Biofortification of food crops with iodine is a novel approach to preventing iodine deficiency in humans. The present study analyses the consumer target groups and the market potential of iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables in Germany. For this purpose, an online survey of 1016 German fruit and vegetable consumers was conducted to investigate the acceptance of different product categories as well as relevant criteria for the market launch. The results show that iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables are particularly attractive to consumers who purchase at farmers' markets, organic food shops, and farm stores. Out of this group, 39% of consumers rate such iodine-rich foods as very appealing. They attach importance to food that naturally contains iodine and prefer produce from integrated domestic cultivation. With their focus on sustainability and naturalness, this group of consumers clearly differs from typical users of dietary supplements, who are primarily concerned with health benefits. However, overall about 85% of respondents would prefer biofortified fruits and vegetables to supplements to improve their iodine supply. The greatest market potential for iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables is to be expected in supermarkets, as this is the preferred food shopping location for most consumers. A total of 28% of those who buy here rate the biofortified foods presented as very appealing. Nevertheless, a successful market launch requires that the benefits of the new products are communicated according to the potential consumer group needs.


Interindividual variations in the level and activity of cytochrome P-450 enzymes were investigated in the liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasian patients. The P-450 enzymes used in this study included P-450 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A, and the monooxygenase activities determined were 13 typical P-450 substrates and 9 procarcinogens. Although the total P-450 content was higher in Caucasian (mean, 0.43 nmol/mg of protein) than in Japanese populations (mean, 0.26 nmol/mg of protein), the relative levels (percent of total P-450) of individual forms of P-450 determined immunochemically were not very different except that P-450 2A6 and 2B6 levels were higher in the Caucasians. About 70% of liver P-450 could be accounted for by P-450 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A proteins, and P-450 3A (about 30% of total P-450) and 2C (about 20%) enzymes were found to be the major forms. Considerable levels of P-450 1A2 (about 13%) and 2E1 (about 7%) could be determined, whereas the P-450 2A6 (about 4%), 2D6 (about 2%) and 2B6 (< 1%) were the minor P-450 forms. Differences in some of the P-450 1A2-, 2A6-, 2D6-, 2E1- and 3A4-dependent activities were observed in Japanese and Caucasian populations. No clear sex-related differences in individual P-450 contents and drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing activities were detected in 60 human samples, except that P-450 1A2-dependent activities were found to be higher in mean than in women in the Caucasian population only. A single neonate sample tended to be lower in P-450 1A2-, 2A6- and 2E1-dependent activities. In contrast to rat counterparts, we could not detect apparent developmental changes in P-450 content and activity in humans between 12 and 73 years old. Thus, the results presented in this study provide useful information for the study of drug biotransformation in humans and for the basis of drug toxicities, carcinogenesis and teratogenesis.


This is supposed to be the age of instant and constant communication, right? And if you have a business, belong to an organization, or have a cause you want to promote, a great-looking flyer or brochure can say a lot. If you have Microsoft Office Professional, Small Business, or Ultimate on your PC, you already have a great communication tool hidden insidePublisher 2007. Use it to promote your organization with newsletters, cards, and brochures. This book gets you started with Publisher basics so you can start communicating with your public. Chances are youre not planning to become a Publisher guru; you just want to use Publisher to get some things done. Then Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 For Dummies is just the book for you! It has just what you need to know to Understand design basics and plan a page Set up a flyer or publication and place text and pictures where they work best Use various Publisher templates Incorporate images and files from other programs Build Web sites with Publisher Prepare your creations for printing or posting online Whether youre selling a product or service, getting the word out about a not-for-profit organization, or helping out your church, synagogue, or school, Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 For Dummies makes it easy.


We deal with a small enough tumor section to consider it homogeneous, such that populations of lymphocytes and cancer cells are independent of spatial coordinates. A stochastic model based in one step processes is developed to take into account natural birth and death rates. Other rates are also introduced to consider medical treatment: natural birth rate of lymphocytes and cancer cells; induced death rate of cancer cells due to self-competition, and other ones caused by the activated lymphocytes acting on cancer cells. Additionally, a death rate of cancer cells due to induced apoptosis is considered. Weakness due to the advance of sickness is considered by introducing a lymphocytes death rate proportional to proliferation of cancer cells.
Simulation is developed considering different combinations of the parameters and its values, so that several strategies are taken into account to study the effect of anti-angiogenic drugs as well the self-competition between cancer cells. Immune response, with the presence of a kind of specialized lymphocytes, is introduced such that they appear once cancer cells are detected. Induced apoptosis of cancer cells is introduced to model the action of several drugs under development right now. Besides, the model predicts the cancer relapse even from a very small number of cells. Simulation is done by using Gillespie algorithm.


A Venn diagram is simple if at most two curves intersect at any given point. A recent paper of Griggs, Killian, and Savage [Elec. J. Combinatorics, Research Paper 2, 2004] shows how to construct rotationally symmetric Venn diagrams for any prime number of curves. However, the resulting diagrams contain only ${n \choose {\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}}$ intersection points, whereas a simple Venn diagram contains $2^n-2$ intersection points. We show how to modify their construction to give symmetric Venn diagrams with asymptotically at least $2^{n-1}$ intersection points, whence the name "half-simple."


Charles Zheng (2009) purports to model the U.S. toxic asset auction plan. In the model, "moderately poor bidders outbid rich bidders in such auctions," because poor bidders have less to lose by defaulting on taxpayer loans. Thus, says Zheng: "After defeating their rich rivals and acquiring the toxic assets, such bidders will default on government-provided loans whenever the toxic assets turn out to be unsalvageable." The chief trouble with the paper is that the assumptions do not fit reality. In reality, the government-provided loans used to buy toxic assets are nonrecourse, allowing the borrower to walk away from the loan with no penalties besides ceding the asset that the loan purchased. Thus, there is nothing to make rich bidders less ready to win the auction. Zheng's conclusions that less well endowed borrowers will win toxic asset auctions are erroneous. Further Zheng's use of auctions to model these plans is largely inappropriate since only one of the three government toxic asset plans has government backed investors bid for the same toxic asset in an auction format.


Anaerobic digestion plants have the potential to produce biogas on demand to help balance renewable energy production and energy demand by consumers. A proportional integral (PI) controller is constructed and tuned with a novel tuning method to control biogas production in an optimal manner. In this approach, the proportional part of the controller is a function of the feeding rate and system's degree of stability. To estimate the degree of stability, a simulation‐based soft sensor is developed. By means of the PI controller, the requirement for gas storage capacity of the digester is reduced by approximately 30 % compared to a constant, continuous feeding regime of the digester.


The Theses LVI belong to a series of hitherto unpublished early manuscripts of the Dutch humanist and jurisconsult Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) that were acquired by the University of Leiden in 1864. It is not certain when the Theses were written, but preliminary research on the physical manuscript and the sources cited indicate two possible windows. The first is around 1602-1605, that is roughly at a time when Grotius was also working on his Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty (De Iure Praedae Commentarius). The second dating places the genesis of the manuscrbipt around 1613-1615. In the context of Grotius' writings, the Theses LVI assume an important position for several reasons: They raise questions about state formation, the duty of citizens to the state and the right of political resistance in far greater detail than in any other work of the celebrated Dutch humanist. The Theses LVI also feature important reading notes that yield priceless insights into the sources that Grotius directly consulted and their influence on his ideas. The manuscript grants modern scholars a unique glimpse into the working mind of its author. Evidence points not only to the ferocious haste with which Grotius wrote his works, but also the occasional sloppiness of his reading and research habits. Contents: 1. Grotius and the social contract: the context of the Theses LVI - 2. The manuscript of the Theses LVI and other relevant writings of Grotius - 3. Thoughts on the sources adduced by Grotius - 4. Grotius' method and program in the Theses LVI - 5. God, creation and the nature of man - 6. The genesis of the commonwealth (state, respublica) via the social contract - 7. Sovereignty in the Theses LVI - 8. Resisting tyranny - 9. Afterthoughts - 10. Bibliography of cited manuscripts and printed sources.


This article unveils a virtually unknown chapter in the history
of judicial diversity in Israel. During its first 20 years of existence,
between 1948 and 1968, only three Arab judges were appointed. Then,
within two years, between 1968 and 1969, Israel appointed three additional
Arab judges. Two interconnected changes account for this small
increase in judicial diversity. First, in the 1960s, the Arab legal elite began
to exert pressure on Israeli officials to appoint Arab judges. Second, perhaps
partly due to this pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee made
having a diverse judiciary a top priority. This historical example teaches
us that without outside pressure, the Judicial Selection Committee does
not look on diversity as an important consideration, using the merit system
of appointment as an excuse for its failure. Indeed, up to the present
day, the Israeli judiciary has relatively few Arab judges.


Dear Reader, You have undoubtedly picked up this book by mistake, so please put it down. Nobody in their right mind would read this particular book about the lives of Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire on purpose, because each dismal moment of their stay in the village of V.F.D. has been faithfully and dreadfully recorded in these pages.I can think of no single reason why anyone would want to open a book containing such unpleasant matters as migrating crows, an angry mob, a newspaper headline, the arrest of innocent people, the Deluxe Cell, and some very strange hats.It is my solemn and sacred occupation to research each detail of the Baudelaire children′s lives and write them all down, but you may prefer to do some other solemn and sacred thing, such as reading another book instead.With all due respect, Lemony Snicket Ages 10+


This paper briefly historicizes English language mail services, postal reform, and the inauguration of global delivery systems for material mails in order to outline the origins of junk mail and discursive excess in network concepts and systems. These historical developments not only made mail services affordable to common people, but also created the conditions necessary for inexpensive, rapid delivery---and dumping---of bulk advertising and circulars (the precursor of spam email) throughout the literate field of personal correspondences. From a contemporary perspective, electronic mail alters conventions that have evolved through epistolary practices. Situated on a background of a formal, dialogical ethos of personal answerability among a distributed public, mass mail makes global populations the object rather than a dialogical subject of literate relations, with consequential changes to social and cultural habits and attitudes toward personal correspondence. To conclude this paper explores global dynamics of digital correspondence that place unanswerability at the core of twenty-first century dialogical relations.


Session characteristics taken from large transaction logs of three Web search environments (academic website, public search engine, consumer health information service) are modeled using cluster analysis to determine if different session groups emerge for each environment. The analysis reveals that several distinct clusters of session behaviors emerge, with brief "hit and run" sessions on focused topics, brief sessions on popular topics, and sustained sessions on focused topics with more query modifications. A better understanding of session characteristics can help system designers by developing interfaces or search features that cater to identifiable groups of users based on their search behaviors.


This paper examines contrasting representations of minority language students in a linguistically diverse junior high classroom in an urban area of Western Canada. The majority of the research participants was of Asian heritage, and spoke English as a second language. Drawing on the construct of learner identity, I explore how these minority language learners' identities affected their experience in school. The study points to hybrid language practices, with particular attention to academic discourse, as a solution to developing English literacy in schools with students from multilingual backgrounds. "The In-between Crowd": Contrasting Representations of Minority Language Students


The "People's Constitution" drafted in 1997 was seen as a watershed event in Thai constitutional history due to the breadth and depth of its reforms. Yet just ten years later, in August 2007, a new Constitution was promulgated, the 18th since Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1932. The latest version followed the ouster in September 2006 of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in a military coup. This article examines the main differences between the 1997 and 2007 versions of the Constitution and how these changes relate to the current unrest in Thailand. The analysis suggests that Thailand's current instability is best understood in terms of how social struggles over access to power played out in constitutional choices. Though Thailand's urban elites and middle class had driven the drafting of the earlier Constitution, when the populist leadership it produced threatened their interests they were quick to support the traditional military and royal networks in ousting the elected government and replace the People's Constitution with one that is deliberately less democratic. Yet, because the drafting process failed to generate support beyond narrow elite circles, and the new institutional arrangements no longer provide the inclusive governance Thai people have come to expect, the new Constitution has generated tensions that suggest Thailand is unlikely to experience stability any time soon.


Agency (FOI) and the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI). The first round of lectures was conducted in 2008. The lectures revolve around core themes in African security studies and case studies from contemporary Africa, and they are presented by highly renowned international and national experts on Africa. While the primary audience is the analysts and researchers at FOI and NAI, a select number of participants are also invited from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida), the Ministries for Foreign Affairs and Defence, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (MSB), the Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF), the National Defence College (FHS), and the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA). LECTURE SERIES ON AFRICAN SECURITY


Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 BCE17 CE), born at Sulmo, studied rhetoric and law at Rome. Later he did considerable public service there, and otherwise devoted himself to poetry and to society. Famous at first, he offended the emperor Augustus by his "Ars Amatoria, " and was banished because of this work and some other reason unknown to us, and dwelt in the cold and primitive town of Tomis on the Black Sea. He continued writing poetry, a kindly man, leading a temperate life. He died in exile. Ovid's main surviving works are the "Metamorphoses, " a source of inspiration to artists and poets including Chaucer and Shakespeare; the "Fasti, " a poetic treatment of the Roman year of which Ovid finished only half; the "Amores, " love poems; the "Ars Amatoria, " not moral but clever and in parts beautiful; "Heroides, " fictitious love letters by legendary women to absent husbands; and the dismal works written in exile: the "Tristia, " appeals to persons including his wife and also the emperor; and similar "Epistulae ex Ponto." Poetry came naturally to Ovid, who at his best is lively, graphic and lucid. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Ovid is in six volumes.


Abstract The paper discusses various milestones in the process of multilateral trade negotiations, pinpoints current challenges facing the world trading order, and proposes possible ways out of the persistent impasse. Hufbauer argues that the success of the multilateral approach is at least partly because the GATT departed from the strictly unconditional definition of the most-favored nation (MFN) rule in the late 1970s already. Regional agreements such as NAFTA complemented, rather than hindered, multilateral trade liberalization in the past. The political economy of further multilateral liberalization has become increasingly complicated since countries such as Brazil, China, and India have emerged as relevant players. Against this backdrop, Hufbauer expects regionalism to become the strongest vehicle for delivering liberalization in the future. This could still leave a bright future for the WTO as a "house of plurilaterals", i.e., agreements on specific issues such as services liberalization with conditional MFN treatment of varying membership.


We award patents to inventors because we hope to encourage new ideas. For this reason, the fundamental requirement for getting a patent is that you have invented something new. It is curious, then, that patent law itself purports to pay no attention to which aspects of a patentee's invention are in fact new. A patented invention is legally defined by its claims – written definitions of the invention. And those written definitions virtually never call out what it is that is new about the patentee's invention. Even if the parties do identify the novel element of an invention, the law purports not to care. Long-standing patent law doctrine has decried any focus on the "point of novelty" of an invention. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit evaluates the claim as a whole, not just the piece of the claim that the patentee actually added to the storehouse of knowledge. As the court frequently puts it, "there is no legally recognizable . . . 'gist' or 'heart' of the invention." It turns out, however, to be hard to sustain a rule that a law concerned with novelty will pay no attention to the point of novelty. And so point-of-novelty issues crop up in a number of different doctrines in patent law, from figuring out who counts as an inventor to whether the inventor has disclosed the "best mode" of practicing the invention to when the sale of a product exhausts the patentee's rights in the patent. Courts are inconsistent in whether and how they consider the point of novelty in these doctrines and more. But when the Federal Circuit presented with a question in point-of-novelty terms, it most often falls back on the mantra that there is no point of novelty to an invention, even if it means discarding long-standing precedent. It's time to rethink the no-point-of-novelty doctrine in patent law. I argue that ignoring what is novel about patentee's invention makes little sense as an across-the-board matter, and leads to a variety of harmful consequences. While refusing to focus on the point of novelty serves some valuable purposes, there are other ways to achieve those ends. And in the end, a patent regime that pays attention to what the patentee actually invented, not what the patent lawyer wrote down, is more likely to achieve the goal of promoting innovation.


This was a keynote address at the annual meeting of the Australasian Society of Legal Philosophy at the University of Sydney in 2013. (It is a much expanded version of some brief remarks presented in 2010.) Why is legal positivism the dominant view among legal philosophers? The address begins with a somewhat lengthy methodological preamble, offering reasons to resist the extravagant metaphysical inflation of the purported theoretical virtues of positivism in some recent jurisprudential writing by Dickson and Shapiro, among others. Artifacts do not have essential attributes, not even functional ones. (Leslie Green's partial resistance to my metaphysical deflation in his recent "The Morality in Law" is shown to depend on some confusions about the status of the claim that law is an artifact.) I then suggest that legal positivism has three theoretical virtues counting in its favor. First, if we take seriously the benchmark for theoretical adequacy that Hart gave for his theory - namely, that it capture what the ordinary educated person familiar with a modern municipal legal system understands by the concept of law - that positivism does the best job of accounting for this ordinary understanding. (Particular attention is drawn to Raz's original arguments for legal positivism of this form, as opposed to his perhaps better-known, if more controversial, argument from the nature of authority.) Second, the positivist account of law is the one deployed fruitfully in all the empirical social sciences. Third, the positivist theory does not involve incredible or controversial metaphysical assumptions. The last two theoretical considerations are acknowledged to presuppose naturalism, but I suggest that doing so is unavoidable. Are there any competitors to the positivist theory so understood? The most sophisticated version of natural law theory, that of John Finnis, has conceded the main points in dispute to the legal positivists, and fails to articulate a successful argument against descriptive jurisprudence. A plausible theoretical reconstruction of the jurisprudence of American Legal Realism shows it to presuppose the positivist view. Scandinavian Legal Realism is shown to reject Hart's benchmark of theoretical adequacy (the first point, above), and so to be undertaking a wholly different project, one in no competition with Hart's. Dworkin's theory, by contrast, fails along the the three dimensions of theoretical adequacy along which legal positivism succeeds. The paper concludes that the appeal of Dworkin's theory to constitutional lawyers in the Anglophone world and elsewhere is due entirely to the (correct) perception that his theory makes moral considerations relevant to the resolution of momentous constitutional questions; unfortunately, nothing in the positivist theories of Hart and Raz denies the relevance of moral considerations to such questions. I end with some sociological reflections on jurisprudence that may partly explain the continued resistance to legal positivism, contrasting my own sociological speculations with Dworkin's final and embarrassing ad hominem arguments against legal positivism.


Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place using electronic technology. Electronic technology includes devices and equipment such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites. Examples of cyberbullying include mean text messages or emails, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, and embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles. Kids who are being cyberbullied are often bullied in person as well. Additionally, kids who are cyberbullied have a harder time getting away from the behavior. (1)Cyberbullying can happen 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and reach a kid even when he or she is alone. It can happen any time of the day or night. (2) Cyberbullying messages and images can be posted anonymously and distributed quickly to a very wide audience. It can be difficult and sometimes impossible to trace the source. (3)Deleting inappropriate or harassing messages, texts, and pictures is extremely difficult after they have been posted or sent. Cell phones and computers themselves are not to blame for cyberbullying. Social media sites can be used for positive activities, like connecting kids with friends and family, helping students with school, and for entertainment. But these tools can also be used to hurt other people. Whether done in person or through technology, the effects of bullying are similar. Kids who are cyberbullied are more likely to: ⑴Use alcohol and drugs, ⑵Skip school, ⑶Experience in-person bullying, ⑷Be unwilling to attend school, ⑸Receive poor grades, ⑹Have lower self-esteem, ⑺Have more health problems.


Keith Haring is synonymous with the downtown New York art scene of the 1980's. His artwork - with its simple, bold lines and dynamic figures in motion - filtered in to the world's consciousness and is still instantly recognizable, twenty years after his death. This Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition features ninety black-and-white images of classic artwork and never-before-published Polaroid images, and is a remarkable glimpse of a man who, in his quest to become an artist, instead became an icon.


The American Law Institute recently revised the Model Penal Code's sentencing provisions, calling for a renewed commitment to proportionality based on the gravity of offenses, the "blameworthiness" of offenders, and the "harms done to crime victims." Already, detractors have criticized this move, arguing that it replaces the Code's original commitment to rehabilitation with a more punitive attention to retribution. Yet, missing from such calumny is an awareness of retribution's subtle yet significant role in both the drafting and enactment of the first Model Penal Code (MPC). This article recovers that role by focusing on the retributive views of its first Reporter, Columbia Law Professor Herbert Wechsler. Though a dedicated utilitarian, Wechsler became increasingly aware of retribution's value to sentencing over the course of his career, using that awareness to guide both the development and adoption of the MPC. Recovering his view helps us to contextualize and perhaps even better appreciate the current revision's emphasis on proportionality.


This thesis establishes a framework for understanding the role of a supplier within the context of a business ecosystem. Suppliers typically define their business in terms of capturing value by meeting the demands of direct customers. However, the framework recognises the importance of understanding how a supplier captures indirect value by meeting the demands of indirect customers. These indirect customers increasingly use a supplier's products and services over time in combination with those of other suppliers. This type of indirect demand is difficult for the supplier to anticipate because it is asymmetric to their own definition of demand. Customers pay the costs of aligning products and services to their particular needs by expending time and effort, for example, to link disparate social technologies or to coordinate healthcare services to address their particular condition. The accelerating tempo of variation in individual needs increases the costs of aligning products and services for customers. A supplier's ability to reduce its indirect customers' costs of alignment represents an opportunity to capture indirect value. The hypothesis is that modelling the supplier's relationship to indirect demands improves the supplier's ability to identify opportunities for capturing indirect value. The framework supports the construction and analysis of such models. It enables the description of the distinct forms of competitive advantage that satisfy a given variety of indirect demands, and of the agility of business platforms supporting that variety of indirect demands. Models constructed using this framework are 'triply-articulated' in that they articulate the relationships among three sub-models: (i) the technical behaviours generating products and services, (ii) the social entities managing their supply, and (iii) the organisation of value defined by indirect customers' demands. The framework enables the derivation from such a model of a layered analysis of the risks to which the capture of indirect value exposes the supplier, and provides the basis for an economic valuation of the agility of the supporting platform architectures. The interdisciplinary research underlying the thesis is based on the use of tools and methods developed by the author in support of his consulting practice within large and complex organisations. The hypothesis is tested by an implementation of the modeling approach applied to suppliers within their ecosystems in three cases: (a) UK Unmanned Airborne Systems, (b) NATO Airborne Warning and Control Systems, both within their respective theatres of operation, and (c) Orthotics Services within the UK's National Health Service. These cases use this implementation of the modeling approach to analyse the value of platforms, their architectural design choices, and the risks suppliers face in their use. The thesis has implications for the forms of leadership involved in managing such platform-based strategies, and for the economic impact such strategies can have on their larger ecosystem. It informs the design of suppliers' platforms as system-of-system infrastructures supporting collaborations within larger ecosystems. And the 'triple-articulation' of the modelling approach makes new demands on the mathematics of systems modeling.


In retail, assortment planning refers to selecting a subset of products to offer that maximizes profit. Assortments can be planned for a single store or a retailer with multiple chain stores where demand varies between stores. In this paper, we assume that a retailer with a multitude of stores wants to specify her offered assortment. To suit all local preferences, regionalization and store-level assortment optimization are widely used in practice and lead to competitive advantages. When selecting regionalized assortments, a tradeoff between expensive, customized assortments in every store and inexpensive, identical assortments in all stores that neglect demand variation is preferable.

We formulate a stylized model for the regionalized assortment planning problem (APP) with capacity constraints and given demand. In our approach, a 'common assortment' that is supplemented by regionalized products is selected. While products in the common assortment are offered in all stores, products in the local assortments are customized and vary from store to store.

Concerning the computational complexity, we show that the APP is strongly NP-complete. The core of this hardness result lies in the selection of the common assortment. We formulate the APP as an integer program and provide algorithms and methods for obtaining approximate solutions and solving large-scale instances.

Lastly, we perform computational experiments to analyze the benefits of regionalized assortment planning depending on the variation in customer demands between stores.


Mac OS X was released in March 2001, but many components, such as Mach and BSD, are considerably older. Understanding the design, implementation, and workings of Mac OS X requires examination of several technologies that differ in their age, origins, philosophies, and roles.Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach is the first book that dissects the internals of the system, presenting a detailed picture that grows incrementally as you read. For example, you will learn the roles of the firmware, the bootloader, the Mach and BSD kernel components (including the process, virtual memory, IPC, and file system layers), the object-oriented I/O Kit driver framework, user libraries, and other core pieces of software. You will learn how these pieces connect and work internally, where they originated, and how they evolved. The book also covers several key areas of the Intel-based Macintosh computers.A solid understanding of system internals is immensely useful in design, development, and debugging for programmers of various skill levels. System programmers can use the book as a reference and to construct a better picture of how the core system works. Application programmers can gain a deeper understanding of how their applications interact with the system. System administrators and power users can use the book to harness the power of the rich environment offered by Mac OS X. Finally, members of the Windows, Linux, BSD, and other Unix communities will find the book valuable in comparing and contrasting Mac OS X with their respective systems.Mac OS X Internals focuses on the technical aspects of OS X and is so full of extremely useful information and programming examples that it will definitely become a mandatory tool for every Mac OS X programmer.


Vanadium carbide (VC) reinforced FeCrVC hardfacings have become important to improve the lifetime of tools suffering abrasive and impact loads. This is because the microstructural properties of such hardfacings enable the primary VCs to act as obstacles against the penetrating abrasive. Because dilution is supposed to be the key issue influencing the precipitation behaviour of primary carbides during surfacing, the development of deposit welding processes exhibiting a reduced thermal impact, and hence lower dilution to the base material, is the primary focus of the current research. By inserting an additional hot wire in the melt, an approach was developed to separate the material and energy input during gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and hence realised low dilution claddings. The carbide content could be increased, and a grain refinement was observed compared with conventional GMAW. These effects could be attributed to both the reduced dilution and heterogeneous nucleation.


Writing in the June  issue of the Economic Journal, Harry G. Johnson begins with a sentence seemingly calibrated to the scale of the book he set himself to review: "The long-awaited monetary history of the United States by Friedman and Schwartz is in every sense of the term a monumental scholarly achievement—monumental in its sheer bulk, monumental in the definitiveness of its treatment of innumerable issues, large and small . . . monumental, above all, in the theoretical and statistical effort and ingenuity that have been brought to bear on the solution of complex and subtle economic issues." Friedman and Schwartz marshaled massive historical data and sharp analytics to support the claim that monetary policy—steady control of the money supply—matters profoundly in the management of the nation's economy, especially in navigating serious economic fluctuations. In their influential chapter , "The Great Contraction"—which Princeton published in  as a separate paperback—they address the central economic event of the century, the Depression. According to Hugh Rockoff, writing in January : "If Great Depressions could be prevented through timely actions by the monetary authority (or by a monetary rule), as Friedman and Schwartz had contended, then the case for market economies was measurably stronger." Milton Friedman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in  for work related to A Monetary History as well as to his other Princeton University Press book, A Theory of the Consumption Function ().


The purpose of this study was to better understand how socially responsible leadership is experienced by African American men at a comprehensive university in the southeast. Employing the interpretive tradition of phenomenology, and building on college student retention, involvement, and leadership theories, the researcher asked 20 students what does making a difference mean and what is the result? Informants ascribed meanings to informal, individual encounters; but attributed outcomes to formal, group affiliations; and finally recommended formal, individual and community interventions. Furthermore, informants supported a non-positional, relational outlook on leadership and credited those relationships with persistence. Ultimately, the aim of phenomenology is to discover the essential structures of a lived experience. For these men, making a difference was structured by dialogue that developed a mindset to enable or enact positive role modeling and mentoring for other Black men. Thus, others are called to facilitate and further research cross cultural relationships that inspire student involvement.


Bernheimer, Kate. The Lonely Book . Illus. Chris Sheban. New York: Random House, 2012. Print. This charming story about a well-loved book will not easily be forgotten. It's the sort of picture book I would have loved to discover during my childhood visits to the public library. The tale begins in a classic fairytale style, "Once there was a brand-new book that arrived at the library." As the story unfolds, young readers learn all sorts of details about the inner workings of a public library, including the custom that many of the newest books are placed on a special shelf in a high traffic area. The "lonely book" of this story initially had a popular and fulfilling life on the new book shelf but eventually it is relegated to the children's section, along with countless other well-loved titles. Years pass, the book becomes a little tattered and worn, and is now checked out all too infrequently. Then, one morning, a little girl named Alice discovers it and falls in love with the story about the girl and her life under a toadstool, and so she takes it home. "The book had never felt so beloved." Readers will discover how lonely it becomes when Alice forgets to renew her old book, and especially so when it begins a new life in the library's storage basement. In time, Alice longs for her favourite book and despairs that she may never see it again. The story ends on a cheerful note, however, when Alice is reunited with her once cherished book at the library's big book sale. For those of us who understand what it is like to cherish a book from our childhood, this book will bring back fond memories. The soft watercolour illustrations complement the story beautifully and they evoke a magical time when children fall in love with books, read them late into the night, fall asleep with them under their pillows, and dream sweet dreams about favourite characters and events. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Robert Desmarais Robert Desmarais is Head of Special Collections at the University of Alberta and Managing Editor of  The Deakin Review of Children's Literature . A graduate of the University of Toronto's Faculty of Information Studies, with a Book History and Print Culture designation, he also has university degrees in English literature and publishing. He has been collecting and enjoying children's books for as long as he can remember.


The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method for assessing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2012, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for calendar year 2011. AQR scores for 2011 are based on 15 elements in four major areas that focus on airline performance aspects important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2012 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for U.S. airlines that are required to report performance by virtue of having at least 1% of domestic scheduled-service passenger revenue during 2011. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines' comparative performance for the calendar year of 2011 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12month period of 2011, and industry results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2010 are included, where available, to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.


Abstract. The impact of very deep convection on the water budget and thermal structure of the tropical tropopause layer is still not well quantified, not least because of limitations imposed by the available observation techniques. Here, we present detailed analysis of the climatology of the cloud top brightness temperatures as indicators of deep convection during the Indian summer monsoon, and the variations therein due to active and break periods. We make use of the recently newly processed data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at a nominal spatial resolution of 4 km. Using temperature thresholds from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the AVHRR brightness temperatures are converted to climatological mean (2003–2008) maps of cloud amounts at 200, 150 and 100 hPa. Further, we relate the brightness temperatures to the level of zero radiative heating, which may allow a coarse identification of convective detrainment that will subsequently ascend into the stratosphere. The AVHRR data for the period 1982–2006 are used to document the differences in deep convection between active and break conditions of the monsoon. The analysis of AVHRR data is complemented with cloud top pressure and optical depth statistics (for the period 2003–2008) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Aqua satellite. Generally, the two sensors provide a very similar description of deep convective clouds. Our analysis shows that most of the deep convection occurs over the Bay of Bengal and central northeast India. Very deep convection over the Tibetan plateau is comparatively weak, and may play only a secondary role in troposphere-to-stratosphere transport. The deep convection over the Indian monsoon region is most frequent in July/August, but the very highest convection (coldest tops, penetrating well into the TTL) occurs in May/June. Large variability in convection reaching the TTL is due to monsoon break/active periods. During the monsoon break period, deep convection reaching the TTL is almost entirely absent in the western part of the study area (i.e. 60 E–75 E), while the distribution over the Bay of Bengal and the Tibetan Plateau is less affected. Although the active conditions occur less frequently than the break conditions, they may have a larger bearing on the composition of the TTL within the monsoonal anticyclone, and tracer transport into the stratosphere because of deep convection occurring over anthropogenically more polluted regions.


This article reports on the development and implementation of DISXPERT, an intelligent rule-based system tool for referral of social security disability recipients to vocational rehabilitation services. The growing use of paraprofessionals as caseworkers responsible for assessment in the social services area provides fertile domain areas for new and innovative application of intelligent system technology. The main function of DISXPERT is to provide support to paraprofessional caseworkers in reaching unbiased and consistent assessment decisions regarding referral of clients to vocational rehabilitation services. The results after four years of use demonstrate that paraprofessionals using DISXPERT can make assessments in less time and with a level of accuracy superior to the vocational rehabilitation domain professionals using manual methods. This article discusses the problem domain, the design and development of the system, uses of AI technology, payoffs, and deployment and maintenance of the system.


Only quite recently has the concept of demotivation (as a partially neglected facet of motivationally-oriented investigations) come to the foreground of attention of researchers and educationalists interested in psycho-affective foundations of learning. Though literature on psycholinguistic underpinnings of learning is laden with varied probes into different pedagogical aspects of motivation, and thereby lack of it, studies directly attending to the notion of demotivation still suffer from a considerable paucity. Thus, faced with the above-said dearth of research on demotivating elements and their repercussions for didactics, the researchers in the current study set out for a partially full-fledged journey through the main underlying reasons for the learners' lack of motivation for learning English as a foreign language, particularly in the context of Iranian high schools. To come up with satisfactory answers to and justifications for the major research questions of the study, which tried to grapple with the demotivational bases of learning among Iranian EFL high school learners, a sample of 165 students from Maragheh (a city in East Azerbaijan, Iran) Nemouneh High School were selected as the participants of the study. The process of data collection was mainly carried out through the administration of a 50-item Likert scale demotivational questionnaire, which mostly centered around the learners' negative experiences of learning English as a foreign language. As a complementary phase to the current study, the English teachers instructing in the said high school were also involved in the course of data collection, through providing answers to an open-ended question concerning their experience of demotivating factors. Successive to the collection of data, several statistical procedures including one-way ANOVAs and chi-squares were run to analyze the learners' responses to the questionnaire items. The findings of the study, in brief, revealed no significant difference among the classes, except for the items related to the effect of teacher's personality and behavior, learners' experience of failure and learners' lack of success. The results also pointed to no significant differences among majors with the exception of the items attending to the effect of teacher's personality and behavior as well as the learners' experience of failure.


In this working paper, the authors introduce an MDG Progress Index to assess how on or off track countries are toward MDG targets. They find evidence of dramatic achievements by many poor countries, such as Honduras, Laos, Ethiopia, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Nepal, Cambodia, and Ghana. These countries' performance suggests that they may achieve most of the highly ambitious MDGs. Moreover, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for many of the star MDG performers. Interestingly, poor countries perform nearly on par with middle-income countries. Not surprisingly, the list of laggards largely consists of countries devastated by conflict over the last few decades, such as Afghanistan, Burundi, the DRC, and Guinea-Bissau. Most countries fall somewhere in between, demonstrating solid progress on some indicators and little on others.


If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking po wer called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of everyone, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character , too, is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it. He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he w ho lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.


This report uses data from two public sources to compare agricultural support between the United States and the European Union (EU): (1) estimates of domestic support for agricultural programs based on World Trade Organization (WTO) notifications; and (2) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD's) country-level policy database. Each of these data sources uses a slightly different metric to evaluate agricultural support. The report includes an overview of farm programs in the U.S. and EU, comparisons of support based on the metrics, and conclusions with policy implications.


Abstract. The GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE)
Airborne Simulator (GCAS) was developed in support of NASA's decadal survey
GEO-CAPE geostationary satellite mission. GCAS is an airborne push-broom
remote-sensing instrument, consisting of two channels which make
hyperspectral measurements in the ultraviolet/visible (optimized for air
quality observations) and the visible–near infrared (optimized for ocean
color observations). The GCAS instrument participated in its first intensive
field campaign during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from
Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality
(DISCOVER-AQ) campaign in Texas in September 2013. During this campaign, the
instrument flew on a King Air B-200 aircraft during 21 flights on 11 days to
make air quality observations over Houston, Texas. We present GCAS trace gas
retrievals of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde
(CH2O), and compare these results with trace gas columns derived
from coincident in situ profile measurements of NO2 and
CH2O made by instruments on a P-3B aircraft, and with NO2
observations from ground-based Pandora spectrometers operating in direct-sun
and scattered light modes. GCAS tropospheric column measurements correlate
well spatially and temporally with columns estimated from the P-3B
measurements for both NO2 (r2=0.89) and CH2O
(r2=0.54) and with Pandora direct-sun (r2=0.85) and scattered light
(r2=0.94) observed NO2 columns. Coincident GCAS columns agree
in magnitude with NO2 and CH2O P-3B-observed columns to
within 10 % but are larger than scattered light Pandora tropospheric
NO2 columns by 33 % and direct-sun Pandora NO2
columns by 50 %.


Tens of millions of people today are living part of their life in a virtual world. In places like World of Warcraft, Second Life, and Free Realms, people are making friends, building communities, creating art, and making real money. Business is booming on the virtual frontier, as billions of dollars are paid in exchange for pixels on screens. But sometimes things go wrong. Virtual criminals defraud online communities in pursuit of real-world profits. People feel cheated when their avatars lose virtual property to wrongdoers. Increasingly, they turn to legal systems for solutions. But when your avatar has been robbed, what law is there to assist you? In "Virtual Justice", Greg Lastowka illustrates the real legal dilemmas posed by virtual worlds. Presenting the most recent lawsuits and controversies, he explains how governments are responding to the chaos on the cyberspace frontier. After an engaging overview of the history and business models of today's virtual worlds, he explores how laws of property, jurisdiction, crime, and copyright are being adapted to pave the path of virtual law. Virtual worlds are becoming more important to society with each passing year. This pioneering study will be an invaluable guide to scholars of online communities for years to come.


The interation of particular slender bodies with low Reynolds-number flows is in the limit 'slenderness to 0' described by a linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The integral operator of this equation has a denumerable set of polynomial eigenfunctions whose corresponding eigenvalues are non-positive and of logarithmic growth. A theorem similiar to a classical result of Plemelj-Privalov for integral operators with Cauchy kernels is proven. In contrast to Cauchy kernel operators, the integral operator maps no Holder space into itself. A spectral analysis of the integral operator restricted to an appropriate class of analytic functions is performed. The spectral properties of this restricted integral operator suggest a collocation-like method to solve the integral equation numerically. For this numerical scheme, convergence is proven and several computations are presented.


Traditional resource management systems rely on a centralized approach to manage users running on each resource. The centralized resource management system is not scalable for large-scale servers as the number of users running on shared resources is increasing dramatically and the centralized manager may not have enough information about applications' need. In this paper we propose a distributed game-theoretic resource management approach using market auction mechanism to find optimal strategy in a resource competition game. The applications learn through repeated interactions to choose their action on choosing the shared resources. Specifically, we look into two case studies of cache competition game and main processor and co-processor congestion game. We enforce costs for each resource and derive bidding strategy. Accurate evaluation of the proposed approach show that our distributed allocation is scalable and outperforms the static and traditional approaches.


Haworthia koelmaniorum Oberm. & D.S. Hardy var. mcmurtryi (C.L. Scott) M.B. Bayer is an endemic plant restricted to the high-lying areas of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. There is a serious lack of information on this species; it was known from only two populations at the time of the study but this information did not include population sizes and structures or its habitat requirements. A total count was conducted of one of the two populations to determine its size. Recorded plants were classified into age groups – according to their size and number of leaves – to determine the population structure. A detailed investigation of the habitat features of the studied population was also conducted. It was found that the studied population consisted of 1284 individuals and comprised approximately 4% seedlings, 12% juveniles and 84% mature plants. The species was found to have specialised habitat requirements, occurring only on red rhyolite of the Selons River Formation. The plants were also found to select very specific habitat features within their range of occurrence. The species also seems to be adapted to fire and has developed strategies to survive fire events. It is recommended that future research projects on this species use the same methods and age groups as this study to facilitate comparison. It is also recommended that more research be initiated to determine the population and seed viability, specific pollinators and the optimum fire frequency and intensity for this species. Conservation implications: This article provides baseline information related to the size, structure and habitat features of one of two known populations of Haworthia koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi . This information will contribute to the understanding of the ecology of this plant, thus contributing to better management decisions to enhance its in situ conservation.


Almost a half-century after Yayoi Kusama debuted her landmark installation Infinity Mirror Room--Phalli's Field (1965) in New York, the work remains challenging and unclassifiable. Shifting between the Pop-like and the Surreal, the Minimal and the metaphorical, the figurative and the abstract, the psychotic and the erotic, with references to "free love" and psychedelia, it seemed to embody all that the 1960s was about, while at the same time denying the prevailing aesthetics of its time. The installation itself was a room lined with mirrored panels and carpeted with several hundred brightly polka-dotted soft fabric protrusions into which the visitor was completely absorbed. Kusama simply called it "a sublime, miraculous field of phalluses." A precursor of performance-based feminist art practice, media pranksterism, and "Occupy" movements, Kusama (born in 1929) was once as well known as her admirers--Andy Warhol, Donald Judd, and Joseph Cornell. In this first monograph on an epoch-defining work, Jo Applin looks at the installation in detail and places it in the context of subsequent art practice and theory as well as Kusama's own (as she called it) "obsessional art." Applin also discusses Kusama's relationship to her contemporaries, particularly those working with environments, abstract-erotic sculpture, and mirrors, and those grappling with such issues as abstraction, eroticism, sexuality, and softness. The work of Lee Lozano, Claes Oldenburg, Louise Bourgeois, and Eva Hesse is seen anew when considered in relation to Yayoi Kusama's.


While many law review articles are devoted to the legal analysis of gifts, this article addresses romantic gifts in particular, to which many legal exceptions apply. In addition to offering a review of the legal economics behind gift-giving, this article is the first to survey the five legal theories of revocability for romantic gifts, as well as an unprecedented new theory recently employed in federal court. Although the general presumption is that gifts are irrevocable, courts have used five main theories to return romantic gifts to their donors — conditional gift, pledge, consideration, unjust enrichment, and fraud — as well as a new approach which has actually been used recently in federal court: criminal fraud. Criminal fraud is a surprising and unprecedented development because it not only requires the disgorgement of the gifts as the other theories do, but also punishes the donee beyond the cost of the gift. Thus, it is the only theory of revocability that will change the ex ante incentives of the donee. In the course of discussion, this article will note three economic paradoxes that arise in the context of romantic gifts: (1) non-cash gifts appear on first glance to be extremely inefficient because it involves guessing the desires of donees, but are nonetheless ubiquitous; (2) extremely inefficient gifts tend to be better signaling mechanisms than efficient gifts in romantic relationships; and (3) although one who pursues a relationship blatantly for financial benefits faces more social condemnation than one who tastefully hides her motivations, she or he is actually facilitating a more efficient relationship. This leads to a discussion of when romantic gifts should be revocable, which theories of court interference are the most appropriate, and how courts should craft doctrine in the future. Because of the potential of over-deterrence, courts should only impose punishments that exceed the value of the gift when there is a clear enough information asymmetry between the donor and the donee that it would be impossible for the donor to give his informed consent to the relationship or the gift.


As more and more dual language learners enter the school system, now's the ideal time for this second edition of the bestselling textbook - essential for preparing SLPs and educators to work with young children who are bilingual or learning a second language. This comprehensive, student-friendly text takes the popular first edition to the next level, enriching it with 6 years of new research and the latest guidance on best practices. Dispelling the many myths about dual language development, the expert authors arm future professionals with the information they need to support young bilingual children and their families, all while meeting Head Start's guidelines on cultural and linguistic responsiveness. Preservice professionals will get a solid foundation of knowledge to help them address reading impairments in dual language learners (NEW CHAPTER!) minimize barriers to language development in internationally adopted children (NEW CHAPTER!) give children continuous, consistent, and rich exposure to both languages recognize the typical stages of second-language learning determine when a language delay is the result of an actual disorder prevent attrition of the child's first language make appropriate decisions about the schooling of dual language learners understand code mixing and successfully factor it into language assessments apply effective assessment strategies to accurately diagnose language impairments plan interventions that are culturally appropriate and respect the child's identity address parents' concerns and help them support their child's development in both languages Undergraduate and graduate students will also benefit from detailed profiles of dual language learners, definitions of key terms, and summary sections that juxtapose key points with their implications for effective practice. With the clear information in this state-of-the-art textbook--also a valuable resource for in-practice SLPs and educators--professionals will be ready to make informed decisions that help young dual language learners thrive, both at home and in the classroom. Dual Language Development & Disorders is a part of the Communication and Language Intervention Series.


Studies of chimpanzee and bonobo social and learning behaviours, as well as diverse explorations of language abilities in primates, suggest that the attribution of 'culture' to primates other than humans is appropriate. The underestimation of primate cultural and cognitive characteristics leads to minimising the evolutionary relationship of humans and other primates. Consequently my claim in this reflection is about the importance of primate studies for the enhancement of Christian thought, with the specific observation that the bifurcation of nature and culture may be an unsustainable feature of any world view, which includes extraordinary status for humans (at least, some humans) as a key presupposition. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The scientific literature concerning primate studies is typically ignored by Christian theology. Reaping the benefits of dialogue between science and religion, Christian thought must engage and respond to the depth of primate language, social, and cultural skills in order to better interpret the relationship of nature and culture.


Urban populations have become increasingly heterogeneous in ethnic, cultural and religious terms. These multi-ethnic, multicultural and multi-religious structures challenge the ability of municipalities to establish or maintain peaceful relations among the different segments of the population. The third module of the CLIP project focuses on the relations between different groups in the city, as well as local policies established to deal with these relations, and the way in which representatives of migrant associations, religious communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) assess the local activities. This case study was carried out in Terrassa, Spain.


Personally identifiable information (PII) is one of the most central concepts in information privacy regulation. The scope of privacy laws typically turns on whether PII is involved. The basic assumption behind the applicable laws is that if PII is not involved, then there can be no privacy harm. At the same time, there is no uniform definition of PII in information privacy law. Moreover, computer science has shown that in many circumstances non-PII can be linked to individuals, and that de-identified data can be re-identified. PII and non-PII are thus not immutable categories, and there is a risk that information deemed non-PII at one time can be transformed into PII at a later juncture. Due to the malleable nature of what constitutes PII, some commentators have even suggested that PII be abandoned as the mechanism by which to define the boundaries of privacy law.In this Article, we argue that although the current approaches to PII are flawed, the concept of PII should not be abandoned. We develop a new approach called "PII 2.0," which accounts for PII's malleability. Based upon a standard rather than a rule, PII 2.0 utilizes a continuum of risk of identification. PII 2.0 regulates information that relates to either an "identified" or "identifiable" individual, and it establishes different requirements for each category. To illustrate this theory, we use the example of regulating behavioral marketing to adults and children. We show how existing approaches to PII impede the effective regulation of behavioral marketing, and how PII 2.0 would resolve these problems.


Anyone can master the fundamentals of game design - no technological expertise is necessary. "The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses" shows that the same basic principles of psychology that work for board games, card games and athletic games also are the keys to making top-quality videogames. Good game design happens when you view your game from many different perspectives, or lenses. While touring through the unusual territory that is game design, this book gives the reader one hundred of these lenses - one hundred sets of insightful questions to ask yourself that will help make your game better. These lenses are gathered from fields as diverse as psychology, architecture, music, visual design, film, software engineering, theme park design, mathematics, writing, puzzle design, and anthropology. Anyone who reads this book will be inspired to become a better game designer - and will understand how to do it.


This comprehensive narrative traces the history of the Navajos from their origins to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Based on extensive archival research, traditional accounts, interviews, historic and contemporary photographs, and firsthand observation, it provides a detailed, up-to-date portrait of the Dine past and present that will be essential for scholars, students, and interested general readers, both Navajo and non-Navajo. As Iverson points out, Navajo identity is rooted in the land bordered by the four sacred mountains. At the same time, the Navajos have always incorporated new elements, new peoples, and new ways of doing things. The author explains how the Dine remember past promises, recall past sacrifices, and continue to build upon past achievements to construct and sustain North America's largest native community. Provided is a concise and provocative analysis of Navajo origins and their relations with the Spanish, with other Indian communities, and with the first Anglo-Americans in the Southwest. Following an insightful account of the traumatic Long Walk era and of key developments following the return from exile at Fort Sumner, the author considers the major themes and events of the twentieth century, including political leadership, livestock reduction, the Code Talkers, schools, health care, government, economic development, the arts, and athletics.


This article reports findings from a qualitative study that explored the postsecondary schooling experiences, motivations, and perceptions of 16 high-achieving Black university students currently enrolled in or who have recently completed various high-profile university programs in Canada. While partly motivated to achieve the academic heights that they have by a desire for monetary reward and prestige, most participants were at least equally motivated by a desire to challenge racial stereotypes, be role models for Black youth, and put themselves in a position to improve the general situation of Black Canadians. There was considerable variation in how participants experienced the Canadian university system. Level of Black identification, gender, and field of study combined in unique ways in participants' lives to shape their schooling experiences and problematize the notion of an authentic or monolithic Black experience within the academy. In reflecting on the dearth of Black Canadians in prestigious university programs such as engineering, law, and medicine, most participants tended to downplay systemic explanations, emphasizing instead individual and community-based factors. Future research directions are discussed.


This presentation and related materials contain statements about the Corporation's future that are not statements of historical fact, including specifically the statements regarding the Corporation's expectations with respect to economic conditions and demand levels; and its ability to generate financial returns, improve network performance and cost efficiency, provide quality customer service, and provide returns to its shareholders. These statements are, or will be, forward-looking statements as defined by the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements also generally include, without limitation, information or statements regarding: projections, predictions, expectations, estimates or forecasts as to the Corporation's and its subsidiaries' business, financial, and operational results, and future economic performance; and management's beliefs, expectations, goals, and objectives and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times that, or by which, such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking information, including expectations regarding operational and financial improvements and the Corporation's future performance or results are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in the statement. Important factors, including risk factors, could affect the Corporation's and its subsidiaries' future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Information regarding risk factors and other cautionary information are available in the Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10K for 2014, which was filed with the SEC on February 6, 2015. The Corporation updates information regarding risk factors if circumstances require such updates in its periodic reports on Form 10-Q and its subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K (or such other reports that may be filed with the SEC). Forward-looking statements speak only as of, and are based only upon information available on, the date the statements were made. The Corporation assumes no obligation to update forward-looking information to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information. If the Corporation does update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that the Corporation will make additional updates with respect thereto or with respect to other forward-looking statements. References to our website are provided for convenience and, therefore, information on or available through the website is not, and should not be deemed to be, incorporated by reference herein.


Build Your Own Website The Right Way Using HTML & CSS, 2nd Edition teaches web development from scratch, without assuming any previous knowledge of HTML, CSS or web development techniques. This book introduces you to HTML and CSS as you follow along with the author, step-by-step, to build a fully functional web site from the ground up.However, unlike countless other "learn web design" books, this title concentrates on modern, best-practice techniques from the very beginning, which means you'll get it right the first time. The web sites you'll build will:Look good on a PC, Mac or Linux computer Render correctly whether your visitors are using Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, or Safari Use web standards so your sites will be fast loading and easy to maintain Be accessible to disabled users who use screenreaders to browse the WebBy the end of the book, you'll be equipped with enough knowledge to set out on your first projects as a professional web developer, or you can simply use the knowledge you've gained to create attractive, functional, usable and accessible sites for personal use.


This paper examines the linkages between education and training and labour market outcomes. It is based on a study that sought to improve our understanding of the longer-term relationship between disadvantage and educational/economic achievements. The population used in this study, as well as in two previous studies (Cooke, Wallace, Sloane-Seale, & Levin, 2000; McClure, Wallace, Sloane-Seale, Lavallee, & Levin, 1999) comprised Manitoba adults with backgrounds of low educational achievement. The study investigated factors that help adults overcome disadvantage to become successful post-secondary learners. Specifically, the impact of agency (decisions and choices that adults make) and biography (negative and positive personal experiences) on labour force participation, income, and skill acquisition was investigated.


Microsoft Office 2007 for Windows: Visual QuickStart Guide Introduction How this book is organized Which suites are covered? The Office Applications Microsoft Office Word 2007 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 Microsoft Office Outlook 2007 Microsoft Office OneNote 2007 Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 Part I: Introducing Microsoft Office 2007 Chapter 1: What's New in Office 2007 The New User Interface Office Button Ribbon bar Enhanced ToolTips Quick Access Toolbar Contextual Tabs Live Preview Mini Toolbar New File Formats New Features and Changes New in Word New in Excel New in PowerPoint New in Outlook New in OneNote New in Publisher Chapter 2: Office Basics Launching Office Applications Creating a New Document Opening Documents Saving Documents Closing Documents Working with Windows Setting the Magnification Using the Office Clipboard Printing Getting Help Quitting an Office Program Part II: Microsoft Word Chapter 3: Getting Started with Word 2007 The Word Interface Working in Different Views Print Layout view Full Screen Reading view Web Layout view Outline view Draft view Managing Windows Setting Show/Hide Options Entering Text Editing Text Basic Text Editing Using the Proofing Tools Finding and Replacing Text Entering Symbols and Special Characters Chapter 4: Formatting Documents Specifying Page Settings Modifying the Background Inserting Breaks Managing pages Adding a Cover Page or Blank Page Adding Headers or Footers Paragraph Formatting Setting Alignment Setting Indents Creatng Lists Between-Paragraph and Line Spacing Character Formatting Working with Styles Merge Formatting Chapter 5: Creating Outlines About Outline View Starting an Outline Reorganizing an Outline Changing Display Settings Chapter 6: Tables, Charts, and Art Inserting Tables Entering Data into a Table Modifying the Table Grid Formatting Table Data Calculations in Tables Creating Charts About Adding Graphics and Objects Adding Pictures Adding ClipArt Adding Shapes Using a Drawing Canvas Adding SmartArt Creating WordArt Adding a Text Box Settting Text Wrap Resizing, Moving, and Rotating Objects Chapter 7: Sharing Word Documents Choosing a File Format Emailing Word Documents Publishing Blog Entries Change Tracking Comparing Documents Combining Documents The Document Inspector Protecting a Document Part III: Microsoft Excel Chapter 8: Getting Started with Excel 2007 The Excel Interface Workbooks and Worksheets Cell and Range Selection Entering Data Editing Data Reorganizing a Workbook Filling Cells Importing Data Finding/Replacing Data Sorting Data Naming Cell and Ranges Password-Protecting a Workbook Chapter 9: Formatting Worksheets and Data Selecting Cells and Ranges Setting Column Width and Row Height About Data and Cell Formatting Character and Paragraph Formatting Fitting Text Within a Cell Number Formatting Conditional Formatting Adding Cell Borders and Backgrounds Removing, Replacing, and Reusing Formats Chapter 10: Formulas and Functions About Cell References A1 reference style 3-D reference style Structured reference style Formula Essentials Anatomy of a formula Operators Precedence Releative, absolute, and mixed Functions Creating Formulas Editing Formulas Troubleshooting Tips Chapter 11: Working with Tables Creating a Table Formating a Table Creating Calculated Columns Adding a Total Row Sorting and Filtering Changing a Table's Size Chapter 12: Creating Charts Chart Elements Creating a Chart Changing the Background Adding and Formatting Text Rows vs. Columns Changing the Layout and Style Displaying the Data Set Working with Gridlines Working with the Legend Adding Trendlines Modifying the Axes Changing the Chart Data Part IV: Microsoft PowerPoint Chapter 13: Getting Started with PowerPoint 2007 The PowerPoint Interface Working in Differenet Views Creating a Presentation Chapter 14: Creating a Presentation Beginning a Presentation Setting the Theme Adding and Deleting Slides Replacing Placeholders Inserting Other Items Creating a Photo Album Previewing the Slide Show Chapter 15: Completing a Presentation Animating Objects and Text Organizing the Slides Adding Transitions Rehearsing a Presentation Printing Notes and Handouts Saving a Presentation in Other Formats Part V: Microsoft Outlook Chapter 16: Getting Started with Outlook 2007 Email Essentials Types of Email Accounts About Email Addresses Adding Email Accounts Creating an account Modifying an account and setting options Note: Explain changing account types here Creating account groups About Profiles Creating Send/Receive Groups Adding RSS Feeds The Outlook Window Working online and offline Customizing Outlook Getting Help Chapter 17: Using the Address Book The Contacts Window Viewing Contact Records Creating Contact Records Searching for a Contact Using Business Cards Creating Distribution Lists Chapter 18: Composing and Sending Mail The Message Window Creating Messages About Message Formats Setting the message format Formatting text and paragraphs Adding Attachments Inserting Items Correcting Spelling Errors Using Signatures Other Message Options Requesting a receipt Setting a message priority Applying page colors, themes, and stationery Chapter 19: Receiving Mail Checking for New Mail Reading Messages Changing the View Searching for Messages Working with Attachments Printing Messages Chapter 20: Managing the Mail Marking Messages as Read Deleting Messages Copying and Moving Messages Creating Message Folders Categorizing Messages Flagging Messages Handling Junk Mail and Phishing Creating Message Rules Chapter 21: Tasks and Appointments Calendar Basics Recording an Appointment or Event Creating Recurring Events Responding to Reminders Modifying Events and Appointments Searching for an Event or Appointment Emailing a Calendar Task Basics Creating a Task Modifying Tasks Part VI: Microsoft OneNote Chapter 22: Getting Started with OneNote 2007 The OneNote Interface Notebooks, Sections, and Pages Opening and Closing Notebooks OneNote Integration Getting Help Chapter 23: Creating Notes Typing a Note Recording an Audio Note Recording a Video Note Creating Handwritten Notes Copy-and-paste and Drag-and-drop Creating Notes from Outlook Items Notes without OneNote Chapter 24: Embellishing and Editing Notes Using Page Templates Inserting Images from Disk Inserting and Working with Tables Inserting Hyperlinks Editing and Formatting Notes Correcting Spelling Errors Chapter 25: Managing and Organizing Notes rearranging Notebooks, Sections, and Pages Moving Pages and Sections Creating Section Groups Creating Page Groups Deleting Notes and Object Adding Section Passwords Searching for Notes Printing Notes Part VII: Microsoft Publisher Chapter 26: Getting Started with Publisher 2007 The Publisher Interface Creating a Publication Creating a Business Information Set Replacing Text Placeholders Replacing and Inserting Artwork Previewing the Publication Making Minor Changes Coloring the name text box Moving the logo Formatting text Formatting the logo Storing and Reusing Items Changing the Font or Color Scheme Changing Templates Addressing the Postcards Chapter 27: Distributing and Printing Publications Running a Prepress Check Creating PDFs Emailing a Publication Publishing to the Web Printing a Publication


Representations of activities dealing with the development or maintenance of software are called software process models. Process models allow for communication, reasoning, guidance, improvement, and automation. Two approaches for building, instantiating, and managing processes, namely CoMo-Kit and MVP-E, are combined to build a more powerful one. CoMo-Kit is based on AI/KE technology; it was developed for supporting complex design processes and is not specialized to software development processes. MVP-E is a process-sensitive software engineering environment for modeling and analyzing software development processes, and guides software developers. Additionally, it provides services to establish and run measurement programmes in software organizations. Because both approaches were developed completely independently major integration efforts are to be made to combine their both advantages. This paper concentrates on the resulting language concepts and their operationalization necessary for building automated process support.


In a paper published in the Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, McGeary, Harrison, and I showed that the JMCB's data+code archive of generally did not support the replication of the journal's published results. We recommended several procedures for ensuring that the archived data and code would reproduce the published results. The JMCB Editors recently adopted a few new procedures, ignoring most of the recommendations. This paper checks to see whether the new procedures are working. They are not.


This thesis has the goal to propose measures which allow an increase of the power efficiency of OFDM transmission systems. As compared to OFDM transmission over AWGN channels, OFDM transmission over frequency selective radio channels requires a significantly larger transmit power in order to achieve a certain transmission quality. It is well known that this detrimental impact of frequency selectivity can be combated by frequency diversity. We revisit and further investigate an approach to frequency diversity based on the spreading of subsets of the data elements over corresponding subsets of the OFDM subcarriers and term this approach Partial Data Spreading (PDS). The size of said subsets, which we designate as spreading factor, is a design parameter of PDS, and by properly choosing , depending on the system designer's requirements, an adequate compromise between a good system performance and a low complexity can be found. We show how PDS can be combined with ML, MMSE and ZF data detection, and it is recognized that MMSE data detection offers a good compromise between performance and complexity. After having presented the utilization of PDS in OFDM transmission without FEC encoding, we also show that PDS readily lends itself for FEC encoded OFDM transmission. We display that in this case the system performance can be significantly enhanced by specific schemes of interleaving and utilization of reliabiliy information developed in the thesis. A severe problem of OFDM transmission is the large Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM symbols, which hampers the application of power efficient transmit amplifiers. Our investigations reveal that PDS inherently reduces the PAPR. Another approch to PAPR reduction is the well known scheme Selective Data Mapping (SDM). In the thesis it is shown that PDS can be beneficially combined with SDM to the scheme PDS-SDM with a view to jointly exploit the PAPR reduction potentials of both schemes. However, even when such a PAPR reduction is achieved, the amplitude maximum of the resulting OFDM symbols is not constant, but depends on the data content. This entails the disadvantage that the power amplifier cannot be designed, with a view to achieve a high power efficiency, for a fixed amplitude maximum, what would be desirable. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the scheme Optimum Clipping (OC), in which we obtain the desired fixed amplitude maximum by a specific combination of the measures clipping, filtering and rescaling. In OFDM transmission a certain number of OFDM subcarriers have to be sacrificed for pilot transmission in order to enable channel estimation in the receiver. For a given energy of the OFDM symbols, the question arises in which way this energy should be subdivided among the pilots and the data carrying OFDM subcarriers. If a large portion of the available transmit energy goes to the pilots, then the quality of channel estimation is good, however, the data detection performs poor. Data detection also performs poor if the energy provided for the pilots is too small, because then the channel estimate indispensable for data detection is not accurate enough. We present a scheme how to assign the energy to pilot and data OFDM subcarriers in an optimum way which minimizes the symbol error probability as the ultimate quality measure of the transmission. The major part of the thesis is dedicated to point-to-point OFDM transmission systems. Towards the end of the thesis we show that the PDS can be also applied to multipoint-to-point OFDM transmission systems encountered for instance in the uplinks of mobile radio systems.


Abstract. A tropical channel version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate the radiative impacts of upper tropospheric clouds on water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The WRF simulations of cloud radiative effects and water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show reasonable agreement with observations, including approximate reproduction of the water vapor "tape recorder" signal. By turning on and off the upper tropospheric cloud radiative effect (UTCRE) above 200 hPa, we find that UTCRE induces a warming of 0.76 K and a moistening of 9% in the upper troposphere at 215 hPa. However, UTCRE cools and dehydrates the TTL, with a cooling of 0.82 K and a dehydration of 16% at 100 hPa. The enhanced vertical ascent due to UTCRE contributes substantially to mass transport and the dehydration in the TTL. The hydration due to the enhanced vertical transport is counteracted by the dehydration from adiabatic cooling associated with the enhanced vertical motion. UTCRE also substantially changes the horizontal winds in the TTL, resulting in shifts of the strongest dehydration away from the lowest temperature anomalies in the TTL. UTCRE increases in-situ cloud formation in the TTL. A seasonal variation is shown in the simulated UTCRE, with stronger impact in the moist phase from June to November than in the dry phase from December to May.


This article challenges the conventional wisdom about the property-rights jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in the period 1870-1900. It asserts that the Court was animated to protect the rights of property owners as a means of upholding individual liberty against governmental overreaching. The justices saw private property as essential for the enjoyment of liberty. This commitment to individualistic values was reinforced by utilitarian considerations. The Court repeatedly stressed the vital role of property and contractual rights as the basis of economic growth. In upholding property right the justices drew upon the long-standing Anglo-American tradition of property-conscious constitutionalism. The essay concluded that there was a close affinity between the views of the framers of the Constitution concerning the sanctity of property rights and the jurisprudence of the Gilded Age.


Adoption of Bluetooth wireless technology has become ubiquitous in the last few years. One of the biggest steps forward is the standardization of Java APIs for Bluetooth wireless technology (JABWT). The latest updates to this standard is explained in detail in this book. The JABWT standard, defined by the JSR-82 Java Specification Request, supports rapid development of Bluetooth applications that are portable, secure, and highly-usable. Wireless device manufacturers have responded overwhelmingly to the JABWT specification by implementing JABWT applications in mobile phones and other personal wireless communications products.

"Bluetooth Application Programming Essentials: Programming with the Java APIs" explains in detail how to write Bluetooth applications using the Java APIs to exploit the power of both technologies. Written by the specification lead for JSR-82 and two other key participants in developing the standards of JABWT, this book provides the authoritative explanations and concrete examples needed to get started right away.

This book provides embedded Java developers with to-the-point information on the APIs in the specification with detailed programmatic examples of the APIs in use. A NEW chapter on the Push Registry definition (a new feature in the 1.1 version of JSR-82) has been added. Finally, the new Essentials version of the book will update the remaining chapters to reflect changes in the latest Bluetooth spec (2.1) and the industry as a whole.

As a bonus, this edition of the book offers over 200 pages of added content on the website. This "bonus material" includes complete source code from examples in the book, the javex.bluetooth code package, the java.obex code package, an enhanced set of "Example Applications", and a tutorial on "Implementing JABWT on a Device." These code-heavy sections are actually more effective in electonic format where the application can be easily downloaded.

KEY FEATURES & BENEFITS

* By focusing only on the essentials, this concise resource enables software and hardware vendors to quickly develop Bluetooth applications for mobile devices in an increasingly competitive market.

* The updated material examines crucial programming areas (including RFCOMM, OBEX, device discovery, service discovery, and L2CAP), which allows developers to not only successfully design, but master and build Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology.

* Includes a new and valuable chapter that delineates the pivotal Push Registry feature ? a recent development that will help programmers avoid the common problem of connection collision.

* By providing real-world issues and problems involved in implementing the Java APIs specification, the book allows developers to identify with the text and encourages repeated reference.


Collaboration aims to increase the efficiency of problem solving and decision making by bringing diverse areas of expertise together, i.e., teams of experts from various disciplines, all necessary to come up with acceptable concepts. This dissertation is concerned with the design of highly efficient computer-supported collaborative work involving active participation of user groups with diverse expertise. Three main contributions can be highlighted: (1) the definition and design of a framework facilitating collaborative decision making; (2) the deployment and evaluation of more natural and intuitive interaction and visualization techniques in order to support multiple decision makers in virtual reality environments; and (3) the integration of novel techniques into a single proof-of-concept system.
Decision making processes are time-consuming, typically involving several iterations of different options before a generally acceptable solution is obtained. Although, collaboration is an often-applied method, the execution of collaborative sessions is often inefficient, does not involve all participants, and decisions are often finalized with- out the agreement of all participants. An increasing number of computer-supported cooperative work systems (CSCW) facilitate collaborative work by providing shared viewpoints and tools to solve joint tasks. However, most of these software systems are designed from a feature-oriented perspective, rather than a human-centered perspective and without the consideration of user groups with diverse experience and joint goals instead of joint tasks. The aim of this dissertation is to bring insights to the following research question: How can computer-supported cooperative work be designed to be more efficient? This question opens up more specific questions like: How can collaborative work be designed to be more efficient? How can all participants be involved in the collaboration process? And how can interaction interfaces that support collaborative work be designed to be more efficient? As such, this dissertation makes contributions in:
1. Definition and design of a framework facilitating decision making and collaborative work. Based on examinations of collaborative work and decision making processes requirements of a collaboration framework are assorted and formulated. Following, an approach to define and rate software/frameworks is introduced. This approach is used to translate the assorted requirements into a software's architecture design. Next, an approach to evaluate alternatives based on Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) is presented. Two case studies demonstrate the usability of this approach for (1) benchmarking between systems and evaluates the value of the desired collaboration framework, and (2) ranking a set of alternatives resulting from a decision-making process incorporating the points of view of multiple stake- holders.
2. Deployment and evaluation of natural and intuitive interaction and visualization techniques in order to support multiple diverse decision makers. A user taxonomy of industrial corporations serves to create a petri network of users in order to identify dependencies and information flows between each other. An explicit characterization and design of task models was developed to define interfaces and further components of the collaboration framework. In order to involve and support user groups with diverse experiences, smart de- vices and virtual reality are used within the presented collaboration framework. Natural and intuitive interaction techniques as well as advanced visualizations of user centered views of the collaboratively processed data are developed in order to support and increase the efficiency of decision making processes. The smartwatch as one of the latest technologies of smart devices, offers new possibilities of interaction techniques. A multi-modal interaction interface is provided, realized with smartwatch and smartphone in full immersive environments, including touch-input, in-air gestures, and speech.
3. Integration of novel techniques into a single proof-of-concept system. Finally, all findings and designed components are combined into the new collaboration framework called IN2CO, for distributed or co-located participants to efficiently collaborate using diverse mobile devices. In a prototypical implementation, all described components are integrated and evaluated. Examples where next-generation network-enabled collaborative environments, connected by visual and mobile interaction devices, can have significant impact are: design and simulation of automobiles and aircrafts; urban planning and simulation of urban infrastructure; or the design of complex and large buildings, including efficiency- and cost-optimized manufacturing buildings as task in factory planning. To demonstrate the functionality and usability of the framework, case studies referring to factory planning are demonstrated. Considering that factory planning is a process that involves the interaction of multiple aspects as well as the participation of experts from different domains (i.e., mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer engineering, ergonomics, material science, and even more), this application is suitable to demonstrate the utilization and usability of the collaboration framework. The various software modules and the integrated system resulting from the research will all be subjected to evaluations. Thus, collaborative decision making for co-located and distributed participants is enhanced by the use of natural and intuitive multi-modal interaction interfaces and techniques.


The matrículas consulares are identity cards issued by the Mexican government to its nationals living abroad. Since 9/11, businesses, local, and state governments in the US have started accepting them as a valid form of identification for undocumented immigrants living in their communities, who otherwise do not have any form of acceptable identification. In this article, I first outline the history and context of federal jurisdiction over immigration and naturalisation policy in the United States, and then expand upon the case study of the consular ID cards. I argue that the increasing acceptance of the matrículas consulares provides an example of how, in confronting the local impacts of undocumented migration, communities are formulating both "foreign policy" (as immigration policy is considered as foreign policy in the United States), as well as "citizenship policy," at the local scale. I conclude by taking the analysis one step further and arguing that this partial rescaling of membership policy enables the nation-state to better manage what political theorist, James Hollifield, calls the "liberal paradox," or the growing tension between neoliberal economic openness and the continued necessity of national political closure.


Many reverse engineering approaches have been developed to analyze software systems written in different languages like C/C++ or Java. These approaches typically rely on a meta-model, that is either specific for the language at hand or language independent (e.g. UML). However, one language that was hardly addressed is Lisp. While at first sight it can be accommodated by current language independent meta-models, Lisp has some unique features (e.g. macros, CLOS entities) that are crucial for reverse engineering Lisp systems. In this paper we propose a suite of new visualizations that reveal the special traits of the Lisp language and thus help in understanding complex Lisp systems. To validate our approach we apply them on several large Lisp case studies, and summarize our experience in terms of a series of recurring visual patterns that we have detected.