The idea of the separation of powers has been subjected to criticism and competition ever since it first came to be during the upheaval of the English Civil War. In recent years the case has once again been stated that the idea of the separation of powers has lost its significance in a globalised world, with a power constellation in which the distinctions between different types of 'powers' have blurred and even so-called constituted power holders have become more and more diffuse. Yet even its fiercest opponents cannot deny that the idea of the separation of powers as a theory of government has, in the words of M.J.C. Vile, 'in modern times, been the most significant, both intellectually and in terms of its influence upon institutional structures'. The idea of the separation of powers reached its zenith in the United States and France in the late 19th century. In the two centuries that separate us from this zenith, the doctrine has suffered almost endless criticism, but endured nonetheless. The tenacity of the idea of the separation of powers is partly due to the fact that it is still widely held to be a procedural and institutional prerequisite for providing the state and its laws with legitimacy. It was, and is, considered by many a guarantor of liberty, in the absence of which power cannot be legitimately exercised. However, both democratic legitimacy and the separation of powers as concepts have very much evolved alongside the state and over the last decades the state has been giving up ground to other power holders. This brings up the question of whether the combination of these concepts is still viable outside a traditional state context, and if so, in what form? This is the central question the current volume seeks to answer.


This paper endeavours to offer the feminist scholar interested in fat studies an argument for the complex attachments that many women have to size acceptance and fat activism despite the charges that movements/entities such as these are structurally bound by the same understandings of the  subject and the similar reliance on mind/body dualism found in the dieting industry. I modify an argument that Dr. Cressida Heyes espouses with regard to women's complex relationships with dieting in order to address size acceptance and fat activism in a similar way. I ultimately argue that despite the formal challenges that size acceptance and fat activism face with regard to subject-hood, the material relationships that women have with size acceptance and fat activist communities is such that they are invaluable to women. The larger issue at stake here, though not developed due to space constraints is the extent to which the structural coherence of a practice in which a Foucauldian 'care of the self' is said to be employed meaningfully affects those who have embodied relationships to those practices.


Land deed from James T. Murphy and Emma Murphy to R. A. Sale and Han Murphy for the "consideration of twenty dollars." The purchasers are elders "of the Church of Christ at Decator, Collin County," and the next paragraphs detail the perimeters of the land and the purposes of the land, that being "used for Church purposes."


TheNew York Timesbestselling "manifesto for the future that is grounded in practical solutions addressing the world's most pressing concerns: overpopulation, food, water, energy, education, health care and freedom" (The Wall Street Journal). Since the dawn of humanity, a privileged few have lived in stark contrast to the hardscrabble majority. Conventional wisdom says this gap cannot be closed. But it is closing-fast. InAbundance, space entrepreneur turned innovation pioneer Peter H. Diamandis and award-winning science writer Steven Kotler document how progress in artificial intelligence, robotics, digital manufacturing synthetic biology, and other exponentially growing technologies will enable us to make greater gains in the next two decades than we have in the previous 200 years. We will soon have the ability to meet and exceed the basic needs of every person on the planet. Abundance for all is within our grasp. Breaking down human needs by category-water, food, energy, healthcare, education, freedom-Diamandis and Kotler introduce us to innovators and industry captains making tremendous strides in each area. "Not only isAbundancea riveting page-turner...but it's a book that gives us a future worth fighting for. And even more than that, it shows us our place in that fight" (The Christian Science Monitor).


Over the past 20 years, advances in satellite remote sensing of
pollution-relevant species have made space-borne observations an increasingly
important part of atmospheric chemistry research and air quality management.
This progress has been facilitated by advanced UV–vis spectrometers, such as
the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the NASA Earth Observing
System (EOS) Aura satellite, and continues with new instruments, such as the
Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board the NASA–NOAA Suomi National
Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. In this study, we demonstrate
that it is possible, using our state-of-the-art principal component analysis
(PCA) retrieval technique, to continue the long-term global SO2
pollution monitoring started by OMI with the current and future OMPS
instruments that will fly on the NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) 1,
2, 3, and 4 satellites in addition to SNPP, with a very good consistency of
retrievals from these instruments. Since OMI SO2 data have been
primarily used for (1) providing regional context on air pollution and
long-range transport on a daily basis and (2) providing information on point
emission sources on an annual basis after data averaging, we focused on these
two aspects in our OMI–OMPS comparisons. Four years of retrievals
(2012–2015) have been compared for three regions: eastern China, Mexico, and
South Africa. In general, the comparisons show relatively high correlations
(r = 0. 79–0.96) of daily regional averaged SO2 mass between the two
instruments and near-unity regression slopes (0.76–0.97). The annual
averaged SO2 loading differences between OMI and OMPS are small
(< 0.03 Dobson unit (DU) over South Africa and up to 0.1 DU over
eastern China). We also found a very good correlation (r = 0. 92–0.97) in
the spatial distribution of annual averaged SO2 between OMI and OMPS
over the three regions during 2012–2015. The emissions from ∼ 400
SO2 sources calculated with the two instruments also show a very good
correlation (r = ∼ 0.9) in each year during 2012–2015. OMPS-detected
SO2 point source emissions are slightly lower than those from OMI, but
OMI–OMPS differences decrease with increasing strength of source. The
OMI–OMPS SO2 mass differences on a pixel by pixel (daily) basis in each
region can show substantial differences. The two instruments have a spatial
correlation coefficient of 0.7 or better on < ∼ 50 % of the days. It is worth noting that consistent SO2
retrievals were achieved without any explicit adjustments to OMI or OMPS
radiance data and that the retrieval agreement may be further improved by
introducing a more comprehensive Jacobian lookup table than is currently
used.


The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.


The thesis of this article is that the national project to redress discrimination, which has waxed and waned through the decades since the enactment of the Civil War Amendments, is now being squeezed toward oblivion by important substantive and procedural decisions of the Roberts Supreme Court. While the procedural restrictions are based on new interpretations of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the substantive restrictions, ironically, are primarily driven by a narrow vision of the purpose of the Constitution's equal protection clause. Now equal protection law has been turned upside down, with more protection provided the majority against governmental action aimed at redressing the present consequences of historic discrimination while members of groups that have been its victims face increasingly difficult barriers to their attempts to redress the present discrimination they face. Section I will describe the procedural barriers the Roberts Supreme Court has erected to prevent discrimination claims from being decided on the merits in court. These barriers divert claims from court to arbitration, even if there is no actual consent to arbitrate by the claimant. Arbitration cuts off the right to a jury trial and may prevent bringing a class action. If arbitration is avoided, the Court has imposed a "plausibility" standard at the pleading stage of litigation which allows lawsuits to be dismissed before discovery takes place. Further, the Court has limited the possibility of bringing class actions. Section II will show how the substantive law applied to discrimination claims has been narrowed for claims typically brought by women and people of color, while broadening claims brought by the white majority. Section III will look to the immediate future of the antidiscrimination project in the upcoming decision by the Supreme Court of an affirmative action case, Fisher v. University of Texas. Section IV will conclude.


When evaluating how to proceed against a corporate investigative target, law enforcement authorities often ignore the target's governance arrangements, while subsequently negotiating or imposing governance requirements, especially in deferred prosecution agreements. Ignoring governance structures and processes amid investigation can be hazardous and implementing improvised reforms afterwards may have severe unintended consequences — particularly when prescribing standardized governance devices. Drawing, in part, on new lessons from three prominent cases — Arthur Andersen, AIG and Bristol-Myers Squibb — this Article criticizes prevailing discord and urges prosecutors to contemplate corporate governance at the outset and to articulate rationales for prescribed changes. Integrating the role of corporate governance into prosecutions would promote public confidence in prosecutorial decisions to broker firm-specific governance reforms currently lacking and increase their effectiveness. The Article, therefore, contributes a novel perspective on the controversial practice: though substantial commentary urges prosecutors to avoid intruding into corporate governance, this Article explains the importance of prosecutors investing in it.


The increasing demand for high-quality products and economically and environmentally friendly technologies, as well as restrictive legislative actions, has stimulated scientific research on the extraction, purification and identification of bioactive compounds from natural sources. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is commonly used in traditional medicine due to its pharmacological properties, such as its anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxicity, anti-lipoperoxidation, antidiabetic, anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities. The use of industrial residues as sources of bioactive compounds has emerged as an economically viable solution to the problem of solid waste treatment. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the SC-CO2 extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate leaves, evaluating the influence of temperature (40 and 50°C) and pressure (10-30 MPa) on extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and the cost of manufacturing (COM) of the extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of multivariate data, making the visualization more straightforward and manageable. A high EY and TPC and low COM were obtained at the most effective operational conditions of 50°C and 30 MPa. The lack of correlation between EY-AA and TPC-AA indicated the coextraction of non-phenolic compounds. This assumption was corroborated by GC-MS analysis, which showed high levels of eicosanol, squalene, linoleic acid and tocols. Even though SC-CO2 extraction resulted in a high TPC (257-389 mg.g -1 ) compared to the literature data, the low EY (0.21-0.67 %) and non-phenolic presence suggest that SC-CO2 extraction may be a good purification pretreatment for the removal of non-polyphenolic compounds prior to further polyphenol extraction.


"For many investors, an intense, 24-hour-a-day, $1.5 trillion roller-coaster of a market spells "danger"; for readers of Forex Revolution, the word is "opportunity."-Michael J. Panzner, vice president, Rabo Securities USA, Inc., and author of The New Laws of the Stock Market Jungle"The author possesses an uncommon ability to describe a difficult and rapidly changing marketplace as if seen through a beginner's eyes. A most useful book for anyone that might not have been paying attention these past five years as the market reinvented itself."-Brentin C. Elam, director, Northcoast Asset Management, LLCForeign currency exchange-"Forex"-is today's #1 new investment opportunity. Revolutions in technology, regulation, and globalization have made Forex trading accessible to every active investor. Only one thing has been missing: An objective, clear "user's guide" to Forex trading. Now it's here-and it's in your hands.Simply and clearly, Forex Revolution reveals everything you need to know to trade Forex hands-on-from fundamental and technical trading strategies to the unyielding discipline that's essential to success.In this book, Peter Rosenstreich brings together insider techniques from all over the industry: Traders, banks, Forex firms, even the National Futures Association. You'll find expert guidance on everything from handling 24/7 markets to profiting from the emergence of China.Unlike other books, Forex Revolution doesn't require you to subscribe to costly services or purchase expensive tools. Whether you're an individual investor or a money manager new to Forex, this book gives you all you need: Facts, techniques, resources and-above all-the insider's edge. Why Forex has become your #1 profit opportunity How the currency markets became indispensable to the active investor Meet the players, markets, tools, portals, and platforms Everything you should know before you get started Choose the right FX investments Understand currency futures, options, swaps, and more Master both fundamental and technical trading strategies and discover why you need to know both Gut check: What it takes to win in the Forex markets Develop the discipline you need to succeedForeign Exchange Trading: Today's #1 Opportunity for Explosive Profits! The practical, hands-on Forex trading guide for individual investors No costly subscriptions or expensive tools needed Delivers unbiased, up-to-the-minute techniques you can start profiting from today Covers everything from trading rules to fundamental and technical strategies Realistically assesses risks and pitfalls-and shows how to avoid or mitigate themForex Isn't Just the World's Biggest Market-It's Your #1 Profit Opportunity!Every day, more than $1.5 trillion in currency trades are executed. That dwarfs the daily volume of the NYSE, NASDAQ, FTSE, DAX, and Tokyo Nikkei-combined! Today's growing currency volatility has made Forex the place to earn huge profits. Think Forex is just for secretive financiers and central bankers? Not any more! The rules have changed, and this book shows you exactly how to get in on the action.No other book offers as much unbiased, practical, how-to guidance for trading from Forex. Peter Rosenstreich doesn't just present his own techniques-he reveals never-before-published tips and techniques from traders throughout the industry. Above all, Mr. Rosenstreich tells you the whole truth: How currency markets work, how to trade, what the risks are, what to do about them...and what it really takes to win.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


The connection of intangible assets to cash flow generation is a major management issue. In addition, a majority of the investment is made in the intangible capital items. This paper intends to present an approach that supports the continuous measurement of intangible assets and allows an extended value based management framework that considers both tangible and intangible elements. The value of a company includes significant elements that are not described by the generally accepted accounting methods such as relationship capital, organizational capital, and knowledge and competence of employees. These elements are possible to be presented in an expanded balance sheet. We face challenges when we try to quantify the elements for a concrete date or when we intend to capture the exact changes throughout a certain period. Based on generally accepted accounting standards, the investment into intellectual assets is mostly handled as cost. This cost is accountable against the revenue of the period therefore decreasing the period's profit. This approach does not allow the carrying forward of any cost element for future periods, even in the case of a long term cost. If we reconsider our cost management framework and the costs that serve the development or replacement of intellectual capital items we manage as capital expenditures in intellectual capital items and not as a period's expense, we could build up a ground-up approach to the handling of intellectual capital items. This approach results in the compilation of two balance sheets and profit & loss accounts that are alternative versions of each other. The visualization of intellectual assets and intellectual capital might significantly change the decision making process and the general thinking of the management. The authors suggest further research in order to support the development of the conceptual framework and the operational rules of practice.


Computing power is an integrated part of our physical environment, and since our physical environment is three-dimensional, the virtual studio technology, with its unique potential for visualizing digital 3D objects and environments along with physical objects, offers an obvious path to pursue in order to envision future usage scenarios in the domain of pervasive computing.We label the work method virtual video prototyping, which grew out of a number of information systems design techniques along with approaches to visualization in the field of architecture and set design.We present a collection of virtual video prototyping cases and use them as the platform for a discussion, which pinpoint advantages and disadvantages of working with virtual video prototyping as a tool for communication, experimentation and reflection in the design process. Based on more than ten cases we have made the observations that virtual video prototypes 1) are a powerful medium of communication in development teams and for communication with industry partners and potential investors, 2) support both testing and generating ideas 3) are particular suited for addressing spatial issues and new ways of interacting. In addition practical use of virtual video prototypes has indicated the need to take into account some critical issues including a) production resources, b) hand-on experience, and c) the seductive power of virtual video prototypes.


A scholarly volume devoted to an understanding of contemporary nomadic and pastoral societies in the Middle East and North Africa. This volume recognizes the variable mobile quality of the ways of life of these societies which persist in accommodating the 'nation-state' of the 20th and 21st century but remain firmly transnational and highly adaptive. Composed of four sections around the theme of contestation it includes examinations of contested authority and power, space and social transformation, development and economic transformation, and cultures and engendered spaces.


Nothing promises pleasure more readily than the words freshly baked. And nothing says magnum opus as definitively as "Baking with Julia", which offers the dedicated home cook, whether a novice or seasoned veteran, a unique distillation of the baker's art. "Baking with Julia" is not only a book full of glorious recipes but also one that continues Julia's teaching tradition. Here, basic techniques come alive and are made easily comprehensible in recipes that demonstrate the myriad ways of raising dough, glazing cakes, and decorating crusts. This is the resource you'll turn to again and again for all your baking needs. With "Baking with Julia" in your cookbook library, you can become a master baker. And there's no better time to be baking than now. Quality baking today is more varied, more exciting, and simply more authentic than ever before. "Baking with Julia" celebrates this tremendous range with enticing recipes that marry sophisticated European techniques to American tastes and ingredients. With creative flair, napoleons are layered with tropical fruits, pumpkin and cranberries are kneaded into bread doughs, and a tart is topped with sweet stewed onions. Along the way, step-by-step photographs demonstrate the basic building blocks of the pastry and bread baker's repertoire, and from this firm foundation fancy takes flight. "Baking with Julia" presents an extraordinary assemblage of talent, knowledge, and artistry from the new generation of bakers whose vision is so much a part of this book. The list of contributors reads like a Who's Who of today's master bakers, including Flo Braker, Steve Sullivan, Marcel Desaulniers, Nick Malgieri, Alice Medrich, Nancy Silverton, Martha Stewart, and a host of bright new talents such as Jeffrey Alford and Naomi Duguid. With nearly two hundred recipes, and half as many pages of tantalising full-colour photographs, this incomparable kitchen companion goes far beyond what most cookbooks offer. More than fifty pages of illustrated reference sections define basic terms and techniques, and explain the hows and whys of batters and doughs to take you effortlessly through the essential techniques. If you've never made flaky pie crust, your first no-fail experience is at hand. If you've never baked bread, that most satisfying and sensual pleasure awaits the turn of a page. With recipes for breads, pastries, cookies, and cakes - from chocolate to cheesecake, from miniature gems to multi-tiered masterpieces - this cookbook is a total immersion experience in the wonder of home baking.


The systematic status of the snakes recorded from the area has been reinvestigated, often in the light of new material. Allometric growth is shown to occur in several species and taxonomic errors arising from its previous non-recognition are rectified. The same feature is also used to determine the respective ontogenetic levels of closely allied forms. The fauna of the Sokotra group is shown to have greater relationships with the Palaearctic and Oriental regions than with the Ethiopian and to consist of mainly primitive types; they are assumed to have been isolated in the islands since the mid-Miocene. The mainland fauna, though predominantly Ethiopian, contains a strong northern admixture and this element predominates in the northern coastal plain which is apparently part of the route by which the northern forms have reached the peninsula. The northern component of the fauna shows a higher degree of endemism in the peninsula than the Ethiopian component and this is ascribed to the fact that they are completely or partly isolated from their northern relatives. Where the isolation is incomplete the connexion is tenuous and the distributional evidence suggests that the isolating factor is desiccation; any intensification of the present aridity would result in complete isolation. From this it is concluded that the elements retaining a connexion with the north have not been subjected to an epoch more arid than that of the present time and must, therefore, have entered the area since the last inter-pluvial, late in the Middle, or early in the Upper, Pleistocene; on the other hand those that are completely isolated probably lost their connexion with the north during this inter-pluvial. If Zeuner's dating of the Mount Carmel cave deposits is accepted, this implies that, in the absence of complete isolation these forms have undergone at most infraspecific change in a period of up to 120,000 years whereas other, often congeneric, forms that have been isolated for a minimum of 125-175,000 years have become differentiated to specific level. The extreme richness of the Somali fauna is due to its geographical and ecological circumstances. In addition to Palaearctic elements associated with the desert fringes and Ethiopian elements from the Savannah regions, the uplands of the west and north contain an element associated with the damp uplands of the Abyssinian mountains. Amongst the endemics with Savannah affinities are some with analogues in the arid regions of South-west Africa. The taxonomic status of these suggests that the present arid phase in the latter area is of longer standing than that in Somaliland. This is explicable on the basis of alternations of climatic change north and south of the tropical region, which accords with the theory that the changes are associated with oscillating movements of the caloric equator; this cannot, however, be the sole cause since the number of these oscillations far exceeds the number of climatic changes for which there is any evidence.


Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that Remote Sensing maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers [...]


The human voice carries speech but also a wealth of socially-relevant, speaker-related information. Listeners routinely perceive precious information on the speaker's identity (gender, age), affective state (happy, scared), as well as more subtle cues on perceived personality traits (attractiveness, dominance, etc.), strongly influencing social interactions. Using voice psychoacoustics and neuroimaging techniques, we examine the cerebral processing of person-related information in perceptual and neural voice representations. Results indicate a cerebral architecture of voice cognition sharing many similarities with the cerebral organization of face processing, with the main types of information in voices (identity, affect, speech) processed in interacting, but partly dissociable functional pathways.


Abstract This paper employs stochastic simulations of a small structural rational expectations model to investigate the consequences of the zero bound on nominal interest rates. We find that if the economy is subject to stochastic shocks similar in magnitude to those experienced in the United States over the 1980s and 1990s, the consequences of the zero bound are negligible for target inflation rates as low as 2 percent. However, the effects of the constraint are non-linear with respect to the inflation target and produce a quantitatively significant deterioration of the performance of the economy with targets between 0 and 1 percent. The variability of output increases significantly and that of inflation also rises somewhat. Also, we show that the asymmetry of the policy ineffectiveness induced by the zero bound generates a non-vertical long-run Phillips curve. Average output falls increasingly short of potential with lower inflation targets.


Sulfur oxygenase reductases (SORs) catalyze the oxygen-dependent disproportionation reaction of elemental sulfur with sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide as products. The SOR is the initial sulfur-oxidizing enzyme in the hyperthermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens. Although the enzyme is biochemically and structurally well characterized, details on the reaction mechanism are still unknown. Here, structure-function relationships of the SOR are analyzed using site-directed mutagenesis, metal substitution, spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. In addition, the first characterization of a SOR from a mesophilic microorganism is presented.
It was hypothesized that the initial SOR substrate is a linear sulfur species and not α-S8. An in-gel enzyme activity assay was performed with the Acidianus ambivalens SOR (AaSOR), demonstrating enzyme activity with the linear polysulfide. The outer shell of the spherical and hollow enzyme harbors two different channel types at the rotational fourfold and threefold symmetry axes. They allow the entrance of the sulfur substrate and the exit of reaction products, respectively. Both pores were enlarged via site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in an up to fourfold elevated enzyme activity and causing a change of the proposed 1:1 stoichiometry of oxidized and reduced products. A small hydrophobic pore allows access to the active site, which resides in a small pocket separated from the inner hollow. The pore was enlarged using site-directed mutagenesis, but expansion led to a significant decrease of enzyme activity. Zn2+, a strong SOR-inhibitor, was previously localized in a blind-ending channel that opens near the active site entry pore and which is far from the catalytic center itself. Zn coordination was analyzed using previously obtained crystallographic data, indicating that two histidines are involved. Alanine mutants of both histidines tripled the Ki values in comparison to the wild type enzyme. It was concluded that both histidines are essential for zinc ligation.
The active site comprises a cysteine persulfide and a mononuclear iron center coordinated by two histidines and one glutamate. Diffraction data from re-crystallized AaSOR were analyzed, showing the cysteine in an unmodified form. The results pointed to a heat-induced auto-sulfuration process that converts C31 into a cysteine persulfide. An H-bond network was hypothesized to be centered around the catalytic site. Several amino acids, expected to be interacting with essential active site residues, were mutated. Most of the variants had moderately diminished activities. The substitution of a single glutamate (E87), located in H-bond distance to one of the iron-binding histidines, almost abolished enzyme activity. An aspartate variant (E87D) with slightly lowered catalytic activity was crystallized. Analyses of the diffraction data showed nearly identical H-bond distances between the histidine and the aspartate, indicating the importance of an interaction between both residues. Previous EPR experiments demonstrated a redox change of the active site iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+ upon incubation with sulfur at high temperatures. Inclusion bodies of AaSOR were refolded in presence of different non-iron metals to investigate, whether such a redox change is essential for catalysis. Refolded SORs with Fe, Co, Mn or Ni incorporated were biochemically active. EPR spectra of Co- and Mn-containing SORs showed signals for Co2+ and Mn2+ species, respectively. The signal intensities decreased slightly when the enzyme was incubated with sulfur at high temperature, suggesting that small changes occur near the metal center during catalysis, while the metal remained in the same oxidation state. The Co-containing protein was crystallized. Diffraction data did not point to significant structural rearrangements around the metal center.
Only a small number of SOR mutants featured a crucial impact on enzyme activity. Therefore, a naturally occurring SOR variant from the mesophilic bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus was analyzed. In this study, the first biochemical and structural characterization of a SOR derived from this mesophilic microorganism is presented (HnSOR). After gene expression in E. coli, the soluble enzyme (HnSOR) was purified and biochemically characterized. The optimal enzyme activity was at pH 8.4 and 80°C. The temperature range of activity covered nearly 90°C. CD spectroscopy showed that HnSOR and AaSOR are similarly folded. Hydrodynamic radii of both proteins were calculated from Dynamic Light Scattering and were nearly identical. The HnSOR structure was determined at 2.9 A resolution and compared to the AaSOR. Both are structurally similar icosatetrameric proteins. Based on these observations, the sulfur pathway route identified for the AaSOR was applied to the HnSOR. An additional active site exit pore was found, which was so far not identified in the AaSOR but which seems to be present at closer inspection. The active site cavity resembled the situation in the AaSOR including a cysteine persulfide, which was modified without additional heat treatment. The mononuclear iron center is coordinated by three amino acids (H88, H92 and E116) and water molecules in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The second coordination sphere does not consist of the E87-homologous residue E89 but of a tyrosine at position 118.


Southern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) native to the Great Smoky Mountains are found in headwater streams. These habitats experience increased instances of stream acidification, lowering stream pH on average ~1.0 pH unit. It is well documented that lowering environmental pH results in fish experiencing systemic acidosis. We hypothesize that during acidification events, brook trout suffer acid/base perturbation. Previous studies on other species of freshwater fishes have demonstrated an alteration in the relative expression of H+-ATPase, NHE2 and NHE3 in gill tissue during pH disturbances. Due to a lack of physiological information available, the mechanism utilized by S. fontinalis to regulate systemic pH is unknown. We hypothesized that S. fontinalis will utilize H+-ATPase, NHE2 and NHE3 to excrete excess protons when experiencing episodic stream acidification. To date, we cloned ORFs for H+-ATPase, NHE2, and NHE3 which are homologous to rainbow trout (87, 94 and 92% identical respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated H+-ATPase, NHE2 and NHE3 expression is localized to the apical membrane and sub-apical regions of the MRCs in gill epithelia. Also, the relative expression of H+-ATPase decreased along an elevation gradient, whereas NHE3 does not.


This thesis brings together convex analysis and hyperspectral image processing.
Convex analysis is the study of convex functions and their properties.
Convex functions are important because they admit minimization by efficient algorithms
and the solution of many optimization problems can be formulated as
minimization of a convex objective function, extending much beyond
the classical image restoration problems of denoising, deblurring and inpainting.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

At the heart of convex analysis is the duality mapping induced within the
class of convex functions by the Fenchel transform.
In the last decades efficient optimization algorithms have been developed based
on the Fenchel transform and the concept of infimal convolution.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

The infimal convolution is of similar importance in convex analysis as the
convolution in classical analysis. In particular, the infimal convolution with
scaled parabolas gives rise to the one parameter family of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
which approximate a given function from below while preserving its minimum
value and minimizers.
The closely related proximal mapping replaces the gradient step
in a recently developed class of efficient first-order iterative minimization algorithms
for non-differentiable functions. For a finite convex function,
the proximal mapping coincides with a gradient step of its Moreau-Yosida envelope.
Efficient algorithms are needed in hyperspectral image processing,
where several hundred intensity values measured in each spatial point
give rise to large data volumes.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

In the \(\textbf{first part}\) of this thesis, we are concerned with
models and algorithms for hyperspectral unmixing.
As part of this thesis a hyperspectral imaging system was taken into operation
at the Fraunhofer ITWM Kaiserslautern to evaluate the developed algorithms on real data.
Motivated by missing-pixel defects common in current hyperspectral imaging systems,
we propose a
total variation regularized unmixing model for incomplete and noisy data
for the case when pure spectra are given.
We minimize the proposed model by a primal-dual algorithm based on the
proximum mapping and the Fenchel transform.
To solve the unmixing problem when only a library of pure spectra is provided,
we study a modification which includes a sparsity regularizer into model.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

We end the first part with the convergence analysis for a multiplicative
algorithm derived by optimization transfer.
The proposed algorithm extends well-known multiplicative update rules
for minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence,
to solve a hyperspectral unmixing model in the case
when no prior knowledge of pure spectra is given.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

In the \(\textbf{second part}\) of this thesis, we study the properties of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
first for functions defined on Hadamard manifolds, which are (possibly) infinite-dimensional
Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature,
and then for functions defined on Hadamard spaces.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

In particular we extend to infinite-dimensional Riemannian manifolds an expression
for the gradient of the Moreau-Yosida envelope in terms of the proximal mapping.
With the help of this expression we show that a sequence of functions
converges to a given limit function in the sense of Mosco
if the corresponding Moreau-Yosida envelopes converge pointwise at all scales.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)

Finally we extend this result to the more general setting of Hadamard spaces.
As the reverse implication is already known, this unites two definitions of Mosco convergence
on Hadamard spaces, which have both been used in the literature,
and whose equivalence has not yet been known.


Jimerson, Swearer, Espelage, International Scholarship Advances Science and Practice Addressing Bullying in Schools. Part I: Foundations for Understanding Bullying. Olweus, Understanding and Researching Bullying: Some Critical Issues. Murray-Harvey, Slee, Taki, Comparative and Cross-cultural Research on School Bullying. Orpinas, Horne, Creating a Positive School Climate and Developing Social Competence. Espelage, Swearer, A Social-Ecological Model for Bullying Prevention and Intervention: Understanding the Impact of Adults in the Social Ecology of Youngsters. Twemlow, Fongay, Sacco, The Etiological Cast to the Role of the Bystander in the Social Architecture of Bullying and Violence in Schools and Communities. Alsaker, Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, Social Behavior and Peer Relationships of Victims, Bully-victims, and Bullies in Kindergarten. Hymel, Schonert-Reichl, Bonanno, Vaillancourt, Henderson, Bullying and Morality: Understanding How Good Kids Can Behave Badly. Garandeau, Wilson, Rodkin, The Popularity of Elementary School Bullies in Gender and Racial Context. Smith, Bullying in Primary and Secondary Schools: Psychological and Organizational Comparisons. Taki, Relations Among Bullying, Stresses, and Stressors: A Longitudinal and Comparative Survey Among Countries. Buhs, Ladd, Herald-Brown, Victimization and Exclusion: Links to Peer Rejection, Classroom Engagement, and Achievement. Felix, Green, Popular Girls and Brawny Boys: The Role of Gender in Bullying and Victimization Experiences. Nickerson, Mele, Osborne-Oliver, Parent-child Relationships and Bullying. Pellegrini, Long, Solberg, Roseth, Pupuis, Bohn, Hickey, Bullying and Social Status During School Transitions. Vaillancourt, McDougall, Hymel, Sunderani, Respect or Fear? The Relationship Between Power and Bullying Behavior. Scherr, Larson, Bullying Dynamics Associated with Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Status. D'Escury, Dudink, Bullying Beyond School: Examining the Role of Sports. Smith, Slonje, Cyberbullying: The Nature and Extent of a New Kind of Bullying, In and Out of School. Part II: Assessment and Measurement of Bullying. Cornell, Bandyopadhyay, The Assessment of Bullying. Bovaird, Scales and Surveys: Some Problems with Measuring Bullying Behavior. Vaillancourt, Clinton, McDougall, Schmidt, Hymel, The Neurobiology of Peer Victimization and Rejection. Swearer, Siebecker, Johnses-Frerichs, Wang, Assessment of Bullying/Victimization: The Problem of Comparability Across Studies and Across Methodologies. Furlong, Sharkey, Felix, Tanigawa, Freen, Bullying Assessment: A Call for Increased Precision of Self-Reporting Procedures. Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim, Variability in the Prevalence of Bullying and Victimization: A Cross-National and Methodological Analysis. Part III: Research-based Prevention and Intervention. Twemlow, Vernberg, Fongay, Biggs, Nelson, Nelson, Sacco, A School Climate Intervention that Reduces Bullying by a Focus on the Bystander Audience Rather than the Bully and Victim. Olweus, Limber, The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. Frey, Edstrom, Hirschstein, School Bullying: A Crisis or an Opportunity? Hazler, Carney, Cultural Variations in Characteristics of Effective Bullying Programs. Porter, Plog, Jens, Garrity, Sager, Bully-Proofing Your Elementary School: Creating a Caring Community. Salmivalli, Karna, Poskiparta, From Peer Putdowns to Peer Support. Rigby, Bauman, How School Personnel Tackle Cases of Bullying: A Critical Examination. Pepler, Craig, O'Connell, Peer Processes in Bullying: Informing Prevention and Intervention Strategies. Slee, The PEACE Pack: A Program for Reducing Bullying in Our Schools. Robles-Pina, Norman, Campbell-Bishop, McKay School Safety Program (MSSP): A Bilingual Bicultural Approach. Horne, Swearer, Givens, Meints, Bully Busters: Reducing Bullying by Changing Teacher and Student Behavior. Downs, Prevention of Bullying at a Systemic Level in Schools. Crothers, Kolbert, Teachers' Management of Student Bullying in the Classroom. Rigby, School Bullying and the Case for the Method of Shared Concern. Plog, Epstein, Jens, Porter, Sustainability of Bullying Intervention and Prevention Programs. Jimerson, Huai, International Perspectives on Bullying Prevention and Intervention.


Author(s): Castillo, Pedro; Reti, Irene | Abstract: Pedro Castillo was hired by UC Santa Cruz's history board in 1976, and affiliated with Merrill College. At UCSC, Castillo collaborated with professors in other disciplines in interdisciplinary team-teaching small seminars such asStudies in the American City, which in 1977 focused on Chicago and Los Angeles, and an oral history course documenting social, cultural, political organizations in the nearby working-class and primarily Latino city of Watsonville. These courses exemplified the intimate and creative learning atmosphere of UC Santa Cruz in the 1970s. Castillo was also an early affiliate of UCSC's American studies program and served as its chair in 1984.Castillo provides a detailed narration of the history of UCSC over the past four decades, particularly the development of the history and American studies departments and Merrill and Oakes College. He was one of the first Chicano/a professors hired at UC Santa Cruz and is now the one with the longest tenure and memory of the institution. He explores those memories in this oral history, describing the climate for Chicano/a and Latino/a faculty, staff, and students at UC Santa Cruz from the 1970s through the first decade of the twenty-first century. He discusses faculty appointments, changes in the curriculum, and student activism. In his long career at UCSC, Castillo served as a mentor and inspiration to many UCSC students, especially Chicano/Latino students, who found him accessible, attentive, and encouraging.In 1990, Professor Castillo and literature professor Norma Klahn cofounded and codirected UCSC's Chicano/Latino Research Center (CLRC), with funding from the Office of the President, among other sources. For many years, under a series of rotating directors, the CLRC has been a dynamic and creative research institution, supporting graduate student and faculty research with mini-grants, hosting lecture series and organizing conferences, and mentoring undergraduate students in learning to do research. The CLRC is closely connected with UCSC's Latin American and Latino Studies department, which Castillo also played a part in developing, and it is currently being revitalized after suffering recent budget cuts.From 2002 to 2008 Castillo served as provost of Oakes College. He and Shirley lived in the Oakes College provost's house and enjoyed the direct contact with students, where they hosted students, staff, and faculty. Castillo characterized his term as provost of Oakes as the "highlight of his tenure at UC Santa Cruz."More so than most UC professors, Castillo has stepped beyond the academy and become involved in the local communities of both Santa Cruz and Watsonville, where he has lived for many years. He served on the Parks and Recreation Commission in Santa Cruz, helping to implement the Heritage Tree Ordinance. Later he served on the Planning Commission, the Library Commission, the Pajaro Valley Community Health Trust in Watsonville; the Steinbeck Center in Salinas, and the Community Foundation of Santa Cruz. He has also worked to support candidates for city council and other offices in both Santa Cruz and Watsonville. He is now writing a comparative political history of electoral politics in Watsonville and Salinas, California.Castillo's political and cultural work extended beyond Santa Cruz County. In 1992 and again in 1996 he was chosen to be a Clinton delegate to the Democratic National Convention. He was a member of the National Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1999 to 2004 and the California Council for the Humanities from 1999-2000.


From aardwolves and bandicoots to yapoks and zorillas, Ernest P. Walker's Mammals of the World is the most comprehensive-the pre-eminent-reference work on mammals. Now, completely revised and updated, this fascinating guide is better than ever. Providing a complete account of every genus of mammal in all historical time, the sixth edition is 25 percent longer than its predecessor. Of the previous generic accounts, 95 percent have been substantively modified, and there are 80 new ones-among them, three remarkable, large ungulates recently discovered in the forests of Indochina. New also is a full account of the woolly mammoth, now known to have survived until less than 4,000 years ago. Each section of the book describes one genus and includes facts such as scientific and common names, the number and distribution of species, measurements and physical traits, habitat, locomotion, daily and seasonal activity, population dynamics, home range, social life, reproduction, and longevity. Textual summaries present accurate, well-documented descriptions of the physical characteristics and living habits of mammals in every part of the world. As in the last two editions, the names and distributions of every species of every genus are listed in systematic order. These lists have now been cross-checked to ensure coverage of all species in the comprehensive new Smithsonian guide, Mammal Species of the World. Facts on the biology of mammals have been brought together from more than 2,700 newly cited references, nearly all published in the last decade. Also new are the latest data on reproduction, longevity, fur harvests, numbers in the wild and in captivity, and conservation status. The sixth edition also records all official classifications of every mammal species and subspecies in the massive 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. The illustrations-more than 1,700-include virtually every genus of mammal. Among them are pictures by such noted wildlife photographers as Leonard Lee Rue III, Bernhard Grzimek, David Pye, and Warren T. Houck. Mammals pictured here for the first time include the just-discovered giant muntjac deer of Viet Nam, a rodent known only from the Solomon Islands, a large fruit bat whose male suckles the young, and an extremely rare web-footed tenrec of Madagascar. Since its publication in 1964, Walker's Mammals of the World has become a favorite guide to the natural world for general readers as well as an invaluable resource for professionals. This sixth edition represents more than half a century of scholarship-Ernest P. Walker himself devoted more than thirty years to the original project-and remains true to Walker's vision, smoothly combining thorough scholarship with a popular, readable style to preserve and enhance what the Washington Post called "a landmark of zoological literature."


The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD, is a regional knowledge development and learning centre serving the eight regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayas – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan – and based in Kathmandu, Nepal. Globalization and climate change have an increasing influence on the stability of fragile mountain ecosystems and the livelihoods of mountain people. ICIMOD aims to assist mountain people to understand these changes, adapt to them, and make the most of new opportunities, while addressing upstream-downstream issues. We support regional transboundary programmes through partnership with regional partner institutions, facilitate the exchange of experience, and serve as a regional knowledge hub. We strengthen networking among regional and global centres of excellence. Overall, we are working to develop an economically and environmentally sound mountain ecosystem to improve the living standards of mountain populations and to sustain vital ecosystem services for the billions of people living downstream – now, and for the future.


In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, a new policy paradigm has emerged in which old-fashioned policies such as capital controls and other government distortions have become part of the standard policy toolkit (the so-called macro-prudential policies). On the wave of this seemingly unanimous policy consensus, a new strand of theoretical literature contends that capital controls are welfare enhancing and can be justified rigorously because of second-best considerations. Within the same theoretical framework adopted in this fast-growing literature, we show that a credible commitment to support the exchange rate in crisis times always welfare-dominates prudential capital controls as it can achieve the first best unconstrained allocation. In this benchmark economy, prudential capital controls are optimal only when the set of policy tools is restricted so that they are the only policy instrument available.


Ocean warming may well turn out to be the greatest hidden challenge of our generation. This report represents the most comprehensive review to date on ocean warming. To build up the report, leading scientists from around the world were invited to join with colleagues to contribute individual chapters.  It contains many recommendations from the scientists on capability gaps and research issues that need to be resolved if we are to tackle the impacts of ocean warming with greater confidence in the future. The focus of the report is on gathering facts and knowledge and communicating this to show what is now happening in and to the ocean. There is purposefully much less focus on political ramifications. We hope that this report will help stimulate further debate and action on such issues.


The purpose of this paper is to examine, from a local perspective, the reaction of the southern conservative wing of the Democratic party to the liberal changes which occurred in that organization as a result of the transitional decades of the 1930s and 1940s. In particular, the study focuses on the growing sense of alienation and the eventual withdrawal of a handful of Texas Democrats from affiliation with the national body and their subsequent realignment with other dissident Dixie Democrats in the short-lived States' Rights party of 1948.
This work is based essentially on the personal recollections of Texans who participated in the States' Rights movement and on those papers of the party's leaders which have survived until today.


As revised in 1966, Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that class members in money damages suits receive notice and an opportunity to opt out. Class members in injunctive relief suits do not enjoy these procedural rights. No consensus explanation for this difference, which implicates the class action's constitutional foundation, has prevailed. Using previously-overlooked primary sources, I provide a history of both class action doctrine before 1966 and the labors of the authors of the 1966 revision to determine why they structured the rule the way they did. The answer is startling. No purely procedural, trans-substantive justification exists to explain why they eschewed procedural rights for injunctive relief suits. Rather, the 1966 authors did so to assist plaintiffs prosecuting desegregation suits in the Deep South. The substance-specific origins of at least part of Rule 23 call into question foundational aspects of current class action doctrine.


In this research, we analyze the impact of catastrophe events on risk-neutral densities which can be implied from European option markets. As catastrophe events we consider the destruction of the nuclear power plant at Fukushima and the downgrading of U.S. sovereign debt in 2011. In an event study, we analyze the impact on European blue chip index options traded at EUREX. We find that after a short adaption period, probability mass of especially risk-neutral density functions derived from long-term options is shifted toward the right side. Thus, very good states of the economy become more expensive indicating higher prices for deep out-of-the-money options. This signifies that there has been speculation on a recovery of the German stock market after the shocks.


This paper applies the Blundell and Bond system generalised method of moments (GMM) two-step estimator to examine the impact of age and collateral value on debt financing, using a panel of 177 nonfinancial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange over the period 1999 to 2009. The results show that South African firms have target leverage ratios and adjust their capital structures from time to time to achieve their respective targets, that the relationship between firm age and debt financing is nonmonotonic, and that firms with higher collateral value are likely to face fewer constraints on borrowing and therefore have greater access to medium-term and long-term debts. Robustness tests also reveal that during start-up and maturity stages, a firm's access to debt markets is significantly influenced by investments in assets that are acceptable to external creditors as collateral. These findings suggest that debt financing policies could be more critical for firms in the start-up and maturity stages.


The antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli (E. coli), isolated from different water sources in the Mmabatho locality were evaluated. Water samples were collected from the local wastewater- and water-treatment plants, the Modimola Dam and homes in the area, and then analysed for the presence of E. coli, using standard methods. Presumptive isolates obtained were confirmed by the analytical profile index test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. Of the 230 E. coli isolates tested, marked antibiotic resistances (over 70%) were observed for erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and norfloxacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance patterns were also compiled. Overall, the phenotype T-Ap-E was frequent for E. coli isolated from the local wastewater and water-treatment plants, Modimola Dam and tap water. Cluster analysis performed showed a unique antibiotic resistance pattern which suggested a link between isolates from all sampling points. The findings indicated that improper wastewater treatment may have a potential impact on the dissemination and survival of E. coli, as well as other pathogenic bacteria in water for human and animal consumption. This may result in water- and food-borne disease outbreaks with a negative effect on antibiotic therapy.


The growing computational power enables the establishment of the Population Balance Equation (PBE)
to model the steady state and dynamic behavior of multiphase flow unit operations. Accordingly, the twophase
flow

behavior inside liquid-liquid extraction equipment is characterized by different factors. These
factors include: interactions among droplets (breakage and coalescence), different time scales due to the
size distribution of the dispersed phase, and micro time scales of the interphase diffusional mass transfer
process. As a result of this, the general PBE has no well known analytical solution and therefore robust
numerical solution methods with low computational cost are highly admired.
In this work, the Sectional Quadrature Method of Moments (SQMOM) (Attarakih, M. M., Drumm, C.,
Bart, H.-J. (2009). Solution of the population balance equation using the Sectional Quadrature Method of
Moments (SQMOM). Chem. Eng. Sci. 64, 742-752) is extended to take into account the continuous flow
systems in spatial domain. In this regard, the SQMOM is extended to solve the spatially distributed
nonhomogeneous bivariate PBE to model the hydrodynamics and physical/reactive mass transfer
behavior of liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Based on the extended SQMOM, two different steady
state and dynamic simulation algorithms for hydrodynamics and mass transfer behavior of liquid-liquid
extraction equipment are developed and efficiently implemented. At the steady state modeling level, a
Spatially-Mixed SQMOM (SM-SQMOM) algorithm is developed and successfully implemented in a onedimensional

physical spatial domain. The integral spatial numerical flux is closed using the mean mass
droplet diameter based on the One Primary and One Secondary Particle Method (OPOSPM which is the
simplest case of the SQMOM). On the other hand the hydrodynamics integral source terms are closed
using the analytical Two-Equal Weight Quadrature (TEqWQ). To avoid the numerical solution of the
droplet rise velocity, an analytical solution based on the algebraic velocity model is derived for the
particular case of unit velocity exponent appearing in the droplet swarm model. In addition to this, the
source term due to mass transport is closed using OPOSPM. The resulting system of ordinary differential
equations with respect to space is solved using the MATLAB adaptive Runge–Kutta method (ODE45). At
the dynamic modeling level, the SQMOM is extended to a one-dimensional physical spatial domain and
resolved using the finite volume method. To close the mathematical model, the required quadrature nodes
and weights are calculated using the analytical solution based on the Two Unequal Weights Quadrature
(TUEWQ) formula. By applying the finite volume method to the spatial domain, a semi-discreet ordinary
differential equation system is obtained and solved. Both steady state and dynamic algorithms are
extensively validated at analytical, numerical, and experimental levels. At the numerical level, the
predictions of both algorithms are validated using the extended fixed pivot technique as implemented in
PPBLab software (Attarakih, M., Alzyod, S., Abu-Khader, M., Bart, H.-J. (2012). PPBLAB: A new
multivariate population balance environment for particulate system modeling and simulation. Procedia
Eng. 42, pp. 144-562). At the experimental validation level, the extended SQMOM is successfully used
to model the steady state hydrodynamics and physical and reactive mass transfer behavior of agitated
liquid-liquid extraction columns under different operating conditions. In this regard, both models are
found efficient and able to follow liquid extraction column behavior during column scale-up, where three
column diameters were investigated (DN32, DN80, and DN150). To shed more light on the local
interactions among the contacted phases, a reduced coupled PBE and CFD framework is used to model
the hydrodynamic behavior of pulsed sieve plate columns. In this regard, OPOSPM is utilized and
implemented in FLUENT 18.2 commercial software as a special case of the SQMOM. The dropletdroplet
interactions
(breakage
and
coalescence)
are
taken
into
account
using
OPOSPM,
while
the
required

information
about
the
velocity
field
and
energy
dissipation
is
calculated
by
the
CFD
model.
In
addition
to

this,

the proposed coupled OPOSPM-CFD framework is extended to include the mass transfer. The
proposed framework is numerically tested and the results are compared with the published experimental
data. The required breakage and coalescence parameters to perform the 2D-CFD simulation are estimated
using PPBLab software, where a 1D-CFD simulation using a multi-sectional gird is performed. A very
good agreement is obtained at the experimental and the numerical validation levels.


Social networks are often expected to easily transform into social capital in the form of network resources that can be converted into monetary income. Also many private entrepreneurs participate in a multitude of network activities in the hope of increasing their incomes. They should however be aware of the opportunity costs of these activities, which in the long run may turn out to be sheer waste of time. Drawing on interviews with the owners of three small enterprises in rural Denmark 2008-2012 and within the theoretical framework of a Bourdieu's theory of the convertibility of tangible and intangible forms of capital, we want to question the widespread belief that networking per se leads to economic gains. Our inductive findings suggest that successful entrepreneurs with what Bourdieu has termed a 'feel for the game' – including the ability to 'effectuate' their networks – draw on a pool of bonding and bridging social capital. From this reservoir, they select and capitalize their networks at the right time and place. Our data shows that one particular variant of bridging social capital – innovative cooperation between entrepreneurs and partners unlike each other and with complementary skills and roles, termed 'unconventional alliances' – can be successfully capitalized, not least in rural areas where SME clusters are scarce. Hence, private entrepreneurs, business development planners and politicians should have in mind that 'networking' may involve exceedingly high opportunity costs. Only when networking is needs driven and carefully conceived and orchestrated, it may lead to positive economic outcomes.


This Essay asks why sex equality is outside the constitutional canon. While race discrimination is a canonical concern of constitutional law, the story of America's struggles over and against sex discrimination is not widely taken to be a central, organizing part of our constitutional tradition — a defining narrative that exemplifies and expresses the nation's foundational values and commitments. I offer three potential explanations for the exclusion of sex equality from the constitutional canon. First, the Supreme Court's jurisprudence developed in ways that suggested that sex discrimination was not a core constitutional problem and concern, especially when compared to race discrimination. Second, the Court's sex discrimination case law has focused narrowly on state action that draws explicit distinctions between women and men. The Court has little interest in reviewing facially neutral laws, no matter their contribution to women's unequal status, so the Court hears few sex discrimination suits anymore. This paucity of case law contributes to the sense that conflicts over sex equality are no longer central to constitutional law, if they ever were. Third, the story of women's resistance to sex discrimination may be less prominent in American constitutional law because this story is less prominent in American popular culture, and vice versa. The Essay concludes by exploring why sex equality may ultimately become part of the constitutional canon. The Court's reading of the Equal Protection Clause to prohibit sex discrimination has become much less controversial since the 1970s. Moreover, new analogies have emerged in constitutional law, which over time have pushed sex discrimination closer to the core of the Equal Protection Clause. Courts, lawmakers, advocates, and scholars seeking constitutional protection from sexual orientation discrimination now routinely analogize sexual orientation to sex. The frequency and prominence of these analogies, which presuppose that struggles against sex discrimination are already central to our nation's understanding of equality and equal protection, may help move sex into the constitutional canon at last.


The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, in cooperation with Stanford University's Department of Computer Science, presented the 2001 Spring Symposium Series on Monday through Wednesday, 26 to 28 March 2001, at Stanford University. The titles of the seven symposia were (1) Answer Set Programming: Toward Efficient and Scalable Knowledge, Representation and Reasoning, (2) Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment, (3) Game-Theoretic and Decision-Theoretic Agents, (4) Learning Grounded Representations, (5) Model-Based Validation of Intelligence, (6) Robotics and Education, and (7) Robust Autonomy.


Scholars collected into a group within a university department pollinate one another and sometimes come jointly to project a certain flavor or brand of scholarship, often led by minds of singular vision and originality. A notable case of such emergence sprang from the department of economics at UCLA, starting in the 1950s, peaking in the 1960s, plateauing through much of the 1970s, in decline by the 1980s, and largely receded by the end of the 1990s. Over the decades the "core" of UCLA economics involved perhaps a dozen pre-eminent economists, but most importantly Armen Alchian. I joined the department in 1952 and spent nearly all my years since at UCLA. In this memoir I draw unreservedly on personal experience in telling of the people and events behind the emergence and eventual receding of UCLA economics.


Many programmers code by instinct, relying on convenient habits or a "style" they picked up early on. They aren't conscious of all the choices they make, like how they format their source, the names they use for variables, or the kinds of loops they use. They're focused entirely on problems they're solving, solutions they're creating, and algorithms they're implementing. So they write code in the way that seems natural, that happens intuitively, and that feels good. But if you're serious about your profession, intuition isn't enough. Perl Best Practices author Damian Conway explains that rules, conventions, standards, and practices not only help programmers communicate and coordinate with one another, they also provide a reliable framework for thinking about problems, and a common language for expressing solutions. This is especially critical in Perl, because the language is designed to offer many ways to accomplish the same task, and consequently it supports many incompatible dialects.With a good dose of Aussie humor, Dr. Conway (familiar to many in the Perl community) offers 256 guidelines on the art of coding to help you write better Perl code--in fact, the best Perl code you possibly can. The guidelines cover code layout, naming conventions, choice of data and control structures, program decomposition, interface design and implementation, modularity, object orientation, error handling, testing, and debugging.They're designed to work together to produce code that is clear, robust, efficient, maintainable, and concise, but Dr. Conway doesn't pretend that this is the one true universal and unequivocal set of best practices. Instead, Perl Best Practices offers coherent and widely applicable suggestions based on real-world experience of how code is actually written, rather than on someone's ivory-tower theories on how software ought to be created.Most of all, Perl Best Practices offers guidelines that actually work, and that many developers around the world are already using. Much like Perl itself, these guidelines are about helping you to get your job done, without getting in the way.Praise for Perl Best Practices from Perl community members:"As a manager of a large Perl project, I'd ensure that every member of my team has a copy of Perl Best Practices on their desk, and use it as the basis for an in-house style guide." -- Randal Schwartz"There are no more excuses for writing bad Perl programs. All levels of Perl programmer will be more productive after reading this book." -- Peter Scott"Perl Best Practices will be the next big important book in the evolution of Perl. The ideas and practices Damian lays down will help bring Perl out from under the embarrassing heading of "scripting languages". Many of us have known Perl is a real programming language, worthy of all the tasks normally delegated to Java and C++. With Perl Best Practices, Damian shows specifically how and why, so everyone else can see, too." -- Andy Lester"Damian's done what many thought impossible: show how to build large, maintainable Perl applications, while still letting Perl be the powerful, expressive language that programmers have loved for years." -- Bill Odom"Finally, a means to bring lasting order to the process and product of real Perl development teams." -- Andrew Sundstrom "Perl Best Practices provides a valuable education in how to write robust, maintainable Perl, and is a definitive citation source when coaching other programmers." -- Bennett Todd "I've been teaching Perl for years, and find the same question keeps being asked: Where can I find a reference for writing reusable, maintainable Perl code? Finally I have a decent answer." -- Paul Fenwick "At last a well researched, well thought-out, comprehensive guide to Perl style. Instead of each of us developing our own, we can learn good practices from one of Perl's most prolific and experienced authors. I recommend this book to anyone who prefers getting on with the job rather than going back and fixing errors caused by syntax and poor style issues." -- Jacinta Richardson "If you care about programming in any language read this book. Even if you don't intend to follow all of the practices, thinking through your style will improve it." -- Steven Lembark "The Perl community's best author is back with another outstanding book. There has never been a comprehensive reference on high quality Perl coding and style until Perl Best Practices. This book fills a large gap in every Perl bookshelf." -- Uri Guttman


The story of the fight to gain the vote for women is about much more than a peripheral if picturesque skirmish around the introduction of universal suffrage. It is an explosive story of social and sexual revolutionary upheaval, and one which has not yet ended. The movement for women's suffrage in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries prefigured to a startling extent the controversies which rage today around the role of women. Far from the stereotype of a uniform body of women chaining themselves to railings, the early feminist movement was riven by virulent arguments over women's role in society, the balance to be struck between self-fulfilment and their duties to family and children, and their relationship with men. Melanie Phillips' brilliant book tells the story of the fight for women's suffrage in a way which sets the high drama of those events in the context of the moral and intellectual ferment that characterised it.


This thesis is divided into two parts. Both cope with multi-class image segmentation and utilize
non-smooth optimization algorithms.
The topic of the first part, namely unsupervised segmentation, is the application of clustering
to image pixels. Therefore, we start with an introduction of the biconvex center-based clustering
algorithms c-means and fuzzy c-means, where c denotes the number of classes. We show that
fuzzy c-means can be seen as an approximation of c-means in terms of power means.
Since noise is omnipresent in our image data, these simple clustering models are not suitable
for its segmentation. To this end, we introduce a general and finite dimensional segmentation
model that consists of a data term stemming from the aforementioned clustering models plus a
continuous regularization term. We tackle this optimization model via an alternating minimiza-
tion approach called regularized c-centers (RcC). Thereby, we fix the centers and optimize the
segment membership of the pixels and vice versa. In this general setting, we prove convergence
in the sense of set-valued algorithms using Zangwill's Theory [172].
Further, we present a segmentation model with a total variation regularizer. While updating
the cluster centers is straightforward for fixed segment memberships of the pixels, updating the
segment membership can be solved iteratively via non-smooth, convex optimization. Thereby,
we do not iterate a convex optimization algorithm until convergence. Instead, we stop as soon as
we have a certain amount of decrease in the objective functional to increase the efficiency. This
algorithm is a particular implementation of RcC providing also the corresponding convergence
theory. Moreover, we show the good performance of our method in various examples such as
simulated 2d images of brain tissue and 3d volumes of two materials, namely a multi-filament
composite superconductor and a carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramics. Thereby, we
exploit the property of the latter material that two components have no common boundary in
our adapted model.
The second part of the thesis is concerned with supervised segmentation. We leave the area
of center based models and investigate convex approaches related to graph p-Laplacians and
reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs). We study the effect of different weights used to
construct the graph. In practical experiments we show on the one hand image types that
are better segmented by the p-Laplacian model and on the other hand images that are better
segmented by the RKHS-based approach. This is due to the fact that the p-Laplacian approach
provides smoother results, while the RKHS approach provides often more accurate and detailed
segmentations. Finally, we propose a novel combination of both approaches to benefit from the
advantages of both models and study the performance on challenging medical image data.


Abstract: The aim of this research was to contribute to the discussion on the role of visual methods in improving student learning. Visual methods provide means to understand the practices of representations as cultural texts, to develop interpretations of meanings in socio-cultural context, to decode images of social relations and individual experience. Visual sources play a growing role in social studies as well as in teaching as they offer new routes to understanding the past and the present. It was anticipated that when students learn to interpret visual images of social issues as constructs and metaphors in addition to reading relevant literature they might develop critical and contextual imagination, namely connect individual incidences to historical conditions and social institutions, to link seemingly impersonal and remote forces with the lives of real people in concrete institutional and symbolic environments. The main data set included anonymous student journals and portfolio with assignments. The study documented student discourse around visual methods implementation and examined student identities as sociologists, their perceptions of academic expectations at universities, their views of the curriculum, and their identity claims. The results are concerned with the outcomes of teaching and learning considered not only in relation to visual methods but also to the public sphere and sociology. The more and less desirable identity for a sociologist was articulated, some tensions and biases were discovered but more research is needed in order to see more explicitly the role of visual methods and other pedagogical tools in overcoming these barriers. Keywords: visual methods; scholarship of teaching and learning; public sphere; sociology; university; Russia


Scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have developed a new genomic test designed to help clinicians predict which breast cancer patients are most likely to survive the disease and which treatments may be most effective in increasing those chances of survival. By specifically measuring the activity level of a small subset of the 20,000 plus genes that may be "turned on" or "turned off" within each tumor, the test can give patients a more accurate picture of how their disease might progress, researchers say. Designed by a multi-institutional team of scientists, the relatively simple test was specifically designed to be performed using equipment present in many hospital laboratories, an advantage over other recently developed genomic tests that require more sophisticated technology and expertise. "Here we have developed a method that can be used in the everyday clinic and has the potential to benefit all breast cancer patients," said study co-author Charles Perou, Ph.D., associate professor of genetics and pathology in the UNC School of Medicine and a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. "Based on the genomics of a tumor, we can make good predictions about how a patient might do, but we can also define predictive markers that tell us which drugs to give patients." A report of the study appeared in the Feb. 9, 2009 online issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. One in eight women in the United States will receive a diagnosis of breast cancer in their lifetime. The disease occurs when mutations accumulate in critical genes — such as those that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged DNA — allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. The specific genetic changes in these tumor cells determine in large part how aggressively the cancer will behave. A major focus of Perou's research is to provide more biological information that can be mobilized in the fight against breast cancer. He and his colleagues used DNA microarrays or "gene chips" to scan the thousands of genes within tumor samples taken from breast cancer patients. They found that the samples could be classified into five biologic groups or subtypes – Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, Basal-like and Normal-like – and that each group had a specific genomic signature corresponding to distinct disease outcomes. The researchers then honed in on a small subset of 50 genes that can still identify these biologic groups as robustly as the original list of thousands of genes. In this study, Perou and his colleagues modified their approach to measure the activity levels of those 50 genes using a technology called RT-PCR. Then, using a separate set of 761 patients, they validated the test's ability to predict patients' actual outcomes. The researchers also showed – using another group of 133 patients – that the test was able to predict response to a common chemotherapy regimen. Clinical trials are currently being conducted to confirm the study's results in even larger numbers of patients. "Here we've demonstrated that this test can predict the likelihood a patient will relapse and can define the biologic subtype of their tumor – pieces of information that together could be used to make treatment decisions," Perou said. "We also found that patients in just two groups actually benefited from the chemotherapy regimen we studied, whereas the patients in the other three groups showed a much lower response rate. The idea is for clinicians to use this knowledge to help determine what drugs a patient should get and should not get." The multi-center study was led by researchers at UNC's Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; the University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; and Washington University Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Mo. Along with Perou, co-authors include Matthew Ellis, M.D., associate professor of medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; and Philip S. Bernard, M.D., assistant professor of pathology and medical director of Huntsman's molecular pathology laboratory. Study co-authors from Perou's laboratory at UNC include Joel S. Parker, the lead author and graduate student; Xiaping He, research associate; and Zhiyuan Hu, former postdoctoral fellow and current director of UNC pathology-genomics laboratory. UNC College of Arts and Sciences statistics professors Andrew B. Nobel, Ph.D., and J.S. Marron, Ph.D., who is also Amos Hawley Distinguished Professor of Biostatistics in the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, also contributed to the study. Laboratories at the University of Utah, the University of British Columbia and Washington University contributed to the study as well. Perou is one of the inventors of the test and has patents pending for the technology described in this news release. Along with colleagues at the Huntsman Cancer Institute and Siteman Cancer Center, he is a partner in the company, University Genomics, which is working to commercialize the test. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health.


Abstract. Confucius Institutes (CIs), modelled on similar European organizations, promote China's official national language and culture abroad. Unlike their European counterparts, however, the interactions between CIs and Canadian audiences are haunted by complex histories of a racialized "Oriental Other" in Canada and "Western Other" in China. Through ethnographic research on the Confucius Institute in Edmonton and the CI Headquarters in Beijing, this paper explores racialized representations of China and Chinese culture, as well as racialized understandings of the desired Western audience, in both locations. I argue that representations of Chinese culture are caught between two competing logics which I term reorientalism and reorientality. Reorientalism attempts to reclaim definitions of Chineseness and redress misunderstandings about China while simultaneously making China comprehensible and ultimately marketable through reorientality, or a use of familiar Orientalist tropes. Canadians (most often imagined and represented as white) are encouraged to engage with this reorientality through their own performance and embodiment of Chinese culture (a conceptually distinct process I call re-orientality) as a means of understanding the project of reorientalism. However, the spectacle of Chinese culture through CIs resonates with Canadian multiculturalism in ways that may unintentionally reproduce a social landscape that normalizes whiteness and the consumption of ethnicized Otherness.


Cloud computing has revolutionized how society interacts with, and via, technology. Though some early detractors criticized the "cloud" as being nothing more than an empty industry buzzword, we contend that by dovetailing communications and calculating processes for the first time in recorded history, cloud computing is — both practically and legally — a shift in prevailing paradigms. As a practical matter, the cloud brings with it a previously undreamt-of sense of location independence for both suppliers and consumers. And legally, the shift toward deploying computing ability as a service, rather than a product, represents an evolution to a contractual foundation for all relevant interactions.Already, substantive cloud-related disputes have erupted in a variety of legal fields, including personal privacy, intellectual property, and antitrust, to name a few. Yet before courts can confront such issues, they must first address the two fundamental procedural questions of a lawsuit that form the bases of this Article — first, whether any law applies in the cloud, and, if so, which law ought to apply. Drawing upon novel analyses of analogous Internet jurisprudence, as well as concepts borrowed from disciplines ranging from economics to anthropology, this Article seeks to supply answers to these questions. To do so, we first identify a set of normative goals that jurisdictional and choice-of-law methodologies ought to seek to achieve in the unique context of cloud computing. With these goals in mind, we then supply structured analytical guidelines and suggested policy reforms to guide the continued development of jurisdiction and choice of law in the cloud.


Based on the article " The specific frequencies of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies " , by Astronomy & Astrophysics is publishing a new statistical study of the so-called 'ultra-compact dwarf galaxies' (UCDs), which are still mysterious objects. A team of astronomers has investigated how many of these UCDs exist in nearby galaxy clusters and groups. They show that the properties of UCDs match those of bright star clusters. Astronomy & Astrophysics is publishing the results of a detailed investigation of how many 'ultra-compact dwarf galaxies' (UCDs) can be found in nearby galaxy clusters. UCDs were recognized as a populous and potentially distinct class of stellar systems about a decade ago. But they are still mysterious objects that are characterized by a compact morphology (30-300 light-years in size) and high masses (more than one million solar masses). More generally, their properties (e.g., their size, shape, or luminosity) are similar to those of both star clusters and dwarf galaxies. Several hundred UCDs have been found to date. Two main formation channels for these puzzling objects have been proposed so far. UCDs might either be very massive star clusters or be 'normal' dwarf galaxies transformed by tidal effects. (ESO) present a statistical study of the UCD population: they define new statistical tools that relate the number of UCDs to the total luminosity of their host environment. This allows them to use statistical arguments to test the hypothesis that UCDs are bright star clusters. They predict that if UCDs are bright star clusters, we would expect to find only one or two UCDs around the Milky Way, which corresponds to what is seen, as omega Centauri is the only Milky Way satellite that can be considered a UCD. With their new tools at hand, the authors have investigated the results of spectroscopic UCD surveys in the environment of massive galaxy clusters such as Fornax, Hydra, and Centaurus, as well as in galaxy groups like our very own Local Group. Most data analysed were obtained at ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile, using the instruments FLAMES, VIMOS, and FORS2. For the Fornax cluster, they also used a large database of compact stellar objects, which contained about 180 UCDs (see Fig. 1). This statistical study clearly shows that the luminosity distribution of UCDs match very well that of the brightest globular star clusters. It supports the hypothesis that the vast majority of UCDs are actually very massive …


This special issue explores the rise and the scope of the globalisation of neo- Victorianism. We are witnesses today to a transnational spread of all things Victorian verging on 'Victorianomania', where different elements of nineteenth-century literature and material culture are continuously translated, adapted and recycled for contemporary use. On the one hand, the re-visioned revival of popular genres of the nineteenth century is evident in a spate of neo-Victorian novels that re-visit Victorian fiction in terms of style and content as well as rethink the narrative format of the eponymous 'loose, baggy monsters'. Whether they are playful investigations of cosmopolitanism within the history of globalised economy – as depicted in Amitav Ghosh's The Sea of Poppies – or of transatlantic narratives and cultural connections between Victorian London and the contemporary US cityscape – as in HBO's TV series The Wire – neo-Victorian fictions engage not only with nineteenth-century narrative pace and plotting but also with the period's cross- fertilised popular genres. At the same time, the plethora of TV, film, video games, graphic novels, fashion and interior design adaptations and appropriations of Victorian art, literature and culture are clearly influenced by the global market, testifying to the impact of the ever- spreading 'participatory culture' (Jenkins 2006). This special issue aims to chart the patterns and politics of neo- Victorianism's transnational production and dissemination. Some of the key questions Neo- Victorianism and Globalisation seeks to address are: • To what extent can we talk about the process of translating elements of nineteenth- century literature and culture into contemporary media as 'neo-Victorianism' outside of the Anglo-American context? • How does nostalgia inform/deform the relationship between appropriated Victorian narrative forms and their global circulation? • What political dynamics underlie the transnational dissemination of the '(neo-) Victorian', both as a term and concept, and what are its ideological implications? • How broadly can 'neo-Victorian' be expanded as a generic term before it loses its critical value? • Does neo- Victorianism run the risk of being construed as a form of cultural imperialism? • How does postcolonialism contest and/or intersect with trans- and multiculturalism in neo- Victorian remediations of the nineteenth-century past? • How can attention to multiple (national, ethnic, and cultural) publics and markets avoid totalising 'neo-Victorianism' as a monolithic concept? • Which particular Victorian genres (such as Gothic, detection or sensation fiction), predominate in different neo- Victorian media and cultural contexts and why? • What unacknowledged, potentially discriminatory or disabling mechanisms may be discerned in neo- Victorian critical discourse (e.g. Anglo- American/Euro-centrism, Western- focused trauma discourse, new forms of sexism, etc.)? Please address enquiries and expressions of interest to the guest editors Antonija Primorac at email@example.com and Monika Pietrzak-Franger at firstname.lastname@example.com- siegen.de. Completed articles and/or creative pieces, along with a short biographical note, will be due by 15 October 2013 and should be sent via email to the guest editors, with a copy to firstname.lastname@example.com. Please consult the NVS website (submission guidelines) for further guidance.


There are many interesting applications of Ramsey theory, these include results in number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, set theory, logic, ergodic theory, information theory and theoretical computer science. Relations of Ramsey-type theorems to various fields in mathematics are well documented in published books and monographs. The main objective of this survey is to list applications mostly in theoretical computer science of the last two decades not contained in these.


The modelling of hedge funds poses a difficult problem since the available reported data sets are often small and incomplete. We propose a switching regression model for hedge funds, in which the coefficients are able to switch between different regimes. The coefficients are governed by a Markov chain in discrete time. The different states of the Markov chain represent different states of the economy, which influence the performance of the independent variables. Hedge fund indices are chosen as regressors. The parameter estimation for the switching parameter as well as for the switching error term is done through a filtering technique for hidden Markov models developed by Elliott (1994). Recursive parameter estimates are calculated through a filter-based EM-algorithm, which uses the hidden information of the underlying Markov chain. Our switching regression model is applied on hedge fund series and hedge fund indices from the HFR database.


Southern Europe and East Asia are two distinct groups of nations which share a number of striking family resemblances warranting a close investigation. Such resemblances form a relatively coherent set best captured through the concepts of familialism and familial welfare state. A cross-regional comparison of Italy, Japan, Spain and Korea leads to interesting results in both descriptive and explanatory terms, highlighting the role played by culture and religion as well as by the compressed modernization which characterized the four countries during the 20th century. The comparative exercise of this Special Issue offers a significant contribution to the wider field of welfare research. It reshuffles the cards of the traditional 'world of welfare capitalism' debate, shows the significance of region-level (as opposed to nation-level) variables and invites a specification of temporal arguments in institutional transformations.


In Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner, the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) argues that Code Section 107 and the income tax exclusion that section grants to "minister[s] of the gospel" for parsonage allowances violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. This case has important implications for a new federal law mandating that individuals maintain "minimum essential" health care coverage for themselves and their dependents. That mandate contains two religious exemptions. One of these exemptions incorporates a pre-existing religious exemption from the federal self-employment tax. These sectarian exemptions raise the same First Amendment issues as does the Code's exclusion from gross income of clerical housing allowances.I ultimately find unpersuasive the indictment of Section 107 as constitutionally entangling. For the same reasons, I also conclude that the religious exemptions of the Social Security taxes and of the individual health mandate pass First Amendment muster. In the modern world, extensive contact between tax systems and religious institutions is unavoidable. Whether religious entities and actors are taxed or exempted, there are inevitable tensions between the contemporary state and sectarian institutions and their personnel. Whether religious entities and actors are taxed or exempted, there are no disentangling alternatives, just imperfect trade-offs between different forms of entanglement.Thus, Section 107 and the exclusion from gross income it grants to clerical recipients of housing and parsonage allowances are constitutionally permitted, though not constitutionally required, responses to the problems of entanglement inherent in the relationship between modern government and religion. Similarly, the Code's sectarian exemptions from the individual health care mandate and from the FICA and self-employment taxes are acceptable, though not obligatory, means under the First Amendment of managing the inevitable contacts and tensions between the contemporary state and the religious community. However, as a matter of tax policy, the exclusion of Section 107(2) for cash parsonage allowances stands on weaker ground than does the exclusion of Section 107(1) for in-kind housing provided to "minister[s] of the gospel." The taxation of such cash allowances, in contrast to the taxation of housing provided in-kind, does not involve problems of valuation or of taxpayer liquidity and is thus more practicable as a matter of tax policy.


This master's thesis deals with annual harvest operations (AHO) planning with consideration of time restrictions. We developed five models of binary integer linear programming (BILP) that schedule working groups to harvest unit areas (HUAs) according to the lowest cost possible. Total AHO costs include felling and skidding costs, transportation costs, and machine relocation costs. The first model is based on the presumption that harvesting can be planned and executed freely throughout the year. In other four, scheduling was subject to time restrictions in HUAs and differed according to the extent of time restrictions. The second model takes into account time restrictions due to unfavourable natural conditions, the third model due to disturbance-free areas of animal species, the fourth and fifth model concurrently include the impact of time restrictions due to natural conditions and disturbance-free areas. The annual workplace time in Model 2 is reduced by 14.2 %, in Model 3 by 16.9 %, in Model 4 by 29.3 % and in Model 5 by 42.3 %. The model tool used to test all the models was designed in Microsoft Excel. All five models were tested with OpenSolver 2.7.1 software. Increasing the extent of time restrictions in forest operations reduces the utilization of the annual workplace time. In testing the second model, we demonstrated that with proper organisation of an AHO plan the planner can influence the working days fallout. In the other three models, we were able to ensure the implementation of AHO plan by introducing extra working groups. Further, we confirmed that time restrictions affect the scheduling of the working groups and the sequencing of tasks. The increases in total AHO costs were explained as an increase in working groups' costs due to lower utilization rate, an increase in depreciation costs of machines and costs due to unrealized allowable annual cut and timber sales planned for the current year. We tested each model on two examples.


This paper recovers Columbia Law Professor Herbert Wechsler's constitutional involvement in the long civil rights movement. Derided for criticizing Brown v. Board of Education in 1959, Wechsler first became involved in civil rights litigation in the 1930s, continued to be interested in civil rights issues in the 1940s, and argued one of the most important civil rights cases to come before the Supreme Court in the 1960s. His critique of Brown, this article maintains, derived not from a disinterest in the black struggle but from a larger conviction that racial reform should be process rather than rights-based. By recovering Wechsler's approach, this article suggests a new paradigm for understanding the Supreme Court's role in the civil rights movement, one that focuses on process-based rulings like New York Times v. Sullivan, not Brown.