Aim Large-scale patterns of limitations in tree recruitment remain poorly described in the Mediterranean Basin, and this information is required to assess the impacts of global warming on forests. Here, we unveil the existence of opposite trends of recruitment limitation between the dominant genera Quercus and Pinus on a large scale and identify the key ecological drivers of these diverging trends. Location Spain Methods We gathered data from the Spanish National Forest inventory to assess recruitment trends for the dominant species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata, Quercus suber, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Quercus faginea and Quercus pyrenaica). We assessed the direct and indirect drivers of recruitment by applying Bayesian structural equation modelling techniques. Results Severe limitations in recruitment were observed across extensive areas for all Pinus species studied, with recruitment failure affecting 54-71% of the surveyed plots. In striking contrast, Quercus species expanded into 41% of the plots surveyed compared to only 10% for Pinus and had a lower local recruitment failure (29% of Quercus localities compared to 63% for Pinus species). Bayesian structural equation models highlighted the key role of the presence of Q.ilex saplings and the increase in the basal area of Q.ilex in limiting recruitment in five Pinus species. The recruitment of P.sylvestris and P.nigra showed the most negative trends and was negatively associated with the impacts of fire. Main conclusions This study identified Q.ilex, the most widespread species in this area, as a key driver of recruitment shifts on a large scale, negatively affecting most pine species with the advance of forest succession. These results highlight that the future expansion/contraction of Q.ilex stands with ongoing climate change will be a key process indirectly controlling the demographic responses of Pinus species in the Mediterranean Basin.


Various doctrines of contract and consumer protection law allow courts to strike down unfair contract terms. A large literature has explored the question which terms should be viewed as unfair, but a related question has never been studied systematically – what provision should replace the vacated unfair term? How should a distributively unfair contract be fixed? This Article demonstrates that the law uses three competing criteria for a replacement provision: (1) the most reasonable term; (2) a punitive term, strongly unfavorable to the overreaching party; and (3) the minimally tolerable term, which preserves the original term as much as is tolerable. The Article explores in depth the third criterion – the minimally tolerable term – under which the smallest intervention that is necessary is applied. This criterion, which has received no prior scholarly notice, is surprisingly prevalent in legal doctrine. The Article surveys its ubiquity and explores its conceptual and normative underpinnings.


Software systems need to change over time to cope with new requirements, and due to design decisions, the changes happen to crosscut the system's structure. Understanding how changes appear in the system can reveal hidden dependencies between different entities of the system. We propose the usage of concept analysis to identify groups of entities that change in the same way and in the same time. We apply our approach at different levels of abstraction (i.e., method, class, package) and we detect fine grained changes (i.e., statements were added in a class, but no method was added there). Concept analysis is a technique that identifies entities that have the same properties, but it requires manual inspection due to the large number of candidates it detects. We propose a heuristic that dramatically eliminate the false positives. We apply our approach on two case studies and we show how we can identify hidden dependencies and detect bad smells.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate common factors associated in the development of acute renal failure (ARF) in Comrades Marathon runners.

METHODS
This was a retrospective case series of 4 runners hospitalised post-race with ARF in the 89 km 2010 Comrades Marathon. The outcome measures were incidence of analgesic use, levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and degree of electrolyte supplementation (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium).

RESULTS
The incidence of ARF was 1/4 125 runners. They presented with rhabdomyolysis (mean admission CPK of 36 294 IU) and hyponatraemia (mean admission blood sodium level of 133 mEq/l). All had ingested an analgesic during the run (3 ingested a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and the same readily available anti-cramp electrolyte supplement. The average amount of supplemental sodium (452 mg), potassium (393 mg), calcium (330 mg) and magnesium (154 mg) ingested via this particular electrolyte supplement before and during the run did not exceed the recommended upper limits of daily intake. Three of the runners were Comrades Marathon novices.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a continuing need to clarify the specific cluster variants that cause ARF in Comrades Marathon runners, as the risk factors appear to have evolved since the first case described over 40 years ago.


Taking its starting point from a socio-anthropological study combining biographical interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations collected between 2016 and 2018 in Germany, France and the United States among Ovaherero and Nama activists, and also members of di erent institutions and associations, this article focuses on the question of human remains in the current struggle for recognition and reparation of the genocide of the Ovaherero and Nama from a transnational perspective. First, the text shows the ways in which the memory of human remains can be considered as a driving force in the struggle of the a ected communities. Second, it outlines the main points of mismatches of perspective between descendants of the survivors and the responsible museums during past restitutions of human remains from German anthropological collections. Third, the article more closely examines the resources of Ovaherero in the United States in the struggle for recognition and reparation, the recent discovery of Namibian human remains in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and the questions that it raises.


While big data offers society many potential benefits, it also comes with serious risks. This Essay focuses on the concern that big data will lead to increased employment discrimination. It develops the novel argument that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) should be amended in response to the big data phenomenon in order to protect individuals who are perceived as likely to develop physical or mental impairments in the future. Employers can obtain medical data about employees not only through the traditional means of medical examinations and inquiries, but also through the non-traditional mechanisms of social media, wellness programs, and data brokers. Information about workers' habits, behaviors, or attributes that is derived from big data can be used to create profiles of undesirable employees. It can also be used to exclude healthy and qualified individuals whom employers regard as vulnerable to future medical problems. The ADA, which now protects only individuals with current or past disabilities and those who are perceived as having existing impairments, can no longer ignore the discrimination threats posed by predictive health data. The Essay analyzes these risks and propose a detailed statutory response to them.


Software systems need to continuously change to remain useful. Change appears in several forms and needs to be accommodated at dierent levels. We propose Changeboxes as a mechanism to encapsulate, manage, analyze and exploit changes to software systems. Our thesis is that only by making change explicit and manipulable can we enable the software developer to manage software change more eectively than is currently possible. Furthermore we argue that we need new insights into assessing the impact of changes and we need to provide new tools and techniques to manage them. We report on the results of some initial prototyping eorts, and we outline a series of research activities that we have started to explore the potential of Changeboxes.


Bacteria of marine sediments play a crucial role in carbon and nutrient cycles. Surprisingly little is known about the natural succession and the response to environmental changes of benthic bacterial communities in the German Bight. As being very eclectic, the bacterial genome enables its carrier to adapt rapidly to these changes. Thus investigating the bacterial community allows following environmental changes, often caused by anthropogenic activities, very early. Waterways represent important connections in transport systems. Due to tidal pumping effects, sediment often accumulates in coastal rivers, inhibiting them. Dumping of these accumulations into the sea is a common procedure. But the impact of these potentially polluted sediments on bacterial communities of pristine environments is barely investigated. In this study the dumping site "Tonne E3" in the German Bight (North Sea, Germany) was examined. From 2005 to 2010 5 Mio m³ of excavated material from the Hamburg port area have been dumped into the North Sea. In 2009 and 2010 sediment samples were taken at "Tonne E3" to analyze the bacterial community via automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). The dumping area and a reference region were investigated. ARISA focuses on the highly conservative ITS region in the bacterial genome possessing a species specific length polymorphism. ARISA profiles of samples at the dumping area in 2009 and 2010 revealed different bacterial communities changing over time. The analyses of community data in conjunction with environmental data indicate sedimentological factors but also contaminants affecting the communities significantly. In 2009 highly heterogenic community patterns in the vicinity of the dumping area were observed. This interesting fact will be further investigated by performing 454 sequencing of the highly conserved 16S region for representative samples.


After the first EP volume on the activities of the early Italian avant-garde, the second volume in the series identifies the current fascination with fiction across art, design, and architecture. Practitioners and theorists explore this strategy by pushing the debate into both speculative and real-fictitious terrains. Newly commissioned interviews, artist projects, and essays shed light on topics such as parafiction and algorithmic ambiguity. Included in the volume is one of the final interviews to be published with novelist and semiotician Umberto Eco; a conversation with Bruce Sterling, in which the science-fiction author responds to designers who reference his writings; and design theorist Vilem Flusser's 1966 essay "On Fiction," in its first English translation.

The EP series fluidly moves between art, design, and architecture, and introduces the notion of the "extended play" into publishing, with thematically edited pocket books as median between popular magazines ("single play") and academic journals ("long play").

Contributions by Paola Antonelli, The Atlas Group (1989–2004), Alex Coles, Anthony Dunne, James Dyer, Umberto Eco, Experimental Jetset, Vilem Flusser, Verina Gfader, Huib Haye van der Werf, Will Holder, Sophie Krier, Carrie Lambert-Beatty, Lucas Maassen, Valle Medina, Philippe Morel, Rick Poynor, Fiona Raby, Benjamin Reynolds, Hiroko Shiratori, Bruce Sterling

Edited by Paul Bailey


For many researchers, Python is a first-class tool mainly because of its libraries for storing, manipulating, and gaining insight from data. Several resources exist for individual pieces of this data science stack, but only with the Python Data Science Handbook do you get them all IPython, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-Learn, and other related tools. Working scientists and data crunchers familiar with reading and writing Python code will find this comprehensive desk reference ideal for tackling day-to-day issues: manipulating, transforming, and cleaning data; visualizing different types of data; and using data to build statistical or machine learning models. Quite simply, this is the must-have reference for scientific computing in Python. With this handbook, youll learn how to use:IPython and Jupyter: provide computational environments for data scientists using PythonNumPy: includes the ndarray for efficient storage and manipulation of dense data arrays in PythonPandas: features the DataFrame for efficient storage and manipulation of labeled/columnar data in PythonMatplotlib: includes capabilities for a flexible range of data visualizations in PythonScikit-Learn: for efficient and clean Python implementations of the most important and established machine learning algorithms


Introduction. Part I: Advertising 101. Chapter 1: Advertising: Mastering the Art of Promotion. Chapter 2: Setting and Working within Your Advertising Budget. Chapter 3: Boosting Your Budget with Co-Op Programs. Chapter 4: Defining and Positioning Your Message. Chapter 5: Forming an Effective Ad Campaign. Part II: Creating Great Ads for Every Medium. Chapter 6: Online Advertising: Maximizing the Enormous Reach of the Internet. Chapter 7: Using Print Ads: Small Spaces with Big Audiences. Chapter 8: Radio: Effective, Affordable, and Fun. Chapter 9: Demystifying TV Commercials: They Don't Have to Win Awards to Be Effective. Chapter 10: Collateral Advertising and Direct Mail: Brochures, Flyers, Newsletters, and More. Chapter 11: Opting for Outdoor Ads: Billboards, Posters, Ads on Buses, and Other Signage. Part III: Buying the Different Media. Chapter 12: Investing in Internet Advertising. Chapter 13: Buying Ad Space in Print Media. Chapter 14: Purchasing Ad Time on the Radio. Chapter 15: Getting Your Ads on Television. Chapter 16: Deciding Whether to Hire an Ad Agency. Part IV: Beyond the Basics: Creating Buzz and Using Publicity. Chapter 17: Creating Buzz and Word-of-Mouth Advertising. Chapter 18: Leveraging Your Advertising with Public Relations, Publicity, Specialty Items, and Events. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 19: Ten Secrets for Writing Memorable Advertising. Chapter 20: (Almost) Ten Ways to Know It's Time to Hire an Agency. Glossary. Index.


Follow the line on a journey from the city to the country, from the sky to the ocean, from morning till night. Laura Ljungkvist uses her trademark continuous line style to create the perfect counting book for young children. Each scene contains questions designed to get children looking, counting, and thinking. For example, in the underwater picture, children can count seashells, turtles, and the legs on an octopus. Each page is packed with colorful, artful objects and animals—and young counters can follow the line from the front cover to the back cover, through each stunning scene.


Few frontline system administrators can afford to spend all day worrying about security. But in this age of widespread virus infections, worms, and digital attacks, no one can afford to neglect network defenses.Written with the harried IT manager in mind, Open Source Security Tools is a practical, hands-on introduction to open source security tools. Seasoned security expert Tony Howlett has reviewed the overwhelming assortment of these free and low-cost solutions to provide you with the "best of breed" for all major areas of information security.Inside, you'll find everything from how to harden Linux and Windows systems to how to investigate breaches with Sleuth Kit, Autopsy Forensic Browser, and Forensic Tool Kit. For each security task described, the author reviews the best open source tools and how to use them and also provides a case study and sample implementation. Covered tasks include: Installing an open source firewall using Ipchains, Iptables, Turtle firewall, or Smoothwall Scanning ports and testing for vulnerabilities using Nmap, Nlog, Nmap for Windows, Nessus,and NessusWX Using sniffers and network-intrusion systems, including Tcpdump, Ethereal, Windump, Snort™, and Snort™ for Windows Tracking and analyzing collected data with Swatch, ACID, and NCC Encrypting communications with PGP, GnuPG, SSH, and Free S/WANThis handy reference also tackles the emerging field of wireless security and covers tools such as Kismet Wireless, Airsnort, and Netstumber. An accompanying CD-ROM contains full versions of the tools for easy access and installation, as well as RFCs and other useful information.Whether you're a Windows system administrator or a network administrator, you will come away with an understanding of how open source security tools can help protect your organization and further your own career.


Book Citations: Authors, Title, HemaSphere, 2023;7(S3):pages. The individual abstract DOIs can be found at https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/pages/default.aspx. Disclaimer: Articles published in the journal HemaSphere exclusively reflect the opinions of the authors. The authors are responsible for all content in their abstracts including accuracy of the facts, statements, citing resources, etc. 2671


A search for the supersymmetric partners of quarks and gluons (squarks and gluinos) in final states containing hadronic jets and missing transverse momentum, but no electrons or muons, is presented. The data used in this search were recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment in $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV proton--proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$. The results are interpreted in the context of various models where squarks and gluinos are pair-produced and the neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95\% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 2.03 TeV for a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino, assuming the lightest neutralino is massless. For a simplified model involving the strong production of mass-degenerate first- and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 1.55 TeV are excluded if the lightest neutralino is massless. These limits substantially extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space previously excluded by searches with the ATLAS detector.


"I've known rivers. I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn golden in the sunset. I've known rivers, ancient dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers." -Langston Hughes


A high prevalence and diversity of avian influenza (AI) viruses were detected in a population of wild mallards sampled during summer 2011 in California, providing an opportunity to compare results obtained before and after virus culture. We tested cloacal swab samples prior to culture by matrix real-time PCR, and by amplifying and sequencing a 640bp portion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Each sample was also inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, and full genome sequences were determined for cultured viruses. While low matrix Ct values were a good predictor of virus isolation from eggs, samples with high or undetectable Ct values also yielded isolates. Furthermore, a single passage in eggs altered the occurrence and detection of viral strains, and mixed infections (different HA subtypes) were detected less frequently after culture. There is no gold standard or perfect reference comparison for surveillance of unknown viruses, and true negatives are difficult to distinguish from false negatives. This study showed that sequencing samples prior to culture increases the detection of mixed infections and enhances the identification of viral strains and sequences that may have changed or even disappeared during culture.


As Enterprise 2.0 (E2.0) initiatives are gradually moving out of the early experimentation phase it is time to focus greater attention on examining the structures, processes and operations surrounding E2.0 projects. In this paper we present the findings of an empirical study to investigate and understand the reasons for initiating E2.0 projects and the benefits being derived from them. Our study comprises seven in-depth case studies of E2.0 implementations. We develop a classification and means of visualising the scope of E2.0 initiatives and use these methods to analyse and compare projects.
Our findings indicate a wide range of motivations and combinations of technology in use and show a strong emphasis towards the content management functionality of E2.0 technologies.


This paper analyses the implications of climate change for the conduct of monetary policy in the euro area. It first investigates macroeconomic and financial risks stemming from climate change and from policies aimed at climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the regulatory and fiscal effects of reducing carbon emissions. In this context, it assesses the need to adapt macroeconomic models and the Eurosystem/ECB staff economic projections underlying the monetary policy decisions. It further considers the implications of climate change for the conduct of monetary policy, in particular the implications for the transmission of monetary policy, the natural rate of interest and the correct identification of shocks. Model simulations using the ECB's New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) illustrate how the interactions of climate change, financial and fiscal fragilities could significantly restrict the ability of monetary policy to respond to standard business cycle fluctuations. The paper concludes with an analysis of a set of potential monetary policy measures to address climate risks, insofar as they are in line with the ECB's mandate.


Program evaluation is an essential part of the ongoing success of any organization. Program evaluations can be done for entire organizations or for any entity within that organization. Christian university athletic programs need to be evaluated frequently to assess whether the organization is fulfilling its goals and objectives. This study sought to find a correlation between a Christian university athletic department's curriculum for its student-athletes and the spiritual orientations that these
student-athletes exhibited as a component of program evaluation. This was done through a two-phase approach which was duplicated on a secular campus for comparative purposes. First, the goals, objectives and outcomes of the university's spiritual and character development curriculum was assessed through qualitative data received from interviews from key university personnel and from student data collected from
demographic forms. Secondly, quantitative data was compiled through the use of the Revised Religious Life Inventory (Hills, Francis and Robbins, 2004). This survey has 24 items and uses a nine point scale for each question. This survey has three subscales that seek to determine a person's spiritual orientation. The first category would receive the lowest total mean score and is called intrinsic orientation, which refers to people who live their religion; the second category would receive a higher total mean and is called quest, which means that a person is questioning his or her faith; and the third category has the highest total mean and is called extrinsic, which is a person who uses religion.
This study also looked for differences in gender results between the two campuses. The N for the Christian university was 322, with 209 men and 113 women; and the N for the secular university was 58, with 41 men and 17 women. The findings of this study from the interviews provided qualitative data that showed a distinct difference between the two universities in the spiritual and character curricula and the ensuing outcomes in the student body responses. Overall the intrinsic qualitative responses in the interviews were 93% and just 7% extrinsic, compared to the secular university which had 67% intrinsic statements and 33% extrinsic. Neither
interview group made statements that could be coded in the quest category. The students made two types of qualitative responses on the demographics forms. The first was in relation to how the curricula affected them in their spiritual and character growth, and the second related to their involvement in Christian activities. The percentage of students leaving remarks on the form at the Christian university was 70% versus those leaving remarks at the secular university of 30%. The remarks that students gave were codified as intrinsic, extrinsic and quest. The Christian university remarks were 41% intrinsic, 24% extrinsic and 21% quest. The secular university results were
11% intrinsic, 78% extrinsic, and 2% quest.
The findings of this study for the quantitative data also showed a significant difference between the two groups of Christian student-athletes on the respective campuses. A 2 x 2 ANOVA was computed to compare the two schools and gender mean scores. The analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the two
means. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the two universities in terms
of spiritual orientation; the Christian university shows greater intrinsic orientation
than the secular university. A 2 x 2 ANOVA was computed to compare male and female students and the two universities on the total scores of the Revised Religious Life Inventory. There was a
significant difference between the two university means (F = 35.38, p 0.05). A 2 x 2 MANOVA also was computed to compare male and female students and the two universities on the three subsets of the Revised Religious Life Inventory:
Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest orientations. A significant multivariate F (Wilk's Lambda)was found for the university variable (F = 36.94, p 0.10). A significant multivariate F (Wilk's Lambda) indicated that there was an
interaction effect between gender and university variables (F = 2.8, p < 0.05). Because of the interaction effects, interpretation of the findings solely focused on gender differences
within each of the university groups. This study concluded that there are significant differences between those student athletes on a Christian university campus compared to a secular university campus in relation to spiritual orientation with those on the Christian campus scoring higher in the area of intrinsic orientation.


Please note this is an unpublished working paper that was presented at the conference named above.

Tim Blake Nelson's film The Grey Zone (2001), set in Auschwitz-Birkenau in October 1944, dramatises the final days of the twelfth Sonderkommando, or 'death squad', that was responsible for running the camp crematoria and ultimately for destroying half of the camp's ovens during a chaotic uprising that was ruthlessly put down by the SS. The film takes its title from an essay of the same name by Primo Levi that was included in his final collection, The Drowned and the Saved (1986), and is grounded in Levi's 'survivor philosophy' and also testimonies written by survivors who were attached to the Sonderkommandos, with key storylines deriving from Dr Niklos Nyiszli's account of his time spent assisting Dr Mengele with his medical experiments.

The film can be understood as a graphic retort to the anti-representational ethos that has been championed by directors such as Claude Lanzmann: in the Director's Notes that were circulated to the cast and crew before filming, Nelson advised that there would be 'probably as much on-screen killing as any serious film I can think of'. The film featured a stellar cast of Hollywood 'A list' stars'; however, given its commitment to portraying the very worst aspects of the genocide, it was perhaps unsurprising that it performed poorly at the US box office and was not widely distributed in Europe.

This paper takes The Grey Zone as an example of a kind of 'impious' art that is pro-representational and concerned to challenge popular interpretations and received understandings of the Holocaust. It looks at the ways that the film encourages its audience to identify with the moral and existential (if not physical) predicament of those who existed within the 'grey zone' of the camps, self-consciously following Levi's lead in using the specific experiences of the Sonderkommando members as a vehicle for exploring more universal aspects of the human condition.


SUMMARY: Capability for sea surface salinity observation was an important gap in ocean remote sensing in the last few decades of the 20 th century. New technological developments during the 1990s at the European Space Agency led to the proposal of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), an Earth explorer opportunity mission based on the use of a microwave interferometric radiometer, MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis). SMOS, the first satellite ever addressing the observation of ocean salinity from space, was successfully launched in November 2009. The determination of salinity from the MIRAS radiometric measurements at 1.4 GHz is a complex procedure that requires high performance from the instrument and accurate modelling of several physical processes that impact on the microwave emission of the ocean's surface. This paper introduces SMOS in the ocean remote sensing context, and summarizes the MIRAS principles of operation and the SMOS salinity retrieval approach. It describes the Spanish SMOS high-level data processing centre (CP34) and the SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre on Radiometric Calibration and Ocean Salinity (SMOSBEC), and presents a preliminary validation of global sea surface salinity maps operationally produced by CP34.


The number of patents has increased dramatically in the past three decades, as has the number of patent-related lawsuits, particularly in the field of software. Industry and academic experts have expressed concern that many of the patents being issued are of low quality. Writing in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Stuart Graham and Saurabh Vishnubhakat have defended the United States Patent and Trademark Office, arguing that the PTO has acted responsibly in issuing patents that are legally valid and that it is handling problems constructively. We accept some of Graham and Vishnubhakat's defense of the PTO, but argue that the most important issue is not whether the law is being competently administered but whether patent law, particularly as applied to software, is creating patents that are overly broad and ambiguous. We maintain that it is, and that the results are less innovation and more costly and unproductive litigation.


Real-time pricing (RTP) is advocated as the most economically efficient way to invoke demand response (DR) benefits, yet actual customer experience is limited and thinly documented. This study examines the experience of 130 large (over 2 MW) industrial, commercial and institutional customers at Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation that have faced day-ahead electricity market prices as their default tariff since 1998. It is the first study of large customer response to RTP in the context of retail competition. Through a survey and interviews, we examine how customers adapted to RTP (their satisfaction, hedging choices, adoption of DRenabling technologies and response capability), and we combined survey information with customer billing data to quantify price response. We find that customers are relatively satisfied. In 2003, 50-55% were exposed to RTP; many say they'd prefer to hedge but attractively priced options are rare. Only 45% of survey respondents have installed DR-enabling technologies since 1998. 54% indicated they were not price responsive at all; of the rest, most employ "low-tech" curtailment strategies and do not reschedule usage. Average price response estimates are modest: the overall substitution elasticity is 0.14. Surprisingly, government/educational customers display the highest response (0.30); industrial response is similar to past research findings (0.11) and commercial customers are least responsive (0.00). New York Independent System Operator DR programs significantly boost industrial participants' price response when events are called. Default RTP does deliver modest DR benefits, but is best viewed as part of a portfolio of DR options.


Superselection rules induced by the interaction with a mass zero Boson field are investigated for a class of exactly soluble Hamiltonian models. The calculations apply as well to discrete as to continuous superselection rules. The initial state (reference state) of the Boson field is either a normal state or a KMS state. The superselection sectors emerge if and only if the Boson field is infrared divergent, i. e. the bare photon number diverges and the ground state of the Boson field disappears in the continuum. The time scale of the decoherence depends on the strength of the infrared contributions of the interaction and on properties of the initial state of the Boson system. These results are first derived for a Hamiltonian with conservation laws. But in the most general case the Hamiltonian includes an additional scattering potential, and the only conserved quantity is the energy of the total system. The superselection sectors remain stable against the perturbation by the scattering processes.


California agricultural irrigation consumes more than ten billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually and has significant potential for contributing to a reduction of stress on the grid through demand response, permanent load shifting, and energy efficiency measures. To understand this potential, a scoping study was initiated for the purpose of determining the associated opportunities, potential, and adoption challenges in California agricultural irrigation. The primary research for this study was conducted in two ways. First, data was gathered and parsed from published sources that shed light on where the best opportunities for load shifting and demand response lie within the agricultural irrigation sector. Secondly, a small limited survey was conducted as informal face-to-face interviews with several different California growers to get an idea of their ability and willingness to participate in permanent load shifting and/or demand response programs. Analysis of the data obtained from published sources and the survey reveal demand response and permanent load shifting opportunities by growing region, irrigation source, irrigation method, grower size, and utility coverage. The study examines some solutions for demand response and permanent load shifting in agricultural irrigation, which include adequate irrigation system capacity, automatic controls, variable frequency drives, and the contribution from energy efficiencymore » measures. The study further examines the potential and challenges for grower acceptance of demand response and permanent load shifting in California agricultural irrigation. As part of the examination, the study considers to what extent permanent load shifting, which is already somewhat accepted within the agricultural sector, mitigates the need or benefit of demand response for agricultural irrigation. Recommendations for further study include studies on how to gain grower acceptance of demand response as well as other related studies such as conducting a more comprehensive survey of California growers.« less


Richard Burton, soldier, ethnographer, translator, philologist, and colonial intelligence-gatherer spent the early years of his career in Sindh and was the first and primary colonial ethnographer of Sindh. Burton was clearly attracted to the ecumenical complexity of Sindhi religious practice but was hostile in his descriptions of Sindh's Hindus whom he viewed as a corrupt and scheming "race," subjecting the Muslims of the province to their tyranny. The article examines how Burton's racialised ethnographies of Sindh cast Sindh as distinct from "India" and Hindus as outsider immigrants to the province. Paradoxically, Burton's narratives also created Sindh as the space par excellence of the negation of religious categories. However, this categorisation of Sindh also highlighted it as a space distinct from India. In conclusion, the article shows how the idea of Sindh's separate identity maintained a strong afterlife in colonial Sindh, rearticulated in certain key contexts.


Based on the success of attribution training programs in alleviating learned helplessness and upon current research suggesting that some learning disabled children may be experiencing learned helplessness, it was the purpose of the present investigation to determine whether altering causal attributions for failure would enable helpless learning disabled children to deal more effectively with failure in an experimental reading situation. Sixteen "helpless" learning disabled students were assigned to an attribution training group or to an assessment control group. The results revealed that following training, the subjects in the attribution training group demonstrated greater reading persistence, showed significant increases in effort attributions for failure as well as more internal attributions for achievement situations when compared to subjects in the control group. Treatment gains for effort attributions and for reading persistence were maintained at follow—up. Implications for remedial programs are discussed.


In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, this current awareness service is provided by John Wiley & Sons and contains newly‐published material on yeasts. Each bibliography is divided into 10 sections. 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Biochemistry; 4 Biotechnology; 5 Cell Biology; 6 Gene Expression; 7 Genetics; 8 Physiology; 9 Medical Mycology; 10 Recombinant DNA Technology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted. (5 weeks journals ‐ search completed 2nd. Oct. 2002)


Lyon, George Ella. All the Water in the World . Illus. Katherine Tillotson. New York: Atheneum Books, 2011. Print. A gorgeous synthesis of poetry and illustration, All the Water in the World imbues complex environmental science concepts with an intense personal immediacy, full of sentiment and expression. The text follows water's cyclical passage through different levels of the global climate, as it permeates all facets of life on earth. Science and aesthetics are used in inspired collaboration to create a realistic depiction of natural phenomena and an evocation of the innately lyrical and metamorphic quality of water in its diverse and omnipresent manifestations. Lyon's adept use of emphasis and repetition perfectly captures the rush and cadence of moving water. She creates a clear discourse focusing on the morality of water conservation and its implications for human equality and preservation of the natural world. Tillotson employs oil paint manipulated through collage, printmaking, and digital techniques to capture the many moods of water, transitioning between cartoonish representation and dynamic, impressionistic imagery. The charm and immediacy of All the Water in the World comes from its depiction of familiar manifestations of water that will evoke a visceral response in a young audience. The book seamlessly associates those common experiences with the larger natural patterns that water follows, as it interacts with the earth, ocean and atmosphere. All the Water in the World is an emblematic example of how talented writers and illustrators are integrating engagingly vivid non-fiction into young children's libraries. Highly Recommended:  4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Matilda Roche Matilda spends her days lavishing attention on the University of Alberta's metadata but children's illustrated books, literature for young adults and graphic novels also make her heart sing. Her reviews benefit from the critical influence of a four year old daughter and a one year old son – both geniuses. Matilda's super power is the ability to read comic books aloud.


Serious silliness for all ages. Artist Sandra Boynton is back and better than ever with completely redrawn versions of her multi-million selling board books. These whimsical and hilarious books, featuring nontraditional texts and her famous animal characters, have been printed on thick board pages, and are sure to educate and entertain children of all ages.


The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the history and future of the crime of blasphemy. In the introduction, several key questions are examined: (1) What is blasphemy? (2) Why do people blaspheme? and (3) What are the real or perceived harms of blasphemy? Subsequently, Part I examines the history of blasphemy and blasphemy-like laws in six jurisdictions around the globe: England, Ireland, Australia, Pakistan, the United Nations, and the United States. The jurisdictions chosen illuminate the fact that blasphemy is a complex concept which can be regulated in a wide variety of ways. These six provide an excellent picture of the varied and diverse ways the concept of blasphemy has operated and an understanding as to why it remains relevant today. Part II of this dissertation turns away from a global, comparative examination of blasphemy and instead provides a comprehensive, in-depth study of a single jurisdiction: Canada. This sustained history of blasphemy in Canada, the first ever published, allows for a valuable snapshot of the evolution of the crime into its modern form. Part III synthesizes the research and analysis in Parts I and II to answer the fundamental questions: what is the future of the crime of blasphemy in Canada and beyond?


Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are a group of emerging contaminants which have been detected at elevated concentrations in the aquatic environment. These compounds are excreted unmetabolized into hospital wastewater, and eventually treated at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The removal of ICM in WWTPs has not been very effective and therefore the ICM enter the aquatic environment via WWTP effluent discharges. Research has investigated the removal of selected ICM via abiotic and biotic processes, however limited work has attempted to determine the fate of these compounds once released into the environment. This thesis investigates the biotransformation of four selected ICM (diatrizoate, iohexol, iomeprol, and iopamidol) in aerobic soil-water and sediment-water systems as well as in different environmental matrices. Iohexol, iomeprol and iopamidol were biotransformed to several TPs in the aerobic batch systems, while no biotransformation was observed for the ionic ICM, diatrizoate. In total 34 biotransformation products (TPs) of the three non-ionic ICM were identified. The combination of semi-preparative HPLC-UV, hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (Qq-LIT-MS) was found to be an accurate approach for the structural elucidation of ICM TPs. The ICM TPs resulted in microbial transformation occurring at the side chains of the parent ICM, with the iodinated aromatic ring unmodified.


When I was One, I had just begun.

When I was Two, I was nearly new.

When I was Three, I was hardly me.

When I was Four, I was not much more.

When I was Five, I was just alive.

But now I am Six, I'm as clever as clever,

So I think I'll be six now for ever and ever.

From Now We Are Six by A. A. Milne [1]

This year we will begin our sixth year of publishing PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, the first open-access journal for the community of biomedical and social scientists, public health experts, and health care providers committed to studying the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (Figure 1). Jumpstarted with seed funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, together with an editorial staff and a PLOS board of directors dedicated to editorial and journal capacity building in the world's low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), PLOS NTDs began in 2007 with an editorial entitled A New Voice for the Poor [2]. From the outset, PLOS NTDs worked to create a unique vision for publishing tropical medicine papers that was different from other journals in the field. By maintaining our dedication to the concept of open access, we hoped that PLOS NTDs would be read by a wide community of NTD experts while simultaneously attracting new people to the field.

Figure 1

Cover of the PLOS NTDs inaugural issue, limited print edition.

We began especially eager to embrace a larger community of scholars from LMICs, and to an extent we have achieved some successes on that front. Today, roughly 30 percent of our editorial board members are from LMICs. Brazil, China, and India are among the seven leading countries from which corresponding authors have submitted papers to PLOS NTDs since its founding (Table 1), and Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Thailand are among the top 20 countries submitting papers to PLOS NTDs. However, our editorial staff and board feel that we could improve our endemic country outreach, and we are aggressively seeking to expand the editorial board representation and papers that come from low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia, where submissions have been far fewer (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Papers submitted and published by region between October 2007 and July 2012.

Table 1

Top countries by number of submissions.

We are deeply grateful to the Gates Foundation for their initial support, which ended more than two years ago. Today, we are pleased to report that we are at the "break-even point" financially. Currently, we receive close to 100 submissions each month—more than double the number of papers from when we first started. Unlike some of the other PLOS journals, which in some cases only accept one in ten papers submitted, our goal is to be more inclusive so as to strongly embrace authors and papers from LMICs. Today our acceptance rate at PLOS NTDs is roughly 50 percent, and whenever possible we try to provide intensive editorial support for submissions by LMIC authors.

We are proud of the fact that our capacity building efforts have not occurred at the expense of quality. For the last three years, since we became eligible to receive a Thomson Reuters citation impact factor rating, our journal has had the highest ranking of any tropical medicine journal. We are pleased to report that this success has also not come at the expense of other tropical medicine journals, whose impact factors have also mostly increased over the years. Shortly after our launch, Dr. Richard Horton, The Lancet editor-in-chief, wrote a strong endorsement of our journal and our efforts at global outreach. We were very grateful for that support, and in that spirit we also hope to ensure that our editors and staff "lift all boats" in the area of tropical medicine publishing, especially for those journals and organizations committed to open access. After we began, the open-access journal Parasites & Vectors was launched by BioMed Central, and we especially want to wish them success, as well as other journals such as the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, which now offers open-access options.

Ultimately, the leadership at PLOS feels strongly that there are more informative metrics available than those offered by conventional impact factor ratings. For instance, along with the other PLOS journals, we have implemented a system of article-specific metrics in order to determine the number of times that our articles are downloaded and viewed. We have determined that 20 of our PLOS NTDs articles have been downloaded at least 5,000 times each by our readers, while four articles have been downloaded more than 10,000 times, including articles on the origins of the treponematoses, NTDs in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and even neglected infections of poverty in the United States. Our most widely viewed article has more than 30,000 downloads. We also follow blogosphere coverage and coverage by major media outlets—stories about PLOS NTDs appear regularly in leading newspapers such as the New York Times and the Guardian, as well as electronic media—in addition to community ratings and expert assessments.

A word about journal scope: since our beginning we have tried to stay focused on the major NTDs afflicting the "bottom billion", i.e., the world's 1.4 billion people who live in poverty and are disproportionately affected by these conditions [2]. We have subsequently responded to an increasing demand from the arbovirus community (especially regarding dengue papers) and experts in neglected bacterial and fungal infections (e.g., leptospirosis, mycobacterial infections such as Buruli ulcer and leprosy, and paracoccidioidomycosis) by increasing our editorial board representation in these areas. We also look forward to continuing our long-standing commitment to papers on neglected helminth and protozoan infections. In contrast, we have largely avoided papers that deal with falciparum malaria unless they also mention collateral effects on the NTDs. Instead, we feel there are excellent journals already out there that can handle such papers, including the open-access Malaria Journal. However, we have listened to the scientists and health professionals who make a compelling case that vivax malaria is a true NTD and have been reviewing papers on this disease for several years now. We anticipate that the scope of PLOS NTDs will continue to evolve and invite our readers to visit the journal scope section of our website and even to submit editorials that make a strong argument why the scope may require amendment or adjustment.

As our journal expands and grows, we are working hard to ensure that papers submitted to PLOS NTDs receive a timely review and decision. Together with our deputy editors and associate editors, the PLOS editorial staff based in San Francisco and now also Cambridge, United Kingdom, meets continually to review its procedures and seeks ways to improve the quality of our reviews and shorten timelines. Currently, new research articles receive their first decision on average within 40 days of initial submission. Manuscripts that do not get sent to review receive a rapid response form the journal; on average, these decisions are sent to authors within 13 days of submission. Once a paper has been accepted, it spends an average of 46 days in production until publication. However, we feel these numbers can also be improved, and in the coming months we look forward to implementing revised or new practices and procedures to achieve those goals.

In addition to its long-standing commitment to excellent and high quality science, in the coming years PLOS NTDs will continue a strong emphasis on advocacy and shaping NTD health and economic policy. We feel that our papers have helped to inform, advocate, and ultimately shape important financial commitments from the US and UK governments to support global NTD control and elimination efforts, as well as research and development for new control tools, i.e., drugs, insecticides, diagnostics, and vaccines. We believe that PLOS NTDs papers have also positively influenced government leaders and key private donors.

In this issue, we present two special collections of articles published to date that have received a disproportionately frequent number of viewings. The first is a series of review articles contributed by Dr. Hotez and his colleagues on geopolitical aspects of the NTDs, including information on the distribution of the most important NTDs in South Asia, Central Asia, Oceania, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, the US, and the Canadian Arctic, published in PLOS NTDs over the last five years. The second collection, "Top Ten", celebrates the success of the most viewed research articles—the top two in each year of our existence to date. We are also looking to feature and celebrate the achievements of our global community of NTD scientists and institutions with a series of Historical Profiles and Perspectives that will be published in the course of the coming year. The inaugural Historical Profile will highlight Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM) from Cali, Colombia. We want to get to know you better and learn from your experiences and achievements–please contribute to this series!

Finally, we want to thank our outstanding managing editorial staff led by Marina Kukso in the San Francisco office, and the unwavering support of the PLOS leadership and board. To restate, our major purpose remains to serve the NTD community of scholars and public health experts. We exist for your benefit and look forward to hearing from you on the ways in which we can improve how we can help the world's "bottom billion" afflicted by the NTDs.


The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology is a comprehensive critical survey of the main persons, events, controversies, concepts, and institutions of twentieth-century evangelical theology. It will introduce readers to and be a reference work for the study of evangelicalism's distinctive theological vision in its unity and diversity. Roger Olson explores evangelical theology through five lenses: The Story of Evangelical Theology, Movements and Organizations Related to Evangelical Theology, Key Figures in Evangelical Theology, Traditional Doctrines in Evangelical Theology, and Issues in Evangelical Theology. The Westminster Handbook to Christian Theology series provides a set of resources for the study of historic and contemporary theological movements and Christian theologians. These books are intended to help students and scholars find concise and accurate treatments of important theological terms.


Summary Pituitary apoplexy is a rare event in pregnancy. A 41-year-old woman with a known pituitary microadenoma presented with visual disturbance and headache during the second trimester of pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated pituitary apoplexy with chiasmal compression. After treatment with corticosteroid therapy, she underwent transsphenoidal excision of the pituitary adenoma. Visual abnormalities were completely restored and pituitary function preserved. There was no evidence of impact on the foetus. The literature on the subject is reviewed with emphasis on the management of the apoplectic patient with mild and stable neuro-ophthalmological signs. Learning points There are no clear guidelines on the management of pituitary apoplexy in pregnancy. A multidisciplinary approach can minimise morbidity and mortality. Pituitary apoplexy has an unpredictable clinical course and determining which clinical situations warrant early surgery needs to take into consideration the presence and severity of neurological signs and their stability. The management of conscious apoplectic patients with absent or mild and stable neuro-ophthalmological signs is controversial.


Chrysoma pauciflosculosa is a rare evergreen shrub that is located on a sandy ridge. There are two populations of Chrysoma located in Pembroke, North Carolina. No published information on isozyme studies or population genetics exists for this species. Isozymes are variable forms of an enzyme. Two enzymes, ADH and MDH, were chosen for the comparison. Two prior students at UNCP developed an initial protocol for studying isozymes in this species. There data was used for storage and grinding. The leaves were collected from one site near Purnell Swett High School in Pembroke, North Carolina. The leaves were homogenized, electrophoresed on acrylamide gels and stained for the particular enzyme being studied. It was determined that ADH was active in this population of Chrysoma.


The paper is devoted to solving the problem of assessing the quality of the medical electronic service. A variety of dimensions and factors of quality, methods and models applied in different scopes of activity for assessing quality of service is researched. The basic aspects, requirements and peculiarities of implementing medical electronic services are investigated. The results of the analysis and the set of information models describing the processes of assessing quality of the electronic service "Booking an appointment with a physician" and developed for this paper allowed us to describe the methodology and to state the problem of the assessment of quality of this service.


The blind application of machine learning runs the risk of amplifying biases present in data. Such a danger is facing us with word embedding, a popular framework to represent text data as vectors which has been used in many machine learning and natural language processing tasks. We show that even word embeddings trained on Google News articles exhibit female/male gender stereotypes to a disturbing extent. This raises concerns because their widespread use, as we describe, often tends to amplify these biases. Geometrically, gender bias is first shown to be captured by a direction in the word embedding. Second, gender neutral words are shown to be linearly separable from gender definition words in the word embedding. Using these properties, we provide a methodology for modifying an embedding to remove gender stereotypes, such as the association between the words receptionist and female, while maintaining desired associations such as between the words queen and female. Using crowd-worker evaluation as well as standard benchmarks, we empirically demonstrate that our algorithms significantly reduce gender bias in embeddings while preserving the its useful properties such as the ability to cluster related concepts and to solve analogy tasks. The resulting embeddings can be used in applications without amplifying gender bias.


For over a decade, British Muslims have been at the forefront of political, media and societal concerns in regards to terrorism, radicalisation, women's rights, segregation and, most recently, the sexual exploitation and abuse of young women. Demonised, marginalised and criminalised due to inflammatory political rhetoric, inaccurate, irresponsible and sensationalist media reporting, discriminatory counter terrorism policies and legislation and state surveillance, British Muslims have emerged as a perceived racialised threat. This has continued apace with the onset of the Rochdale and Rotherham 'grooming' child sexual abuse scandals which in popular discourse have been dominated by representations focusing on race, ethnicity and the dangerous masculinities of Muslim men. This disproportionate and racist narrative served to both frame and limit the debate relating to the sexual exploitation and violence experienced by young female victims at a pivotal moment when the issue had been brought to national attention. This article compares and contrasts the representations and discourse of racialised and non-racialised reporting of child sexual abuse and situates the 'grooming' scandals in the context of anti-Muslim racism. It argues that the development of the British Muslim as a racialised threat is a current and on-going legacy of colonialism in which this group experiences discriminatory 'othering' processes resulting in their marginalisation.


While legal scholarship seeking to assess the impact of litigation on the direction of climate change policy is abundant and growing in leaps and bounds, to date it has relied on and examined only small, isolated pieces of the vast litigation landscape. Without a complete picture of what has and has not been within the sweep of climate change litigation, it is difficult to offer a robust evaluation of the past, present, and future of climate change jurisprudence. Based on a comprehensive empirical study of the status of all (201) climate change litigation matters filed through 2010, this Article is the first to fill those gaps and assess the state of play of climate change in the courts. We conclude that the story of climate change in the courts has not been one of courts forging a new jurisprudence, but rather of judicial business as usual. Part I of the Article outlines the scope of climate change litigation, explaining what qualifies as climate change litigation in our study, our methodology for identifying and coding case attributes, and our typology of the claims that have been or likely will be made as climate change moves relentlessly forward. Part II of the Article then presents and assesses the major theme revealed from our empirical study and largely missing from commentary on climate change litigation - that a siege-like battle between "pro" and "anti" regulation interests has led to an increasingly robust and complex litigation landscape but with mixed results for both sides. Drawing from those findings, Part III of the Article takes on a set of empirical and normative questions designed to summarize and assess the climate change litigation experience and its impacts on the content and institutions of climate policy. It is evident at all levels of inquiry that courts have taken a business as usual approach to climate change, resisting litigants' attempts to make courts a locus of direct policy making, but the courts nevertheless have influenced the policy content and its institutional contours dramatically. We extract these themes from the full experience of climate change litigation and suggest fruitful paths of research to develop a better understanding of the role and impact of the courts in the climate change policy arena. In Part IV of the Article we stretch a bit from the confines of our empirical study and findings to speculate about the future of climate change litigation.


Professional knowledge is highlighted as an important prerequisite of both medical doctors and teachers. Based on recent conceptions of professional knowledge in these fields, knowledge can be differentiated within several aspects. However, these knowledge aspects are currently conceptualized differently across different domains and projects. Thus, this paper describes recent frameworks for professional knowledge in medical and educational sciences, which are then integrated into an interdisciplinary two-dimensional model of professional knowledge that can help to align terminology in both domains and compare research results. The models' two dimensions differentiate between cognitive types of knowledge and content-related knowledge facets and introduces a terminology for all emerging knowledge aspects. The models' applicability for medical and educational sciences is demonstrated in the context of diagnosis by describing prototypical diagnostic settings for medical doctors as well as for teachers, which illustrate how the framework can be applied and operationalized in these areas. Subsequently, the role of the different knowledge aspects for acting and the possibility of transfer between different content areas are discussed. In conclusion, a possible extension of the model along a "third dimension" that focuses on the effects of growing expertise on professional knowledge over time is proposed and issues for further research are outlined.


The podotrematous crab family Dakoticancridae includes four genera: Dakoticancer Rathbun, Tetracarcinus Weller, Avitelmessus Rathbun, and Seorsus Bishop, all known solely from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Lathelicocarcinus Bishop, originally referred to the family, must be reassigned. Fine details of anatomy, preserved on specimens of D. overanus Rathbun and A. grapsoideus Rathbun, permit description of genital openings and interpretation of functional morphology of appendages. Although one species, D. australis Rathbun, has been found associated with burrow structures, all were probably vagrant epifaunal animals on fine- to medium-grained siliciclastic substrata. Food was probably obtained by generalized low-level predation and scavenging. Results of a cladistic analysis are consistent with the stratigraphic data suggesting that T. subquadrata Weller is nearest the rootstock of the family and that other taxa within the family are derived from it.


This article seeks to compare Christian discipleship with Mosaic discipleship. The Pharisees, needing to survive, rejected the Christological revelation the Son of Man brought in order to make God known on earth. The study of discipleship in John 9 leads us to understand that 'discipleship in Moses' which seeks to please God by upholding the Law or Torah is no longer defensible. Discipleship in chapter 9 redefines the believer's covenant relationship with God and demonstrates how it takes place in the person of Jesus (the envoy motif) and in his work (functional Christology) in order that the disciple may follow him into the light. The portrayal of the blind man as a role model of the disciple implicitly explains how Christology played a major role in an environment of conflict and ideology and how it relates discipleship to the devotion of Jesus as the plenary manifestation of God.


In Punishing the Poor, I show that the ascent of the penal state in the United States and other advanced societies over the past quarter-century is a response to rising social insecurity, not criminal insecurity; that changes in welfare and justice policies are interlinked, as restrictive "workfare" and expansive "prisonfare" are coupled into a single organizational contraption to discipline the precarious fractions of the postindustrial working class; and that a diligent carceral system is not a deviation from, but a constituent component of, the neoliberal Leviathan. In this article, I draw out the theoretical implications of this diagnosis of the emerging government of social insecurity. I deploy Bourdieu's concept of "bureaucratic field" to revise Piven and Cloward's classic thesis on the regulation of poverty via public assistance, and contrast the model of penalization as technique for the management of urban marginality to Michel Foucault's vision of the "disciplinary society," David Garland's account of the "culture of control," and David Harvey's characterization of neoliberal politics. Against the thin economic conception of neoliberalism as market rule, I propose a thick sociological specification entailing supervisory workfare, a proactive penal state and the cultural trope of "individual responsibility." This suggests that we must theorize the prison, not as a technical implement for law enforcement, but as a core political capacity whose selective and aggressive deployment in the lower regions of social space violates the ideals of democratic citizenship.


Demand patterns for world oil and oil products show significant diversity by country, region, and product groupings. As a result of this diversity it is not possible to attach blame for the current level of price to any one nation, region, or product segment. The view that the oil market is international in scope and tightly interrelated is enhanced by the demand data. As a result of the integrated nature of the world oil market it is unlikely that any one nation acting on its own can implement policies that isolate its market from broader price behavior. As new major oil importers, notably China, and potentially India, expand their demand, the oil market likely will have to expand production capacity. This promises to increase the world's dependence on the Persian Gulf members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, especially Saudi Arabia, and maintain upward pressure on price.


The Breede River is not a large river by world standards, but is the largest in South Africa's Western Province, and plays a significant part in the province's economy. Models predict that flows into it could be seriously affected by climate change. Accordingly a study was made of trends in flow over recent decades, in the hope that any trends detected would confirm, or otherwise, the prediction of the models. D ata on flows over 30 years at various sites in the Breede Valley were downloaded from the Department of Water Affairs. The data were first checked for consistency. In 2 cases there was evidence that behaviour of the flow had changed, apparently permanently, during the course of the study period (typically the variance of the flow had changed markedly at a particular point in time). The data series was accordingly truncated to make use only of the longest series of consistent records. A simple, robust technique was then employed to detect the trends. The data at each site had a log-normal distribution, and linear regression of the log-transformed data was used to detect the trend. An F-test showed that in all cases the trends were signifi cant; in one case a t-test indicated the detected trend was of low significance, but all others were highly significant. T he results are discussed in terms of land use changes being a dominant factor in flows in the Breede River system, to an extent that should not have been ignored in attempting to use the data to predict future flows. Indeed, only one of the sites used in the study had a pristine watershed, and that showed a 14% increase in flow over the study period, contrary to the climate change predictions. There had earlier been a suggestion that climate change might be responsible for the changes in flows. It is generally recognised that climate change models cannot yet account for local climate change effects. Predictions of possible adverse local impacts from global climate change should therefore be treated with the greatest caution. Above all, they must not form the basis for any policy decisions until such time as they can reproduce known climatic effects satisfactorily.


Slavery or what many today generally refer to as human trafficking is one of the existential problems of man that have perdured across the centuries partly because it is highly a complex phenomenon that is international, national and local and secondly because of the huge economic gains associated with it. However, it is an economic enterprise devoid of ethics and morality affecting the most vulnerable in our societies and turning them into mere objects of labour and commercialisation. This egregious human enterprise is one of the most glaring signs of ethical and moral paralyses of our time. This paper therefore makes an in-depth and an objective exposition as well as analysis of this callous and monstrous evil that has robbed human beings of their rights, freedom and dignity for many centuries. It challenges the structures that nurture and sustain this obnoxious and existential evil in our societies and also brings to the consciousness of everybody the gospel message of Jesus Christ that has redeemed the entire humanity and set them free from the bondage of slavery to live as children of God with rights and dignity.

More so, this paper also highlights the various forms this evil of slavery has taken in different epochs, tracing its history and causes and at the same time drawing moral and ethical implications of the phenomenon based on the ethical assessment and examination of this nefarious evil both in the past and present eras. Finally, this paper suggests concrete steps that should be taken in order to adequately and significantly reduce and if possible prevent the further proliferation and perpetuation of the evil in the world.


The theoretical literature of industrial organization shows that the distances between consumers and firms have first-order implications for competitive outcomes whenever transportation costs are large. To assess these effects empirically, we develop a structural model of competition among spatially differentiated firms and introduce a GMM estimator that recovers the structural parameters with only regional-level data. We apply the model and estimator to the portland cement industry. The estimation fits, both in-sample and out-of-sample, demonstrate that the framework explains well the salient features of competition. We estimate transportation costs to be $0.30 per tonne-mile, given diesel prices at the 2000 level, and show that these costs constrain shipping distances and provide firms with localized market power. To demonstrate policy-relevance, we conduct counter-factual simulations that quantify competitive harm from a hypothetical merger. We are able to map the distribution of harm over geographic space and identify the divestiture that best mitigates harm.


Although integrins are responsible for the interaction of cells with their environment, e.g., the extracellular matrix or artificial substrates, there is still a lack of knowledge about their role in cell adhesion and migration on protein-coated substrates with microtopography. Understanding such interactions could lead to new applications in e.g., medical implants as well as shed light on processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor progression. In this work, the influence of surface topography and chemistry on αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration of healthy and malignant human cell types (human coronary artery endothelial cells, human osteosarcoma cells, and human skin fibroblasts cells) was studied, using microgrooved and flat substrates covered by two different extracellular proteins, fibronectin and vitronectin. Although some general behaviors can be observed, cell migration (speed, directionality, and persistence time) and morphological adapt...


In the spring of 1929, Martin Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer met for a public conversation in Davos, Switzerland. They were arguably the most important thinkers in Europe, and their exchange touched upon the most urgent questions in the history of philosophy: What is human finitude? What is objectivity? What is culture? And, what is truth? Over the last eighty years the Davos encounter has acquired an allegorical significance, as if it marked an ultimate and irreparable rupture in twentieth-century Continental thought. Here, in a reconstruction at once historical and philosophical, Peter Gordon reexamines the conversation, its origins and its aftermath, resuscitating an event that has become entombed in its own mythology. Through a close and painstaking analysis, Gordon dissects the exchange itself to reveal that it was at core a philosophical disagreement over what it means to be human. But Gordon also shows how the life and work of these two philosophers remained closely intertwined. Their disagreement can be understood only if we appreciate their common point of departure as thinkers of the German interwar crisis, an era of rebellion that touched all of the major philosophical movements of the day-life-philosophy, philosophical anthropology, neo-Kantianism, phenomenology, and existentialism. As Gordon explains, the Davos debate would continue to both inspire and provoke well after the two men had gone their separate ways. It remains, even today, a touchstone of philosophical memory. This clear, riveting book will be of great interest not only to philosophers and to historians of philosophy but also to anyone interested in the great intellectual ferment of Europe's interwar years.


Teaching heritage to History learners is imperative as an aid to help them discover their uniqueness but also their commonalities. A sense of heritage does not only contribute to a feeling of belonging and identity, but also promotes social cohesion, mutual understanding and unity in a multi-cultural, multi-national country. Due to its perceived value, heritage as a theme is recognised as one of the knowledge focuses for History as prescribed in the National Curriculum Statement. However, for various reasons, heritage does not receive the attention in the teaching and learning of History it deserves. By concentrating on the value and role of cemeteries, the purpose of this article is to provide History teachers with a step-by-step methodology in support of the effective teaching of heritage.


India is not only the world's largest and fiercely independent democracy, but also an emerging economic giant. But to date there has been no comprehensive account of India's remarkable growth or the role policy has played in fueling this expansion. India: The Emerging Giant fills this gap, shedding light on one of the most successful experiments in economic development in modern history. Why did the early promise of the Indian economy not materialize and what led to its eventual turnaround? What policy initiatives have been undertaken in the last twenty years and how do they relate to the upward shift in the growth rate? What must be done to push the growth rate to double-digit levels? To answer these crucial questions, Arvind Panagariya offers a brilliant analysis of India's economy over the last fifty years--from the promising start in the 1950s, to the near debacle of the 1970s (when India came to be regarded as a "basket case"), to the phenomenal about face of the last two decades. The author illuminates the ways that government policies have promoted economic growth (or, in the case of Indira Gandhi's policies, economic stagnation), and offers insightful discussions of such key topics as poverty and inequality, tax reform, telecommunications (perhaps the single most important success story), agriculture and transportation, and the government's role in health, education, and sanitation. The dramatic change in the fortunes of 1.1 billion people has, not surprisingly, generated tremendous interest in the economy of India. Arvind Panagariya offers the first major account of how this has come about and what more India must do to sustain its rapid growth and alleviate poverty. It will be must reading for everyone interested in modern India, foreign affairs, or the world economy.


This study investigates whether a firm's corporate governance practices have an effect on the quality of its publicly released financial information. In particular, we examine the relationship between audit committee and board of directors characteristics and the extent of corporate earnings management as measured by the level of positive and negative discretionary accruals. Using two groups of US firms, one with relatively high and one with relatively low levels of discretionary accruals in the year 1996, we find that earnings management is significantly associated with some of the governance practices by audit committees and boards of directors. For audit committees, income increasing earnings management is negatively associated with a larger proportion of outside members who are not managers in other firms, a clear mandate for overseeing both the financial statements and the external audit, and a committee composed only of independent directors that meets more than twice a year. We also find that short-term stocks options held by non-executive committee members are associated with income increasing earnings management. Income decreasing earnings management is negatively associated with the presence of at least a member with financial expertise and a clear mandate for overseeing both the financial statements and the external audit.

For the board of directors, we find less income increasing earnings management in firms whose outside board members have experience as board members with the firm and with other firms. We also find that larger board, the importance of the ownership stakes in the firm held by non-executive directors, and experience as board members seems to reduce income decreasing earnings management.

Our results provide evidence that effective boards and audit committees constrain earnings management activities. These findings have implications for regulators, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as they attempt to supervise firms whose financial reporting is in the gray area between legitimacy and outright fraud and where earnings statements reflect the desires of management rather than the underlying financial performance of the company, as pointed out by the Blue Ribbon Committee (1999).


A new version of the PAGE integrated assessment model, PAGE09, is introduced. The most important scientific, impact, emission and adaptation inputs in the latest default version of the model, PAGE09 v1.7 are described. The scientific and economic impact results are presented for a business as usual (BAU) emissions scenario, and for a low emissions scenario which aims to have a 50% chance of keeping the rise in global mean temperatures below 2 degC. Today's mean social cost of CO2 is about $100 per tonne of CO2 in the BAU scenario, and about $50 per tonne in the low emissions scenario. The major influences on the SCCO2 are found to be the transient climate response, the pure time preference rate, the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption, the feedback response time of the earth and the weight on non-economic impacts. Less than 10% of the mean SCCO2 comes from impacts in annex 1 from annex 1 emissions, while over 45% comes from impacts in the rest of the world (RoW) from RoW emissions. About one third of the mean SCCO2 comes from impacts in the RoW caused by emissions in annex 1, while just over 10% comes from impacts in annex 1 caused by emissions in the RoW.


How does landscape influence character? What ties the inner landscape of a character to the world they inhabit? With Regards from Frankel City, a novel told in retrospect by a female character in Frankel City, Texas, explores these questions through the intertwining of relationships, community and setting. Spanning more than thirty years, JoDell Orsak, the narrator, and her unlikely roommate and 1977 Frankel City High School Homecoming Queen, Homily Hope Walpole, seek success, friendship and immortality in small town Texas. With the Colorado River valley serving as both backdrop and character, JoDell and Homily fight for their small-town legacy, their greatest inheritance - to have their stories told for years to come over a glass of tea at the Dixie Dog Diner.


France is at an energy crossroads. To meet future electricity needs, the country could extend the operating lives of nuclear power plants beyond 40 years, accepting the safety challenges and costs of such a move, or it could change its energy mix, moving away from nuclear power and toward energy-efficiency measures and other energy sources. Until recently, the French government had refused even to examine the possibility of reducing the country's reliance on nuclear power. But a study by independent French experts suggests that staying the nuclear course would be more expensive and less environmentally beneficial than authorities make it out to be. The difficult financial situation of two state-controlled firms involved in nuclear energy, EDF and Areva SA, will seriously affect the government's operating margins. Those financial difficulties, the aging reactor fleet, and public opinion—which is largely in favor of a nuclear phase-out—will force the government to make fundamental choices in the near future about its energy strategy.


Since 2001 the European Court of Human Rights has decided a series of cases involving Islam and the claims of Muslim communities (both majorities and minorities) to freedom of religion and belief. This Article suggests that what is most interesting about these cases is how they are unsettling existing normative legal categories under the ECHR and catalyzing new forms of politics and rethinking of both the historical and theoretical premises of modern liberal political orders. These controversies raise anew two critical questions for ECHR jurisprudence: first, regarding the proper scope of the right to religious freedom; and second, regarding the conceptual relationship between religion and the public sphere internal to not only European nation-states but the supranational 'nomos' of the Strasbourg Court itself. The Article argues that a complex historical and normative relationship between Christianity and secularism continues to define the modern contours and shape of the public sphere and the right to religious liberty alike and that assertions of claims of right by Muslims have thus made visible both the historical contingency and cultural particularity of these norms and forms of legal ordering. An argument is advanced which views the Court's reasoning under Article 9 as entangled with not one but two rival liberal traditions: one dialogic which defines the right to religious liberty in value pluralist terms and views the public sphere in terms of social peace; the second rationalist which defines the right more narrowly in terms of autonomy and views the public sphere in terms of a particular substantive theory of justice. The Article concludes by suggesting that a better understanding of how religious freedom emerged in early modern moral and political thought will show that the dialogic pluralist strand is deeply encoded in the logic and structure of Article 9 and how this may open new pathways by which to re-imagine the current limits of the Court's jurisprudence.


Here we describe a sensor capable of perceiving complex one-dimensional (1-D) shape of an underlying substrate in a static and dynamic manner. The sensor consists of seven, serially connected, hyper-flexible strain gauges, manufactured using stretchable-gold-conductor-deposited-on-PDMS technology. The custom designed read-out scheme allows decoupling strain-sensitive resistances of the strain-gauges from the parasitic pressure- and temperature-sensitive resistances of the connectors. The developed prototype device confirms full operation within the tested deflections ranging from 0° to 35°, showing an average sensitivity of 36 W/° and an average resolution of 0.22°. The read-out frequency of 100 Hz allows quick scanning of the whole sensor array.


This essay responds to Trading-Off Reproductive Technology and Adoption: Does Subsidizing IVF Decrease Adoption Rates and Should It Matter?, in which I. Glenn Cohen and Daniel L. Chen analyze what they describe as an arm-chair principle called "the substitution theory" - the claim that facilitating treatment for infertility, including subsidizing in vitro fertilization (IVF), decreases adoptions. Cohen and Chen venture well beyond the arm chair, closely interrogating the substitution theory both normatively and empirically and concluding, contrary to the substitution theory, that IVF subsidies do not decrease and might actually increase adoptions. Returning to the arm chair, this Response offers two different perspectives. First, we use a family law lens to focus on important elements of Cohen and Chen's analysis, both explicit and implicit, including adoption, IVF, genetic connections, reproductive autonomy, and gender. We show how these elements are shaped by the authors' assumptions, prevailing legal principles, and our culture more generally. Next, we use an economic lens to reveal how mandated subsidies for IVF produce varied conduct, depending on the preferences and resources of those who would consider adoption and IVF. Approaching Cohen and Chen's analysis from these two different vantage points demonstrates that arm-chair theorizing, properly done, can illuminate the relationship between IVF and adoption.


Since the late 1980s, the Chinese economy has been growing at an enviable average annual rate of about 10 per cent. Accompanying this unprecedented economic development and growth was the maturation of the modern Chinese intellectual property system. Since the reopening of its market to foreign trade in the late 1970s, China introduced its first modern copyright, patent, and trademark laws. A decade later, China revamped its intellectual property system in response to US pressure and did so again in preparation for its accession to the WTO. At present, China is a proud member of many multilateral intellectual property agreements. Notwithstanding these developments, the enforcement of intellectual property rights in China remains inadequate. Although commentators often link intellectual property protection with economic development, China thus far has presented a puzzle to those who study this link. While some commentators consider China a paradigmatic case for showing that rapid economic development can take place despite limited intellectual property protection, others have noted gradual improvements in the Chinese intellectual property system as the country became more economically developed. In fact, history suggests that China is now simply following the economic development paths of Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan--or even Germany and the United States. It is only a matter of time before China is converted from a pirating nation to a country that respects intellectual property rights. This book chapter examines the relationship between intellectual property protection and economic development. It begins by exploring the conventional linkage between intellectual property protection and foreign direct investment. The chapter then examines why China expanded its intellectual property protection even though such expansion was unnecessary for attracting FDI. The final section highlights the country's regional and sectoral disparities, its inadequate development of an enabling environment for effective intellectual property protection, and its improvements in intellectual property protection at both the microscopic and qualitative levels. The chapter takes the view that a better understanding of the role of intellectual property protection in promoting economic development will provide a more accurate forecast of when China will reach a crossover point at which it will find stronger intellectual property protection in its self-interests.


These are documents from the Charles B. Moore Collection. The documents include a clipping and two tickets. The clipping details that P. O'Reilly and W. L. McCormick were elected as alderman to fill the position in their respective wards. On the reverse side of the clipping is a marriage announcement for Linnet Moore and Claude White; the reason this clipping was cut and saved. The tickets were for travel on October 16, 1901 from Dallas to Denison for two passengers on a passenger car designed by the Pullman Company.


Population structure can provide novel insight into the human past, and recognizing and correcting for such stratification is a practical concern in gene mapping by many association methodologies. We investigate these patterns, primarily through principal component (PC) analysis of whole genome SNP polymorphism, in 2099 individuals from populations of Northern European origin (Ireland, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and HapMap European-American). The major trends (PC1 and PC2) demonstrate an ability to detect geographic substructure, even over a small area like the British Isles, and this information can then be applied to finely dissect the ancestry of the European-Australian and European-American samples. They simultaneously point to the importance of considering population stratification in what might be considered a small homogeneous region. There is evidence from F(ST)-based analysis of genic and nongenic SNPs that differential positive selection has operated across these populations despite their short divergence time and relatively similar geographic and environmental range. The pressure appears to have been focused on genes involved in immunity, perhaps reflecting response to infectious disease epidemic. Such an event may explain a striking selective sweep centered on the rs2508049-G allele, close to the HLA-G gene on chromosome 6. Evidence of the sweep extends over a 8-Mb/3.5-cM region. Overall, the results illustrate the power of dense genotype and sample data to explore regional population variation, the events that have crafted it, and their implications in both explaining disease prevalence and mapping these genes by association.


This article considers how the reburial and commemoration of the human remains of the Republican defeated during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) is affected by the social, scientific and political context in which the exhumations occur. Focusing on a particular case in the southwestern region of Extremadura, it considers how civil society groups administer reburial acts when a positive identification through DNA typing cannot be attained. In so doing, the article examines how disparate desires and memories come together in collective reburial of partially individuated human remains.


In the Mankayai v Anglogold Ashant Ltd 2011 32 ILJ 545 (CC) the Constitutional Court was called upon to give meaning and content by interpreting the provision of section 35 of Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 (COIDA) and section 100(2) of the Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act 78 of 1973. The Court had to determine if the employee common-law right of recourse against his employer in cases where he sustained occupational diseases is extinguished by virtue of section 35(1) of COIDA. The purpose of this case note is twofold: firstly, it analyses the decision of the Constitutional Court in the Mankayi case; secondly, the case note looks at the significance of the Mankayi case for the system of occupational health and safety in South Africa. In conclusion, the contribution explores the need for the introduction of a unified system which will address issues of occupational health and safety in a coordinated and unified manner.


Cyberspace is first and foremost a mental space. Therefore we need to take a psychological approach to understand our experiences in it. In Interface Fantasy, Andre Nusselder uses the core psychoanalytic notion of fantasy to examine our relationship to computers and digital technology. Lacanian psychoanalysis considers fantasy to be an indispensable "screen" for our interaction with the outside world; Nusselder argues that, at the mental level, computer screens and other human-computer interfaces incorporate this function of fantasy: they mediate the real and the virtual. Interface Fantasy illuminates our attachment to new media: why we love our devices; why we are fascinated by the images on their screens; and how it is possible that virtual images can provide physical pleasure. Nusselder puts such phenomena as avatars, role playing, cybersex, computer psychotherapy, and Internet addiction in the context of established psychoanalytic theory. The virtual identities we assume in virtual worlds, exemplified best by avatars consisting of both realistic and symbolic self-representations, illustrate the three orders that Lacan uses to analyze human reality: the imaginary, the symbolic, and the real. Nusselder analyzes our most intimate involvement with information technology--the almost invisible, affective aspects of technology that have the greatest impact on our lives. Interface Fantasy lays the foundation for a new way of thinking that acknowledges the pivotal role of the screen in the current world of information. And it gives an intelligible overview of basic Lacanian principles (including fantasy, language, the virtual, the real, embodiment, and enjoyment) that shows their enormous relevance for understanding the current state of media technology.


This report summarizes an assessment of the risks from severe accidents in five commercial nuclear power plants in the United States. These risks are measured in a number of ways, including: the estimated frequencies of core damage accidents from internally initiated accidents and externally initiated accidents for two of the plants; the performance of containment structures under severe accident loadings; the potential magnitude of radionuclide releases and offsite consequences of such accidents; and the overall risk (the product of accident frequencies and consequences). Supporting this summary report are a large number of reports written under contract to NRC that provide the detailed discussion of the methods used and results obtained in these risk studies. This report was first published in February 1987 as a draft for public comment. Extensive peer review and public comment were received. As a result, both the underlying technical analyses and the report itself were substantially changed. A second version of the report was published in June 1989 as a draft for peer review. Two peer reviews of the second version were performed. One was sponsored by NRC; its results are published as the NRC report NUREG-1420. A second was sponsored by the American Nuclear Society (ANS); its report has also been completed and is available from the ANS. The comments by both groups were generally positive and recommended that a final version of the report be published as soon as practical and without performing any major reanalysis. With this direction, the NRC proceeded to generate this final version of the report. Volume 2 of this report contains three appendices, providing greater detail on the methods used, an example risk calculation, and more detailed discussion of particular technical issues found important in the risk studies.


Abstract. Atmospheric sea salt plays important roles in marine cloud formation and
atmospheric chemistry. We performed an integrated analysis of NASA GEOS
model simulations run with the GOCART aerosol module, in situ measurements from the PALMS and SAGA instruments obtained during the NASA ATom campaign, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from the AERONET Marine Aerosol Network (MAN) and from MODIS satellite observations to better constrain sea salt in the marine atmosphere. ATom measurements and GEOS model simulations both show that sea salt concentrations over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans have a strong vertical gradient, varying up to 4 orders of magnitude from the marine boundary layer to free troposphere. The modeled residence times suggest that the lifetime of sea salt particles with a dry diameter of less than 3 µm is largely controlled by wet removal, followed by turbulent process. During both boreal summer and winter, the GEOS-simulated sea salt mass mixing ratios agree with SAGA measurements in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and with PALMS measurements above the MBL. However, comparison of AOD from GEOS with AERONET/MAN and MODIS aerosol retrievals indicated that the model underestimated AOD over the oceans where sea salt dominates. The apparent discrepancy of slightly overpredicted concentration and large underpredicted AOD could not be explained by biases in the model RH affecting the particle hygroscopic growth, as modeled RH was found to be
comparable to or larger than the in situ measurements. This conundrum could at least partially be explained by the difference in sea salt size distribution; the GEOS simulation has much less sea salt percentage-wise in the smaller particle size range and thus less efficient light extinction than what was observed by PALMS.