The last few decades have been a time of growing interest and concern about our environment. The extinction of plant and animal species, the pollution of our water supply and the depletion of critical resources have generated a new consciousness about our biosphere. The liturgy of the church must seriously engage with the ecological perspective, and the entire life, worship and praxis of the church should include an ecological dimension and vision. Two very powerful elements in enhancing worshippers' ecological consciousness are praise or doxology and the important counterpart of doxology, namely song and prayer of lament as well as confession of guilt. This means that believers celebrate the inalienable beauty and dignity of all living kind and bear witness to God's manifold creation. Believers are also to bear witness to creation's groaning as the ground suffers from deforestation, mountain-top removal, toxic dumping and rising temperatures. Comfort and new possibilities for rectifying the ecological crisis may develop from grief and lament. The liturgical witness will be that God's newness will break the cycles of self-destruction and make new life possible. Normal 0 false false false EN-ZA JA HE


A molecularly engineered therapy selectively embeds a gene in pancreatic cancer that shrinks or eradicates tumors, inhibits metastasis, and prolongs survival with virtually no toxicity, researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reported in the July 9 edition of Cancer Cell. "This vehicle, or vector, is so targeted and robust in its cancer-specific expression that it can be used for therapy and perhaps for imaging," notes senior author Mien-Chie Hung, Ph.D., professor and chair of M. D. Anderson's Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology. Dr. Hung is also a member of the Editorial Board of Cancer Biology and Therapy. The researchers call the system a versatile expression vector - nicknamed VISA. It includes a targeting agent, also called a promoter, two components that boost gene expression in the target tissue, and a payload - in this case a gene known to kill cancer cells. It's all packaged in a fatty ball called a liposome and delivered intravenously. Researchers are working with M. D. Anderson clinicians to move the system, developed and tested in mouse models of pancreatic cancer, to a Phase I clinical trial. "This looks like a promising approach to gene therapy for pancreatic cancer and we are working to bring it to a clinical trial," says James Abbruzzese, M.D., professor and chair of the M. D. Anderson Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology. He estimates that it will take between one and two years to complete U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for a Phase I trial. Abbruzzese's clinicians are working with Hung's group to compile preclinical information for FDA review. About 37,000 cases of pancreatic cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States. Early diagnosis is extremely difficult, so the disease is often discovered at a late stage after it already has spread, or metastasized. Fewer than 4 percent of pancreatic cancer patients survive five years after diagnosis, one of the lowest cancer survival rates. In a test of the therapy against two aggressive lines of pancreatic cancer in two different types of mice, researchers loaded the VISA system with a mutant version of a gene named Bik, which expresses a protein that naturally forces cancer cells to kill themselves. The team created the more lethal mutant and named it BikDD. Untreated control mice in both experiments all died within 40 days. Mice treated with the mutant gene delivered via a less-targeted viral promoter driven expression system employing cytomegalovirus (CMV) all died within 90 days, most much earlier. In both trials, the VISA-BikDD mice lived longer, with at least half surviving for 14 months with no detectable sign of cancer recurrence. One test involved a pancreatic cancer line that spreads swiftly. In that case, live imaging showed that in control mice the cancer spread to the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, lungs, bone and intestines. Mice treated with the CMV BikDD showed only a few small tumors in nearby organs. There were no detectable metastases in mice treated with the VISA-BikDD combination, the authors report. "All cancer drugs have some toxicity and so cause side effects, which affects the dose that can be administered," Hung says. The team looked for signs of acute systemic toxicity and of pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation of the pancreas. While the cytomegalovirus-BikDD showed signs of both toxicities, the authors report "VISA-BikDD produces virtually no systemically acute toxicity or acute pancreatitis." Abbruzzese says any clinical trial will advance under a National Cancer Institute Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) grant in pancreatic cancer. SPORE awards are designed to translate scientific findings into the clinic. "There are no good options for pancreatic cancer patients now," says Abbruzzese, "That's why we are trying new approaches such as this one as part of SPORE." Hung's team set out to address two obstacles to gene therapy for pancreatic cancer: lack of a targeted gene expression system that hits the cancer hard but spares normal tissue, and the need for an animal model that allows monitoring of tumor growth and metastasis without having to kill and dissect the animal. They solved the monitoring problem by modifying two lines of pancreatic cancer to stably express firefly luciferace enzyme - the bioluminescent agent that lights up fireflies. This allowed live imaging of the mice to monitor cancer progression. The researchers already had developed several components of the gene expression system. Led by first author Xiaoming Xie, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow and now instructor in Hung's department, the team used those components and pieces developed elsewhere to painstakingly build what became C-VISA-BikDD. They used a gene-based targeting promoter called CCKAR known to be active in pancreatic cancer but not in healthy pancreatic tissue. The problem with pancreatic-cancer-specific gene promoters such as CCKAR, Hung says, is that they select narrowly for cancer cells but are not highly active once they get there. The success of gene therapy depends on efficient gene expression after delivery. A system using a viral promoter such as CMV has the opposite problem: strong activity but indiscriminate delivery of the therapeutic gene to healthy tissue, which increases toxicity. The team's goal was to retain CCKAR's selectivity while boosting its activity to levels seen in CMV promoter-driven therapy. To strengthen activity, the team added two key components: a regulatory gene sequence known as WPRE and the two-step transcriptional amplification system (TSTA) known to amplify activity of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter. This enhanced C-VISA package increased gene activity levels by 67.6% to 287% over the CMV-driven therapy in three lines of pancreatic cancer. Lab experiments showed gene activity was limited to pancreatic cancer cells and was minimal or absent from other cancers and three lines of normal pancreatic, lung and breast cells. The next step was to load the vector with a weapon. The team packaged its mutant version of the Bik gene along with C-VISA in a liposome. For comparison, the liposomal gene also was attached to the CMV vector. They tested both systems in the lab against all 13 available human cell lines of pancreatic cancer available worldwide. BikDD killed cells in all lines, with the VISA-delivered gene destroying more cells in all but one case. The C-VISA system spared healthy tissue while CMV-BikDD destroyed healthy cells. Subsequent tests compared the two methods in the mouse models. Hung's team continues research on gene expression vehicle. "VISA is versatile enough that if you change the promoter, you could target other cancers or even other diseases," Hung says. Research was funded by Abbruzzese's pancreatic cancer SPORE grant from the NCI, M. D. Anderson's NCI center support grant, a grant from the Topfer Research Funds, and an AstraZeneca Fellowship. M. D. Anderson has filed for a patent on VISA-BikDD, which has been licensed to Alchemgen Therapeutics Inc. (ATI). ATI partially supports Hung's research. Hung and M. D. Anderson own stock in the company. These arrangements are managed by M. D. Anderson in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Co-authors of the Cancer Cell paper with Hung, Abbruzzese and Xie are: Weiya Xia, Hsu-Ping Kuo, Yuanfang Liu, Zheng Li, Qingqing Ding, Su Zhang, Bill Spohn, Yan Yang, Yongkun Wei, and Jing-Yu Lang, all of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; and Zhongkui Li, Douglas B. Evans, and Paul J. Chiao, all of the Department of Surgical Oncology. Kuo and Hung also are affiliated with the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, operated jointly by M. D. Anderson and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.


The present study sought to examine whether preschool children's emotion regulation, problem behaviors, and kindergarten behavioral self-regulation in the classroom were predictors of kindergarten achievement scores. The children (N = 122, 47% male and 63% European American) who were participating in an ongoing longitudinal study, were seen at both a preschool and kindergarten assessment. The present study examined the relation between parent report, teacher report, and laboratory measures of regulation and children's achievement test scores. Children's emotion regulation and behavioral self-regulation in the classroom were related to all measures of achievement. The relation between preschool emotion regulation and kindergarten achievement was mediated by behavioral self-regulation in the kindergarten classroom. In addition, all measures of regulation were correlated, suggesting that some children who have difficulty regulating their behavior in one setting (such as home) may also have difficulty with regulation in other settings (such as school).


University continuing studies has entered an extended period of change and transformation. In such challenging times, the essential ingredients for survival are a clear vision, strategic goals, and proactive leadership. These issues are explored in this paper through the example of one institution. Characteristics of transformational leadership and a model of continuing studies in a university context are described. The opportunity exists for continuing studies to be a key player in the transformation of university outreach and thereby become integrated into the mainstream of the university.


Aggressive tumors lacking p53 protein stop dead in their tracks when p53's sister protein-TAp63-steps in Oncologists have had their hands tied because more than half of all human cancers have mutations that disable a protein called p53. As a critical anti-cancer watchdog, p53 masterminds several cancer-fighting operations within cells. When cells lose p53, tumors grow aggressively and often cannot be treated. These tumors might be tough, but they're not invincible, suggests a new study from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). The chink in the tumors' armor, according to CSHL Associate Professor Alea Mills, Ph.D., is a protein called TAp63, an older sibling of p53 that's usually intact and not mutated in most cancers. Mills and her team have succeeded in shutting off the growth of tumors in which p53 is missing by turning up the production of TAp63 proteins, which make up one class of proteins produced by the p63 gene. TAp63 completely blocked tumor initiation, the team found, by inducing senescence, a state of growth arrest in which tumor cells are still metabolically alive but fail to divide. More importantly, turning up the levels of TAp63 in cells that did not have p53 blocked the progression of established tumors in mice. "We were very excited to see that TAp63 shuts down cancer completely independently of p53," says Mills. "This means that we now have a way of attacking cancers that have damaged p53, which are very difficult to treat in the clinic." The study, funded by a Research Scholar Award from the American Cancer Society, appears online ahead of print on November 8th in Nature Cell Biology. TAp63 protects from cancer "p63 is a double-edged sword," says Mills, who discovered it when she was a postdoctoral researcher almost a decade ago. Of the six different proteins that are produced from the p63gene, three promote activities that could lead to cancer. The remaining three, which are TAp63 versions, do the opposite: prevent cancer by triggering senescence-a process that shuts down the tumor. Using a genetic maneuver called chromosome engineering, the CSHL team has found that TAp63 staves off cancer via senescence. This maneuver enabled them to specifically wipe out the TAp63 proteins while leaving the other p63 proteins intact. When exposed to the cancer-causing protein Ras, normal cells underwent senescence and could not form tumors. But cells without TAp63 failed to undergo senescence and developed into massive tumors. When p53 and TAp63 were both missing, Ras caused extremely rapid and aggressive tumors. This tumor growth was much more severe than in tumors lacking either TAp63 or p53, suggesting that the two related proteins, working together, pack a stronger anti-cancer punch than either one alone. A future anti-cancer strategy? The team found that TAp63 could also substitute for p53 in its ability to halt tumor growth. When TAp63 was turned on in Ras-producing cells that were missing p53, tumors never started. "This suggests that TAp63 overrides cancer-promoting signals and prevents cancer from even forming," explains Mills. The team went a step further and showed that in addition to blocking the initiation of tumors, TAp63 could also shut down tumors that were already established. With help from Professor Scott Lowe, Ph.D., another researcher at CSHL, Mills' team genetically tricked tumors into producing TAp63 when they were exposed to a compound called doxycycline. Now being able to turn on TAp63 at will, the team transplanted these cells (which lack p53 and overproduce Ras) into mice and monitored for tumors. Once the tumors formed, a "mouse clinic" was set up: half of the "patients" were treated with doxycycline to induce TAp63 production, whereas the other half received a placebo. Tumor growth continued in the placebo group, with the tumors becoming five times larger within a week. In contrast, the tumors in the mice exposed to doxycycline were abruptly shut down, and the tumors even shrank in size. Mills speculates that the tumor cells disappear because the newly senescent cells might attract the attention of the immune system, which have the ability to destroy them. Mills proposes that robustly activating TAp63 might be a viable anti-cancer strategy in the future. Alternatively, finding ways to stabilize the TAp63 that is already being made in cells or blocking pathways that combat TAp63 activities might also work, she speculates. "TAp63 induces senescence and suppresses tumorigenesis in vivo," was published online ahead of print on November 8th in Nature Cell Biology. The full citation is: Xuecui Guo, William M. Keyes, Cristian Papazoglu, Johannes Zuber, Wangzhi Li, Scott W. Lowe, Hannes Vogel and Alea A. Mills. The paper can be viewed at http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ncb1988.html ( doi:10.1038/ncb1988). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a private, not-for-profit research and education institution at the forefront of efforts in molecular biology and genetics to generate knowledge that will yield better diagnostics and treatments for cancer, neurological diseases and other major causes of human suffering. For more information, visit www.cshl.edu.


Today, the term "Jewish self-hatred" often denotes a treasonous brand of Jewish self-loathing, and is frequently used as a smear, such as when it is applied to politically moderate Jews who are critical of Israel. In On the Origins of Jewish Self-Hatred, Paul Reitter demonstrates that the concept of Jewish self-hatred once had decidedly positive connotations. He traces the genesis of the term to Anton Kuh, a Viennese-Jewish journalist who coined it in the aftermath of World War I, and shows how the German-Jewish philosopher Theodor Lessing came, in 1930, to write a book that popularized "Jewish self-hatred." Reitter contends that, as Kuh and Lessing used it, the concept of Jewish self-hatred described a complex and possibly redemptive way of being Jewish. Paradoxically, Jews could show the world how to get past the blight of self-hatred only by embracing their own, singularly advanced self-critical tendencies--their "Jewish self-hatred." Provocative and elegantly argued, On the Origins of Jewish Self-Hatred challenges widely held notions about the history and meaning of this idea, and explains why its history is so badly misrepresented today.


Why do our students regularly commit suicide? Why is there so much corruption in India? Cant our political parties ever work together? Does our vote make any difference at all? We love our India, but shouldnt some things be different? All of us have asked these questions at some time or the other. So does Chetan Bhagat, Indias most loved writer, in What Young India Wants, his first book of non-fiction. What Young India Wants is based on Chetan Bhagats vast experience as a very successful writer and motivational speaker. In clear, simple prose, and with great insight, he analyses some of the complex issues facing modern India, offers solutions and invites discussion on them. And, at the end, he asks this important question: Unless we are all in agreement on what it is going to take to make our country better, how will things ever change? Non-fiction If you want to understand contemporary India, the problems that face it, and want to be a part of the solution, What Young India Wants is the book for you.


As trade flows expanded and trade agreements proliferated after World War II, governments--most notably the United States--came increasingly to use their power over imports and exports to influence the behavior of other countries. But trade is not the only way in which nations interact economically. Over the past two decades, another form of economic exchange has risen to a level of vastly greater significance and political concern: the purchase and sale of financial assets across borders. Nearly $2 trillion worth of currency now moves cross-border every day, roughly 90 percent of which is accounted for by financial flows unrelated to trade in goods and services--a stunning inversion of the figures in 1970. The time is ripe to ask fundamental questions about what Benn Steil and Robert Litan have coined as "financial statecraft," or those aspects of economic statecraft directed at influencing international capital flows. How precisely has the American government practiced financial statecraft? How effective have these efforts been? And how can they be made more effective? The authors provide penetrating and incisive answers in this timely and stimulating book.


L1 regularization, or regularization with an L1 penalty, is a popular idea in statistics and machine learning. This paper reviews the concept and application of L1 regularization for regression. It is not our aim to present a comprehensive list of the utilities of the L1 penalty in the regression setting. Rather, we focus on what we believe is the set of most representative uses of this regularization technique, which we describe in some detail. Thus, we deal with a number of L1‐regularized methods for linear regression, generalized linear models, and time series analysis. Although this review targets practice rather than theory, we do give some theoretical details about L1‐penalized linear regression, usually referred to as the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso).


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by J. G. Cook and is addressed to Linnet Moore. In this letter, Cook informs Linnet of the happenings in Burnet, TX. The news includes: a discussion about correspondences lost on the mail, details about a girls-only event held in town, a dialogue about how he and G. fixed the fortunes told by the fortune teller at the girls-only event, an update on when and where he has seen Lula Dalton and the rest of the girls in the club, news about the Jones family moving to Oklahoma, and a discussion about traveling out of Burnet. He closes the letter by noting that he is the same Jim Cook as Linnet has known,the same person she hoped he would be, and signs the letter a true friend.


The paper aims to examine the new regulatory framework of project finance in the economics of banking firms. In particular, the paper investigates the uniqueness of the project finance, the significant importance of the project finance in bank activity, and the role of the new bank capital requirements to promote the innovative financial scheme. In the project finance business loans terms and characteristics are primarily based on the assets and quality of the project to be financed. It means that the usual bank rating models for lending business might not been implemented in the project finance lending. Quantitative estimates of credit risk could not be always possible in project finance lending. Consequently, the new regulatory capital requirements framework gives banks the option to implement a qualitative method – a supervisory slotting criteria approach – to evaluate credit risk in project finance lending business. The regulatory capital requirement recognizes project finance as specialized lending. The paper provides a summary of the treatment of the project finance in the New Basel Capital Accord. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 provides a general description of project finance. Section 2 identifies the economic and financial uniqueness of project finance loans and credit risk assessment process. Section 3 delineates the impact of the new regulatory capital requirements framework on project finance lending. Final sections concludes.


Two sets are non-crossing if they are disjoint or one contains the other. The non-crossing graph ${\rm NC}_n$ is the graph whose vertex set is the set of nonempty subsets of $[n]=\{1,\ldots,n\}$ with an edge between any two non-crossing sets. Various facts, some new and some already known, concerning the chromatic number, fractional chromatic number, independence number, clique number and clique cover number of this graph are presented. For the chromatic number of this graph we show: $$ n(\log_e n -\Theta(1)) \le \chi({\rm NC}_n) \le n (\lceil\log_2 n\rceil-1). $$


Abstract. We present a new remote sensing technique to infer the average asymmetry parameter of ice crystals near cloud top from multi-directional polarization measurements. The method is based on previous findings that (a) complex aggregates of hexagonal crystals generally have scattering phase matrices resembling those of their components; and (b) scattering phase matrices systematically vary with aspect ratios of crystals and their degree of microscale surface roughness. Ice cloud asymmetry parameters are inferred from multi-directional polarized reflectance measurements by searching for the closest fit in a look-up table of simulated polarized reflectances computed for cloud layers that contain individual, randomly oriented hexagonal columns and plates with varying aspect ratios and roughness values. The asymmetry parameter of the hexagonal particle that leads to the best fit with the measurements is considered the retrieved value. For clouds with optical thickness less than 5, the cloud optical thickness must be retrieved simultaneously with the asymmetry parameter, while for optically thicker clouds the asymmetry parameter retrieval is independent of cloud optical thickness. Evaluation of the technique using simulated measurements based on the optical properties of a number of complex particles and their mixtures shows that the ice crystal asymmetry parameters are generally retrieved to within 5%, or about 0.04 in absolute terms. The retrieval scheme is largely independent of calibration errors, range and sampling density of scattering angles and random noise in the measurements. The approach can be applied to measurements of past, current and future airborne and satellite instruments that measure multi-directional polarized reflectances of ice-topped clouds.


This title is the Winner of 2009 RUSA Outstanding Business Reference. With more than 1,000 entries, "The Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World" is packed with essential and up-to-date information on the state of business in our world. Not only does it reflect where business is, it also conveys the trajectory of business farther into the 21st century. These four volumes provide clear overviews of the important business topics of our time, ranging from culture shock to currency hedging, political risk, offshoring, and transnational corporations. The wealth of topics represent an integrated vision by the editor of a perplexity of functions, technologies, and environmental factors.


Swallow and starling, puffin and peregrine, blue tit and blackcap. We use these names so often that few of us ever pause to wonder about their origins. What do they mean? Where did they come from? And who created them?

The words we use to name birds are some of the most lyrical and evocative in the English language. They also tell incredible stories: of epic expeditions, fierce battles between rival ornithologists, momentous historical events and touching romantic gestures.

Through fascinating encounters with birds, and the rich cast of characters who came up with their names, in Mrs Moreau's Warbler Stephen Moss takes us on a remarkable journey through time. From when humans and birds first shared the earth to our fraught present-day coexistence, Moss shows how these names reveal as much about ourselves and our relationship with the natural world as about the creatures they describe.


Nature is unlikely to maintain systems that are detrimental to survival. Any pathway that causes illness must also have a meaningful role. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which mediates obesity-induced insulin resistance, is no exception as it helps maintain nutrient homeostasis.

About one-third of all proteins are synthesized and folded into their native conformation in ER (1). Unfortunately, as much as 30% of all newly synthesized proteins, especially those abundant in cells, are misfolded. These are generally repaired or cleared during the maturation processes (2). ER is also responsible for protein quality control (3). Unfolded proteins in the ER lumen are identified by several ER stress sensors, including activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1). These ER stress sensors trigger cellular adaptation to unfolded protein accumulation that restores normal cell function. This is called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR initially 1 ) activates a signaling pathway that induces a large number of ER chaperones that assist protein folding, 2 ) halts protein translation and transcription, and 3 ) ubiquitinates and degrades unfolded proteins by 26S proteasome and through autophagy. The latter process is called ER-associated degradation. If these adaptations fail to maintain cellular homeostasis, the UPR leads the cell toward apoptosis or dedifferentiation (3).

Chronic UPRs are causally linked to the pathogenesis of human metabolic disease including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Accumulating evidence suggests that obesity promotes ER stress, which is detected as enhanced UPR signaling. In turn, this activates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and impairs insulin signaling at the level of insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) in the liver and adipose tissue (4). However, the signals that activate UPR under this condition are still unknown. Defective autophagy (5) and proteasome dysfunction (6) have recently been …


Structural disorder causes materials' surface electronic properties, e.g., work function ([Formula: see text]), to vary spatially, yet it is challenging to prove exact causal relationships to underlying ensemble disorder, e.g., roughness or granularity. For polycrystalline Pt, nanoscale resolution photoemission threshold mapping reveals a spatially varying [Formula: see text] eV over a distribution of (111) vicinal grain surfaces prepared by sputter deposition and annealing. With regard to field emission and related phenomena, e.g., vacuum arc initiation, a salient feature of the [Formula: see text] distribution is that it is skewed with a long tail to values down to 5.4 eV, i.e., far below the mean, which is exponentially impactful to field emission via the Fowler–Nordheim relation. We show that the [Formula: see text] spatial variation and distribution can be explained by ensemble variations of granular tilts and surface slopes via a Smoluchowski smoothing model wherein local [Formula: see text] variations result from spatially varying densities of electric dipole moments, intrinsic to atomic steps, that locally modify [Formula: see text]. Atomic step-terrace structure is confirmed with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at several locations on our surfaces, and prior works showed STM evidence for atomic step dipoles at various metal surfaces. From our model, we find an atomic step edge dipole [Formula: see text] D/edge atom, which is comparable to values reported in studies that utilized other methods and materials. Our results elucidate a connection between macroscopic [Formula: see text] and the nanostructure that may contribute to the spread of reported [Formula: see text] for Pt and other surfaces and may be useful toward more complete descriptions of polycrystalline metals in the models of field emission and other related vacuum electronics phenomena, e.g., arc initiation.


Adopted at more than 1,000 colleges and universities, Bedford/St. Martin's innovative "Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism" series has introduced more than a quarter of a million students to literary theory and earned enthusiastic praise nationwide. Along with an authoritative text of a major literary work, each volume presents critical essays, selected or prepared especially for students, that approach the work from several contemporary critical perspectives, such as gender criticism and cultural studies. Each essay is accompanied by an introduction (with bibliography) to the history, principles, and practice of its critical perspective. Every volume also surveys the biographical, historical, and critical contexts of the literary work and concludes with a glossary of critical terms. New editions reprint cultural documents that contextualize the literary works and feature essays that show how critical perspectives can be combined.


This volume in the Library of Christian Classics series offers fresh translations of selected works of Clement and Origen of Alexandria. Long recognized for the quality of its translations, introductions, explanatory notes, and indexes, the Library of Christian Classics provides scholars and students with modern English translations of some of the most significant Christian theological texts in history. Through these works--each written prior to the end of the sixteenth century--contemporary readers are able to engage the ideas that have shaped Christian theology and the church through the centuries.


"Studies of aquatic communities represent a unique method of monitoring the health of water resources. High Point City Lake small subunit 16S ribosomal DNA clone libraries were compared across small spatial and temporal scales. This study used polymerase chain reaction and shotgun cloning to isolate individual 16S rDNA sequences. A total of 437 operational taxonomic units were found in this study. Among all libraries 84 sequences demonstrated affiliation to the phylum Proteobacteria, including representatives from the classes a, b, d, and g. The next most abundant category of putatively identified 16S ribosomal DNA was 24 sequences affiliated with the class Actinobacteria. Seventeen sequences demonstrated similarity to clones previously isolated from Crater Lake, CA bacterium. These findings suggest that variability among the replicate libraries may be a reflection of the small library size. SCHAO1 and SACE diversity estimators suggest larger libraries would be required to achieve a stable estimate of OTUs, but given the small size of each of the replicate libraries their similarity values were not unexpected. Variability among clone libraries from diurnal samples taken at the same location was low. Variability among clone libraries across short spatial scales showed suggested little difference among samples in well mixed areas of the lake, but one library may have reflected the influence of a tributary inflow. Overall, these data suggest that the 16S rDNA libraries were similar to one another."--Abstract from author supplied metadata


This paper investigates economic and subjective effects of public business assistance delivered to nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Employing cluster analysis, we explore the actual scope and intensity of business assistance used. Then we analyze predictors of take-up and perceived usefulness taking into account the different patterns of utilized assistance. Finally, we assess economic effects by studying subsequent business performance employing propensity score matching. We cannot reveal that business assistance translates into better start-up performance. However, we find that a lack of personal entrepreneurial resources predicts take-up of business assistance in general as well as perceived usefulness of comprehensive business assistance.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TOPIC: Effects of the External Consequences of Organizational Activities
on Employee Motivation

Fashakin, Teniola Abiodun Odumade, Adebola Oluwatosin

SUPERVISOR: Alsen, Goran

COURSE: Master Thesis in Business Administration

DEPARTMENT: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden

PROGRAMME: Master of Science in Business Administration

PURPOSES: The purposes of our thesis include the following:
• To know the activities carried out by organization(s)
• To know the external consequences of these activities
• To know how these consequences affect employee motivation
• Identify certain external factors that actually measures employee motivation

RESEARCH QUESTION: How Do the External Consequences of Organizational
Activities Affect Employee Motivation?

METHODS: Our thesis involves looking into 3 different but inter-related issues-
organizational activities, external consequences and employee motivation. And
so, we collated data using the secondary as well as the primary sources of
data. Our secondary data includes a review of the literature which is to
enlighten us on what has been studied about our topic while the primary data
encompasses gathering data by constructing a questionnaire, conducting
interviews, and also organising focus groups; all of these to aid giving
answer(s) to our research question.

FINDINGS: From the research we conducted as well as the analysis we made, we
were able to get a proof that there is a strong link between an organization's
activities, the external consequences of such activities as well as how the
relationship between these two affects employee motivation. We have been able
to establish the fact that employees also look outside their organization for
incentives that could enable them to perform their duties properly.


Introduction 1 Part I: Introduction to Integration 9 Chapter 1: An Aerial View of the Area Problem 11 Chapter 2: Dispelling Ghosts from the Past: A Review of Pre-Calculus and Calculus I 37 Chapter 3: From Definite to Indefinite: The Indefinite Integral 73 Part II: Indefinite Integrals 103 Chapter 4: Instant Integration: Just Add Water (And C) 105 Chapter 5: Making a Fast Switch: Variable Substitution 117 Chapter 6: Integration by Parts 135 Chapter 7: Trig Substitution: Knowing All the (Tri)Angles 151 Chapter 8: When All Else Fails: Integration with Partial Fractions 173 Part III: Intermediate Integration Topics 195 Chapter 9: Forging into New Areas: Solving Area Problems 197 Chapter 10: Pump Up the Volume: Using Calculus to Solve 3-D Problems 219 Part IV: Infinite Series 241 Chapter 11: Following a Sequence, Winning the Series 243 Chapter 12: Where Is This Going? Testing for Convergence and Divergence 261 Chapter 13: Dressing Up Functions with the Taylor Series 283 Part V: Advanced Topics 307 Chapter 14: Multivariable Calculus 309 Chapter 15: What's So Different about Differential Equations? 329 Part VI: The Part of Tens 343 Chapter 16: Ten "Aha!" Insights in Calculus II 345 Chapter 17: Ten Tips to Take to the Test 351 Index 355


Recent research on procedural justice and legitimacy suggests that compliance with the law is best secured not by mere threat of force, but by fostering beliefs in the fairness of the legal systems and in the legitimacy of legal actors. To date, however, this research has been based on general population surveys and more banal types of law violating behavior (such as unpaid parking tickets, excessive noise, etc.). Thus, while we know why normal people obey the law, we do not have similar knowledge as it pertains to the population most likely to commit serious violent crimes. This study fills this void by using a unique survey of active offenders in Chicago called the Chicago Gun Project (CGP). Part of a larger evaluation effort of the Project Safe Neighborhoods program, the CGP posed a series of individual, neighborhood, legitimacy, and social network questions to a sample of 141 offenders in 52 Chicago neighborhoods. The CGP is designed to understand how the perceptions of the law and social networks of offenders influence their understanding of the law and subsequent law violating behavior. Our findings suggest that while criminals as a whole have negative opinions of the law and legal authority, the sample of gun offenders (just like non-criminals) are more likely to comply with the law when they believe in (a) the substance of the law, and (b) the legitimacy of legal actors, especially the police. Moreover, we find that opinions of compliance to the law are not uniformly distributed across the sample population. In other words, not all criminals are alike in their opinions of the law. Gang members - but especially gang members with social networks saturated with criminal associates - are significantly less likely to view the law and its agents as a legitimate form of authority. However, those individuals (including gang member) with less saturated criminal networks, actually tend to have more positive opinions of the law, albeit these opinions are still overall negative.


"The objective of this study is to attempt to characterize the influence and impact of IFPRI in relation to the Mexican PROGRESA/Oportunidades anti-poverty and human resource program with its conditional cash transfers (CCT)—conditional on specific investments in education, health, and nutrition. The paper first describes PROGRESA/Oportunidades and estimates of the impact and benefits-to-costs of this program; then discusses the challenges in assessing the influence and impact of IPRRI on and through PROGRESA/Oportunidades; and then presents the information sources used in this study to attempt to identify the influence and impact of IFPRI on PROGRESA/Oportunidades including interviews with 39 key informants as well as various published and unpublished studies and memos, publications in the popular media and on the internet and press releases and other documents. With this foundation it next explores the apparent influence and impact of IFPRI on PROGRESA/Oportunidades by considering four questions: Was the PROGRESA program design influenced by prior IFPRI research? Why was IFPRI chosen to undertake the initial impact evaluation of PROGRESA? How did the IFPRI evaluation of PROGRESA contribute to the program? Were there spillovers of the IFPRI evaluation of PROGRESA? The conclusions that come out of this investigation include that: (1) IFPRI did not directly participate in the PROGRESA design. So it would be misleading to claim that a major part of the PROGRESA program benefits should be attributed to IFPRI's critical role in the design process. Nevertheless prior IFPRI research and research by IFPRI evaluation team members apparently directly (in the sense of direct citations) and indirectly (in the sense of contributions to evolving conventional wisdom) on topics including food subsidy programs, nutrition, health, gender, intrahousehold allocations, and related policies played some role in the design process. Therefore, it might not be misleading to attribute a very small part of the PROGRESA benefits to better design based on IFPRI's prior research contributions on a number of related topics. (2) IFPRI presented advantages in terms of (i) type of organization (neither appearing to be a captive of national interests nor identified with structural adjustment or multilateral lending); (ii) reputation and credibility for solid scientific analysis of relevant policy-related issues enhanced by the addition of some prominent academic researchers; and (iii) aspects of management including flexibility, reliability, and relatively low costs. These were perceived to offset the disadvantages in the eyes of some Mexican entities of not being Mexican and the logistic and communication difficulties of not having a Mexican base. The advantages built, in part on IFPRI's prior contribution to the knowledge on which the designers of PROGRESA built (see Question 1) and underlay some of the benefits of IFPRI's involvement in the evaluation (Questions 3 and 4). The perceived package of advantages apparently dominated whatever PROGRESA considered the next best option, so early on in the conversation between IFPRI and PROGRESA about the evaluation, the focus seemed to be primarily on making mutual adjustments so that the evaluation contract could be worked out rather than strong debates about whether it should be worked out. (3) Key persons in the development and implementation of PROGRESA, as well as most of those interviewed, international organizations and the more general media seem to agree that the IFPRI evaluation team did make a significant contribution to the short-run and longer-run sustainability and expansion of the program as well as to details of the evaluation and program modifications—probably beyond what might have occurred with some alternative evaluator for reasons that were anticipated in the selection of IFPRI (see Question 2 above). While it undoubtedly remains the case that the basic success of PROGRESA is due primarily to those in Mexico who developed, nurtured, and implemented the program, it also seems plausible that some small share of the credit might be attributed to the IFPRI evaluation. (4) There have been substantial spillover effects, both in Mexico and internationally, of the evaluation of PROGRESA on the culture of policy evaluation in general and on CCT programs in particular. And it seems that some significant share of that is due to IFPRI being engaged in the evaluation because that involvement probably added considerably to both the Mexican domestic and the international awareness of and receptivity to what had been learned about evaluation processes and what had been learned about CCTs through the IFPRI evaluation of PROGRESA. Thus, the evidence summarized in this study suggests that IFPRI probably did have an important significant impact on the direct and indirect outcomes of PROGRESA/Oportunidades, even if this impact was a small percentage of the total impact of PROGRESA/Oportunidades. There apparently were significant gains from having an international organization undertake the initial PROGRESA evaluation that was not viewed as captive to national or international interests and that had a reputation of undertaking objective policy-related research that may have been enhanced by the involvement of several fairly visible academics. Simulations of the benefit-to-cost ratio for IFPRI's involvement, even under conservative assumptions, suggest that the benefits outweighed the costs substantially—and probably by much more with more moderate and more plausible assumptions." from Author's Abstract


Abstract. The Cloud Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), on board the CALIPSO platform, has measured profiles of total attenuated backscatter coefficient (level 1 products) since June 2006. CALIOP's level 2 products, such as the aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficient profiles, are retrieved using a complex succession of automated algorithms. The goal of this study is to help identify potential shortcomings in the CALIOP version 2 level 2 aerosol extinction product and to illustrate some of the motivation for the changes that have been introduced in the next version of CALIOP data (version 3, released in June 2010). To help illustrate the potential factors contributing to the uncertainty of the CALIOP aerosol extinction retrieval, we focus on a one-day, multi-instrument, multiplatform comparison study during the CALIPSO and Twilight Zone (CATZ) validation campaign on 4 August 2007. On that day, we observe a consistency in the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values recorded by four different instruments (i.e. space-borne MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS: 0.67 and POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances, POLDER: 0.58, airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar, HSRL: 0.52 and ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork, AERONET: 0.48 to 0.73) while CALIOP AOD is a factor of two lower (0.32 at 532 nm). This case study illustrates the following potential sources of uncertainty in the CALIOP AOD: (i) CALIOP's low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) leading to the misclassification and/or lack of aerosol layer identification, especially close to the Earth's surface; (ii) the cloud contamination of CALIOP version 2 aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles; (iii) potentially erroneous assumptions of the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio ( S a ) used in CALIOP's extinction retrievals; and (iv) calibration coefficient biases in the CALIOP daytime attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles. The use of version 3 CALIOP extinction retrieval for our case study seems to partially fix factor (i) although the aerosol retrieved by CALIOP is still somewhat lower than the profile measured by HSRL; the cloud contamination (ii) appears to be corrected; no particular change is apparent in the observation-based CALIOP S a value (iii). Our case study also showed very little difference in version 2 and version 3 CALIOP attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles, illustrating a minor change in the calibration scheme (iv).


AD/HD in adulthood is associated with ongoing academic impairments. A metacognitive theoretical framework was used to review the extant literature on cognitive deficits in AD/HD and to construct laboratory measures of metacognitive monitoring and control relevant to educational settings. Reviewed evidence of deficits in metacognitive control was strong while evidence of problems in monitoring was equivocal. Two sets of laboratory memory tasks were used to address questions of metamemory monitoring and control, as well as to examine whether a highly unstructured task would be incrementally more difficult for adults with AD/HD due to greater demands on executive functioning. Sixty-eight adults with and without AD/HD were assessed using structured interviews and self-reports and completed laboratory tasks, interviews, and questionnaires tapping metamemory. Adults with AD/HD were just as accurate as the comparison group at predicting their memory performance, despite remembering fewer words on the unstructured task. Groups did not differ in the relationship between their predictions and their study behavior (study time, item selection) nor in the amount of time they spent studying items. However, adults with AD/HD were less likely to use a self-testing strategy during an unstructured task and were less likely to report associating word pairs during a structured, computerized task. Results suggest that adults with AD/HD may not be impaired in metacognitive monitoring during a task, but they are less likely to use effective study strategies than adults without AD/HD, especially when tasks are unstructured. Several targets for intervention are discussed and it is suggested that future research include assessments of self-efficacy, self-reported study behavior, and methods to investigate study plan formulation versus execution.


It has long been a truism of American constitutional history that the late-nineteenth century proponents of laissez-faire constitutionalism grounded themselves in natural law jurisprudence. Unfortunately, this truism is an oversimplification that limits our understanding of constitutional jurisprudence in late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the jurisprudence of Lochner-era. Without doubt, many of the early proponents of laissez-faire constitutionalism believed in the reality of natural law. Nevertheless, this Article argues that these same jurists also accepted the distinction between natural law and positive law. They regarded their task as the study and enunciation of the latter, not the former. The originators of laissez-faire constitutionalism adhered to the doctrine that law expressed the will of an earthly, not divine, sovereign; and they claimed to describe what American constitutional law was, not what it should be. They accepted, in short, the jurisprudence of legal positivism as well as the reality of natural law. Most fundamentally, however, this Article argues that the originators of laissez-faire constitutionalism grounded themselves in a third mode of jurisprudence: a jurisprudence which this study calls "historism." Historism conceived law as an evolving product of the mutual interaction of race, culture, reason and events. Moreover, historism taught that objective legal principles were discernible through historical studies, not rationalistic introspection. Today, historism is a thoroughly discredited and largely forgotten mode of thought. Yet it flourished in the nineteenth century. Laissez-faire constitutionalism was, of course, the product of many factors. But historism was its central jurisprudential determinant. This study explores the relation of historism and laissez-faire constitutionalism through a study of three prominent late nineteenth century constitutional commentators: John Norton Pomeroy, Thomas McIntyre Cooley and Christopher Gustavus Tiedeman. All three of these scholars supported laissez-faire constitutionalism. Two of them are regarded as the preeminent formulators of that doctrine. This study shows that these commentators grounded their constitutionalism in legal positivism as much as in natural law. Moreover, it shows that historism mediated their conflicting jurisprudential commitments. Historism was the linchpin of their constitutional thought. Part I of this study describes historism as a style of normative social theory and discusses its rationalist, positivist and teleologic branches. Part II analyzes Pomeroy's, Cooley's, and Tiedeman's private and public law jurisprudence, showing the varying ways they blended natural law, legal positivism and historism into a theory of constitutional law. Part III discusses three implications of this study for a revision of our understanding of Lochner-era jurisprudence.


Every day, corporations are connecting the dots about our personal behaviorsilently scrutinizing clues left behind by our work habits and Internet use. The data compiled and portraits created are incredibly detailed, to the point of being invasive. But who connects the dots about what firms are doing with this information? The Black Box Society argues that we all need to be able to do soand to set limits on how big data affects our lives. Hidden algorithms can make (or ruin) reputations, decide the destiny of entrepreneurs, or even devastate an entire economy. Shrouded in secrecy and complexity, decisions at major Silicon Valley and Wall Street firms were long assumed to be neutral and technical. But leaks, whistleblowers, and legal disputes have shed new light on automated judgment. Self-serving and reckless behavior is surprisingly common, and easy to hide in code protected by legal and real secrecy. Even after billions of dollars of fines have been levied, underfunded regulators may have only scratched the surface of this troubling behavior. Frank Pasquale exposes how powerful interests abuse secrecy for profit and explains ways to rein them in. Demanding transparency is only the first step. An intelligible society would assure that key decisions of its most important firms are fair, nondiscriminatory, and open to criticism. Silicon Valley and Wall Street need to accept as much accountability as they impose on others.


Synopsis The Dalradian Supergroup of the Scottish Highlands is a largely metasedimentary succession of Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian age, metamorphosed during the Caledonian Orogeny. The rocks were deposited on the Laurentian margin during and following the break-up of Rodinia. This rift setting is evidenced, in the upper half of the succession, by the presence of several volcanic sequences. A significant development of these volcanic rocks occurs in the NE Grampian Highlands. There, the Blackwater Formation, within the Argyll Group of the Huntly area, is dominated by basic and ultrabasic metavolcanic rocks, with intercalated metasedimentary rocks. The rocks were metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies, with the Mg contents of their dominant amphiboles apparently reflecting those of the whole-rock protoliths. The protoliths ranged from ultrabasic picritic types (MgO up to 35 wt%) through high-magnesia basalts to basaltic andesites and andesites. The magmas feeding the volcanism were of tholeiitic affinity, broadly similar to metavolcanic rocks elsewhere in the Dalradian. Higher-Nb and lower-Nb groups can be distinguished. The inferred parental magmas were basalts with MgO c. 10 wt%. The ultrabasic rocks formed by accumulation of olivine and minor Cr-spinel within the parental basalts. Some more evolved rocks show evidence of minor (5–10 wt%) accumulation of Fe–Ti oxides. Primary magmas of the Blackwater metavolcanic rocks were generated from a mantle source, or sources, relatively enriched compared to the MORB source. It is speculated that all the Dalradian metavolcanic rocks represent varying degrees of mixing of magmas from this source and a depleted, MORB-like, mantle source.


Air quality, ecosystem exposure to nitrogen deposition, and climate change are intimately coupled problems: we assess changes in the global atmospheric environment between 2000 and 2030 using 26 state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models and three different emissions scenarios. The first (CLE) scenario reflects implementation of current air quality legislation around the world, while the second (MFR) represents a more optimistic case in which all currently feasible technologies are applied to achieve maximum emission reductions. We contrast these scenarios with the more pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. Ensemble simulations for the year 2000 are consistent among models and show a reasonable agreement with surface ozone, wet deposition, and NO2 satellite observations. Large parts of the world are currently exposed to high ozone concentrations and high deposition of nitrogen to ecosystems. By 2030, global surface ozone is calculated to increase globally by 1.5 +/- 1.2 ppb (CLE) and 4.3 +/- 2.2 ppb (A2), using the ensemble mean model results and associated +/-1 sigma standard deviations. Only the progressive MFR scenario will reduce ozone, by -2.3 +/- 1.1 ppb. Climate change is expected to modify surface ozone by -0.8 +/- 0.6 ppb, with larger decreases over sea than over land. Radiative forcing by ozone increases by 63 +/- 15 and 155 +/- 37 mW m(-2) for CLE and A2, respectively, and decreases by -45 +/- 15 mW m(-2) for MFR. We compute that at present 10.1% of the global natural terrestrial ecosystems are exposed to nitrogen deposition above a critical load of 1 g N m(-2) yr(-1). These percentages increase by 2030 to 15.8% (CLE), 10.5% (MFR), and 25% (A2). This study shows the importance of enforcing current worldwide air quality legislation and the major benefits of going further. Nonattainment of these air quality policy objectives, such as expressed by the SRES-A2 scenario, would further degrade the global atmospheric environment.


This thesis combined gas phase mass spectrometric investigations of ionic transition metal clusters that are either homogeneous \((Nb_n^{+/-}, Co_n^{+/-})\) or heterogeneous \(([Co_nPt_m]^{+/-})\), of their organo metallic reaction products, and of organic molecules (aspartame and Asp-Phe) and their alkali metal ion adducts.At the Paris FEL facility CLIO a newly installed FT-ICR mass spectrometer has been modified by inclusion of an ion bender that allows for the usage of additional ion sources beyond the installed ESI source. The installation of an LVAP metal cluster source served to produce metal cluster adsorbate complex ions of the type \([Nb_n(C_6H_6)]^{+/-}\). IR-MPD of the complexes \([Nb_n(C_6H_6)]^{+/-} (n = 18, 19)\) resulted in \([Nb_n(C_6)]^{+/-} (n = 18, 19)\) fragments. Spectra are broad, possibly because of vibronic / electronic transitions. In Kaiserslautern the capabilities of the LVAP source were extended by adding a gas pick up unit. Complex gases containing C-H bonds otherwise break within the cluster forming plasma. More stable gases like CO seem to attach at least partially intact. Metal cluster production with argon tagged onto the cluster failed when introducing argon through the pick up source, but succeeded when using argon as expansion gas. A new mass spectrometer concept of an additional multipole collision cell for metal cluster adsorbate formation is currently under construction. Subsequent cooling shall achieve high resolution IR-MPD spectra of transition metal cluster adsorbate complexes.Prior work on reaction of transition metal clusters with benzene was extended by investigating the reaction with benzene and benzene-d6 of size selected cationic cobalt clusters \(Co_n^+\) and of anionic cobalt clusters \(Co_n^-\) in the size range \(n = 3 - 28\) and of bimetallic cobalt platinum clusters \([Co_nPt_m]^{+/-}\) in the size range \(n + m \le 8\). Dehydrogenation by cationic cobalt clusters \(Co_n^+\) is sparse, it is effective in small bimetallic clusters \([Co_nPt_m]^+ (n + m \le 3)\). Thus single platinum atoms promote benzene dehydrogenation while further cobalt atoms quench it. Dehydrogenation is ubiquitous in reactions of anionic cobalt clusters. Mixed triatomic clusters \([Co_2Pt_1]^-\) and \([Co_1Pt_2]^-\) are special in causing effective reactions and single dehydrogenation through some kind of cooperativity while \([Co_nPt_{1,2}]^- (n \ge 3)\) do not react at all. Kinetic isotope effects KIE(n) in total reaction rates are inverse and - in part - large, dehydrogenation isotope effects DIE(n) are normal. A multistep model of adsorption and stepwise dehydrogenation from the precursor adsorbate proves suitable to rationalize the found KIEs and DIEs in principle. Particular insights into the effects of charge and of cluster size are largely beyond this model. Some DFT calculations - though preliminary - lend strong support to the otherwise assumed structures and enthalpies. More insights into the cause of the found effects of charge, size and composition of both pure and mixed clusters shall arise from ongoing high level ab initio modeling (of especially the \(n + m = 3\) case for mixed clusters).The influence of the methylester group in the molecules aspartame (Asp-PheOMe) and Asp-Phe has been explored. Therefore, their protonated and deprotonated species and their complexes with alkali metal ions attached were investigated with different techniques utilizing mass spectrometry.Gas phase H-/D-exchange with \(ND_3\) has proven that in both molecules all acidic NH and OH binding motifs do exchange their hydrogen atom and that simultaneous multi exchange is present. Kinetic studies revealed that with alkali metal ions attached the speed of the first exchange step decreases with increasing ion size. The additional OH of the carboxylic COOHPhe group in Asp-Phe increases the exchange speed by a constant value. CID experiments yielded water and the protonated Asp-Phe anhydride as main fragments out of the protonated molecules, neutral Asp anhydride and \([Phe M]^+ / [PheOMe M]^+\) for \(Li^+\) and \(Na^+\) attached, and neutral aspartame / Asp-Phe and ionic \(M^+\) for \(K^+\), \(Rb^+\) and \(Cs^+\) attached. The threshold energy \(E_{CID}\), indicating ion stability, decreases with increasing ion size. For aspartame fragmentation occurs at lower \(E_{CID}\) values for complexes with \(H^+\), \(Li^+\) and \(Na^+\) than for the Asp-Phe analoga. Complexes with \(K^+\), \(Rb^+\) and \(Cs^+\) give the same \(E_{CID}\) value for aspartame and Asp-Phe. IR-MPD investigations lead to the same fragments as the CID experiments. In combination with quantum mechanical calculations a change in the preferred structure from charge-solvated, tridentate type for complexes with small alkali metal ions (\(Li^+\)) to salt-bridge type structure for large alkali metal ions (\(Cs^+\)) could be confirmed. Calculations thereby reveal nearly no structural differences between aspartame and Asp-Phe for cationized species. The deprotonation of the additional COOHPhe group in Asp-Phe is preferred against other acidic positions. A better experimental distinction between possible (calculated) structure types would arise from additional FEL IR-MPD measurements in the energy range of 600 to 1800 \(cm^{-1}\). The comparison of the \(E_{CID}\) values with calculated fragmentation energy values proves that not only for alkali metal complexes with \(K^+\), \(Rb^+\) and \(Cs^+\), but also for \(Li^+\) and \(Na^+\) the bond breaking of all metal atom bonds is part of the transition state. The lower \(E_{CID}\) values for aspartame with small cations may be explained in terms of internal energy. Aspartame is a larger molecule, possesses more internal energy and can be recognized as the larger heat bath. Less energy is needed for fragmentation, if the Phe part with the additional methylester group is involved in the fragmentation process.


The price-squeeze doctrine, and the discussion of up to what extent can a dominant firm discipline its rivals by means of pricing policies has lead to a wide divergence of antitrust enforcement and consequent liability rules across the Atlantic, and even between US' agencies – the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission- themselves. In two high-profile decisions – the European Commission's July 2007 imposition of a fine on Spanish telecom incumbent Telefonica, and the European Court of First Instance's April 2008 decision affirming a similar fine imposed earlier on telecom provider Deutsche Telekom – European authorities have recognized price squeezes as an appropriate ground for finding an abuse of dominance under Article 102 of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. The structure with which we are going to address these issues would follow a route which will lead us from the more general matters to the more specific questions at stake here. Consequently, after this introductory section, we will show – briefly – the main differences and similarities between US and EU enforcement policies regarding broad unilateral conduct. In the next section we turn to the specific behaviour of anticompetitive margin squeeze, as considered in both jurisdictions by jurisprudence and scholarship. This analytical framework is biased – more heavily in the EU than in the US – by the interaction between regulation and antitrust, and to such matter we devote the following section of this paper, with specific reference to the recent Telefonica and Deutsche Telekom cases. The next section in turn analyses the recent linkLine decision, from the different point of view of the Ninth Circuit, the DOJ and the FTC. Of course, after all those we pay close attention to the U.S. Supreme Court's opinion. At this point we will ask ourselves if an integrative analytical framework (suitable for both the US and EU, and acceptable for both the DOJ and the FTC) is possible to be found. Before the concluding section, a comprehensive account of the rules governing unilateral conduct regarding margin squeeze claims is offered, to conclude – in the following section – than unfortunately the approach to margin squeeze in the three referred cases is quite diverging. Finally, some general conclusions are given in the last section of this paper.


Regional freight transportation policy planning is a difficult task, as few policy-planners have adequate tools to aid their understanding of how various policy formulations affect this complex, socio-technical system. In this paper, we develop a proof-of-concept model to simulate the impacts of public policies on freight transportation in a simulated region. We use the techniques of multi-disciplinary system design and optimization to analyze the formulation of regional freight transportation policies and examine the relative effects of policies and exogenous forces on the region in order to provide insight into the policy-planning process. Both single objective and multi-objective analysis is performed to provide policy-planners with a clear understanding of the trade-offs made in policy formulation.


Want to know how to use an electronic component? This second book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects--complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You'll learn what each one does, how it works, why it's useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you'll find fascinating details you've never come across before. Perfect for teachers, hobbyists, engineers, and students of all ages, this reference puts reliable, fact-checked information right at your fingertips--whether you're refreshing your memory or exploring a component for the first time. Beginners will quickly grasp important concepts, and more experienced users will find the specific details their projects require. Volume 2 covers signal processing, including LEDs, LCDs, audio, thyristors, digital logic, and amplification.Unique: the first and only encyclopedia set on electronic components, distilled into three separate volumes Incredibly detailed: includes information distilled from hundreds of sources Easy to browse: parts are clearly organized by component type Authoritative: fact-checked by expert advisors to ensure that the information is both current and accurate Reliable: a more consistent source of information than online sources, product datasheets, and manufacturer's tutorials Instructive: each component description provides details about substitutions, common problems, and workarounds Comprehensive: Volume 1 covers power, electromagnetism, and discrete semiconductors; Volume 2 includes LEDs, LCDs, audio, thyristors, digital logic, and amplification; Volume 3 covers a range of sensing devices.


Robust Control ToolboxTM provides functions, algorithms, and blocks for analyzing and tuning control systems for performance and robustness. You can create uncertain models by combining nominal dynamics with uncertain elements, such as uncertain parameters or unmodeled dynamics. You can analyze the impact of plant model uncertainty on control system performance and identify worst-case combinations of uncertain elements. H-infinity and mu-synthesis techniques let you design controllers that maximize robust stability and performance. The toolbox automatically tunes both SISO and MIMO controllers. These can include decentralized, fixed-structure controllers with multiple tunable blocks spanning multiple feedback loops. The toolbox lets you tune one controller against a set of plant models. You can also tune gain-scheduled controllers. You can specify multiple tuning objectives, such as reference tracking, disturbance rejection, stability margins, and closed-loop pole locations.


Results from numerical simulations of the NASA trapezoidal wing geometry using the unstructured finite-volume-based solver STAR-CCM+ are presented. General polyhedral meshes are generated using automated techniques that are amenable to rapid grid generation for industrial use. A steady-state RANS approach is employed using the SST k-ω turbulence model coupled with a predictive laminar-to-turbulent transition model. Results are compared to experimental measurements provided as part of the 1 st AIAA High-Lift Prediction Workshop (HiLiftPW-1), both with and without slat/flap support brackets.


The paper presents a parametric numerical study on the horizontal load-bearing capacitiy of timber framed wall elements coated with single fibre plaster boards (FPB) that can be used in the construction of single- or multi-storey prefabricated buildings. The research deals with both the full elements (without any opening) and with elements containing an opening. The key behaviour indicators like the racking stiffness and strength were determined and presented as ratios dependent on the opening area. A comparative study has proved that none of the methods from the literature that were previously developed for different types of wall elements can be accurately applied to the FPB-sheated panels. It has also been shown that the methods currently available in the European design codes underestimate the capacity of wall elements with openings. Based on the results some diagrams are proposed that enable quick and efficient determination of the essential properties of wall elements with arbitrary areas of openings and may thus represent a useful tool for the structural design process.


The CAD/CAM-based design of free-form surfaces is the beginning of a chain of operations, which ends with the numerically controlled (NC-) production of the designed object. During this process the shape control is an important step to amount efficiency. Several surface interrogation methods already exist to analyze curvature and continuity behaviour of the shape. This paper deals with a new aspect of shape control: the stability of surfaces with respect to infnitesimal bendings. Each inEnitesimal bending of a surface determines a so called instability surface, which is used for the stability investigations. The kinematic meaning of this instability surface will be discussed and we present algorithms to calculate it.


In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children. Adverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma. Adverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors.


In this work we study and investigate the minimum width annulus problem (MWAP), the circle center location or circle location problem (CLP) and the point center location or point location problem (PLP) on Rectilinear and Chebyshev planes as well as in networks. The relations between the problems have served as a basis for finding of elegant solution, algorithms for both new and well known problems. So, MWAP was formulated and investigated in Rectilinear space. In contrast to Euclidean metric, MWAP and PLP have at least one common optimal point. Therefore, MWAP on Rectilinear plane was solved in linear time with the help of PLP. Hence, the solution sequence was PLP-->MWAP. It was shown, that MWAP and CLP are equivalent. Thus, CLP can be also solved in linear time. The obtained results were analysed and transfered to Chebyshev metric. After that, the notions of circle, sphere and annulus in networks were introduced. It should be noted that the notion of a circle in a network is different from the notion of a cycle. An O(mn) time algorithm for solution of MWAP was constructed and implemented. The algorithm is based on the fact that the middle point of an edge represents an optimal solution of a local minimum width annulus on this edge. The resulting complexity is better than the complexity O(mn+n^2logn) in unweighted case of the fastest known algorithm for minimizing of the range function, which is mathematically equivalent to MWAP. MWAP in unweighted undirected networks was extended to the MWAP on subsets and to the restricted MWAP. Resulting problems were analysed and solved. Also the p–minimum width annulus problem was formulated and explored. This problem is NP–hard. However, the p–MWAP has been solved in polynomial O(m^2n^3p) time with a natural assumption, that each minimum width annulus covers all vertexes of a network having distances to the central point of annulus less than or equal to the radius of its outer circle. In contrast to the planar case MWAP in undirected unweighted networks have appeared to be a root problem among considered problems. During investigation of properties of circles in networks it was shown that the difference between planar and network circles is significant. This leads to the nonequivalence of CLP and MWAP in the general case. However, MWAP was effectively used in solution procedures for CLP giving the sequence MWAP-->CLP. The complexity of the developed and implemented algorithm is of order O(m^2n^2). It is important to mention that CLP in networks has been formulated for the first time in this work and differs from the well–studied location of cycles in networks. We have constructed an O(mn+n^2logn) algorithm for well–known PLP. The complexity of this algorithm is not worse than the complexity of the currently best algorithms. But the concept of the solution procedure is new – we use MWAP in order to solve PLP building the opposite to the planar case solution sequence MWAP-->PLP and this method has the following advantages: First, the lower bounds LB obtained in the solution procedure are proved to be in any case better than the strongest Halpern's lower bound. Second, the developed algorithm is so simple that it can be easily applied to complex networks manually. Third, the empirical complexity of the algorithm is equal to O(mn). MWAP was extended to and explored in directed unweighted and weighted networks. The complexity bound O(n^2) of the developed algorithm for finding of the center of a minimum width annulus in the unweighted case does not depend on the number of edges in a network, because the problems can be solved in the order PLP-->MWAP. In the weighted case computational time is of order O(mn^2).


Willard Van Orman Quine begins this influential work by declaring, "Language is a social art. In acquiring it we have to depend entirely on intersubjectively available cues as to what to say and when." As Patricia Smith Churchland notes in her foreword to this new edition, with Word and Object Quine challenged the tradition of conceptual analysis as a way of advancing knowledge. The book signaled twentieth-century philosophy's turn away from metaphysics and what Churchland calls the "phony precision" of conceptual analysis. In the course of his discussion of meaning and the linguistic mechanisms of objective reference, Quine considers the indeterminacy of translation, brings to light the anomalies and conflicts implicit in our language's referential apparatus, clarifies semantic problems connected with the imputation of existence, and marshals reasons for admitting or repudiating each of various categories of supposed objects. In addition to Churchland's foreword, this edition offers a new preface by Quine's student and colleague Dagfinn Follesdal that describes the never-realized plans for a second edition of Word and Object, in which Quine would offer a more unified treatment of the public nature of meaning, modalities, and propositional attitudes.


In the current online environment, more flexibility in the field of copyright limitations is a legislative necessity rather than a mere regulatory option. From a social and cultural perspective, the web 2.0, with its advanced search engine services, interactive platforms and various forms of user-generated content, is central to the promotion and enhancement of freedom of expression and information. From an economic perspective, it creates a parallel universe of traditional content providers relying on copyright protection, and emerging internet industries whose further development depends on robust copyright limitations. In particular, the newcomers in the online market – social networking sites, video forums and virtual worlds – promise a remarkable potential for economic growth that have already attracted the attention of the OECD.Current EC copyright law, however, is likely to frustrate these opportunities for cultural, social and economic development. In contrast to US copyright law, flexible elements, such as an open-ended fair use provision, are sought in vain. Instead, the EC Copyright Directive 2001/29 encourages the further restriction of precisely-defined statutory exceptions in the light of the EC three-step test that has been modelled on similar international provisions. Against this background, the time is ripe to debate the introduction of an EC fair use doctrine that would open up the current restrictive system, offer sufficient breathing space for social, cultural and economic needs, and enable the EC copyright infrastructure to keep pace with the rapid development of the Internet. For this purpose, the differences between the continental-European and the Anglo-American approach to copyright limitations (section I), and the rationale of fair use legislation (section II) will be discussed before embarking on an analysis of current problems that have arisen in the EC (section III). On this basis the conceptual contours of an EC fair use doctrine will be discussed (section IV). Drawing conclusions, the international dimension of the proposed fair use initiative will be considered (section V).


This paper discusses the development of the prototype application 'LabanAssist'. It looks at the design rationale used for the creation of what is fundamentally a system for recording dance knowledge on a score, as identifiable and replicable signs and symbols. A system made necessary because the conventions of other established disciplines, such as engineering and computer science practices, were no longer considered to be effective alone, in facilitating the production of well-designed cultural artefacts (Calvert, Fox, Ryman, & Wilke, 2005; Ebenreuter, 2005).
It is important to ask how can we understand design as a discipline amongst other fields of study with longstanding conventions and traditions and if the discipline of design offers effective ways of thinking about the creation and art of making products or services for the enhancement of the human experience? Is design a discipline because it adheres to existing and established rules of interdisciplinary knowledge from which it draws, or is it a discipline in its own right that as a significant field of intellectual development utilizes interdisciplinary knowledge as a basis for creativity and invention?"
While there is no simple answer to these questions, the design approach adopted for the development of the prototype application 'LabanAssist' offers a working example in which the central theme of grammar, or more particularly the rules of a language, depart from the conventional use for its practical application. This application is one in which a literal understanding of grammar is no longer seen as an adequate basis for the generation of dance knowledge expressed via symbolic writing systems. Instead, this research focuses on the way in which the figurative aspects of language can be represented in the design of an interface to orient user thinking and facilitate the generation of diverse movement compositions. Keywords:
Labanotation; Grammar; Literal; Figurative; Tropes; Poetic Constructs; Broad Terms; Interface.


We prove a result concerning the possible orders of a basis for the cyclic group ${\Bbb Z}_n$, namely: For each $k \in {\Bbb N}$ there exists a constant $c_k > 0$ such that, for all $n \in {\Bbb N}$, if $A \subseteq {\Bbb Z}_n$ is a basis of order greater than $n/k$, then the order of $A$ is within $c_k$ of $n/l$ for some integer $l \in [1,k]$. The proof makes use of various results in additive number theory concerning the growth of sumsets. Additionally, exact results are summarized for the possible basis orders greater than $n/4$ and less than $\sqrt{n}$. An equivalent problem in graph theory is discussed, with applications.


The Call continues to stand as a classic, reflective work on life's purpose. Best-selling author Os Guinness goes beyond our surface understanding of God's call and addresses the fact that God has a specific calling for our individual lives. Why am I here? What is God's call in my life? How do I fit God's call with my own individuality? How should God's calling affect my career, my plans for the future, my concepts of success? Guinness now helps the reader discover answers to these questions, and more, through a corresponding workbook - perfect for individual or group study. According to Guinness, "No idea short of God's call can ground and fulfill the truest human desire for purpose and fulfillment." With tens of thousands of readers to date, The Call is for all who desire a purposeful, intentional life of faith. Also availbale in audio format, narrated by Os Guinness.


In 1919 the Social Democrat city council of Vienna initiated a radical program of reforms designed to reshape the city's infrastructure along socialist lines. The centerpiece and most enduring achievement of "Red" Vienna was the construction of the Wiener Gemeindebauten, 400 communal housing blocks, distributed throughout the city, in which workers' dwellings were incorporated with kindergartens, libraries, medical clinics, theaters, cooperative stores, and other public facilities. The 64,000 units housed one tenth of the city's population. Throughout this socialist building campaign, however, Austria was ruled by a conservative, clerical, and antisocialist political majority. Thus the architecture of Red Vienna took shape in the midst of highly charged, and often violent, political conflict between left and right.In this book, Eve Blau looks at how that ideological conflict shaped the buildings of Red Vienna--in terms of their program, spatial conception, language, and use--as well as how political meaning itself is manifested in architecture. She shows how the architecture of Red Vienna constructed meaning in relation to the ideological conflicts that defined Austrian politics in the interwar period--how it was shaped by the conditions of its making, and how it engaged its own codes, practices, and history to stake out a political position in relation to those conditions. Her investigation sheds light both on the complex relationship among political program, architectural practice, and urban history in interwar Vienna, and on the process by which architecture can generate a collective discourse that includes all members of society.Published with the assistance of the Getty Grant Program.


Why do people record videos and share them? While the question seems to be simple, user intentions have not yet been investigated for video production and sharing. A general taxonomy would lead to adapted information systems and multimedia interfaces tailored to the users' intentions. We contribute (1) an exploratory user study with 20 participants, examining the various facets of user intentions for video production and sharing in detail and (2) a novel set of user intention clusters for video production, grounded empirically in our study results. We further reflect existing work in specialized domains (i.e. video blogging and mobile phone cameras) and show that prevailing models used in other multimedia fields (e.g. photography) cannot be used as-is to reason about video recording and sharing intentions.


Ancient Greek religion was a polytheistic religion without a book, church, creed, or a professional priestly class. Due to the extraordinarily rich regional varieties in cult, fragmentary evidence and conjectural interpretations of it, conflicting mythological accounts, and the span of time treated, not a single absolute statement can be made about any aspect of Greek religion and exceptions exist for every general rule stated here.
 Since Ancient Greeks perceived all aspects of nature as either divine or divinely controlled, and all aspects of individual and social life were thought to be subject to supernatural influence, paying proper respect to the gods and heroes was understood to be a fundamental necessity of life. Since no aspect of individual or social life was separate from "religion," scholars refer to Ancient Greek religion as "embedded."1

 The closest Ancient Greek comes to the English word "religion" are the noun thrēskeia ("acts of religious worship, ritual, service of gods") and the verb thrēskeuō ("to perform religious observances"). Basic components of religious worship were the construction and upkeep of divine precincts, statues, altars, and temples, the observance of festivals, performance of sacrifices, bloodless offerings and libations, prayer, hymning, and observance of ritual abstinences and purifications. The closest Greek equivalents to "belief" were eusebeia ("reverent piety," "respect") and pistis ("trust in others" or "faith").2 Both words could qualify a relationship between humans, as well as a relationship between humans and a supernatural entity.
 Since the Ancient Greeks did not have authoritative or divinely sent books of revelation, there was no script telling them what or whom to believe in and outlining the reasons why. The Greeks did not have professional priests who preserved, interpreted, and disseminated religious norms.3 However, Greek literature is brimming with gods, and the stories about the gods, which they (and we) call "myths," were not only in all their texts, but everywhere around them: depicted on their pottery, painted on their walls, chiseled on the stones of their buildings.4 In the public space, there were countless divine statues, and the temples, altars, sacred groves, and divine precincts were everywhere around them. Ancient Greeks learned about the gods by hearing, watching, and doing: by seeing their parents perform a sacrifice, by observing them as they prayed, swore an oath, or performed libations, by participating in processions, singing and dancing in the chorus, eating the sacrificial meat in the sanctuaries, and by drinking wine, the gift of Dionysus. Ancient Greeks had no immediate need for theodicy, for the gods could be either benevolent, or angry, and their benevolence was perceived as a sign that the worship the community offered was appropriate, whereas natural catastrophes, crippling defeats in wars, or epidemics were interpreted as manifestations of divine anger, provoked by some human error or misstep.5 Ancestral gods and heroes and the traditional way of worshipping them formed the cornerstone of Greek religiosity.


One of the fastest ways to learn Linux is with this perennial favorite Eight previous top-selling editions of Linux For Dummies can't be wrong. If you've been wanting to migrate to Linux, this book is the best way to get there. Written in easy-to-follow, everyday terms, Linux For Dummies 9th Edition gets you started by concentrating on two distributions of Linux that beginners love: the Ubuntu LiveCD distribution and the gOS Linux distribution, which comes pre-installed on Everex computers. The book also covers the full Fedora distribution. Linux is an open-source operating system and a low-cost or free alternative to Microsoft Windows; of numerous distributions of Linux, this book covers Ubuntu Linux, Fedora Core Linux, and gOS Linux, and includes them on the DVD. Install new open source software via Synaptic or RPM package managers Use free software to browse the Web, listen to music, read e-mail, edit photos, and even run Windows in a virtualized environment Get acquainted with the Linux command line If you want to get a solid foundation in Linux, this popular, accessible book is for you. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.


During March 2015, the Blekinge Institute of Technology library carried out an interview survey comprising around 36 senior researchers and postdocs mainly in engineering sciences, with the objective to get a picture of how research data is managed at BTH and to find out what the researcher attitudes are to sharing data. The survey showed that most researchers in the study were positive to sharing research data but lacked any experience of making data management plans and had little or no knowledge of data preservation or of sharing open data. Uncertainties about data ownership are also an issue.


This paper addresses the legal response to data breaches in the US public sector. Private data held by the government is often the result of legally required disclosures or of participation in formally optional licensing or benefit schemes where the government is as a practical matter the only game in town. These coercive or unbargained-for disclosures impute a heightened moral duty on the part of the government to exercise careful stewardship over private data. But the moral duty to safeguard the data and to deal fully and honestly with the consequences of failing to safeguard them is at best only partly reflected in current state and federal statute law and regulations. The paper begins with an illustrative survey of federal data holdings, known breach cases, and the extent to which the government's moral duty to safeguard our data is currently instantiated in statute law and, increasingly, in regulation. I then argue that the government's duty to safeguard private data has a Constitutional foundation, either free-standing or based in Due Process, at least in cases where the government failed to take reasonable precautions to safeguard the data. This right is separate from any informational privacy rights that constrain the government's ability to acquire personal or corporate information. The key is Chief Justice Rhenquist's opinion in DeShaney. Under the DeShaney logic, victims of many governmental privacy breaches should have a claim against states under § 1983. Similar constitutional claims against the federal government would require a Bivens action but this is unlikely to work under current doctrine. As a result, persons injured by federal data breaches will have substantially inferior remedies available to them than will victims of state errors. And even when suing a state, however, the provision of effective remedies may be hampered by arguments based on governmental immunity, and the problem of valuing the harms caused by a breach.


From the winner of the 2004 Whitbread Biography Award and the Marsh Biography Award John Guy, comes Thomas Becket, a lively and enlightening new book that brings a colossal figure of British history vividly to life. This is the man, not the legend...Thomas Becket lived at the centre of medieval England. Son of a draper's merchant, he was befriended and favoured by Henry II and quickly ascended the rungs of power and privilege. He led 700 knights into battle, brokered peace between warring states and advised King and Pope. Yet he lost it all defying his closest friend and King, resulting in his own bloody murder and the birth of a legend. In John Guy's masterful account the life, death and times of Thomas Becket come splendidly alive. "Lively, effortlessly readable, superb. A triumph". (The Times). "Suspenseful, meticulously researched ...however well you think you know the story, it is well worth the read". (Financial Times). "Wonderfully moving and subtle. Reading of the assassination is almost unbearably intense and brings tears to one's eye". (Daily Express). "Compelling, marvellously measured, entertainingly astute, and in places positively moving". (The Independent). "A beautifully layered portrait of one of the most complex characters in English history ...not only corrects many historical errors and uncertainties, but merits reading more than once, for the sheer joy of its superb storytelling". (The Times). "Scintillates with energetic scene-setting, giving us a tactile, visual feel for early medieval England ...breathes new life into an oft-told tale". (Financial Times). "Vivid and extremely readable. The most accessible Life of Thomas Becket to be published in recent years". (The Times Literary Supplement). John Guy is an award-winning historian, accomplished broadcaster and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. His previous books include My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots, winner of the 2004 Whitbread Biography Award and the Marsh Biography Award, the highly acclaimed dual biography A Daughter's Love: Thomas and Margaret More and a history, Tudor England, which has sold over 250,000 copies worldwide.


Relational perspectives have influenced marketing theory and practice over the past 40 years, with a volume of relationship marketing (RM) research accumulating over this time. In sport management specifically, a number of RM research articles have been published since the late 1990s. Although an influx has been seen, a review of said literature informs us that RM is a diverse field with no single best explanation, no clear domain and scope, and no universally accepted definition and that, most particularly, the literature is a melting pot of various concepts. This circumstance creates frustration and confusion among new researchers. Additionally, as strategic communication strategies rely on clear and consistent messaging, it is pivotal to holistically address the issue. Therefore, adopting an integrative literature review approach, this commentary revisits the RM scholarship to present, brings attention to the complex nature of the RM literature, and identifies a point of departure for researchers attempting to find a fitting "home" for their research.


We report on two studies of teaching composition in Canadian elementary and middle-level classrooms, focusing this paper on teachers who work with new literacies perspectives.  A study of 21 teachers in all 10 Canadian provinces provided evidence of a broad range of practices in composition instruction, and an ongoing action research study with two groups of teachers allows us to develop richer understandings of the ways in which teachers create curriculum with students to promote engaged and productive multimodal and digital composing practices.  Nine themes are discussed within two broad categories: administrative and organizational issues, and teachers' stances and views of selves as learners and collaborators.


Conventional word problems can't help students build mathematical modeling skills. on their own. But they can be leveraged! We examined how middle and high school students made sense of word problems and offer strategies to question and extend word problems to promote mathematical reasoning.


Designing a good interface isn't easy. Users demand software that is well-behaved, good-looking, and easy to use. Your clients or managers demand originality and a short time to market. Your UI technology -- Web applications, desktop software, even mobile devices -- may give you the tools you need, but little guidance on how to use them well. UI designers over the years have refined the art of interface design, evolving many best practices and reusable ideas. If you learn these, and understand why the best user interfaces work so well, you too can design engaging and usable interfaces with less guesswork and more confidence. Designing Interfaces captures those best practices as design patterns -- solutions to common design problems, tailored to the situation at hand. Each pattern contains practical advice that you can put to use immediately, plus a variety of examples illustrated in full color. You'll get recommendations, design alternatives, and warnings on when not to use them. Each chapter's introduction describes key design concepts that are often misunderstood, such as affordances, visual hierarchy, navigational distance, and the use of color. These give you a deeper understanding of why the patterns work, and how to apply them with more insight. A book can't design an interface for you -- no foolproof design process is given here -- but Designing Interfaces does give you concrete ideas that you can mix and recombine as you see fit. Experienced designers can use it as a sourcebook of ideas. Novice designers will find a roadmap to the world of interface and interaction design, with enough guidance to start using these patterns immediately.