vote sheets, and case-related correspondence. This longstanding tradition of private ownership has led to tremendous inconsistency. For example, Justice Thurgood Marshall's papers were released just two years after he left the bench, revealing behind-the-scenes details about major cases involving issues like abortion and flag burning. In contrast, Justice David Souter's papers will remain closed until the 50th anniversary of his retirement, and substantial portions of Justice Byron White's papers, including files relating to the landmark case of Miranda v. Arizona, were shredded. In addition, many collections of lower federal court judges' papers have been scattered in the hands of judges' families. Notably, this private ownership model has persisted despite the fact that our country's treatment of presidential records shifted from private to public ownership through the Presidential Records Act of 1978. Furthermore, private ownership of judicial papers has endured even though it has proven ill-equipped to balance the many competing interests at stake, ranging from calls for governmental accountability and transparency on the one hand to the judiciary's independence, confidentiality and collegiality on the other.This Article is the first to give significant attention to the question of who should own federal judges' working papers and what should happen to the papers once a judge leaves the bench. Upon the 35th anniversary of the enactment of the Presidential Records Act, this Article argues that judges' working papers should be treated as governmental property — just as presidential papers are. Although there are important differences between the roles of President and judge, none of the differences suggest that judicial papers should be treated as a species of private property. Rather, the unique position of federal judges, including the judiciary's independence, should be taken into account when crafting rules that speak to reasonable access to and disposition of judicial papers — not when answering the threshold question of ownership. Ultimately, this Article — giving renewed attention to a long forgotten 1977 governmental study commissioned by Congress — argues that Congress should declare judicial papers public property and should empower the judiciary to promulgate rules implementing the shift to public ownership. These would include, for example, rules governing the timing of public release of judicial papers. By involving the judiciary in implementing the shift to public ownership, Congress would enhance the likelihood of judicial cooperation, mitigate separation of powers concerns, and enable the judiciary to safeguard judicial independence, collegiality and confidentiality.


Agricultural land-use may lead to brief pulse exposures of pesticides in edge-of-field streams, potentially resulting in adverse effects on aquatic macrophytes, invertebrates and ecosystem functions. The higher tier risk assessment is mainly based on pond mesocosms which are not designed to mimic stream-typical conditions. Relatively little is known on exposure and effect assessment using stream mesocosms.
Thus the present thesis evaluates the appliacability of the stream mesocosms to mimic stream-typical pulse exposures, to assess resulting effects on flora and fauna and to evaluate aquatic-terrestrial food web coupling. The first objective was to mimic stream-typical pulse exposure scenarios with different durations (≤ 1 to ≥ 24 hours). These exposure scenarios established using a fluorescence tracer were the methodological basis for the effect assessment of an herbicide and an insecticide. In order to evaluate the applicability of stream mesocosms for regulatory purposes, the second objective was to assess effects on two aquatic macrophytes following a 24-h pulse exposure with the herbicide iofensulfuron-sodium (1, 3, 10 and 30 µg/L; n = 3). Growth inhibition of up to 66 and 45% was observed for the total shoot length of Myriophyllum spicatum and Elodea canadensis, respectively. Recovery of this endpoint could be demonstrated within 42 days for both macrophytes. The third objective was to assess effects on structural and functional endpoints following a 6-h pulse exposure of the pyrethroid ether etofenprox (0.05, 0.5 and 5 µg/L; n = 4). The most sensitive structural (abundance of Cloeon simile) and functional (feeding rates of Asellus aquaticus) endpoint revealed significant effects at 0.05 µg/L etofenprox. This concentration was below field-measured etofenprox concentrations and thus suggests that pulse exposures adversely affect invertebrate populations and ecosystem functions in streams. Such pollutions of streams may also result in decreased emergence of aquatic insects and potentially lead to an insect-mediated transfer of pollutants to adjacent food webs. Test systems capable to assess aquatic-terrestrial effects are not yet integrated in mesocosm approaches but might be of interest for substances with bioaccumulation potential. Here, the fourth part provides an aquatic-terrestrial model ecosystem capable to assess cross-ecosystem effects. Information on the riparian food web such as the contribution of aquatic (up to 71%) and terrestrial (up to 29%) insect prey to the diet of the riparian spider Tetragnatha extensa was assessed via stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N). Thus, the present thesis provides the methodological basis to assess aquatic-terrestrial pollutant transfer and effects on the riparian food web.
Overall the results of this thesis indicate, that stream mesocosms can be used to mimic stream-typical pulse exposures of pesticides, to assess resulting effects on macrophytes and invertebrates within prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) and to evaluate changes in riparian food webs.


Halogenated very short lived substances (VSLS) affect the ozone budget in the atmosphere. Brominated VSLS are naturally emitted from the ocean, and current oceanic emission inventories vary dramatically. We present a new global oceanic emission inventory of Br‐VSLS (bromoform and dibromomethane), considering the physical forcing in the ocean and the atmosphere, as well as the ocean biogeochemistry control. A data‐oriented machine‐learning emulator was developed to couple the air‐sea exchange with the ocean biogeochemistry. The predicted surface seawater concentrations and the surface atmospheric mixing ratios of Br‐VSLS are evaluated with long‐term, global‐scale observations; and the predicted vertical distributions of Br‐VSLS are compared to the global airborne observations in both boreal summer and winter. The global marine emissions of bromoform and dibromomethane are estimated to be 385 and 54 Gg Br per year, respectively. The new oceanic emission inventory of Br‐VSLS is more skillful than the widely used top‐down approaches for representing the seasonal/spatial variations and the annual means of atmospheric concentrations. The new approach improves the model predictability for the coupled Earth system model and can be used as a basis for investigating the past and future ocean emissions and feedbacks under climate change. This model framework can be used to calculate the bidirectional oceanic fluxes for other compounds of interest.


Kim Philby was the most notorious British defector and Soviet mole in history. Agent, double agent, traitor and enigma, he betrayed every secret of Allied operations to the Russians in the early years of the Cold War. Philby's two closest friends in the intelligence world, Nicholas Elliott of MI6 and James Jesus Angleton, the CIA intelligence chief, thought they knew Philby better than anyone, and then discovered they had not known him at all. This is a story of intimate duplicity; of loyalty, trust and treachery, class and conscience; of an ideological battle waged by men with cut-glass accents and well-made suits in the comfortable clubs and restaurants of London and Washington; of male friendships forged, and then systematically betrayed. With access to newly released MI5 files and previously unseen family papers, and with the cooperation of former officers of MI6 and the CIA, this definitive biography unlocks what is perhaps the last great secret of the Cold War.


My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles Martin Gardner 0486281523, 9780486281520 Courier Corporation, 1994 82 pages 1994 Over a period of 25 years as author of the Mathematical Games column for Scientific American, Martin Gardner devoted a column every six months or so to short math problems or puzzles. He was especially careful to present new and unfamiliar puzzles that had not been included in such classic collections as those by Sam Loyd and Henry Dudeney. Later, these puzzles were published in book collections, incorporating reader feedback on alternate solutions or interesting generalizations. The present volume contains a rich selection of 70 of the best of these brain teasers, in some cases including references to new developments related to the puzzle. Now enthusiasts can challenge their solving skills and rattle their egos with such stimulating mind-benders as The Returning Explorer, The Mutilated Chessboard, Scrambled Box Tops, The Fork in the Road, Bronx vs. Brooklyn, Touching Cigarettes, and 64 other problems involving logic and basic math. Solutions are included. file download hige.pdf