This article presents the results of an empirical study of intentional homicide cases in Missouri. The authors created a database of 1046 cases; it includes substantially all of the homicide cases prosecuted in Missouri over a five year period that were initially charged as murder or voluntary manslaughter and that yielded criminal convictions. The authors selected 247 cases from the larger database for more detailed analysis. We analyzed geographic and racial disparities in the rates at which: prosecutors charge first-degree murder versus lesser charges; prosecutors seek the death penalty, not lesser punishments; defendants are convicted of first-degree murder versus lesser crimes; and defendants are sentenced to death, not lesser punishments. The Missouri statute gives prosecutors very broad discretion. We estimate that at least 76 percent of the cases in the database are death-eligible under the statute. However, prosecutors pursued capital trials in only about five percent of the cases. Thus, death-eligible cases in which prosecutors chose not to pursue capital trials comprise at least 71 percent of the cases in the database. Prosecutors in different counties exercise their discretion differently, leading to substantial variation in charging and sentencing practices in different counties across the state. The analysis of cases by race of victim and race of defendant shows that there are racial disparities in charging and sentencing decisions, but the racial disparities are not as significant as the geographic disparities. The article presents measures of racial and geographic disparities without controlling for individual culpability; a follow-on study will introduce culpability measures as control variables.


In many of the countries of the developed world, young people live in a web of what Miller and Madianou (2012) have described as 'polymedia'. That is, many young people, including those that took part in the study underpinning this paper, have an array of media from which to choose when creating and accessing text. Adding a layer of complexity, many of these media forms, along with the lives of many young people, are increasingly mobile. Taking this into account, this paper takes as a specific focus one of the artefacts that constitute this polymedia web, specifically the textual practices that follow for one young person called Roxie. To this end, the paper develops an object ethnography of Roxie's mobile phone as a way to consider the role of this mobile, technological artefact in the construction of her everyday realities and the textual practices that emerge around this interaction.


Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to have certain catabolic effects on fat cells and whole animals. An induction of TNF-alpha messenger RNA expression was observed in adipose tissue from four different rodent models of obesity and diabetes. TNF-alpha protein was also elevated locally and systemically. Neutralization of TNF-alpha in obese fa/fa rats caused a significant increase in the peripheral uptake of glucose in response to insulin. These results indicate a role for TNF-alpha in obesity and particularly in the insulin resistance and diabetes that often accompany obesity.


Partial discharge measurements are used to validate the integrity of the insulation system when commissioning gas-insulated switchgear and lines (GIS, GIL). On the other hand, an increasing population of service aged GIS equipment has reached its originally projected lifetime. On-line partial discharge measurements utilizing acoustic as well as UHF sensors help keeping such equipment in service. External ring antennas, window sensors, or embedded sensors allow survey type measurements and monitoring of the partial discharge activity in the UHF range. Acoustic measurements offer excellent sensitivity with so-called bouncing particles. Field experience applying a compact instrument that combines the application of UHF and ultrasonic measurements is presented.


Industrialized food production is in urgent search for alternative packaging materials, which can serve the requirements of a globalized world in terms of longer product shelf lives, reduced freight weight to decrease transport costs, and better barrier functionality to preserve its freshness. Polymer materials containing organically modified nano clay particles as additives are one example for a new generation of packaging materials with specific barrier functionality to actually hit the market. Clay types used for these applications are aluminosilicates, which belong to the mineral group of phyllosilicates. These consist of nano‐scaled thin platelets, which are organically modified with quaternary ammonium compounds acting as spacers between the different clay layers, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity of the mineral additive. A variety of different organically modified clays are already available, and the use as additive for food packaging materials is one important application. To ensure valid risk assessments of emerging nano composite polymers used in the food packaging industry, exact analytical characterization of the organically modified clay within the polymer matrix is of paramount importance. Time‐of‐flight SIMS in combination with multivariate statistical analysis was used to differentiate modified clay reference materials from another. Time‐of‐flight SIMS spectra of a reference polymer plate, which contained one specific nano clay composite, were acquired. For each modified clay additive, a set of characteristic diagnostic ions could be identified, which then was used to successfully assign unknown clay additives to the corresponding reference material. Thus, the described methodology could be used to define and characterize nano clay within polymer matrices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A simple test setup has been developed at Institute of Aerospace Information Technology, University of Würzburg, Germany to realize basic functionalities for formation flight of quadrocopters. The test environment is planned to be utilized for developing and validating the algorithms for formation flying capability in real environment as well as for education purpose. An already existing test bed for single quadrocopter was extended with necessary inter-communication and distributed control mechanism to test the algorithms for formation flights in 2 degrees of freedom (roll / pitch). This study encompasses the domain of communication, control engineering and embedded systems programming. Bluetooth protocol has been used for inter-communication between two quadrocopters. A simple approach of PID control in combination with Kalman filter has been exploited. MATLAB Instrument Control Toolbox has been used for data display, plotting and analysis. Plots can be drawn in real-time and received information can also be stored in the form of files for later use and analysis. The test setup has been developed indigenously and at considerably low cost. Emphasis has been placed on simplicity to facilitate students learning process. Several lessons have been learnt during the course of development of this setup. Proposed setup is quite flexible that can be modified as per changing requirements.


Health literacy involves more than the absence of reading skill. Additional dimensions include the comprehension and interpretation of information in order to make informed health decisions. We suggest that health care service providers must engage their patient population to improve their level of personal responsibility through the systematic process of selection, implementation, and critical evaluation of acknowledged tools of governance. To successfully increase health literacy in this complex and dynamic environment, this solution proposes an intensive strategy through the collective use of governance tools across multiple participants that include the health care sector, political representation, regulatory representatives, health insurance providers, Non-Government Organizations, patients, and the education system. We offer a detailed example of governance methods applied to healthcare and summarize these recommendations in a program logic model that provides a roadmap of planned events leading to problem resolution over time. The U.S. National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy using a multi-sectoral approach has been a model for other nations.


The recent emergence of renewable energy and other cleantech industries has attracted considerable attention in innovation studies. These have emphasized the core role of processes such as entrepreneurial activities, knowledge generation and regulatory support for research and development. Processes of market formation have either been neglected or considered in aggregate terms only. We therefore propose to analyze such market formation dynamics in more detail, drawing on the technological innovation systems framework. The conceptual approach is applied to the rapid expansion of photovoltaic markets in Germany over the past twenty years.


The "smart growth" movement has had a significant influence on land use regulation over the past few decades, and promises to offer the antidote to suburban sprawl. But states and local governments that once enthusiastically touted smart growth legislation are beginning to confront unforeseen obstacles and unintended consequences resulting from their new policies. This Article explores the impact of growth management acts on private property rights, noting the inevitable and growing conflicts between the two sides that legislatures and courts are now being asked to sort out. It assesses the problems with creating truly intelligent urban growth, ranging from political motivations to inconsistent judicial determinations to NIMBYs to constitutional takings jurisprudence. This Article predicts dramatically increased land use litigation as the likely result of smart growth legislation in the coming decades unless legislatures and courts enact sensible reforms today. If we want "smart growth" to live up to its name, we must remove it from local politics, get serious about consistently enforcing urban growth boundaries or priority funding areas, and even consider reforming America's individualistic notion of private property rights as we know it.


It is a profoundly erroneous truism repeated by all copybooks, and by eminent people when they are making speeches, that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing. The precise opposite is the case. Civilization advances by extending the number of operations which we can perform without thinking about them. Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in battle they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments.


'All animals are equal - but some are more equal than others'. When the downtrodden animals of Manor Farm overthrow their master Mr Jones and take over the farm themselves, they imagine it is the beginning of a life of freedom and equality. But gradually a cunning, ruthless elite among them, masterminded by the pigs Napoleon and Snowball, starts to take control. Soon the other animals discover that they are not all as equal as they thought, and find themselves hopelessly ensnared as one form of tyranny is replaced with another. 'It is the history of a revolution that went wrong - and of the excellent excuses that were forthcoming at every step for the perversion of the original doctrine,' wrote Orwell for the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945. Orwell wrote the novel at the end of 1943, but it almost remained unpublished; its savage attack on Stalin, at that time Britain's ally, led to the book being refused by publisher after publisher. Orwell's simple, tragic fable has since become a world-famous classic. This Penguin Modern classics edition includes an introduction by Malcolm Bradbury.


Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15–24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young people across Europe were not in employment, education or training (NEETs), accounting for 15.9% of the entire population of those aged 15–29. This report analyses the labour market situation of young people in Europe, focusing in particular on their school-to-work transition, while also monitoring their more general transition to adulthood. The report also investigates the ability of young people to remain in employment against the odds during the crisis and charts their transitions from temporary to permanent contracts. The report concludes with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of selected policy measures.


We report on 35 US-based economist petitions from 1994 to 2009, featuring 10,792 signatures and 6,030 signatories. We separate the 35 petitions into three categories: 15 liberty-augmenting (or liberal) petitions, 13 liberty-reducing (or interventionist) petitions, and 7 in a category called other. We analyze the data by individual, school, state, and gender. The most remarkable finding is how little crossover there is by individual between liberal and interventionist signing activity: Almost all active petition signers lean heavily toward either liberalism or interventionism. The economists most active in signing liberal petitions include Vernon L. Smith, David R. Henderson and Mark J. Perry. Those most active in signing interventionist petitions include Henry Aaron, Eileen Applebaum, Dean Baker, Peter Dorman, James K. Galbraith, Michael Perelman, Michael Reich, David Terkla, Christopher Tilly, and Thomas E. Weisskopf. We present information on many notable economists, including Nobel laureates. The schools that show the most signatures are George Mason University, University of Chicago, Stanford University, and Harvard University. We find a large difference by gender: Among men the ratio of liberal to interventionist signatures is much higher than it is among women. Note: The article PDF is rather large at 1.68MB.


The South African citrus industry is strongly focused on exports and South Africa is a signatory member of both the World Trade Organisation Agreement on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the International Plant Protection Convention. Citrus black spot, caused by Guignardia citricarpa, does not occur in all the South African citrus production areas and, therefore, South Africa has a responsibility to provide those trading partners that have identified G. citricarpa as a regulated pest with reliable information about the distribution of citrus black spot within South Africa. Detection surveys were conducted in citrus production areas in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces and appropriate diagnostic protocols were used to ensure reliable detection of G. citricarpa. Trees in commercial orchards and home gardens on farms and in towns of 17, 9 and 5 magisterial districts in the Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces, respectively, were sampled between 1995 and 2010. Fruit samples were taken during June and July, and leaf samples from November to January. None of the 3060 fruit and leaf samples collected during these surveys tested positive for G. citricarpa. Phyllosticta capitalensis, a non-pathogenic, ubiquitous, endophytic species was, however, detected during these surveys. In compliance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures and based on the outcome of these official surveys, these three provinces in South Africa can be recognised as citrus black spot pest free areas.


As Afghanistan prepares for presidential elections and the withdrawal of international forces, insecurity continues to spread across the country, with a devastating impact on civilians. The role of the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) in advancing human rights, supporting humanitarian access and promoting peace and reconciliation efforts must be strengthened – particularly as it relates to the agenda on women, peace and security in Afghanistan. It is critical that the significant gains that have been made in the last decade are not lost. This briefing outlines the key concerns of civil society organizations in Afghanistan and puts forward suggested action for the consideration of UN Security Council members.


Through connecting the local and global, higher education institutions play a vital role in addressing social, environmental and economic challenges and ultimately achieving a sustainable future. New Horizons: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century (Scottish Government, 2008), outlines the contributions which Scottish universities should make to the economy, culture and society, and to the political priorities of the Scottish Government. Learning for Change: Scotland's Action Plan for the Second Half of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (Scottish Government, 2010) examines progress to date and sets out the actions that higher education institutions have committed to undertaking in the second half of the decade and beyond. These two important documents provide the context for work that has taken place at the University of Strathclyde in response to the challenges set out within them. The University of Strathclyde has been ranked first in the Engineering Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Observatory Report 2008 and plans to build on this success. The challenges presented by Sustainable Development are inherently holistic, demanding equal responses from all disciplines and this requires the development of a framework for University-wide, cross disciplinary teaching. This paper describes work that has taken place within the University to develop a new university-wide, multi-disciplinary, Strathclyde Masters programme in Sustainability (SMS) aimed at articulating a framework for integrating flagship postgraduate courses & classes, sustainability literacy, skills training workshops and subsequent continuing professional development courses. Conclusions are presented from the three main bodies of work involved: a review of current thinking in ESD; a multi-stakeholder consultation process involving students, academic and professional services staff within the university, and external stakeholders, and the creation of a Sustainability Map detailing current postgraduate provision of ESD at the University.


Live programming allows programmers to edit the code of a running program and immediately see the effect of the code changes. This tightening of the traditional edit-compile-run cycle reduces the cognitive gap between program code and execution, improving the learning experience of beginning programmers while boosting the productivity of seasoned ones. Unfortunately, live programming is difficult to realize in practice as imperative languages lack well-defined abstraction boundaries that make live programming responsive or its feedback comprehensible. This paper enables live programming for user interface programming by cleanly separating the rendering and non-rendering aspects of a UI program, allowing the display to be refreshed on a code change without restarting the program. A type and effect system formalizes this separation and provides an evaluation model that incorporates the code update step. By putting live programming on a more formal footing, we hope to enable critical and technical discussion of live programming systems.


"Melville at his best invariably wrote from a sort of dream self, so that events which he relates as actual fact have indeed a far deeper reference to his own soul, his own inner life." - D.H. Lawrence. Here are ten stories that represent some of the best short work of American master Herman Melville, including "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street," "The Happy Failure," and "The Paradise of Bachelors and The Tartarus of Maids." Alongside THE HAPPY FAILURE, Harper Perennial will publish the short fiction of Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Willa Cather, Stephen Crane, and Oscar Wilde to be packaged in a beautifully designed, boldly colorful boxset in the aim to attract contemporary fans of short fiction to these revered masters of the form. Also, in each of these selections will appear a story from one of the new collections being published in the "Summer of the Short Story." A story from Alex Burrett's forthcoming collection, MY GOAT ATE ITS OWN LEGS, will be printed at the back of this volume.


The political and symbolic centrality of capital cities has been challenged by increasing economic globalization. This is especially true of secondary capital cities; capital cities which, while being the seat of national political power, are not the primary economic city of their nation state. David Kaufmann examines the unique challenges that these cities face entering globalised, inter-urban competition while not possessing a competitive political economy.


Written corrective feedback (WCF) has been a long time practice in L2 writing instruction. However, in many cases, the effects are not satisfactory. There have been controversies about it both theoretically and empirically. This paper reports a multi-case study exploring individual differences that impact learners' responses to WCF. Four students' compositions in an English course with writing components were examined. Then, the students were interviewed. The results of analyses reveal, though all the four students were motivated to study by a compulsory provincial English test, students of significantly lower proficiency were motivated to significantly more independent learning activities after class. As a result, they achieved significantly greater improvement. It is also revealed that WCF did not lead to simplified writing in terms of lexical diversity and structural complexity, for the students knew the grading criteria for the written task in the compulsory test. Moreover, this study shows that Ferris (1999) classification of treatable and untreatable errors should be used with reference to the students' present zone of proximal development (ZPD). Finally, pedagogical suggestions are provided.


A test approach is the test strategy implementation of a project, defines how testing would be carried out. Test approach has two techniques: Proactive-An approach in which the test design process is initiated as early as possible in order to find and fix the defects before the build is created. Reactive-An approach in which the testing is not started until after design and coding are completed. There are many strategies that a project can adopt depending on the context and some of them are: Dynamic and heuristic approaches Consultative approaches Model-based approach that uses statistical information about failure rates. Approaches based on risk-based testing where the entire development takes place based on the risk Methodical approach, which is based on failures. Standard-compliant approach specified by industry-specific standards. Risks of product or risk of failure or the environment and the company. Expertise and experience of the people in the proposed tools and techniques. Regulatory and legal aspects, such as external and internal regulations of the development process. The nature of the product and the domain.


The private law (i.e., the law of torts, contracts, and property) is at an interpretive impasse. The two leading conceptual theories of the private law – corrective justice and civil recourse theories – both suffer from significant weaknesses. Given these concerns, the private law may even seem incoherent. The problem is not insurmountable, however. This Article offers a new way to understand the private law. I will argue that the private law is best understood as a means for individuals to exercise their moral enforcement rights. Moral enforcement rights exist when an individual may legitimately use coercion to force another individual to comply with his or her moral duties. Not all interpersonal relationships implicate moral enforcement rights. However, where moral enforcement rights do exist, the law typically provides a private right of action. Indeed, the private right of action fills an important need, given the backdrop of existing legal regulation. Individuals usually may not coerce a wrongdoer on their own, and thus require some other mechanism to do so. The private right of action can be seen as a substitute means of enforcement, given that the state ordinarily prohibits self help. Recognizing this basis of the private law allows us to explain a variety of private law remedies, from compensatory damages to injunctive relief. It also accounts for the characteristic structure of the private right of action. In this way, a moral rights-based theory offers an important advance over leading corrective justice accounts. At the same time, a moral rights-based theory also provides an appealing basis for the private right of action. As a result, it avoids the normative doubts that beset civil recourse theories. Finally, this Article has important normative implications. A moral rights understanding helps us to assess whether the private law should be reformed, in those cases where legal and moral practices overlap. In such cases, it is often thought that if legal principles diverge from moral principles, the legal principles should be changed. Interpreting the private right of action as a means to exercise moral enforcement rights suggests that core private law doctrines converge with conventional moral principles.


This two-volume summary report presents an overview of the level of traveler usage (e.g., how many vehicles use the freeways) and travel performance (e.g., how fast they are traveling, where and how often congestion occurs) on the principal urban freeways in the central Puget Sound area. Volume 1 focuses on descriptive snapshots of 1999 freeway usage and performance, while Volume 2 provides a comparative analysis, looking at trends and variations in the usage and performance of the highway network as a function of different background conditions at selected locations. Data presented in this report were collected by the Washington State Department of Transportation's (WSDOT's) freeway surveillance system. The project that led to this report is intended to meet two separate purposes: 1) to enhance WSDOT's ability to monitor and improve its traffic management efforts on Seattle-area highways, and 2) to provide useful information to the public and decision makers about the status of the freeway system's operational performance. This report is primarily intended to meet the second of these objectives. However, the software developed for this project and many of the graphics presented in this report are directly applicable to the first objective. This report is one of three products resulting from this WSDOT project. In addition to this report, this project produced a set of software tools to assist in freeway data analysis, as well as a technical report describing the evaluation approach, process, and analytical tool set that were developed to analyze freeway usage and performance in the central Puget Sound region. The freeways studied in this project are managed by WSDOT using its FLOW system, a coordinated network of traffic monitoring, measuring, information dissemination, and control devices that operates on urban state and Interstate highways in the central Puget Sound region.


The World Food Programme has world-class logistics, but its ability to manage financial risk is extremely limited. The WFP procures 100 percent of its food through spot markets, which subjects it to substantial commodity and transport price risks and significant delays delivering food. Relying on reactive emergency appeals and on donors that tend to earmark contributions and make commitments one year at a time only adds to operational inflexibility and uncertainty. On the other hand, much of the WFP's operations are fairly predictable, especially the countries served and the volume of food delivered. The Programme should consider implementing a targeted hedging pilot strategy focused on several chronically food vulnerable countries. Several risk-management instruments are available, such as physical call options, forward contracts, and futures contracts. Key benefits of such hedging strategies would include greater financial predictability, the potential for improved delivery times, and increased local and regional trade that could build on the WFP's Purchase for Progress initiative. Changes from donors would also help the WFP shore up its operations. Greater commitments of untied cash donations from the United States and other major donors can provide the WFP significant operational flexibility to execute prudent financial management operations. Donor contributions to the proposed Food Security Trust Fund at the World Bank would further support WFP hedging operations. This fund could provide a financial guarantee or modest credit line which would enable the WFP to enter into commodity derivative contracts for up to one year in the future.


Domain-specific features are important in representing problem structure throughout machine learning and decision-theoretic planning. In planning, once state features are provided, domain-independent algorithms such as approximate value iteration can learn weighted combinations of those features that often perform well as heuristic estimates of state value (e.g., distance to the goal). Successful applications in real-world domains often require features crafted by human experts. Here, we propose automatic processes for learning useful domain-specific feature sets with little or no human intervention. Our methods select and add features that describe state-space regions of high inconsistency in the Bellman equation (statewise Bellman error) during approximate value iteration. Our method can be applied using any real-valued-feature hypothesis space and corresponding learning method for selecting features from training sets of state-value pairs. We evaluate the method with hypothesis spaces defined by both relational and propositional feature languages, using nine probabilistic planning domains. We show that approximate value iteration using a relational feature space performs at the state-of-the-art in domain-independent stochastic relational planning. Our method provides the first domain-independent approach that plays Tetris successfully (without human-engineered features).


Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) processes, like Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI), are gaining increasing interest for the cost-efficient production of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, e. g. Airbus A380 rear bulkhead. Meanwhile, purpose-built thermoset resin systems with adequately low processing viscosities are available. Although showing a better fatigue resistance composites from epoxy resins (EP) tend to be expensive while vinylester resin (VE) composites are more brittle and, hence, less fatigue resistant but attract due to their lower material costs. Following research on the toughness improvement of vinylester based resin systems, one subject of this thesis was the broad experimental characterization of the static and cyclic behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composites from resin systems which were toughened by either the generation of interpenetrating networks with aliphatic (Al-EP) and cyclo-aliphatic epoxy resins (Cal-EP) or by addition of a liquid, epoxy-terminated butadiene-nitrile rubber (ETBN). While quasi-static in-plane tension, compression and shear testing of [0°]8 and [±45°]3S laminates resulted in an unclear picture with regard to the mechanical performance of the investigated resin systems, R = -1 cyclic step loading provided a definite indication of the considerably higher cyclic fatigue strength of the modified carbon fiber reinforced vinylester-urethane (CF/VEUH:ETBN) composite which, consequently, was selected for detailed mechanical testing. To provide experimental input for subsequent fatigue life simulations applying the Critical Element Concept of Reifsnider et al. [76] the study included the determination of ultimate in-plane tension, compression and shear properties as well as the characterization of the cyclic fatigue behavior under constant amplitude loading. Different descriptions of S-N curves of the [0°]8-, [0°/90°]2S- and [+45°/0°/-45°/90°]S-laminates for R = +0.1, -1 and +10 were determined to derive constant fatigue life diagrams applying methods of Goodman or Harris et al. Furthermore the residual strength degradation model for the critical element (0° ply) and the residual stiffness degradation models for the sub-critical elements have been derived by experimental determination on [0°]8-, [0°/90°]2S- and [+45°/0°/-45°/90°]S-(CF/VEUH:ETBN)-laminates. Deficiencies in current fatigue life time prediction modeling for carbon fiber reinforced materials nowadays results in large factors of safety to be adopted. As a consequence composite structures are often overdesigned and expensive proto-type testing is required for life time prediction. Therefore, in this thesis standardized random-ordered miniTWIST (minimized transport wing standard) spectrum loading was used to understand improvements in fatigue life modeling so that fatigue life prediction results in a more efficient use of these materials. In particular the influence of constant amplitude cyclic fatigue modeling as well as constant fatigue life modeling itself on the results of the fatigue life analysis of random loading sequences have been investigated. Finally the bearing of residual strength or residual stiffness degradation modeling and the effect of filtering and counting methods on the fatigue life time prediction was determined in a sensitivity analysis. The fatigue life models were validated by experimental results using the random miniTWIST-loading on [0°]8-, [0°/90°]2S- and [+45°/0°/-45°/90°]S-(CF/VEUH:ETBN)-laminates.


This paper explores links between the concepts and models of self-directed and self-regulated learning. The focus is on the covert (person) and overt (behaviour and environment) aspects that link the fields of self-directed and self-regulated learning. Ways in which each of these areas of study address the private and shared worlds of the learner emerge. The exploration of these connections suggests a comprehensive and coherent perspective and should provide a basis for future research. The practical implications of a coherent perspective are also explored.


The eighth chapter is exceedingly brief, and relates that Gibbins, the amateur naturalist of the district, while lying out on the spacious open downs without a soul within a couple of miles of him as he thought, and almost dozing, heard close to him the sound as of a man coughing, sneezing, and then swearing savagely to himself, and looking, beheld nothing. Yet the voice was indisputable. It continued to swear with that breadth and variety that distinguishes the swearing of a cultivated man. It grew to a climax, diminished again and died away in the distance, going, as it seemed to him, in the direction of Adderdean. It lifted to a spasmodic sneeze, and ended. Gibbins had heard nothing of the morning's occurrences, but the phenomenon was so striking and disturbing, that his philosophical tranquillity vanished; he got up hastily and hurried down the steepness of the hill, towards the village, as fast as he could go.


This qualitative study took a phenomenological approach to examine undergraduate teaching assistants' experiences with CARE Now, a service learning after-school program. The purpose of this study was to identify impacts of the service learning program on the teaching assistants through semi-structured interviews. This study expands on prevalent service learning research by exploring students who are leading their peers in a service learning project. Findings suggest that internal motivations, personal challenges and support, resiliency, contextual challenges, transformational experience, growth, and advocacy are all perceived impacts teaching assistants encounter. Suggestions for future research are provided.


The biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) composition of ambient air at a rural field site near Djougou, Benin has been studied as part of the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) project. Ambient air was sampled during day and night during the period 2 June 2006 to 13 June 2006. Gas samples from within the forest canopy and from branch and cuvette enclosure systems for four vegetation species were also obtained and emissions flux estimates made. All samples were analysed for the presence of isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes by either gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) or comprehensive gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF/MS). Concentrations of isoprene ranged from a few tens of pptV to in excess of 3000 pptV. Similar concentration ranges for certain monoterpenes were also observed. Limonene was seen at a maximum concentration in ambient air of 5000 pptV. The combination of leaf-level observations and direct analysis of dried vegetation samples suggests that emissions of terpene species from indigenous species are unlikely to account for the unexpectedly high ambient concentrations of monoterpenes. Leaf scale emission measurements and biological sample analysis indicated that \textit{Anacardium occidentale}, a non-native crop species found throughout the tropics, was the dominant source of monoterpenes at this location. These preliminary findings suggest that activities involving species replacement have potential implications for the chemistry of the African troposphere that have not been widely considered previously.


: [ Many fewer women than men try the entrepreneurial way in Germany. Any explanation for this phenomenon must be complex, as many factors are relevant for its production. Among other things, it is possible to speculate on sexual/gender discrimination, on more or less voluntary decisions of women or on different starting conditions for potential entrepreneurs. We assume that these options are closely related. This paper will concentrate, though, on the third alternative. Its focus will be set on the "family field," or more precisely, on the role of family law in hindering women from trying self-employment. The family field in Germany has not evolved in the sense of gender equality along with all other areas of society - e.g., entrepreneurship. No gender equality is possible if the family field is not part of it. This paper analyses causes and consequences for this phenomenon ]


The technology of mechanized program verification can play a supporting role in many kinds of research projects in computer science, and related tools for formal proof-checking are seeing increasing adoption in mathematics and engineering. This book provides an introduction to the Coq software for writing and checking mathematical proofs. It takes a practical engineering focus throughout, emphasizing techniques that will help users to build, understand, and maintain large Coq developments and minimize the cost of code change over time. Two topics, rarely discussed elsewhere, are covered in detail: effective dependently typed programming (making productive use of a feature at the heart of the Coq system) and construction of domain-specific proof tactics. Almost every subject covered is also relevant to interactive computer theorem proving in general, not just program verification, demonstrated through examples of verified programs applied in many different sorts of formalizations. The book develops a unique automated proof style and applies it throughout; even experienced Coq users may benefit from reading about basic Coq concepts from this novel perspective. The book also offers a library of tactics, or programs that find proofs, designed for use with examples in the book. Readers will acquire the necessary skills to reimplement these tactics in other settings by the end of the book. All of the code appearing in the book is freely available online.


BOLTON, FRANCES PAYNE (29 Mar. 1885-9 Mar. 1977), served as Republican congresswoman for 29 years and supported projects in nursing, health, and education. Born in Cleveland to banker-industrialist Chas. W. and Mary Perry Payne Bingham, and educated at HATHAWAY-BROWN School and in New York City, in 1904 she began volunteering with the Visiting Nurse Assoc., which sparked her lifelong interest in nursing. During WORLD WAR I, Bolton persuaded Secretary of War NEWTON D. BAKER to establish an Army School of Nursing rather than rely on untrained volunteers. Believing that nurses should have college educations as well as nursing training. Bolton funded a school of nursing at Western Reserve University, enabling Western Reserve University to raise the school from a department of the College of Women to a separate college in 1923, which was renamed the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing in June 1935. In 1907 she married CHESTER CASTLE BOLTON, and had 4 children, Chas. B., Oliver P., Kenyon C., and Elizabeth. When her husband, a Republican congressman from the 22d district, died in 1939, she served out his term and was elected to the seat in her own right in 1940. During her long tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives, her major interests were nursing and foreign affairs. She sponsored the Bolton Bill creating the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps in WORLD WAR II. As a long-time member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, she was the first woman member of Congress to head an official mission abroad, to the Middle East in 1947. In July 1953, Pres. Eisenhower appointed her a congressional delegate to the U.N. She was defeated for reelection by Chas. Vanik in 1968 and returned to Cleveland. In addition nursing, Bolton also founded the Payne Study & Experiment Fund in 1927 to finance projects benefitting children and donated the land in LYNDHURST for HAWKEN SCHOOL. She died at her home in Lyndhurst and was buried in LAKE VIEW CEMETERY. Loth, David. A Long Way Forward (1957). Frances Payne Bolton Papers, WRHS.


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By looking at collective intelligence (CI) through four distinct lenses, this paper draws on recent research in organizational design, evolutionary economics, cognitive sciences, knowledge ecology and political economy to built a twin path forward: collective intelligence and collective leadership. It lays out elements of a framework for building this twin path beyond chaos. It is our intent to invite conversations designed to engage questions surrounding this interdependent evolutionary path. How might we develop criteria for a design capable of supporting a large range of collective intelligence phenomena in an integrated way? Will the emergent socio-economic life forms be strong enough to balance the destructive power of our global crises if and when "the perfect storm" hits? When everything goes worse and worse, and better and better, at the same time, and they do it faster and faster, how do we deal with the ensuing chaos? In order to bring forth desirable futures, we must be ready to navigate through it, using a twin path of collective intelligence and collective leadership. This is our global challenge. This paper is the first in that will delve into the topic more deeply, expanding certain sections of this overall expose into separate albeit inter-related lines of inquiry.


In construction engineering, a schedule's input data, which is usually not exactly known in the planning phase, is considered deterministic when generating the schedule. As a result, construction schedules become unreliable and deadlines are often not met. While the optimization of construction schedules with respect to costs and makespan has been a matter of research in the past decades, the optimization of the robustness of construction schedules has received little attention. In this paper, the effects of uncertainties inherent to the input data of construction schedules are discussed. Possibilities are investigated to improve the reliability of construction schedules by considering alternative processes for certain tasks and by identifying the combination of processes generating the most robust schedule with respect to the makespan of a construction project.


The fast information sharing on Twitter from millions of users all over the world leads to almost real-time reporting of events. It is extremely important for business and administrative decision makers to learn events' popularity as quickly as possible, as it can buy extra precious time for them to make informed decisions. Therefore, we introduce the problem of predicting future popularity trend of events on microblogging platforms. Traditionally, trend prediction has been performed by using time series analysis of past popularity to forecast the future popularity changes. As we can encode the rich Twitter dynamics using a rich variety of features from microblogging data, we explore regression, classification and hybrid approaches, using a large set of popularity, social and event features, to predict event popularity. Experimental results on two real datasets of 18382 events extracted from ~133 million tweets show the effectiveness of the extracted features and learning approaches. The predicted popularity trend of events can be directly used for a variety of applications including recommendation systems, ad keywords bidding price decisions, stock trading decisions, dynamic ticket pricing for sports events, etc.


The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are intergenerational differences in the self-perceived integration of immigrants. The analysis disentangles this relationship from the effects of ethno-racial status and other individual-level characteristics. In addition, it examines the effects of neighborhood socio-demographic composition, such as living in an ethnic enclave. The study merges data from the 2001 Canadian Census and the post-censal Ethnic Diversity Survey. The study focuses on two dimensions of self-perceived integration, sense of belonging and feelings of discomfort living in the host society. The core finding is that the relationship between immigrant generation and integration is complex. This relationship is conditional on ethno-racial status and neighborhood of residence. The findings question "straight-line" theories of intergenerational progress and demonstrate the need to use a fine-grained approach for understanding the integration process.


This Essay was prepared for a symposium at Drake Law School on "The U.S. Constitution and Political Dysfunction: Is There a Connection?" Signs of political dysfunction abound in the United States government. Perhaps the best illustration is the ongoing fight over the U.S. budget, the national debt, and tax and entitlement reform , which has led to extraordinary (and so far unsuccessful) efforts to resolve legislative stalemate including the "super committee" and the sequester. The source of these deadlocks over budget reform is hardly a mystery: it is the mismatch between highly ideological political parties and our divided form of government which makes passing legislation difficult even in the absence of partisan deadlock. The partisanship of our political branches and mismatch with our structure of government raise this fundamental question: Is the United States political system so broken that we should change the United States Constitution to adopt a parliamentary system either a Westminster system as in the United Kingdom or a different form of parliamentary democracy? Such a move toward unified government would allow the Democratic or Republican parties to act in a unified way to pursue a rational plan on budget reform on other issues. Voters could then hold the party in power accountable if the programs its pursued were against voter preferences. It seems a more logical way to organize politics and insure that each party will have a chance to present its platform to the voters, to have that platform enacted, and to allow voters at the next election to pass on how well the party has managed the country. But changing the Constitution is a big deal.Even if a sense of national crisis and paralysis allowed an opening for parliamentary constitutional change, we should not lightly change the fundamental rules of our governance. There is a value to our constitutional tradition. Change can have unintended consequences. The country has weathered many crises under our existing form of government, and tinkering with long-term success, even given profound recent dysfunction, can be dangerous. In this Essay, I briefly examine four arguments against making constitutional change to deal with current political dysfunction. The first two arguments contend that the current governmental system is not that dysfunctional. First, the current political stalemate may reflect the preferences of the median voter or the public at large. Second, the current political system actually produces a good amount of legislation, and a parliamentary democracy might produce too much rash legislation. The third argument accepts the premise that the current system is dysfunctional, but contends the dysfunction could be cured by sub-constitutional change, such as eliminating the filibuster or adopting additional open primary systems to produce more moderate candidates. The fourth argument also accepts the premise that the current system is dysfunctional, but sees that dysfunction as temporary, and expects dysfunction to be self-correcting as voters reject the current Republican Party far from the median voter, leading the Republican Party, and then Democrats, to move to the center. Evidence supporting the first three of the arguments against constitutional reform is conflicting and somewhat weak, but that the fourth argument is plausible and hard to evaluate in the midst of a potentially transformative era. We are in the middle of a highly partisan moment in American history but it is hard to know how long it will last. I conclude it is worth waiting to see if the political system self-corrects, especially given the risks of tinkering with the constitutional system and the value of not changing our constitutional traditions lightly. Given current political dysfunction which would block a move toward a parliamentary democracy in any case, waiting not only prudent but unavoidable.


The effects of unified aerosol sources on global aerosol fields simulated by different models are examined in this paper. We compare results from two AeroCom experiments, one with different (ExpA) and one with unified emissions, injection heights, and particle sizes at the source (ExpB). Surprisingly, harmonization of aerosol sources has only a small impact on the simulated inter-model diversity of the global aerosol burden, and consequently global optical properties, as the results are largely controlled by model-specific transport, removal, chemistry (leading to the formation of secondary aerosols) and parameterizations of aerosol microphysics (e.g., the split between deposition pathways) and to a lesser extent by the spatial and temporal distributions of the (precursor) emissions. The burdens of black carbon and especially sea salt become more coherent in ExpB only, because the large ExpA diversities for these two species were caused by a few outliers. The experiment also showed that despite prescribing emission fluxes and size distributions, ambiguities in the implementation in individual models can lead to substantial differences. These results indicate the need for a better understanding of aerosol life cycles at process level (including spatial dispersal and interaction with meteorological parameters) in order to obtain more reliable results from global aerosol simulations. This is particularly important as such model results are used to assess the consequences of specific air pollution abatement strategies.


Information retrieval (IR) may be considered an instance of a common modern statistical problem: a massive simultaneous hypothesis test. Such problems arise often in biostatistics where plentiful data must be winnowed to name a small number of potentially "interesting" cases. For instance, DNA microarray analysis requires researchers to filter thousands of genes, searching for genes implicated in a particular condition. This paper describes a novel approach to IR that is based on the notion of simultaneous hypothesis testing. In this case the test is performed on each document and the null hypothesis is that the document is non-relevant. After a mathematical derivation of the proposed model, we test its performance on three standard data sets against the effectiveness of two baseline IR systems, a vector space model and a language modeling-based system. These preliminary experiments show that the hypothesis testing approach to IR is not only philosophically appealing, but that it also operates at the state of the art in effectiveness.


Orientation: This study explored strategies for identity work that are central to the negotiation and regulation of employee work identity. Research purpose: The main aim of this study was to explore employee narratives and identify the strategies available to them in the process of identity work, as they defined themselves at work. Motivation for the study: As there is a scarcity of research on identity work in South Africa, this study wanted to advance knowledge about identity work and the strategies used for regulating and negotiating an identity at work by exploring these constructs in this context. Research design, approach and method: A qualitative research process formed the basis for this study. Nineteen employees from a global manufacturing company participated in two semi-structured in-depth interviews. Grounded theory was applied to analyse and interpret the data. Main findings: Nine strategies for identity work were identified and categorised into four broad themes (personal philosophies; relationships; career management and negotiating balance). Practical/managerial implications: Employees followed various strategies for defining themselves at work and this may have some implications for employee work engagement and productivity. Contribution/value-add: This study expands on current theoretical knowledge of identity work, and provides insights into the strategies people use to regulate and negotiate their identities at work.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical and comparative analysis of colonial and post-colonial civil service in Nigeria and to probe issues connected with Nigerianisation of the civil service. It attempts to justify that both colonial and post-colonial civil service recorded bureaucratic successes but quota and federal character policies partly affected post-colonial bureaucratic practice in Nigeria. The paper applies historical and comparative analysis of colonial and post-colonial civil service in Nigeria. The paper finds that colonial administration introduced representation of indigenous officials in administration and recognized the strength of the merit principle in the practice of representative bureaucracy in Nigeria but post-colonial administration mixed meritocracy with federal character and quota policies. The paper presents elaborative discussions on strategies to break up the power hegemony of national executive with constitutional provisions of federal character policy and effects of its application subsumed in the analysis that administrative decentralization has its flaws.


If you buy a book at the bookstore, you own it. You can take it home, scribble in the margins, put in on the shelf, lend it to a friend, sell it at a garage sale. But is the same thing true for the ebooks or other digital goods you buy? Retailers and copyright holders argue that you don't own those purchases, you merely license them. That means your ebook vendor can delete the book from your device without warning or explanation - as Amazon deleted Orwell's 1984 from the Kindles of surprised readers several years ago. These readers thought they owned their copies of 1984. Until, it turned out, they didn't. In The End of Ownership, Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz explore how notions of ownership have shifted in the digital marketplace, and make an argument for the benefits of personal property. Of course, ebooks, cloud storage, streaming, and other digital goods offer users convenience and flexibility. But, Perzanowski and Schultz warn, consumers should be aware of the tradeoffs involving user constraints, permanence, and privacy. The rights of private property are clear, but few people manage to read their end user agreements. Perzanowski and Schultz argue that introducing aspects of private property and ownership into the digital marketplace would offer both legal and economic benefits. But, most important, it would affirm our sense of self-direction and autonomy. If we own our purchases, we are free to make whatever lawful use of them we please. Technology need not constrain our freedom; it can also empower us.


Beginning C for Arduinois written for those who have no prior experience with microcontrollers or programming but would like to experiment and learn both. This book introduces you to the C programming language, reinforcing each programming structure with a simple demonstration ofhow you can use C to control the Arduino family of microcontrollers. Author Jack Purdum uses an engaging style to teach good programming techniques using examples that have been honed during his 25 years of university teaching. Beginning C for Arduino willteach you: The C programming language How to use C to control a microcontroller and related hardware How to extend C by creating your own library routines During the course of the book, you willlearn the basics of programming, such as working with data types, making decisions, and writing control loops. You'll then progress onto some of the trickier aspects of C programming, such as using pointers effectively, working with the C preprocessor, and tackling file I/O. Each chapter ends with a series of exercises and review questions to test your knowledge and reinforce what you have learned. What youll learn The syntax of the C programming language as defined for the Arduino Tried and true coding practices (applicable to any programming language) How to design, code, and debug programs that drive Arduino microcontrollers How to extend the functionality of C How to integrate low cost, off-the-shelf, hardware shields into your own projects Who this book is for The book is aimed at a complete novice with no programming background. It assumes no prior programming or hardware design experience and is written for creative and curious people who would like to blend a software and hardware learning experience into a single, enjoyable endeavor. Table of Contents Introduction to Arduino Microcontrollers Arduino C Data Types Decision Making in C Program Loops Functions in C Storage Classes and Scope Introduction to Pointers Using Pointers Effectively I/O Operations The C Preprocessor Arduino Libraries Appendix A - Suppliers Appendix B - Hardware Components


The state has long attempted to regulate sexual activity by channeling sex into various forms of state-supported intimacy. Although commentators and legal scholars of diverse political perspectives generally believe such regulation is declining, the freedom to engage in diverse sexual activities has not been established as a matter of law. Instead, courts have extended legal protection to consensual sexual acts only to the extent such acts support other state interests, most often marriage and procreation. Although Lawrence v. Texas altered some aspects of that vision, it reinscribed others by suggesting that sexual activity should be protected from state interference only to the extent it promotes enduring intimate relationships. This sex-in-service-to-intimacy paradigm devalues both sexual activity that lacks intimacy and intimate relationships that lack sex and reinforces a gendered view of sexuality and intimacy – one that assumes that women value intimacy over sex and that sex is the primary avenue through which men can become emotionally intimate. This Article challenges the single vision of sexual intimacy reinforced by Lawrence, arguing that the state should independently protect both intimate relationships and sexual interactions. Other legal scholars have argued that intimate sexual relationships should be protected outside of marriage, or that sex and marriage should be separated from state support for families. This Article extends the deconstructive project to intimacy in general, arguing that sex should be decoupled in the legal sphere from both domestic relationships and other traditional forms of emotional intimacy, thus rejecting the dominant, almost sacred, understanding that the most important relationships between adults should always be both sexual and emotionally intimate. In place of that understanding, the Article explores alternative constructions of the value of sex in non-intimate circumstances and the value of intimate relationships in the absence of sex. At the same time, the Article contends that sex can maintain its relational and generally intimate character even if it is not always tied to emotional intimacy, as sex could become intimate and intimacy could become sexual in new ways. Sex might even eventually lose its status as an exceptional activity with unique values and dangers. As long as sex retains its exceptional status, however, the Article argues that sexual association is deserving of the same protection extended to intimate association. Therefore, the Article concludes by considering how the values furthered by alternative constructions of sex and intimacy could support a constitutional right to engage in consensual sexual activity without regard to intimacy.


Despite the presence of a vigorous debate over the proper scope of trademark protection, scholars have largely ignored study of trademark law's origins. It would be a mistake, however, to ignore the history behind trademark law. Scrutiny of the formative era in American trademark law yields two important conclusions. First, courts granted robust legal protection to trademark holders in the early twentieth century because they accepted the benign view of advertising presented to them by advertisers. As advertising became linked to cultural progress and social cohesion, courts adopted doctrinal revisions to protect advertising's value that remain embedded in modern trademark law. Second, judges adopted a specific construction of the consumer mind in the early 1900s to reconcile the tension between legal protection for trademark goodwill and belief in free competition. They concluded that although advertising successfully generates positive thoughts in consumers' heads, consumers will switch their trademark allegiances when presented with a better quality product from a competitor. In other words, the mark left by advertising is not permanent. Recent research in cognitive psychology suggests, however, that advertising does leave a permanent mark on its audience. Based on new insights into the involuntary functioning of the consumer mind, the Article suggests that trademark doctrine should be altered to avoid privileging marks that are already popular with consumers and are unlikely to ever lose their luster in our subconscious.


Legends thrive, but there is little tangible evidence about dozens of Malay kingdoms, which are said to have flourished long before the emergence of Melaka in the late 14 century. The Bujang Valley in South Kedah, for one, is Malaysia's richest archaeological site. The valley is the guardian of countless hidden tales which are waiting to be unveiled. Here, the beliefs of the Malay ancestors were centred upon nature and the spirits which permeate every aspect of their lives. These beliefs have been passed down to the next generation by the elderly. They have valuable information to share about their families and ethnicity of which written evidence is often scarce. Such tales may perish if they are not well documented. Oral history, adopted as its testimony, permits us to gather data not available in written records. Oral history techniques are able to elicit facts, feelings, and descriptions, contributing to social history. Moreover, this technique is able to reveal how individual values and actions shaped the past, and how the past shapes present-day values and actions. Findings include offerings made to appease the spirits of the rivers and lands. Other findings include the revelation of the Bujang Valley as the centre of knowledge. The establishment of madrasah – "sekolah pondok" brought about a better understanding of Islam resulting in the inherent beliefs in the supernatural to slowly diminish. All these recollections form a body of knowledge that is priceless and worth recording. Knowledge published in tangible forms is a key factor to worldwide recognition. Therefore, these efforts to safeguard oral history and family stories should be a top priority for new knowledge development and commercial enhancement for generations to come.


This dissertation is intended to transport the theory of Serre functors into the context of A-infinity-categories. We begin with an introduction to multicategories and closed multicategories, which form a framework in which the theory of A-infinity-categories is developed. We prove that (unital) A-infinity-categories constitute a closed symmetric multicategory. We define the notion of A-infinity-bimodule similarly to Tradler and show that it is equivalent to an A-infinity-functor of two arguments which takes values in the differential graded category of complexes of k-modules, where k is a commutative ground ring. Serre A-infinity-functors are defined via A-infinity-bimodules following ideas of Kontsevich and Soibelman. We prove that a unital closed under shifts A-infinity-category over a field admits a Serre A-infinity-functor if and only if its homotopy category admits an ordinary Serre functor. The proof uses categories and Serre functors enriched in the homotopy category of complexes of k-modules. Another important ingredient is an A-infinity-version of the Yoneda Lemma.


For both medical and legal reasons, hospitals adopting electronic health record (EHR) systems need to have comprehensive audit functions to ensure the integrity, security, and accuracy of data held in the records. Given the increasing use of EHR systems in Saudi hospitals, this paper aims to evaluate the key audit capabilities/functions and establish the level of compliance of the EHR system installed at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City (KAMC) hospital in Riyadh. A survey team conducted the evaluation of 17 different audit functions using an audit vignette in a test domain. The results of the evaluation showed that the category "event/transaction audit accessibility and display quality" (one function) had 100% compliance, "audit accuracy and comprehensiveness" (five functions) had 80% compliance, "system function and audit accuracy and comprehensiveness" (two functions) had 50% compliance, and "observation, comparison of narrative and audit" (nine functions) had 67% compliance. Overall, 12 out of the 17 functions (71%) fulfilled compliance and five functions received a score of zero (function not in evidence or not user accessible). The overall compliance level of 71% shows that the EHR audit functionalities are in general well established and to some extent, system improvements in the overall audit functionalities process compared to previous studies. The system's five non-complying items were found to be specific use requirements due to the delay in the implementation of phase II of the EHR system. The evaluation should be repeated when the EHR system is fully implemented in order to evaluate whether the level of compliance has increased. Similar evaluations of EHR system audit capabilities should be made in other hospitals in Saudi Arabia.


In this study we made an investigation on the transformation of economic structure of two border city regions, Saarbrucken and Copenhagen. The motivation for a comparative analysis is that they have similar industrial background. Both city regions were dynamic in the first half of the 20th century however in the second half they slowed down and gradually lost some of their industrial base. This decline of industry also brought some transformation of the economic structure. To some extent they followed similar trends such as decline of industry and rise of service sector. However there are differences as well, like the diversification of economy, dependence on industry, potential for attracting the creative class and so on. Another reason for comparison is that they are both border regions and have a potential to integrate with the other side of the border. Saarbrucken has increased its interaction with the French region Lorraine and the opening of the High Speed Railway East to Paris is likely to contribute to this interaction and may lead to integration. Copenhagen, too, has been increasing its interaction with Malmo and Lund on the Swedish side. Especially after the opening of the Oresund Bridge in 2000 this interaction even got accelerated and seems to evolve towards integration. We have discussed this cross-border interaction and tried to identify to what extend these regions integrated with the other side of the border. Furthermore we tried to reveal the similarities and the differences in this integration processes in both border regions. As theoretical approach we have chosen Kondratieff Wave Theory, Porter's Cluster Theory and Florida's Creative Class Theory as these theories seem to explain the developments in the two regions quite well. The Wave theory makes up the theoretical framework as it reflects a global shift in the western economies especially in the old industrial zones. The two other theories points out to more specific developments in two regions such as emergence of high tech sectors as a result of creative class. Our overall conclusion is that the two regions have similarities in their transformation but also differences. Every region has its own transformation story as some local elements are involved in the process. It is not possible to have identical developments; however regions can induce similar development with the more dynamic regions in case they create similar conditions for new sectors. And it is increasingly easier to do so as the globalisation makes the production factors more mobile.


France achieved national unity much later than is commonly supposed. For a hundred years and more after the Revolution, millions of peasants lived on as if in a timeless world, their existence little different from that of the generations before them. The author of this lively, often witty, and always provocative work traces how France underwent a veritable crisis of civilization in the early years of the French Republic as traditional attitudes and practices crumbled under the forces of modernization. Local roads and railways were the decisive factors, bringing hitherto remote and inaccessible regions into easy contact with markets and major centers of the modern world. The products of industry rendered many peasant skills useless, and the expanding school system taught not only the language of the dominant culture but its values as well, among them patriotism. By 1914, France had finally become La Patrie in fact as it had so long been in name.


The objective of this research is to investigate the institutional and individual factors which influence scientists' data sharing behaviors across different scientific disciplines. Two theoretical perspectives, institutional theory and theory of planned behavior, are employed in developing a research model, which shows the complementary nature of the institutional and individual factors influencing scientists' data sharing behaviors. This research uses a survey method to examine to what extent those institutional and individual factors influence scientists' data sharing behaviors in diverse scientific disciplines. The national survey (with 1,317 scientists in 43 disciplines) shows that regulative pressure by journals; normative pressure at a discipline level; and perceived career benefit and scholarly altruism at an individual level have significant positive relationships with data sharing behaviors; and that perceived effort has a significant negative relationship. Regulative pressure by funding agencies and the availability of data repositories at a discipline level and perceived career risk at an individual level were not found to have any significant relationships with data sharing behaviors.


Long ago, in 1985, personal computers came in two general categories: the friendly, childish game machine used for fun (exemplified by Atari and Commodore products); and the boring, beige adult box used for business (exemplified by products from IBM). The game machines became fascinating technical and artistic platforms that were of limited real-world utility. The IBM products were all utility, with little emphasis on aesthetics and no emphasis on fun. Into this bifurcated computing environment came the Commodore Amiga 1000. This personal computer featured a palette of 4,096 colors, unprecedented animation capabilities, four-channel stereo sound, the capacity to run multiple applications simultaneously, a graphical user interface, and powerful processing potential. It was, Jimmy Maher writes in The Future Was Here, the world's first true multimedia personal computer. Maher argues that the Amiga's capacity to store and display color photographs, manipulate video (giving amateurs access to professional tools), and use recordings of real-world sound were the seeds of the digital media future: digital cameras, Photoshop, MP3 players, and even YouTube, Flickr, and the blogosphere. He examines different facets of the platform--from Deluxe Paint to AmigaOS to Cinemaware--in each chapter, creating a portrait of the platform and the communities of practice that surrounded it. Of course, Maher acknowledges, the Amiga was not perfect: the DOS component of the operating systems was clunky and ill-matched, for example, and crashes often accompanied multitasking attempts. And Commodore went bankrupt in 1994. But for a few years, the Amiga's technical qualities were harnessed by engineers, programmers, artists, and others to push back boundaries and transform the culture of computing.


In the post-Soviet era, democracy has made little progress in Central Asia. In "Chaos, Violence, Dynasty, " Eric McGlinchey presents a compelling comparative study of the divergent political courses taken by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan in the wake of Soviet rule. McGlinchey examines economics, religion, political legacies, foreign investment, and the ethnicity of these countries to evaluate the relative success of political structures in each nation. McGlinchey explains the impact of Soviet policy on the region, from Lenin to Gorbachev. Ruling from a distance, a minimally invasive system of patronage proved the most successful over time, but planted the seeds for current neo-patrimonial governments. The level of direct Soviet involvement during perestroika was the major determinant in the stability of ensuing governments. Soviet manipulations of the politics of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the late 1980s solidified the role of elites, while in Kyrgyzstan the Soviets looked away as leadership crumbled during the ethnic riots of 1990. Today, Kyrgyzstan is the poorest and most politically unstable country in the region, thanks to a small, corrupt, and fractured political elite. In Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov maintains power through the brutal suppression of disaffected Muslims, who are nevertheless rising in numbers and influence. In Kazakhstan, a political machine fueled by oil wealth and patronage underlies the greatest economic equity in the region, and far less political violence. McGlinchey s timely study calls for a more realistic and flexible view of the successful aspects of authoritarian systems in the region that will be needed if there is to be any potential benefit from foreign engagement with the nations of Central Asia, and similar political systems globally."


Earthworms are among the most important members of the soil invertebrate fauna in temperate ecosystems. Through burrow construction, mixing of organic matter and mineral soil, comminution of organic matter and casting they beneficially affect soil structure and chemical properties, and thus the biomass, activity and community composition of microorganisms. Microorganisms, particularly bacteria and fungi, are the primarily decomposers of organic matter in soils. Since earthworms control the microbial community they also affect the fate of soil organic matter which may lead either to its mobilization or stabilization. This study investigates the role of different factors presumably controlling the interaction of earthworms and microorganisms with regard to the stabilization and mobilization of soil organic matter. The effect of endogeic earthworms (Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny)) and the availability of clay on the mobilization and stabilization of 14C-labelled catechol mixed into an arable and a forest soil was investigated. Production of 14CO2 and accumulation of 14C in humic fractions of casts and the non-processed soils were determined. Octolasion tyrtaeum did not affect 14CO2-C production in the forest soil, but increased it early in the arable soil; clay counteracted the effect of O. tyrtaeum in the arable soil. Clay and O. tyrtaeum did not affect integration of 14C into the humic fractions of the forest soil. In contrast, in the arable soil O. tyrtaeum increased the amount of 14C in the labile fractions, whereas clay increased it in the humin fraction, indicating that endogeic earthworms and clay are only of little importance in soils with high organic matter content, high clay content and high microbial biomass, but contrarily affect phenolic compounds in poor soils. Endogeic earthworms strongly increase microbial activity and thus mineralization of phenolic compounds, whereas clay decreases it by binding phenolic compounds when passing through the earthworm gut. The effect of cutting of shoots of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the availability of soluble carbon in the rhizosphere, and on the biomass and activity of soil microorganisms and juveniles of the endogeic earthworm species O. tyrtaeum (Savigny) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) were studied. Both plant species increased microbial biomass in the soil, but microbial activity remained unaffected. Although defoliation increased the availability of carbon in the rhizosphere as indicated by the increase in microbial biomass, the biomass of both earthworm species decreased during the experiment, suggesting that earthworms were unable to exploit the microbial carbon pool in soil, rather, rhizosphere microorganisms appeared to have effectively competed with endogeic earthworms and exploited root carbon exudates. The interaction of saprophytic fungi and O. tyrtaeum on the translocation and stabilization of litter derived carbon (13C/15N labelled rye leaves) into the upper layer of an arable soil was investigated in a microcosm experiment. Phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol were used as marker molecules to determine the effects of earthworms on bacterial and fungal abundance and microbial community composition. The results indicate that saprophytic fungi translocate and stabilize litter derived carbon in their mycelial network in the upper mineral soil. Endogeic earthworms reduce fungal biomass by grazing and thereby counteract the fungal stabilization of carbon. In addition, earthworms reduce bacterial biomass in the soil while mainly competing with Gram-negative bacteria for labile carbon resources. The flux of bacterial carbon (13C labelled Serratia marcescens cells) through the soil microbial community as affected by the passage through the gut of endogeic earthworms A. caliginosa was investigated by means of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments and rRNA stable isotope probing (SIP). Production of 13CO2-C was strongly increased in presence of A. caliginosa and in casts compared to the soil. Microbial communities in casts and soil after one day of incubation were almost similar and consist of eleven different bacterial lineages, with Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria being the most abundant; however they differed in the abundance of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes and Planctomycetes. After six days microbial community in the soil was almost similar to that of casts at day one. The clone library of the casts, in contrast, consisted of only five different lineages and was dominated by members of the phylum Firmicutes, predominantly Staphylococcus spp., indicating that the passage through the gut of endogeic earthworms considerably changes the activity and composition of the microbial community, and the mineralization and incorporation of bacterial carbon. The results of the present study document that endogeic earthworms increase the mineralization of soil organic matter by promoting, feeding on or competing with specific microorganisms in the soil. The effect, however, also depends on abiotic soil conditions such as soil texture.


The paper shows how existing e-learning modules can be internationalized using structured information on the context and specifically culture. Reusing e-Learning contents is a promising concept for the internationalization or cross-cultural purposes. However, most adaptation efforts are often limited to pure language translation.
As the only alternative is rewriting, reusability allows a massive cost reduction by implementing and adapting already established courses, for example into developing countries on a low-cost level. Our approach provides a basis for international and cross-cultural adaptation. In the approach, we identify, collect and store as many parameters about the source and target context and culture as available. After comparing contexts, we determine changing needs by analyzing the impacting differences.
To implement this approach on a large-scale, we plan a public database containing the necessary information for the comparison process. In our research, we have identified a set of around 170 parameters describing national and, more specifically, cultural attributes related to various situations. Utilizing those in an adequate way will lead to an easier and efficient adaptation process.


High-frequency switching of single domain, uniaxial magnetic particles is discussed in terms of transition rates controlled by a small transverse bias field. It is shown that fast switching times can be achieved using bias fields an order of magnitude smaller than the effective anisotropy field. Analytical expressions for the switching time are derived in special cases, and general configurations of practical interest are examined using numerical simulations.


Abstract This study uses the Canada–United States borderlands (as defined by its sensitivity to cross‐border acid rain pollution) to establish patterns of identity that transcend political borders. Along these lines, acid rain scientists from Canada and the United States were surveyed to determine the degree of their agreement with government claims of substantial reductions in the pollutants that cause acid rain. The survey results indicate that despite the successful reduction of certain pollutants, the vast majority of Canadian and United States scientists believe that acid rain pollution continues to adversely affect lakes and streams and that present emissions targets are not protecting sensitive ecosystems. Furthermore, the survey results show that scientists from both countries view the acid rain issue from similar perspectives, and that national sympathies do not play a decisive role in scientists' perceptions of the acid rain issue. In essence, it appears that more and more scientists from Canada and the United States are viewing the acid rain issue from a shared (or bilateral) perspective.


In rural Pakistan, Haleem Bibi had no choice but to support her family after her husband's hand was severed in a work accident. To make ends meet in February last year, the mother of seven sold one of her kidneys for about US$ 1500 to a clinic serving overseas clients, who pay up to US$ 40 000 for an organ transplant.

Months later, Bibi's family, who live in Jandala village in eastern Pakistan, remained mired in debt and her health worsened after receiving no post-operative care, a common feature of commercial organ harvesting. "The money has all been spent and now I have to work all day, which is very tiring," Bibi told the Bulletin in a recent interview.

Bibi's story is echoed by thousands more in Pakistan and other countries, where the neediest are often exploited by a thriving market for organs.

About 10% of the 63 000 kidney transplantations carried out annually worldwide involve payment of non-related donors of different nationalities, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Globally, at least 200 000 people are on waiting lists for kidneys, and many more have no access to transplantation or dialysis services.

In industrialized and developing countries, kidney transplantation wherever possible is preferable to dialysis, which is physically taxing on patients and more costly than transplants. Every year, a million people develop end-stage renal disease, said Dr Luc Noel, coordinator of WHO's clinical procedures team, but only a fraction of those receive any kind of renal replacement therapy, and even fewer receive kidney transplants.

Different approaches are being taken to meet the demand for organs and halt transplant tourism, which is growing due to an increase in kidney disease and renal failure.

"There are two prevailing concepts of transplantation. One relies on money and leads to increased inequality, besides putting a price on the integrity of the body and human dignity. The second is based on solidarity and the donor's sole motivation to save a life," Noel said. "We should seek a common global approach to donation and transplantation characterized by respect for the donors, so that they are proud of what they have done."

Donating a kidney holds some risks for the living donor, even though kidney donation is a widely recognized procedure. Careful selection of donors is vital to avoid renal failure later in life. The nephrectomy — removal of a kidney — procedure has risks, such as haemorrhage, as well as delayed and chronic recurring pain. The risk that the donor could die due to surgery has been put at one in 3000.

Scientists are investigating alternatives to human-to-human transplantation, such as human cell and tissue engineering and the use of animal organs. Pre-clinical studies in which pig hearts and kidneys were transplanted into baboons show promise.

At the same time, more preventive medical care is needed to stop people from developing conditions, such as renal failure, that make them seek new organs in the first place. But none of these approaches is expected to satisfy the need for human organs for transplantation in the next five years.

In 1991, the World Health Assembly endorsed the WHO Guiding Principles forbidding organ sales, which state: "The human body and its parts cannot be the subject of commercial transactions. Accordingly, giving or receiving payment (including any other compensation or reward) for organs should be prohibited." The assembly, in 2004, further resolved to make countries accountable for transplant activities by calling on member states to protect the most vulnerable from transplant tourism and the sale of tissues and organs.

WHO advocates increasing the supply of kidneys from deceased patients, followed by those from living related donors in national, noncommercial and ethical programmes governed by legal frameworks.

Noel praised models such as Spain's national programme, which maximizes donations from deceased individuals by using professionals to identify potential donors in hospitals and discuss the concept with their relatives.

In addition, Noel said that altruistic donation from live donors is acceptable when it is ethical; that is, when donor-informed consent is obtained without coercion, donor safety is ensured and donors have access to medical follow-up.

Given the shortage of deceased-donated organs, there is a growing lobby in favour of increasing the number of living donors, including those who are not related to the transplant patient. Writing in the British Medical Journal in November 2006, Amy L Friedman, a transplant surgeon from the United States, argued that payment of live unrelated donors — which is forbidden under the WHO Guiding Principles and illegal in most countries — should be legalized to increase organ supplies and eliminate a black market in organs, thus making such procedures safer for all involved.

A law passed in Saudi Arabia in October envisages just this: that the government pays a monetary "reward" of 50 000 riyals (US$ 13 300) and other benefits, including life-time medical care for unrelated organ donors in a system regulated at the national level. The law's supporters said it would stop Saudi citizens from travelling to China, Egypt, Pakistan, the Philippines and other countries to receive organ transplants.

Noel argued, however, that such "rewards" were likely to attract the poorest segment of the Saudi population, such as migrant workers: "Involving money in the procurement of organs for transplantation, even if the word 'sale' is not used, confers a price on the organ and opens the way to brokers in the country and internationally."

Some 400 kidney transplants take place in Saudi Arabia annually, but about 600 Saudis still travel abroad to buy them in countries such as China, Egypt, India and Pakistan, according to Dr Faissal Shaheen, director-general of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, speaking from the Saudi capital, Riyadh.

At a WHO meeting on 26 and 27 November 2006 in Kuwait, transplantation experts and representatives from Saudi Arabia and 13 other countries from WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Region pledged in the Kuwait Statement to oppose commercialism in organ donation.

After the meeting, Shaheen said the Saudi authorities were looking at how to regulate live unrelated organ donation without a commercial transaction. "We are thinking carefully how to make this new agreement purely altruistic, so this 50 000 riyals would be given as full medical insurance for the donor, plus compensation for days off work and other benefits like discount on airfares, priority in work applications, so the donors will not have cash but rewards."

Noel said it was essential that donors should be respected by society for what they have done and not be stigmatized, unlike the situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran, where many paid live donors are ashamed and do not seek or receive follow-up medical care.

Few poor people in developing countries have access to transplants. In Pakistan, the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation in Karachi is regarded internationally as a model for altruistic transplantation. Its founder and director, Dr Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi, said his institute performs 130 to 140 free transplants annually between living relatives.

"Our motto is 'free with dignity'," said Rizvi, whose institute accounts for 20% of Pakistan's annual kidney transplants. He said the vast majority of the rest are performed by clinics run on a commercial basis.

"Pakistan has become a factory for regional transplant tourism," Rizvi said in an interview with the Bulletin. Recipients travel to Pakistan, where the temptation for money and greed is great."

Pakistan has no law regulating transplantation, but that may change soon. Draft legislation drawn up with Rizvi's help and based on WHO's guiding principles has been before parliament for 15 years. However, in early December 2006, the Pakistani newspaper Dawn reported that the enactment of the organ donation bill "was assured" and President Pervez Musharraf put his weight behind the law in a statement saying: "… legislations will soon be in place to discourage illegal trade in human organs".

Rizvi said most Pakistanis who donate kidneys do so because they have few other options to make money and extricate themselves from "bonded labour", a system under which they are tied to property owned by landlords.

Prospective recipients from Australia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States who visit Pakistani clinics providing human organs pay up to US$ 40 000 for a kidney, he said. The donor receives a small fraction of that, about US$ 1000 to US$ 2000.

Experts like Dr Francis Delmonico said the world is gripped by a crisis when it comes to organ failure — particularly kidney — and that this has resulted in limited supplies of organs and exploitation of the poor through organ trafficking.

"We have a global epidemic of kidney failure evolving associated with some 180 million diabetic patients," said Delmonico, director of medical affairs for the Transplantation Society.

"The real solution is preventing people from having kidney failure with good medical care in the first place," said Delmonico, Harvard Medical School surgery professor and a member of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Transplantation. ■

Live kidney donors show the scars caused by operations to remove their kidneys in Lahore, Pakistan, in 2004. They were demanding financial help from the Pakistani government to help them pay off their debts, which they could not pay off even after selling ...

The emergency ward at Dr Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi's Sindh Institute in Karachi.


This study contributes to the growing body of research that seeks to destabilize dominant notions of literacy and disability. In particular, we explore teacher candidates' understandings and constructions of literacy and children with "special needs", or children identified as having a "learning disability", before and after they complete their kindergarten-grade six teacher certification (B.Ed). We examine how dominant discourses of dis/ability present themselves in these teacher candidates' initial and subsequent understandings, and how courses and a tutoring practicum can and cannot work to open up new ideas about literacy and dis/ability. Our intention is to add to the discussions of literacy education and curriculum informed by sociocultural and critical disability theory. This study highlights the connections between literacy and dis/ability as they intersect and are inextricably intertwined throughout the discourses and tensions seen in the data.


Preservation of fully articulated ophiuroids (ophiuroid Lagerstatte) is rare due to rapid disarticulation of their endoskeletons. Recently, material from a mass mortality bed(s) of well preserved ophiuroids was found in the Pliocene Tirabuzon Formation, 4 kilometers north of Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur.
Unconsolidated sediment samples from the Tirabuzon Formation indicate a high abundance, yet low diversity, benthic foraminiferal assemblage. Three species are most abundant: (1) Virgulina californensis; (2) Bolivina interjuncta; and (3) Uvigerina attenuata. The high frequency of Bolivina interjuncta and Uvigerina attenuata throughout the formation suggests the Tirabuzon Formation was deposited in 200-500m water depth.
The ophiuroid fossil assemblage appears to be monotaxic and was identified as the genus Ophiocnemis. Few of the ophiuroids in these samples were found whole. Instead, an anomalous (152:1) ratio of arms to discs exists. The individual arms and discs display a high degree of articulation, i.e. arms with spines still attached and articulated jaw structures. The high degree of articulation found in the arms suggests: (1) rapid burial; (2) no decomposition prior to interment; and (3) lack of post mortem reworking and bioturbation.
To determine the possible cause of the abnormal ratio of arms to discs, live ophiuroids were subjected to simulated wave current coupled with turbidity, temperature, and/or salinity changes. Agitation in normal salinity/temperature seawater caused orientation difficulties and varied arm-curling responses. Changes in suspended sediment (0-235 mg/l) had no effect on the ophiuroids over a 180 minute period. Warm water (>30° C) caused arm rigidity and cool water ( 52 ppt) and hyposaline (<24 ppt) water produced: (1) arm rigidity; (2) attachment difficulties; (3) lethargy; and/or (4) death. Arm flexibility of live ophiuroids subjected to hypersaline water was restored post mortem, but live ophiuroids exposed to hyposaline water exhibited prolonged arm rigidity. Prolonged arm rigidity, high energy storm waves, and sorting of the elongate arms from the flat central discs may account for the abnormally high arm to disc ratio in the Tirabuzon samples.


Astra, deployed in 2018, was the first petascale supercomputer to utilize processors based on the ARM instruction set. The system was also the first under Sandia's Vanguard program which seeks to provide an evaluation vehicle for novel technologies that with refinement could be utilized in demanding, large‐scale HPC environments. In addition to ARM, several other important first‐of‐a‐kind developments were used in the machine, including new approaches to cooling the datacenter and machine. This article documents our experiences building a power measurement and control infrastructure for Astra. While this is often beyond the control of users today, the accurate measurement, cataloging, and evaluation of power, as our experiences show, is critical to the successful deployment of a large‐scale platform. While such systems exist in part for other architectures, Astra required new development to support the novel Marvell ThunderX2 processor used in compute nodes. In addition to documenting the measurement of power during system bring up and for subsequent on‐going routine use, we present results associated with controlling the power usage of the processor, an area which is becoming of progressively greater interest as data centers and supercomputing sites look to improve compute/energy efficiency and find additional sources for full system optimization.