In a criminal justice system where guilty pleas are the norm and trials the rare exception, the issue of how much discovery a defendant is entitled to before allocution has immense significance. This article examines the scope of a prosecutor's obligation to disclose impeachment information before a guilty plea. This question has polarized the criminal bar and bedeviled the academic community since the Supreme Court's controversial decision in United States v. Ruiz (2002). A critical feature of the debate has been the enduring schism between a prosecutor's legal and ethical obligations – a gulf that the American Bar Association recently widened by issuing a controversial opinion interpreting Model Rule of Professional Conduct 3.8(d) to impose obligations on prosecutors well beyond the requirements of the due process clause. The author addresses the controversial subject of impeachment disclosures from both an institutional and a substantive perspective. A great deal of legal scholarship aims directly at the content of proposed law reform without considering the threshold and pivotal question of what institution is best situated to administer those duties imposed. The author argues that as a matter of institutional competence and legitimacy, the courts are far better equipped to enforce criminal discovery obligations through rules of procedure than bar disciplinary authorities are capable of doing through attorney conduct rules. With regard to the substantive issue - that is, how much impeachment evidence should be turned over by a prosecutor before a guilty plea - the author proposes a categorical approach to impeachment disclosures that will mediate the tension between the defendant's interest in accurately assessing the strength and weaknesses of the government's case, and the state's interest in protecting the privacy and security of potential witnesses.


The prevalence of autism continues to steadily rise over time. As of yet, no clear
cause or cure has been identified. Nevertheless, behavioral and pharmacological
treatments have been developed to lessen the deficits characteristic of autism. These
treatments yield the best results when implemented early in a child's life. Early
identification of autism lends itself to early intervention. Many assessments have been
developed for this purpose. Most measurements have focused on specific symptoms of
autism. More recently, this effort has expanded to include assessments based on
temperament and personality. The present study used the M5-PS Questionnaire based on
the Five-Factor Model to compare personality differences in children with autism and
typically developing children age 3 to 5. Typically developing children achieved
significantly higher scores on Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and
Openness to Experience. The groups did not differ on Neuroticism.


When David meets the sensual Giovanni in a bohemian bar, he is swept into a passionate love affair. But his girlfriend's return to Paris destroys everything. Unable to admit to the truth, David pretends the liaison never happened - while Giovanni's life descends into tragedy. United by the theme of love, the writings in the Great Loves series span over two thousand years and vastly different worlds. Readers will be introduced to love's endlessly fascinating possibilities and extremities: romantic love, platonic love, erotic love, gay love, virginal love, adulterous love, parental love, filial love, nostalgic love, unrequited love, illicit love, not to mention lost love, twisted and obsessional love...


In this thesis we apply powerful mathematical tools such as interval arithmetic for applications in computational geometry, visualization and computer graphics, leading to robust, general and efficient algorithms. We present a completely novel approach for computing the arrangement of arbitrary implicit planar curves and perform ray casting of arbitrary implicit functions by jointly achieving, for the first time, robustness, efficiency and flexibility. Indeed we are able to render even the most difficult implicits in real-time with guaranteed topology and at high resolution. We use subdivision and interval arithmetic as key-ingredients to guarantee robustness. The presented framework is also well-suited for applications to large and unstructured data sets due to the inherent adaptivity of the techniques that are used. We also approach the topic of tensors by collaborating with mechanical engineers on comparative tensor visualization and provide them with helpful visualization paradigms to interpret the data.


Cindy Sherman's "Untitled Film Stills," a series of 69 black-and-white photographs created between 1977 and 1980, is widely seen as one of the most original and influential achievements in recent art. Witty, provocative and searching, this lively catalogue of female roles inspired by the movies crystallizes widespread concerns in our culture, examining the ways we shape our personal identities and the role of the mass media in our lives. Sherman began making these pictures in 1977 when she was 23 years old. The first six were an experiment: fan-magazine glimpses into the life (or roles) of an imaginary blond actress, played by Sherman herself. The photographs look like movie stills--or perhaps publicity pix--purporting to catch the blond bombshell in unguarded moments at home. The protagonist is shown preening in the kitchen and lounging in the bedroom. Onto something big, Sherman tried other characters in other roles: the chic starlet at her seaside hideaway, the luscious librarian, the domesticated sex kitten, the hot-blooded woman of the people, the ice-cold sophisticate and a can-can line of other stereotypes. She eventually completed the series in 1980. She stopped, she has explained, when she ran out of cliches.Other artists had drawn upon popular culture but Sherman's strategy was new. For her the pop-culture image was not a subject (as it had been for Walker Evans) or raw material (as it had been for Andy Warhol) but a whole artistic vocabulary, ready-made. Her film stills look and function just like the real ones--those 8 x 10 glossies designed to lure us into a drama we find all the more compelling because we know it isn't real. In the "Untitled Film Stills" there are no Cleopatras, no ladies on trains, no women of a certain age. There are, of course, no men. The 69 solitary heroines map a particular constellation of fictional femininity that took hold in postwar America--the period of Sherman's youth and the starting point for our contemporary mythology. In finding a form for her own sensibility, Sherman touched a sensitive nerve in the culture at large. Although most of the characters are invented, we sense right away that we already know them. That twinge of instant recognition is what makes the series tick and it arises from Cindy Sherman's uncanny poise. There is no wink at the viewer, no open irony, no camp.In 1995, The Museum of Modern Art purchased the series from the artist, preserving the work in its entirety. This book marks the first time that the complete series will be published as a unified work, with Sherman herself arranging the pictures in sequence.


Wavelets on closed surfaces in Euclidean space R3 are introduced starting from a scale discrete wavelet transform for potentials harmonic down to a spherical boundary. Essential tools for approximation are integration formulas relating an integral over the sphere to suitable linear combinations of functional values (resp. normal derivatives) on the closed surface under consideration. A scale discrete version of multiresolution is described for potential functions harmonic outside the closed surface and regular at infinity. Furthermore, an exact fully discrete wavelet approximation is developed in case of band-limited wavelets. Finally, the role of wavelets is discussed in three problems, namely (i) the representation of a function on a closed surface from discretely given data, (ii) the (discrete) solution of the exterior Dirichlet problem, and (iii) the (discrete) solution of the exterior Neumann problem.


Prior active room reverberation enhancement systems have typically employed microphones, artificial reverberator filters, and loudspeakers to change the reverberant properties of a room. However, acoustic feedback from the loudspeakers to the microphones has had the potential to drive such systems unstable. To avoid feedback instabilities, we apply passivity techniques from control theory to design a stable room reverberation enhancement system from the ground up. In particular, we employ sound portholes, which are special transducers that operate concurrently as microphones and loudspeakers. With these sound portholes, the feedback controller implements a passive connection to virtual acoustic spaces, which are realized using digital waveguide networks. Because the feedback controller models a passive system, it is theoretically stable in any (dissipative) acoustic environment and for arbitrarily large loop gains. As a consequence, the system does not suffer from "ringing tones" at high loop gains in the same way as prior systems have suffered. Furthermore, the system does not need to be re-calibrated if the properties of the room change or even if moved to a whole new room. This method for designing room reverberation enhancement systems may generally result in more realistic reverberant sound because it implements the acoustical features of a system that could exist naturally in the physical world.


Modeling various aspects of language-syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse, among others -- by the use of constrained formal-computational systems, just adequate for such modeling, has proved to be an effective research strategy, leading to deep understanding of these aspects, with implications for both machine processing and human processing. This approach enables one to distinguish between the universal and stipulative constraints. This is in contrast to an approach where we start with the most powerful formal-computational system and then model the phenomena by making all constraints stipulative in a sense. The use of constrained systems for modeling leads to some novel ways of describing locality of structures and brings out the relationship between the complexity of description of primitives and local computations over them. These ideas serve to unify theoretical, computational, and statistical aspects of natural language processing in AI. It is expected that this approach will also be productive in other domains of AI.


In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting through a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd treatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on chromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level and pattern were analysed in actively growing organs, under short(6 h) and long(2 d or 4 d) term and low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) doses of Cd, through a Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism technique and an immunocytological approach, respectively. The expression of one member of the CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) family, a DNA methyltransferase, was also assessed by qRT-PCR. Nuclear chromatin ultrastructure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Cd treatment induced a DNA hypermethylation, as well as an up-regulation of CMT, indicating that de novo methylation did indeed occur. Moreover, a high dose of Cd led to a progressive heterochromatinization of interphase nuclei and apoptotic figures were also observed after long-term treatment. The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase. Such changes are linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin. Overall, the data show an epigenetic basis to the mechanism underlying Cd toxicity in plants.


Syngenta, a leading developer of crop varieties (seeds) that provide food for human and livestock consumption, is committed to bringing greater food security to an increasingly populous world by creating a transformational shift in farm productivity. Syngenta Soybean Research and Development (R&D) is leading Syngenta's corporate plant-breeding strategy by developing and implementing a new product development model that is enabling the creation of an efficient and effective soybean breeding strategy. Key to the new strategy is the combination of advanced analytics and plant-breeding knowledge to find opportunities to increase crop productivity and optimize plant-breeding processes. Syngenta uses discrete-event and Monte Carlo simulation models to codify Syngenta Soybean R&D best practices, and uses stochastic optimization to create the best soybean breeding plans and strategically align its research efforts. As a result of using these new analytical tools, Syngenta estimates that it will save more than $287 million between 2012 and 2016.


This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the United States and the Soviet Union walked back from the brink of a nuclear war. In this issue of Nuclear Notebook, the authors analyze the order of battle of nuclear forces that were available to military and civilian officials in both the United States and the Soviet Union in October and November of 1962. This detail, they point out, has remained widely overlooked by authors, experts, and researchers over the past five decades. Once these nuclear forces are defined, the authors write, the true nature of the crisis was even more serious and dangerous than previously thought.


Diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina) is a disease caused by complications of diabetes, which can eventually lead to blindness. It is an ocular manifestation of diabetes, a systemic disease, which affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 10 years or more. Despite these intimidating statistics, research indicates that at least 90% of these new cases could be reduced if there was proper and vigilant treatment and monitoring of the patient eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher his or her chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we introduced a new method for eye fundus image analysis, based on exudate segmentation. The proposed algorithm detects the existence of exudates and measures its distribution. In this paper, we classified images of eye fundus into no-exudate or have exudates. This initial classification helps physicians to initiate a treatment process for infected patients. The algorithm is tested using DIARETDB0. The results proved the reliability and robustness of algorithm.


In this paper, we examine the cost of insurance against model uncertainty for the euro area considering four alternative reference models, all of which are used for policy analysis at the ECB. We find that maximal insurance across this model range in terms of a Minimax policy comes at moderate costs in terms of lower expected performance. We extract priors that would rationalize the Minimax policy from a Bayesian perspective. These priors indicate that full insurance is strongly oriented towards the model with highest baseline losses. Furthermore, this policy is not as tolerant towards small perturbations of policy parameters as the Bayesian policy rule. We propose to strike a compromise and use preferences for policy design that allow for intermediate degrees of ambiguity-aversion. These preferences allow the specification of priors but also give extra weight to the worst uncertain outcomes in a given context.


This document describes the work done during the Research Semester in Summer 2006 of Prof. Dr. Stefan Wohlfeil. It is about Security Management tasks and how these tasks might be supported by Open Source software tools. I begin with a short discussion of general management tasks and describe some additional, security related management tasks. These security related tasks should then be added to a software tool which already provides the general tasks. Nagios is such a tool. It is extended to also perform some of the security related management tasks, too. I describe the new checking scripts and how Nagios needs to be configured to use these scripts. The work has been done in cooperation with colleagues from the Polytechnic of Namibia in Windhoek, Namibia. This opportunity was used to also establish a partnership between the Department of Computer Science at FH Hannover and the Department of Information Technology at the Polytechnic. A first Memorandum of Agreement lays the groundwork for future staff or student exchange.


In transplantation, there is a critical need for noninvasive biomarker platforms for monitoring immunologic rejection. We hypothesized that transplanted tissues release donor-specific exosomes into recipient circulation and that the quantitation and profiling of donor intra-exosomal cargoes may constitute a biomarker platform for monitoring rejection. Here, we have tested this hypothesis in a human-into-mouse xenogeneic islet transplant model and validated the concept in clinical settings of islet and renal transplantation. In the xenogeneic model, we quantified islet transplant exosomes in recipient blood over long-term follow-up using anti-HLA antibody, which was detectable only in xenoislet recipients of human islets. Transplant islet exosomes were purified using anti-HLA antibody–conjugated beads, and their cargoes contained the islet endocrine hormone markers insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Rejection led to a marked decrease in transplant islet exosome signal along with distinct changes in exosomal microRNA and proteomic profiles prior to appearance of hyperglycemia. In the clinical settings of islet and renal transplantation, donor exosomes with respective tissue specificity for islet &bgr; cells and renal epithelial cells were reliably characterized in recipient plasma over follow-up periods of up to 5 years. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the biomarker potential of transplant exosome characterization for providing a noninvasive window into the conditional state of transplant tissue.


Embodied realism and congruent God constructs The findings of modern cognitive sciences have far-reaching implications for the philosophical framework within which theological texts have been and could be interpreted. In this regard, the body presents itself as an important epistemological agent. Body-critical analysis of Bible texts provides insight into the societal and cultural factors that brought about those texts, and presents a philosophical approach of embodied realism congruent with the embodiment of thought, the cognitive subconscious and the methaphorical nature of abstract concepts. By taking the body ideology fundamental to the concepts and constructs in religious texts seriously, a new discourse can be stimulated that will bring about new embodied perspectives on the relationship between humans, the environment and other 'others'. A society that is serious about ecojustice as far as the interrelatedness of all creatures is concerned should shoulder the responsibility continuously to consider and revise its hierarchical normative paradigms. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role and place of the body in the establishment of God constructs as normative paradigms.


Written by Brian Wood Art by Wood & Riccardo Burchielli Cover by Wood From indie comics icon Brian Wood (Demo, Channel Zero, GLOBAL FREQUENCY) and up-and-coming Italian artist Riccardo Burchielli (John Doe) comes the first volume of DMZ, collecting the first 5 issues of the series about the ultimate embedded war journalist trapped in a most unlikely war zone: the streets of New York City. In the near future, America's worst nightmare has come true. With military adventurism overseas bogging down the Army and National Guard, the U.S. government mistakenly neglects the very real threat of anti-establishment militias scattered across the 50 states. Like a sleeping giant, Middle America rises up and violently pushes its way to the shining seas, coming to a standstill at the line in the sand - Manhattan or, as the world now knows it, the DMZ. Matty Roth, a naive young man and aspiring photojournalist, lands a dream gig following a veteran war journalist into the heart of the DMZ. Things soon go terribly wrong, and Matty finds himself lost and alone in a world he's only seen on television. There, he is faced with a choice: try to find a way off the island, or make his career with an assignment most journalists would kill for. But can he survive in a war zone long enough to report the truth?


In the recent years, Software Engineering research has shown the rise of interest in the empirical studies. Such studies are often based on empirical evidence derived from corpora - collections of software artifacts. While there are established forms of carrying out empirical research (experiments, case studies, surveys, etc.), the common task of preparing the underlying collection of software artifacts is typically addressed in ad hoc manner.

In this thesis, by means of a literature survey we show how frequently software engineering research employs software corpora and using a developed classification scheme we discuss their characteristics. Addressing the lack of methodology, we suggest a method of corpus (re-)engineering and apply it to an existing collection of Java projects.

We report two extensive empirical studies, where we perform a broad and diverse range of analyses on the language for privacy preferences (P3P) and on object-oriented application programming interfaces (APIs). In both cases, we are driven by the data at hand, by the corpus itself, discovering the actual usage of the languages.


U.S. energy law and the scholarship analyzing it are deeply fragmented. Each source of energy has a distinct legal regime, and limited federal regulation in some areas has resulted in divergent state and local approaches to regulation. Much of the existing energy law literature reflects these substantive and structural divisions, and focuses on particular aspects of the energy system and associated federalism disputes. However, in order to meet modern energy challenges — such as reducing risks from deepwater drilling and hydraulic fracturing, maintaining the reliability of the electricity grid in this period of rapid technological change, and producing cleaner energy — we need a more dynamic, holistic understanding of energy law. Examining the energy system as a whole reveals patterns across substantive areas and allows them to learn from one another. This Article provides the first systematic account of energy federalism, proposing a novel model for understanding the energy system and its federalism dynamics. It begins by describing the U.S. energy system as comprised of interacting physical, market, and regulatory dimensions. The Article next explains why this complex system requires a federalism model that moves beyond disputes over federal versus state authority; it describes the many vertical interactions (those across levels of government, from the local to the international) and horizontal interactions (those among actors within the same level of government) within different types of energy regulation. The Article then considers the governance challenges created by these interactions, with a focus on inadequate regulatory authority, simultaneous overlap and fragmentation of regulation and institutions, and the difficulties of including key public and private stakeholders while avoiding inappropriate regulatory capture, such as when powerful utilities or oil companies gain control of regulatory processes to protect their private interests at the expense of the public. The Article concludes by proposing dynamic federalism principles for designing institutions that are responsive to these governance challenges through (1) creating needed authority; (2) reducing fragmentation; and (3) allowing for high levels of involvement from key public and private stakeholders that allow for meaningful input without capture. It also introduces our companion article, Hybrid Energy Governance, which applies these principles through detailed case studies to assess institutional innovation in areas critical to energy transformation.


This study investigates the difference among students" discipline-specific information literacy (IL) skills by studying first-year and final-year undergraduate business students. An online IL tutorial was designed and delivered to both student groups with a two-fold goal. First, the researchers wanted to compare students" IL skills to test academic staff"s assumptions that business students who are about to graduate have already acquired the requisite IL despite the lack of mandatory business-specific IL sessions. The findings suggest that first-year and finalyear business students are not significantly different in their performance and that both groups received a significant positive impact as a result of taking the same IL tutorial online. Second, the study analyses how well the online IL tutorial, with its focus on combining instructional videos with active learning exercises, performs in delivering content related to different elements of IL, as defined by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL 2010). The findings indicate that the online IL tutorial is more effective for some skills than for others, suggesting that it will be beneficial to explore different instructional designs in collaboration with academic staff to improve the current IL tutorial in these areas. This study adds to research on the effectiveness of online IL tutorials and raises questions related to their design. The findings can inform librarians" decisions on how to design online learning targeting students from different academic levels.


Ubiquitous computing (or ubicomp) is the label for a "third wave" of computing technologies. Following the eras of the mainframe computer and the desktop PC, ubicomp is characterized by small and powerful computing devices that are worn, carried, or embedded in the world around us. The ubicomp research agenda originated at Xerox PARC in the late 1980s; these days, some form of that vision is a reality for the millions of users of Internet-enabled phones, GPS devices, wireless networks, and "smart" domestic appliances. In Divining a Digital Future, computer scientist Paul Dourish and cultural anthropologist Genevieve Bell explore the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research program and the contemporary practices that have emerged--both the motivating mythology and the everyday messiness of lived experience.Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the authors' collaboration, the book takes seriously the need to understand ubicomp not only technically but also culturally, socially, politically, and economically. Dourish and Bell map the terrain of contemporary ubiquitous computing, in the research community and in daily life; explore dominant narratives in ubicomp around such topics as infrastructure, mobility, privacy, and domesticity; and suggest directions for future investigation, particularly with respect to methodology and conceptual foundations.


All human beings – regardless of age sex race or income – are equal in dignity and rights. Yet 222 million women in developing countries are unable to exercise the human right to voluntary family planning. This flagship report analyzes data and trends to understand who is denied access and why. It examines challenges in expanding access to family planning. And it considers the social and economic impact of family planning as well as the costs and savings of making it available to everyone who needs it. The report asserts that governments civil society health providers and communities have the responsibility to protect the right to family planning for women across the spectrum including those who are young or unmarried. Nevertheless the report finds that financial resources for family planning have declined and contraceptive use has remained mostly steady. In 2010 donor countries fell $500 million short of their expected contribution to sexual and reproductive health services in developing countries. Contraceptive prevalence has increased globally by just 0.1 per cent per year over the last few years.


Orientation: The researcher applied role analysis from the systems psychodynamic perspective to executives in state departments to improve their awareness of the unconscious diversity dynamics that affect their roles.
Research purpose: The purpose of this research was to describe the application of systems psychodynamic role analysis and to determine its trustworthiness in assisting executives to work effectively with conscious and unconscious diversity dynamics in their organisations.
Motivation for the study: Executives generally struggle to understand the deeper meaning of diversity behaviour that manifests inside and around them, leading to conflict. Without understanding the unconscious meaning of the behaviour, organisations founder easily. Awareness of below-the-surface behaviour leads to insight and taking responsibility for diversity-related behaviours.
Research design, approach and method: The researcher coached six executives in South African state departments over a period of 10 months. The coaching addressed and analysed the executives' organisational roles. She analysed the data using discourse analysis.
Main findings: Themes relating to the diversity dynamics of gender, race, ethnicity, authority, disability, language, age, de-authorisation of diversity work and the coaching process emerged. The coaching assisted the executives to gain insights into below-the-surface diversity dynamics, to address diversity in a sustained manner and to take up their organisational roles more effectively.
Practical / managerial implications: Coached executives will have a more objective and dynamic experience of diversity issues that manifest in organisations, between colleagues and within themselves.
Contribution / value-add: Executive coaching from a systems psychodynamic perspective displays trustworthiness in improving participants' diversity awareness, especially with regard to gender, race, ethnicity and authorisation.


Underwater cultural heritage (UCH), which includes evidence of past cultures preserved in shipwrecks, enables the relevant epistemic communities to open a window to the unknown past and enrich their understanding of history. Recent technologies have allowed the recovery of more and more shipwrecks by private actors who often retrieve materials from shipwrecks to sell them. Not all salvors conduct proper scientific inquiry, conserve artifacts, and publish the results of the research; more often, much of the salvaged material is sold and its cultural capital dispersed. Because states rarely have adequate funds to recover ancient shipwrecks and manage this material, however, commercial actors seem to be necessary components of every regulatory framework governing UCH.In this context, this Article aims to reconcile private interests with the public interest in cultural heritage protection. Such reconciliation requires that international law be reinterpreted and reshaped in order to better protect and preserve UCH and that preservation of cultural heritage be recognized as a key component of economic, social, and cultural development.


To better serve society, infrastructure organizations must manage their civil infrastructure systems effectively and efficiently, employing best practices in infrastructure management and relevant information systems. As information systems mature, communications follow a general trend away from informal human-to-human communications towards computer-to-computer information exchange. For efficient implementation of computer-based exchange of information, these communications must be formally described. As part of a larger study into the formalization of communications within the infrastructure industry, this paper examines the level to which work processes and communications are formalized and designed at present within the domain of infrastructure management. The research adopts a maturity model approach. There are many maturity models available in different industries, but their focus is on the maturity of the way work processes and communication are operated and managed, not the way these work processes and communications are formalized and designed. To address the issue, an Infrastructure Management-Process Maturity Model (IM-PMM) is developed to assess the degree to which work processes and communications are formalized within a specific engineering domain, namely infrastructure management. A five-step approach is used to develop the IM-PMM: define the problem, compare existing maturity models, develop the model, apply the model, and evaluate the maturity model. This paper describes the development and application of the Infrastructure Management-Process Maturity Model (IM-PMM) that can benchmark the current level of maturity of work processes and communications in the domain of infrastructure management. The proposed IM-PMM uses a scale of five levels of maturity (stages) and uses three core elements (i.e. process/transaction map definition, actor/role definition, and information definition) to benchmark existing work processes, plus one additional element (message definition) to benchmark existing communications. The proposed model has been applied and tested in the domain of infrastructure management using a structured interview approach. The resulting data show that existing work processes and communications are typically accomplished in an ad hoc manner, emphasizing the need for further improvements in the way that work processes and communications are defined if infrastructure organizations intend to deploy advanced information systems. The proposed IM-PMM would help the transaction development personnel (including transaction analysts, transaction designers, software developers, process modellers, and industry experts) to assess and benchmark the maturity of the work processes and communications in the domain of infrastructure. As part of the evaluation, the proposed IM-PMM is verified through testing and applying it in the domain of infrastructure management; future work will conduct validation through industry expert review.


What happens in a teacher education program when control is neither exercised by formal professional or state standards nor by traditional dominant "disabling" market influences (Labaree, 1994)? To answer this question, the focus of this paper is on looking at teacher education through the lenses of pedagogical practices and discourses not in traditional institutions such as normal schools, colleges, and universities but in an alternative institution. Thus, this paper presents detailed accounts and analyzes the practice of the preparation of teachers in a progressive program during the 1930s in New York at Bank Street College of Education. Mostly, these accounts are grounded in the participants' perspectives, providing data about how this progressive teacher-education program was experienced, and in particular on Lucy Sprague Mitchell's teaching based on data especially composed to describe two courses: (1)Environment (a mix of what today can be called social foundations and social studies methods) and (2)Language (mostly about the writing process). Bank Street, initially called the Cooperative for Student Teachers and intrinsically connected with experimental schools and a well-known institution among practitioners and progressive educators, was formed in 1930, which were times with heavy ideological discussion given the social and economic American and international contexts. Teaching at Bank Street centered on making experience a subject matter of study, while making connections between learning about children, the self, the world (the social contexts), and schooling, to foster progressive practices in the classroom. This case about pedagogical practices suggest a need to pay closer attention to the teaching of progressive teachers as an important aspect of learning to teach and teacher education improvement beyond dominant discussions about standards, organization, regulations and control of teacher education. This paper shows that it was possible to have a highly intellectual and inquiry-oriented teacher-education program, with a rigorous study of experience, with passion to understand children, subject matter, social contexts, and the self, and with a commitment to justice.


Common asset holdings are widely believed to have been the primary vector of contagion in the recent financial crisis. We develop a network approach to the amplification of financial contagion due to the combination of overlapping portfolios and leverage, and we show how it can be understood in terms of a generalized branching process. This can be used to compute the stability for any particular configuration of portfolios. By studying a stylized model we estimate the circumstances under which systemic instabilities are likely to occur as a function of parameters such as leverage, market crowding, diversification, and market impact. Although diversification may be good for individual institutions, it can create dangerous systemic effects, and as a result financial contagion gets worse with too much diversification. There is a critical threshold for leverage; below it financial networks are always stable, and above it the unstable region grows as leverage increases. Note that our model assumes passive portfolio management during a crisis; however, we show that dynamic deleveraging during a crisis can amplify instabilities. The financial system exhibits "robust yet fragile" behavior, with regions of the parameter space where contagion is rare but catastrophic whenever it occurs. Our model and methods of analysis can be calibrated to real data and provide simple yet powerful tools for macroprudential stress testing.


Where elections are costly but accountability mechanisms are weak, politicians often turn to private firms for illicit election finance. Where firms are highly regulated, politicians can exchange policy discretion or regulatory forbearance for bribes and monetary transfers from firms. Due to its regulatory intensity, we focus on the role of the construction sector. Specifically, we argue that builders will experience a short-term liquidity crunch as elections approach because of their need to re-route funds to politicians as a form of indirect election finance. We use variation in the demand for cement to investigate the presence of an electoral cycle in building activity in India consistent with this logic. Using a novel monthly-level dataset, we demonstrate that cement consumption does exhibit a political business cycle consistent with our hypothesis. Additional tests provide confidence in the robustness and interpretation of our findings.


We demonstrate ultrahigh speed swept source retinal OCT imaging using a Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) laser. The laser uses a combination of a semiconductor optical amplifier and an ytterbium doped fiber amplifier to provide more than 50 mW output power. The 1050 nm FDML laser uses standard telecom fiber for the km long delay line instead of two orders of magnitude more expensive real single mode fiber. We investigate the influence of this "oligo-mode" fiber on the FDML laser performance. Two design configurations with 684,400 and 1,368,700 axial scans per second are investigated, 25x and 50x faster than current commercial instruments and more than 4x faster than previous single spot ophthalmic results. These high speeds enable the acquisition of densely sampled ultrawide-field data sets of the retina within a few seconds. Ultrawide-field data consisting of 1900 x 1900 A-scans with ~70° angle of view are acquired within only 3 and 6 seconds using the different setups. Such OCT data sets, more than double as large as previously reported, are collapsed to a 4 megapixel high definition fundus image. We achieve good penetration into the choroid by hardware spectral shaping of the laser output. The axial resolution in tissue is 12 µm (684 kHz) and 19 µm (1.37 MHz). A series of new data processing and imaging extraction protocols, enabled by the ultrawide-field isotropic data sets, are presented. Dense isotropic sampling enables both, cross-sectional images along arbitrary coordinates and depth-resolved en-face fundus images. Additionally, we investigate how isotropic averaging compares to the averaging of cross-sections along the slow axis.


Abstract. The presence of a variety of chemical species related to the gaseous precursor isoprene in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has stimulated investigations of the nature of SOA-phase chemical processing. Recent work has demonstrated that 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) is an important isoprene-derived ambient SOA component and atmospheric chamber experiments have suggested that 2-MG may exist in oligomeric form (as oligoesters) under conditions of low SOA water content. In order to better understand the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of such oligomerization reactions, nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the bulk phase acid-catalyzed aqueous reactions (Fischer esterification) of 2-MG. While the present results indicate that 2-MG oligoesters are formed in the bulk phase with similar water content equilibrium dependences as observed in atmospheric chamber SOA experiments, the acid-catalyzed rate of the Fischer esterification mechanism may be too slow to rationalize the 2-MG oligoester production timescales observed in the atmospheric chamber experiments. Furthermore, it appears that unrealistically high ambient SOA acidities would also be required for significant 2-MG oligoester content to arise via Fischer esterification. Therefore, the present results suggest that other, more kinetically facile, esterification mechanisms may be necessary to rationalize the existence of 2-MG oligomers in atmospheric chamber-generated and ambient SOA.


This study tests the empirical assumptions about American public opinion found in the Supreme Court's opinions concerning campaign finance reform. The area of campaign finance is a unique one in First Amendment law because the Court has allowed the mere perception of a problem (in this case, corruption) to justify the curtailment of recognized First Amendment rights of speech and association. Since Buckley v. Valeo, defendants in campaign finance cases have proffered various types of evidence to support the notion that the public perceives a great deal of corruption produced by the campaign finance system. Most recently, in McConnell v. FEC, in which the Court upheld the McCain-Feingold campaign finance law, both the Department of Justice and the plaintiffs conducted and submitted into evidence public opinion polls measuring the public's perception of corruption. This article examines the data presented in that case, but also examines forty years of survey data of public attitudes toward corruption in government. We argue that trends in public perception of corruption have little to do with the campaign finance system. The share of the population describing government as corrupt went down even as soft money contributions skyrocketed. Moreover, the survey data suggest that an individual's perception of corruption derives from that person's (1) position in society (race, income, education level); (2) opinion of the incumbent President and performance of the economy over the previous year; (3) attitudes concerning taxation and big government; and (4) propensity to trust other people, in general. Although we conclude that, indeed, a large majority of Americans believe that the campaign finance system contributes to corruption in government, the data do not suggest that campaign finance reform will have an effect on these attitudes.


Driven by the goals of efficient and generic communication of noncontiguous data layouts in GPU memory, for which solutions do not currently exist, we present a parallel, noncontiguous data-processing methodology through the MPI datatypes specification. Our processing algorithm utilizes a kernel on the GPU to pack arbitrary noncontiguous GPU data by enriching the datatypes encoding to expose a fine-grained, data-point level of parallelism. Additionally, the typically tree-based datatype encoding is preprocessed to enable efficient, cached access across GPU threads. Using CUDA, we show that the computational method outperforms DMA-based alternatives for several common data layouts as well as more complex data layouts for which reasonable DMA-based processing does not exist. Our method incurs low overhead for data layouts that closely match best-case DMA usage or that can be processed by layout-specific implementations. We additionally investigate usage scenarios for data packing that incur resource contention, identifying potential pitfalls for various packing strategies. We also demonstrate the efficacy of kernel-based packing in various communication scenarios, showing multifold improvement in point-to-point communication and evaluating packing within the context of the SHOC stencil benchmark and HACC mesh analysis.


A bridge that only spans three-quarters of the distance across a chasm is useless, although far from costless. This standard, intuitive example of a lumpy or step good illustrates a point about discontinuities and complementarities that has broad, and mostly unexplored, significance for property law. In this essay, I explain how, why, and when property might be regarded as lumpy, and examine the implications of that lumpiness for doctrine and theory. Viewing property through the lens of lumpiness matters for several reasons. The first is descriptive accuracy. Property law is lumpy as a positive matter, filled with doctrines and approaches that deal with the world in discrete, hard-to-divide chunks. Second, an appreciation of lumpiness can inform optimal entitlement design. In evaluating the chunkiness that is built into property doctrines, we must ask whether and how it corresponds to - or contributes to - underlying discontinuities in the production or consumption of property. A third reason for attending to lumpiness is that many of property law's most important conflicts can be usefully framed as "lump versus lump." For example, an exercise of eminent domain may achieve a valuable spatial aggregation by splitting up some other aggregation, such as lengthy temporal attachments to the land, or a cohesive community that shares social capital. Recognizing the work that nonlinearities do in such stories can offer new traction on contested property issues. Lumpiness also informs ongoing theoretical debates that turn out to have a similar "lump versus lump" structure, including the usefulness of the "bundle of sticks" metaphor and the tension between exclusion and social obligation.


The standard view in the U.S. tax law academy remains that capital income taxation is both a poor idea in theory and completely infeasible in practice. But this ignores the first-order importance of political economy issues in the design of tax instruments. The pervasive presence of gifts and bequests renders moot the claim that the results obtained by Atkinson and Stiglitz (1976) counsel against taxing capital income in practice. Taxing capital income is responsive to important political economy exigencies confronting the United States, including substantial tax revenue shortfalls relative to realistic government spending targets, increasing income and wealth inequality at the top end of distributions, and the surprising persistence of dynastic wealth. It also responds to a new strand of economic literature that argues that "inclusive growth" leads to higher growth.A flat-rate (proportional) income tax on capital imposed and collected annually has attractive theoretical and political economy properties that can be harnessed in actual tax instrument design. As a proportional tax, it applies at the same marginal and effective rates to both income and losses, thereby preserving the symmetry on which rests the theoretical analysis of returns to risk. A progressive consumption tax, by contrast, abandons this, and in doing so can burden the returns to waiting. Moreover, a flat-rate capital income tax is a progressive tax in application: because only high-ability taxpayers or those who are the beneficiaries of gifts and bequests can afford to defer consumption indefinitely, the increasing "tax wedge" on savings over time introduces a measure of top-bracket progressivity along the margin of time. In other words, what some see as the fatal flaw of capital income taxation in fact is a feature, not a bug.The separation of a taxpayer's income into capital and labor components, and the application of separate rate schedules to each, are hallmarks of "dual income tax" instruments, of the sort explored in practice most comprehensively by several Nordic countries. Building on earlier work on dual tax systems and capital income tax structures, I propose a novel and reasonably accurate flat rate tax on capital income that builds on well-understood tax policies, that achieves integration between corporate and investor income, and that successfully distinguishes capital from labor income. I term this tax instrument the Dual Business Enterprise Income Tax, or Dual BEIT. Its virtues also include minimizing the relevance of the realization doctrine, eliminating distinctions across different forms of capital investment, and offering business enterprises a profits (consumption) tax environment in which to operate.To make the project more tractable, the two themes just advanced – the why and the how of the Dual BEIT – are each the subject of a separate paper. This is the "why" paper. Together, the two demonstrate that the Dual BEIT satisfies theoretical concerns, once those are filtered through the political economy imperatives of the quotidian world, and is straightforward to implement and administer.


This presentation briefly introduces the University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries and their mission. It explains the structure of the Digital Projects Unit having the Digital Library and The Portal to Texas History, and discusses their metadata structure and its role in Digital Projects.


Land reform farms in the Central Karoo district of the Western Cape province of South Africa were surveyed in 2008 to gather baseline data on the infrastructure, production practices and economic viability in order to align extension and farmer development programmes of the Department of Agriculture in the Central Karoo to farmer needs. On-farm personal interviews with the managing members/decision makers of 15 farms were conducted. This paper reports on the farm structure, farm potential, farmer profiles and farm management knowledge and practices of land reform farms. Farms are held in the form of community land trusts with fairly large numbers of beneficiaries who do not reside on the farm. Large group numbers and a lack of co-operation or complete non-involvement in trust matters made it  difficult to manage conflicts and power relations within the trust and to reach consensus on farming matters. Farms in general seem to be too small to provide a sustainable livelihood, given the number of trust beneficiaries and the resource potential of the land. Smaller farms tend to have lower carrying capacities which limit the income potential of smaller farms further. Agricultural managers were found to be mostly middle-aged to elderly men, with education levels ranging across the full spectrum, but 40% at intermediate level and lower. Most of the agricultural managers live offfarm and hold other jobs, making management of agricultural operations more challenging. Prior experience of farming is mostly limited to labourer and commonage farmer level. Coupled to this, limited management and scientific knowledge and skills affect the extent to which production-, marketing- and financial management practices are aligned with commercial business practices. Baseline evidence highlighted a number of important areas to be considered in farmer development and extension to land reform farmers. Establishing a set of baseline data can assist in future monitoring and evaluation of land reform project successes/failures and contribute to the development of a co-ordinated extension and development programme. Keywords: baseline survey; land reform; farm management; extension


Longitudinal data were collected to explore the relationships among loss of commitment, absenteeism, and employee turnover. Using a median-based approach to investigate the structure of withdrawal among 52 nurses and 36 accountants, it was found that both loss of commitment and increased absenteeism preceded turnover. Decreases in commitment were better predictors of turnover than increases in absenteeism, although stayers in both occupational groups were distinguished by unchanging patterns of zero median days absent. Implications for the progression theory of job withdrawal are discussed.


Abstract. Ensemble climate model simulations used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments have become important tools for exploring the response of the Earth System to changes in anthropogenic and natural forcings. The systematic evaluation of these models through global satellite observations is a critical step in assessing the uncertainty of climate change projections. This paper presents the technical steps required for using nadir sun-synchronous infrared satellite observations for multi-model evaluation and the uncertainties associated with each step. This is motivated by need to use satellite observations to evaluate climate models. We quantified the implications of the effect of satellite orbit and spatial coverage, the effect of variations in vertical sensitivity as quantified by the observation operator and the impact of averaging the operators for use with monthly-mean model output. We calculated these biases in ozone, carbon monoxide, atmospheric temperature and water vapour by using the output from two global chemistry climate models (ECHAM5-MOZ and GISS-PUCCINI) and the observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on board the NASA-Aura satellite from January 2005 to December 2008. The results show that sampling and monthly averaging of the observation operators produce zonal-mean biases of less than ±3 % for ozone and carbon monoxide throughout the entire troposphere in both models. Water vapour sampling zonal-mean biases were also within the insignificant range of ±3 % (that is ±0.14 g kg −1 ) in both models. Sampling led to a temperature zonal-mean bias of ±0.3 K over the tropical and mid-latitudes in both models, and up to −1.4 K over the boundary layer in the higher latitudes. Using the monthly average of temperature and water vapour operators lead to large biases over the boundary layer in the southern-hemispheric higher latitudes and in the upper troposphere, respectively. Up to 8 % bias was calculated in the upper troposphere water vapour due to monthly-mean operators, which may impact the detection of water vapour feedback in response to global warming. Our results reveal the importance of using the averaging kernel and the a priori profiles to account for the limited vertical resolution and clouds of a nadir observation during model application. Neglecting the observation operators resulted in large biases, which are more than 60 % for ozone, ±30 % for carbon monoxide, and range between −1.5 K and 5 K for atmospheric temperature, and between −60 % and 100 % for water vapour.


Excitations of the atomic shell in heavy-ion collisions are influenced by the presence of a nuclear reaction. In the present Rapid Communication we point out the equivalence between a semiclassical description based on the nuclear autocorrelation function with an earlier model which employs a distribution of reaction times f(T). For the example of U+U collisions, results of coupled-channel calculations for positron creation and K-hole excitations are discussed for two schematic reaction models.


The last thirty years have seen an enormous increase not only in the exonerations of innocent defendants but also academic scholarship on erroneous convictions. This literature has identified a number of common factors that appear frequently in erroneous conviction cases, including forensic error, prosecutorial misconduct, false confessions, and eyewitness misidentification. However, without a comparison or control group of cases, researchers risk labeling these factors as "causes" of erroneous convictions when they may be merely correlates. This article reports results from the first large scale empirical research project to compare wrongful convictions with other innocence cases in which the defendant escaped conviction (so-called "near misses"). Employing statistical methods and an expert panel, the research helps us to understand how the criminal justice system identifies innocent defendants in order to prevent erroneous convictions. In another first, the research secured the cooperation of practitioners from multiple sides of the criminal justice system, including the national Innocence Project, the Police Foundation, the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, and the National District Attorneys Association. The results highlight ten factors that distinguish wrongful convictions from near misses, but the larger story is one of system failure in which the protections of the criminal justice system operate in a counterintuitive manner. The article closes with a series of policy reforms to address these failings.


This study is perspective of agro-based industry of Tharparkar, and fourth chapter of the thesis of Ph.D submitted in 2002. In this study perspective of agro-based industry is discussed. Main topics of the study are: Crops, Non-crops, Livestock, Fishing, Poultry and Edible oil . Secondary data from different resources is collected to indicate the perspectives of agro-based industry. Purpose of the study was to give the complete picture of perspectives of the study for proper occlusions and recommendations for policy maker to get the Tharparkar better economically and socially. Study reveals that Thar depends on livestock and not corps People of Thar are poor and they have strong attachment with in the crops. In spite of uncertainty of rain people like it and take risk. Dairy products are not so income generating due the fact that milk taken out butter is used for personal nutrition and somewhat for saleable, there is no market for sale in villages. However poultry farm system does not exist only few people rare it in informal way. From all these discussion it is clear that only livestock is main agro-based industry and source of income. However in future if developed may increase income and alleviate poverty.


Summary Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) has previously only been reported in eight patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1). There has not been any clear evidence of a causal association between NF1 gene mutations and adrenocortical malignancy development. We report the case of a 49-year-old female, with no family history of endocrinopathy, who was diagnosed with ACC on the background of NF1, due to a novel germline frame shift mutation (c.5452_5453delAT) in exon 37 of the NF1 gene. A left adrenal mass was detected by ultrasound and characterised by contrast computerised tomography (CT) scan. Biochemical tests showed mild hypercortisolism and androgen excess. A 24-h urinary steroid profile and 18flouro deoxy glucose PET suggested ACC. An open adrenalectomy was performed and histology confirmed ACC. This is the first reported case with DNA analysis, which demonstrated the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the NF1 locus in the adrenal cancer, supporting the hypothesis of an involvement of the NF1 gene in the pathogenesis of ACC. LOH analysis of the tumour suggests that the loss of neurofibromin in the adrenal cells may lead to tumour formation. Learning points ACC is rare but should be considered in a patient with NF1 and adrenal mass when plasma metanephrines are normal. Urinary steroid metabolites and PET/CT are helpful in supporting evidence for ACC. The LOH at the NF1 region of the adrenal tumour supports the role of loss of neurofibromin in the development of ACC.


Let $G$ be an additive finite abelian group and $S \subset G$ a subset. Let f$(S)$ denote the number of nonzero group elements which can be expressed as a sum of a nonempty subset of $S$. It is proved that if $|S|=6$ and there are no subsets of $S$ with sum zero, then f$(S)\geq 19$. Obviously, this lower bound is best possible, and thus this result gives a positive answer to an open problem proposed by R.B. Eggleton and P. Erdős in 1972. As a consequence, we prove that any zero-sum free sequence $S$ over a cyclic group $G$ of length $|S| \ge {6|G|+28\over19}$ contains some element with multiplicity at least ${6|S|-|G|+1\over17}$.


Abstract 134 Introduction: The introduction of novel agents has improved the outcome of MM patients, but MM is still considered an incurable disease and the emergence of resistance is the main responsible for this situation. The unraveling of the resistance mechanisms would help to design novel therapeutic strategies (combinations or sequencing treatments) to overcome this problem. Material and Methods: We have developed an in vivo model of acquired resistance to antimyeloma agents based in a model of subcutaneous plasmocytoma (MM1S) in CB17-SCID mice. For this purpose, mice were treated with Lenalidomide (25 mg/Kg) + Dex (1 mg/Kg) (LD), Pomalidomide (5 mg/Kg) + Dex (PD) or vehicle control, and after a period of initial sensitivity, tumors developed resistance to the administered combination. At this moment selected sensitive and resistant tumors were excised to analyze apoptosis, signaling pathways and gene expression profiling (GEP) changes. Moreover, some of these mice bearing resistant tumors were switched to receive the alternative combination (that is LD-PD or PD- LD), and, in selected mice, a second change of treatment was performed after secondary resistance to receive again the initial treatment (LD-PD-LD or PD-LD-PD). In order to evaluate TTP and to define the moment to change treatment we considered progression when tumor volume reached 1.700 mm 3 . Results: Both combinations (LD & PD) controlled the initial growth of the tumors, with a higher potency for the PD combination. Tumor volume reached 500 mm 3 at a median of 8, 42 & 53 days for control, LD and PD respectively (p=0.01 and p=0.001). Nevertheless, after 30 days of continuous treatment, and despite maintaining the administration of the drugs, tumors started growing, and, once the tumors had reached 500 mm 3 , their growth kinetic was similar for the treated mice (despite still being treated) as compared to the untreated mice, indicating the emergence of complete resistance. This resistance was also confirmed ex vivo by in vitro culture with the corresponding drugs. In order to test the presence of cross-resistance, mice bearing big tumors resistant to LD or PD and already growing in an exponential phase (volume of 1.700 mm 3 ), were at this point treated with the alternative combination. This sequential treatment change induced tumor stabilization and even a decrease of tumor volume. Again PD was significantly more potent at overcoming LD resistance as compared to the alternative situation, and this was verified both in terms of tumor growth inhibition (p=0.005) and in terms of time to progression (median of 16 vs 27 days for LD and PD respectively. p=0.004). Furthermore, mice that had been treated with LD-PD or PD-LD and had developed resistance to both combinations were again treated with the initial combination, and, surprisingly, they were again sensitive, indicating the reversibility of the acquired resistance. Similarly to previous experiments, PD was again significantly more potent than LD. This reversibility was also confirmed ex vivo after culture of the cells in medium without drugs. In order to investigate the resistance mechanisms, cells extracted from sensitive and resistant tumors were analyzed by Western Blot. Treatment with LD and PD induced a downregulation of pERK 1/2, nevertheless, when these cells developed resistance a very significant increase of pERK 1/2 levels (even higher than the basal levels) was observed. Moreover, these resistant cells also showed an upregulation of p-MEK, p-RAF and RAS. In this same line, the MEK inhibitor PD-98059 potentiated the in vitro activity of LD or PD in fresh MM1S cells, with high synergism (CI Finally, changes in GEP were evaluated in extracted tumors. A significant change was observed in cells from tumors sensitive to PD and LD (with a higher gene deregulation with the former combination), as compared to untreated ones. Interestingly, when tumors became resistant, most of these changes disappeared and the GEP partially returned to a profile similar to that of active untreated tumors. Conclusion: The data presented would support treatment with alternative IMIDs if resistance was developed to one of them (specially PD was significantly more potent at rescuing resistance to LD), or even the retreatment with the same IMID after a wash up period. Moreover this study supports the evaluation of combinations of IMIDs with agents that abrogate the ERK pathway in order to increase efficacy or avoid resistance. Disclosures: Quintana: Celgene: Employment. Garcia: Celgene: Employment. Pandiella: Celgene: Research Funding. San Miguel: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding.


In this work we consider statistical learning problems. A learning machine aims to extract information from a set of training examples such that it is able to predict the associated label on unseen examples. We consider the case where the resulting classification or regression rule is a combination of simple rules – also called base hypotheses. The so-called boosting algorithms iteratively find a weighted linear combination of base hypotheses that predict well on unseen data. We address the following issues: The statistical learning theory framework for analyzing boosting methods. We study learning theoretic guarantees on the prediction performance on unseen examples. Recently, large margin classification techniques emerged as a practical result of the theory of generalization, in particular Boosting and Support Vector Machines. A large margin implies a good generalization performance. Hence, we analyze how large the margins in boosting are and find an improved algorithm that is able to generate the maximum margin solution. How can boosting methods be related to mathematical optimization techniques? To analyze the properties of the resulting classification or regression rule, it is of high importance to understand whether and under which conditions boosting converges. We show that boosting can be used to solve large scale constrained optimization problems, whose solutions are well characterizable. To show this, we relate boosting methods to methods known from mathematical optimization, and derive convergence guarantees for a quite general family of boosting algorithms. How to make Boosting noise robust? One of the problems of current boosting techniques is that they are sensitive to noise in the training sample. In order to make boosting robust, we transfer the soft margin idea from support vector learning to boosting. We develop theoretically motivated regularized algorithms that exhibit a high noise robustness. How to adapt boosting to regression problems? Boosting methods are originally designed for classification problems. To extend the boosting idea to regression problems, we use the previous convergence results and relations to semi-infinite programming to design boosting-like algorithms for regression problems. We show that these leveraging algorithms have desirable theoretical and practical properties. Can boosting techniques be useful in practice? The presented theoretical results are guided by simulation results either to illustrate properties of the proposed algorithms or to show that they work well in practice. We report on successful applications in a non-intrusive power monitoring system, chaotic time series analysis and a drug discovery process. Preface I started my research …


The 700-year history of the novel in English defies straightforward telling. Geographically and culturally boundless, with contributions from Great Britain, Ireland, America, Canada, Australia, India, the Caribbean, and Southern Africa; influenced by great novelists working in other languages; and encompassing a range of genres, the story of the novel in English unfolds like a richly varied landscape that invites exploration rather than a linear journey. In The Novel: A Biography, "Michael Schmidt does full justice to its complexity.Like his hero Ford Madox Ford in The March of Literature," Schmidt chooses as his traveling companions not critics or theorists but "artist practitioners," men and women who feel "hot love" for the books they admire, and fulminate against those they dislike. It is their insights Schmidt cares about. Quoting from the letters, diaries, reviews, and essays of novelists and drawing on their biographies, Schmidt invites us into the creative dialogues between authors and between books, and suggests how these dialogues have shaped the development of the novel in English.Schmidt believes there is something fundamentally subversive about art: he portrays the novel as a liberalizing force and a revolutionary stimulus. But whatever purpose the novel serves in a given era, a work endures not because of its subject, themes, political stance, or social aims but because of its language, its sheer invention, and its resistance to cliche--some irreducible quality that keeps readers coming back to its pages."


In this paper, Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aerosol product attributes are described, including geometry and algorithm performance flags. Actual retrieval coverage is mapped and explained in detail using representative global monthly data. Statistical comparisons are made with coincident aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent (ANG) retrieval results from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The relationship between these results and the ones previously obtained for MISR and MODIS individually, based on comparisons with coincident ground-truth observations, is established. For the data examined, MISR and MODIS each obtain successful aerosol retrievals about 15% of the time, and coincident MISR-MODIS aerosol retrievals are obtained for about 6%-7% of the total overlap region. Cloud avoidance, glint and oblique-Sun exclusions, and other algorithm physical limitations account for these results. For both MISR and MODIS, successful retrievals are obtained for over 75% of locations where attempts are made. Where coincident AOD retrievals are obtained over ocean, the MISR-MODIS correlation coefficient is about 0.9; over land, the correlation coefficient is about 0.7. Differences are traced to specific known algorithm issues or conditions. Over-ocean ANG comparisons yield a correlation of 0.67, showing consistency in distinguishing aerosol air masses dominated by coarse-mode versus fine-mode particles. Sampling considerations imply that care must be taken when assessing monthly global aerosol direct radiative forcing and AOD trends with these products, but they can be used directly for many other applications, such as regional AOD gradient and aerosol air mass type mapping and aerosol transport model validation. Users are urged to take seriously the published product data-quality statements.


Dr Dimitris Dalakoglou explains the social meltdown which took place in Greece between May 2010 & June 2012 that is on going. This film contains videos and photos shot on the streets, often containing violence and paints a portrait of widespread economic hardship endured by a cities inhabitants. This film is part of an ongoing research project, which looks at the rapid structural changes which Greece is undergoing.
Produced & Directed by Ross Domoney
Interview: Dimitris Dalakoglou


Five years of teaching a graduate course in organizational learning have convinced the author that the course has a transformative impact on her mature adult students. The article examines the nature of this form of experiential education in the light of transformative learning theory and learning organization concepts. Using the course as a case example, the author offers a number of specific approaches to: developing a constructive learning environment; enhancing team learning; surfacing and discussing assumptions; supporting systems thinking; and personal mastery. Finally, the author examines the role of the instructor as a facilitator of transformative learning. The objectives are to help adult educators reflect on one kind of environment that seems to have a transformative impact and to explore how to continue to successfully design such experiences for and with adult students.


Abstract Stellarators are toroidal devices where the required rotational transform of the magnetic field lines is generated by external field coils and not via an induced net toroidal plasma current. This confinement scheme has the advantages that, in principle, steady-state plasma operation is possible and that it does not have to brace itself against disruptions of a toroidal plasma current. At the cost of having to give up toroidal symmetry the properties of the stellarator field can be tailored to suit reactor needs. Research focuses on the plasma confinement properties of different stellarator fields and investigates the problems arising when one extrapolates to reactor parameters.


In order to model and simulate collapses of large scale complex structures, a user-friendly and high performance software system is essential. Because a large number of simulation experiments have to be performed, therefore, next to an appropriate simulation model and high performance computing, efficient interactive control and visualization capabilities of model parameters and simulation results are crucial. To this respect, this contribution is concerned with advancements of the software system CADCE (Computer Aided Demolition using Controlled Explosives) that is extended under particular consideration of computational steering concepts. Thereby, focus is placed on problems and solutions for the collapse simulation of real world large scale complex structures. The simulation model applied is based on a multilevel approach embedding finite element models on a local as well as a near field length scale, and multibody models on a global scale. Within the global level simulation, relevant effects of the local and the near field scale, such as fracture and failure processes of the reinforced concrete parts, are approximated by means of tailor-made multibody subsystems. These subsystems employ force elements representing nonlinear material characteristics in terms of force/displacement relationships that, in advance, are determined by finite element analysis. In particular, enhancements concerning the efficiency of the multibody model and improvements of the user interaction are presented that are crucial for the capability of the computational steering. Some scenarios of collapse simulations of real world large scale structures demonstrate the implementation of the above mentioned approaches within the computational steering.


professional development and social change: the investment of university capital in community projects. Increasing interest in applying social and environmental, as well as financial, criteria to the investment of university capital assets has been paralleled by the growth and diversity of community-university engagement across Canada. New social-finance instruments can be used to expand affordable housing, social infrastructure, renewable energy, and Aboriginal economic development. This article suggests that UCE units consider combining professional development programs with research and incubation partnerships in this emerging area. Participants in such activities could include university administrators, fund trustees, investment professionals, union leaders, civic leaders, and community activists.


"University Physics with Modern Physics, " Technology Update, Thirteenth Edition continues to set the benchmark for clarity and rigor combined with effective teaching and research-based innovation. The Thirteenth Edition Technology Update contains QR codes throughout the textbook, enabling you to use your smartphone or tablet to instantly watch interactive videos about relevant demonstrations or problem-solving strategies. "University Physics" is known for its uniquely broad, deep, and thoughtful set of worked examples key tools for developing both physical understanding and problem-solving skills. The Thirteenth Edition revises all the Examples and Problem-solving Strategies to be more concise and direct while maintaining the Twelfth Edition's consistent, structured approach and strong focus on modeling as well as math. To help you tackle challenging as well as routine problems, the Thirteenth Edition adds Bridging Problems to each chapter, which pose a difficult, multiconcept problem and provide a skeleton solution guide in the form of questions and hints. The text's rich problem sets developed and refined over six decades are upgraded to include larger numbers of problems that are biomedically oriented or require calculus. The problem-set revision is driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics(r), making it possible to fine-tune the reliability, effectiveness, and difficulty of individual problems. Complementing the clear and accessible text, the figures use a simple graphic style that focuses on the physics. They also incorporate explanatory annotations a technique demonstrated to enhance learning. "


This paper introduces the special issue of Kinesiology Review addressing the legacy of Catherine D. Ennis. The introduction first provides a brief chronology of her life and discusses her career, focusing on her many professional activities and honors. It then provides a short review of her early scholarship as a basis for understanding how her scholarly career began. This is followed by an overview of this issue, which reviews the various phases of Ennis's career with papers by scholars who have helped produce and use her research and ends with an epilogue of personal reflections by Ennis's colleagues and friends.


Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter One. Setting the Scene. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical Background. 1.2.1 Interaction. 1.2.2 The Display, Data Stream and Interaction Tool Interface. 1.2.3 The Conventional Display. 1.2.4 Raster and Vector Graphics. 1.3 Working within a 2-D Space. 1.4 Concerning Interaction. 1.5 Image and Interaction Spaces. 1.6 Introducing Volumetric and Varifocal Techniques. 1.6.1 The Volumetric Technique. 1.6.2 The Essence of the Volumetric paradigm. 1.6.3 The Varifocal Approach. 1.7 Discussion. 1.8 Investigations. Chapter Two. Aspects of the Visual System. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Some Characteristics of the Eye. 2.3 Depth Cues. 2.3.1 Pictorial Cues. 2.3.2 Oculomotor Cues. 2.3.3 Motion Parallax. 2.3.4 Stereopsis (Binocular Parallax). 2.4 Considerations on Image Refresh. 2.5 Discussion. 2.6 Investigations. Chapter 3. Creative 3-D Display Techniques. 3.1Introduction. 3.2 Display Subsystems. 3.3 Stereoscopic Techniques. 3.3.1 A 'Fog Penetrating' Televisor. 3.4Extending the Stereoscopic Approach. 3.5 The Physical 3-D Image and its Electronic Rendition. 3.6 Multi-view Displays. 3.7 On Painting and Sculpture. 3.7.1 Information Content. 3.7.2 Working within a 3-D Space. 3.7.3 Display Capability. 3.8 Discussion. 3.9 Investigations. Chapter 4. The Swept-Volume Approach. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exemplar Swept-Volume Techniques. 4.3 Swept-Volume Subsystems. 4.3.1 Image Space Creation. 4.3.2 Voxel Generation. 4.3.3 Voxel Activation. 4.4 Parallelism in Voxel Activation. 4.4.1 Restrictions in Voxel Activation. 4.4.2 Designing for Predictability. 4.5 Hardware Based Characterisation. 4.6 The Acceptance of Motion. 4.7 Dead Zones. 4.7.1 The Voxel Placement Dead Zone. 4.7.2 Distortional (Elongation) Dead Zone. 4.7.3 The Visual Dead Zone. 4.7.4 Other Forms of Dead Zone. 4.8 Discussion. 4.9 Investigations. Chapter 5. The Static-Volume Approach. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 An Elementary Static-Volume Implementation. 5.3 Image Space Composition. 5.4 The Classification of Static-Volume Systems. 5.5 Voxel Visibility. 5.6 Beam Intersection and the Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence. 5.6.1 The Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence in Gaseous Media. 5.6.2 The Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence in Non-Gaseous Media. 5.7 The Photochromic Approach. 5.8 Dead Zones. 5.9 Discussion. 5.10 Investigations. Chapter 6. Swept-Volume Systems: Limited Viewing Freedom. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Image Slices and Image Planes. 6.3 John Logie Baird Makes Space for the Third Dimension. 6.3.1 Perhaps the First Swept-Volume Displays. 6.3.2 Baird Advances Volumetric Image Depiction. 6.4 Parallel Image Planes Using Translational Motion. 6.4.1 A Reciprocating CRT. 6.4.2 Image Slices Focused onto a Moving Screen. 6.4.3 Image Slices Reflected by a Mirror: A Sinusoidal Velocity Profile. 6.4.4 The Peritron. 6.4.5 Image Slices Reflected using a Linearly Moving Mirror. 6.4.6 Image Slices Created using an Active Surface of Emission. 6.5 Parallel Image Planes Using Rotational Motion. 6.5.1 Image Planes Formed by Rotors Equipped with an Active Surface of Emission. 6.5.2 Image Planes Formed by the Rotation of a Series of Mirrors. 6.5.3 Image Planes Formed by the Rotation of a Fiber Optic Bundle. 6.5.4 The Archimedes Spiral Approach. 6.6 Discussion. 6.7 Investigations. Chapter 7. Low Parallelism Swept-Volume Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Planar Screen and Fixed Beam Source(s). 7.2.1 The Planar Screen and Stationary Electron Gun(s). 7.2.2 The Video Frequency with Exhaustive Scanning. 7.3 The Planar Screen and Constant Beam Source Geometry. 7.3.1 The Planar Screen and Co-Rotating Electron Guns. 7.3.2 The Planar Screen and Non-Evasive Projection Techniques. 7.4 A Helical Screen and Passive SOE. 7.4.1 A Helix within a CRT. 7.4.2 HL3D Systems. 7.4.3 Projection onto a Helical screen. 7.5 Alternative Configurations. 7.5.1 A Tilted Planar Screen. 7.5.2 An Alternative Screen Shape. 7.5.3 Augmenting the Planar Screen. 7.5.4 A Sliced Fiber Bundle. 7.5.5 Two Degrees of Freedom. 7.6 An Early Volumetric Radar Display. 7.7 Discussion. 7.8 Investigations. Chapter 8. Highly Parallel Swept-Volume Systems. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Planar Screen and Active Surface of Emission. 8.3 The Planar Screen and Passive Surface of Emission. 8.3.1 A Plurality of Scanned Beam sources. 8.3.2 The Perspecta Display. 8.3.3 Images cast onto Rotating Mirrors. 8.4 The Helical Screen and Active Surface of Emission. 8.5 The Helical screen and Passive Surface of Emission. 8.6 The Relative Rotations of a Screen and an Array of Light Sources. 8.7 The Spinning Lens Approach. 8.8 Discussion. 8.9 Investigations. Chapter 9. Static-Volume Systems: Example Implementations. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Use of an Active Matrix of Voxel Generation Elements. 9.2.1 From Bulbs to Gas Discharge. 9.2.2 A Gas Discharge Display. 9.2.3 An Optical Fiber Technique. 9.2.4 A Stack of LCD Panels Illuminated with Polarized Light. 9.3 Voxel Activation Using Directed Beam Sources. 9.3.1 Electron Beams and a Series of Screen Meshes. 9.3.2 An Image Space Comprising Dust Particles. 9.4 The DepthCube? 9.5 The Beam Intersection Approach. 9.5.1 The Stepwise Excitation of Mercury Vapour. 9.5.2 Erbium Doped Calcium Fluoride. 9.5.3 Rare Earth Doped ZBLAN. 9.5.4 The use of Phosphor Particles Dispersed in a 3-D Medium. 9.5.5 Beam Intersection in a Phosphor Cloud. 9.5.6 The Intersection of Particle Beams in a Gas. 9.6 Stacking Image Slices. 9.6.1 The Use of Beam Splitters: Basic Configuration. 9.6.2 The Use of Beam Splitters: With Additional Optical Components. 9.7 Discussion. 9.8 Investigations. Chapter 10. Varifocal Mirror Techniques. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Geometry of the Curved Mirror. 10.3 Spherical Aberration. 10.4 Technical Considerations. 10.4.1 Image Update and Acoustic Noise. 10.4.2 Mirror Motion. 10.5 Varifocal Display System Development. 10.5.1 The Work of Alan Traub. 10.5.2 The Work of Eric Rawson. 10.5.3 The Work of Lawrence Sher. 10.5.4 The Application of the Varifocal Mirror to Medical Imaging. 10.5.5 The Work of King and Berry. 10.5 Discussion. 10.6 Investigations. Chapter 11. The Graphics Pipeline and Interaction Issues. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Graphics Engine: Input and Output. 11.3 The Graphics Engine: Sequential Voxel Activation. 11.4 The Graphics Engine: Parallel Voxel Activation. 11.4.1 A Parallel Architecture. 11.5 Parallel Data Transfer. 11.6 Concerning Interaction. 11.6.1 The 'Free Space' Image. 11.6.2 ?Free? Image Space: Directly Generated and Projection Techniques. 11.7 Discussion. 11.8 Investigations. Chapter 12. General Discussion: Suggestions Du Jour. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The Varifocal Technique. 12.3 Do Electron Beams Have a Future Role in Voxel Activation?. 12.4 Gas Discharge Devices. 12.5 The Stepwise Excitation of Fluorescence. 12.6 Other Approaches. 12.7 Discussion. Appendix: A General Summary of Some Swept-Volume Display Characteristics. References. Index.


I report on an analysis of the alignment between the South African Grade 12 Physical Sciences core curriculum content and the exemplar papers of 2008, and the final examination papers of 2008 and 2009. A two-dimensional table was used for both the curriculum and the examination in order to calculate the Porter alignment index, which indicates the degree of match between the two. Alignment indices of 0.8 and 0.6 for Physics and Chemistry, respectively, were computed and remained constant for Physics, but fluctuated initially for Chemistry before levelling off. Using the revised Bloom's taxonomy, discrepancies were found in terms of cognitive levels as well as content areas in both Physics and Chemistry. The cognitive level Remember is under-represented in the Chemistry and Physics examinations, whereas the cognitive levels Understand and Apply were over-represented in Chemistry. It is argued that the shift to higher cognitive levels is in line with the reported increase in cognitive complexity of the Physical Sciences curriculum. The significance of the study for Physical Science teachers is highlighted, and the potential for further research is also indicated. Keywords: alignment; assessment; Chemistry; cognitive level; curriculum content; Physics; revised Bloom's taxonomy


In this dissertation we pose the problem of evaluating robot performance in a multiple criteria framework. Specifically, we propose a new evaluation methodology for mobile robots navigating in terrain cluttered with obstacles. The technique relies on a combination of multiple statistical criteria. We present a comparative performance analysis of three physical robots to which the evaluation functions were applied. One of the systems constructed for the experiments is a novel quadruped robot; the other two are four wheeled systems. Physics based dynamic simulations of the systems were written, validated, and subjected to the same evaluation functions as the real robots. Nearly 1000 runs of the simulated traverses were performed to obtain a high degree of confidence. Statistics of these runs show that the simulations were good representations of the actual systems. Further, we present sensitivity studies that measure the effects of small parameter changes on the overall system performance. The simulations were also used to study the effects of scale on the mobility metrics. For the navigation task under study we conclude that the robot width and ground clearance are crucial parameters that affect the mobility performance significantly. We also show that the proposed metrics partition the evaluation space in a meaningful way. A diffusion based model was built which predicts robot mobility successfully. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of alternative metrics, alternative techniques to scalarize what is inherently a multidimensional evaluation problem and other directions for future research.


In 1792, the Founders of our Republic and its Constitution faced their own version of what our generation knows as Bush v. Gore. It occurred in the context of that year's election for governor in New York. John Jay was challenging the incumbent, and Jay and his supporters believed that they were wrongly robbed of their rightful victory when the state's canvassing committee – in divided vote that fell along party-line lines – disqualified one county's ballots because of a technical defect in the delivery of these ballots from the county to the Secretary of State.Although the 1792 dispute concerned the rules for ballot delivery, rather than hanging or dimpled chads, the same basic jurisprudential debate in Bush v. Gore existed in 1792. Just as Gore argued for avoiding the disenfranchisement of voters as a consequence of faulty electoral machinery, so too did Jay's side claim that protecting voters from the loss of their fundamental (and constitutional) right to the franchise was justification for excusing a technical breach of the state's ballot delivery law. Conversely, just as Bush's legal team claimed that strict enforcement of Florida's election rules was necessary to preserve the integrity of the electoral process, so too did Jay's opponents make the identical argument.Moreover, this debate about how best to operate democracy in the context of a dispute over the results of an important statewide election consumed the attention of the Founding Generation. Jay's Federalist Papers co-authors, Hamilton and Madison weighed in with their views, as did Jefferson, Monroe, and Burr. Other important, but less well-known, Founders were also involved. For example, Edmund Randolph, the nation's first Attorney General, forcefully expounded the integrity argument. James Kent, a Jay supporter who would later be known as "America's Blackstone" for his Commentaries on American Law, condemned the canvassing committee for being structurally biased against Jay's side in its membership.This largely forgotten historical episode, with its similarities to the disputed presidential election of 2000, is more than just an interesting curiosity. Rather, the difficulties that the Founding Generation had with its own version of Bush v. Gore – especially its lack of an institution for resolving the dispute that was perceived to be structurally fair to both sides – helps to explain why our own generation had such difficulty with resolving the 2000 presidential election. We have inherited the constitutional system that the Founders bequeathed to us. But that system did not include an adequate mechanism for handling a disputed election for chief executive, whether governor or president. This Article explores the reasons for the Founders' inability to equip us, or (as shown by the events of 1792) even themselves, with this necessary element of a well-functioning constitutional democracy. As a nation, we will continue to suffer from this inadequacy until we recognize that the Founders did not give us all that we need and thus we take it upon ourselves to add the missing institutional ingredient to the system they gave us.


We use a unique dataset of ratings for euro area corporate loans from commercial banks' internal rating-based (IRBs) systems and central banks' in-house credit assessment systems (ICASs) to investigate whether banks' IRB ratings underestimate the credit risk of their corporate loan portfolios when the latter are used as collateral in the Eurosystem's monetary policy operations. We are able to identify systematic risk underestimation by comparing the IRB ratings with those produced for the same borrowers by the ICASs. Our results show that while they are on average more conservative than ICASs for the entire population of rated corporate loans, IRBs are significantly less conservative than ICASs for those loans that are actually used as Eurosystem collateral, particularly for large loans. The less conservative estimates of risk by IRBs relative to ICASs can be partly explained by banks' liquidity constraints, but not by their degree of capitalisation. Overall, our findings suggest the existence of a collateral-related channel through which the use of IRB ratings may influence the internal estimation of risk by banks. JEL Classification: G21, G28


Propagule dispersal is fundamental in regulating the strength of demographic and genetic interactions between individuals both within and among populations. I studied spatiotemporal variability in propagule (zoospore) supply of a continuously reproducing seaweed, giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, to examine: (1) the extent to which local zoospore production is coupled to (correlated with) temporal variability in zoospore supply; and (2) spatial variability in the strength of such coupling. Macrocystis pyrifera planktonic zoospores were quantified from seawater samples pumped on numerous dates in 1999 from just above the substratum at various sites in the Point Loma kelp forest, southern California, USA. Zoospore collections were made at a site in the forest interior approximately three times per month from late February through mid-November. Sample collection overlapped with complete demographic surveys of the local population (100 m2) to determine local reproductive output. Temporal variability in zoospore supply was strongly correlated with relative changes in the density and size structure of local reproductive adult sporophytes; 76% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output. This tight coupling between zoospore supply and local reproduction appeared to be driven by low-displacement, oscillating currents in the forest interior due to the cumulative drag of adult sporophytes, which kept zoospores close to their release site. High coupling between zoospore supply and local reproduction was validated at two additional interior sites separated by 1 km; 78% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output at these sites. Due to lower sporophyte densities, however, the forest edges experienced rapid, unidirectional currents that appeared to transport zoospores far from their release site, effectively decoupling zoospore supply from local reproduction; only 38% of variability in zoospore supply was explained by local reproductive output at these sites. The results suggest that the size of and location within kelp populations is an important determinant of the importance of local reproduction to zoospore supply due to the effects of flow modification by kelp canopies on zoospore dispersal.

Corresponding Editor: J. E. Duffy.


This paper attempts to clarify or to reposition some of the controversies generated by Burawoy's defense of public sociology and by his vision of the mutually stimulating relationship between the different forms of sociology. Before arguing if, why, and how, sociology should or could be more 'public', it might be useful to reflect upon what it is we think we, as sociologists, know that 'lay people' do not. This paper thus explores the public sociology debate's epistemological core, namely the issue of the relationship between sociologists' and non-sociologists' knowledge of the social world. Four positions regarding the status of sociologists' knowledge versus lay people's knowledge are explored: superiority (sociologists' knowledge of the social world is more accurate, objective and reflexive than lay people's knowledge, thanks to science's methods and norms), homology (when they are made explicit, lay theories about the social world often parallel social scientists' theories), complementarity (lay people's and social scientists' knowledge complement one another. The former's local, embedded knowledge is essential to the latter's general, disembedded knowledge), and circularity (sociologists' knowledge continuously infuses commonsensical knowledge, and scientific knowledge about the social world is itself rooted in common sense knowledge. Each form of knowledge feeds the other). For each of these positions, implications are drawn regarding the terms, possibilities and conditions of a dialogue between sociologists and their publics, especially if we are to take the circularity thesis seriously. Conclusions point to the accountability we face towards the people we study, and to the idea that sociology is always performative, a point that has, to some extent, been obscured by Burawoy's distinctions between professional, critical, policy and public sociologies.


This article is organized around the idea that a person can be a part of kinesiology without being in kinesiology. Trained as a sociologist and never having a faculty appointment outside of a sociology department, I am an outsider in kinesiology. However, my participation in kinesiology and relationships with scholars in kinesiology departments have fostered my professional growth and my appreciation of interdisciplinary approaches to studying sports, physical activities, and the moving human body. The knowledge produced by scholars in kinesiology subdisciplines has provided a framework for situating and assessing my research, teaching, and professional service as a sociologist. The latter half of this article focuses on changes in higher education and how they are likely to negatively impact the social sciences and humanities subdisciplines in kinesiology. The survival of these subdisciplines will depend, in part, on how leaders in the field respond to the question, Kinesiology for whom?