Taming the power of Wall Street was a principal campaign theme for Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 election. Roosevelt's election bore fruit in the Securities Act of 1933, which regulated the public offering of securities, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which regulated stock markets and the securities traded in those markets, and the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA), which legislated a wholesale reorganization of the utility industry. The reform effort was spearheaded by the newly created Securities and Exchange Commission, part of the new wave of experts brought to Washington to rein in business. PUHCA also marked the federal government's first significant incursion into corporate governance, with a corresponding reduction in the traditional role of investment bankers. The SEC's ascendance over the investment bankers was reinforced during FDR's second term by the Chandler Act of 1938, which provided the agency with a broad role in the bankruptcy reorganization of troubled companies.Enacting those statutes was only the beginning, as the scope and effectiveness of the SEC's regulatory efforts depended critically on navigating these new statutes past an initially hostile Supreme Court. After substantial delay in the lower courts, the securities statutes eventually got a friendly hearing in the Supreme Court, where a number of Justices came to the Court after serving as the "Founding Fathers" of the federal securities laws. Roosevelt's Supreme Court nominees were involved in drafting the new legislation, securing its passage in Congress and implementing a litigation strategy that successfully stalled final determination of the constitutionality of the securities laws until New Deal appointed justices were in place. Felix Frankfurter played an important role in shaping the Securities Act and PUHCA, and was a key advisor on litigation strategy to the Roosevelt administration. Hugo Black led the legislative battle to enact PUHCA against the utility companies. Stanley Reed and Robert Jackson were key courtroom advocates arguing PUHCA's constitutionality. William O. Douglas headed the study of Protective Committees that led to the Chandler Act and was Chairman of the SEC. In this article, we explore the role of the New Deal justices in enacting the securities laws, litigating the challenges brought against them and then interpreting these laws in securities cases before the Supreme Court. We show the important role that these New Deal justices played in ensuring a broad scope for the federal securities laws through generous interpretation. Once constitutional questions had faded, securities cases proved to be a critical testing ground for newly emerging theories of administrative law. We demonstrate the split over the importance of judicial review versus deference to the rule of experts that emerged among these Roosevelt appointees. Finally, we explore the relative lack of influence of Douglas and Frankfurter in these cases, despite their familiarity and experience with the securities laws.


Trust the latest version of this market-leading essentials text to introduce sound statistical methodology in a proven applications setting. ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, 5e, includes all of the strengths of the longer best-selling Anderson/Sweeney/Williams STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, with a focus on the most important core topics for a concise presentation that's easy for students to follow. This brief introduction to business statistics offers a wealth of actual business examples, proven methods, and application exercises that clearly demonstrate how statistical results provide insights into business decisions and present solutions to contemporary business problems. High-quality problems, trusted for their unwavering accuracy, and the authors' signature problem-scenario approach clearly show how to apply statistical methods in practical business situations. New case problems as well as methods, applications, and self-test exercises encourage students to master formulas, apply materials, and evaluate their personal understanding. Optional updated appendices highlight the latest Excel 2007 and Minitab 15 popular commercial software, giving you the choice of integrating or omitting computer coverage in your course. This edition's concise approach and comprehensive support package, now including CengageNOW course management system, provides everything you need for an effective statistics course that prepares students for the essentials of statistics success in business today.


The article asks why the Israeli theatre's 'voicing hegemony' practices endure despite a critical public debate that favors cultural pluralism. Ethnographies at two central repertory theatres elicit the meanings of the theatre's 'back-to-the past' institutional habitus, as revealed in observations and in-depth interviews with actors, and disclose artistic dispositions that bolster veteran actors' stature in the theatre and Israeli art generally. Analysis of the findings links professional capital with the twilight of an artist's theatrical career. One conclusion connects the theatrical habitus with justification of Israel's Zionist ideology. Theoretically, the article illuminates the historical component of the Bourdieuian concept of habitus. The duplication of this component in the back-to-the-past habitus inheres to mythification processes and makes the theatrical habitus relatively resilient to social changes.


This latest version of Photoshop has a few new tricks up its sleeve and Adobe Photoshop CS4 For Dummies will teach you how to use them. From the basics like getting your images into and out of Photoshop to enhancing, cropping, and color correction, its all here!Youll get all of the basics of digital images and master the importing and exporting of images. Youll find out how to create easy enhancements like adding shadows and highlights and making color natural, in addition to learning how to use the Adobe camera raw plug-in. Before you know it, youll be making beautiful art with Photoshop by combining images, precision edges, dressing up images, painting in Photoshop, and using filters. You can even streamline your work in Photoshop using advanced techniques. Find out how to:Import images and use all the tools and processes Reduce digital noise, make colors look natural, add highlights and shadows Optimize images for print or the Web Edit images Explore the Painting function and master the daunting Brushes panel Add layer styles Create on-screen presentations, contact prints, and more Complete with lists of ten reasons to love your Wacom tablet, ten reasons to own a digital camera, and ten favorite tips and tricks, Adobe CS4For Dummies is your one-stop guide to setting up, working with, and making the most of Photoshop CS4 for all your digital photography needs.


About the book: Brings together material from ecological thought, environmental policy, environmental philosophy, social and political thought, historical sociology and cultural studies. The extracts tell the story of the way the natural environment has been understood in the modern world and how this has recently been questioned as contemporary societies are seen as characterised by uncertainty and complexity.
The literature guides the reader through the conventiaonal grounds for thinking about rights and obligations in relation to future generations, non-human animals and the biotic commununities, bringing each into question. This then leads into a critical examination of social and political theories and their capacity for drawing on ecological thought. Each of the seven sections of readings is introduced by the editor who locates the set of readings within the specific themes and issues at the heart of each section. This broad-reaching and thought-provoking set of readings stresses the diversity of response to environmental problems both within and between anthropocentric and ecocentric approaches and will encourage the reader to examine how they are manifested in the areas of environmental ethics, policy analysis and social and political theory.


Prior research has provided valuable insights into how and why employees make a decision about the adoption and use of information technologies (ITs) in the workplace. From an organizational point of view, however, the more important issue is how managers make informed decisions about interventions that can lead to greater acceptance and effective utilization of IT. There is limited research in the IT implementation literature that deals with the role of interventions to aid such managerial decision making. Particularly, there is a need to understand how various interventions can influence the known determinants of IT adoption and use. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM), particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and: (i) develop a comprehensive nomological network (integrated model) of the determinants of individual level (IT) adoption and use; (ii) empirically test the proposed integrated model; and (iii) present a research agenda focused on potential pre- and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adoption and use of IT. Our findings and research agenda have important implications for managerial decision making on IT implementation in organizations.


Catholic institutions have characteristics both as service-providers for large numbers of Americans and as citizens that engage in legislative advocacy with a uniquely nonpartisan voice. Because of this dual role, the Catholic Church's approach to evaluating legislation matters on a broad scale, both to individual citizens and to institutions of different faith traditions. This is especially the case with the debate surrounding the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("PPACA"), which revealed a good deal about the content of the Church's hierarchy of principles and its methods for evaluating proposed laws. The policy-making body of the U.S. Catholic Bishops (the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops or "USCCB") scrutinized the PPACA primarily by means of a rigorous and transparent analytical method within the discipline in question — in this case, the law pertaining to statutory interpretation and to executive orders. The principles that the USCCB applied and upon which it relied in its analysis were threefold: 1) respect for life, 2) religious freedom, and 3) truth in love. In order to elucidate the USCCB's method for evaluating legislation affecting human life and social welfare, this article examines USCCB documents issued in response to the PPACA as well as various documents of the universal Church, explains how the USCCB tested specific provisions of the PPACA against the principles in these documents, describes competing views of the bill, and comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the USCCB's articulation of its principles and methods, particularly in light of current political and cultural trends.


Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Italy, Air offensive, Southwest Pacific, Burma.

Large map illustrates globe view of the Atlantic Ocean from Greenland to Turkey. Inset maps: Bougainville : last stop in the Solomons, The Crimea is cut off.

Photographs: Crossing the Volturno -- Navy's new Hellcat fighter plane brings down a Japanese fighter plane nicknamed "Emily" near the Gilbert Islands.

Back: This is Ann ... she drinks blood [The text, map, and illustrations describe the Anopheles mosquito and the global extent of malaria].


This paper will approach the topic "What does heritage change?" by looking at the perspectives and experiences of a special category of heritage-makers, namely so-called "transmitters of intangible cultural heritage" (feiwuzhi wenhua yichan chuancheng ren) in China. It will explore the processes of heritagization and will ask whether, and what, heritage status changes when it comes to these individuals' lives, identities, work, and their relationship with other actors involved in the heritagization process. My empirical case study is the practice of moveable printing in Zhejiang province that for more than seven hundred years had been used when printing genealogies, and the experiences of printers after they got heritage status in 2008 and were put on the UNESCO list of endangered intangible cultural heritage in 2009. Since 2012, I have conducted interviews with individual printers, heritage experts and others, and followed printers as they go about their traditional work in villages, and also observed them during interactions with Chinese media and during exhibitions and other forms of performances. My study thus address how transmitters of moveable printing technique negotiate with, and adapt to, their new heritage status. This includes analyzing whether and how their work has changed, changes in terms of identity and perception of their work, and the extent to which they today take part in mediated performances for the benefit of a new constituency (heritage experts, tourists, media, and other consumers of traditions). The process of heritagization entails new performative and mediated practices, including participating in exhibitions and other staged performances, appearing in media, books, and film, and presenting their work to heritage experts and at academic conferences. The work practices and daily routines of these transmitters have thus changed, at the same time that they also are expected to narrate their history and culture in a way that fit a state- and expert-led authorized heritage discourse. The heritagization not only leads to new forms of embodied practices (moving and performing heritage in new physical environments), but also to new levels of self-reflexivity, articulation and communicative transmission. The transmitters are called upon to narrate, describe, and interpret their cultural practices to heritage experts, scholars and journalists, and they have to navigate and find a balance between their old identities, or call it backstage selves following Goffman (1950), and new front-stage selves as "transmitters." In this analysis, I will pay particular attention to how the heritagization process is related to issues of identity, power relations, and the mediated and performative aspects of heritage. The paper, finally, will contribute to our understanding of the possibilities for agency, empowerment and participation that, on the surface at least, the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage would seem to entail, and also constitute an attempt to de-Westernize heritage studies by addressing the special context of China. (Less)


A graph $G$ with vertex set $V$ is said to be $n$-existentially closed if, for every $S \subset V$ with $|S|=n$ and every $T \subseteq S$, there exists a vertex $x \in V-S$ such that $x$ is adjacent to each vertex of $T$ but is adjacent to no vertex of $S-T$. Given a combinatorial design ${\cal D}$ with block set ${\cal B}$, its block-intersection graph $G_{{\cal D}}$ is the graph having vertex set ${\cal B}$ such that two vertices $b_1$ and $b_2$ are adjacent if and only if $b_1$ and $b_2$ have non-empty intersection. In this paper we study BIBDs (balanced incomplete block designs) and when their block-intersection graphs are $n$-existentially closed. We characterise the BIBDs with block size $k \geq 3$ and index $\lambda=1$ that have 2-e.c. block-intersection graphs and establish bounds on the parameters of BIBDs with index $\lambda=1$ that are $n$-e.c. where $n \geq 3$. For $\lambda \geq 2$ and $n \geq 2$, we prove that only simple $\lambda$-fold designs can have $n$-e.c. block-intersection graphs. In the case of $\lambda$-fold triple systems we show that $n \geq 3$ is impossible, and we determine which 2-fold triple systems (i.e., BIBDs with $k=3$ and $\lambda=2$) have 2-e.c. block-intersection graphs.


Abstract
 A datasheet on Trachelospermum jasminoides covering, as an economically important tree, its taxonomy, importance, silviculture, distribution, biology and ecology, uses, products and pests.


In this thesis we view the statistical decoding algorithm, which tries to solve the general decoding problem as well as the variants of the McEliece cryptosystem based on Gabidulin codes. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the general concept of public key cryptography on the basis of coding theory and the security of the underlying problems. Thus after presenting the basic principles, we study the proposal of statistical decoding (which can be seen as a variant of iterative decoding). For a given code, the statistical decoding algorithm precomputes many low weight check vectors and is afterwards able to correct a certain fraction of erroneous codewords in constant time. This can be a great advantage if there are many erroneous messages to decode. Unfortunately, in the original paper an analysis of the precomputation phase is not included and in experiments given bounds for the space complexity of the statistical decoding algorithm turned out to be too optimistic. We give a robust space complexity analysis of the proposed algorithm and deduce new theoretical bounds. In experiments, these new bounds proof to be more accurate than the previous ones, corroborating some simplifying assumptions in our analysis. Further, we analyze the time complexity of the precomputation phase and draw the conclusion that it is much higher than estimated. A main flaw of the initial algorithm is the fact that most of the information obtained during the precomputation phase is discarded. We improve the statistical decoding algorithm by taking more information out of the precomputation. This results in an algorithm with better success probability as the initial one. Nevertheless, even this improved algorithm turns out to be slower than a single run of the Canteaut and Chabaud algorithm. We thus conclude that for the McEliece PKC the parameter sets currently proposed remain secure. However, following our approach, further improvement of the statistical algorithm seems to be possible, especially if one could achieve a significant speed-up of the precomputation. Further, the presented methods could be combined with the iterative decoding approach. Therefore, the question if there are better attacks on the McEliece cryptosystem than the existing ones remains open. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to Gabidulin codes and their application to cryptography like in the GPT proposal from EuroCrypt'91 and its variants. Gabidulin codes use \textnormal{rank distance} instead of hamming distance and thus can be used to correct pattern errors in communication channels. We present a new error correction algorithm for Gabidulin codes, which can be extended to interleaved Gabidulin codes. We show that this extension allows to correct errors in rank metric up to the amount of redundancy in a large number of cases, which is far beyond the initial error correction bound. Consequently our result is analogous to the one of Bleichenbacher, Kiayias and Yung for GRS codes. The question whether Gabidulin codes can be used for cryptographic applications was strongly discussed in the last years, but remained unsolved. The GTP proposal by Gabidulin, Paramonov and Tretjakov is promising, as the general decoding problem in rank metric is more difficult than in hamming metric. Thus, this variant offers more resistance to general decoding attacks than the McEliece scheme while having a much smaller public key size. However, the GPT cryptosystem was attacked by Gibson in '95 and '96, who showed how to recover the secret key for initial parameter sets. We gather up the sequently proposed strategies to prevent an attacker from recovering the secret key, which are highly interesting as most of them are applicable to all code based cryptosystems and can (but do not necessarily) lead to secure public key cryptosystems. Further, we analyze the effectiveness of these strategies in the case of GPT under two different aspects: The security of the ciphertexts and the security of the secret keys. First, we show how to take profit of our new error correction algorithm for Gabidulin codes, to attack ciphertexts of cryptosystems using Gabidulin codes in polynomial time. In a second part, we show how to identify the structure of the underlying Gabidulin code in the public key and develop a polynomial time key recovery attack.


Recommender systems are a means of personalizing the presentation of information to ensure that users see the items most relevant to them. The social web has added new dimensions to the way people interact on the Internet, placing the emphasis on user-generated content. Users in social networks create photos, videos and other artifacts, collaborate with other users, socialize with their friends and share their opinions online. This outpouring of material has brought increased attention to recommender systems, as a means of managing this vast universe of content. At the same time, the diversity and complexity of the data has meant new challenges for researchers in recommendation. This article describes the nature of recommendation research in social web applications and provides some illustrative examples of current research directions and techniques. It is difficult to overstate the impact of the social web. This new breed of social applications is reshaping nearly every human activity from the way people watch movies to how they overthrow governments. Facebook allows its members to maintain friendships whether they live next door or on another continent. With Twitter, users from celebrities to ordinary folks can launch their 140 character messages out to a diverse horde of ''followers." Flickr and YouTube users upload their personal media to share with the world, while Wikipedia editors collaborate on the world's largest encyclopedia.


The way we create and organize knowledge is the theme of "From the Tree to the Labyrinth," a major achievement by one of the world's foremost thinkers on language and interpretation. Umberto Eco begins by arguing that our familiar system of classification by genus and species derives from the Neo-Platonist idea of a "tree of knowledge." He then moves to the idea of the dictionary, which--like a tree whose trunk anchors a great hierarchy of branching categories--orders knowledge into a matrix of definitions. In Eco's view, though, the dictionary is too rigid: it turns knowledge into a closed system. A more flexible organizational scheme is the encyclopedia, which--instead of resembling a tree with finite branches--offers a labyrinth of never-ending pathways. Presenting knowledge as a network of interlinked relationships, the encyclopedia sacrifices humankind's dream of possessing absolute knowledge, but in compensation we gain the freedom to pursue an infinity of new connections and meanings.Moving effortlessly from analyses of Aristotle and James Joyce to the philosophical difficulties of telling dogs from cats, Eco demonstrates time and again his inimitable ability to bridge ancient, medieval, and modern modes of thought. "From the Tree to the Labyrinth "is a brilliant illustration of Eco's longstanding argument that problems of interpretation can be solved only in historical context."


Ending widespread open defecation and pursuing feasible methods of safe excreta disposal must be the top policy priorities for India. This paper draws policy lessons from the first 10 years of latrine construction under India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), which was a flagship program of the Indian government. The TSC improved average health and human capital among Indian children where it was implemented, but sanitation coverage remains substantially incomplete. Indeed, the first 10 years of the TSC, on average, prevented an infant death for a few thousand dollars, a comparatively very inexpensive average cost. This initial success is in part due to the Clean Village Prize or Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP), an incentive for village governments. Heterogeneity in the intensity and effectiveness of TSC implementation suggests that the additional benefits of extending effective TSC implementation to the many remaining Indian children would probably substantially exceed the additional costs. Therefore, as the TSC becomes the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, India should not miss the opportunity to invest in successful principles of total sanitation: quality data, effective monitoring, and motivational ex post incentives


The objective of this paper is to explore the structure of how energy productivity in China's provinces is determined to draw useful energy policy implications for sustainable development. First, energy productivity is decomposed into two attributes; technology; and input factor which is necessary for economic activities such as labor and capital. The paper then estimates energy technology levels as an indicator across provinces in China through 2004 and 2007 using a growth accounting method. The estimation results show that disparity in energy technology level exists across the provinces even after controlling for differences in the contribution of input factor to energy productivity, implying the importance of technology for energy productivity enhancement. We then identify factors that affect the technology level using regression analysis. The regression results indicate that investment in the energy technology and the quality of human and man-made capitals determine the level of energy technology. Furthermore, we show resource abundance and industrial structures affect incentives to make investment, thereby leading to more efficient technology for energy use. Thus, appropriate energy policies including price setting and a better environment for investment is vital to achieve both economic development and energy conservation. The proposed energy productivity analysis system is also applicable to other countries and regions to draw useful implications for policy making.


This research studied the effect of two enzymes as soil stabilizers on two soil types to determine how and under what conditions they function. Researchers evaluated the chemical composition, mode of action, resilient modulus, and shear strength to determine the effects of the enzymes A and B on the soils I and II. The enzymes produced a high concentration of protein and observations suggest the enzymes behave like a surfactant, which effects its stabilization performance. The specimens were subjected to testing of varying lengths of time to determine their performance. Researchers observed an increase in the resilient modulus as the curing time increased but that an increase in application rate, as suggested by manufacturers, did not improve the performance of the enzymes. The study also suggests noticeable differences between the two enzymes and their effects on the soils in terms of resilient modulus and the stiffness of the soil.


The evolution of the Internet has forever changed the legal landscape. The Internet is the world's largest marketplace, copy machine, and instrumentality for committing crimes, torts, and infringing intellectual property. Justice Holmes's classic essay on the path of the law drew upon six centuries of case reports and statutes. In less than twenty-five years, Internet law has created new legal dilemmas and challenges in accommodating new information technologies. Part I is a brief timeline of Internet case law and statutory developments for Internet-related intellectual property (IP) law. Part II describes some of the ways in which the Internet is redirecting the path of IP in a globalized information-based economy. Our broader point is that every branch of substantive and procedural law is adapting to the digital world. Part III is the functional equivalent of a GPS for locating the latest U.S. and foreign law resources to help lawyers, policymakers, academics and law students lost in cyberspace.


Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book provides ready access to how the legal dimension of prevention against harm and loss allocation is treated in Ireland. This traditional branch of law not only tackles questions which concern every lawyer, whatever his legal expertise, but also concerns each person's most fundamental rights on a worldwide scale. Following a general introduction that probes the distinction between tort and crime and the relationship between tort and contract, the monograph describes how the concepts of fault and unlawfulness, and of duty of care and negligence, are dealt with in both the legislature and the courts. The book then proceeds to cover specific cases of liability, such as professional liability, liability of public bodies, abuse of rights, injury to reputation and privacy, vicarious liability, liability of parents and teachers, liability for handicapped persons, product liability, environmental liability, and liability connected with road and traffic accidents. Principles of causation, grounds of justification, limitations on recovery, assessment of damages and compensation, and the role of private insurance and social security are all closely considered. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable resource for lawyers in Ireland. Academics and researchers will also welcome this very useful guide, and will appreciate its value not only as a contribution to comparative law but also as a stimulus to harmonization of the rules on tort.


Many developing countries are suffering from air pollution recently. Governments have built a few air quality monitoring stations in cities to inform people the concentration of air pollutants. Unfortunately, urban air quality is highly skewed in a city, depending on multiple complex factors, such as the meteorology, traffic volume, and land uses. Building more monitoring stations is very costly in terms of money, land uses, and human resources. As a result, people do not really know the fine-grained air quality of a location without a monitoring station. In this paper, we introduce a cloud-based knowledge discovery system that infers the real-time and fine-grained air quality information throughout a city based on the (historical and realtime) air quality data reported by existing monitor stations and a variety of data sources observed in the city, such as meteorology, traffic flow, human mobility, structure of road networks, and point of interests (POIs). The system also provides a mobile client, with which a user can monitor the air quality of multiple locations in a city (e.g. the current location, home and work places), and a web service that allows other applications to call the air quality of any location. The system has been evaluated based on the real data from 9 cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guanzhou, and Shenzhen, etc. The system is running on Microsoft Azure and the mobile client is publicly available in Window Phone App Store, entitled Urban Air. Our system gives a cost-efficient example for enabling a knowledge discovery prototype involving big data on the cloud.


This essay engages with works produced by American artist Kiki Smith between 1986 and 1993. In particular, I will engage with her sculptures that deal with the body and its fluids. Drawing on feminist theorizations of abjection, I will argue that Kiki Smith portrays bodies in their most abject and vulnerable states, invoking feminist concerns about bodies, knowledge, subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Smith stages encounters between bodies – the bodies she creates and the bodies of those who view her art – that bring into account bodily ambiguity and vulnerability. I will explore the potential that the representation of leaky bodies has for feminist theory and politics, suggesting that by pointing to the body's inherent vulnerability and permeabilit y , Smith's work interrupts the dominant narratives of autonomous, self-contained subjectivity. By unsettling the ontology of the corps propre – one's clean and proper body – Smith challenges both patriarchal epistemologies and norms of embodiment. By bringing feminist theories into conversation with her work, I will suggest that Smith's work enlivens the possibilities for knowledges rooted in the uncertainty and messiness of embodiment and gestures towards intersubjectivity based in a mutual recognition of vulnerability.


Transitioning to a cleaner fleet of advanced vehicles powered by electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels or petroleum products can yield a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and petroleum consumption. A meaningful assessment of the comparative merits of these alternate fuel pathways requires a solid understanding of their technological potential to reduce emissions. Available studies evaluating full lifecycle emissions rely on various assumptions of that potential and yield a wide range of results. This brief summarizes and synthesizes the results of several recent studies and presents the full range of greenhouse gas emission estimates for each type of advanced vehicle and fuel. It also explains the reasons these estimates vary so widely and identifies opportunities for future analyses that use a consistent set of scenarios with transparent assumptions in order to compare the greenhouse gas impacts of fuel and vehicle pathways.


The Supreme Court teaches that federal courts, unlike their counterparts in the states, are not general common law courts. Nevertheless, a perennial point of contention among federal law scholars is whether and how a court's common law powers affect its treatment of statutes. Textualists point to federal courts' lack of common law powers to reject purposivist statutory interpretation. Critics of textualism challenge this characterization of federal courts' powers, leveraging a more robust notion of the judicial power to support purposivist or dynamic interpretation. This disagreement has become more important in recent years with the emergence of a refreshing movement in the theory of statutory interpretation. While debate about federal statutory interpretation has settled into a holding pattern, scholars have begun to consider whether state courts should interpret statutes differently than federal courts and, if so, the implications of that fact for federal and general interpretation.This Article aspires to help theorize this emerging field as a whole while making progress on one of its most important parts, namely the question of the difference that common law powers make to statutory interpretation. This inquiry takes us beyond the familiar moves in federal debates on interpretation. In turn, it suggests an interpretive method that defies both orthodox textualism and purposivism in that it may permit courts to extend statutory rules and principles by analogy while prohibiting courts from narrowing the scope of statutes in the name of purpose or equity. Such a model accounts for state court practice at the intersection of statutes and common law that recent work on state court textualism neither confronts nor explains. This model also informs federal theorization, both by challenging received wisdom about the relationship between common law and statutes and by offering guidance to federal courts at the intersection of statutes and pockets of federal common law.The framework this Article constructs to approach the common law question can also help organize the fledgling field of state–federal comparison more generally. With this framework, we can begin to sort out the conflicting and overlapping strands of argument already in the literature while also having a template for future inquiries. At the same time, this framework can help us think about intersystemic interpretation with greater rigor — an advance that can aid state and federal jurisprudence alike.


Entangled with the interconnected logics of coloniality and modernity, the landscape idea has long been a vehicle for ordering human-nature relations. Yet at the same time, it has also constituted a utopian surface onto which to project a space-time 'beyond' modernity and capitalism. Amid the advancing techno-capitalization of the living and its spatial supports in transgenic seed monopolies, fracking and deep sea drilling, biopiracy, geo-engineering, aesthetic-activist practices have offered particular kinds of insight into the epistemological, representational, and juridical framings of the natural environment. This book asks in what ways have recent bio and eco-artistic turns moved on from the subject/object ontologies of the landscape-form? Moving from botanical explorations of early modernity, through the legacies of mid-twentieth century landscape design, up to artistic experimental recodings of New World nature in the 1960s and 1970s and to present struggles for environmental rights and against the precarization of the living, the critical essays and visual contributions included in Natura attempt to push thinking past fixed landscape forms through interdisciplinary encounters that encompass analyses of architectural sites and artworks; ecocritical perspectives on literary texts; experimental place-making practices; and the creation of material and visual ecologies that recognise the agency of non-human worlds.


The present study used a semi-automated device to test
olfactory matching-to-sample in rats. The apparatus was a
modified operant chamber with three nose ports that were covered
with three independently-operating guillotine doors. The center
door was opened to allow access to the sample scent and once the
photo beam inside the nose port was broken for 2 s, the
comparison doors were raised. In Experiment I, rats were
trained on an identity matching-to-sample procedure using
olfactory stimuli that were presented beneath the nose ports.
This training continued until the performance criterion of 75%
or higher accuracy over ten sessions was achieved. When the
subject met the criterion, they were introduced to a novel set
of five olfactory stimuli. In Experiment I, rats were exposed
to the same set of stimuli throughout the entire experiment
because the performance criteria were never met. In Experiment
II, in which some procedural refinements were implemented, one
subject (Z2) progressed through three MTS sets and showed some
evidence of generalized matching, but the other two rats did not
meet any of the matching criteria. These results suggest that
response topography may be an important factor in conditional
discrimination in rats.


The 2004 amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines state that organizations should "create a culture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitment to comply with the law." This article presents data that show that procedural fairness—which concerns the objectivity and consistency of organizational procedures—is an essential component of such a culture. The data show that employees tend to believe that procedurally just organizations are legitimate. This belief in legitimacy, in turn, encourages them to act ethically and to comply with rules. This is a "market" approach to compliance because employees "buy in" to the organization, its values, and rules. Command-and-control approaches based on reward-and-punishment programs are significantly less effective, suggesting that rigid, rules-based approaches such as Sarbanes-Oxley are counter-productive. Procedural justice encourages employees to go beyond their job descriptions to create organizational value. This value creation aspect of procedural justice suggests a new role for ethics officers. Finally, this article includes an instrument organizations can use to measure their own level of procedural justice as well as a set of national benchmarks.


Natural deduction, which is a method for establishing validity of propositional type arguments, helps develop important reasoning skills and is thus a key ingredient in a course on introductory logic. We present two core components, namely solution generation and practice problem generation, for enabling computer-aided education for this important subject domain. The key enabling technology is use of an offline-computed data-structure called Universal Proof Graph (UPG) that encodes all possible applications of inference rules over all small propositions abstracted using their bitvector-based truth-table representation. This allows an efficient forward search for solution generation. More interestingly, this allows generating fresh practice problems that have given solution characteristics by performing a backward search in UPG. We obtained around 300 natural deduction problems from various textbooks. Our solution generation procedure can solve many more problems than the traditional forward-chaining based procedure, while our problem generation procedure can efficiently generate several variants with desired characteristics.


Abstract. To explore the relationship between tropospheric ozone and radiative forcing with changing emissions, we compiled two sets of global scenarios for the emissions of the ozone precursors methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) up to the year 2030 and implemented them in two global Chemistry Transport Models. The "Current Legislation" (CLE) scenario reflects the current perspectives of individual countries on future economic development and takes the anticipated effects of presently decided emission control legislation in the individual countries into account. In addition, we developed a "Maximum technically Feasible Reduction" (MFR) scenario that outlines the scope for emission reductions offered by full implementation of the presently available emission control technologies, while maintaining the projected levels of anthropogenic activities. Whereas the resulting projections of methane emissions lie within the range suggested by other greenhouse gas projections, the recent pollution control legislation of many Asian countries, requiring introduction of catalytic converters for vehicles, leads to significantly lower growth in emissions of the air pollutants NOx, NMVOC and CO than was suggested by the widely used and more pessimistic IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) scenarios (Nakicenovic et al., 2000), which made Business-as-Usual assumptions regarding emission control technology. With the TM3 and STOCHEM models we performed several long-term integrations (1990-2030) to assess global, hemispheric and regional changes in CH4, CO, hydroxyl radicals, ozone and the radiative climate forcings resulting from these two emission scenarios. Both models reproduce broadly the observed trends in CO, and CH4 concentrations from 1990 to 2002. For the "current legislation" case, both models indicate an increase of the annual average ozone levels in the Northern Hemisphere by 5ppbv, and up to 15ppbv over the Indian sub-continent, comparing the 2020s (2020-2030) with the 1990s (1990-2000). The corresponding higher ozone and methane burdens in the atmosphere increase radiative forcing by approximately 0.2 Wm-2. Full application of today's emissions control technologies, however, would bring down ozone below the levels experienced in the 1990s and would reduce the radiative forcing of ozone and methane to approximately -0.1 Wm-2. This can be compared to the 0.14-0.47 Wm-2 increase of methane and ozone radiative forcings associated with the SRES scenarios. While methane reductions lead to lower ozone burdens and to less radiative forcing, further reductions of the air pollutants NOx and NMVOC result in lower ozone, but at the same time increase the lifetime of methane. Control of methane emissions appears an efficient option to reduce tropospheric ozone as well as radiative forcing.


"Since its original introduction in 1997, the Unified Modeling Language has revolutionized software development. Every integrated software development environment in the world--open-source, standards-based, and proprietary--now supports UML and, more importantly, the model-driven approach to software development. This makes learning the newest UML standard, UML 2.0, critical for all software developers--and there isn't a better choice than this clear, step-by-step guide to learning the language." --Richard Mark Soley, Chairman and CEO, OMG If you're like most software developers, you're building systems that are increasingly complex. Whether you're creating a desktop application or an enterprise system, complexity is the big hairy monster you must manage.The Unified Modeling Language (UML) helps you manage this complexity. Whether you're looking to use UML as a blueprint language, a sketch tool, or as a programming language, this book will give you the need-to-know information on how to apply UML to your project. While there are plenty of books available that describe UML, Learning UML 2.0 will show you how to use it. Topics covered include:Capturing your system's requirements in your model to help you ensure that your designs meet your users' needsModeling the parts of your system and their relationshipsModeling how the parts of your system work together to meet your system's requirementsModeling how your system moves into the real world, capturing how your system will be deployedEngaging and accessible, this book shows you how to use UML to craft and communicate your project's design. Russ Miles and Kim Hamilton have written a pragmatic introduction to UML based on hard-earned practice, not theory. Regardless of the software process or methodology you use, this book is the one source you need to get up and running with UML 2.0. Additional information including exercises can be found at www.learninguml2.com.Russ Miles is a software engineer for General Dynamics UK, where he works with Java and Distributed Systems, although his passion at the moment is Aspect Orientation and, in particular, AspectJ. Kim Hamilton is a senior software engineer at Northrop Grumman, where she's designed and implemented a variety of systems including web applications and distributed systems, with frequent detours into algorithms development.


Award winning essayist Scott Russell Sanders once compared the art of essay writing to "the pursuit of mental rabbits"-a rambling through thickets of thought in search of some brief glimmer of fuzzy truth. While some people persist in the belief that essays are stuffy and antiquated, the truth is that the personal essay is an ever-changing creative medium that provides an ideal vehicle for satisfying the human urge to document truths as we experience them and share them with others-to capture a bit of life on paper. Crafting the Personal Essay is designed to help you explore the flexibility and power of the personal essay in your own writing. This hands-on, creativity-expanding guide will help you infuse your nonfiction with honesty, personality, and energy. You'll discover: An exploration of the basics of essay writing Ways to step back and scrutinize your experiences in order to separate out what may be fresh, powerful, surprising or fascinating to a reader How to move past private "journaling" and write for an audience How to write eight different types of essays including memoir, travel, humor, and nature essays among others Instruction for revision and strategies for getting published Brimming with helpful examples, exercises, and sample essays, this indispensable guide will help your personal essays transcend the merely private to become powerfully universal.


Nearly half a century after the fighting stopped, the 1953 Armistice has yet to be replaced with a peace treaty formally ending the Korean War. While Russia and China withdrew the last of their forces in 1958, the United States maintains 37,000 troops in South Korea and is pledged to defend it with nuclear weapons. In Korean Endgame, Selig Harrison mounts the first authoritative challenge to this long-standing U.S. policy. Harrison shows why North Korea is not - as many policymakers expect - about to collapse. And he explains why existing U.S. policies hamper North-South reconciliation and reunification. Assessing North Korean capabilities and the motivations that have led to its forward deployments, he spells out the arms control concessions by North Korea, South Korea, and the United States necessary to ease the dangers of confrontation, centering on reciprocal U.S. force redeployments and U.S. withdrawals in return for North Korean pullbacks from the thirty-eighth parallel. Similarly, he proposes specific trade-offs to forestall the North's development of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, calling for the withdrawal of the U.S. nuclear umbrella in conjunction with agreements to denuclearize Korea embracing China, Russia, and Japan. The long-term goal of U.S. policy, he argues, should be the full disengagement of U.S. combat forces from Korea as part of regional agreements insulating the peninsula from all foreign conventional and nuclear forces. A veteran journalist with decades of extensive firsthand knowledge of North Korea and long-standing contacts with leaders in Washington, Seoul, and Pyongyang, Harrison is perfectly placed to make these arguments. Throughout, he supports his analysis with revealing accounts of conversations with North Korean, South Korean, and U.S. leaders over thirty-five years. Combining probing scholarship with a seasoned reporter's on-the-ground experience and insights, he has given us the definitive book on U.S. policy in Korea - past, present, and future.


Abstract. Soil erosion severely threatens the soil resource and the sustainability of agriculture. After decades of research, this problem still persists, despite the fact that adequate technical solutions now exist for most situations. This begs the question as to why soil conservation is not more rapidly and more generally implemented. Studies show that the implementation of soil conservation measures depends on a multitude of factors but it is also clear that rapid change in agricultural systems only happens when a clear economic incentive is present for the farmer. Conservation measures are often more or less cost-neutral, which explains why they are often less generally adopted than expected. This needs to be accounted for when developing a strategy on how we may achieve effective soil conservation in the Global South, where agriculture will fundamentally change in the next century. In this paper we argue that smart intensification is a necessary component of such a strategy. Smart intensification will not only allow for soil conservation to be made more economical, but will also allow for significant gains to be made in terms of soil organic carbon storage, water efficiency and biodiversity, while at the same time lowering the overall erosion risk. While smart intensification as such will not lead to adequate soil conservation, it will facilitate it and, at the same time, allow for the farmers of the Global South to be offered a more viable future.


[1] The sources contributing to tropospheric ozone over the Asian Pacific Rim in different seasons are quantified by analysis of Hong Kong and Japanese ozonesonde observations with a global three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model (GEOS-CHEM) driven by assimilated meteorological observations. Particular focus is placed on the extensive observations available from Hong Kong in 1996. In the middle-upper troposphere (MT-UT), maximum Asian pollution influence along the Pacific Rim occurs in summer, reflecting rapid convective transport of surface pollution. In the lower troposphere (LT) the season of maximum Asian pollution influence shifts to summer at midlatitudes from fall at low latitudes due to monsoonal influence. The UT ozone minimum and high variability observed over Hong Kong in winter reflects frequent tropical intrusions alternating with stratospheric intrusions. Asian biomass burning makes a major contribution to ozone at <32°N in spring. Maximum European pollution influence (<5 ppbv) occurs in spring in the LT. North American pollution influence exceeds European influence in the UT-MT, reflecting the uplift from convection and the warm conveyor belts over the eastern seaboard of North America. African outflow makes a major contribution to ozone in the low-latitude MT-UT over the Pacific Rim during November–April. Lightning influence over the Pacific Rim is minimum in summer due to westward UT transport at low latitudes associated with the Tibetan anticyclone. The Asian outflow flux of ozone to the Pacific is maximum in spring and fall and includes a major contribution from Asian anthropogenic sources year-round.


For the first time the discipline of modern inorganic chemistry has been systematized according to a plan constructed by a council of editorial advisors and consultants, among them three Nobel laureates (E.O.Fischer, H.Taube and G.Wilkinson). Rather than producing a collection of unrelated review articles, the series creates a framework which reflects the creative potential of this scientific discipline. Thus, it stimulates future development by identifying areas which are fruitful for further research. The work is indexed in a unique way by a structured system which maximizes its usefulness to the reader. It augments the organization of the work by providing additional routes of access for specific compounds, reactions and other topics.


The all-sky coverage of thePlanck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC) provides an unsurpassed survey of galaxies at submillimetre (submm) wavelengths, representing a major improvement in the numbers of galaxies detected, as well as the range of far-IR/submm wavelengths over which they have been observed. We here present the first results on the properties of nearby galaxies using these data. We match the ERCSC catalogue to IRAS-detected galaxies in the Imperial IRAS Faint Source Redshift Catalogue (IIFSCz), so that we can measure the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these objects from 60 to 850 μm. This produces a list of 1717 galaxies with reliable associations between Planck and IRAS, from which we select a subset of 468 for SED studies, namely those with strong detections in the three highest frequency Planck bands and no evidence of cirrus contamination. The SEDs are fitted using parametric dust models to determine the range of dust temperatures and emissivities. We find evidence for colder dust than has previously been found in external galaxies, with T < 20 K. Such cold temperatures are found using both the standard single temperature dust model with variable emissivity β, or a two dust temperature model with β fixed at 2. We also compare our results to studies of distant submm galaxies (SMGs) which have been claimed to contain cooler dust than their local counterparts. We find that including our sample of 468 galaxies significantly reduces the distinction between the two populations. Fits to SEDs of selected objects using more sophisticated templates derived from radiative transfer models confirm the presence of the colder dust found through parametric fitting. We thus conclude that cold (T < 20 K) dust is a significant and largely unexplored component of many nearby galaxies.


In 1942, Bill Manbo (1908-1992) and his family were forced from their Hollywood home into the Japanese American internment camp at Heart Mountain in Wyoming. While there, Manbo documented both the bleakness and beauty of his surroundings, using Kodachrome film, a technology then just seven years old, to capture community celebrations and to record his family's struggle to maintain a normal life under the harsh conditions of racial imprisonment. "Colors of Confinement" showcases sixty-five stunning images from this extremely rare collection of color photographs, presented along with three interpretive essays by leading scholars and a reflective, personal essay by a former Heart Mountain internee.The subjects of these haunting photos are the routine fare of an amateur photographer: parades, cultural events, people at play, Manbo's son. But the images are set against the backdrop of the barbed-wire enclosure surrounding the Heart Mountain Relocation Center and the dramatic expanse of Wyoming sky and landscape. The accompanying essays illuminate these scenes as they trace a tumultuous history unfolding just beyond the camera's lens, giving readers insight into Japanese American cultural life and the stark realities of life in the camps.Also contributing to the book are: Jasmine Alinder is associate professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where she coordinates the program in public history. In 2009 she published Moving Images: Photography and the Japanese American Incarceration (University of Illinois Press). She has also published articles and essays on photography and incarceration, including one on the work of contemporary photographer Patrick Nagatani in the newly released catalog Desire for Magic: Patrick Nagatani--Works, 1976-2006 (University of New Mexico Art Museum, 2009). She is currently working on a book on photography and the law.Lon Kurashige is associate professor of history and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California. His scholarship focuses on racial ideologies, politics of identity, emigration and immigration, historiography, cultural enactments, and social reproduction, particularly as they pertain to Asians in the United States. His exploration of Japanese American assimilation and cultural retention, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival, 1934-1990 (University of California Press, 2002), won the History Book Award from the Association for Asian American Studies in 2004. He has published essays and reviews on the incarceration of Japanese Americans and has coedited with Alice Yang Murray an anthology of documents and essays, Major Problems in Asian American History (Cengage, 2003).Bacon Sakatani was born to immigrant Japanese parents in El Monte, California, twenty miles east of Los Angeles, in 1929. From the first through the fifth grade, he attended a segregated school for Hispanics and Japanese. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, his family was confined at Pomona Assembly Center and then later transferred to the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming. When the war ended in 1945, his family relocated to Idaho and then returned to California. He graduated from Mount San Antonio Community College. Soon after the Korean War began, he served with the U.S. Army Engineers in Korea. He held a variety of jobs but learned computer programming and retired from that career in 1992. He has been active in Heart Mountain camp activities and with the Japanese American Korean War Veterans.


We call a family ${\cal G} \subset {\Bbb P}[n]$ a $k$- generator of ${\Bbb P}[n]$ if every $x \subset [n]$ can be expressed as a union of at most $k$ disjoint sets in ${\cal G}$. Frein, Leveque and Sebő conjectured that for any $n \geq k$, such a family must be at least as large as the $k$-generator obtained by taking a partition of $[n]$ into classes of sizes as equal as possible, and taking the union of the power-sets of the classes. We generalize a theorem of Alon and Frankl in order to show that for fixed $k$, any $k$-generator of ${\Bbb P}[n]$ must have size at least $k2^{n/k}(1-o(1))$, thereby verifying the conjecture asymptotically for multiples of $k$.


BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1894. SUBSCRIPTIONS to the Association for 1894 became due on January 1st. Members of Branches are requested to pay the same to their respective secretaries. Members of the Association not belonging to Branches are requested to forward their remittances to the General Secretary, 429, Strand, London. Post-office orders should be made payable at the West Central District Office, High Holborn.


Driving is one of the conditions when the driver should be given special attention to make the motor vehicle in driving way and the driver should be in a good condition. However, the problem is in a certain condition the driver lost their control speed due to their target and minimize the driving time and it led the high potential to accident. Therefore, speed limiter which applied in the bus is urgently needed to reduce the accident and improve their awareness of road safety. Developed speed limiter is completed by fuel cut-off system to prevent the engine and maintain the speed. Limitation of speed be adapted by government regulation. From the results show that the highest and average speed of 136 km/h and 123.5 km/h is observed by bus speed prior to use speed limiter. After speed limiter applied in the bus, the approved maximum speed is 90 km/h. Those data approve that the speed limiter can reduce 83% from the top speed before speed limiter applied.


Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract and
the etiological agent of several life-threatening diseases. This pathogen is the model bacterium
for natural competence. Furthermore, the pneumococci played an important role in the
identification of DNA as the main molecule involved in bacterial transformation. As a result,
studies on the pneumococcal genome provided an initial overview of the genetic potential of
this pathogen. The pneumococcus is a highly versatile bacterium possessing a high rate of
uptake and recombination of exogenous DNA from neighboring bacteria. As such, a significant
diversity in the genome content among the different pneumococcal strains has been reported.
The capsular polysaccharide, an important pneumococcal virulence factor, is the best example
on the pneumococcal diversity. There are over 98 serotypes characterized to date presenting
differences in their capsule (cps) locus. Additional to the cps locus, the pneumococcus also
presents 13 genomic islets annotated as regions of diversity (RD) encoded in the auxiliary
genome. Remarkably, 8 of the pneumococcal RD studied so far have been associated with
virulence. Furthermore, the ongoing sequencing of over 4000 pneumococcal genomes have
shed light on the conservation level of well-known pneumococcal virulence factors.
Interestingly, important pneumococcal virulence determinants show variations in the gene and
protein sequence among the different strains. Prototypes are for example the pneumococcal
surface protein C (PspC) and pneumococcal adherence and virulence factor B (PavB).
Conversely, gene regulation in S. pneumoniae is carried out by highly conserved and genome-
wide distributed transcriptional factors. Overall, the pneumococci interplays with its
environment with 4 major regulatory systems: quorum sensing (QS), stand-alone
transcriptional regulators, small RNAs (sRNAs) and two-component regulatory systems (TCS).
Some of these systems are multifaceted and share more than one feature. Furthermore, there
is crosstalk among the different systems, requiring the activation of a signaling cascade to
function properly.
A comprehensive analysis of the distribution and conservation of pneumococcal
virulence factors and TCS was obtained in this study. The results are summarized as a
simplified variome in which 25 pneumococcal strains with a complete sequenced genome were
analyzed. Interestingly, the genes encoding the glycolytic protein enolase and the toxin
pneumolysin were the most conserved virulence determinants. Additionally, the high level of
conservation was confirmed for the pneumococcal TCS regulators, especially for WalKR,
CiaRH and TCS08.
The main focus of this study was on the regulatory functions of pneumococcal TCS.
With this in mind, an extensive and detailed systematic review of the 13 pneumococcal TCS
and its orphan RR was undertaken. For this purpose, every pneumococcal TCS was analyzed
for its reported functional and structural information along with its contribution to the main
pathophysiology of the pneumococci. In brief, S. pneumoniae can utilize its TCS for the
regulation of important cellular processes and the sensing of detectable signals in the
environment. Additionally, the role of TCS in pneumococcal processes and signal sensing can
be divided further. In the first place, pneumococcal TCS regulate competence and fratricide,
the production of bacteriocins and host-pathogen interaction processes, while the detectable
signals include cell-wall perturbations, environmental stress, and nutrients. As a conclusion
from this section, it is possible to analyze the pneumococcal TCS in a comprehensive manner.
There is a complex network among the different pneumococcal regulators and the TCS play
an important role. Moreover, these systems are highly conserved and essential for the proper
functioning of the pneumococcus as a pathogen.
Following up on pneumococcal TCS, this study focused especially on the TCS08.
Interestingly, the pneumococcal TCS08 has been previously associated with the regulation of the cellobiose metabolism. Furthermore, this system has also been reported to regulate the
expression of genes encoded in the RD4 (Pilus-1). Remarkably, the pneumococcal TCS08
was shown to be highly homologous to the SaeRS system of Staphylococcus aureus. Initially,
mutant strains lacking a single (Δrr08 or Δhk08) or both components (Δtcs08) of the TCS08
were generated in pneumococcal D39 and TIGR4 strains. Transcriptomics and functional
assays showed a downregulation of the PI-1 in the absence of the complete tcs08, while PavB
presented an upregulation in the Δhk08 knockout. Moreover, an important number of genes
coding for intermediary metabolism proteins were also found to be differentially expressed by
microarray analysis. As such, the TIGR4Δhk08 strain presented a downregulation for the
cellobiose operon (cel). In contrast, an upregulation was reported for the fatty acid biosynthesis
(fab) and arginine catabolism (arc) operons. Conversely, a decrease in gene expression was
seen in the TIGR4Δrr08 strain for the arc operon. Finally, in vivo murine pneumonia and sepsis
models highlighted an involvement of TCS08 in pneumococcal virulence. Remarkably, the
different TCS08 mutants presented a strain dependent effect on their virulence severity. The
TIGR4Δrr08, and all TCS08 mutants in D39 showed a decrease in virulence in the pneumonia
model, with no changes in sepsis. Conversely, the absence of HK08 in TIGR4 presented a
highly virulent phenotype in both pneumonia and sepsis models. To sum up, the pneumococcal
TCS08 influenced the expression of genes involved in fitness and colonization. Specifically,
those coding for the adhesins PavB and PI-1 and fitness proteins from the cel, arc and fab
operons. Remarkably, the highest changes in expression were observed in the strains lacking
the HK08. Additionally, TCS08 has a strain dependent impact on pneumococcal virulence as
showed by murine pneumonia and sepsis models when comparing the effects in D39 and
TIGR4.


The American Marketing Association defines marketing as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. According to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America appropriate marketing of medicines ensures that patients have access to the products they need and that the products are used correctly for maximum patient benefit. The most important promotional tools for biopharmaceutical firms are 1) personal selling, 2) advertising, 3) public relations and publicity, and 4) web promotion. Part I of this three-part article focuses on the nature of the biopharmaceutical marketing's four P's, the importance of marketing strategy, the conduct of environmental analysis,  and maket segmentation. Part II delves into the processes of targeting and positioning, marketing planning, as well as biopharmaceutical branding. Part III completes the series by focusing on the push and pull promotional strategies, advertising, selling, and biopharmaceutical web and social marketing.


Modern society relies on convenience services and mobile communication. Cloud computing is the current trend to make data and applications available at any time on every device. Data centers concentrate computation and storage at central locations, while they claim themselves green due to their optimized maintenance and increased energy efficiency. The key enabler for this evolution is the microelectronics industry. The trend to power efficient mobile devices has forced this industry to change its design dogma to: "keep data locally and reduce data communication whenever possible". Therefore we ask: is cloud computing repeating the aberrations of its enabling industry?


This PhD thesis is situated within the framework of the Research-Group Learning and Neurosciences (ReGLaN)-Health and Logistics project. The goal of this project is the optimisation of health service delivery in the rural areas of South Africa. Cooperation takes place between ReGLaN-Health and Logistics and the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Meraka Institute, with Prof Dr Dr Marlien Herselman of Pretoria, South Africa, as the central contact person. This thesis deals with the mathematical modelling of Geographic Information System (GIS)-tailoredrnGraphical User Interface (GUI) design with the application of spatial fuzzy logic. This thesis considers the mathematical visualisation of risk and resource maps for epidemiological issues using GIS and adaptive GUI design for an Open Source (OS) application for digital devices. The intention ofrnthis thesis is to provide spatial decision support tailored to different user groups. In order for the GUI elements to be evaluated and initialised, empirical teaching-learning-research on dealing with geomedia and GUI elements was conducted.


Today millions of technologically empowered individuals are able to participate freely in international transactions and enterprises, social and economic. These activities are governed by national and local laws designed for simpler times and now challenged by a new technological and market environment as well as by the practicalities and politics of enforcement across national boundaries.Borders in Cyberspace investigates issues arising from national differences in law, public policy, and social and cultural values as these differences are reformulated in the emerging global information infrastructure. The contributions include detailed analyses of some of the most visible issues, including intellectual property, security, privacy, and censorship.


Organic substances play an essential role for the formation of stable soil structures. In this context, their physico-chemical properties, interactions with mineral soil constituents and soil-water interactions are particu-larly important. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to soil particle cementation by swollen or-ganic substances (hydrogels) remains unclear. Up to now, no mechanistic model is available which explains the mechanisms of interparticulate hydrogel swelling and its contribution to soil-water interactions and soil structur-al stability. This mainly results from the lack of appropriate testing methods to study hydrogel swelling in soil as well as from the difficulties of adapting available methods to the system soil/hydrogel.
In this thesis, 1H proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was combined with various soil micro- and macrostructural stability testing methods in order to identify the contribution of hydrogel swelling-induced soil-water interactions to the structural stability of water-saturated and unsaturated soils. In the first part, the potentials and limitations of 1H NMR relaxometry to enlighten soil structural stabilization mechanism and vari-ous water populations were investigated. In the second part, 1H-NMR relaxometry was combined with rheologi-cal measurements of soil to assess the contribution of interparticulate hydrogel swelling and various polymer-clay interactions on soil-water interactions and soil structural stability in an isolated manner. Finally, the effects of various organic and mineral soil fractions on soil-water interactions and soil structural stability was assessed in more detail for a natural, agriculturally cultivated soil by soil density fractionation and on the basis of the experiences gained from the previous experiments.
The increased experiment complexity in the course of this thesis enabled to link physico-chemical properties of interparticulate hydrogel structures with soil structural stability on various scales. The established mechanistic model explains the contribution of interparticulate hydrogels to the structural stability of water-saturated and unsaturated soils: While swollen clay particles reduce soil structural stability by acting as lubricant between soil particles, interparticulate hydrogel structures increase soil structural stability by forming a flexible polymeric network which interconnects mineral particles more effectively than soil pore- or capillary water. It was appar-ent that soil structural stability increases with increasing viscosity of the interparticluate hydrogel in dependence on incubation time, soil texture, soil solution composition and external factors in terms of moisture dynamics and agricultural management practices. The stabilizing effect of interparticulate hydrogel structures further in-crease in the presence of clay particles which is attributed to additional polymer-clay interactions and the incor-poration of clay particles into the three-dimensional interparticulate hydrogel network. Furthermore, the simul-taneous swelling of clay particles and hydrogel structures results in the competition for water and thus in a mu-tual restriction of their swelling in the interparticle space. Thus, polymer-clay interactions not only increase the viscosity of the interparticulate hydrogel and thus its ability to stabilize soil structures but further reduce the swelling of clay particles and consequently their negative effects on soil structural stability. The knowledge on these underlying mechanisms enhance the knowledge on the formation of stable soil structures and enable to take appropriate management practices in order to maintain a sustainable soil structure. The additionally out-lined limitations and challenges of the mechanistic model should provide information on areas with optimization and research potential, respectively.


Recent federalism scholarship has taken a "collective action" turn. Commentators endorse or criticize the Court's doctrinal tools for allocating regulatory authority between the states and the federal government by invoking an economic model of collective action. The ensuing corpus of "collective action arguments" has been invoked by both pro-federal and pro-state scholars to underwrite either judicial acquiescence in broad national authority or robust judicial intervention to protect states' interests. Both strands of argument have also found echoes in recent Supreme Court jurisprudence. This Article reconsiders the relevance of collective action arguments for federalism doctrine. Without questioning the role of collective action dynamics in descriptive accounts of American federalism, it challenges their normative significance for the purpose of fashioning structural constitutional doctrine. At the Article's core is a simple claim with plural ramifications: There is no unique logic of collective action that can well explain American federalism. In-stead, heterogeneous collections of states will, under different circumstances, follow distinct trajectories that end in divergent end-states. Collective action dynamics among the several states can hence produce not only optimal but al-so highly undesirable equilibria depending on how initial parameters are set. Moreover, the various collective action dynamics animating American federal-ism are too heterogeneous and empirically contingent to point univocally in one direction toward any simple and stable judicial approach. Absent a single model that works as a reliable rule of thumb, the plural logics of collective action do not provide a stable analytic lodestar to guide judicial intervention. Nor do they provide an accurate proxy for the Framers' original understanding of federalism. Accordingly, the Article concludes that judicially enforced federal-ism cannot be vindicated in terms of collective action arguments. Instead, it suggests that to the extent the case for judicially enforced federalism rests principally on the availability and soundness of collective action explanations, there may be sound reasons for courts to abandon the field.


in the text. A literary analysis shows that repetitions of terms from the semantic fields of kinship and sexual intercourse provide special emphasis to the theme of a sexual act occurring between father and daughters. Instead of the expected relations in which fathers own their daughters, the daughters depicted here possess and manipulate their father. Moreover, taking into account that the general initiative and focalization are assigned to the elder sister, the constructed narrative pattern departs from the more common biblical pattern in which the younger siblings are more dominant and theologically prominent. While some scholars have suggested that the daughters had no choice, and even acted heroically, the analysis suggested here may lead to a reading that considers the reported sexual acts as negative and uncommon among Israelites.


DNA sequence indicates the Lacertidae contain two subfamilies, Gallotiinae and Lacertinae, the latter comprising two monophyletic tribes, the Eremiadini of Africa and arid southwest and central Asia, and the Lacertini of Europe, northwest Africa and southwest and east Asia. Relationships within the 108 species of Lacertini are explored using mtDNA (291 bp cytochrome b; 329 bp 12S rRNA for 59 nominal species, and reanalysis of the data of Harris et al . 1998, and Fu 2000). The morphology of the tribe is reviewed and 64 of its characters (equivalent to 83 binary ones) also used to assess relationships. The Lacertini are assigned to 19 monophyletic units of 1 to 27 species, recognised here as the following genera (contents are indicated in brackets): Algyroides , Anatololacerta gen. nov. ( L. danfordi group), Apathya ( L. cappadocica group), Archaeolacerta ( L. bedriagae ), Dalmatolacerta gen. nov. ( L. oxycephala ), Darevskia (L. saxicola group), Dinarolacerta gen. nov. ( L. mosorensis ), Hellenolacerta gen. nov. ( L. graeca ), Iberolacerta ( L. monticola group), Iranolacerta gen. nov. ( L. brandtii and L. zagrosica ), Lacerta s. str. (sand and green lizards, L. agilis group), Parvilacerta gen. nov. ( L. parva and L. fraasii ), Phoenicolacerta gen. nov. ( L. laevis group), Podarcis ( wall lizards), Scelarcis ( L. perspicillata) , Takydromus (Asian grass lizards ) , Teira ( L. dugesii ), Timon (ocellated lizards, L. lepida group) and Zootoca ( L. vivipara ). Both mtDNA and morphology indicate that Lacerta and Timon are sister taxa, and DNA suggests further possible relationships among genera (Fig. 1, p. 6). Neither DNA nor morphology indicates that the archaeolacertas (sometimes formalised as Archaeolacerta sens. lat.) form a clade. Instead, they are representatives of an ecomorph associated with living on rock exposures and using the narrow crevices that these contain. The Lacertidae probably arose in the European area, with the Gallotiinae later reaching Northwest Africa and the Canary Islands, and the ancestor of the Eremiadini invading Africa in the mid-Miocene. The Lacertini spread through much of their present European range and diversified, perhaps largely by repeated vicariance, around 12–16 My ago, producing the ancestors of the present mainly small-bodied genera, which then underwent often modest speciation. Three units spread more widely: the Lacerta-Timon clade of large-bodied lizards probably dispersed earliest, followed by Algyroides and then Podarcis . Overall, European Lacertidae show a pattern of repeated spread, often accompanied by restriction of previous groups. Expansion of Lacertini may have displaced earlier lacertid lineages from all or much of Europe; while spread of Podarcis may have restricted many other genera of Lacertini. The earlier expansion of the Lacerta-Timon clade probably did not have this effect, as difference in adult body size restricted competitive interaction with other forms. Several invasions of more distant areas also occurred: of East Asia by Takydromus over 10 My ago, and more recently of northwest Africa by Podarcis , Scelarcis and Timon, and Madeira by Teira. Relationships within the Eremiadini estimated from both mtDNA, and nDNA differ considerably from those based on morphology. They indicate relatively mesic forms may have diversified widely across Africa and given rise to at least three independent invasions of arid habitats. MtDNA also indicates that Lacerta andreanskyi belongs in the Eremiadini and may occupy a basal position there. It is assigned to a further new genus, Atlantolacerta gen. nov.


Abstract. We compare five global inventories of monthly CO emissions named VGT, ATSR, MODIS, GFED3 and MOPITT based on remotely sensed active fires and/or burned area products for the year 2003. The objective is to highlight similarities and differences by focusing on the geographical and temporal distribution and on the emissions for three broad land cover classes (forest, savanna/grassland and agriculture). Globally, CO emissions for the year 2003 range between 365 Tg CO (GFED3) and 1422 Tg CO (VGT). Despite the large uncertainty in the total amounts, some common spatial patterns typical of biomass burning can be identified in the boreal forests of Siberia, in agricultural areas of Eastern Europe and Russia and in savanna ecosystems of South America, Africa and Australia. Regionally, the largest difference in terms of total amounts (CV > 100%) and seasonality is observed at the northernmost latitudes, especially in North America and Siberia where VGT appears to overestimate the area affected by fires. On the contrary, Africa shows the best agreement both in terms of total annual amounts (CV = 31%) and of seasonality despite some overestimation of emissions from forest and agriculture observed in the MODIS inventory. In Africa VGT provides the most reliable seasonality. Looking at the broad land cover types, the range of contribution to the global emissions of CO is 64–74%, 23–32% and 3–4% for forest, savanna/grassland and agriculture, respectively. These results suggest that there is still large uncertainty in global estimates of emissions and it increases if the comparison is carried by out taking into account the temporal (month) and spatial (0.5° × 0.5° cell) dimensions. Besides the area affected by fires, also vegetation characteristics and conditions at the time of burning should also be accurately parameterized since they can greatly influence the global estimates of CO emissions.


GOOD TEACHING: THE TOP TEN REQUIREMENTS By Richard Leblanc, York University, OntarioThis article appeared in The Teaching Professor after Professor Leblanc won a Seymous Schulich Award for Teaching Excellence including a $10,000 cash award. Reprinted here with permission of Professor Leblanc, October 8, 1998. One. Good teaching is as much about passion as it is about reason. It's about not only motivating students to learn, but teaching them how to learn, and doing so in a manner that is relevant, meaningful, and memorable. It's about caring for your craft, having a passion for it, and conveying that passion to everyone, most importantly to your students. Two. Good teaching is about substance and treating students as consumers of knowledge. It's about doing your best to keep on top of your field, reading sources, inside and outside of your areas of expertise, and being at the leading edge as often as possible. But knowledge is not confined to scholarly journals. Good teaching is also about bridging the gap between theory and practice. It's about leaving the ivory tower and immersing oneself in the field, talking to, consulting with, and assisting practitioners, and liaisoning with their communities. Three. Good teaching is about listening, questioning, being responsive, and remembering that each student and class is different. It's about eliciting responses and developing the oral communication skills of the quiet students. It's about pushing students to excel; at the same time, it's about being human, respecting others, and being professional at all times. Four. Good teaching is about not always having a fixed agenda and being rigid, but being flexible, fluid, experimenting, and having the confidence to react and adjust to changing circumstances. It's about getting only 10 percent of what you wanted to do in a class done and still feeling good. It's about deviating from the course syllabus or lecture schedule easily when there is more and better learning elsewhere. Good teaching is about the creative balance between being an authoritarian dictator on the one hand and a pushover on the other. Five. Good teaching is also about style. Should good teaching be entertaining? You bet! Does this mean that it lacks in substance? Not a chance! Effective teaching is not about being locked with both hands glued to a podium or having your eyes fixated on a slide projector while you drone on. Good teachers work the room and every student in it. They realize that they are the conductors and the class is the orchestra. All students play different instruments and at varying proficiencies. Six. This is very important -good teaching is about humor. It's about being self-deprecating and not taking yourself too seriously. It's often about making innocuous jokes, mostly at your own expense, so that the ice breaks and students learn in a more relaxed atmosphere where you, like them, are human with your own share of faults and shortcomings. Seven. Good teaching is about caring, nurturing, and developing minds and talents. It's about devoting time, often invisible, to every student. It's also about the thankless hours of grading, designing or redesigning courses, and preparing materials to still further enhance instruction. Eight. Good teaching is supported by strong and visionary leadership, and very tangible institutional support -resources, personnel, and funds. Good teaching is continually reinforced by an overarching vision that transcends the entire organization -from full professors to part-time instructors -and is reflected in what is said, but more importantly by what is done. Nine. Good teaching is about mentoring between senior and junior faculty, teamwork, and being recognized and promoted by one's peers. Effective teaching should also be rewarded, and poor teaching needs to be remediated through training and development programs. Ten. At the end of the day, good teaching is about having fun, experiencing pleasure and intrinsic rewards ... like locking eyes with a student in the back row and seeing the synapses and neurons connecting, thoughts being formed, the person becoming better, and a smile cracking across a face as learning all of a sudden happens. Good teachers practice their craft not for the money or because they have to, but because they truly enjoy it and because they want to. Good teachers couldn't imagine doing anything else. http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/topten.htm


The Evaluation of FSS Program: Prospective Study examined Family Self-Sufficiency (FSS) program characteristics in a representative sample of 100 housing agencies. The study also followed a group of 181 FSS participants in 14 programs, observing their FSS experiences and outcomes. After 4 years in the FSS program, 24 percent of the study participants completed program requirements and graduated from FSS. When the study ended, 37 percent had left the program without graduating and 39 percent were still enrolled in FSS. Program graduates were more likely to be employed than other exiters or the still-enrolled participants. Program graduates also had higher incomes, both when they enrolled in FSS and when they completed the program, than participants with other outcomes. Staying employed and increasing their earned incomes helped graduates to accumulate substantial savings in the FSS escrow account. The average escrow account balance was $5,294 for program graduates, representing about 27 percent of their average household income at the time of program enrollment.


Carcinoma of the breast and ovary account for one-third of all cancers occurring in women and together are responsible for approximately one-quarter of cancer-related deaths in females. The HER-2/neu proto-oncogene is amplified in 25 to 30 percent of human primary breast cancers and this alteration is associated with disease behavior. In this report, several similarities were found in the biology of HER-2/neu in breast and ovarian cancer, including a similar incidence of amplification, a direct correlation between amplification and over-expression, evidence of tumors in which overexpression occurs without amplification, and the association between gene alteration and clinical outcome. A comprehensive study of the gene and its products (RNA and protein) was simultaneously performed on a large number of both tumor types. This analysis identified several potential shortcomings of the various methods used to evaluate HER-2/neu in these diseases (Southern, Northern, and Western blots, and immunohistochemistry) and provided information regarding considerations that should be addressed when studying a gene or gene product in human tissue. The data presented further support the concept that the HER-2/neu gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of some human cancers.


Impact factors among law reviews provide a measure of influence among these journals and the schools that publish them. Downloads from the Social Science Research Network (SSRN) serve a similar function. Bibliometrics is rapidly emerging as a preferred alternative to more subjective assessments of academic prestige and influence. Law should embrace this trend.This paper evaluates the underlying mathematics of law review impact factors and per-author SSRN download rates by institution. Both of these measures follow the sort of stretched exponential distribution that characterizes many right-skewed distributions found in the natural and social sciences. Indeed, an ordinary exponential distribution — that is, a stretched exponential distribution with an exponent of 1 — generates strikingly accurate, even beautiful, models of both phenomena. Mindful of physicist Hermann Weyl's admonition that any choice between truth and beauty should favor beauty, I freely admit to sacrificing some marginal improvement in the descriptive accuracy of my model in order to develop the elegant mathematics of the ordinary exponential distribution.Further elaboration of this model of law review impact factors as an exponential distribution yields the Gini coefficient of the secondary legal literature, to the extent that each journal's influence is expressed by its impact factor. An identical analysis applies to law school prestige as measured by per-author download rates on SSRN. The remarkable result of this inequality computation is that the Gini coefficient of legal academia, when prestige in this field is modeled according to an ordinary exponential distribution, is exactly 1/2. That outcome that is determined analytically rather than empirically. The inverse Simpson index similarly reflects an exact twofold reduction in the second-order diversity of law review publishing and academic prestige as measured through SSRN downloads. I conclude that modeling law review impact factors and SSRN download rates according to ordinary exponential distributions gives rise to a powerful mathematical tool for assessing influence among law journals and law schools.


In early modern Europe, blue textile dye was principally obtained from two dye plants, woad and indigo. Of these two dye sources, woad was native in the temperate climes of Europe, while tropical indigo became widely available only after Europe established commercial oceanic trade routes with India and the Americas. Indigo soon became a highly valued import, undermining woad production by unsettling traditional patterns of wealth circulation. Well-established woad producers took powerful steps to protect their industry, but in spite of their efforts, it ultimately succumbed in the face of indigo imports. In this paper, I examine the ways in which the long lasting conflict between the dyestuffs woad and indigo in early modern Europe evokes the tensions between imported and home-grown commodities.


This is a pre-edited draft of of an article presented in the special session of the Annual Conference on European Tort Law. The article examines various models for handling the problem of online anonymous defamation from comparative and economic perspectives. The comparative analysis reveals four main paradigms. The US model bars content providers' indirect liability, but facilitates identification of the speaker. The Israeli model recognises content providers' fault-based liability but does not provide procedural tools for identifying the speaker. The EU framework enables the victim to request identification of the speaker, and at the same time bring an action against the content provider. Although there is variance among Member States, this model seems to comply with the relevant Directives and European court decisions. The recently-adopted English model ('residual indirect liability') enables the victim to pursue a claim against the speaker and, if the speaker is unavailable, imposes liability on the content provider. From an economic perspective, the main problem with exclusively direct liability is the special effort in identifying and pursuing the anonymous speaker. Additional, yet probably less serious, problems are the high likelihood of judgment-proof defendants and high transaction costs which prevent a contractual transfer of the burden to the content provider when it is the cheapest cost avoider. The drawbacks of exclusively indirect liability are the relatively high cost of precautions, the fact that content providers do not capture the full social benefit of their activity, and the asymmetric legal response to errors with respect to 'defamatoriness.' Concurrent liability of the speaker and the content provider overcomes the high cost of identifying and pursuing anonymous speakers, and the problem of judgment-proof defendants. It also induces content providers to facilitate identification of anonymous speakers, increasing the likelihood of internalisation by primary wrongdoers. But concurrent liability has potentially conflicting effects on deterrence, and may result in an aggregation of the implementation costs of both direct and indirect liability. The residual indirect liability regime eliminates (or at least reduces significantly) the need for monitoring, and prevents over-deterrence associated with unaccounted benefits and asymmetric response to errors. It also incentivises content providers to reduce the cost of identifying anonymous wrongdoers, and does not raise the characteristic problems of multiple-defendants. This model may raise some difficulties but they seem either insignificant or solvable, making the English model (with some modifications) the most efficient.


The award-winning debut title from Chris Haughton, the acclaimed author-illustrator of Oh No, George! and Shh! We Have a Plan, this is the heart-warming story of Little Owl - who must be more careful when he is sleeping...Uh-oh! He has fallen from his nest, and with a bump he lands on the ground. Where is his mummy? With the help of his new friend Squirrel, Little Owl sets off in search of her, and meets a sequence of other animals. Yet while one might have his mummy's big eyes, and another her pointy ears, they are simply not her. Chris Haughton's striking colour illustrations follow Little Owl on his quest. Which of his new friends will lead him back to his mummy?


The premiere of Claus' play Het leven en de werken van Leopold II (The Life and Works of Leopold II), in November 1970 (by the company Nederlandse Comedie), was directed by the author himself. After a second and again rather unsuccessful run (1972–
1973, Arena, director: J. Tummers) it disappeared from the stage for nearly thirty years: there was no other production of Claus' play in the Low Countries until the autumn of 2002 (KVS, director: R. Ruell). Undoubtedly Het leven en de werken van Leopold II is one of the lesser-known plays by the Flemish author Hugo Claus (1929–2008). While writing it, at the end of the sixties, Claus was simultaneously working on two poetry collections. Van horen zeggen contains accessible poems, sometimes rather anecdotal, with many references to the contemporary political situation. These poems show a clear affinity with the neo-realistic
poetry that was dominant in Dutch-language literature in the sixties. Also in 1970, on the same day as Van horen zeggen, Claus published Heer Everzwijn (Lord Wild Boar), manneristic poetry showing another poeta faber. Given Claus' interest in the history
of the Congo Free State (see also the novel De geruchten [The rumours]) and the way he caricatures King Leopold II and his government in Het leven en de werken, it is worth investigating the political and social perspectives articulated in both his drama and his poetry. What are the similarities between the poet and the playwright? How can we explain his interest in the way Leopold mistreated the people of the Congo? In this essay I present the ideological and social points of view adopted by Claus in a broad literary and political context, studying his play on Leopold's atrocities in what would later (in 1908) become a Belgian colony, alongside the poetry he produced in the same period. Keywords : lemish theatre and poetry, Congo literature, (post)colonialism, Belgian history. Tydskrif vir Letterkunde Vol. 46 (1) 2009: pp. 151-166


CHORUS Two households, both alike in dignity In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life, Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Doth with their death bury their parents' strife. The fearful passage of their death-marked love And the continuance of their parents' rage-Which but their children's end, naught could remove-Is now the two-hours' traffic of our stage; The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. 5