We have developed this exposition for 'scoring an aesthetic encounter' with the multimodal (visual, textual, sonic, performative) findings from Choreo-graphic Figures: Deviations from the Line, an artistic research project by Emma Cocker, Nikolaus Gansterer and Mariella Greil. Choreo-graphic Figures stages a beyond-disciplinary encounter between the lines of choreography, drawing and writing, for exploring those forms of knowing-thinking-feeling produced in the slippage and deviation when different modes of practice enter into dialogue, overlap and collide. Within this exposition, our aim is not to present an exhaustive account of the Choreo-graphic Figures project. Rather, we seek to test the specificity of this online context for extending our investigation through the following questions: how can we create a digital archive capable of reflecting the durational and relational aspects of the research process, a mode of online dissemination that enacts something of the liveness or vitality — the energies and intensities — within collaborative live exploration? Beyond the limitations of the static two-dimensional page, how can an enhanced digital format enable a non-linear, rhizomatic encounter with artistic research, where findings are activated and navigated, interacted or even played with as a choreo-graphic event?

We have modelled the exposition on the experimental score system developed within our research project, for organising our process of aesthetic enquiry through the bringing-into-relation of different practices and figures. The score is approached as a 'research tool' for testing how different practices (of Attention, Notation, Conversation, Wit(h)nessing) can be activated for sharpening, focusing or redirecting attention towards the event of figuring (those small yet transformative energies, emergences, and experiential shifts within artistic process that are often hard to discern but which ultimately steer the evolving action) and the emergence of figures (the point at which the experience of 'something happening' [i.e. figuring] coalesces into recognisable form).

Within this exposition, our research can be encountered experientially through → Playing the Score, whilst the → Find Out More section contains contextual framing alongside conceptual-theoretical reflections on the function of our score and its ecology of practices and figures.


Welcome to the inaugural meeting of the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR). It is a great pleasure to have the opportunity to join with colleagues working in this new and exciting field of research. Although there has long been interest in the links between nutritional deficiencies and psychiatric illness, as well as interest in the role of food allergies in such illnesses, the last five years has seen a significant and notable growth in this nascent field of research, with an accompanying impact on the viewpoints and practices of scientists and clinicians working in mental health. In my particular field of interest – that of the role of overall dietary quality in the common mental disorders, depression and anxiety - there has been an exponential growth in the literature since the end of 2009. It is exciting and gratifying to see concordant results from across the globe, in young children and adolescents through to older adults, and from countries as diverse as Norway and Taiwan. The study of the efficacy of nutritional interventions in psychiatric illness is also developing rapidly, with high quality randomised controlled trials now being conducted in multiple settings and with outcomes that include cognition as well as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Another important development in this field is the rapidly growing recognition that nutrition is of central importance in the risk for cognitive decline and dementia. As this new recognition filters through to clinical researchers, I look forward to seeing new interventions in this area. Another area of research with significant interest and activity grows from the understanding of the centrality of physical health to mental health and vice versa. There are many nutrition researchers, dietitians and other health practitioners working to address the physical health of patients with mental illness; acting on the recognition that physical and mental health are closely related and mutually reinforcing. There is no doubt that the formation of an international society is timely; we now have the opportunity to join forces to share knowledge and build important collaborations. Building capacity in this field by sharing our knowledge with students and early career researchers will be another important activity of our society, as will building the credibility of nutritional psychiatry research through a clear understanding and implementation of best practice scientific methodology. I welcome each of you to extend the invitation to join our new ISNPR to colleagues and students in your networks. I would also encourage you to contribute to the discussions and sharing of knowledge by contributing short pieces to our newsletter, which will be disseminated by the end of this year. For those who are unable to attend this year's meeting, we hope that 2014 may present a possibility for attendance. Our aim is conduct our first Annual General Meeting before the end of July 2013 via teleconference and I welcome agenda items from those interested. With very best wishes Felice Jacka President ISNPR


The purpose was to examine the power relations during a change of culture in an Olympic sports organization in the United Kingdom. The authors conducted a 16-month longitudinal study combining action research and grounded theory. The data collection included ethnography and a focus group discussion (n = 10) with athletes, coaches, parents, and the national governing body. The authors supplemented these with 26 interviews with stakeholders, and we analyzed the data using grounded theory. The core concept found was that power relations were further divided into systemic power and informational power. Systemic power (e.g., formal authority to reward or punish) denotes how the national governing bodies sought to implement change from the top-down and impose new strategies on the organization. The informational power (e.g., tacit feeling of oneness and belonging) represented how individuals and subunits mobilized coalitions to support or obstruct the sports organization's agenda. Olympic sports organizations should consider the influence of power when undertaking a change of culture.


Qualitative research is a field of knowledge and practice that is expanding continuously throughout the health area in Latin America. However, few studies have focused on evaluating qualitative research on health in the region, or on evaluating its theoretical or operational characteristics. This study examines health research in Latin America that has a critical perspective and the way it views qualitative research. Three trends or schools of thought in the health field in Latin America were identified that had both a critical perspective and that use qualitative research: social medicine, participatory action research, and sociocultural studies. Each has been described, including the ways they incorporate qualitative research. Examples of empirical studies are presented, and some criticisms are discussed.


Brezenoff, Steve. Return to Titanic: Time Voyage . Illus. Scott Murphy. North Mankato, MN: Stone Arch Books, 2012. Print. The legendary Titanic resurfaces for this children's novel which cleverly combines history with science fiction.  The subject of the Titanic voyage is timely, since it is recently the 100th anniversary of its maiden voyage. Tucker and Maya spend their spring break helping out at a museum and as they sort through a box labeled "special collection" for the Titanic exhibit, they find an original ticket to the maiden voyage of the Titanic.  Their curiosity provokes them to open its protective case.  Once they touch the ticket, they are sent back in time to Queenstown, Ireland in 1912, the day the Titanic was to set sail across the Atlantic Ocean.  Tucker's mother, the museum's curator, always said there was "magic in the junk at the museum".  Tucker and Maya must decide what to do next.  Should they stop the Titanic from sailing?  Is it possible to change history?  They begin to wonder how will they ever return back to 2012? Detailed pencil-sketch drawings by Scott Murphy decorate every few pages.  These illustrations enhance the description and imagery in the novel while supporting reluctant readers.  The shaded teal-coloured sketches assist with setting the tone of history, mystery, and adventure.  Inclusion of a map, at the beginning of each chapter, indicates the location of the characters at that moment in the novel, whether they were in Queenstown, Ireland or in New York.  To assist with these transitions, the change of time occurs at the start of a new chapter, as well as clear setting descriptions are included throughout, integral in showing the time and place.  These time transitions are smooth and easy to follow. Themes of friendship, curiosity, history, time-travel, adventure, and courage are intertwined.  Educators can integrate this novel into lessons about the Titanic's history. Time Voyage is an exciting adventure story to accompany non-fiction titles.  It is interesting to note the correct historical references of location, dates, and the company that sailed the Titanic incorporated in this work of fiction. Time Voyage is the first novel in the Return to Titanic four book series, written by Steve Brezenoff. With easy vocabulary, great plot description, imagery, and consistent use of strong adjectives, this novel will captivate readers aged 9 to 13 years old, appealing to grade 2 to 3 reading levels.  The cliff-hanger at the end of the book will surely entice readers to continue reading this four book series. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Melissa Blackwood Melissa Blackwood is a Primary/Elementary teacher, presently completing a Master of Education in Teacher-Librarianship with the University of Alberta.


From the Publisher:
What the international phenomenon of The Rules did for conventional dating, The Rules for Online Dating does for the search for love on the Internet. You'll never hit the "reply" button the same way again.
Millions of women around the world are meeting men on the Internet, or they've met in person and are corresponding by e-mail. But though e-mail and Net-based dating services have revolutionized the dating landscape, they've created their own pitfalls and challenges. Women need new strategies that will improve their chances of capturing Mr. Right.
Boasting the same time-tested formula and romantic spirit that made The Rules an international bestseller and launched thousands of women down the path to committed relationships, The Rules for Online Dating shows all women -- regardless of age, status, or computer savvy -- how to use electronic communication to relate to men in a way that maintains self-esteem and leads to a healthy relationship.
Here is a comprehensive list of dos and don'ts that will help every woman conduct an e-courtship safely and successfully; find and keep the interest of suitable mates; and save time, energy, and potential heartache by weeding out dead wood. The Rules for Online Dating takes women through the process -- step by step, Rule by Rule -- to the ultimate goal: a relationship based on mutual attraction, interest, and respect.


Chemical mitochondrial uncouplers are lipophilic weak acids that increase proton transport into the mitochondrial matrix via a pathway independent of ATP synthase, thereby uncoupling nutrient oxidation from ATP production. These molecules enable determination of maximal cellular respiration and have antioxidant effects that protect from ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the most widely used proton transporter uncouplers have off-target activity that lead to a range of undesired effects including plasma membrane depolarization, mitochondrial inhibition, and cytotoxicity. To identify new mitochondrial uncouplers that lack off-target activity at the plasma membrane, we screened a small molecule chemical library. Herein we report the identification and validation of a novel mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler (2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)}amine, named BAM15, that does not depolarize the plasma membrane and protects mice from acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Thus, BAM15 represents a reliable new tool for the analysis of cellular bioenergetic function that has therapeutic potential by altering mitochondrial function in vivo.


From Michael Pollan to locavores, Whole Foods to farmers' markets, today cooks and foodies alike are paying more attention than ever before to the history of the food they bring into their kitchens - and especially to vegetables. Whether it's an heirloom tomato, curled cabbage, or succulent squash, from a farmer's market or a backyard plot, the humble vegetable offers more than just nutrition - it also represents a link with a long tradition of farming and gardening, nurturing and breeding. In this charming book, those veggies finally get their due. In capsule biographies of eleven different vegetables - artichokes, beans, chard, cabbage, cardoons, carrots, chili peppers, Jerusalem artichokes, peas, pumpkins, and tomatoes - Evelyne Bloch-Dano explores the world of vegetables in all its facets, from science and agriculture to history, culture, and, of course, cooking. From the importance of peppers in early international trade to the most recent findings in genetics, from the cultural cachet of cabbage to Proust's devotion to cardoon-and-marrow stew, to the surprising array of vegetables that preceded the pumpkin as the avatar of All Hallow's Eve, Bloch-Dano takes readers on a dazzling tour of the fascinating stories behind our daily repasts. Spicing her cornucopia with an eye for anecdote and a ready wit, Bloch-Dano has created a feast that's sure to satisfy gardeners, chefs, and eaters alike.


This study evaluates domestic wastewater disposal in some selected wards of urban Maiduguri. The unprecedented population growth in Maiduguri generally is directly proportional to its demand for water supply for both domestic and industrial needs. Consequently the more water is consumed, the more its waste is generated. This in turn encourages its indiscriminate disposal particularly in an environment with poor drainage system such as most parts of Maiduguri urban area. It is against this background that the study examined how domestic wastewater is disposed in Maiduguri using the following objectives: to quantify the amount of domestic wastewater generated in the sampled areas, to study and describe the methods used in disposing wastewater, and to highlight the issues due to poor drainage in the town. The scope therefore, covers only domestic wastewater disposal in the selected wards with reference to individual household wastewater disposal system. This was based on planned and unplanned drainage system areas. New G R A and Bulumkutu were selected as the combination of the planned and unplanned areas, Hausari as unplanned and Gwange as planned areas respectively. Purposive, stratified and accidental sampling methods were employed at different stages in the sampling of the wards and the respondents. Three hundred and sixty copies of questionnaire designed to capture the objectives of the study were administered in the three selected wards (120 for each ward). The data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive statistic and ANOVA. From the results obtained, the mean responses of the residents with regard to the wastewater generated from bathing, washing, food preparation and others, Maisandari has the highest values: 2.1583 a , 1.3417 a , 1.1250 a and 1.1250 a at 0.05 significant levels. This implies that most of the wastewater generated in the study area came from Maisandari ward. As a result of the serious environmental and health implication of this indiscriminate wastewater disposal in the study area, it is therefore recommended, that Borno State government should ensure effective/efficient maintenance of the existing waste disposal system and those areas without adequate drainage system should be provided by the government. The State government should provide drainages in the urban which are channelized in to central outlet system where it can be easily treated before final disposal for other uses.


Ongoing climate change and global warming may change the Ice Complex formation of the Yedoma Suite from a long-term carbon sink to a major carbon source due to thawing of organic-rich sediments and the subsequent release of greenhouse gases.The origin of Late-Pleistocene ice-rich, fine-grained permafrost sequences (Ice Complex deposits) in arctic and subarctic Siberia has been disputed for over a century. Corresponding permafrost sequences are frequently exposed along sea coasts and river banks in so-called Yedoma hills, which are considered to be the erosional remnants of Late Pleistocene accumulation plains. We have summarized cryolithological, sedimentological, geochronological, and stratigraphical results from 14 study sites along the Laptev and East Siberian Sea coasts in order to compare and correlate the local datasets. The Ice Complex was predominantly formed under subaerial conditions in polygonal tundra landscapes. Ice Complex deposits at all sites are sequences of buried cryosols. Separate cryosol horizons are characterized by brownish organic-rich patches, peat nests, and numerous individual plant remains ranging from well-preserved grass roots to twigs and leaves. Cryoturbation patterns of 0.5 to 1 m thickness are very common. The average total organic carbon content (TOC) is relative high for individual sites (1.2 to 4.8 wt%), but strongly varies for individual horizons within a sequence (0.5 to 27 wt%). Such variation in TOC is caused by alternation of mineral- and organic-rich horizons and the presence of irregular patches where organic remains concentrated during deposition. The TOC variations are similar to modern typical Aquiturbels in polygon walls (0.5-3.5 wt%) and typical Historthels in polygon centers (1 to >20 wt%), and therefore its occurrence represents a massive permafrost carbon reservoir. According to several paleo-botanical analyses, herbs (e.g. Artemisia, Carophyllaceae, Asteraceae), grasses (e.g. Poacea, Cyperacea), and partly some dwarf shrubs (e.g. Salix, Alnus, Betula) predominate within the Ice Complex sequences. d13C values range between -24 and -29 and indicate only freshwater aquatic and subaerial terrestrial environments. The values reflect the dominance of terrestrial C3 plants within the composition of organic matter. Variations in TOC content, C/N ratio, and d13C values are connected to changes in the bioproductivity, intensity and character of cryosol formation, different degrees of organic matter decomposition as well as variations in plant associations. High TOC contents, high C/N ratios, and low d13C values reflect less-decomposed organic matter under anaerobic conditions, which is characteristic for Middle Weichselian interstadial periods. Stadial or glacial periods are characterized by less variable, generally low TOC contents, which indicate stable environments with reduced bioproductivity an by low C/N ratios. High d13C values reflect relatively dry, aerobic condition.


Turn your wonderful website dreams into robust realities with the help of Dreamweaver CC For Dummies!Creating dynamic websites is easy with Dreamweaver CC and this friendly, full-color guide. Updated for the latest version of Adobe's world-renowned web development tool, Dreamweaver CC For Dummies covers all aspects of creating websites, from understanding web design basics to using style sheets, integrating multimedia,implementing responsive design, testing and publishing your sites, and more. With theprofessional guidance of Web design expert Janine Warner, you'll soon be on your way to building the website you've always wanted.Helps beginning and intermediate website developers get the most out of the new tools and features in Dreamweaver CCProvides a solid foundation in web design principles before moving on to more advanced topics like working with HTML5 and CSS, adding interactivity with jQuery, optimizing your site for different browsers, and getting creative with images, audio, and videoExplains how to test and take your website live, manage and monitor your site's performance, promote your site via social media, and push it to the top of the search engine rankings like a proWhether this is your first foray into web developmentor you're a Dreamweaver devotee, For Dummies has the information you need to create interactive websites that look fantastic on the flat screen, terrific on a tablet,and simply stunning on your smartphone.


Despite the dire financial environment of the 1930s, this decade gave rise to great technical and aesthetic innovations in fashion. This handsomely illustrated book is the first to analyze important developments in both men's and women's fashions of that time. Select experts contribute texts that delve into the economic, political, and cultural influences that shaped these emergent styles. They also explore how industrial capabilities, such as the production of new textiles, allowed couturiers to drape fabric in ways not previously possible, and how revolutionary dressmaking and tailoring techniques gave form to truly modern clothing. Advancements in menswear tailoring in London and Naples paralleled breakthroughs in couture draping in Paris, New York, and even Shanghai. Hollywood also played a role in defining and popularizing this glamorous style. The international trend toward softer, minimally ornamented, and elegantly proportioned clothing differed markedly from the more restrictive attire of the preceding Edwardian era. By contrast, the fashions of the 1930s were made for movement, highlighting the natural and classically idealized body. The revival of classicism and other artistic influences were crucial to the creation of this clean, minimal, and modern new look.


There is a continuing policy debate about whether it is possible to have sustainable small settlements in outback regions of Australia, where there is low and variable primary production and a sparse and mobile population. This debate is focused largely on Aboriginal settlements, but applies equally to all desert dwellers. In this contribution, we review the sources of economic flows through settlements occupied by different communities with common livelihood sources, whether based on mining, grazing, tourism, cultural resources, welfare or services, concluding that most desert livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on temporally variable inputs. Individual remote settlements tend to be dominated by one such 'community of livelihood', and differ in nature according to the source of that livelihood. These create types of settlement and service aspirations which are alien to more densely settled regions. Settlement 'viability' is a measure of the short-term balance between aspirations for services (technical, social, but also for livelihoods and well being) and the costs of fulfilling these aspirations, and consequently is not a simple on/off switch – the community can adjust both its aspirations and the cost factors involved in meeting them. We define a resilient settlement as one that is viable in the long term in the face of its variable inputs. Thus, we determine that the concepts of settlement viability and resilience must be analysed differently according to the strategy adopted by different resident communities. In particular, Aboriginal (and pastoral) communities are particularly dependent on social and natural capital, yet these are not monitored. The whole analysis emphasises the importance of taking a demand- rather than supply-driven approach to services in desert settlements. Our conclusion is that, if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term.


This Article critically evaluates the relationship between constructing narratives and achieving factual accuracy at trials. The story model of adjudication— according to which jurors process testimony by organizing it into competing narratives—has gained wide acceptance in the descriptive work of social scientists and currency in the courtroom, but it has received little close attention from legal theorists. The Article begins with a discussion of the meaning of narrative and its function at trial. It argues that the story model is incomplete, and that "legal truth" emerges from a hybrid of narrative and other means of inquiry. As a result, trials contain opportunities to promote more systematic consideration of evidence. Second, the Article asserts that, to the extent the story model is descriptively correct with respect to the structure of juror decision making, it also gives rise to normative concerns about the tension between characteristic features of narrative and the truth-seeking aspirations of trial. Viewing trials through the lens of narrative theory brings sources of bias and error into focus and suggests reasons to increase the influence of analytic processes. The Article then appraises improvements in trial mechanics—from prosecutorial discovery obligations through appellate review of evidentiary errors—that might account for the influence of stories. For example, a fuller understanding of narrative exposes the false assumption within limiting instructions that any piece of evidence exists in isolation. And to better inform how adjudicators respond to stories in the courtroom, the Article argues for modifying instructions in terms of their candor, explanatory content, and timing.


This Article argues that the anti-stereotyping theory undergirding the foundational sex-based equal protection cases of the 1970s, most of which were brought by male plaintiffs, has powerful implications for current controversies in sex discrimination law which have long been obscured by the dominant narrative about these cases. For decades, scholars have criticized Ruth Bader Ginsburg for challenging the constitutionality of sex-based state action in cases featuring male plaintiffs. They have argued that the predominance of male plaintiffs caused the Court to adopt a narrow, formalistic conception of equality incapable of rectifying the subordination of women. This Article offers a new account of the theory of equal protection animating Ginsburg's campaign. It argues that her decision to press the claims of male plaintiffs was grounded not in a commitment to eradicating sex classifications from the law, but in a far richer theory of equal protection involving constitutional limitations on the state's power to enforce sex-role stereotypes. This "anti-stereotyping" theory drew on the arguments of transnational movements for sex equality that emerged in the 1960s, including the movement to combat sex-role enforcement in Sweden and the women's and gay liberation movements in the United States. The Burger Court incorporated the anti-stereotyping principle into sex-based equal protection law in the 1970s, but the significance of this doctrinal shift has long been overlooked, in part because the Court initially applied the new doctrine only in a limited set of domains. In recent years, the Court has extended anti-stereotyping doctrine beyond the provisional limitations established in the 1970s and in ways that are deeply relevant to questions at the frontiers of equal protection law today.


Abstract. Japan lies downwind of the Asian continent and for much of the year air quality is directly influenced by emissions of ozone precursors over these heavily-populated and rapidly-industrializing regions. This study examines the extent to which oxidant transport from regional and distant anthropogenic sources influences air quality in Japan in springtime, when these contributions are largest. We find that European and North American contributions to surface ozone over Japan in spring are persistent, averaging 3.5±1.1 ppb and 2.8±0.5 ppb respectively, and are greatest in cold continental outflow conditions following the passage of cold fronts. Contributions from China are larger, 4.0±2.8 ppb, and more variable, as expected for a closer source region, and are generally highest near cold fronts preceding the influence of more distant sources. The stratosphere provides a varying but ever-present background of ozone of about 11.2±2.5 ppb during spring. Local sources over Japan and Korea have a relatively small impact on mean ozone, 2.4±7.6 ppb, but this masks a strong diurnal signal, and local sources clearly dominate during episodes of high daytime ozone. By examining the meteorological mechanisms that favour transport from different source regions, we demonstrate that while maximum foreign influence generally does not occur at the same time as the greatest buildup of oxidants from local sources, it retains a significant influence under these conditions. It is thus clear that while meteorological boundaries provide some protection from foreign influence during oxidant outbreaks in Tokyo, these distant sources still make a substantial contribution to exceedance of the Japanese ozone air quality standard in springtime.


Roundworld is in trouble again, and this time it looks fatal. Having created it in the first place, the wizards of Unseen Univeristy feel vaguely responsible for its safety. They know the creatures who lived there escaped the impending Big Freeze by inventing the space elevator - they even intervened to rid the planet of a plague of elves, who attempted to divert humanity onto a different time track. But now it's all gone wrong - Victorian England has stagnated and the pace of progress would embarrass a limping snail. Unless something drastic is done, there won't be time for anyone to invent spaceflight and the human race will be turned into ice-pops. Why, though, did history come adrift? Was it Sir Arthur Nightingale's dismal book about natural selection? Or was it the devastating response by an obscure country vicar called Charles Darwin, whose bestselling Theology of Species made it impossible to refute the divine design of living creatures? Either way, it's no easy task to change history, as the wizards discover to their cost. Can the God of Evolution come to humanity's aid and ensure Darwin writes a very different book? And who stopped him writing it in the first place?


Objective - How can we discover patterns of how librarians develop new information services needed when disaster strikes the community?

While there are many guidelines and training materials for planning to protect staff, systems, collections and buildings (in order to return to normal services) in disasters, there are none for quickly improvising needed services. Evidence-based standards and education modules could be very useful to librarians in such crises. Published accounts of such services describe services improvised during a single disaster or during a small number of similar disasters and usually point to the heroic efforts of particular librarians in particular libraries. They tend to be anecdotal and idiosyncratic. The authors needed to design a project using valid research methods to gather consistently and to analyze rigorously narrative data from a wide variety of libraries that have provided improvised services during a wide variety of disasters.

Information professionals everywhere strive to provide timely and relevant information in an appropriate format to meet the needs of users. Textbook studies tell us about the value of thoughtful data collection and advance planning before launching new information services for users of libraries and information centers. How can we find out what librarians have done when there is no time for such planning?

Method - The authors surveyed a variety of accepted research methods for gathering and analyzing qualitative narrative data describing similar phenomena. They tested some methods in a pilot study of services provided by librarians in southern Louisiana after two hurricanes in 2005. They quickly realized that surveys of hundreds of libraries and interviews of a few librarians did not produce the kind or amount of data to answer the "what" and "how" questions for a variety of libraries in a variety of disasters. They discussed that study and its results with several senior researchers experienced with qualitative methods. (Reports on the pilot study have been published in peer-reviewed publications.) Based on what they had learned during the pilot study and in subsequent discussions, the researchers designed a much larger study to gather evidence of common practice patterns in diverse disasters. Needing to be open to discovery of what happens in different situations they devised a research method based on in-depth interviews, multiple case studies, and narrative data analysis to build grounded theory. The study will conclude with the development of best practices presented as case studies and evidence based training modules for LIS students and practicing librarians. (They submitted the research proposal to the Institute for Museum and Library Services National Leadership Grant program.)

Results - The researchers found evidence of the efficacy of Multiple Case Study and Grounded Theory research methods for this kind of for this kind of research question. They developed a protocol to gather data from academic, public, school and special libraries that provided extraordinary services during days and weeks of community disasters caused by earthquakes, massive blackouts, tornadoes, wild fires, hurricanes, land slides, floods, chemical spills and other natural or accidental events. The IMLS agreed with their findings on how to study the question and funded the grant proposal. The researchers have begun the two year project and report briefly on its progress in this paper.

Conclusion - Librarians need evidence-based case studies and educational material to learn how to identify needed information services during any kind of community-wide disaster and to respond to these needs creatively. Since this preparation is not currently included in LIS education, standards and guidelines or research literature, there is a need for reliable studies of these phenomena in a variety of libraries and a variety of disasters. The researchers studied and tested various quantitative, qualitative and mixed data gathering methods, tested them, and designed a method for gathering and analyzing the data necessary to support such guidelines and education. Based on their resulting research proposal to study about twenty such phenomena, the Institute for Museum and Library Services has awarded them a two-year National Leadership Grant to perform the study.


BACKGROUND
Zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy was the first antiretroviral drug to be tested widely. Subsequent trials in asymptomatic or early symptomatic HIV infection indicated short-term delays in disease progression with AZT, but not improved survival.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of immediate versus deferred zidovudine (AZT) on HIV disease progression and survival.

SEARCH STRATEGY
Investigators and pharmaceutical companies were contacted, and MEDLINE searches were supplemented by searching conference abstracts.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials comparing immediate versus deferred AZT in participants without AIDS which prospectively collected deaths and new AIDS events.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Individual patient data with, wherever possible, follow-up obtained beyond that previously published was obtained and checked for internal consistency and consistency with any published reports; any apparent discrepancies were resolved with the trialists. Time to death and to disease progression (defined as a new AIDS-defining event or prior death) were analysed on an intention to treat basis, stratified to avoid direct comparisons between participants in different trials.

MAIN RESULTS
Nine trials were included in the meta-analysis. During a median follow-up of 50 months, 1908 individuals developed disease progression, of whom 1351 died. In the deferred group, 61% started antiretroviral therapy (median time to therapy 28 months, which was AZT monotherapy in 94%). During the first year of follow-up immediate AZT halved the rate of disease progression (P<0.0001), increasing the probability of AIDS-free survival at one year from 96% to 98%, but this early benefit did not persist: after 6 years AIDS-free survival was 54% in both groups, and at no time was there any difference in overall survival, which at 6 years was 64% with immediate and 65% with deferred AZT (rate ratio [RR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0. 94 to 1.15).

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
Although immediate use of AZT halved disease progression during the first year, this effect was not sustained, and there was no improvement in survival in the short or long term.


Many search engines identify bursts of activity around particular topics and reflect these back to users as Popular Now or Hot Searches. Activity around these topics typically evolves quickly in real-time during the course of a trending event. Users' informational needs when searching for such topics will vary depending on the stage at which they engage with an event. Through a survey and log study, we observe that interaction with content about trending events varies significantly with prior awareness of the event. Building on this observation, we conduct a larger-scale analysis of query logs and social media data associated with hundreds of trending events. We find that search and social media activity tend to follow similar temporal patterns, but that social media activity leads by a few hours. While user interest in trending event content predictably diverges during peak activity periods, the overlap between content searched and shared increases. We discuss how these findings relate to the design of interfaces to better support sensemaking around trending events by integrating real-time social media content with traditional search results.


A hybrid multiscale mathematical model of tumor growth is used to investigate how tumoral and microenvironmental heterogeneity affect the response of the immune system. The model includes vascular dynamics and evolution of metabolic tumor phenotypes. Cytotoxic T cells are simulated, and their effect on tumor growth is shown to be dependent on the structure of the microenvironment and the distribution of tumor phenotypes. Importantly, no single immune strategy is best at all stages of tumor growth.


Form 836 (8/00) Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. 02-3782


In vitro, the amino acid leucine has been able to reduce proteolysis and be a potent stimulus for protein synthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leucine supplementation on indices of muscle damage and muscular function following eccentric-based resistance exercise. METHODS: Twenty-seven untrained individuals were randomly divided into 3 groups; leucine (L), placebo (P) and control (C). The L and P groups performed 100 depth jumps from 60 cm and 6 sets of 10 repetitions of eccentric-only leg presses. Either leucine (250 mg/kg bm) or placebo was ingested at 3 time points during exercise and each recovery day following exercise. Serum muscle damage markers and muscle function assessment were used to monitor recovery. RESULTS: No significant differences existed between experimental groups for the serum markers of damage. The L group was able to maintain peak force outputs during the muscle function tests CONCLUSIONS: Leucine supplementation may facilitate the recovery process. Leucine may need further examination, as it was unable to shown a between group difference compared to P but did minimize the change in muscle damage markers compared to PRE. Leucine supplementation minimized the decrement in muscle function and maintained force output when compared to a placebo.


Songbirds Phonics combines real phonic stories with interactive whiteboard software to deliver the requirements for high-quality phonics teaching resources. Written by award-winning Julia Donaldson, these stories provide fun, fully decodable texts with built-in progression help your pupils achieve immediate reading success. They are fully in line with the 2006 Framework and the simple view of reading. Each book includes notes for parents/carers and teaching assistants on the inside covers. This book is also available as part of a mixed pack of 6 different books or a class pack of 36 books of the same ORT stage. Each book pack comes with a free copy of up-to-date and invaluable teaching notes. The books are complemented by eSongbirds interactive whiteboard software which offers a systematic, quality phonics teaching through a multi-sensory approach.


This paper reconsiders the emergence and growth of the sensation mania of the 1860s that broke from the accepted social norms and tried to unearth aspects of criminality and passion beneath the respectable surface. It addresses some important questions concerning the members of this group, the popularity it achieved, the factors that helped its emergence, what the ensuing moral panic reveals about the society in which the novels were set, the impact of this phenomenon on later novels and novelists, and the emergence of the neo-sensational novel in contemporary literature. Moreover, the paper tries to probe the link between these novels and the Victorian psychological underworld and the political unconscious of their age. This is done on four interrelated levels: The gender roles, the legal aspect of the family, the social class and relations between classes and finally. A fourth and last level deals with "property" and its effect on the family.


The American legal system has proven remarkably robust even in the face vast and often tumultuous political, social, economic, and technological change. Yet our system of law is not unlike other complex social, biological, and physical systems in exhibiting local fragility in the midst of its global robustness. Understanding how this "robust yet fragile" (RYF) dilemma operates in legal systems is important to the extent law is expected to assist in managing systemic risk — the risk of large local or even system-wide failures — in other social systems. Indeed, legal system failures have been blamed as partly responsible for disasters such as the recent financial system crisis and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. If we cannot effectively manage systemic risk within the legal system, however, how can we expect the legal system to manage systemic risk elsewhere? This Article employs a complexity science model of the RYF dilemma to explore why systemic risk persists in legal systems and how to manage it. Part I defines complexity in the context of the institutions and instruments that make up the legal system. Part II defines the five dimensions of robustness that support functionality of the legal system: (1) reliability; (2) efficiency; (3) scalability; (4) modularity, and (5) evolvability. Part III then defines system fragility, examining the internal and external constraints that impede legal system robustness and the fail-safe system control strategies for managing their effects. With those basic elements of the RYF dilemma model in place, Part IV defines systemic risk, exploring the paradoxical role of increasingly organized complexity brought about by fail-safe strategies as a source of legal system failure. There is no way around the RYF dilemma — some degree of systemic risk is inherent in any complex adaptive system — but the balance between robustness and fragility is something we can hope to influence. To explore how, Part V applies the RYF dilemma model to a concrete systemic risk management context — oil drilling in the deep Gulf of Mexico. The legal regime governing offshore oil exploration and extraction has been blamed as contributing to the set of failures that led to the catastrophic Deepwater Horizon spill and is at the center of reform initiatives. Using this case study, I argue that the RYF dilemma model provides valuable insights into how legal systems fail and how to manage legal systemic risk.


We show that the occupation measure on the path of a planar Brownian motion run for an arbitrary finite time intervalhas an average density of order three with respect to thegauge function t^2 log(1/t). This is a surprising resultas it seems to be the first instance where gauge functions other than t^s and average densities of order higher than two appear naturally. We also show that the average densityof order two fails to exist and prove that the density distributions, or lacunarity distributions, of order threeof the occupation measure of a planar Brownian motion are gamma distributions with parameter 2.


Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations contain information about surface sources and sinks, which can be quantitatively interpreted through tracer transport inversion. Previous CO2 inversion calculations obtained differing results due to different data, methods and transport models used. To isolate the sources of uncertainty, we have conducted a set of annual mean inversion experiments in which 17 different transport models or model variants were used to calculate regional carbon sources and sinks from the same data with a standardized method. Simulated transport is a significant source of uncertainty in these calculations, particularly in the response to prescribed "background" fluxes due to fossil fuel combustion, a balanced terrestrial biosphere, and air—sea gas exchange. Individual model-estimated fluxes are often a direct reflection of their response to these background fluxes. Models that generate strong surface maxima near background exchange locations tend to require larger uptake near those locations. Models with weak surface maxima tend to have less uptake in those same regions but may infer small sources downwind. In some cases, individual model flux estimates cannot be analyzed through simple relationships to background flux responses but are likely due to local transport differences or particular responses at individual CO2 observing locations. The response to the background biosphere exchange generates the greatest variation in the estimated fluxes, particularly over land in the Northern Hemisphere. More observational data in the tropical regions may help in both lowering the uncertain tropical land flux uncertainties and constraining the northern land estimates because of compensation between these two broad regions in the inversion. More optimistically, examination of the model-mean retrieved fluxes indicates a general insensitivity to the prior fluxes and the prior flux uncertainties. Less uptake in the Southern Ocean than implied by oceanographic observations, and an evenly distributed northern land sink, remain in spite of changes in this aspect of the inversion setup.


Laws regulating the collection, use, and disclosure of personal data are (mostly) constitutional, and critics who suggest otherwise are wrong. Since the New Deal, American law has rested on the wise judgment that, by and large, commercial regulation should be made on the basis of economic and social policy rather than blunt constitutional rules. This has become one of the basic principles of American Constitutional law. Although some observers have suggested that the Supreme Court's recent decision in Sorrell v. IMS Health (2011) changes this state of affairs, such readings are incorrect. Sorrell involved a challenge to a poorly-drafted Vermont law that discriminated on both content and viewpoint. Such a law would have been unconstitutional if it had regulated even unprotected speech. As the Sorrell Court made clear, the real problem with the Vermont law at issue was that it didn't regulate enough, unlike the "more coherent policy" of the undoubtedly constitutional federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.Data privacy law should thus rarely be thought as implicating serious constitutional difficulties, which is a good thing. As we move into the digital age, in which more and more of our society is affected or constituted by data flows, we face a similar threat. If "data" were somehow "speech," virtually every economic law would become clouded by constitutional doubt. Economic or commercial policy affecting data flows (which is to say all economic or social policy) would become almost impossible. This might be a valid policy choice, but it is not one that the First Amendment commands. Any radical suggestions to the contrary are unsupported by our Constitutional law. In a democratic society, the basic contours of information policy must ultimately be up to the people and their policymaking representatives, and not to unelected judges. We should decide policy on that basis, rather than on odd readings of the First Amendment.


Last term, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, the Supreme Court affirmed its commitment to more stringent pleading standards in the ordinary federal civil case. Although the decision is not a watershed, since it merely underscores the substantial changes to pleading doctrine wrought in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, Iqbal is disconcerting for at least two reasons. First, the Court treated Iqbal's factual allegations in a manner that further erodes the assumption-of-truth rule that has been the cornerstone of modern federal civil pleading practice. The result is an approach to pleading that is governed by a subjective, malleable standard that permits judges to reject pleadings based on their own predilections or "experience and common sense." Such an approach undermines consistency and predictability in the pleading area and supplants, in no small measure, the traditional fact-finding role of the jury. Second, the Court struck a blow against the liberal ethos in civil procedure by endorsing pleading standards that will make it increasingly difficult for members of societal out-groups to challenge the unlawful practices of dominant interests such as employers, government officials, or major corporations. Thus, although Iqbal ultimately does not go much further than Twombly in reshaping civil pleading standards, the decision is an important milestone in the steady slide toward restrictiveness that has characterized procedural doctrine in recent years.


Computer security touches every part of our daily lives from our computers and connected devices to the wireless signals around us. Breaches have real and immediate financial, privacy, and safety consequences. This handbook has compiled advice from top professionals working in the real world about how to minimize the possibility of computer security breaches in your systems. Written for professionals and college students, it provides comprehensive best guidance about how to minimize hacking, fraud, human error, the effects of natural disasters, and more. This essential and highly-regarded reference maintains timeless lessons and is fully revised and updated with current information on security issues for social networks, cloud computing, virtualization, and more.


"This study analyzes the evolution of agricultural policies from 1985 to 2002 in India, Indonesia, China, and Vietnam and provides empirical estimates of the degree of protection or disprotection to agriculture in these four countries, both by key commodities and in aggregate... Taken together the reported measures of support and disprotection of specific crops and agriculture in total provide a reasonable basis for assessing the stance of agricultural policies of India, Indonesia, China, and Vietnam. Attention to measurement issues provides a sensitivity analysis. The results reported are indicative of the range of outcomes likely to be found more broadly among developing countries. From regimes of heavy intervention in agricultural markets, each of the four countries in the study has undergone a substantial reform process." from text


In this timely and provocative work, Walter Brueggemann applies his experience and skills in the area of biblical interpretation to the theme of evangelism. He argues for the importance of considering afresh how the Bible itself thinks and speaks about evangelism, how it enacts the dramatic claims of the "good news." Brueggemann here describes evangelism as a drama in three scenes, concerning (1) God's victory over the forces of chaos and death, (2) the announcement of that victory, and (3) its appropriation by those who hear the announcement. This same dramatic sequence, as he shows, is many time re-enacted in the Bible; the times and circumstances of the re-enactment may differ, but the essential message, as well as the structure of its presentation, remains the same.


In this paper, we propose a set of tasks that are relevant for the modular reuse of ontologies. In order to formalize these tasks as reasoning problems, we introduce the notions of conservative extension, safety and module for a very general class of logic-based ontology languages. We investigate the general properties of and relationships between these notions and study the relationships between the relevant reasoning problems we have previously identified. To study the computability of these problems, we consider, in particular, Description Logics (DLs), which provide the formal underpinning of the W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL), and show that all the problems we consider are undecidable or algorithmically unsolvable for the description logic underlying OWL DL. In order to achieve a practical solution, we identify conditions sufficient for an ontology to reuse a set of symbols "safely"--that is, without changing their meaning. We provide the notion of a safety class, which characterizes any sufficient condition for safety, and identify a family of safety classes-called locality--which enjoys a collection of desirable properties. We use the notion of a safety class to extract modules from ontologies, and we provide various modularization algorithms that are appropriate to the properties of the particular safety class in use. Finally, we show practical benefits of our safety checking and module extraction algorithms.


Short-term earnings are managed in most, if not all, companies. The management of short-term earnings is vulnerable to misinterpretation, manipulation or deliberate deception even if these misleading accounting practices are prohibited by accounting regulations. Hence, the problem with managing short-term earnings is that it becomes an ethical practice, regardless of who is or may be affected by the practice or the information that flows from it. As a result of the publicity received by Enron and WorldCom on financial failures and fraud, and the subsequent legislation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, students are expected to understand the morality issues of earnings-management practices. Therefore, the ethics of earnings-management practices affects the accounting educator. Accounting students and business managers were surveyed and the findings indicated that there is no significant difference between gender regarding the ethicality of twenty earning management practices. The results, however, show that there is a significant difference between the perceptions of business managers and students regarding the morality of earnings-management practices. However, no significant differences were found between genders.


The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of pectinase on prebiotic activity and bioactive compounds of enzymatically depolymerized Thailand-grown mangosteen aril. It was found that after varying enzyme concentration in 0-3.0% (v/w), mangosteen aril treated with enzyme concentration of 2.5% (v/w) and hydrolyzed for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h can be hydrolyzed at 5 different levels of reducing sugar. They were 18, 25, 31, 40 and 45 mg glucose/g fresh weight. Hydrolysis of mangosteen aril at 6 h resulted in the highest release of bioactive compounds with the antioxidant activity value measured by DPPH assay (EC50) of 3.05 µg dw/µg DPPH and FRAP value of 45.53 µM TE/g dw. Total phenolic content was 16.00 mg GAE/g dw, total flavonoid content was 3.08 mg CE/g dw, and soluble dietary fiber was increased to 16.56g/100g dw. Moreover, enzymatically depolymerized mangosteen can increase prebiotic activity score of L. acidophilus and B. lactis to 0.21 and 0.17, respectively.


Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.


Wiseman, Eva. Puppet . Toronto: Tundra Books. 2009. Print. Worthy of its numerous awards, Puppet delivers an intriguing narrative of a notorious "blood libel" case in Hungary. Negotiating cultural divides and morality, the protagonist explores her own beliefs to make sense of the horror she personally observes in her community. Loosely based on historical events, Wiseman explores a tragic incident of anti-Semitism and the crippling effects of blind hatred. Set in Hungary during the late 19 th century, the story is told from the perspective of Julie, a teenager whose mother is dying of cancer and whose alcoholic father is prone to violence. Julie's love of her mother and sister sustains her throughout the adverse conditions she faces. Although aware of a latent tension based on religious differences in her quaint village, Julie is accustomed to anti-Semitic sentiments but does not comprehend the potential seriousness of the issue. Julie seems indifferent and confused by the comments she hears; her family has been helped by the Jewish doctor in town and she believes them to be good people regardless of their religion. When Julie's friend, Esther, disappears one morning, the community seeks suspects and sets their sights on the synagogue. Driven by malicious detectives, members of the community conspire to accuse five Jewish men of using the girl's blood for a Passover ceremony. Morris Scarf, a Jewish boy, is coerced into accusing his father and four other men of "blood libel"; although the accusation will save him from abuse at the hands of his captors, it separates him from his family and religious community. Julie witnesses, first-hand, the manipulation and abuse used to coerce testimony from Morris and his brother. She does what she can to stop the gossip and coercion, however as her community falls apart around her, Julie struggles to deal with her own tragedies. Losing her mother, separated from her sister, and removed from her home by her abusive father, Julie bonds with Morris through their respective suffering. Julie pursues work in a nearby town, where Morris is being held and does what she can to help him. Wiseman weaves the tragedies of Julie and Morris together through a series of too-convenient coincidences that are easy to overlook as the tension builds. As Julie learns about the balance of survival and morality, she finds the inner strength to stand up for her beliefs—whatever the cost. Wiseman's choice of historical incident is fascinating and her retelling is compelling. As a protagonist, Julie is an intelligent and resourceful young woman; she survives the abuses rained upon her, rises to continual challenges, and stands up for truth. I would recommend this book for teens able to cope with scenes and suggestions of violence, and those interested in the history of Judaism in Europe. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Jorden Smith Jorden Smith joins the team as a book reviewer. Jorden is a Public Services Librarian in Rutherford Humanities and Social Sciences Library at the University of Alberta.  She is an avid fiction reader and subscribes to Hemingway's belief that "there is no friend as loyal as a book."


In today s climate of hyper-partisanship, blurred lines between political news, analysis, and entertainment, and outrageous comments from the chattering classes, who better than Tom Patterson to provide students with the tools and context to make informed judgments and become skilled political thinkers? Patterson s "The American Democracy" has long been a best seller for American government courses due to its insightful, readable, and balanced portrayal of the American political system. The 11th edition continues this tradition of excellence while also introducing a new emphasis on political thinking at a time when the partisan divide seemingly could not be wider and unbiased political information is often drowned out by other sources. With expertise in the areas of public opinion, the media, and elections among other areas, Tom Patterson is a voice you can trust to help develop your students critical thinking skills when it comes to politics and political science. As Patterson notes, Political thinking takes place within the context of a person s political interests and values, which can lead equally thoughtful individuals to reach opposing opinions on the same issue. If you are looking for learning materials to help ensure your students leave your course among those thoughtful individuals that will carry the debate forward in measured and informed ways, "The American Democracy" is the right choice for you."


This brief Essay, written for a symposium in the Georgia State Law Review, considers liberals' abandonment in the Citizens United case of the "antidistortion" interest for corporate campaign spending limits. Soon after his retirement, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens gave an interview to the CBS television program 60 Minutes in which he defended corporate spending limits on antidistortion grounds. Reacting to the Stevens interview, the president of Citizens United lauded the Court's decision on grounds that it would level the playing field. How strange that both the Citizens United prime dissenter and plaintiff described the decision in terms of antidistortion/political equality effects. The irony in this debate is that Mr. Bossie's group argued before the Supreme Court that the First Amendment barred taking political equality concerns into account in fashioning campaign finance rules, and Justice Stevens' dissent did its best to avoid acknowledging that it was defending corporate spending limits, in part, on political equality grounds. Justice Stevens' failure to expressly defend corporate spending limits on political equality grounds came after the government had abandoned the rationale in the Supreme Court.This Essay argues that the antidistortion argument did not deserve to be orphaned, and remains a key animating principle in thinking about the desirability of campaign finance laws. Part I explains how the antidistortion argument became an orphan in Citizens United, laying the blame with the Solicitor General's office and with Justice Stevens muddled Citizens United dissent. Part II explains the cost of this orphaning for the future of campaign finance and related laws: keeping the political equality rationale in the closet will make it harder to get legislative and judicial change in the campaign finance arena going forward, and it prevents a full and honest debate about the desirability and cost of campaign finance laws justified on political equality grounds.


In Wallaga, local beer (farso) is one of the most common alcoholic beverages. The beverage is prepared from cereals such as sorghum, millet, maize and barley and an additive plant known as gesho (Rhamnus prinoides). The beer is fermented in a ceramic jar known as huuroo. The brewing process causes pitting in the interior walls. Because most fermentation processes cause pitting of ceramic vessels, use alteration analysis cannot specifically identify past beer brewing practice. Ethnoarchaeological research of beer fermentation in Wallaga shows that in addition to erosion of interior walls of beer jars, the beer fermentation process results in the deposition of residues on the interior walls of the vessels. This residue from beer brewing is different from residue left by other processes because it includes ingredients not incorporated into other foods. As a result, plant microresidue analysis of archaeological ceramics can help to identify past brewing practices and major ingredients of indigenous beer.


This article takes a fresh look at veil-piercing jurisprudence, a notoriously incoherent area of the law. I argue that a sensible approach to veil-piercing requires careful attention to the appropriate policy basis for limited liability. Despite heroic efforts of some commentators, shareholder limited liability for contract as well as tort claims and for public as well as closely-held corporations cannot be defended on efficiency grounds alone. Instead, limited liability should be understood as an effort to subsidize business activity by redistributing wealth from corporate creditors to shareholders. The subsidy idea is more obvious as to tort claimants, but it may also be at work in the contract area too. Contract creditors have the opportunity to bargain for compensation for the increased of risk of nonpayment presented by limited liability. Nevertheless, recent research in behavioral economics suggests that the limited liability default rule may have distributional consequences in this setting as well. If limited liability amounts to a subsidy paid by contract and tort creditors to business investors, the policy question then is, how large should this subsidy be? I argue that overly broad limited liability imposes too great a cost on corporate creditors. This is because limited liability can facilitate opportunistic efforts by shareholders to extract value from third parties without consent or compensation. They can do this by increasing the risk of corporate default beyond the level accepted by contracting parties or by engaging in risky activities that have the potential to cause harm that the corporate tortfeasor cannot redress. One consequence of the threat of opportunism is to raise the cost of credit for all corporate borrowers ("good" as well as "bad" types). If the purpose of limited liability is to encourage investment by shielding shareholders from the risk of corporate insolvency, the social costs of this benefit may therefore be too high. The scope of limited liability should instead be restricted to cases of corporate insolvency that occur in spite of shareholders' good faith efforts to manage their firm in a manner that respects creditor interests. This limitation would still provide investors with protection from what should be their real concern, the possibility of corporate insolvency arising from events or circumstances that cannot be foreseen or avoided. I propose that courts limit limited liability to shareholders who have managed their corporation in a financially responsible manner. As to contract creditors, this means realistic evaluation of the corporation's ability to repay a debt at the time it is incurred and avoidance of actions that unreasonably increase the risk of default thereafter. As to potential tort victims, shareholders act responsibly if they purchase liability insurance against foreseeable risks. Financial responsibility thus has nothing necessarily to do with the amount of capital contributed to the business at its outset, a factor often emphasized in veil-piercing litigation. Once the appropriate limits of limited liability are understood, courts can pierce the corporate veil in order to hold shareholders personally liable for losses that result from their irresponsible behavior.


The geopolitics of the culture in Spanish America, have brought into play certain places (metropolitan headquarters), some media (magazines, publishing companies) and the networks. It is as well as certain studies have been dedicated to approach the textual production to the headquarters or spaces of production in different moments of the Spanish-American culture. We share the insertion of the intellectual"s figure made by Christophe Prochasson in a triad identified with his places ('lieux') of meeting and activity, with his means ('milieux') of expression and communication and with the complex network of relations ('reseaux') that he weaves around it, and not as a prisoner of his speech, isolated of his environment, but to the collective dimension of the intellectual one, the order of his speech surrenders. In this order, three vertexes (places, medias and networks) reached special transcendency as we will be able to estimate in the cases of the modernism and romanticism.


Abstract Regressions and tests performed on data from Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) 2004 survey show that personal or household experience of bribery is not a good predictor of perceptions held about corruption among the general population. In contrast, perceptions about the effects of corruption correlate consistently among themselves. However, no consistent relationship between opinions about general effects and the assessments of the extent with which corruption affects the institutions where presumably corruption is materialized is found. Countries are sharply divided between those above and below the US$ 10,000 GDP per capita line in the relationships between variables concerning corruption. Among richer countries, opinions about institutions explain very well opinions concerning certain effects of corruption, while among poorer countries the explanatory power of institutions for the effects of corruption falls. Furthermore, tests for dependence applied between the variables in the sets of respondents for each of 60 countries also show that, for most of them, it is likely that experience does not explain perceptions. On the other hand, opinions tend to closely follow the trend of other opinions. Additionally, it is found that in the GCB opinions about general effects of corruption are strongly correlated with opinions about other issues. The correlation is so strong as to justify the hypothesis that it would suffice to measure the average opinion of the general public about human rights, violence etc. to accurately infer what would be the average opinion about least petty and grand corruption. The findings reported here challenge the value of perceptions of corruption as indications of the actual incidence of the phenomenon.


Linux Kernel Development details the design and implementation of the Linux kernel, presenting the content in a manner that is beneficial to those writing and developing kernel code, as well as to programmers seeking to better understand the operating system and become more efficient and productive in their coding. The book details the major subsystems and features of the Linux kernel, including its design, implementation, and interfaces. It covers the Linux kernel with both a practical and theoretical eye, which should appeal to readers with a variety of interests and needs. The author, a core kernel developer, shares valuable knowledge and experience on the 2.6 Linux kernel. Specific topics covered include process management, scheduling, time management and timers, the system call interface, memory addressing, memory management, the page cache, the VFS, kernel synchronization, portability concerns, and debugging techniques. This book covers the most interesting features of the Linux 2.6 kernel, including the CFS scheduler, preemptive kernel, block I/O layer, and I/O schedulers. The third edition of Linux Kernel Development includes new and updated material throughout the book: An all-new chapter on kernel data structures Details on interrupt handlers and bottom halves Extended coverage of virtual memory and memory allocation Tips on debugging the Linux kernel In-depth coverage of kernel synchronization and locking Useful insight into submitting kernel patches and working with the Linux kernel community


The notion and topic of Quality of Experience (QoE) keeps attracting the attention of manufacturers, operators and researchers. It links user perception and expectations on one side and technical Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, management, pricing schemes etc. on the other side. Such links are needed in order to balance user satisfaction and economic aspects of service provisioning. However, the notion of QoE as such is not without controversy. Technicians, used to a world of objective and clearly definable parameters, tend to fear the subjective, somehow fuzzy parts associated with end user perception. Vice versa, customer relationship and marketing departments might find themselves uncomfortable with technical parameters which might not reflect the user perception in some tense situations. Nevertheless, appearance and utility of a networked service depend on the underlying technical solutions and their performance. Thus, we face the challenge of bringing it all together, which essentially describes the spirit of the 18th ITC Specialists Seminar on Quality of Experience (ITC-SS 18). ITC Specialist Seminars have a very good reputation in gathering experts and their high-quality contributions around a performance-oriented topic of mutual interest. ITC-SS 18 is intended as a meeting place between experts, researchers, practitioners, vendors and customers. It is devoted to presentations and discussions of QoE concepts, analysis, management approaches etc., both from industry and academia. While many conferences are dominated by academia, one third of the submissions to ITC-SS 18 originated from industry. The contributions have been peer-reviewed by at least three independent reviewers and finally, we selected 18 papers to be presented. Additionally, two keynote speeches reflect one industrial and one academic approach to QoE analysis and implementation. For the ITC, the leading conference for performance modeling and analysis of communication networks & systems, ITC-SS 18 opens a window towards the end user. ITC-SS 18 takes place in Karlskrona on May 29—30, 2008. It is organized by the Dept. of Telecommunication Systems (ATS) within the School of Engineering (TEK) at Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) in cooperation with the International Advisory Council (IAC) of ITC.


P-type ATPases are membrane proteins acting as ion pumps that drive an active transport of cations across the mem- brane against a concentration gradient. The required energy for the ion transport is provided by binding and hydrolysis of ATP. A reaction mechanism of ion transport and energy transduction is assumed to be common for all P-type ATPases and generally described by the Post-Albers cycle. Transient currents and charge translocation of P-type ATPases were extensively investigated by electrical measurements that apply voltage jumps to initiate the reaction cycle. In this study, we simulate an applied voltage across the membrane by an electric field and perform electrostatic calculations in order to verify the experimentally-driven hypothesis that the energy transduction mechanism is regulated by specific structural elements. Side chain conformational and ionization changes induced by the electric field are evaluated for each transmembrane helix and the selectivity in response is qualitatively analyzed for the Ca 2+ -ATPase as well as for structural models of the Na + /K + -ATPase. Helix M5 responds with more conformer changes as compared to the other transmembrane helices what is even more emphasized when the stalk region is included. Thus our simulations support experimental results and indicate a crucial role for the highly conserved transmem- brane helix M5 in the energy transduction mechanism of P-type ATPases.


Chapter Outline Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations 40 Government 41 The Nazi Party 42 Law and Terror 43 The Economy 44 Welfare and Social Planning 45 Women 46 Sex and Population Policy 47 Youth 48 Propaganda 49 Morale 50 Resistance 51 Defeat Selective Bibliography Index Chapter 40: Government (i) Introduction (ii) Preparations for War (iii) The Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (iv) Hitler's Rule (v) The Rise of Bormann (vi) The Fragmentation of Government (vii) The Committee of Three (viii) The Reich Chancellery and the Party Chancellery 1943-1945 (ix) Goebbels as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War Chapter 41: The Nazi Party (i) Introduction (ii) The Mobilization Orders (iii) Gauleiters as Reich Defence Commissioners (RVKs) 1939-1942 (iv) The Assertion of the Party Chancellery's Control over the Party Apparatus (v) The Gauleiters as Reich Defence Commissioners (RVKs) 1942-1945 (vi) Party and State (vii) Party Activities (viii) The Party's Response to the Crisis of 1943: An Attempt to Revive the Atmosphere of the Kampfzeit (ix) Party Ceremonies (x) The Attitude of the Population to the Nazi Party Chapter 42: Law and Terror (i) Introduction (ii) New Penal Legislation (iii) Crime Statistics (iv) Intervention by Hitler and the SS/Police in the Legal Process (v) The 'Guidance' of the Judiciary (vi) Concentration Camps Chapter 43: The Economy (i) Introduction (ii) The Attempt at a Full-Scale Mobilization of the Economy for War 1939-1940 (iii) The Period of Incoherent Planning: June 1940-November 1941 (iv) The Todt-Speer Rationalization Programme 1941-1942 (v) Labour Mobilization 1939-1944 (vi) Economic Collapse Chapter 44: Welfare and Social Planning (i) Introduction (ii) The NSV (iii) Social Planning Chapter 45: Women (i) Introduction (ii) The Nazi Female Organizations (iii) Female Labour (iv) Welfare at Work (v) Gender Issues (vi) Evacuation Chapter 46: Sex and Population Policy (i) Introduction (ii) Population Policy (iii) Female Sexual Behaviour (iv) Homosexuality Chapter 47: Youth (i) Introduction (ii) The Hitler Youth (HJ) and League of German Girls (BdM) (iii) The Military Involvement of Young People (iv) Education (v) The Children's Evacuation Programme (KLV) (vi) Morale and Morals Chapter 48: Propaganda (i) Introduction (ii) The War in Poland and the West 1939-1940 (iii) The War in the East and the Campaign against Bolshevism (iv) 'Total War' (v) The Anti-Jewish Campaign (vi) Air Raids (vii) Retaliation (viii) Radio and Film Chapter 49: Morale (i) Introduction (ii) The Rationing System, Shortages and their Impact on Morale (iii) The Period of Victories 1939-1941 (iv) The Crisis of Winter 1941-1942 (v) The Response to Ideological Indoctrination (vi) The Crisis Winter of 1942-1943 (vii) Air Raids, the Government's Response and the Impact on Morale (viii) Various Forms of Demoralization (ix) The Last Phase 1944-1945 Chapter 50: Resistance (i) Introduction (ii) The Communist Resistance (iii) The Innere Front Group, the Red Orchestra and the Herbert Baum Group (iv) The Resistance by Individuals (v) The Conservative and Military Resistance (vi) The Kreisau Circle (vii) The Plot of 20 July 1944 Chapter 51: Defeat (i) Introduction (ii) The Increased Role of the Party (iii) The Development of Morale: September 1944-March 1945 (iv) The Regime's Response to Declining Morale (v) Hitler's 'Destruction Order' of 19 March 1945 (vi) The Allied Invasions-West and East (vii) The Last Throes of the Nazi Leadership


This article focuses on police practices in arresting and detaining criminal suspects who have mental illnesses. It identifies three modalities police may adopt when detaining a mentally ill suspect: medical modality (and its subset the family mode), the criminal modality, and the disciplinary modality. This article examines archetypal cases in which harsher treatment of a suspect may be meted out by the police against mentally ill persons of color.To illustrate the different modalities, this article examines the case study of Donald Winters. Mr. Winters was a Caucasian male who was diagnosed with Delusional Disorder. He had threatened to kill the police officers when they attempted to apprehend him. Police understood they were dealing with a mentally ill suspect, and they restrained themselves from using violence in order to subdue him. In Coghlan v. Phillips, Mr. Coghlan, a white male known to have a criminal record and a history of mental illness, fired four to ten shots at police officers when they initially attempted to arrest him. The police officers did not return fire, but returned with a bullhorn and told Mr. Coghlan they wished to take him to a doctor. These cases are illustrative of the medical and criminal modalities and represent more appropriate police responses to mentally ill suspects. However, police seemingly demonstrate far less tolerance for suspects whose Suspect Identity Construction ("SIC") is both a minority and mentally ill.In Banks ex rel. Banks v. Modesto City Schools District, Rosie Banks was a thirteen year old, autistic, African American girl attending a junior high school. Rosie entered a new school and at first behaved in an aggressive manner. She was taken to the principal's office where an officer confronted Rosie as she became more aggressive and pepper sprayed her in the face. In Reynolds v. City of Little Rock, John Willie Reeves, an African American man known by police to be mentally ill, was shot to death by several officers after waving a pocket knife. In Ali v. City of Louisville, Mr. Marlby was a homeless African American man who was known by several officers to be mentally ill. He was shot to death after an encounter with police. In each of these cases, police officers often chose the disciplinary modality, and often without prior utilization of a lesser modalities. In these and other cases, the police do not utilize lesser modalities despite their knowledge that the suspect is mentally ill. This article explores the intersection of race and mental status as one that attracts heightened police scrutiny and which disparately leads to excessive use of force. It appears from the case law that the selection of the modality often depends on the racialization of the alleged offender.


Zope, the leading Open Source Web application server, helps teams of developers create and manage dynamic, Web-based business applications like Intranets and portals. Zope makes it easy to add features such as site search, news, personalization, and e-commerce. The Book of Zope is a comprehensive introduction to Zope, covering installation; DTML programming; concepts such as users, roles, and permissions; ZClasses; ZCatalog; databases; programming Zope with Python; debugging; and the use of external data sources. Zope runs on Windows and almost all Unix-based platforms, and includes its own Web server, transactional object-oriented database, search engine, Web page templating system, Web development and management tool, and comprehensive extension support.


The purpose of this research was to analyze the experiences of students who are English Language Learners with disabilities in public schools. Research Methodology consisted of an in-depth case study analysis of two students of Hispanic descent who attend a rural elementary school in North Carolina. All former teachers of the two students and their parents were interviewed as a part of this qualitative research study. Results of the study showed that teachers overall concur that they have not received appropriate or adequate training on how to meet the needs of students learning English as a Second Language; therefore, they lacked knowledge about how to distinguish a language barrier from a disability. The data also revealed that teachers agreed that a more proactive, preventive approach needs to be employed in order to fully meet the needs of students who are learning English as a Second Language and are students with disabilities. Teachers must be taught how to understand cultural and linguistic diversity in addition to how to distinguish key features of a learning disability. Other significant results consisted of the vital importance of parental involvement opportunities for bilingual parents. Findings from this study support that bilingual parents are operating in a survival mode and supporting their children to the best of their knowledge but need additional support and teaching so that they understand how to support the education of their child in first and/or second language at home.


New York. London. Paris. Although these cities have similar sociodemographic characteristics, including income inequalities and ethnic diversity, they have vastly different health systems and services. This book compares the three and considers lessons that can be applied to current and future debates about urban health care. Highlighting the importance of a national policy for city health systems, the authors use well-established indicators and comparable data sources to shed light on urban health policy and practice. Their detailed comparison of the three city health systems and the national policy regimes in which they function provides information about access to health care in the developed world's largest cities. The authors first review the current literature on comparative analysis of health systems and offer a brief overview of the public health infrastructure in each city. Later chapters illustrate how timely and appropriate disease prevention, primary care, and specialty health care services can help cities control such problems as premature mortality and heart disease. In providing empirical comparisons of access to care in these three health systems, the authors refute inaccurate claims about health care outside of the United States.


The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)— using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by "raising the floor" and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills. RISE Working Paper 21/069 April 2021


The dominant presumption within legal education, that we can teach students to "think like lawyers" with a nearly singular focus on training the analytical mind, is a fiction based on a 19th Century understanding of the human brain that is inherently flawed. Modern neuroscience reveals that the ideal of a dispassionate analytical mind untainted by emotions and personal biases is a fallacy. Nonetheless, this fallacy has spawned an equally faulty premise that still dominates legal education today - that we can train students to be effective lawyers by virtually ignoring students' emotions and by marginalizing the development of the emotional competencies. These presumptions impose a significant cost on our students and on the legal profession. By marginalizing the importance of emotional competence, we ill-prepare our students to work effectively with the complex interpersonal legal problems they will encounter in the practice of law. As troubling, by dismissing emotions as irrelevant to legal thinking, we ignore that which has true meaning to students – their emotional compass and values. By doing so, we systematically strip students of what is actually meaningful to them as people and ill-prepare them to develop a professional identity that can guide them in their professional careers.
This article describes four basic domains of emotional competency that are demanded by the practice of law and reflects on some of the costs we incur by continuing to marginalize emotional competency training in the law school curriculum. The article concludes by offering suggestions for incorporating emotional competency training into the law school curriculum. These ideas
range from relatively minor shifts in emphasis in doctrinal and lawyering skills classes to the
addition of courses focused exclusively on developing the emotional competencies that are required skill-sets in modern legal practice.


Conditionality is at the very heart of IMF lending and has been the subject of intense debates ever since the Fund's inception. Its success is of crucial importance not only for countries' chances of achieving the goals of IMF lending programmes, but also for the credibility of the Fund as a trusted adviser. This report provides information and a set of facts on the IMF arrangements approved after the global financial crisis, with a focus on ex post conditionality and on arrangements primarily financed through the General Resources Account (GRA). The analysis shows that between 2008 and 2018, the characteristics of IMF programmes evolved with the macroeconomic context; in particular, a tendency towards more structural conditionality and longer programme implementation horizons has emerged. In the aftermath of an IMF programme, all relevant macroeconomic variables tend to improve compared with the pre-programme period; in particular, external and fiscal positions improve considerably and growth typically rebounds, inflation declines and net private capital inflows stabilise or recover slightly. However, the improvement has generally fallen short of expectations, especially in terms of GDP growth and debt reduction. One area in which the effectiveness of IMF programmes has proven less than satisfactory is with serial borrowers, i.e. countries that fail to graduate from IMF financial assistance in due course. This highlights the importance of further analysing the factors behind the success of IMF programmes and points, inter alia, to the need to design and sequence the structural conditions attached to Fund loans more effectively JEL Classification: F3, F5


This article studies four land consolidation projects in four towns of Chongyang County, Hubei Province, establishes system indexes for evaluation on input and output of land consolidation projects in all the four towns and employs DEA method to make an analysis of the relative efficiency of the projects in order to make an analysis of the actual efficiency of land consolidation, decide whether land consolidation is highly effective and point out a direction of improvement for higher land consolidation efficiency in the future. The result shows that the land consolidation in Qingshan Town and Lukou Town is ineffective and the land consolidation in Shaping Town and Baini Town is effective, with an average efficiency of 0.77. It proves that the overall efficiency of land consolidation in the four towns is at an upper-and-middle stream. Inefficiency is mainly manifested in cost of construction of a project, original equipment cost, other costs and redundancy of unpredictable costs, while increment of land use ratio, quantity of employment added per unit investment, rate of coverage of newly added green vegetation, newly added annual pure economic interests and yield rate of static investment have too low output. In order to enhance the efficiency of land consolidation, it is necessary to arrange all sorts of input in a reasonable way and pay enough attention to the output.


This article focuses on the essentials of building effective, collaborative, team-based organizations. The entrepreneurs and innovators who found and build technology-based organizations comprise out target audience, but most specifically we address the biotechnology and biomedical field.  Two perspectives are provided in the article: 1) advice based on the experiential learning provided by years of experience of building and growing entrepreneurial organizations; and 2) identifying the keys to building effective teams based on some selected the academic or scholarly literature on building effective teams.  Our goal is to provide a perspective that blends real-world lessons filtered through a more scholarly approach based on case literature and other research-based studies.  The material summarized herein is presented as a learning module to the participants in the Biotechnology Entrepreneurship Boot Camp.  Our pedagogical approach in the Boot camp is to lead with the background material and perspective contained herein, and to then have a moderated panel discussion around these and other topics. The moderated panel consists of the key members of a real company consisting of key C-level officers and founders and a venture capitalist who funded the company.  Thus the "theory and practice" of team-based innovation come together via a real-time case.


The burgeoning field of postcolonial studies argues that most theology has been formed in dominant cultures, laden intrinsically with imperializing structures. An essential task facing theology is thus to "decolonize" the mind and free Christianity from colonizing bias and structures. Here, in this truly groundbreaking study, highly respected feminist theologian Kwok Pui-lan offers the first full-length theological treatment of what it means to do postcolonial feminist theology. She explains her methodological basis and explores several specific topics, including Christology, pluralism, and creation.


It is well known that most accidents with pedestrians are caused by the driver not being alert or misinterpreting the situation. For that reason advanced forward looking safety systems have a high potential to improve safety for this group of vulnerable road users. Active pedestrian protection systems combine reduction of impact speed by driver warning and/or autonomous braking with deployment of protective devices shortly before the imminent impact. According to the (European New Car Assessment Programme EuroNCAP) roadmap the Autonomous Emergency Braking system tests for Pedestrians Protection will be set in force from 2016 onwards. Various projects and organisations in Europe are developing performance tests and assessment procedures as accompanying measures to the EuroNCAP initiative. To provide synthesised input to EuroNCAP so-called Harmonisation Platforms (HP's) have been established. Their main goal is to foster exchange of information on key subjects, thereby generating a clear overview of similarities and differences on the approaches chosen and, on that basis, recommend on future test procedures. In this paper activities of the Harmonisation Platform 2 on the development of Test Equipment are presented. For the testing targets that mimic humans different sensing technologies are required. A first set of specifications for pedestrian targets and the propulsion systems as collected by Harmonisation Platform 2 are presented together with a first evaluation for a number of available tools.