Public school per pupil costs and demands for better performance have increased over the past several decades. While the overall per pupil expenditures have increased, the percent of the educational dollar directed toward instructional activities has remained at approximately 60%. A grass-roots movement known as the "65% Solution" caught national attention by claiming that schools are not efficiently allocating resources into areas that have the greatest link to student achievement, such as instruction. Proponents of the 65% Solution claim that per pupil expenditures can be increased by shifting funds from areas considered non-instructional to areas that directly impact student instruction, such as teachers and instructional materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between district Panel Recommended and Commended Performance TAKS Reading/ELA and Math results and three measurements of instructional expenditures, Instructional Staff Percent; TEA Instructional Expenditure Ratio; and the NCES Instructional Expenditure Ratio (65% Solution), in Texas public schools. Data was collected from the 2003-2004 AEIS report. Multiple regression was used to conduct the analyses. In most instances, there was little, if any, relationship between TAKS Reading/ELA and TAKS Math, and the Instructional Staff Percent (ISP), TEA Instructional Expenditure Ratio (TIER), and NCES Instructional Expenditure Ratio (NIER). However, a low to moderate relationship was discovered in the comparison of TAKS Reading/ELA, and the ISP and TIER. This result was the same for both the Panel Recommended and Commended Performance. In every instance, the ISP and TIER showed positive, statistically significant, relationships to TAKS results. The NIER, or 65% Solution, had the lowest correlation and was statistically insignificant in three out of four analyses.


One of the most talked about scripts of the year, Adaptation is the story of an orchid collector (Chris Cooper), a journalist (Meryl Streep, as author Susan Orlean), and the screenwriter (Charlie Kaufman, played by Nicolas Cage) who, in adapting Orlean's bestselling book The Orchid Thief, writes himself and his twin brother (also played by Cage) into the movie.In the foreword, written exclusively for this Newmarket edition, Orlean reveals her own struggle to tell the story of the orchid, and her delight that strangely, marvelously, hilariously, Kaufman's screenplay has ended up not being a literal Adaptation of my book, but a spiritual one. In a fascinating interview, Kaufman and Jonze take readers behind the scenes of Adaptation and their other films to speak about how they collaborate, where truth and fiction diverge, the challenges of balancing various storylines, why they do not like to comment on the meaning of their work, and Kaufman's approach to writing: "I try to write in the midst of confusion and be strong enough to stay there, rather than swim to the shore of some kind of conclusion."Finally, screenwriting guru Robert McKee's commentary attempts to analyze Kaufman's work, identifying many of his themes including "that grand twentieth-century preoccupation with the Self."In the acclaimed Newmarket Shooting Script series format, the book includes the complete screenplay, Orlean's foreword, the interview with Kaufman and Jonze, McKee's critical commentary, 24 black-and-white stills, and cast and crew credits."


The impact of black carbon (BC) aerosols on the global radiation balance is not well constrained. Here twelve global aerosol models are used to show that at least 20% of the present uncertainty in modeled BC direct radiative forcing (RF) is due to diversity in the simulated vertical profile of BC mass. Results are from phases 1 and 2 of the global aerosol model intercomparison project (AeroCom). Additionally, a significant fraction of the variability is shown to come from high altitudes, as, globally, more than 40% of the total BC RF is exerted above 5 km. BC emission regions and areas with transported BC are found to have differing characteristics. These insights into the importance of the vertical profile of BC lead us to suggest that observational studies are needed to better characterize the global distribution of BC, including in the upper troposphere.


By the work presented in this thesis, the CH4 emissions of the River Saar were quantified in space and time continuously and all relevant processes leading to the observed pattern were identified. The direct comparison between reservoir zones and free-flowing intermediate reaches revealed, that the reservoir zones are CH4 emission hot spots and emitted over 90% of the total CH4. On average, the reservoir zones emitted over 80 times more CH4 per square meter than the intermediate reaches between dams (0.23 vs. 19.7 mol CH4 m-2 d-1). The high emission rates measured in the reservoir zones fall into the range of emissions observed in tropical reservoirs. The main reason for this is the accumulation of thick organic rich sediments and we showed that the net sedimentation rate is an excellent proxy for estimating ebullitive emissions. Within the hot spot zones, the ebullitive flux enhanced also the diffusive surface emissions as well as the degassing emissions at dams.

To resolve the high temporal variability, we developed an autonomous instrument for continuous measurements of the ebullition rate over long periods (> 4 weeks). With this instrument we could quantify the variability and identify the relevant trigger mechanisms. At the Saar, ship-lock induces surges and ship waves were responsible for over 85% of all large ebullition events. This dataset was also used to determine the error associated with short sampling periods and we found that with sampling periods of 24 hours as used in other studies, the ebullition rates were systematically underestimated by ~50%. Measuring the temporal variability enabled us to build up a conceptual framework for estimating the temporal pattern of ebullition in other aquatic systems. With respect to the contribution of freshwater systems to the global CH4 emissions, hot spot emission sites in impounded rivers have the potential to increase the current global estimate by up to 7%.


Now in its 7th edition, "Mathematical Methods for Physicists" continues to provide all the mathematical methods that aspiring scientists and engineers are likely to encounter as students and beginning researchers. This bestselling text provides mathematical relations and their proofs essential to the study of physics and related fields. While retaining the key features of the 6th edition, the new edition provides a more careful balance of explanation, theory, and examples. Taking a problem-solving-skills approach to incorporating theorems with applications, the book's improved focus will help students succeed throughout their academic careers and well into their professions. Some notable enhancements include more refined and focused content in important topics, improved organization, updated notations, extensive explanations and intuitive exercise sets, a wider range of problem solutions, improvement in the placement, and a wider range of difficulty of exercises. This book is the revised and updated version of the leading text in mathematical physics. It focuses on problem-solving skills and active learning, offering numerous chapter problems. It includes clearly identified definitions, theorems, and proofs promote clarity and understanding. New to this edition: improved modular chapters; new up-to-date examples; and, more intuitive explanations.


This series, established in 1965, is concerned with recent developments in the general area of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. The field is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many old and new problems. Topics covered also include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics, and laser physics. Articles are written by distinguished experts who are active in their research fields. The articles contain both relevant review material as well as detailed descriptions of important recent developments.


Many cognitive processes are challenging to study due to their scarce occurrence. Here we demonstrate how pattern recognition and brain imaging can enhance the study of such processes by providing fast, sensitive, and non-intrusive detection of these events. This can enable efficient experimental and clinical intervention. We focus on the study of traumatic events producing flashbacks associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using an experimental analogue of trauma (a traumatic film). These events are rare and challenging to reliably elicit in experimental settings. We show that a classifier can be built to predict, based upon brain response, which stimuli are likely to induce these rare flashbacks at the point of exposure. An ability to predict these stimuli makes possible the trialing of context-specific preventative clinical interventions. We present results from two independent datasets, outlining key analytic challenges.


We investigated perceptions of identity in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. We asked family members of people with dementia to describe them before and after onset of the disease, comparing across type (Alzheimer's disease versus behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia) and time period. Family members' perceptions of people with dementia changed over time. Compared with Alzheimer's disease, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia was perceived to cause greater disruption to identity and more often associated with negative moral traits. We found a relationship between assessments of moral character and perceived self-continuity. Our data revealed different ways family members navigate stability and change in the identity of their loved ones with dementia.


Pain, although very common, is little understood. Worse still, according to Valerie Gray Hardcastle, both professional and lay definitions of pain are wrongheaded--with consequences for how pain and pain patients are treated, how psychological disorders are understood, and how clinicians define the mind/body relationship.Hardcastle offers a biologically based complex theory of pain processing, inhibition, and sensation and then uses this theory to make several arguments: (1) psychogenic pains do not exist; (2) a general lack of knowledge about fundamental brain function prevents us from distinguishing between mental and physical causes, although the distinction remains useful; (3) most pain talk should be eliminated from both the folk and academic communities; and (4) such a biological approach is useful generally for explaining disorders in pain processing. She shows how her analysis of pain can serve as a model for the analysis of other psychological disorders and suggests that her project be taken as a model for the philosophical analysis of disorders in psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.


Carbon footprint is a key indicator of the contribution of food production to climate change and its importance is increasing worldwide. Although it has been used as a sustainability index for assessing production systems, it does not take into account many other biophysical environmental dimensions more relevant at the local scale, such as soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, and pesticide contamination. We estimated carbon footprint, fossil fuel energy use, soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, and risk of pesticide contamination for five real beef background-finishing systems with increasing levels of intensification in Uruguay, which were combinations of grazing rangelands (RL), seeded pastures (SP), and confined in feedlot (FL). Carbon footprint decreased from 16.7 (RL–RL) to 6.9 kg (SP–FL) CO2 eq kg body weight−1 (BW; 'eq': equivalent). Energy use was zero for RL–RL and increased up to 17.3 MJ kg BW−1 for SP–FL. Soil erosion values varied from 7.7 (RL–RL) to 14.8 kg of soil kg BW−1 (SP–FL). Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient balances showed surpluses for systems with seeded pastures and feedlots while RL–RL was deficient. Pesticide contamination risk was zero for RL–RL, and increased up to 21.2 for SP–FL. For the range of systems studied with increasing use of inputs, trade-offs were observed between global and local environmental problems. These results demonstrate that several indicators are needed to evaluate the sustainability of livestock production systems.


We present a numerical scheme to simulate a moving rigid body with arbitrary shape suspended in a rarefied gas micro flows, in view of applications to complex computations of moving structures in micro or vacuum systems. The rarefied gas is simulated by solving the Boltzmann equation using a DSMC particle method. The motion of the rigid body is governed by the Newton-Euler equations, where the force and the torque on the rigid body is computed from the momentum transfer of the gas molecules colliding with the body. The resulting motion of the rigid body affects in turn again the gas flow in the surroundings. This means that a two-way coupling has been modeled. We validate the scheme by performing various numerical experiments in 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional computational domains. We have presented 1-dimensional actuator problem, 2-dimensional cavity driven flow problem, Brownian diffusion of a spherical particle both with translational and rotational motions, and finally thermophoresis on a spherical particles. We compare the numerical results obtained from the numerical simulations with the existing theories in each test examples.


To analyze scenery obstacles in robotics applications depth information is very valuable. Stereo vision is a powerful way to extract dense range information out of two camera images. In order to unload the CPU the intensive computation can be moved to GPU, taking advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of todays consumer level graphics hardware. This work shows how an efficient implementation on the GPU can be realized utilizing the NVIDIA Cuda framework.


1. The Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended; Title II of Pub. L. 89–272, 89th Cong., S. 306, Oct. 20, 1965; Pub. L. 91–512, 91st Cong., H.R. 11833, Oct. 26, 1970. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 14 p. Reprinted 1972. 2. Seven incinerators; evaluation, discussions, and authors' closure. [Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. 40 p.] (Includes discussions and authors' closure for ''An evaluation of seven incinerators'' by W. C. Achinger and L. E. Daniels.) 3. DeMarco, J., D. J. Keller, J. Leckman, and J. L. Newton. Municipal-scale incinerator design and operation. Public Health Service Publication No. 2012. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. 98 p. 4. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970; Pub. L. 91–596, 91st Cong., S. 2193, Dec. 29, 1970. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. 5. Control techniques for particulate air pollutants. Publication AP–51. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1969. 6. Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for incinerator operations. Public Health Service Publication No. 2032. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 17 p. 7. Achinger, W. C., and J. J. Giar, Testing manual for solid waste incinerators. [Cincinnati], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. [372 p., loose-leaf.] [Open-file report, restricted distribution.] 8. Nader, J. S., W. Carter, and F. Jaye. Performance Specifications for Stationary Source Monitoring Systems. NTIS PB. 230 934/AS (1974).


This Article offers a new model for conceptualizing plaintiffs' class action attorneys, and thus for understanding principal-agent problems in class action litigation. It responds to the work of Professor John C. Coffee, Jr., who, in a series of influential articles, demonstrated that principal-agent problems may be acute in class action litigation because class members lack the information or financial incentive to monitor class counsel; class counsel is thus free to pursue his own interests at the expense of the class members. But what are those interests, and how do they diverge from the class members' interests? Professor Coffee provided one answer to this sub-set of questions, presenting a conventional account of class counsel and the precise parameters of his disloyalty corresponding with three descriptive assertions: that class counsel is either a solo practitioner or in a small firm; that he is predominantly interested in maximizing his law firm profit; and he capably pursues his fee-maximizing goal by investing his time in cases based on confident predictions about expected fees. In this Article, I articulate an updated and competing conception of the dominant class action attorneys and firms: the leading firms today are relatively large and internally complex; law firm structural complexity creates diverse incentives other than maximization of law firm profit; and class counsel invest time in cases for complex reasons other than the effect on expected fees, particularly because fees are notoriously difficult to predict. Modeling class counsel to recognize this complexity has three virtues: it better reflects the actual characteristics of the most significant class action attorneys, and hence is a more accurate descriptive tool; as such, it enables a more precise understanding of the extent and nature of agency or loyalty problems; and thus, finally, it provides a more solid basis for reforms. In particular, this new model sheds insight on the importance of direct versus incentive-based regulation to manage agency costs in class actions. In light of the diverse incentives this new model reveals, direct regulation of outcomes by trial courts using enhanced final approval standards should be a central part of any package of reforms to manage agency costs in class litigation.


CD25 (alpha-chain of IL-2 receptor, or IL2RA), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic domain. IL2RA is expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T cells, and is capable of binding IL2 with low affinity by itself. However, a ligand-induced high affinity heterotrimeric receptor complex is produced when IL2RA is associated non-covelently with the IL2 receptor beta and gamma chain, and subsequently initiates the intacellular signal pathways such as MAPK or JAK/STAT. On dendritic cells (DC), CD25 has been previously regarded as an activation marker, while both murine and human DC can express CD25, they do not express the beta-chain of the IL2 receptor, which is indispensable for the execution of IL-2 signaling. The IL2RA (CD25) gene is a substantial component of the high-affinity receptor molecule highly expressed by activated T lymphocytes. Recently, a strong evidence was obtained for the involvement of IL-2RA in conferring susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cancer growth and development is associated with the stimulation of the innate immune system, including enhanced interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in immune cells and its shedding into the circulation in a soluble form of sIL-2Ralpha. In most haematological malignancies, including different types of leukaemias and lymphomas, sIL-2Ralpha has been found to be released directly from the surface of neoplastic cells thus reflecting the tumour bulk, turnover and activity. Several studies have proved that not only lymphoid cancer cells, but also some non-lymphoid cancer cells, express IL-2R on their surface. They include malignant melanoma and carcinomas of the kidney, head and neck, oesophagus and lung. Thus, sIL-2Ralpha is elevated in most proliferative disturbances of the hematopoietic system and in many solid tumors.


In two dimensions, a polyform is a finite set of edge-connected cells on a square, triangular, or hexagonal grid. A layer is the set of grid cells that are vertex-adjacent to the polyform and not part of the polyform. A bumped-body polyform has two parts: a body and a bump. Adding a layer to a bumped-body polyform with minimum perimeter constructs a bumped-body polyform with min perimeter; the triangle case requires additional assumptions. A similar result holds for 3D polyominos with minimum area.


A review of:

Wakimoto, Jina Choi, David S. Walker, and Katherine S. Dabbour. "The Myths and Realities of SFX in Academic Libraries." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32.2 (Mar. 2006): 127-36.

Objective – To determine how successful the link resolver, SFX, is in meeting the expectations of library users and librarians.

Design – Analysis of an online user survey, library staff focus groups, retrospective analysis of system statistics, and test searches.

Setting – Two California State University campus libraries in the United States: Northbridge, with over 31,000 students on campus, and San Marcos, with over 7,300 students on campus.

Subjects – A total of 453 online survey responses were submitted from library users, 421 from Northbridge and 32 from San Marcos. Twenty librarians took part in the focus groups conducted with library staff consisting of 14 of the 23 librarians from Northbridge (2 from technical services and 12 from public services), and 6 of the 10 San Marcos librarians (3 from technical services and 3 from public services). No further information was provided on the characteristics of the subjects.

Methods – An online survey was offered to users of the two campus libraries for a two-week period in May 2004. The survey consisted of 8 questions, 7 fixed response and 1 free text. Survey distribution was enabled via a different mechanism at each campus. The Northbridge library offered the survey to users via a pop-up window each time the SFX service was clicked on, while the San Marcos library presented the survey as a link from the library's home page. Survey responses from both campuses were combined and analysed together. Focus groups were conducted with librarians from each campus library on April 20th, 21st, and 29th, 2004. Librarians attended focus groups only with others from their own campus. Statistics were gathered from each campus' local SFX system for the 3-month period from September 14, 2004, to December 14, 2004. Statistics from each campus were combined for analysis. The authors also conducted 224 test searches over the 3-month period from July to September, 2004.

Main results – Analysis of the surveys revealed that 80% of users expected to see a full-text article online when they clicked on the SFX button; 20% expected to rarely or never see one. Responses also gave an almost equal split when users were asked if the SFX service met their expectations with 49.5% saying it did and 50.5% saying it did not. The free text survey question asking for comments on the user's overall opinion of SFX received 174 responses, 26% of which were positive, 40% negative, and 34% mixed. The primary theme expressed in 49% of all comments received was disappointment in not gaining full-text access. Thirty-three percent of other comments were classed as having a general theme, while the remaining 19% of comments regarding the SFX service were categorised with themes of complexity, technical problems, efficiency, or confusion.

Results from the librarian focus groups differed between the two campuses. Northbridge librarians had 50% to 85% confidence in the accuracy of SFX and were generally impressed with the service. San Marcos librarians had 60% to 100% confidence that SFX would work, however it was also discovered that several participants had suspicions regarding the accuracy of the system.
The SFX usage statistics obtained covered 188,944 individual uses of SFX at both campuses. Statistics showed that 48% of these uses resulted in the user clicking on an option provided, either linking to full-text, catalogue look-up, or inter-library loan form access. Of total occurrences, 39.7% had a link to full-text displayed; this link was accessed 65.2% of the time. Forty-seven percent of SFX uses provided a catalogue link (23.8% of which were accessed) and 37.9% of uses provided an inter-library loan link (8.4% of which were accessed).

The test searches revealed anomalies to take into account when analysing the SFX usage statistics, including that about 15% of SFX requests display multiple full-text links. Of the test searches conducted, 22.2% of full-text availability results ended in either technical or accuracy errors and 8.8% of catalogue look-ups produced errors. In those cases where errors did not result there were also significant percentages of instances where the library did not have access to the desired resource: 35.3% of searches correctly indicated that no full text was available, and 57.6% correctly linked to the catalogue to show that the periodical was not held locally. While these are correctly generated system results they are still likely to be seen as unfavourable outcomes by users.

Conclusion – The results of the study indicated that both library users' and librarians' expectations of SFX were slightly higher than their actual experiences. Librarians' primary concerns related to the need for more accurate results while library users wanted more full text. It was noted that many complaints associated with SFX were likely to actually be problems with systems that SFX links into rather than the software itself. Although imperfect, SFX, and link resolvers in general, are noted to be a vast improvement on the many separate searches required in the past to locate full text and undoubtedly user expectations and demand for 100% seamless accessibility will grow.


The prophet Jeremiah declared the word of the Lord at a critical time in the history of ancient Israel. In the first volume of a two-part commentary on Jeremiah, John Bracke provides a powerful interpretation of the prophet's message to a nation that refused to listen to the call to repent and to renew covenant living in obedience to God's commandments. Readers encounter God's anguish and pain over both the failure of the people and the suffering that they and Jeremiah were forced to endure. Books in the Westminster Bible Companion series assist laity in their study of the Bible as a guide to Christian faith and practice. Each volume explains the biblical book in its original historical context and explores its significance for faithful living today. These books are ideal for individual study and for Bible study classes and groups.


As good a rifle company as any in the world, Easy Company, 506th Airborne Division, U.S. Army, kept getting the tough assignments -- responsible for everything from parachuting into France early D-Day morning to the capture of Hitler's Eagle's Nest at Berchtesgaden. In "Band of Brothers," Ambrose tells of the men in this brave unit who fought, went hungry, froze, and died, a company that took 150 percent casualties and considered the Purple Heart a badge of office. Drawing on hours of interviews with survivors as well as the soldiers' journals and letters, Stephen Ambrose recounts the stories, often in the men's own words, of these American heroes.


Land and transformation: historical context and outline of the process of land reform, 1994-2010
Land reform is a topical issue in South Africa. The ANC government has set a target of 30 per cent black land ownership by 2014. In the light of the manner in which land reform in Zimbabwe has been handled and the expropriation bill that was tabled in Parliament and then withdrawn, there is unease about the future of land reform among commercial farmers and agricultural unions. The first section of this article investigates the historical process of the allocation of land in South Africa, which resulted in gross inequalities on the basis of race. The consequences of the 1913 and 1936 land acts are discussed. Approximately 13 per cent of the land surface of South Africa was reserved for blacks, who constituted 70 per cent of the total population in 1936. Despite the findings of commissions of enquiry that more land was needed for the proper socio-economic development of rural blacks, the homelands policy in the apartheid period (1948-1994) was still based on the 1936 act (the Native Trust and Land Act). The approximately 17 million hectares of land allocated to the ten homelands, on which the different black ethnic groups were meant to develop into fully-fledged nations in independent states, were consolidated into 24 blocks of land. Despite sharp criticism the Vorster government in the 1970s refused to increase the size of the homelands. During the Botha government in the 1980s only minor additions were made to the land area of the homelands. The unwillingness of the apartheid governments to reopen the land issue and redistribute land on a more equitable basis destroyed the potential of the homelands to become economically viable and politically independent territories. This jeopardised the credibility of the idea of separate but equal development. In the second section of the article the urgent need for proper land reform by 1994 is expounded. Without land reform a more equitable distribution of income, social status and political power in South Africa would not be achievable. Therefore land reform was an integral component of the negotiations for a new political dispensation in the early 1990s. A firm commitment to a process of land reform, based on the restitution of land rights that had been alienated since the 1913 land act, was included in the Interim Constitution. An outline of the process of land reform from 1994 to 2010 is given in section three. Different options were available, but the new government decided to steer a middle course. The formulation of the land issue in the 1996 Constitution amounted to an ideal of a balance between existing property rights and the guarantee of land reform. The 1994 Restitution of Land Rights Act provided for the restitution of land rights and the establishment of a Commission on Restitution of Land Rights and a Land Claims Court. A land reform programme, consisting of restitution, redistribution of land, and the reform of the land tenure system, was launched. More than 79,000 land claims were submitted, of which about 75,000, involving more than a million people, had been resolved by the end of 2010. Land reform is a continuing process of which the final outcomes are unpredictable. The final section deals with the prospects of a generally acceptable solution to the land issue. A major challenge is to transform the occupation, ownership and use of land without destroying the environment and agricultural productivity. Land reform today, just like territorial segregation and homeland consolidation in the past, is still driven by an ideology based on race. As long as the race card is deemed necessary to get political support the race factor will impede land reform. Despite all stumbling blocks stakeholders should not lose sight of the ideal of a system of land rights which is equitable, non-racial and productive.


Time warping allows users to modify timing without affecting poses. It has many applications in animation systems for motion editing, such as refining motions to meet new timing constraints or modifying the acting of animated characters. However, time warping typically requires many manual adjustments to achieve the desired results. We present a technique which simplifies this process by allowing time warps to be guided by a provided reference motion. Given few timing constraints, it computes a warp that both satisfies these constraints and maximizes local timing similarities to the reference. The algorithm is fast enough to incorporate into standard animation workflows. We apply the technique to two common tasks: preserving the natural timing of motions under new time constraints and modifying the timing of motions for stylistic effects.


A piezoelectric transformer allows purely mechanical transfer and scaling of electrical energy via simultaneous utilization of both the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. This mechanical energy transfer enables a wide range of functional differences from typical magnetic-based electrical power transformers. Comparing to their electromagnetic counterparts, piezoelectric transformers are highly efficient and can have significantly high power density within reduced operating volumes. However, they need to be operated at resonance, which results in a complex non-linear system that requires significant design and analysis for effective system integration. In order to aid in the development of such high efficiency, high power throughput piezoelectric transformers we have developed a realistic COMSOL Multiphysics model and a range of experimental test setups for empirical verification. The model is capable of coupling both mechanical and electrical loads to the piezoelectric transformer, thus enabling examination of the thermal effects from the associated losses in the device. In this work, we are interested in the analysis of the piezoelectric devices at high power density and high frequencies, which will increase thermal loads generated by the device. Additionally, the model is capable of studying various environmental parameters such as dynamic electrical loading, mechanical and thermal effects from system packaging, and variations of input conditions.


Transform your home into a permanently clear and clutter-free space with the incredible KonMari Method. Japan's expert declutterer and professional cleaner Marie Kondo will help you tidy your rooms once and for all with her inspirational step-by-step method. The key to successful tidying is to tackle your home in the correct order, to keep only the things you really love and to do it all at once - and quickly. After that for the rest of your life you only need to choose what to keep and what to discard. The KonMari Method will not just transform your space. Once you have your house in order you will find that your whole life will change. You can feel more confident, you can become more successful, and you can have the energy and motivation to create the life you want. You will also have the courage to move on from the negative aspects of your life: you can recognise and finish a bad relationship; you can stop feeling anxious; you can finally lose weight. Marie Kondo's method is based on a 'once-cleaned, never-messy-again' approach. If you think that such a thing is impossible then you should definitely read this compelling book.


In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India . . . [and] the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed by defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of the political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.


We show that for any two linear homogeneous equations ${\cal E}_0,{\cal E}_1$, each with at least three variables and coefficients not all the same sign, any 2-coloring of ${\Bbb Z}^+$ admits monochromatic solutions of color 0 to ${\cal E}_0$ or monochromatic solutions of color 1 to ${\cal E}_1$. We define the 2-color off-diagonal Rado number $RR({\cal E}_0,{\cal E}_1)$ to be the smallest $N$ such that $[1,N]$ must admit such solutions. We determine a lower bound for $RR({\cal E}_0,{\cal E}_1)$ in certain cases when each ${\cal E}_i$ is of the form $a_1x_1+\dots+a_nx_n=z$ as well as find the exact value of $RR({\cal E}_0,{\cal E}_1)$ when each is of the form $x_1+a_2x_2+\dots+a_nx_n=z$. We then present a Maple package that determines upper bounds for off-diagonal Rado numbers of a few particular types, and use it to quickly prove two previous results for diagonal Rado numbers.


A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were-and still are. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. And fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach. With "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don't arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of "normal science," as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age. This new edition of Kuhn's essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introductory essay by Ian Hacking that clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn's ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking's essay provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.


This document is a compilation of the activities and initiatives concerning control system security that are influencing the standards process in the development of secure communication protocols and systems. Also contained in this report is a comparison of several of the sector standards, guidelines, and technical reports, demonstrating standards coverage by security topic. This work focuses on control systems standards applicable to the energy (oil, gas, and electric, but not nuclear) sector.


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition affecting many thousands of children. It is a condition that can have adverse health, social and educational outcomes. It also exacts significant societal costs, economically and socially. This paper hypothesises that the population of children receiving a clinical diagnosis of ADHD is aetiologically heterogeneous: that within this population, there is a group for whom the development of ADHD is largely genetically driven, and another who have a 'phenocopy' of ADHD as a result of very adverse early childhood experiences, with the prevalence of this phenocopy being heavily skewed towards populations living with poverty and violence. A third group will have a high genetic risk and have been exposed to violence. These groups will overlap, with epigenetic phenomena and other environmental factors, for example, preterm birth, poor intrauterine growth, foetal exposure to teratogens, playing an important role for all affected children in determining the severity of their functional difficulties.

### Phenocopies

Phenocopies occur when people exhibit a phenotype that appears identical to that found in other individuals who have a linked genotype, but do not possess this genotype themselves. Environmental factors may cause this, as occurs in Rutter's autism phenocopy described in Romanian orphans adopted by western families in the early 1990s.1 These children had experienced extreme, profound neglect; after adoption, they began to present to services with abnormal or delayed development. Many presented a clinical and behavioural picture indistinguishable from autism in preschool children. However, follow-up revealed a different natural history to that of childhood autism, with these children no longer fulfilling criteria for autism, with mild cognitive impairment, low empathy and conduct problems prevailing in adolescence.2 Animal models suggest a possible epigenetic mechanism for this, with environments of profound neglect associated with alterations in gene expression as a result of …


This study aims to further mechanistically understand toxic modes of action after chronic inorganic arsenic exposure. Therefore long-term incubation studies in cultured cells were carried out, to display chronically attained changes, which cannot be observed in the generally applied in vitro short-term incubation studies. Particularly, the cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic effects of an up to 21 days incubation of human urothelial (UROtsa) cells with pico- to nanomolar concentrations of iAsIII and its metabolite thio-DMAV were compared. After 21 days of incubation, cytotoxic effects were strongly enhanced in the case of iAsIII and might partly be due to glutathione depletion and genotoxic effects on the chromosomal level. These results are in strong contrast to cells exposed to thio-DMAV. Thus, cells seemed to be able to adapt to this arsenical, as indicated among others by an increase in the cellular glutathione level. Most interestingly, picomolar concentrations of both iAsIII and thio-DMAV caused global DNA hypomethylation in UROtsa cells, which was quantified in parallel by 5-medC immunostaining and a newly established, reliable, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based test system. This is the first time that epigenetic effects are reported for thio-DMAV; iAsIII induced epigenetic effects occur in at least 8000 fold lower concentrations as reported in vitro before. The fact that both arsenicals cause DNA hypomethylation at really low, exposure-relevant concentrations in human urothelial cells suggests that this epigenetic effect might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced carcinogenicity, which for sure has to be further investigated in future studies.


How did a community that was largely invisible in the first two centuries of its existence go on to remake the civilizations it inhabited, culturally, politically, and intellectually? Beginning with the life of Jesus, Robert Louis Wilken narrates the dramatic spread and development of Christianity over the first thousand years of its history. Moving through the formation of early institutions, practices, and beliefs to the transformations of the Roman world after the conversion of Constantine, he sheds new light on the subsequent stories of Christianity in the Latin West, the Byzantine and Slavic East, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Through a selected narration of particularly noteworthy persons and events, Wilken demonstrates how the coming of Christianity set in motion one of the most profound revolutions the world has known. This is not a story limited to the West; rather, Christian communities in Ethiopia, Nubia, Armenia, Georgia, Persia, Central Asia, India, and China shaped the course of Christian history. The rise and spread of Islam had a lasting impact on the future of Christianity, and several chapters are devoted to the early experiences of Christians under Muslim rule. Wilken reminds us that the career of Christianity is characterized by decline and attrition as well as by growth and expansion. Ten years in the making and the result of a lifetime of study, this is Robert Louis Wilken's summa, a moving, reflective, and commanding account from a scholar at the height of his powers.


Calibration of robots has become a research field of great importance over the last decades especially in the field industrial robotics. The main reason for this is that the field of application was significantly broadened due to an increasing number of fully automated or robot assisted tasks to be performed. Those applications require significantly higher level of accuracy due to more delicate tasks that need to be fulfilled (e.g. assembly in the semiconductor industry or robot assisted medical surgery). In the past, (industrial) robot calibration had to be performed manually for every single robot under lab conditions in a long and cost intensive process. Expensive and complex measurement systems had to be operated by highly trained personnel. The result of this process is a set of measurements representing the robot pose in the task space (i.e. world coordinate system) and as joint encoder values. To determine the deviation, the robot pose indicated by the internal joint encoder values has to be compared to the physical pose (i.e. external measurement data). Hence, the errors in the kinematic model of the robot can be computed and therefore later on compensated. These errors are inevitable and caused by varying manufacturing tolerances and other sources of error (e.g. friction and deflection). They have to be compensated in order to achieve sufficient accuracy for the given tasks. Furthermore for performance, maintenance, or quality assurance reasons the robots may have to undergo the calibration process in constant time intervals to monitor and compensate e.g. ageing effects such as wear and tear. In modern production processes old fashioned procedures like the one mentioned above are no longer suitable. Therefore a new method has to be found that is less time consuming, more cost effective, and involves less (or in the long term even no) human interaction in the calibration process.


10101101: Is this sequence of digits voice or data? To a computer, voice is a sequence of digits and data is a sequence of digits. The law has defined 10101101 to be data, and 10101001 to be voice communications. Courts have constructed a distinction between data, 10101101, and voice, 10101001. However, that distinction is blurred when voice and data are simultaneously transmitted through the same medium. The courts forbid third parties to tap or monitor voice communications, yet permit data packets to be tracked, stored, and sold by third parties with the implied consent of either party engaged in the transaction. Prior to the convergence of voice and data into a single transmission medium, courts were able to enforce the distinction between voice and data communications by constructing the clickstream data exemption to the Wiretap Act. With the onset of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and comparable technologies, the privacy rights assigned to 10101101 (data) or 10101001 (voice) have been blended such that it is unclear whether voice communications using VoIP are protected. This Article examines VoIP communications in the modern digital arena. More specifically, the Article suggests a new legal framework for courts to analyze VoIP claims brought under the Wiretap Act. Part I of this Article provides a comprehensive overview of VoIP privacy rights and legal treatment. Part II sets out a background primer for readers unfamiliar with Internet technology, including VoIP and clickstream data. Part III discusses relevant privacy case law, and Part IV describes how that case law has been applied to electronic communications. Part V provides a statutory analysis of the different privacy levels that are, and should be, afforded to different types of electronic communications. Part VI identifies the specific problem facing the legislature and courts regarding the treatment of VoIP. To solve this problem, Part VII proposes a modified framework advocating legislative action to re-write the Wiretap Act by creating an explicit clickstream data exception with a corresponding decrease in the mens rea element from intent to recklessness for persons using clickstream data. By adopting this approach, the legislature would enable companies to legitimately tap clickstream data with or without an end-user's consent, though companies doing so would be required to design systems that monitor only clickstream data and do not tap protected oral telephone and electronic communications. In this way, Congress can protect VoIP privacy expectations while maintaining the vitality of the Internet economy.


No force has put more pressure on the legal system than is likely to be exerted as climate change begins to disrupt the settled expectations of humans. Demands on the legal system will be intense and long-term, but is the law up to the task? If it is, it will at least in part be because the legal system proves to be resilient and adaptive. The question this Article explores, therefore, is how to think about designing legal instruments and institutions now with confidence they will be resilient and adaptive to looming problems as massive, variable, and long-term in scale as climate change. Drawing from the body of resilience theory forged in natural and social sciences, this Article is the first to synthesize resilience theory in a framework relevant to lawyers and explore the general design principles it suggests for legal systems. Part I examines resilience - what it is and how to design for it in legal systems. It examines the normative dimensions of resilience and makes important distinctions between resilience of legal systems, resilience of laws they produce, and resilience of the other social and natural systems law addresses. Part II provides the theoretical context and design principles for adaptive capacity, focusing on adaptive management theory as an example for legal design. Part III suggests applications of these general principles to the challenge of designing law for responding to climate change, arguing that climate change adaptation law should draw from theories of adaptive management, dynamic federalism, new governance, and trans-governmental networks.


This article explores the long-standing suspicion of the individual shareholder and the corresponding ambivalence about shareholder democracy as it is seen in conversations about the shareholder's role in the modern public corporation throughout the twentieth century. The article examines two competing conceptions of the shareholder's role in the corporation: one focuses on the role of shareholders as investors, the other emphasizes the role of shareholders as potential participants in corporate management. I argue that scholars and reformers who have conceived of shareholders as investors limited the locus of shareholder democracy to the market. The writings of Louis Brandeis, Henry Manne, and Chancellor Allen offer examples of this vision. At the same time, scholars and reformers who argued that shareholders should have a more active role in corporate management (including William Ripley, Adolf Berle, William Douglas, and the early New Dealers) were reluctant to give shareholders meaningful access to the corporate decision-making processes. They feared not only that shareholders were too passive to participate in corporate management, but also that they could not be trusted to make the correct decisions. For the most part, these scholars ended up using the rhetoric of shareholder democracy (and the shareholders) as a proxy to achieving other goals. In the course of the twentieth century, these scholars' goals shifted from taming the power of the control group to constraining management to legitimating managerial power. More important, because they refused truly to empower shareholders, these scholars' attempts presumably to promote shareholder democracy ultimately emptied the idea of shareholder democracy of content. Gradually, the rhetoric of democracy became an apology for the status quo.


Preface. Contributors. 1. Antibody Engineering: Optimizing the Delivery Vehicle (Diane E. Milenic). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Intact Murine Monoclonal Antibodies. 1.3 Recombinant Immunoglobulin Molecules. 1.4 Nanobodies. 1.5 Domain-Deleted Monoclonal Antibodies. 1.6 Hypervariable Domain Region Peptides. 1.7 Fv Fragments. 1.8 Minibodies. 1.9 Selective High Affinity Ligands. 1.10 Affibodies. 1.11 Other Strategies. 1.12 Concluding Remarks. References. 2. The Radiochemistry of Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptides (Raymond M. Reilly). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Tumor and Normal Tissue Uptake of Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptides. 2.3 Selection of a Radionuclide for Tumor Imaging. 2.4 Selection of a Radionuclide for Targeted Radiotherapy. 2.5 Labeling Antibodies and Peptides with Radiohalogens. 2.6 Labeling Antibodies and Peptides with Radiometals. 2.7 Characterization of Radiolabeled mAbs and Peptides. 2.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 3. The Design of Radiolabeled Peptides for Targeting Malignancies (Leonard G. Luyt). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Peptide Targets. 3.3 Peptides as Cancer Targeting Agents. 3.4 Multimodality Agents. 3.5 Future Outlook. References. 4. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients with Somatostatin Receptor-Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors (Martijn van Essen, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Wouter W. de Herder, Lisa Bodei, Boen L. R. Kam, Marion de Jong, Roelf Valkema, and Eric P. Krenning). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Radiotherapy with 111In-Octreotide. 4.3 Radiotherapy with 90Y-DOTATOC. 4.4 Targeted Radiotherapy Studies with 177Lu-Octreotate. 4.5 PRRT with Other Somatostatin Analogues. 4.6 Comparison of Different PRRT Studies. 4.7 Comparison with Chemotherapy. 4.8 Options for Improving PRRT and Future Directions. 4.9 Conclusions. References. 5. Targeted Radiotherapy of Central Nervous System Malignancies (Michael R. Zalutsky, David A. Reardon, and Darell D. Bigner). 5.1 Malignant Brain Tumors. 5.2 Rationale for Locoregional Therapy. 5.3 Targeted Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors. 5.4 Rationale for Tenascin-C as a Target for Radionuclide Therapy. 5.5 Perspective for the Future. Acknowledgments. References. 6. Radioimmunotherapy for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Thomas E. Witzig). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Radioimmunotherapy. 6.3 Antibodies Against CD22. 6.4 RIT Versus Immunotherapy. 6.5 RIT in Rituximab Refractory Patients. 6.6 RIT for Previously Untreated Patients. 6.7 RIT for Relapsed Large-Cell Lymphoma. 6.8 RIT for Transformed Lymphoma. 6.9 RIT for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. 6.10 Long-Term Results of RIT. 6.11 Risk of Myelodysplasia with RIT. 6.12 Feasibility of Treatment After RIT Failure. 6.13 Combinations of RIT and Chemotherapy. 6.14 High-Dose RIT with Stem Cell Support. 6.15 RIT for Central Nervous System Lymphoma. 6.16 Retreatment with RIT. 6.17 RIT in Children with Relapsed NHL. 6.18 RIT in Patients with Lung Involvement. 6.19 RIT in Patients with Skin Lymphoma. 6.20 RIT in Patients with >25% Marrow Involvement. 6.21 RIT in Older Patients. 6.22 RIT in Hodgkin s Disease. 6.23 Viral Infections After RIT. 6.24 Radiation Therapy After RIT. 6.25 Summary. 6.26 Future Directions. References. 7. Radioimmunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Todd L. Rosenblat and Joseph G. Jurcic). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antigenic Targets. 7.3 Radionuclide Selection. 7.4 Radiolabeling. 7.5 Pharmacokinetics and Dosimetry. 7.6 RIT with b-Particle Emitters. 7.7 RIT with a-Particle Emitters. 7.8 Summary. References. 8. Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer (Robert M. Sharkey and David G. Goldenberg). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Challenge of Improving Tumor/Nontumor Ratios. 8.3 Pretargeting: Uncoupling the Antibody Radionuclide Conjugate. 8.4 Clinical Studies of Pretargeting. 8.5 Prospects for Combination Therapies. 8.6 Future Innovations. 8.7 Conclusions. References. 9. Targeted Auger Electron Radiotherapy of Malignancies (Raymond M. Reilly and Amin Kassis). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Radiobiological Effects of Auger Electrons. 9.3 Selection of an Auger Electron-Emitting Radionuclide. 9.4 Microdosimetry. 9.5 Molecular Targets for Auger Electron Radiotherapy of Cancer. 9.6 Small-Molecule Auger Electron Radiotherapy. 9.7 Summary and Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 10. Viral Introduction of Receptors for Targeted Radiotherapy (Kathryn Ottolino-Perry and Judith Andrea McCart). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Viral Vectors. 10.3 Virally Delivered Receptors. 10.4 Combined Oncolytic and Targeted Radiotherapy. 10.5 Summary. References. 11. Preclinical Cell and Tumor Models for Evaluating Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology (Ann F. Chambers, Eva A. Turley, John Lewis, and Leonard G. Luyt). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Traditional Approaches to Preclinical Evaluation of Radiotherapeutics. 11.3 Models of Cancer. 11.4 Animal Models for Evaluating Radiopharmaceuticals: Unresolved Issues and Challenges for Translation. References. 12. Radiation Biology of Targeted Radiotherapy (David Murray and Michael Weinfeld). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Concepts. 12.3 Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. 12.4 Cellular DNA Damage Surveillance Response Networks. 12.5 Mammalian DNA-Repair Pathways. 12.6 Modes of Cell Death Following Radiation Exposure. 12.7 Conventional Models for Cell Survival Curves, Fractionation, and Dose-Rate Effects. 12.8 Low-Dose Hyperradiosensitivity-Increased Radioresistance. 12.9 Inverse Dose-Rate Effects. 12.10 Cross fire. 12.11 The Radiobiological Bystander Effect. 12.12 The Adaptive Response. 12.13 A Possible Contribution from Low-Dose Radiobiological Mechanisms to TRT Tumor. Responses?. 12.14 Use of Radionuclides Other Than b-Particle Emitters. 12.15 Role of Tumor Hypoxia and Fractionation Effects. 12.16 Summary and Future Directions. Acknowledgments. References. 13. Dosimetry for Targeted Radiotherapy (Sui Shen and John B. Fiveash). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Basic Concepts of MIRD Dosimetry. 13.3 Preclinical Dosimetry. 13.4 Clinical Dosimetry Methods. 13.5 Dosimetry for Dose-Limiting Organs and Tumors. 13.6 Conclusions. References. 14. The Bystander Effect in Targeted Radiotherapy (Carmel Mothersill and Colin Seymour). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Review of Bystander Effects in the Context of Radiation Damage to Cells. 14.3 New Knowledge and the Pillars of the Developing New Paradigm. 14.4 Concept of Hierarchical Levels of Assessment of Targeted Radiation Effects. 14.5 The New Meaning of the LNT Model. 14.6 Techniques for Studying Bystander Effects. 14.7 Bystander Phenomena in Targeted and Conventional Radiotherapy. 14.8. Mechanisms Underlying Bystander Effects and Detection Techniques. 14.9. The Future. References. 15. The Role of Molecular Imaging in Evaluating Tumor Response to Targeted Radiotherapy (Norbert Avril). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Positron Emission Tomography. 15.3 Response to Cancer Treatment Including Targeted Radiotherapy. References. 16. The Economic Attractiveness of Targeted Radiotherapy: Value for Money? (Jeffrey S. Hoch). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Applying Economics in Theory. 16.3 Applying Economics in Practice. 16.4 The Economic Attractiveness of Targeted Radiotherapy: the Case of 90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin). 16.5 Conclusions. References. 17. Selected Regulatory Elements in the Development of Protein and Peptide Targeted Radiotherapeutic Agents (Thomas R. Sykes and Connie J. Sykes). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Administrative and Organizational Elements. 17.3 Pharmaceutical Quality Elements. 17.4 Nonclinical Study Elements. 17.5 Clinical Study Elements. 17.6 Summary. Dedication. References. Index.


This paper aims to delve into the history of broadcasting in Malaysia since the 1980s. We will go down memorylane and see the inception of the first private television station in the country - Sistem Television MalaysiaBerhad (STMB) or better known as TV3 which received its licensed in 1983. This paper also looks at thequestion of ownership as there are strong political and economic ties between the government and the media.While privatization is a goal in the business sector, a free press without government restrictions is not. Thegovernment controls the presses and the publishing enterprises throughout Malaysia. Privatization of thistelevision station was one of the initial efforts to transfer media ownership from the government to the privatesector. That was in the initial stages of development. Now TV3 sits under Media Prima Berhad, a company listedon the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia and is Malaysia's leading integrated media investment group. It currentlyowns 100 per cent equity interest in TV3, 8TV, NTV7 and TV9. In addition, Media Prima now owns more than96.85 per cent equity interest in The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) (NSTP) Berhad, one of Malaysia'slargest publisher which publishes three national newspapers; the New Straits Times, BeritaHarian and HarianMetro. It also owns three radio networks, Fly FM, Hot FM and One FM. This paper also looks at Malaysia's firstcable network popularly known as ASTRO. ASTRO is the brand name of the Malaysian direct broadcast satellitepay television service. It transmits digital satellite television and radio to households in Malaysia and Brunei.Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator. Astro is owned and operated byMEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks. The other entityunder study is Radio Televisyen Malaysia or better known as RTM, a government owned television network.


Using an ethnographic action research approach, the study explores the challenges, practices, and emergent framings of mobile-only Internet use in a resource-constrained setting. We trained eight women in a nongovernmental organization's collective in South Africa, none of whom had used a personal computer, how to access the Internet on mobile handsets they already owned. Six months after training, most continued to use the mobile Internet for a combination of utility, entertainment, and connection, but they had encountered barriers, including affordability and difficulty of use. Participants' assessments mingled aspirational and actual utility of the channel with and against a background of socioeconomic constraints. Discussion links the digital literacy perspective to the broader theoretical frameworks of domestication, adaptive structuration, and appropriation.


Four halons (H-1301, H-1211, H-2402 and H-1202) have been measured in air samples collected from polar firn from Dome Concordia (Dome C), Antarctica, from Devon Island, Canada and the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) site, Greenland. H-2402 and H-1202 are reported for the first time in firn air. The depth profiles show the concentrations of all four halons to be close to zero (i.e. below the detection limit of 0.001 ppt) at the base of the firn thus demonstrating their entirely anthropogenic origin. This is the first evidence of this for H-2402 and H-1202. A 2-D atmospheric model was run with emissions previously derived using archive air measurements from the southern hemisphere mid-latitudes to produce historical trends in atmospheric concentrations at the firn sites, which were then input into a firn diffusion model to produce concentration depth profiles for comparison with the firn measurements. This comparison provides an evaluation of the model-derived atmospheric concentration histories in both hemispheres and thus an indirect evaluation of the emission rates and distributions used in the atmospheric model. Atmospheric concentration trends produced using global emissions previously determined from measurements at Cape Grim are found to be consistent with the firn data from the southern hemisphere. Further emissions of H-1202 in recent years (late 1980s onwards) are likely to have come from latitudes mostly south of 40° N, but emissions prior to that may have come from further north. Emissions of H-1211 may also have shifted to latitudes south of 40° N during the late 1980s. Following comparison of the atmospheric model output with the firn data, modelled atmospheric trends of total organic bromine in the form of halons were derived for both polar regions.


Internet governance is a large, complex, and ambiguous topic. When we think about regulation of the Internet, we might be thinking about a narrow but important set of questions about specific institutions, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) or the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): these institutions can be said to govern the technical infrastructure and architecture of the Internet. We might also be thinking about a much broader and perhaps more compelling set of questions about policy issues that implicate the Internet: these questions include the regulation of online gambling, child pornography, freedom of speech, and the future of commerce and implicate nation states and international organizations. Internet governance implicates both the narrow questions about Internet infrastructure or architecture and the broad questions about regulation of applications and content. Moreover, the broad and narrow questions are related. Regulation of the technical infrastructure of the Internet has implications for the regulation of applications and content.The approach to Internet governance in this paper is based on three central ideas: (1) the idea that the Internet is constituted by its architecture or code; (2) the idea that the problems of Internet regulation can be analyzed by using the conventional tools of policy analysis, including but not limited to: (a) normative theory, (b) economics, and (c) social choice theory; and (3) the idea that the logical space for discussing Internet governance can be captured via a set of 'models' or ideal types for Internet regulation.The five models are: (i) The model of cyberspace and spontaneous ordering which is premised on the idea that the Internet is a self-governing realm of individual liberty, beyond the reach of government control. (ii) The model of transnational institutions and international organizations which is based on the notion that Internet governance inherently transcends national borders and hence that the most appropriate institutions are transnational quasi-private cooperatives or international organizations based on treaty arrangements between national governments. (iii) The model of code and Internet architecture which is based on the notion that many regulatory decisions are made by the communications protocols and other software that determine how the Internet operates. (iv) The model of national governments and law which is based on the idea that as the Internet grows in importance fundamental regulatory decisions will be made by national governments through legal regulation. (v) The model of market regulation and economics which assumes that market forces drive the fundamental decisions about the nature of the Internet.


In these Messenger Lectures, originally delivered at Cornell University and recorded for television by the BBC, Richard Feynman offers an overview of selected physical laws and gathers their common features into one broad principle of invariance. He maintains at the outset that the importance of a physical law is not "how clever we are to have found it out, but...how clever nature is to pay attention to it," and tends his discussions toward a final exposition of the elegance and simplicity of all scientific laws. Rather than an essay on the most significant achievements in modern science, The Character of Physical Law is a statement of what is most remarkable in nature. Feynman's enlightened approach, his wit, and his enthusiasm make this a memorable exposition of the scientist's craft.The Law of Gravitation is the author's principal example. Relating the details of its discovery and stressing its mathematical character, he uses it to demonstrate the essential interaction of mathematics and physics. He views mathematics as the key to any system of scientific laws, suggesting that if it were possible to fill out the structure of scientific theory completely, the result would be an integrated set of mathematical axioms. The principles of conservation, symmetry, and time-irreversibility are then considered in relation to developments in classical and modern physics, and in his final lecture Feynman develops his own analysis of the process and future of scientific discovery.Like any set of oral reflections, The Character of Physical Law has special value as a demonstration of the mind in action. The reader is particularly lucky in Richard Feynman. One of the most eminent and imaginative modern physicists, he was Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology until his death in 1988. He is best known for his work on the quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, as well as for his later research in the field of low-temperature physics. In 1954 he received the Albert Einstein Award for his "outstanding contribution to knowledge in mathematical and physical sciences"; in 1965 he was appointed to Foreign Membership in the Royal Society and was awarded the Nobel Prize.


The diversity within amphibian communities in cultivated areas in Rwanda and within two selected, taxonomically challenging groups, the genera Ptychadena and Hyperolius, were investigated in this thesis. The amphibian community of an agricultural wetland near Butare in southern Rwanda comprised 15 anuran species. Rarefaction and jackknife analyses corroborated that the complete current species richness of the assemblage had been recorded, and the results of acoustic niche analysis suggested species saturation of the community. Surveys at many other Rwandan localities showed that the species recorded in Butare are widespread in cultivated and pristine wetlands. The species were readily distinguishable using morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular (DNA barcoding) features, but only eight of the 15 species could be assigned unambiguously to nominal species. The remaining represented undescribed or currently unrecognized taxa, including three species of Hyperolius, two Phrynobatrachus species, one Ptychadena species, and one species of Amietia. The diversity of the Ridged Frogs in Rwanda was investigated in two studies (Chapters III and IV). Three species of Ptychadena were recorded in wetlands in the catchment of the Nile. They can be distinguished by morphological characters (morphometrics and qualitative features) as well as by their advertisement calls and genetics. The Rwandan species of the P. mascareniensis group was shown to differ from the topotypic population as well as from other genetic lineages in sub-Saharan Africa and an old available name, P. nilotica, was resurrected from synonymy for this lineage. Two further Ptychadena species were identified among voucher specimens from Rwanda deposited in the collection of the RMCA, P. chrysogaster and P. uzungwensis. Morphologically they can be unambiguously distinguished from each other and the three other Rwandan species. A key based on qualitative morphological characters was developed, which allows unequivocal identification of specimens of all species that have been recorded from Rwanda. DNA was isolated from a Rwandan voucher specimen of P. chrysogaster, and the genetic analysis corroborated the species" distinct status.

A species of Hyperolius collected in the Nyungwe National Park was compared to all other Rwandan species of the genus and to morphologically or genetically similar species from neighbouring countries. Its distinct taxonomic status was justified by morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular evidence and it was described as a new species, H. jackie. A species of the H. nasutus group collected at agricultural sites in Rwanda was described as a new species in the course of a revision of the species of the Hyperolius nasutus group. The group was shown to consist of 15 distinct species which can be distinguished from each other genetically, bioacoustically, and morphologically.

The aerial performance, i.e. parachuting, of the Disc-fingered Reed Frog, Hyperolius discodactylus, was described. It represents a novel observation of a behaviour that has been known from a number of Southeast Asian and Neotropical frog species. Parachuting frogs, including H. discodactylus, exhibit certain morphological characteristics and, while airborne, assume a distinct posture which is best-suited for maneuvering in the air. Another study on the species addressed the validity of the taxon H. alticola which had been considered either a synonym of H. discodactylus or a distinct species. Type material of both taxa was re-examined and the status of H. alticola reassessed using morphological data from historic and new collections, call recordings, and molecular data from animals collected on recent expeditions. A northern and a southern genetic clade were identified, a divide that is weakly supported by diverging morphology of the vouchers from the respective localities. No distinction in advertisement call features could be recovered to support this split and both genetic and morphological differences between the two geographic clades are marginal and not always congruent and more likely reflect population-level variation. Therefore it was concluded that H. alticola is not a valid taxon and should be treated as a synonym of H. discodactylus.


Widespread popular fascination with America, and an appreciation of American culture, was not introduced by Hollywood cinema during the early decades of the 20th century, but emerged during the late-Victorian period and was driven by the popular press. By the 1880s, newspaper audiences throughout the country were consuming fragments of American life and culture on an almost daily basis. Under the impulses of the so-called 'new journalism', representations of America appeared regularly within an eclectic range of journalistic genres, including serialised fiction, news reports, editorials, humour columns, tit-bits, and travelogues. Forms of American popular culture – such as newspaper gags – circulated throughout Britain and enjoyed a sustained presence in bestselling papers. These imported texts also acted as vessels for the importation of other elements of American culture such as the country's distinctive slang and dialects.

This thesis argues that the late-Victorian popular press acted as the first major 'contact zone' between America and the British public. Chapter One tracks the growing presence of America in the Victorian press. In particular, it highlights how the expansion of the popular press, the widespread adoption of 'scissors-and-paste' journalism, the development of transatlantic communications networks and technologies, and a growing curiosity about life in America combined to facilitate new forms of Anglo-American cultural exchange. Chapter Two explores how the press shaped British encounters with American modernity and created a pervasive sense of a coming 'American future'. Chapter Three focuses on the importation, circulation, and reception of American newspaper humour. Finally, Chapter Four unpacks the role played by the press in the importation, circulation, and assimilation of American slang.

It makes an original contribution to a number of academic disciplines and debates. Firstly, it challenges the established chronology of Anglo-American history; America gained a significant foothold in British popular culture long before the twentieth century. Moreover, this was not a result of a forcible American 'invasion' but a form of voluntary transatlantic exchange driven by the tastes and desires of British newspaper readers. Secondly, it argues that America's presence in late-Victorian popular culture has been underestimated by historians who have focused instead on domestically produced culture, engagements with Western Europe, and the cultural dimensions of Empire. Whilst the full extent of America's significance cannot be mapped out in one study, this thesis establishes the extent of America's cultural presence and makes the case for its insertion into future Victorian Studies scholarship. Thirdly, this thesis contributes to the growing field of press history. It maps out connections between British and American newspapers, exploring how the press served to move information between the old world and the new. Finally, this project acts as an early example of born-digital scholarship; a study conceived in response to the development of digital archives. As such, it contributes to discussions on digital methodologies and debates within the field of Digital Humanities. In particular, it demonstrates that digitisation allows researchers to research and write do new kinds of history; to ask new questions, make new connections, and develop new projects – to do things that we couldn't do before.


This report presents and summarizes the baseline data collected in fulfillment of the requirements for the Washington State Department of Transportation grant "HOV Lane Evaluation and Monitoring". This report provides the information necessary to analyze HOV lane performance and development. Data collection results and analysis are presented, followed by conclusions and recommendations. The data contained herein were collected during the first year of the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane monitoring project (July 1992-June 1993). The data collection methodology is described in the final report, "HOV Monitoring and Evaluation Tool". Included in this report are the following primary and secondary measures of HOV lane performance: (1) average vehicle occupancy data, (2) travel time data, (3) public opinion survey results, (4) transit ridership data, (5) enforcement, compliance, and adjudication data, and (7) accident data. Data collection issues and their implications for data availability are discussed. It is important to note that this report does not evaluate the HOV lane system in the Puget Sound region. Rather, it is a compilation of the data necessary to conduct a meaningful evaluation. Although an analysis of public opinion, transit ridership, enforcement and accident data is provided, the report's primary purpose is to simply present the data and discuss issues associated with its use--not to provide an extensive analysis.


A search for heavy charged long-lived particles is performed using a data sample of 36 . 1 fb − 1 of proton-proton collisions at ffiffiffi s p ¼ 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The search is based on observables related to ionization energy loss and time of flight, which are sensitive to the velocity of heavy charged particles traveling significantly slower than the speed of light. Multiple search strategies for a wide range of lifetimes, corresponding to path lengths of a few meters, are defined as model independently as possible, by referencing several representative physics cases that yield long-lived particles within supersymmetric models, such as gluinos/squarks ( R -hadrons), charginos and staus. No significant deviations from the expected Standard Model background are observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are provided on the production cross sections of long-lived R -hadrons as well as directly pair-produced staus and charginos. These results translate into lower limits on the masses of long-lived gluino, sbottom and stop R -hadrons, as well as staus and charginos of 2000, 1250, 1340, 430, and 1090 GeV, respectively.


The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of high-stakes testing and accountability on teachers' perceptions of their professional identities. Teachers' instructional practice, work environments, and personal factors are now immersed in the context of high-stakes testing and accountability. This context colors the decisions teachers make about instructional practice, the degree to which they collaborate with colleagues, and their emotions. Through a symbolic interactionist lens, this study explored how teachers give meaning to the influence of high-stakes testing. This qualitative study employed a semi-structured interview format to gather data from 11 Algebra I teachers in North Carolina on their perceptions of their professional identities. A conceptual framework based upon Bandura's social cognitive theory provided the foundation for exploring how teachers' instructional practice, work environment and teacher efficacy interacted and how these factors shaped teachers' professional identities. Context and demographic data were gathered through a questionnaire and the North Carolina School report cards. Based on interview data, researcher logs, and analytic memos, a vignette was developed about each teacher to explore the interactions of the teacher's instructional practice, work environment, and teacher efficacy. This study found most teachers relied heavily on direct instruction for reasons they attributed to high-stakes testing and accountability pressures, even when they believed other methods were better for their students. Related to this finding is the potential narrowing of teachers' role and purpose in their work as the influence of high-stakes testing and accountability interacts with their professional identities through their instructional practice, work environment, and teacher efficacy. Teachers expressed their professional identities in ways that positioned their identities in a student focus, or a teacher focus, whether peer or self. There appeared to be a relationship between whether teachers taught prior to the implementation of the NC ABCs and NCLB and the influence of this context on their professional identities. The teachers who expressed their professional identities in a student focus exhibited high perceptions of their teacher efficacy. Also, teachers' professional identities themselves mediated the way teachers experienced the influence of high-stakes testing and accountability. Principals and their actions influenced the way teachers constructed their professional identities. Of the teachers who reported principals as the primary source of the high EOC emphasis in their schools, four of the five teachers positioned their professional identities in a strong teacher focus. Principals played a primary role in the ways that teachers experienced and interacted with the context of high-stakes testing and accountability within their schools. The actions of the principals, both explicit and implicit, were a cogent influence in the construction of teachers' professional identities


Leaders face a multitude of strategic paradoxes-contradictory pressures that are too often viewed as "either/or" choices. There are "innovation paradoxes," in which the pursuit of new offerings and processes conflicts with the mandate to sustain the tried and true. There are "globalization paradoxes," which involve tensions between local imperatives and boundary-crossing integration. And there are "obligation paradoxes," when the goal of maximizing profits for shareholders clashes with the desire to generate benefits for a broader group of stakeholders. The authors argue that organizational success depends on simultaneously addressing such conflicting demands, not choosing between them. Leaders need to become comfortable with multiple truths and inconsistency. They need to assume that resources are ample rather than scarce. And they need to embrace change instead of seeking stability. All of this will help organizations reach a state of dynamic equilibrium, wherein paradoxes don't impede progress--they spur it. And the way to tap the potential of paradox is to both separate and connect opposing forces: Managers must pull apart the organization's goals and value each of them individually, while also finding linkages and synergies across goals.


Gabor lenses are a special type of plasma lens using a stable confined electron cloud for beam focusing. The electrons provide space charge neutralization of the beam traveling through the lens volume. At the same time a radial symmetric electrostatic self field focuses the beam mass independently. It is possible to control the density and distribution of the confined electrons providing variable focusing strength and moderate emittance growth of the beam. The knowledge of the behavior of the electron column inside this lens type is essential to understand the impact on beam transport. Therefore several diagnostic tools were developed to measure the electron cloud properties with and without ion beam propagation through Gabor lenses. Based on experimental results a new Gabor plasma lens has been designed for focusing heavy ion beams. A comparison of this lens type and a superconducting solenoid is planned at the low energy transport section of the GSI High Current Test Injector (HOSTI). CONTRIBUTION NOT RECEIVED Proceedings of HIAT 2012, Chicago, IL USA WEA02 Main Accelerator Systems and Components 163


Today's soaring mortgage default rate and the uncertainty and delay associated with mortgage foreclosure proceedings threatens to cause financial tragedies of the commons in condominiums and homeowner associations across the country. Assessment defaults in privately governed communities result in an inequitable allocation of upkeep costs, and current law provides no way to prevent this spillover effect. But the collateral damages caused by delayed foreclosures and insufficient recoveries can be minimized by gradually increasing the priority position of the association lien. In a majority of states, association liens are completely subordinate to the first mortgage lien. At foreclosure of the mortgage lien, the junior priority assessment lien will be extinguished whether or not there are sufficient proceeds to reimburse for community charges. Assessment delinquencies grow over time, so the longer it takes to complete foreclosure, the greater the costs to the neighborhood. Although several states have adopted a limited lien priority for up to six months' worth of unpaid assessments, foreclosures today take far longer than six months, and the amount ultimately owed to a community can be significant and far exceed that cap. Federal housing policy impacts the resolution of the issue because the FHA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac only permit qualifying mortgages to be subject to a six-month assessment lien priority. The decelerating pace of foreclosure further exacerbates the already unjustifiable financial impact borne by non-defaulting neighbors. The lien priority status quo fails to adequately protect communities in today's context of widespread and delayed foreclosures and under-collateralized mortgage loans. Decreasing the first mortgage lien's priority during a foreclosure delay would mitigate the harm. Lien priority statutory changes can protect association finances in the future, and such provisions may be applied retroactively as well. In other contexts, states have held that changes to a lien priority regime can apply to existing associations and existing mortgages without unconstitutionally impairing contract or property rights. This is particularly true where the association's lien is deemed to be created as of the date the organizational documents for the community were recorded (prior in time to any unit's mortgage). Bank lobbyists have historically opposed any enhanced assessment lien priority, but supporting property upkeep and making assessments more predictable and collectible would actually benefit lenders by shoring up the value of their collateral. Better certainty with respect to homeowner payment obligations will also enable more responsible credit underwriting and contribute to economic recovery. Shoring up assessment lien priority not only ensures a fair allocation of community costs, but also helps to contain the current housing market decline.


The African Economic Outlook is the only annual report that monitors in detail the economic performance of 53 individual countries on the continent, using a strictly comparable analytical framework.
The focus of the 2013 edition if structural transformation and natural resources in Africa. This edition draws lessons from Africa and elsewhere on how to accelerate structural change and amplify the positive force of natural resources. The report also features and overview of Africa's performance and prospects, country notes and a rich statistical annex.


The objective of the present work was to evaluate the extent of Cd- and Cu-induced oxidative stress and the antioxidant response triggered in the halophyte species Atriplex halimus after metallic trace elements exposure. Plants were treated for one month with Cd 2+ or Cu 2+ (400 µM) in the absence or presence of 200 mM NaCl in the irrigation solution. The interaction between salinity and heavy metal stress was analyzed in relation to plant growth, tissue ion contents (Na + , K + and Mg 2+ ), oxidative damage and antioxidative metabolism. Data indicate that shoot and root weight significantly decreased as a consequence of Cd 2+ - or Cu 2+ -induced stress. Metallic stress leads to unbalanced nutrient uptake by reducing the translocation of K + and Mg 2+ from the root to the shoot. The levels of malondialdehyde increased in root tissue when Cd, and especially Cu, were added to the irrigation solution, indicating that oxidative damage occurred. Results showed that NaCl gave a partial protection against Cd and Cu induced toxicity, although these contaminants had distinct influence on plant physiology. It can be concluded that salinity drastically modified heavy metal absorption and improved plant growth. Salinity also decreased oxidative damage, but differently in plants exposed to Cd or Cu stress.


Constructing Landscape is a systematic introduction to technical and constructional open space planning, with all the relevant topics, from the most common materials and surfaces to the construction of open space elements and the use of plants. For landscape architects and architects it is an indispensable guide to correct and professional execution planning as well as to preparing solid and well-thought-out requests for proposal. Constructing Landscape is divided into two sections, Materials and Surfaces and Building Construction and Building Elements. The first section provides an overview of the various building materials of landscape architecture and their specific characteristics. It also explains the qualities of surfaces and the different approaches to treating them. The second section begins with an introductory chapter explaining the principles of statics, the connections of load-bearing elements, and the various approaches to anchoring building compo-nents and supporting structures. The subsequent chapters use drawings and text to present the constructional principles and techniques associated with the various building elements. Each chapter concludes with a collection of sample projects, illustrated with photographs and technical drawings.


This paper provides insights from initiatives to include transgender people in sanitation programming in South Asia. Three case studies of recent actions to make sanitation inclusive for transgender people (in India and Nepal) are presented, accompanied by reflections and recommendations to guide future practice. Practitioners are recommended to: engage with transgender people as partners at all stages of an initiative; recognize that the language of gender identity is not fixed, varying across cultures and between generations; and acknowledge that transgender people are not a single homogeneous group but rather have diverse identities, histories, and priorities. The case studies aim to raise awareness of the diversity of transgender identities, exploring the needs and aspirations of transgender women, transgender men, and third gender people in South Asia.


Orientation: Using humour in diversity contexts may relieve tension temporarily, but it happens at the expense of someone and indicates a defence against an unconscious anxiety dynamic. Research purpose: The purpose of this research was to describe the manifestation of humour as a defence mechanism against diversity anxiety. Motivation for the research: In working with diversity dynamics in South African organisations, consultants and participants often do not take humour seriously, let alone interpret the accompanying dynamic aspects. Working below the surface with humour may elicit much more and typical diversity dynamics worth investigating. Research design, approach and method: The research design was qualitative and descriptive, using multiple case studies and content analysis. Main findings: Humour is used as a defence against the anxiety experienced in diversity contexts caused by fear of the unknown within the self and the projection of the fear onto another identity group. Practical/managerial application: Diversity consultations interpreting humour as defence mechanism can provide added opportunities for exploring dynamics below the surface. Contribution/value-add: Deeper understanding of the unconscious dynamics of diversity humour could lead to meaningful interventions in organisations.


Since their introduction in 1993, the structure of physician drug budgets in Germany has changed frequently. Although highly disputed, they have limited the pharmaceutical expenditure of the Statutory Health Insurance Scheme for nearly one decade. This raises the question of how these savings have been achieved. It is assumed that under budget constraints physicians aim to eliminate drug therapies with low or disputed effectiveness, and substitute existing drug therapies with cheaper generic therapies. Therefore, data for the prescription behavior of physicians are analyzed from the last ten years.Since the introduction of drug budgets, physicians have steadily reduced the number of prescriptions for drugs with disputed effectiveness, while prescriptions for drugs with undisputed effectiveness remained at a constant level. It can be projected that the number of prescribed drugs with disputed effectiveness will be zero by 2007 or 2008. From 1992 to 2000 expenditure for drugs with disputed effectiveness charged to the Statutory Health Insurance Scheme was reduced by € 3.0 billion. Furthermore, the market share of prescriptions as a percentage of the total pharmaceutical market and the turnover of generics as a percentage of the total market has steadily increased over the last ten years. The increased prescription of generics has generated savings of € 2.7 billion in the year 2002. It is concluded that drugs budgets have induced a change in prescription behavior, which has possibly led to improved drug therapy effectiveness.


Software architecture (SA) process consists of several activities, which involve complex knowledge intensive process. The knowledge produced and consumed during this process needs to be shared and reused among different stakeholders, and across different life-cycle phases. Therefore, software architecture knowledge needs to be managed for improving organization architecture capabilities. It is the way knowledge management (KM) plays an important role in the SA process. This paper utilized SA evaluation to analyze SA and used Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) to support a disciplined architecture process. With this approach, it gives support to provide or manage the knowledge required or generated during the SA process. The effective tool support is needed and become important to capture and manage architectural knowledge (AK) consumed or generated during SA process. If not captured and managed, this critical knowledge is implicitly embedded in the architecture, become tacit knowledge which erodes as personnel on the project change. To cover these issues, this paper developed a framework of tools for managing SA knowledge. The tool prototype designing and implementing a web-based knowledge management system (KMS), which is offer a hybrid architectural KM approach.


Let $T(m,n)$ denote the number of ways to tile an $m$-by-$n$ rectangle with dominos. For any fixed $m$, the numbers $T(m,n)$ satisfy a linear recurrence relation, and so may be extrapolated to negative values of $n$; these extrapolated values satisfy the relation $$T(m,-2-n)=\epsilon_{m,n}T(m,n),$$ where $\epsilon_{m,n}=-1$ if $m \equiv 2$ (mod 4) and $n$ is odd and where $\epsilon_{m,n}=+1$ otherwise. This is equivalent to a fact demonstrated by Stanley using algebraic methods. Here I give a proof that provides, among other things, a uniform combinatorial interpretation of $T(m,n)$ that applies regardless of the sign of $n$.


The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and many others are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing information from Twitter, Google, Verizon, 23andMe, Facebook, Wikipedia, and every space where large groups of people leave digital traces and deposit data. Significant questions emerge. Will large-scale analysis of DNA help cure diseases? Or will it usher in a new wave of medical inequality? Will data analytics help make people's access to information more efficient and effective? Or will it be used to track protesters in the streets of major cities? Will it transform how we study human communication and culture, or narrow the palette of research options and alter what 'research' means? Some or all of the above?This essay offers six provocations that we hope can spark conversations about the issues of Big Data. Given the rise of Big Data as both a phenomenon and a methodological persuasion, we believe that it is time to start critically interrogating this phenomenon, its assumptions, and its biases.(This paper was presented at Oxford Internet Institute's "A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society" on September 21, 2011.)


The objective of this thesis was to analyze the extant 1775 Store in Salem, North Carolina by instigating a case study of the building, goods and products contained therein, and the people associated with the Store. Merchant Traugott Bagge was responsible for managing this church-owned commercial venture of a theocratic community of the Moravian church, located in the North Carolina backcountry. Research sought to ascertain the significance of this business to the community and the surrounding area. Disciplines of Cultural Landscape, Material Culture, and Cultural History informed this process. Data collection from community diaries, architectural drawings, maps, artists' images, photographs, trade letters, and inventories, provided enormous amounts of data which was organized in chronological order in a searchable database. Jules Prown's Object Analysis and Stewart Brand's Layers of Change provided the methodology. Seven layers borrowed from Brand created the framework for analysis: Site, Structure, Skin, Services, Space Plan, Stuff and Souls. The overarching theme of this study identifies the intersection of material culture and people and the myriad of ways that the Salem Store impacted the backcountry community, through its network of connections: the connections between people in the Salem community and outside; the connections between people in Salem--the Bagge family, store staff, Salem residents, and "outsider" customers; and the connections between people and the material culture of architecture and objects. By coaxing out the stories in the Store, it was possible to regain some of the lost meaning and purpose of this structure, and thus re-soul the building.