Over the past few decades, globalization and Googlization have kicked off the first phase of an innovation revolution more profound and more powerful than any economic force since the arrival of Europeans on North American shores half a millennium ago. These developments have brought us such advances as the Web, social networking, 24/7 connectivity, and global markets. But the benefits of all this progress have not been shared fairly among all. It is true that the elites of Mumbai are closer today to the elites of Manhattan than they were two decades ago, but what about Kansas? The hard-working salarymen of the developed world are not getting wealthier, but the economic elites who have mastered the new rules of global innovation are. Even as rural women in Africa and Asia have seen their lives transformed by mobile phones and the Internet, the middle classes and blue-collar workers in prosperous countries everywhere have been squeezed by the new global realities. And as the first phase of the innovation revolution gives way to a much greater transformation, America and other rich societies must find a path to inclusive growth or else risk being left behind by history. All this leads to the central political and economic question of our age: How can the extraordinary benefits of the innovation revolution be shared more equitably among all of society? In "Need, Speed, and Greed", global correspondent for the "Economist" Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran answers that question, offering the essential insider's guide to this new world of innovation. Drawing on the best of the academic and field work in this emerging area, "Need, Speed, and Greed" inspires and empowers readers to improve their lives, their work, and perhaps even the world.


During somatic growth, increases in fish muscle mass occur both by hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and in some species the hypertrophic phase of growth leads to very large fiber diameters. Large fiber size leads is associated with low fiber surface area to volume (SA:V), which may (1) limit O2 flux across the sarcolemmal, (2) create potentially large intracellular diffusion distances between mitochondria, and (3) lead to diffusive constraints on aerobic metabolism. This study examined the effects of intracellular metabolite diffusion by investigating how the rate of post-contractile phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery in isolated epaxial white muscle from black sea bass (Centropristis striata) scales with body mass (and fiber size). Isolated muscle fibers from different sized fish (5.7 to 4159.4 g) were stimulated until PCr was depleted. The use of isolated fiber bundles in a high PO2 superfusion medium eliminated the confounding effects of fiber SA:V on oxygen flux across the membranes. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed to characterize fiber size and intracellular structure. White muscle fiber diameters increased significantly during growth, and became very large in adult fish (>250 µm). Mitochondrial density and cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity scaled negatively with increasing body mass, and had similar scaling exponents to each other. Sub-sarcolemmal mitochondrial volume per sarcolemmal membrane area significantly increased during fiber growth, indicating a shift in mitochondria towards areas of higher PO2 at the periphery of the fiber. Despite differences in fiber size, aerobic capacity, and intracellular diffusion distances between size classes, the post-contractile recovery rate of PCr was size independent. Further, a mathematical reaction-diffusion analysis indicated that the rate of PCr resynthesis was too slow to be limited by intracellular metabolite diffusion. These results suggest that in these white fibers, the rate of PCr recovery is limited by the low mitochondrial density. Additionally, the change in mitochondrial distribution with increasing fiber size suggests that low SA:V and limited O2 flux is a more important design constraint in large fibers of fish white muscle than is intracellular metabolite flux.


View looking up of aedicule containing figure of St. Philip by Giuseppe Mazzuoli; Borromini's largest commission came in 1644, when Innocent X entrusted him with the renovation of S Giovanni in Laterano. The Pope wanted to restore the venerable but decrepit church of the Bishop of Rome for the Holy Year of 1650. Borromini was obliged to retain the historic fabric of the nave as far as possible, cladding the old walls, which in places were leaning at a dangerous angle. The transepts, which had already been restored for the Holy Year of 1600, and the choir remained untouched, but the side aisles had to be completely reconstructed. The lower level features wide arches alternating with narrow segments of wall holding aedicule niches for the monumental statues of the Apostles. The surfaces above the niches are decorated with stucco reliefs of Old Testament and New Testament scenes attributed to the school of Alessandro Algardi. The strongest touch of colour is provided by the dark green marble columns of the aediculae...The columns are spolia recovered from the recently demolished side aisles. The niches probably symbolize the 12 doors of the heavenly Jerusalem (Revelation 21:12). Source: Grove Art Online; http://www.groveart.com/ (accessed 12/10/2007)


Most fans don't know how far the Jewish presence in baseball extends beyond a few famous players such as Greenberg, Rosen, Koufax, Holtzman, Green, Ausmus, Youkilis, Braun, and Kinsler. In fact, that presence extends to the baseball commissioner Bud Selig, labor leaders Marvin Miller and Don Fehr, owners Jerry Reinsdorf and Stuart Sternberg, officials Theo Epstein and Mark Shapiro, sportswriters Murray Chass, Ross Newhan, Ira Berkow, and Roger Kahn, and even famous Jewish baseball fans like Alan Dershowitz and Barney Frank. The life stories of these and many others, on and off the field, have been compiled from nearly fifty in-depth interviews and arranged by decade in this edifying and entertaining work of oral and cultural history. In American Jews and America's Game each person talks about growing up Jewish and dealing with Jewish identity, assimilation, intermarriage, future viability, religious observance, anti-Semitism, and Israel. Each tells about being in the midst of the colorful pantheon of players who, over the past seventy-five years or more, have made baseball what it is. Their stories tell, as no previous book has, the history of the larger-than-life role of Jews in America's pastime.


Real-Time Calculus (RTC) [14] is a framework to analyze heterogeneous real-time systems that process event streams of data. The streams are characterized by arrival curves which express upper and lower bounds on the number of events that may arrive over any specified time interval. System properties may then be computed using algebraic techniques in a compositional way.
 The property of causality on arrival curves essentially characterizes the absence of deadlock in the corresponding generator. A mathematical operation called causality closure transforms arbitrary curves into causal ones.
 In this paper, we extend the existing theory on causality to the class Upac of infinite curves represented by a finite set of points plus piecewise affine functions, where existing algorithms did not apply. We show how to apply the causality closure on this class of curves, prove that this causal representative is still in the class and give algorithms to compute it. This provides the tightest pair of curves among the curves which accept the same sets of streams.


In this paper we present a novel natural illumination approach for real-time rasterization-based rendering with environment map-based high dynamic range lighting. Our approach allows to use all kinds of glossiness values for surfaces, ranging continuously from completely diffuse up to mirror-like glossiness. This is achieved by combining cosine-based diffuse, glossy and mirror reflection models in one single lighting model. We approximate this model by filter functions, which are applied to the environment map. This results in a fast, image-based lookup for the different glossiness values which gives our technique the high performance that is necessary for real-time rendering. In contrast to existing real-time rasterization-based natural illumination techniques, our method has the capability of handling high gloss surfaces with directional self-occlusion. While previous works exchange the environment map by virtual point light sources in the whole lighting and shadow computation, we keep the full image information of the environment map in the lighting process and only use virtual point light sources for the shadow computation. Our technique was developed for the usage in real-time virtual prototyping systems for garments since here typically a small scene is lit by a large environment which fulfills the requirements for imagebased lighting. In this application area high performance rendering techniques for dynamic scenes are essential since a physical simulation is usually running in parallel on the same machine. However, also other applications can benefit from our approach.


This study examines the use of the –s inflection by Francophone learners of English in Cameroon. Focus is on analysing the use of this inflection in the verbs and nouns that these learners use in their English essays, in order to determine the frequency of its use, the various difficulties faced by learners, and the strategies employed to overcome these difficulties; so as to determine the general trend in the use of this morpheme by these learners. The study is carried out in four schools in Yaounde: the Government Bilingual Primary School Mballa II, Lycee d'Anguissa, College Adventist and The University of Yaounde I. Data is collected from forty scripts equitably selected from these schools using random sampling. The data are analysed based on the Principles and Parameters theory in Second Language Acquisition. The general trends revealed in the findings include: French interference in the morphological parameter settings for the use of this affix, omission of the use of the affix where its use is necessary and over-generalization of the use of the affix to exceptional situations. However, some learners, especially those of Terminale and Level III, succeed in correctly setting the morphological parameter for this affix and thus use it correctly in their written English.


Abstract The Kalahari ecosystem is characterized by natural resource conflicts and land-use pressure resulting from intensification of human activities. This paper addresses three issues of concern associated with the Kalahari ecosystem resource management: (i) the major land-use/land cover shifts in the Kalahari ecosystem since 1970 and the resulting pattern in vegetation species composition, cover and density; (ii) the possible explanations for the observed shifts; and (iii) the possible resource conflicts likely to arise. Data collection involved the comparison of two sets of panchromatic photographs along two transects (Hukunsti–Ngwatle and Tshane–Tsabong) to study land-use/cover shifts that have occurred in the Kalahari ecosystem between 1971 and 1986. Secondly, the nature of possible conflicts resulting from population pressure and associated patterns of land-use was investigated by making observations on selected environmental variables along a 300km transect with diverse environments comprising different-sized settlements, vegetation communities and land-uses. Land-use/land cover shifts have occurred within the Kalahari ecosystem as evidenced by the two transects analysed in this paper. The main changes are the retreat of grass cover up to 18kms from settlements and the increase in thorny and non-thorny woody encroachers closer to the settlements. In the Matsheng area, land-use/land cover gradients reflect marked differences in human pressure. For instance, while settlements (kraals/households) and fields around Tshane (smaller and dwindling settlement) have declined to 5% at the 4km distance in 1986, these land-uses account for 22·3% of land cover at 4km around Hukuntsi (bigger and expanding village). Five major vegetation communities were identified using key plant species during the dry season. However, these communities do not have distinct land-use activities associated with them. Cattle densities were higher in communities found far away from settlements and water points where the grass cover was abundant. Cattle graze far from settlements to obtain quality fodder and trek to the water points around village pans or at cattle posts. There are no definite boundaries between vegetation communities and land-use activities, hence a lot of interaction between activities of these zones depends on the dispersion of resources. Shifts in land-use/cover changes can be accounted for by anthropogenic activities (arable agriculture, livestock grazing and human settlements) enhanced by natural factors like seasonal variations and prolonged droughts of the mid-1980s. It is argued in this paper that potential remedial measures include biosphere conservation areas, resource zoning and resource modeling plans to determine land suitability.


Critical approaches to research are becoming increasingly more prevalent but occupational science and critical approaches have not been explicitly combined into one approach despite the potential to enrich the understanding of the assumptions and ideologies underlying human activity. In this article we outline an approach to research that is mutually informed by occupational and critical social science perspectives. The critical occupational approach we describe can be used to explore the ways in which knowledge is produced through engagement in occupation, who controls knowledge production, the mechanisms of how occupations are taken up, and who stands to gain or lose. We discuss the implications and considerations for generating research purposes and methods and conducting analyses. We then illustrate the use of the approach through a case study. We conclude this article with consideration of the wider uses and implications of a critical occupational approach within health and social research.


The real trouble with this world of ours is not that it is an unreasonable world, nor even that it is a reasonable one. The commonest kind of trouble is that it is nearly reasonable, but not quite. Life is not an illogicality, yet it is a trap for logicians. It looks just a little more mathematical and regular than it is; its exactitude is obvious, but its inexactitude is hidden; its wildness lies in wait. G. K. Chesterton: Orthodoxy.


In spite of its lack of theoretical justification, nonlinear diffusion filtering has become a powerful image enhancement tool in the recent years. The goal of the present paper is to provide a mathematical foundation for nonlinear diffusion filtering as a scale-space transformation which is flexible enough to simplify images without loosing the capability of enhancing edges. By stuying the Lyapunow functional, it is shown that nonlinear diffusion reduces Lp norms and central moments and increases the entropy of images. The proposed anisotropic class utilizes a diffusion tensor which may be adapted to the image structure. It permits existence, uniqueness and regularity results, the solution depends continuously on the initial image, and it fulfills an extremum principle. All considerations include linear and certain nonlinear isotropic models and apply to m-dimensional vector-valued images. The results are juxtaposed to linear and morphological scale-spaces.


Foreword. Introduction. Part I: Knowing and Appreciating Architecture. Chapter 1: Knowing When a Building Is Just a Building and When It's Architecture. Chapter 2: How to Look at a Building. Chapter 3: Building Your Architectural Vocabulary. Part II: Nuts and Bolts: Looking at How Architecture Is Designed and Built. Chapter 4: How Buildings Are Born. Chapter 5: Just What Do Architects Do, Anyway? Chapter 6: A Simple Structure: How Buildings Stand Up. Part III: Western Architecture: A Survey of the Most Important Structures. Chapter 7: Gimme Shelter: Prehistoric Structures and the Ancient World. Chapter 8: Acropolis Now: Classical Greece and Rome. Chapter 9: Domes, Arches, and Vaults, Oh My: Byzantine and Medieval Architecture. Chapter 10: Beauty Meets Mathematics and Drama: From Renaissance to Rococo. Chapter 11: Revivals Everywhere: The Classical and Gothic Are New Again. Chapter 12: Here Comes the Industrial Age: Prefab Is Here to Stay. Chapter 13 Flying High and Close to the Sun: Skyscrapers! Chapter 14: Mother Nature versus the Machines: Modern Styles. Chapter 15: The Only Constant Is Change: From Modern Purism to Postmodern Pluralism. Part IV: Eastern Architecture: A Survey of the Most Important Structures. Chapter 16: China and Japan: Traditions in Wood. Chapter 17: More Than the Taj Mahal: Architecture in India. Chapter 18: The Islamic World. Part V: Arranging the Present and Saving the Past. Chapter 19: Understanding Urban Design. Chapter 20: Historic Preservation: Saving the Past for the Future. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 21: The Ten Most Fascinating Architects Working Today. Chapter 22: Ten Architectural Masterpieces. Chapter 23: Ten Amazing Items of Trivia That'll Impress All Your Friends! Chapter 24: The Top Ten Skyscrapers. Index.


Abstract. During transport by advection, atmospheric nonspherical particles, such as volcanic ash, desert dust or sea-salt particles experience several chemical and physical processes, leading to a complex vertical atmospheric layering at remote sites where intrusion episodes occur. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to analyse this complex vertical layering in the case of a two/three-component particle external mixtures. This methodology relies on an analysis of the spectral and polarization properties of the light backscattered by atmospheric particles. It is based on combining a sensitive and accurate UV-VIS polarization lidar experiment with T-matrix numerical simulations and air mass back trajectories. The Lyon UV-VIS polarization lidar is used to efficiently partition the particle mixture into its nonspherical components, while the T-matrix method is used for simulating the backscattering and depolarization properties of nonspherical volcanic ash, desert dust and sea-salt particles. It is shown that the particle mixtures' depolarization ratio δ p differs from the nonspherical particles' depolarization ratio δns due to the presence of spherical particles in the mixture. Hence, after identifying a tracer for nonspherical particles, particle backscattering coefficients specific to each nonspherical component can be retrieved in a two-component external mixture. For three-component mixtures, the spectral properties of light must in addition be exploited by using a dual-wavelength polarization lidar. Hence, for the first time, in a three-component external mixture, the nonsphericity of each particle is taken into account in a so-called 2β + 2δ formalism. Applications of this new methodology are then demonstrated in two case studies carried out in Lyon, France, related to the mixing of Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash with sulfate particles (case of a two-component mixture) and to the mixing of dust with sea-salt and water-soluble particles (case of a three-component mixture). This new methodology, which is able to provide separate vertical profiles of backscattering coefficient for mixed atmospheric dust, sea-salt and water-soluble particles, may be useful for accurate radiative forcing assessments.


Over the last several years law school classrooms have seen an explosion of student laptop use. Law professors have allowed this by default, generally under the pretense that laptops make note-taking easier. However, many professors complain that students use their laptops to play games, watch movies, or if they have an Internet connection, to do web surfing and e-mailing during class. This paper presents my experience in banning laptops from my classroom in the Fall of 2006, the first time it was done at my institution. The article covers the reasons for and against allowing laptops in the classroom, my reasoning and procedure for banning them, perceived differences in the classroom experience and relevant student comments from my course evaluations, which were overwhelmingly positive to the laptop ban. Also covered are the cognitive psychological reasons in support of banning laptops. Studies show that lower grades were correlated with increased student web browsing during class (Grace-Martin & Gay, 2001; Hembrooke & Gay, 2003), and the amount of time which students used their laptops for tasks other than taking lecture notes (Fried, 2007). MRI studies of the brain indicate that the brain stores information differently when distracted, which occurs when students attempt to multi-task in class (Foerde, Knowlton, & Poldrack, 2006). The science of note-taking is also covered, which indicates verbatim typing may interfere with learning (e.g., Kiewra, 1991). The paper concludes by urging law school professors to review why laptops are allowed in their classrooms and, unless they feel that laptops increase student learning, to ban or heavily restrict their classroom use.


Regular physical activity is essential to maintain or even improve an individual's health. There exist various guidelines on how much individuals should do. Therefore, it is important to monitor performed physical activities during people's daily routine in order to tell how far they meet professional recommendations. This thesis follows the goal to develop a mobile, personalized physical activity monitoring system applicable for everyday life scenarios. From the mentioned recommendations, this thesis concentrates on monitoring aerobic physical activity. Two main objectives are defined in this context. On the one hand, the goal is to estimate the intensity of performed activities: To distinguish activities of light, moderate or vigorous effort. On the other hand, to give a more detailed description of an individual's daily routine, the goal is to recognize basic aerobic activities (such as walk, run or cycle) and basic postures (lie, sit and stand).
With recent progress in wearable sensing and computing the technological tools largely exist nowadays to create the envisioned physical activity monitoring system. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is on the development of new approaches for physical activity recognition and intensity estimation, which extend the applicability of such systems. In order to make physical activity monitoring feasible in everyday life scenarios, the thesis deals with questions such as 1) how to handle a wide range of e.g.
everyday, household or sport activities and 2) how to handle various potential users. Moreover, this thesis deals with the realistic scenario where either the currently performed activity or the current user is unknown during the development and training
phase of activity monitoring applications. To answer these questions, this thesis proposes and developes novel algorithms, models and evaluation techniques, and performs thorough experiments to prove their validity.
The contributions of this thesis are both of theoretical and of practical value. Addressing the challenge of creating robust activity monitoring systems for everyday life the concept of other activities is introduced, various models are proposed and validated. Another key challenge is that complex activity recognition tasks exceed the potential of existing classification algorithms. Therefore, this thesis introduces a confidence-based extension of the well known AdaBoost.M1 algorithm, called ConfAdaBoost.M1. Thorough experiments show its significant performance improvement compared to commonly used boosting methods. A further major theoretical contribution is the introduction and validation of a new general concept for the personalization of physical activity recognition applications, and the development of a novel algorithm (called Dependent Experts) based on this concept. A major contribution of practical value is the introduction of a new evaluation technique (called leave-one-activity-out) to simulate when performing previously unknown activities in a physical activity monitoring system. Furthermore, the creation and benchmarking of publicly available physical activity monitoring datasets within this thesis are directly benefiting the research community. Finally, the thesis deals with issues related to the implementation of the proposed methods, in order to realize the envisioned mobile system and integrate it into a full healthcare application for aerobic activity monitoring and support in daily life.


Abstract. Monthly mean infrared (10 μm) dust layer aerosol optical depth (AOD) and mean altitude are simultaneously retrieved over the tropics (30° S–30° N) from almost seven years of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations covering the period January 2003 to September 2009. The method developed relies on the construction of look-up-tables computed for a large selection of atmospheric situations and follows two main steps: first, determination of the observed atmospheric thermodynamic situation and, second, determination of the dust properties. A very good agreement is found between AIRS-retrieved AODs and visible optical depths from the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS/Aqua) during the main (summer) dust season, in particular for three regions of the tropical North Atlantic and one region of the north-western Indian Ocean. Outside this season, differences are mostly due to the sensitivity of MODIS to aerosol species other than dust and to the more specific sensitivity of AIRS to the dust coarse mode. AIRS-retrieved dust layer mean altitudes are compared to the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP/CALIPSO) aerosol mean layer altitude for the period June 2006 to June 2009. Results for a region of the north tropical Atlantic downwind of the Sahara show a good agreement between the two products (σ≈360 m). Differences observed in the peak-to-trough seasonal amplitude, smaller from AIRS, are principally attributed to the large difference in spatial sampling of the two instruments. They also come from the intrinsic limit in sensitivity of the passive infrared sounders for low altitudes. These results demonstrate the capability of high resolution infrared sounders to measure not only dust aerosol AOD but also the mean dust layer altitude.


Megastore is a storage system developed to meet the requirements of today's interactive online services. Megastore blends the scalability of a NoSQL datastore with the convenience of a traditional RDBMS in a novel way, and provides both strong consistency guarantees and high availability. We provide fully serializable ACID semantics within ne-grained partitions of data. This partitioning allows us to synchronously replicate each write across a wide area network with reasonable latency and support seamless failover between datacenters. This paper describes Megastore's semantics and replication algorithm. It also describes our experience supporting a wide range of Google production services built with Megastore.


This paper discusses the relationships between the current situation of professors of higher education institutions in Brazil and the changes that have come about in the Brazilian educational system as it has been affected and guided by neoliberal ideology principles through influence of International Organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF. Concepts like globalization, global governance and neocolonialism in the field of educational policy making achieve strong relevance as one intends to understand and explain the roots that are in the origins of the situation which academic professorate faces in countries like Brazil as well as in many others across the world. As part of this broader world and global context, Brazilian professors have to face similar, and sometimes even tougher challenges, as educational policies regulated by a new educational act have been implemented in the country throughout the last fifteen years. Under the influence of neoliberal ideas, massification and diversification in the higher education system have led to what many scholars call a state of fragmentation of the academic profession, which is characterized by increasing bureaucratization, heavy accountability requirements, inadequate remuneration and insufficient intellectual preparation to meet academic demands. Accountability and university bureaucratization have reduced teachers' autonomy. The development with the greatest impact on the academic profession is the growing amount of professors with unstable and part-time appointments. As an apparent symptom of the decline of the status of the professoriate, they are paid a low salary to teach a few courses. In such a context, the value of academics is declining and new generations have been unwilling to embrace the academic career. Having well-trained, fairly paid and academically engaged faculty members is as crucial as ever, since countries count on good professors to prepare and form young people to be actively involved in the knowledge-based economy and in the information society.


The purpose of this research was to determine how alcohol functions in four main texts: The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea and In Our Time. Because of Ernest Hemingway's self-perpetuated image - as a literary celebrity, scholars have historically used his public persona (and their diagnoses of his perceived alcoholism and other medical conditions) to speculate about its impact on his work. This study establishes the importance of first addressing the textual evidence relating to Hemingway's crafting of symbols, characters and plots before the biography of the author enters the critical conversation. The project defines and examines important terms relevant to Hemingway's representation of alcohol, including "saturated" and "dry" fiction, "situational dryness," "communal consumption" and "restorative drinking." When applicable, Hemingway's characters are viewed within the context of their Lost Generation existence to challenge the critical notion that the post-war experience for the author's characters (particularly those who consume alcohol) is static from text to text. Hemingway's drinkers are explored instead as individuals with varied impetuses for imbibing (whether in moderation or in excess), and his nondrinkers and occasional consumers are examined at length to provide a complete picture of the role of consumption across the four works. The data taken from these considerations leads to the conclusion that contrary to the critical consensus, Hemingway's depiction of alcohol sometimes reverses the dichotomous relationships it has long been believed to support. This project illuminates moments where consumption can function both positively and negatively for a character, as can abstinence from alcohol. In the end, the supposed glamorization of consumption in Hemingway's fiction is undercut, replaced instead with a dynamic view of alcohol's role in the lives of his characters.


This guide examines case studies, a form of qualitative descriptive research that is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as a whole. Researchers collect data about participants using participant and direct observations, interviews, protocols, tests, examinations of records, and collections of writing samples. Starting with a definition of the case study, the guide moves to a brief history of this research method. Using several well documented case studies, the guide then looks at applications and methods including data collection and analysis. A discussion of ways to handle validity, reliability, and generalizability follows, with special attention to case studies as they are applied to composition studies. Finally, this guide examines the strengths and weaknesses of case studies.


Originally published in 1890. This early works is a comprehensive and informative look at the subject and will appeal to any historian. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900's and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.


New York Times bestselling author Stephen Frey thrills readers with the mesmerizing tale of a small-town sheriff who must confront the worst violence that man and nature possess. Bruner, Wisconsin, is really two different towns. On one side are the magnificent summer estates of wealthy families who value their privacy and privilege above all else. A few miles away, but a world apart, are the homes of the working men and women who cook, clean, and tend to the needs of the summer visitors. It s a place of staggering natural beauty, but where death can come unexpectedly and with no regard for a person s bank account or family tree. A place of steadfast loyalties and friendships, but where the long and brutal winter can make even the most intimate friends turn on each other with frightening intensity. This is the place where Sheriff Paul Summers finds himself grasping for answers when the wild, unpredictable woman who captured his heart years ago is discovered brutally and spectacularly murdered inside her family s snowbound estate. As the last person to see her alive, and given his complicated history with the victim, Paul is not only lead investigator on the case but, in the eyes of many in Bruner, the prime suspect in her killing. Battling rumors of an evil cult s being formed just outside of town, the disappearance of another citizen, and a wife whose grasp of reality is quickly slipping away, Paul must race to find the true guilty party before a massive winter storm leaves them all cut off from the outside world and at the mercy of a remorseless killer. As the approaching storm gathers in intensity, so do the twists and turns that bring Paul ever closer to unraveling the big secrets that haunt this small town. In a stunning conclusion, Paul witnesses firsthand the startling power and beauty of heaven s fury."


Traditional models of visual search such as feature integration theory (FIT; Treisman & Gelade, 1980), have suggested that a key factor determining task difficulty consists of whether or not the search target contains a "basic feature" not found in the other display items (distractors). Here we discriminate between such traditional models and our recent texture tiling model (TTM) of search (Rosenholtz, Huang, Raj, Balas, & Ilie, 2012b), by designing new experiments that directly pit these models against each other. Doing so is nontrivial, for two reasons. First, the visual representation in TTM is fully specified, and makes clear testable predictions, but its complexity makes getting intuitions difficult. Here we elucidate a rule of thumb for TTM, which enables us to easily design new and interesting search experiments. FIT, on the other hand, is somewhat ill-defined and hard to pin down. To get around this, rather than designing totally new search experiments, we start with five classic experiments that FIT already claims to explain: T among Ls, 2 among 5s, Q among Os, O among Qs, and an orientation/luminance-contrast conjunction search. We find that fairly subtle changes in these search tasks lead to significant changes in performance, in a direction predicted by TTM, providing definitive evidence in favor of the texture tiling model as opposed to traditional views of search.


We describe matrices whose determinants are the Jack polynomials expanded in terms of the monomial basis. The top row of such a matrix is a list of monomial functions, the entries of the sub-diagonal are of the form $-(r\alpha+s)$, with $r$ and $s \in {\bf N^+}$, the entries above the sub-diagonal are non-negative integers, and below all entries are 0. The quasi-triangular nature of these matrices gives a recursion for the Jack polynomials allowing for efficient computation. A specialization of these results yields a determinantal formula for the Schur functions and a recursion for the Kostka numbers.


We consider the problem of manipulating elections by cloning candidates. In our model, a manipulator can replace each candidate c by several clones, i.e., new candidates that are so similar to c that each voter simply replaces c in his vote with a block of these new candidates, ranked consecutively. The outcome of the resulting election may then depend on the number of clones as well as on how each voter orders the clones within the block. We formalize what it means for a cloning manipulation to be successful (which turns out to be a surprisingly delicate issue), and, for a number of common voting rules, characterize the preference profiles for which a successful cloning manipulation exists. We also consider the model where there is a cost associated with producing each clone, and study the complexity of finding a minimum-cost cloning manipulation. Finally, we compare cloning with two related problems: the problem of control by adding candidates and the problem of possible (co)winners when new alternatives can join.


Papers presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2003 (see also Studia Patristica 39, 40, 41 and 42). The successive sets of Studia Patristica contain papers delivered at the International Conferences on Patristic Studies, which meet for a week once every four years in Oxford; they are held under the aegis of the Theology Faculty of the University. Members of these conferences come from all over the world and most offer papers. These range over the whole field, both East and West, from the second century to a section on the Nachleben of the Fathers. The majority are short papers dealing with some small and manageable point; they raise and sometimes resolve questions about the authenticity of documents, dates of events, and such like, and some unveil new texts. The smaller number of longer papers put such matters into context and indicate wider trends. The whole reflects the state of Patristic scholarship and demonstrates the vigour and popularity of the subject.


This Article argues, using the case of responses to traffic congestion, that public choice provides a greater explanation for the emergence of property rights than does economic efficiency. While the traditional solution to traffic congestion is to provide new roadway capacity, that is not an efficient response in that it does not lead to internalization of costs. Moreover, over time new capacity may serve to exacerbate congestion problems: New roadway capacity may induce additional travel that would not have taken place but for the new construction. By contrast, congestion charges - that is, imposing tolls designed to force drivers to internalize the costs that their driving imposes on other drivers offer an efficient way to address the problem of congestion. The continued popularity, despite this, of providing new roadway capacity turns upon public choice theory. New roadway construction tends to be very attractive for politicians as a way to satisfy both constituents generally, as well as interest groups that tend to be well-organized and powerful. In contrast, congestion charging regimes tend to be less popular across the board politically. At present, there appears currently to be something of a shift in position. Experimentation with congestion pricing programs is growing overseas including a notable program in London - and a serious proposal for New York City's central business district. This Article thus argues that, while political economy tends to be a powerful force, it is possible for concerns of efficiency to override (or at least to curtail) that force when the inefficiencies of a response grounded in political economy become too large. At the same time, public choice continues to hold considerable sway: The shift toward congestion pricing may require not only pressing efficiency concerns, but also a shift in the political climate, as evidenced by backlash against New York City's proposal.


Today, polygonal models occur everywhere in graphical applications, since they are easy
to render and to compute and a very huge set of tools are existing for generation and
manipulation of polygonal data. But modern scanning devices that allow a high quality
and large scale acquisition of complex real world models often deliver a large set of
points as resulting data structure of the scanned surface. A direct triangulation of those
point clouds does not always result in good models. They often contain problems like
holes, self-intersections and non manifold structures. Also one often looses important
surface structures like sharp corners and edges during a usual surface reconstruction.
So it is suitable to stay a little longer in the point based world to analyze the point cloud
data with respect to such features and apply a surface reconstruction method afterwards
that is known to construct continuous and smooth surfaces and extend it to reconstruct
sharp features.


Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the Editors' attention by a concerned reader that the Transwell cell migration assay data shown in Fig. 4A and B were strikingly similar to data appearing in different form in other articles by different authors. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published elsewhere, or were already under consideration for publication, prior to its submission to Molecular Medicine Reports, the Editor has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a satisfactory reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [the original article was published on Molecular Medicine Reports 13: 1930‑1936, 2016; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4728].


Nitrate aerosols are expected to become more important in the future atmosphere due to the expected increase in nitrate precursor emissions and the decline of ammonium-sulphate aerosols in wide regions of this planet. The GISS climate model is used in this study, including atmospheric gas- and aerosol phase chemistry to investigate current and future (2030, following the SRES A1B emission scenario) atmospheric compositions. A set of sensitivity experiments was carried out to quantify the individual impact of emission- and physical climate change on nitrate aerosol formation. We found that future nitrate aerosol loads depend most strongly on changes that may occur in the ammonia sources. Furthermore, microphysical processes that lead to aerosol mixing play a very important role in sulphate and nitrate aerosol formation. The role of nitrate aerosols as climate change driver is analyzed and set in perspective to other aerosol and ozone forcings under pre-industrial, present day and future conditions. In the near future, year 2030, ammonium nitrate radiative forcing is about ?0.14 W/m² and contributes roughly 10% of the net aerosol and ozone forcing. The present day nitrate and pre-industrial nitrate forcings are ?0.11 and ?0.05 W/m², respectively. The steady increase of nitrate aerosols since industrialization increases its role as a non greenhouse gas forcing agent. However, this impact is still small compared to greenhouse gas forcings, therefore the main role nitrate will play in the future atmosphere is as an air pollutant, with annual mean near surface air concentrations, in the fine particle mode, rising above 3 ?g/m³ in China and therefore reaching pollution levels, like sulphate aerosols.


Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured of $sup 3$He and $sup 4$He fragments emitted from Ag and U targets, bombarded with 2.7-GeV protons, and 1.05-GeV/nucleon $alpha$ particles and $sup 16$O ions. All cross sections increase dramatically with projectile mass. No narrow peaks are found in the angular distributions or in the energy spectra. (AIP)


I know thai I shall meet my fate Somewhere among the clouds above; Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that Î guard I do not love; My country is Kiltartan Cross, My countrymen Kiltartan's poor. No likely end could bring them loss Or leave them happier than before. Nor law, nor duty bade meftght. Nor public men, nor cheering crowds, A lonely impulse of delight Drove to this tumult in the clouds; I balanced all, brought all to mind. The years to come seemed waste of breath, A waste of breath the years behind In balance with this life, this death. —W.B. Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death


The Illinois farmdoc team and the Purdue University Center for Commercial Agriculture are hosting the 45th annual Top Farmer Crop Workshop, July 9-11, in West Lafayette, Ind. This year's workshop will cover a number of timely and important issues relevant to commercial farming operations. Farmland markets in most of the U.S. corn-belt have experienced substantial price appreciation since roughly 2001. At the upcoming Top Farmer workshop we will be presenting some interesting results of a recent Center for Commercial Agriculture survey of 246 farmland investors.


Deed recording the transaction between Laurits J. Lykke and his wife Hanna with Carl Harton regarding the sell of 70 acres of land in Wharton County, which was sold to Carl for a total sum of $8,298.12.
The document goes on to give specific payment schedules and other relevant information.
The deed is held together with a second document, a smaller piece of paper that was signed by a notary of Wharton County authenticating the transaction.


The morphological and molecular evidence for higher-level reptile relationships is reassessed, A combined analysis of 176 osteological, 40 soft anatomical, and 2903 (1783 aligned) molecular characters in 28 amniote taxa yields the traditional reptile tree. Synapsids (including mammals) are the sister taxon to all other amniotes, including all extant reptiles. Turtles group with anapsid parareptiles and fall outside a monophyletic Diapsida. Within diapsids, squamates and Sphenodon form a monophyletic Lepidosauria, and crocodiles plus birds form a monophyletic Archosauria. This tree is identical to the tree strongly supported by the osteological data alone when fossils are included. In a combined analysis the strong osteological signal linking turtles with anapsids is sufficient to override a soft anatomical signal placing turtles next to a heterodox archosaur-mammal clade, and a weaker molecular signal linking turtles with archosaurs. However, the turtle-archosaur clade cannot be statistically rejected. When fossils are ignored, the signal in the osteological data set disappears and, in a combined analysis of morphology and molecules, the molecular (turtle-archosaur) signal prevails. These results highlight the importance of fossils, not just in osteological studies, but even in "combined" analyses where they cannot be scored for the majority of characters (soft anatomy and molecules). Although the total number of molecular traits (2903) is much greater than the total number of morphological taits (216), when only characters informative at the relevant levels are considered, the two data sets are approximately equal in size. The partition homogeneity test yields unreliable results unless uninformative (invariant and autapomorphic) characters are excluded. Analyses of the mitochondrial data suggest that recent evidence from nuclear genes for a heterodox turtlecrocodile clade (excluding birds) might be an artefact of inadequate sampling of a diverse outgroup (mammals) and thus, problems with rooting the reptile tree.


Many kinesiology departments engage in partnerships that aim to promote positive youth development through physical activity. These partnerships are often enhanced by mutually beneficial goals and shared decision making between university and community partners. This paper describes how sport has been at the center of two university-community partnerships that have helped to teach life skills to youth. We draw upon our experience working with community partners to illuminate challenges and opportunities for youth-focused partnerships. The programs include an emphasis on sustainability. As kinesiology programs continue to enhance their efforts to partner and support youth development, case studies such as this may help inform our efforts.


The novel that inspired the hit Broadway musical. 16 page colour insert from the musical When Dorothy triumphed over the Wicked Witch of the West in L. Frank Baum's classic tale, we heard only her side of the story. But what about her arch-nemesis, the mysterious witch? Where did she come from? How did she become so wicked? And what is the true nature of evil? Gregory Maguire creates a fantasy world so rich and vivid that we will never look at Oz the same way again. Wicked is about a land where animals talk and strive to be treated like first-class citizens, Munchkinlanders seek the comfort of middle-class stability and the Tin Man becomes a victim of domestic violence. And then there is the little green-skinned girl named Elphaba, who will grow up to be the infamous Wicked Witch of the West, a smart, prickly and misunderstood creature who challenges all our preconceived notions about the nature of good and evil.


In less than a decade, the Internet went from being a series of loosely connected networks used by universities and the military to the powerful commercial engine it is today. This book describes how many of the key innovations that made this possible came from entrepreneurs and iconoclasts who were outside the mainstream—and how the commercialization of the Internet was by no means a foregone conclusion at its outset. Shane Greenstein traces the evolution of the Internet from government ownership to privatization to the commercial Internet we know today. This is a story of innovation from the edges. Greenstein shows how mainstream service providers that had traditionally been leaders in the old-market economy became threatened by innovations from industry outsiders who saw economic opportunities where others didn't—and how these mainstream firms had no choice but to innovate themselves. New models were tried: some succeeded, some failed. Commercial markets turned innovations into valuable products and services as the Internet evolved in those markets. New business processes had to be created from scratch as a network originally intended for research and military defense had to deal with network interconnectivity, the needs of commercial users, and a host of challenges with implementing innovative new services. How the Internet Became Commercial demonstrates how, without any central authority, a unique and vibrant interplay between government and private industry transformed the Internet.


OBJECTIVE
To develop an explicit scheme for calculating a 5-star quality rating for consumer health information, and to test if there is good agreement be tween this and the final DISCERN quality question.

DESIGN
A sample of 15 consumers and health professionals rated 26 health information leaflets covering a broad range of conditions and treatments using two new 5-star-rating schemes and the existing DISCERN final quality rating. Each scheme is based on the 15 DISCERN criteria, but the 5-star schemes provide more explicit methods for summarizing overall quality. The level of agreement between the three different rating systems was compared using Kappa scores with quadratic weights. Participants were also asked to complete a brief questionnaire that was designed to elicit their views on using a visual summary of the quality of health information.

RESULTS
The level of agreement between each 5-star-rating system and the existing DISCERN quality rating question was high (kappa = 0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.89 in both instances). Seventy-seven per cent of the sample preferred the second star-rating scheme, and 80% reported they would use such a scheme.

CONCLUSION
Assigning a single quality score using an explicit scoring scheme (represented by stars) based on answers to the DISCERN questionnaire is a reliable and valid way of rating consumer health information.


Face Transfer is a method for mapping videorecorded performances of one individual to facial animations of another. It extracts visemes (speech-related mouth articulations), expressions, and three-dimensional (3D) pose from monocular video or film footage. These parameters are then used to generate and drive a detailed 3D textured face mesh for a target identity, which can be seamlessly rendered back into target footage. The underlying face model automatically adjusts for how the target performs facial expressions and visemes. The performance data can be easily edited to change the visemes, expressions, pose, or even the identity of the target---the attributes are separably controllable. This supports a wide variety of video rewrite and puppetry applications.Face Transfer is based on a multilinear model of 3D face meshes that separably parameterizes the space of geometric variations due to different attributes (e.g., identity, expression, and viseme). Separability means that each of these attributes can be independently varied. A multilinear model can be estimated from a Cartesian product of examples (identities × expressions × visemes) with techniques from statistical analysis, but only after careful preprocessing of the geometric data set to secure one-to-one correspondence, to minimize cross-coupling artifacts, and to fill in any missing examples. Face Transfer offers new solutions to these problems and links the estimated model with a face-tracking algorithm to extract pose, expression, and viseme parameters.


In the first half of the 20th century, Sudan, which included the territories of present-day Sudan and South Sudan, was ruled by a dual colonial government known as the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899–1956). Britain was the senior partner in this administration, Egypt being itself politically and militarily subordinated to Britain between 1882 and 1956. During most of the colonial period, Sudan was ruled as two Sudans, as the British sought to separate the predominantly Islamic and Arabic-speaking North from the multireligious and multilingual South. Educational policy was no exception to this: until 1947, the British developed a government school system in the North while leaving educational matters in the hands of Christian missionaries in the South. In the North, the numerically dominant government school network coexisted with Egyptian schools, missionary schools, community schools, and Sudanese private schools. In the South, schools were established by the Anglican Church Missionary Society, the Roman Catholic Verona Fathers, and the American Presbyterian Mission. Whereas Arabic and English were the mediums of instruction in Northern schools, the linguistic situation was more complicated in the South, where local vernaculars, English and Romanized Arabic were used in missionary schools.
The last colonial decade (1947–1957) witnessed a triple process of educational expansion, unification, and nationalization. Mounting Anglo-Egyptian rivalries over the control of Sudan and the polarization of Sudanese nationalists into "pro-British" independentists and "pro-Egyptian" unionists led the British authorities in Khartoum to boost government education while giving up the policy of separate rule between North and South. In practice, educational unification of the two Sudanese regions meant the alignment of Southern curricula on Northern programs and the introduction of Arabic into Southern schools, first as a subject matter, then as a medium of instruction. Missionary and other private schools were nationalized one year after Sudan gained independence from Britain and Egypt (1956).


The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of financial and non-financial incentives on job satisfaction, which are used in food chain premises; and to indicate the difference of employee attitudes related to job satisfaction and incentives on some demographical variables. The questionnaires prepared for this purpose are applied to eleven employees at food premises, which are currently working in food sector in Central Anatolian Region in Turkey. The data obtained from the research are analyzed via several techniques by using SPSS 15.0 program. According to the results of the analysis, a significant relation is observed between the financial and non-financial incentives and the job satisfaction of employees. When these relations are compared, the result is that the attitudes towards financial incentives have a stronger effect on job satisfaction than the attitudes towards non-financial incentives. Besides, the differences among some demographical variables (union membership, gender, income level) and the attitudes towards these incentives and job satisfaction levels are tested. This research plays an important role to provide significant data for strategical administrative institutions of food chain premises in terms of financial and non-financial incentives, job satisfaction and some demographical characteristics of the employees.


This article summarizes a case study of the ways in which a specific English as a Second Language (ESL) program prepares immigrant professionals for employment in an urban Canadian labour market. Data for the study were collected from interviews with immigrant professionals, administrators, ESL teachers, a career workshop facilitator, and from classroom observations of the ESL program in an immigrant-serving organization in western Canada. Using the perspectives of critical multiculturalism, critical ultilingualism, and Foucault's "governmentality," the study reveals that the ESL program focuses on presentability and employability of immigrants through processes such as acquiring accentless proficiency in English, changing one's names, and adapting to Canadian linguistic and cultural norms. The ESL program puts the pressure on immigrants to assimilate, without promoting changes in the larger Canadian society. The roots of the dominance of English language and sociocultural norms are not questioned in the program. Finally, major educational implications of these findings are discussed.


BACKGROUND AIMS
Heart failure therapy with human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hCM) has been limited by the low rate of spontaneous hCM differentiation. As others have shown that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) directs neurogenesis from mouse embryonic stem cells, we investigated whether the p38MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, might influence hCM differentiation.

METHODS
We treated differentiating hESC with SB203580 at specific time-points, and used flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, quantitative real-time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), teratoma formation and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate cardiomyocyte formation.

RESULTS
We observed that the addition of inhibitor resulted in 2.1-fold enrichment of spontaneously beating human embryoid bodies (hEB) at 21 days of differentiation, and that 25% of treated cells expressed cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain. This effect was dependent on the stage of differentiation at which the inhibitor was introduced. Immunostaining and teratoma formation assays demonstrated that the inhibitor did not affect hESC pluripotency; however, treated hESC gave rise to hCM exhibiting increased expression of sarcomeric proteins, including cardiac troponin T, myosin light chain and α-myosin heavy chain. This was consistent with significantly increased numbers of myofibrillar bundles and the appearance of nascent Z-bodies at earlier time-points in treated hCM. Treated hEB also demonstrated a normal karyotype by array comparative genomic hybridization and viability in vivo following injection into mouse myocardium.

CONCLUSIONS
These studies demonstrate that p38MAPK inhibition accelerates directed hCM differentiation from hESC, and that this effect is developmental stage-specific. The use of this inhibitor should improve our ability to generate hESC-derived hCM for cell-based therapy.


Based on a comparison of two public elementary schools located on the east and west sides of Vancouver, British Columbia, the paper explores the effects of spatial and social contexts on parents' school traffic safety practices. By taking into account the dynamics of gender and social class in different geographies of mobility at the two schools, we illustrate how parents' (especially mothers') daily concerns, practices and volunteerism reflect unequal risks and responsibilities in safeguarding children from motorized traffic. We also suggest that despite geographical differences and social inequalities, auto-centred environments and traffic safety governance create remarkably similar parental mobility concerns at the two schools, reflecting the stratifying effects of automobility. Our analysis of the troubling effects of the automobility system underscores the importance of acknowledging how parental traffic safety practices contribute to the illusion of traffic safety and to the necessity of challenging auto hegemony.


Why do member states with veto power usually support policy change proposed by a Commission initiative when their own position is located closer to the status quo? Why do we frequently witness consensus in the Council and rarely observe a rejection of Commission initiatives even after additional veto players, such as new member states or the European Parliament, have increased the constraints on policy change by legislative decision-making in the European Union (EU)? To answer these questions, this study investigates the voting preferences and logrolling opportunities of the member states on 48 Commission proposals. We find that models that derive the voting preferences from each Commission initiative are scarcely able to explain the consensus in the Council. One reason is that the Commission attempts to avoid a divided Council by initiating proposals for which member states favour a policy change in the same direction. When member states still dispute the size of policy change, we show that they can find a solution by mutually benefiting from logrolling across proposals that either belong to the same policy domain or are negotiated during the same period. Hence, intertemporal and domain-specific logrolling can provide a powerful explanation for consensus even in a contested Council.


"It may be hard for an egg to turn into a bird: it would be a jolly sight harder for it to learn to fly while remaining an egg. We are like eggs at present. And you cannot go on indefinitely being just an ordinary, decent egg. We must be hatched or go bad."
~ C.S. Lewis


The classic legal fiction is a curious artifice of legal reasoning. In a discipline primarily concerned with issues of fact and responsibility, the notion of a legal fiction should seem an anathema or, at the very least, an ill-suited means to promote a just result. However, the deployment of a patently false statement as a necessary component of a legal rule is a widely practiced and accepted mode of legal analysis. In rem forfeiture proceedings rest on the fiction that the inanimate object was bad. Attractive nuisance re-imagines the child trespasser as an invitee. A host of doctrines bearing the term "constructive" in their titles adopt an "as if" rationalization that deems something to have occurred despite the fact that it did not (e.g., constructive notice, constructive eviction, and constructive discharge). Legal commentators writing in the diverse fields of law and literature, tax policy, and empirical legal studies have taken a renewed interest in legal fictions, including Fuller's influential work from the 1930s. They have applied the label "legal fiction" to an eclectic group of legal rules, including slavery, the doctrine of discovery, the tax code, and empirically erroneous legal presumptions (i.e., discredited legal regimes, complex statutory schemes, and empirical legal errors). These newly identified legal fictions do not satisfy Fuller's classic definition of a legal fiction because they are neither acknowledged to be false nor demonstrably false. The enduring conundrum presented by the classic legal fiction is that it retains its utility despite its falsity, similar to false statements used in science and mathematics in order to advance a proof or hypothesis. Any discussion of fiction necessarily invokes a concept of reality against which the fiction can be measured. Thus, before we can speak intelligibly of fictions, we must first be able to identify truth. Does it make any sense to refer to slavery as a fiction when it was, in fact, a legal system that brutalized millions? Is the choice of a tax base "false" simply because it is statutorily prescribed? Certain legal rules, such as those governing eye witness testimony, explicitly incorporate statements of fact that are readily verifiable by reference to real world events. Slavery and the doctrine of discovery encompass abstract concepts, such as liberty, autonomy and sovereignty that are not provable in any conventional sense of the term. They stand as juristic truths independent from questions of empirical proof. Fuller cautioned that a legal fiction becomes dangerous when it is believed for then the fiction can approximate a lie, but there is also danger when the force of its constitutive power is ignored. When this occurs, the label of fiction works a denial and removes from memory important lessons regarding the law and the fragility of the human experience.


From an evolutionary point of view, it can be assumed that visual processing and rapid detection of potentially dangerous stimuli in the environment (e.g., perilous animals) is highly adaptive for all humans. In the present dissertation, I address three research questions; (1) Is information processing of threatening stimuli enhanced in individuals with specific phobias? (2) Are there any differences between the different types of phobia (e.g., spider phobia vs. snake phobia)? (3) Is the frequently reported attentional bias of individuals with specific phobias - which may contribute to an enhancement in information processing – also detectable in a prior entry paradigm? In Experiments 1 to 3 of the present thesis non-anxious control, spider-fearful, snake-fearful, and blood-injection-injury-fearful participants took part in the study. We applied in each experiment a response priming paradigm which has a strong theoretical (cf. rapid-chase theory; Schmidt, Niehaus, & Nagel, 2006; Schmidt, Haberkamp, Veltkamp et al., 2011) as well as empirical background (cf. Schmidt, 2002). We show that information processing in fearful individuals is indeed enhanced for phobic images (i.e., spiders for spider-fearful participants; injuries for blood-injury-injection(BII)-fearful individuals). However, we found marked differences between the different types of phobia. In Experiment 1 and 2 (Chapter 2 and 3), spiders had a strong and specific influence in the group of spider-fearful individuals: Phobic primes entailed the largest priming effects, and phobic targets accelerated responses, both effects indicating speeded response activation by phobic images. In snake-fearful participants (Experiment 1, Chapter 2), this processing enhancement for phobic material was less pronounced and extended to both snake and spider images. In Experiment 3 (Chapter 4), we demonstrated that early information processing for pictures of small injuries is also enhanced in BII-fearful participants, even though BII fear is unique in that BII-fearful individuals show opposite physiological reactions when confronted with the phobic stimulus compared to individuals with animal phobias. These results show that already fast visuomotor responses are further enhanced in spider- and BII-fearful participants. Results give evidence that responses are based on the first feedforward sweep of neuronal activation proceeding through the visuomotor system. I propose that the additional enhancement in spider- and BII-fearful individuals depend on a specific hardwired binding of elementary features belonging to the phobic object in fearful individuals (i.e., effortless recognition of the respective phobic object via hardwired neuronal conjunctions). I suggest that these hardwired conjunctions developed due to long-term perceptual learning processes. We also investigate the frequently reported attentional bias of phobic individuals and showed that this bias is detectable in temporal order judgments using a prior entry paradigm. I assume that perceptual learning processes might also strengthen the attentional bias, for example, by providing a more salient bottom-up signal that draws attention involuntarily. In sum, I conclude that (1) early information processing of threatening stimuli is indeed enhanced in individuals with specific phobias but that (2) differences between divers types of phobia exist (i.e., spider- and BII-fearful participants show enhanced information of the respective phobic object; though, snake-fearful participants show no specific information processing enhancement of snakes); (3) the frequently reported attentional bias of spider-fearful individuals is also detectable in a prior entry paradigm.


The practice of mortuary archaeology often relies upon the examination of funerary assemblages in order to reconstruct socio-cultural changes among a group of people. This paper takes a closer look at the grave goods from two pairs of Iron-Age elite Lucanian tombs at the settlement of Roccagloriosa in order to detect how funerary ideology changed over time. From the evidence I argue that there was an evolution of aristocratic gentilician identity alongside the establishment of the newly formed Lucanian ethnos in Southern Italy between the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.


What would God say about those who blatantly misrepresent His Holy Spirit; who exchange true worship for chaotic fits of mindless ecstasy; who replace the biblical gospel with vain illusions of health and wealth; who claim to prophesy in His name yet speak errors; and who sell false hope to desperate people for millions of dollars? The charismatic movement has always been a breeding-ground for scandal, greed, bad doctrine, and all kinds of spiritual chicanery. As a movement, it is clearly headed the wrong direction. And it is growing at an unprecedented rate. From the Word of Faith to the New Apostolic Reformation, the Charismatic movement is being consumed by the empty promises of the prosperity gospel. Too many charismatic celebrities promote a "Christianity" without Christ, a Holy Spirit without holiness. And their teaching is having a disastrous influence on a grand scale, as large television networks broadcast their heresies to every part of the world. In Strange Fire, bestselling author and pastor John MacArthur chronicles the unsavory history behind the modern Charismatic movement. He lays out a chilling case for rejecting its false prophets, speaking out against their errors, showing true reverence to the Holy Spirit, and above all clinging to the Bible as the inerrant, authoritative Word of God and the one true standard by which all truth claims must be tested.


I trace the arc of my thinking about political economy and Christian theology from my early interactions with the work of Richard Whately and Frank Knight to more recent economic and theological reflections on innovation. The general theme is that life is more than economics, despite the relevance of economics to every part of life. As Christian economists, our investigations—into the nature of choice, and into the potential for social improvement (or, economic growth and innovation)—require us to consider what economics can teach us as well as what we can learn from Christian theology and ethics.


While there is considerable research devoted to methods of collaboration and participation in the community development literature, few have taken up the analytical project of discovering where collaboration exists in a community situation prior to the influence of outside interests attempting to promote collaborative methods. Likewise, few have assessed how this collaboration, should it exist, can be enriched by sustainability practices. I propose that collaboration exists in communities through a process that incorporates difference and builds community resilience. I investigate the possibility of achieving community resilience through collaboration at the scale of individuals, associations, and institutions (Kretzmann and McKnight, 1993). I examine the communication processes that facilitate and underlie this collaboration in community response, recovery, and resilience to disaster. Data from ethnographic research in community recovery to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in Louisiana are analyzed. Drawing from planning, community development, disaster, and political philosophy literatures, this research assesses the ongoing implementation of recovery and sustainability efforts at the grass roots. I also reflexively privilege local contexts by carrying out what I consider to be a first step in community collaborative research: the inclusion of qualitative data sets as indicators of wellbeing. The methods of sustainability practitioners, community builders, and natural hazards analysts meld in specific disaster contexts, informing a theory of collaboration as a process that is built upon difference and a willingness to communicate the value of this difference in light of a specific need. Finally, utilizing Charlotte Davies' reflexive ethnographic methodology (1998), I apply the insights from my Louisiana analysis to community assessment and community building practices in my hometown of Boone, North Carolina.


The strategies taken by a particular government are largely based upon their socio-cultural and political background. This paper will examine two countries that, while sharing regional proximity and similar conditions surrounding land degradation, have drastically different forms of governance: Swaziland and Botswana. We will examine the problem of land degradation in these countries generally and what aspects of socio-political organization in each country have affected the rate and severity of the problem. This paper will highlight the policy paths taken by Swaziland and Botswana and examine the irony of their methods. Despite Swaziland's central administration and land tenure systems, they have adopted a more participatory approach to addressing land degradation compared to Botswana, a democratic country.


In Information Science studies, the Data/Information/Knowledge/Wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy is a conventional construct for making sense of the terms. However, when examined with any rigor, the distinctions become challenged and the hierarchy appears to fail. I suggest that the reason for this is the tacit classification of this hierarchy as a disciplinary ontological narrative. With context-appropriate definitions and delimitations, the DIKW hierarchy can still be useful as a model for specific applications in information literacy pedagogy. This is illustrated in the context of theological education by using the construct to differentiate the identification of primary sources in the Seminary disciplines.


An enormous system comprising myriad technologies, options, and releases, Oracle's complexities have spawned numerous areas of specialization. For each area of specialization there are equally specialized how-to books and manuals. O'Reilly's Oracle Essentials claims a unique place among these books. Rather than focusing on one area, the book explains the foundational concepts of the Oracle technology and the core technical and business aspects of using it. The new edition of this classic book, Oracle Essentials, 3rd Edition: Oracle Database 10g, distills a vast amount of knowledge into an easy-to-read volume covering every aspect of the Oracle database. Readers of all levels will learn about Oracle's features and technologies, including the product line, architecture, data structures, networking, concurrency, tuning, and much more. Featuring focused text, abundant illustrations, and helpful hints, the new edition offers a valuable overview of Oracle's Database 10g--the industry's first database to support grid computing. Recent releases such as Oracle 9i and 8i are also covered. The book contains chapters on: Oracle products, options, and overall architecture for Oracle 10g and prior recent releasesInstalling and running Oracle: how to configure, start up, and shut down the database, and various networking issuesOracle data structures, datatypes, and ways of extending datatypes, with an introduction to Oracle objects (e.g., tables, views, indexes)Managing Oracle: security, the Oracle Enterprise Manager, fragmentation and reorganization, and backup and recoveryOracle performance: characteristics of disk, memory, and CPU tuningMulti-user concurrency, online transaction processing (OLTP), and high availabilityHardware architectures (e.g., SMP, MPP, NUMA) and their impact on OracleData warehousing and distributed databasesNetwork deployment: using Oracle as an Internet computing platform and for grid computingWhat's new in Oracle 10g: a summary of the database changes described in the book Oracle Essentials, 3rd Edition: Oracle Database 10g was written for anyone whose job involves managing or building systems using Oracle DBMS technology or working with staff that uses Oracle technology. This book is the perfect all-in-one source for understanding the complexities and capabilities of Oracle.


The information revolution has transformed both modern societies and the way in which they conduct warfare. Cyber Warfare and the Laws of War analyses the status of computer network attacks in international law and examines their treatment under the laws of armed conflict. The first part of the book deals with the resort to force by states and discusses the threshold issues of force and armed attack by examining the permitted responses against such attacks. The second part offers a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of international humanitarian law to computer network attacks. By examining the legal framework regulating these attacks, Heather Harrison Dinniss addresses the issues associated with this method of attack in terms of the current law and explores the underlying debates which are shaping the modern laws applicable in armed conflict.


Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BCE, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367-347); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil, Hermeias, in Asia Minor and at this time married Pythias, one of Hermeias's relations. After some time at Mitylene, in 343-2 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip's death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of 'Peripatetics'), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander's death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322. Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as follows: I Practical: Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics; Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices. II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica. III Physical: Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about animals, etc. IV Metaphysics: on being as being. V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics. VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship. VII Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics and metaphysics. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is intwenty-three volumes.


Unlike other proteges of Felix Frankfurter in the 1930s, James Willard Hurst left his clerkship with Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in 1937 not for law job in Washington but to teach at the University of Wisconsin Law School. Together with his dean Lloyd K. Garrison, Hurst developed "Law in Society," a New Dealer's first course in law, centered not on courts but administrative agencies. When the war came, Hurst had the chance to test out his notions of law and administration as a lawyer at the Board of Economic Warfare. Headed by Vice President Henry A. Wallace, the BEW was a bastion of New Dealism in an increasingly business-oriented war effort. Among other things, it was charged with developing and procuring new overseas supplies of war materiel to replace sources that had fallen into enemy hands. Hurst contributed one of the BEW's most controversial measures, a provision in procurement contracts obliging employers to observe minimum labor standards. This attempt to fight "a New Deal war" by improving the lives of African and Latin American workers failed not long after Hurst's departure for the U.S. Navy. Still, the affair elucidates much of Hurst's pioneering scholarship on legal history and the legal profession in the postwar period.


Walter Salles is probably the most widely known Brazilian director and producer. This article offers a portrait of his work over the last two decades as part of the cinematic and cultural changes that took place in Brazil. It starts with a historical overview of Brazilian film history and will then take a closer look at the films directed by Salles and his activities as producer. By looking at the evolution of the Brazilian film industry in the last ten to fifteen years in terms of market structures as well as aesthetic qualities, two major references become apparent: the more (but not only) commercial oriented productions of Globo Filmes, which often meet public taste and rely on a well-proven television language; second, the movies of Walter Salles as well as the films produced by Videofilmes, a company run and founded in 1987 by him and his brother, the documentarist Joao Moreira Salles. Videofilmes not only fosters many of the somewhat marginal, smaller film projects, but also serves as support for more artistically orientated movies.


This book provides an introduction to the scientific fundamentals of groundwater and geothermal systems. In a simple and didactic manner the different water and energy problems existing in deformable porous rocks are explained as well as the corresponding theories and the mathematical and numerical tools that lead to modeling and solving them. This approach provides the reader with a thorough understanding of the basic physical laws of thermoporoelastic rocks, the partial differential equations representing these laws and the principal numerical methods, which allow finding approximate solutions of the corresponding mathematical models. The book also presents the form in which specific useful models can be generated and solved. The text is introductory in the sense that it explains basic themes of the systems mentioned in three areas: engineering, physics and mathematics. All the laws and equations introduced in this book are formulated carefully based on fundamental physical principles. This way, the reader will understand the key importance of mathematics applied to all the subjects. Simple models are emphasized and solved with numerous examples. For more sophisticated and advanced models the numerical techniques are described and developed carefully.

This book will serve as a synoptic compendium of the fundamentals of fluid, solute and heat transport, applicable to all types of subsurface systems, ranging from shallow aquifers down to deep geothermal reservoirs.
The book will prove to be a useful textbook to senior undergraduate and graduate students, postgraduates, professional geologists and geophysicists, engineers, mathematicians and others working in the vital areas of groundwater and geothermal resources.


I propose and formalize an argument for why economists working in the welfarist normative tradition should include nonwelfarist principles in how they judge economic policy. The key idea behind this argument is that the world is too complex, and our ability to model it too limited, for us to fully trace a policy's effects on welfare. Nonwelfarist principles can be valuable to a welfarist facing this limitation if they act as informational proxies, carrying accumulated knowledge about the effects of policy that otherwise cannot be considered. This argument can be seen both as extending a familiar logic for rule utilitarianism beyond the realm of individual ethics and as a specific version of a broader argument made for centuries by theorists from Hume to Hayek. I also provide evidence of an example in which real-world policy judgments are consistent with this theoretical argument. Results from a novel U.S. opinion survey show that approximately half of respondents reject redistribution driven by envy even though it generates direct utilitarian gains. That share rises as the role of envy is made more salient, consistent with respondents using nonwelfarist principles to encode concerns about the unobservable consequences of policy.


The objective of this paper is to determine the drift demand hazard curves of steel moment-resisting frames with different number of stories in territory of Tehran; this is done through the combination of the results obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and the demand estimated through the best probabilistic seismic demand models. To select the best demand model, in this paper, a Bayesian regression has been used for the statistical analysis of the results obtained from incremental dynamic analysis in order to estimate the unknown parameters of model and to select the best Intensity Measure (IM) parameter; also the probability of overall collapse of structures has been computed. Considering the efficiency and sufficiency of the models, the results indicate that the accuracy of models with one single IM is a function of the number of stories, consequently the current widely used model with spectral acceleration in first period as IM is not suitable for all structural heights. Furthermore, regarding the fact that it is difficult to prepare a seismic hazard curve for a combined IM, it seems that the best model can be found among models with two single IMs. In other words, the best model to cover all structural heights is the one with linear combination of spectral acceleration of the first and the second period. Furthermore, using different models to calculate the curves shows that regardless of the number of IMs, estimated demands strongly depend on the standard deviation of model.


In his recent papers, entitled "Intelligence without Representation" and "Intelligence without Reason," Brooks argues for mobile robots as the foundation of AI research. This article argues that even if we seek to investigate complete agents in real-world environments, robotics is neither necessary nor sufficient as a basis for AI research. The article proposes real-world software environments, such as operating systems or databases, as a complementary substrate for intelligent-agent research and considers the relative advantages of software environments as test beds for AI. First, the cost, effort, and expertise necessary to develop and systematically experiment with software artifacts are relatively low. Second, software environments circumvent many thorny but peripheral research issues that are inescapable in physical environments. Brooks's mobile robots tug AI toward a bottom-up focus in which the mechanics of perception and mobility mingle inextricably with or even supersede core AI research. In contrast, the softbots (software robots) I advocate facilitate the study of classical AI problems in real-world (albeit, software) domains. For example, the UNIX softbot under development at the University of Washington has led us to investigate planning with incomplete information, interleaving planning and execution, and a host of related high-level issues.


Availability of food supply and access are crucial to achieve household food security. Using of indigenous knowledge in solving food shortage remains a powerful means of sustaining household food security. In rural Sudan women are often responsible for food processing and storage, collecting of water and firewood and for generating incomes for subsistence. The objective of this article is to shed light on women ability to manage available resources by using indigenous knowledge to secure food supplies for their household in rural Sudan. The paper argues that women have more roles and responsibilities in achieving household food security especially among the rural communities of Sudan, since it is woman who is responsible for food processing and preserving to increase its availability. Processing of vegetables, fruits, and milk, in times of abundance for times of scarcity using indigenous techniques such as drying or fermentation is exclusively the women's task in rural Sudan. Traditional/indigenous foods provide inexpensive, safe, nutritious foods throughout the whole year. These indigenous foods contribute to diversify the diet of rural people in normal times and are crucial to their survival during times of food shortage. Thus, these indigenous foods become basis of the survival of the rural community. Trial and error experiments contribute to develop many indigenous techniques and practices for processing and preserving foods at rural community level. Indigenous methods and solutions applied by women to sustain household food supplies are culturally acceptable, economically practicable, and more appropriate for the local environment and conditions than modern techniques and solutions suggested by scientific experts. The article gives a brief description of some indigenous foods from various rural areas of Sudan. Rural women have an important role to play in using and preserving this valuable indigenous knowledge. These local-level experts manage to achieve sustainable food security at household levels, with practical, efficient and economic solutions. Thus, one effective means to achieve household food security in rural Sudan is by learning from the women's indigenous knowledge and inherent capabilities. The value of women's indigenous knowledge needs to be better recognized and supported within policy.


What a federal court is expected to do when asked to enforce a foreign arbitral award --- what constraints the Conventions impose on its normal course of adjudication --- is of course a vast question. But there is one small piece of the puzzle that recurs frequently, and which has in particular been troublesome to the Second Circuit.: What remains of the inherent power of a common-law court to defer or dismiss litigation of a Convention case on the grounds that it constitutes an "inconvenient" forum?A decade ago a federal district court in Monde Re, "relying on the doctrine of forum non conveniens," dismissed a petition to confirm a foreign arbitral award, and the Second Circuit affirmed. The received wisdom ever since has been quite hostile --- uniformly to the effect that the obligations imposed by the New York and Panama Conventions make any recourse to the doctrine inappropriate. Despite the fact that the Convention in art. III allows contracting states to continue to use their "rules of procedure" in recognizing or enforcing foreign awards, that is a category of very weak explanatory power: While litigants may have to take local courts as they find them, the one thing art. III cannot be intended to do, is to permit local courts to devise rules that compete with, or undermine, or put up obstacles to, the rules of decision under which the Convention expects them to assess the legitimacy of awards.Now in Monde Re itself the respondent, the state of Ukraine, had not been a signatory to the contract nor did it participate in the arbitration: Its defense --- "I was never a party to any agreement to arbitrate" --- would indeed constitute an art. V ground for the refusal of recognition and enforcement. The inquiry then becomes, "just how do we go about answering the question?" --- or more precisely, "just who is best placed to evaluate whether these 'grounds' are present? Or perhaps, "just who is to make the decision?" It is a familiar notion that the grounds for decision, and the identity of the appropriate decisionmaker, are likely to call for entirely distinct inquiries, and it seems plausible to say that the former may be so intertwined with the need to obtain foreign-source evidence, and with the need to assess foreign law, that it may become prudent to defer the decision to a foreign court.But by contrast the Second Circuit's latest venture into the area, in Figueiredo Ferraz, is astonishing: Here the court deferred the enforcement of a Peruvian award on the basis of the "public interest factors" called for in the usual forum non conveniens analysis --- and these "factors" did not refer in any way to any supposed difficulties a U.S. court might face in establishing the identity of the "proper party." Instead the "public interest" was entirely that of Peru, for Peruvian legislation imposed a limit on what a government agency was permitted to pay annually in satisfaction of a judgment against it. Apparently such "public factors" were closely congruent with considerations of international comity. But none of this even comes close to being an art. V ground for the refusal of recognition and enforcement, and in a Convention case the usual recourse to a court's "discretion" must be foreclosed: While by its terms the Convention may allow a contracting state to enforce awards even where the canonical art. V grounds are present, it extends no leeway whatever to refuse to do so when they are not. Whether on a motion to confirm a Convention award --- or at an earlier stage on a motion to stay litigation or compel arbitration --- a doctrine of forum non conveniens must in the structure of our law have only the most marginal presence. Anything more robust would be in considerable tension with the goals of the Convention to increase the currency of awards by limiting challenges and expediting enforcement. But although forum non must play a slender role of only intermittent interest, it has a role nonetheless, whenever a Convention defense is in play and the identity of the appropriate decisionmaker is in doubt. The trick is to preserve the classic virtues of prudence and restraint and economy of means in adjudication, while at the same time managing to respect the structure of the Convention, and being alert to the policies in support of the arbitral process that the Convention seeks to advance.


In a world in which Americans are tracked on the Internet, tracked through their cell phones, tracked through the apps they purchase, and monitored by hundreds of traffic cameras, privacy is quickly becoming nothing more than a quaint vestige of the past. In a previous article discussing the intersection of technology and the Fourth Amendment, I proposed reframing the issue away from conventional commentary. The Missed Opportunity of United States v. Jones: Commercial Erosion of Fourth Amendment Protection in a Post-Google Earth World, 15 PENN. J. CON. L. 331, 333 (2012). That article posits that society has reached the point about which Justice Blackmun cautioned - the point at which privacy "expectations [have] been 'conditioned' by influences alien to well-recognized Fourth Amendment freedoms." Society finds itself at this juncture not because of governmental conditioning, as Justice Blackmun warned, but because of a concept the article defined as "commercial conditioning." That proposal called for a legislative requirement that an individual opt into such information disclosure before such a disclosure could be made. This article further develops the concept of "commercial conditioning," and explores not a legislative solution, but possible judicial responses to the growing reality of private commercial entities eroding privacy expectations and thereby expanding governmental power. This article seeks to guide the judiciary in analyzing evidence containing certain private information obtained by the government from these commercial entities. Such evidence should be afforded some of the procedural protections of the Fourth Amendment when the government accesses it - a protection not currently available to this private information. The Fourth Amendment is designed to protect individuals from government intrusion into private aspects of their lives. The Third Party and Assumption of Risk doctrines are designed to preclude individuals who never intended their actions to be private from claiming, after the fact, that they were private. However, as technology has developed, commercial entities have created a world in which the Fourth Amendment cannot protect individuals from government intrusion into their lives. Through their commercial conditioning of society, commercial entities have made it impossible to assert a Fourth Amendment claim in two ways. First they remove information from individuals without their knowledge or voluntary consent. By doing so, these entities preclude individuals from demonstrating subjective expectations of privacy, or expectation that society will find reasonable. Second, when the government later obtains this information, the government hides behind the Third Party Doctrine to justify its possession of the information. In essence the government has successfully circumvented Fourth Amendment protections. The pathway, however, was laid by the commercial entities that facilitate this reality through commercial conditioning. This article explores the implications of commercial conditioning. It further argues that restoration of the protections intended by the Fourth Amendment can be achieved by re-invigorating the voluntary consent aspect to privacy protection found in both the privacy cases as well as the Third Party Doctrine cases. These make clear that information obtained from an individual can come in two forms. The first is that which is voluntarily shared by him. The second is that taken from him. This article argues that courts must recognize that when the government systematically accesses information that was taken from an individual without knowledge or voluntary consent, that individual must be protected.