Community safety emerged as a new approach to tackling and preventing local crime and disorder in the late 1980s and was adopted into mainstream policy by New Labour in the late '90s. Twenty years on, it is important to ask how the community safety agenda has evolved and developed within local crime and disorder prevention strategies. This book provides the first sustained critical and theoretically informed analysis by leading authorities in the field. It explores the strengths and weaknesses of the community safety legacy, posing challenging questions, such as: How and why has community safety policy making become such a contested terrain? What are the different issues at stake for 'provider' vrsus 'consumer' interests in community safety policy? Who are the winners and losers and where are the gaps in community safety policy making? Do new priorities mean that we have seen the rise and now the fall of community safety? The book provides answers to these questions by exploring a wide range of topics relating to community safety policy and practice, including: anti-social behaviour strategies; victims' perspectives on community safety; race, racism and policing; safety and social exclusion; domestic violence; substance misuse; community policing; and organised crime. "Community Safety" is primarily aimed at academics and students working in the areas of criminology and local policy making. However, it will also be of interest to community safety and crime prevention practitioners who need to have a critical understanding of the development and likely future direction of community safety programmes.


Reliable exploitation of software vulnerabilities has continued to become more difficult as formidable mitigations have been established and are now included by default with most modern operating systems. Future exploitation of software vulnerabilities will rely on either discovering ways to circumvent these mitigations or uncovering flaws that are not adequately protected. Since the majority of the mitigations that exist today lack universal bypass techniques, it has become more fruitful to take the latter approach. It is in this vein that this paper introduces the concept of exploitation properties and describes how they can be used to better understand the exploitability of a system irrespective of a particular vulnerability. Perceived exploitability is of utmost importance to both an attacker and to a defender given the presence of modern mitigations. The ANI vulnerability (MS07017) is used to help illustrate these points by acting as a simple example of a vulnerability that may have been more easily identified as code that should have received additional scrutiny by taking exploitation properties into consideration.


This paper investigates how an urban grocery store can be tailored to fit into an urban context and adapt to the urban consumer. In approaching this research, the researcher observed two successful urban grocery stores in medium sized cities in North Carolina and compared the visual evidence to previous research of grocery scholars. The investigation looks at the urban grocery store as an essential feature of a successful revitalized downtown. The stores selected for this research are located in Charlotte and Raleigh, NC. These urban stores have clearly set themselves apart from their competitive suburban grocery stores by tailoring their store circulation, department location, display fixtures, lighting, and overall ambiance of the store. The decor and music of the two urban stores were also examined in the visual analysis process. The researcher conducted a visual study by collecting field notes and used photo-documentation of the two urban stores, then analyzed the grocery stores' exterior and interior architecture. The findings were then compared to what previous grocery scholars outlined as the traits of an urban grocery store. A pattern emerged during the analysis process, which confirmed existing theories. The gaps in the research were filled by looking at the visual evidence of these two urban stores. The researcher found that most of the characteristics that make an urban grocery store successful were implemented in the two urban stores. The stores were similar in their location, target clientele, architecture, and store layout. The two stores are both located on desirable urban sites that are convenient to other downtown amenities. They also target the same customers who are usually high-income singles, young professionals and empty nesters. Both stores blend their exterior architectural features with surrounding buildings, and the store layouts fit with the needs of the community. This thesis has clarified what characteristics are desired of the urban grocery store in order to be accepted in an urban environment and how the store's existence could contribute to downtown revitalization efforts.


We have long lacked basic information concerning what proportion of trademark applications submitted to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) result in publication in the Official Gazette and in registration. Working from a previously unstudied dataset observing each of the some five million trademark registration applications submitted to the PTO from 1981 through 2010, this brief symposium contribution seeks to fill this gap in our knowledge. It reports and analyzes trademark application publication and registration rates at the PTO along a variety of dimensions, including by the year and filing basis of the application, by the type of mark that is the subject of the application and the category of goods or services with which the mark is associated, by the type and country of origin of the commercial entity applying for registration, and by the final status of applications that failed to survive to publication or registration. The article finds, in particular, that the publication rate for all applications filed from 1981 through 2007 was .76 and remained reasonably steady over the course of that period. The registration rate for all applications from 1981 to the November 16, 1989 effective date of Trademark Law Revision Act, which introduced the Intent to Use (ITU) filing basis, was .77. For all applications thereafter to 2007, the overall registration rate dropped to .53, largely as a result of ITU applications that failed to show use. The article speculates on why overall publication rates are significantly higher than 50 percent and why overall registration rates are strikingly close to 50 percent.


In recent years the detailed study of the construction of constant weight codes has been extended from length at most 28 to lengths less than 64. Andries Brouwer maintains web pages with tables of the best known constant weight codes of these lengths. In many cases the codes have more codewords than the best code in the literature, and are not particularly easy to improve. Many of the codes are constructed using a specified permutation group as automorphism group. The groups used include cyclic, quasi-cyclic, affine general linear groups etc. sometimes with fixed points. The precise rationale for the choice of groups is not clear. In this paper the choice of groups is made systematic by the use of the classification of primitive permutation groups. Together with several improved techniques for finding a maximum clique, this has led to the construction of 39 improved constant weight codes.


Witty, compelling, and shrewd, Mansfield's Book of Manly Men is about resurrecting your inborn, timeless, essential, masculine self. The Western world is in a crisis of discarded honor, dubious integrity, and faux manliness. It is time to recover what we have lost. Stephen Mansfield shows us the way. Working with timeless maxims and stirring examples of manhood from ages past, Mansfield issues a trumpet call of manliness fit for our times. "My goal in this book is simple," he says. "I want to identify what a genuine man does-the virtues, the habits, the disciplines, the duties, the actions of true manhood-and then call men to do it."


Doug Rauch, the former president of grocery store chain Trader Joe's, had long been troubled by the amount of food, especially fresh and healthy produce, which was wasted in the food system. Simultaneously, he was frustrated by the paradox he saw in the U.S. food system: rising food insecurity, broadly defined as a lack of access to enough food to fully meet basic needs at all times, concurrent with an obesity epidemic, suggesting that low-income communities lacked access not just to food in general, but to healthy foods in particular. Rauch believed he could build a non-profit grocery store model that took advantage of grocery stores' built-in waste and channeled that wasted food to be resold at a significant discount. Rauch faced significant challenges in the implementation and execution of his plan, notably legal hurdles related to selling products past their expiration date, marketing challenges, and convincing grocers to partner with him to combat waste. He had to carefully select a partner from a number of interested parties. Finally, he would need to change shopping, eating, and cooking behaviors of a community. In doing so, he hoped to leave a lasting positive health impact and a scalable model for change across the United States.Learning Objective: Look at new solutions to food policy and obesity issues in the U.S. Examine creative business models and partnerships. Look at private sector's role in solving large societal problems such as obesity and lack of access to healthy foods. Examine business models, logistics, and planning for unique food retail operation. Examine current food retail model and inherent inefficiencies. Identify synergies and alignment in partnerships that will allow for good relationships and also red flags in partnerships that will likely make success hard to achieve. Discuss the benefits and restrictions of a mission-driven operation, especially in the retail context.


Neurons and Features.- Ultra-Rapid Scene Categorization with a Wave of Spikes.- A Biologically Motivated Scheme for Robust Junction Detection.- Iterative Tuning of Simple Cells for Contrast Invariant Edge Enhancement.- How the Spatial Filters of Area V1 Can Be Used for a Nearly Ideal Edge Detection.- Improved Contour Detection by Non-classical Receptive Field Inhibition.- Contour Detection by Synchronization of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons.- Reading Speed and Superiority of Right Visual Field on Foveated Vision.- A Model of Contour Integration in Early Visual Cortex.- Computational Cortical Cell Models for Continuity and Texture.- A Neural Model of Human Texture Processing: Texture Segmentation vs. Visual Search.- Unsupervised Image Segmentation Using a Colony of Cooperating Ants.- Image Reconstruction from Gabor Magnitudes.- A Binocular Stereo Algorithm for Log-Polar Foveated Systems.- Rotation-Invariant Optical Flow by Gaze-Depended Retino-Cortical Mapping.- An Analysis of the Motion Signal Distributions Emerging from Locomotion through a Natural Environment.- Motion.- Prototypes of Biological Movements in Brains and Machines.- Insect-Inspired Estimation of Self-Motion.- Tracking through Optical Snow.- On Computing Visual Flows with Boundaries: The Case of Shading and Edges.- Biological Motion of Speech.- Mid-Level Vision.- Object Perception: Generative Image Models and Bayesian Inference.- The Role of Propagation and Medial Geometry in Human Vision.- Ecological Statistics of Contour Grouping.- Statistics of Second Order Multi-modal Feature Events and Their Exploitation in Biological and Artificial Visual Systems.- Recognition -From Scenes to Neurons.- Qualitative Representations for Recognition.- Scene-Centered Description from Spatial Envelope Properties.- Visual Categorization: How the Monkey Brain Does It.- A New Approach towards Vision Suggested by Biologically Realistic Neural Microcircuit Models.- Interpreting LOC Cell Responses.- Neural Mechanisms of Visual Flow Integration and Segregation -Insights from the Pinna-Brelsta. Illusion and Variations of It.- Reconstruction of Subjective Surfaces from Occlusion Cues.- Extraction of Object Representations from Stereo Image Sequences Utilizing Statistical and Deterministic Regularities in Visual Data.- A Method of Extracting Objects of Interest with Possible Broad Application in Computer Vision.- Medical Ultrasound Image Similarity Measurement by Human Visual System (HVS) Modelling.- Seeing People in the Dark: Face Recognition in Infrared Images.- Modeling Insect Compound Eyes: Space-Variant Spherical Vision.- Facial and Eye Gaze Detection.- 1-Click Learning of Object Models for Recognition.- On the Role of Object-Specific Features for Real World Object Recognition in Biological Vision.- Object Detection in Natural Scenes by Feedback.- Stochastic Guided Search Model for Search Asymmetries in Visual Search Tasks.- Biologically Inspired Saliency Map Model for Bottom-up Visual Attention.- Hierarchical Selectivity for Object-Based Visual Attention.- Attention.- Attending to Motion: Localizing and Classifying Motion Patterns in Image Sequences.- A Goal Oriented Attention Guidance Model.- Visual Attention Using Game Theory.- Attentional Selection for Object Recognition - A Gentle Way.- Audio-Oculomotor Transformation.- Gender Classification of Human Faces.- Face Reconstruction from Partial Information Based on a Morphable Face Model.- Dynamics of Face Categorization.- Recognizing Expressions by Direct Estimation of the Parameters of a Pixel Morphable Model.- Modeling of Movement Sequences Based on Hierarchical Spatial-Temporal Correspondence of Movement Primitives.- Automatic Synthesis of Sequences of Human Movements by Linear Combination of Learned Example Patterns.- An Adaptive Hierarchical Model of the Ventral Visual Pathway Implemented on a Mobile Robot.- A New Robotics Platform for Neuromorphic Vision: Beobots.- Learning to Act on Objects.- Egocentric Direction and the Visual Guidance of Robot Locomotion Background, Theory and Implementation.- Evolving Vision-Based Flying Robots.- Object Detection and Classification for Outdoor Walking Guidance System.- Understanding Human Behaviors Based on Eye-Head-Hand Coordination.- Vision-Based Homing with a Panoramic Stereo Sensor.- Cognitive Vision.- Unsupervised Learning of Visual Structure.- Role of Featural and Configural Information in Familiar and Unfamiliar Face Recognition.- View-Based Recognition of Faces in Man and Machine: Re-visiting Inter-extra-Ortho.


Antitrust observers and football fans alike awaited the Supreme Court's decision in American Needle v. National Football League for months – inspiring over a dozen articles, and even one from the quarterback of the defending champion New Orleans Saints. Yet the implications of the Court's decision, effectively narrowing the scope of the "intra-enterprise immunity" doctrine to firms with a complete "unity of interests," are unclear. While some depict the decision as a schism from the last several decades of antitrust law, we explain why this interpretation is meritless and discuss the practical impact of the Court's holding. The Court's antitrust jurisprudence over the past several decades, including that of the Roberts Court and American Needle, has broadly embraced rules that are both relatively easy to administer as well as conscious of the error costs of deterring pro-competitive conduct. Intra-enterprise immunity potentially provided such a "filter" that enabled judges to dismiss a non-trivial subset of meritless claims prior to costly discovery. The doctrine, however, proved notoriously difficult to consistently apply in situations involving common organizational structures. Consistent with error-cost principles that have been the lodestar of the Court's recent antitrust output, American Needle gave the Court an opportunity to effectively abandon intra-enterprise immunity in favor of the Twombly "plausibility" standard. Rather than marking a drastic change in antitrust jurisprudence, therefore, American Needle should be viewed as the Supreme Court substituting an unreliable screening mechanism in favor of a more cost-effective alternative.


We present a system that composes a realistic picture from a simple freehand sketch annotated with text labels. The composed picture is generated by seamlessly stitching several photographs in agreement with the sketch and text labels; these are found by searching the Internet. Although online image search generates many inappropriate results, our system is able to automatically select suitable photographs to generate a high quality composition, using a filtering scheme to exclude undesirable images. We also provide a novel image blending algorithm to allow seamless image composition. Each blending result is given a numeric score, allowing us to find an optimal combination of discovered images. Experimental results show the method is very successful; we also evaluate our system using the results from two user studies.


As part of its overall strategy to meet its energy goals, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) partnered with the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to rapidly demonstrate and deploy cost-effective renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. This project was one of several demonstrations of new or underutilized commercial energy technologies. The common goal was to demonstrate and measure the performance and economic benefit of the system while monitoring any ancillary impacts to related standards of service and operation and maintenance (O&M) practices. In short, demonstrations at naval facilities simultaneously evaluate the benefits and compatibility of the technology with the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) mission, and with NAVFAC's design, construction, operations, and maintenance practices, in particular. This project demonstrated the performance of commercially available advanced power strips (APSs) for plug load energy reductions in building A4 at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH), Hawaii.


Summary Isolated GH deficiency type IA (IGHDIA) is an infrequent cause of severe congenital GHD, often managed by pediatric endocrinologists, and hence few cases in adulthood have been reported. Herein, we describe the clinical status of a 56-year-old male with IGHDIA due to a 6.7 kb deletion in GH1 gene that encodes GH, located on chromosome 17. We also describe phenotypic and biochemical parameters, as well as characterization of anti-GH antibodies after a new attempt made to treat with GH. The height of the adult patient was 123 cm. He presented with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, and low physical and psychological performance, compatible with GHD symptomatology. Anti-GH antibodies in high titers and with binding activity (>101 IU/ml) were found 50 years after exposure to exogenous GH, and their levels increased significantly (>200 U/ml) after a 3-month course of 0.2 mg/day recombinant human GH (rhGH) treatment. Higher doses of rhGH (1 mg daily) did not overcome the blockade, and no change in undetectable IGF1 levels was observed (<25 ng/ml). IGHDIA patients need lifelong medical surveillance, focusing mainly on metabolic disturbances, bone status, cardiovascular disease, and psychological support. Multifactorial conventional therapy focusing on each issue is recommended, as anti-GH antibodies may inactivate specific treatment with exogenous GH. After consideration of potential adverse effects, rhIGF1 treatment, even theoretically indicated, has not been considered in our patient yet. Learning points Severe isolated GHD may be caused by mutations in GH1 gene, mainly a 6.7 kb deletion. Appearance of neutralizing anti-GH antibodies upon recombinant GH treatment is a characteristic feature of IGHDIA. Recombinant human IGF1 treatment has been tested in children with IGHDIA with variable results in height and secondary adverse effects, but any occurrence in adult patients has not been reported yet. Metabolic disturbances (diabetes and hyperlipidemia) and osteoporosis should be monitored and properly treated to minimize cardiovascular disease and fracture risk. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging should be repeated in adulthood to detect morphological abnormalities that may have developed with time, as well as pituitary hormones periodically assessed.


Informal place descriptions that are rich in locative expressions can be found in various contexts. The ability to extract locative expressions from such informal place descriptions is at the centre of improving the quality of services, such as interpreting geographical queries and emergency calls. While much attention has been focused on the identification of formal place references (e.g., Rathmines Road) from natural language, people tend to make heavy use of informal place references (e.g., my bedroom). This research addresses the problem by developing a model that is able to automatically identify locative expressions from informal text. Moreover, we study and discover insights of what aspects are helpful in the identification task. Utilising an existing manually annotated corpus, we re-annotate locative expressions and use them as the gold standard. Having the gold standard ready, we take a machine learning approach to the identification task with well-reasoned features based on observation and intuition. Further, we study the impacts of various feature setups on the performance of the model and provide analyses of experiment results. With the best performing feature setup, the model is able to achieve significant increase in performance over the baseline systems.


Preface. 1. Explaining Ethics. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Impact of Science and Engineering. 1.3 The Framework of Ethics. 1.4 Ethics in Professional Life. References. 2. Scientists and Engineers. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Definitions. 2.3 Scientific Disciplines. 2.4 Engineering Disciplines. 2.5 Expert Witness. 2.6 Professionalism. References. 3. The Psychology and Philosophy of Ethics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ethical Responsibilities in Research. 3.3 Ethics in Science and Engineering. 3.4 A Phenomenological Theory of Ethics. 3.5 Conflicts of Interest. References. 4. Education of Scientists and Engineers. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The High School Experience. 4.3 The Baccalaureate Experience. 4.4 The Graduate Degree Experience. 4.5 Postdoctoral Education. 4.6 Morals and Values. 4.7 Evaluating Scientists and Engineers. 4.8 Intellectual Property. References. 5. Scientific and Engineering Societies. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Scientific Societies. 5.3 Engineering Societies. 5.4 Codes of Ethics and Ethical Standards. 5.5 Promoting Research Integrity. 5.6 The Effectiveness of Society Activities. 5.7 Academic Freedom. References. 6. Codes of Ethics and Ethical Standards. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Ethics. 6.3 Codes of Ethics. 6.4 The Premise Behind Codes of Ethics. 6.5 Codes of Ethics and Peer Reviews. References. 7. Integrity in Research. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Nature and Conduct of Research. 7.3 Collecting Research Data. 7.4 The Controls. References. 8. Publication and Communication. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Scientific and Engineering Literature. 8.3 The Journals. 8.4 Data Manipulation for Publication. 8.5 Detecting Falsified Data. 8.6 Peer Reviewers and Their Duties. 8.7 Duties and Responsibilities of a Journal Editor. References. 9. Enforcement of Codes of Ethics. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Following a Code of Ethics. 9.3 Enforcing a Code of Ethics 9.4 Reporting Misconduct. 9.5 Published Examples of Unethical Behavior. References. Glossary. Index.


Despite considerable advances in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-risk identification and prevention over the past 20 years, the annual incidence of ACL injury has continued to rise, and females remain at greater risk of both primary and secondary ACL injury. Important questions remain regarding ancillary risk factors we should target, the most effective training and rehabilitation approaches to ensure retention and transfer of learned skills from the rehabilitation setting to real-world sporting environment, and the development of more evidence-based criteria for return to sport that consider the whole athlete. As we look to the future, the optimization of primary and secondary ACL-injury prevention represents a complex, multidisciplinary problem with many unique and exciting opportunities to engage the various subdisciplines of kinesiology to address these emerging questions.


The concept of the migration system, first popularised in the 1970s, has remained a staple component of any review of migration theory. Since then, it has been cast somewhat adrift from its conceptual moorings; today in the literature migration systems are generally either conflated with migrant networks or elevated to the heights of macro-level abstraction which divorces them from any empirical basis. At the same time, by taking on board more sophisticated notions of agency, emergence, and social mechanisms, the broader concept of the social system has moved on from the rather discredited structural-functionalist marina where it was first launched. In recent years, having been rejected by many social theorists, the social system has been subject to major reconstruction prior to its re-launch as a respectable and valuable area of social enquiry. This paper argues that, for the most part, these developments in systems theory have been ignored by those applying the concept of systems to the analysis of migration. It addresses the question of how the concept of the migration system can be reformulated in the light of these theoretical advances and what implications this may have for our research and analysis.


This article uses Justice Blackmun's personal papers and other primary sources to argue for a re-interpretation of how the relationship between law and medicine affected the Supreme Court's treatment of abortion. The conventional wisdom has been that Blackmun framed the abortion right in Roe v Wade as belonging as much to the physician as to the pregnant woman largely because of his close personal identification with doctors, growing out of his experiences as resident counsel at the Mayo Clinic. I argue that this widely-held belief has hidden a richer and more complex relationship between legal and medical discourse. Both in Roe and in the earlier case of United States v. Vuitch, the Court constructed medicine as a mythically independent, parallel realm to the state. In the early abortion cases, the Court was engaged in a delegation of power, a move designed not so much to shield physicians from prosecution as to enlist them in regulation. Privileging Blackmun's authorship and thus tying Roe so closely to Blackmun overestimates his role in crafting the contours of the privacy right. In Roe, Justice Blackmun functioned in large part as a broker between Justice Douglas, who was as attracted as Blackmun to physician control, and Justice Brennan, who pressed for an autonomy framework that vested the right to decide solely in the woman. Blackmun's recently opened papers demonstrate that he was a moderating force among the Justices, seeking at every turn to narrow the decision while still commanding a court, an instinct that he also displayed in Vuitch. The conventional approach also underestimates Justice Blackmun, by reading Roe as fueled by a parochial allegiance to medical institutions. Blackmun did admire the professionalism that he had witnessed at Mayo, but he was pragmatic in his approach to adjudicating cases related to medical practice. He was also well aware that medicine was a business: the bulk of his time at Mayo was spent on tax, corporate, real estate, and licensing issues. After Roe, physicians providing abortions proved to be unreliable partners in the regulation of sexual and procreative norms because they eschewed the paternalistic role carved out for them. An increasingly conservative Court used cutbacks in deference to medical authority as a rhetorical mechanism for weakening the abortion right. This back and forth renegotiation of juridical and medical authority had a far more powerful impact than the influence of Justice Blackmun's years at Mayo.


Unlubricated sliding systems being economic and environmentally benign are already realized in bearings, where dry metal-plastic sliding pairs successfully replace lubricated metal-metal ones. Nowadays, a considerable part of the tribological research concentrates to realize unlubricated elastomer-metal sliding systems, and to extend the application field of lubrication-free slider elements. In this Thesis, characteristics of the dry sliding and friction are investigated for elastomer-metal sliding pairs. In this study ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM) with and without carbon black (CB) filler were used. The filler content of the EPDMs was varied: EPDMs with 0-, 30-, 45- and 60 part per hundred rubber (phr) CB amount were investigated. Quasistatic tension and compression tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were carried out to analyze the static a viscoelastic behavior of the EPDMs. The tribological properties of the EPDMs were investigated using dry roller (metal) – on – plate (rubber) type tests (ROP). During the ROP tests the normal load was varied. The coefficient of friction (COF) and the temperature were registered online during the tests, the loss volumes were determined after certain test durations. The worn surfaces of the rubbers and of the steel counterparts were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the wear mechanisms. Because possible chemical changes may take place during dry sliding due to the elevated contact temperature the chemical composition of the surfaces was also analyzed before and after the tribotests. For the latter investigations X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), sessil drop tests and Raman spectroscopy were used. In addition, the dry sliding tribotests were simulated using finite element (FE) codes for the better understanding of the related wear mechanisms. Finally, as the internal damping effect of the elastomers plays a great role in the sliding wear process, their viscoelasticity has been taken into account. The effect of viscoelasticity was shown on example of rolling friction. To study the rolling COF for the EPDM with 30 phr CB (EPDM 30) an FE model was created which considered the viscoelastic behavior of the rubber during rolling. The results showed that the incorporated CB enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties (both COF and wear rate have been reduced) of the EPDMs. Further on, the CB content of the EPDM influences fundamentally the observed wear mechanisms. The wear characteristics changed also with the applied normal load. In case of the EPDM 30 a rubber tribofilm was found on the steel counterpart when tests were performed at high normal loads. Analysis of the chemical composition of the surfaces before and after the wear tests does not result in notable changes. It was demonstrated, that the FE method is powerful tool to model both, the dry sliding and rolling performances of elastomers.


Rahman, Anisur. Ph.D., Purdue University, December, 2005. Exploring New Channel Materials for Nanoscale CMOS Devices: A Simulation Approach. Major Professor: Mark Lundstrom and Gerhard Klimeck. The improved transport properties of new channel materials, such as Ge and III-V semiconductors, along with new device designs, such as dual gate, tri gate or FinFETs, are expected to enhance the performance of nanoscale CMOS devices. Novel process techniques, such as ALD, high-κ dielectrics, and metal gates are now being used to experimentally explore such devices. New materials in the channel promise reduced series resistance and higher on-currents. The theoretical assessment of such devices is a challenge because bandstructure, arbitrary wafer orientation, quantum effects and electrostatics must all be treated. In the first part of this work, a general theoretical approach for the quantum mechanical simulation of n-MOSFETs within the Non Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism is introduced, and its application is demonstrated by performing a scaling study for the end of the ITRS Ge device. In the second part of this work, a systematic analysis of the bandstructure effects in deeply scaled nand pMOSFETs with Si, Ge, GaAs and InAs channel is performed. Here, a 20 orbital sp3d5s∗-SO tight-binding model and a top-of-thebarrier quasi-2D ballistic transport model have revealed important trends in deeply scaled new channel material devices.


A comprehensive literature study on road durability has indicated that the aging susceptibility of bituminous binders in surface layer is a key parameter determining the life time of an asphalt pavement. To simulate bitumen aging in laboratory, several test methods are currently used, including RTFOT, PAV, and RCAT (Rotating Cylinder Aging Test). In this paper, the aging of bituminous binders (unmodified and SBS polymer modified) were studied using (i) RTFOT, followed by PAV at 100°C for 8 to 48h; (ii) RTFOT, followed by PAV at 75°C for 48 to 220h; and (iii) RCAT at 163°C for 4h, then continued at 90°C for 17 to 140h. For field core sampling, several roads of different ages were selected from the Swedish LTPP (Long Term Pavement Performance) database. The study showed that RCAT at 163°C/4h, proposed as a short-term aging test, was similar to RTFOT. The long-term aging tests PAV (100°C, 20h), PAV (75°C, 120h) and RCAT (90°C, 140h) were also more or less equivalent when applied to unmodified bitumens. However, for polymer modified bitumen, these tests were significantly different with respect to the resulted aging kinetics. As regards aging in the field, it was found that after 10 – 30 years service on the road, the extracted bitumens displayed a relatively low degree of age-hardening, to which equivalent laboratory aging durations were much shorter than that being standardized or proposed. The low degree of field aging may be attributed to low air voids in the asphalt mixtures and/or prevention of bitumen oxidation by surface sealing or overlaying. Field aging also considerably differed from laboratory aging in terms of the formation of sulfoxides and carbonyl functionalities in bitumen. Compared to the laboratory aging, much higher level of sulfoxides but lower level of carbonyls was found for the binders aged in the field. This suggests that oxidation mechanisms in the field may not be the same as in the laboratory aging tests.


The central figure of this novel is a young man whose parents were executed for conspiring to steal atomic secrets for Russia. His name is Daniel Isaacson, and as the story opens, his parents have been dead for many years. He has had a long time to adjust to their deaths. He has not adjusted. Out of the shambles of his childhood, he has constructed a new life-- marriage to an adoring girl who gives him a son of his own, and a career in scholarship. It is a life that enrages him. In the silence of the library at Columbia University, where he is supposedly writing a Ph.D. dissertation, Daniel composes something quite different. It is a confession of his most intimate relationships-- with his wife, his foster parents, and his kid sister Susan, whose own radicalism so reproaches him. It is a book of memories: riding a bus with his parents to the ill-fated Paul Robeson concert in Peekskill; watching the FBI take his father away; appearing with Susan at rallies protesting their parents' innocence; visiting his mother and father in the Death House. It is a book of investigation: transcribing Daniel' s interviews with people who knew his parents, or who knew about them; and logging his strange researches and discoveries in the library stacks. It is a book of judgments of everyone involved in the case-- lawyers, police, informers, friends, and the Isaacson family itself. It is a book rich in characters, from elderly grand- mothers of immigrant culture, to covert radicals of the McCarthy era, to hippie marchers on the Pen-tagon. It is a book that spans the quarter-century of American life since World War II. It is a book about the natureof Left politics in this country-- its sacrificial rites, its peculiar cruelties, its humility, its bitterness. It is a book about some of the beautiful and terrible feelings of childhood. It is about the nature of guilt and innocence, and about the relations of people to nations. It is "The Book of Daniel," "From the Hardcover edition."


Abstract Environmental education can be a catalyst for sustainable development in local communities as long as it is recognised that communities have different challenges and needs. From a perspective of social change and sustainable development, environmental education can be broadly defined as the process that enables students and teachers to participate in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of educational activities aimed at resolving an environmental issue that they themselves have identified. What an 'environmental issue' is, then, depends on the perceptions and earlier experiences of the learner as well as the context in which education takes place. An illustration of such a participatory approach to environmental education is provided by the case of Pistons Middle School in Detroit, Michigan where teachers, students and outside facilitators combined action research and community problem solving.


Formate, a simple organic acid known to support chemotrophic hyperthermophiles, is found in hot springs of varying temperature and pH. However, it is not yet known how metabolic strategies that use formate could contribute to primary productivity in hydrothermal ecosystems. In an effort to provide a quantitative framework for assessing the role of formate metabolism, concentration data for dissolved formate and many other solutes in samples from Yellowstone hot springs were used, together with data for coexisting gas compositions, to evaluate the overall Gibbs energy for many reactions involving formate oxidation or reduction. The result is the first rigorous thermodynamic assessment of reactions involving formate oxidation to bicarbonate and reduction to methane coupled with various forms of iron, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen for hydrothermal ecosystems. We conclude that there are a limited number of reactions that can yield energy through formate reduction, in contrast to numerous formate oxidation reactions that can yield abundant energy for chemosynthetic microorganisms. Because the energy yields are so high, these results challenge the notion that hydrogen is the primary energy source of chemosynthetic microbes in hydrothermal ecosystems.


In this doctoral thesis, several aspects of neuronal activity in the rat superior olivary complex (SOC), an auditory brainstem structure, were analyzed using optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSD). The thesis is divided into 5 Chapters. Chapter 1 is a general introduction, which gives an overview of the auditory brainstem and VSD imaging. In Chapter 2, an optical imaging method for the SOC was standardized, using the VSD RH795. To do so, the following factors were optimized: (1) An extracellular potassium concentration of 5 mM is necessary during the incubation and recording to observe synaptically evoked responses in the SOC. (2) Employing different power supplies reduced the noise. (3) Averaging of 10 subsequent trials yielded a better signal-to-noise ratio. (4) RH795 of 100 µM with 50 min prewash was optimal to image SOC slices for more than one hour. (5) Stimulus-evoked optical signals were TTX sensitive, revealing action potential-driven input. (6) Synaptically evoked optical signals were characterized to be composed of pre- and postsynaptic components. (7) Optical signals were well correlated with anatomical structures. Overall, this method allows the comparative measurement of electrical activity of cell ensembles with high spatio-temporal resolution. In Chapter 3, the nature of functional inputs to the lateral superior olive (LSO), the medial superior olive (MSO), and the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN) were analyzed using the glycine receptor blocker strychnine and the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker CNQX. In the LSO, the known glutamatergic inputs from the ipsilateral, and the glycinergic inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral sides, were confirmed. Furthermore, a CNQX-sensitive input from the contralateral was identified. In the MSO, the glutamatergic and glycinergic inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral sides were corroborated. In the SPN, besides the known glycinergic input from the contralateral, I found a glycinergic input from the ipsilateral and I also identified CNQX-sensitive inputs from the contralateral and ipsilateral sides. Together, my results thus corroborate findings obtained with different preparations and methods, and provide additional information on the pharmacological nature of the inputs. In Chapter 4, the development of glycinergic inhibition for the LSO, the MSO, the SPN, and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) was studied by characterizing the polarity of strychnine-sensitive responses. In the LSO, the high frequency region displayed a shift in the polarity at P4, whereas the low frequency region displayed at P6. In the MSO, both the regions displayed the shift at P5. The SPN displayed a shift in the polarity at E18-20 without any regional differences. The MNTB lacked a shift between P3-10. Together, these results demonstrate a differential timing in the development of glycinergic inhibition in these nuclei. In Chapter 5, the role of the MSO in processing bilateral time differences (t) was investigated. This was done by stimulating ipsilateral and contralateral inputs to the MSO with different t values. In preliminary experiments, the postsynaptic responses showed a differential pattern in the spread of activity upon different t values. This data demonstrates a possible presence of delay lines as proposed by Jeffress in the interaural time difference model of sound localization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the usage of VSD imaging to analyze the neuronal activity in auditory brainstem slices. Moreover, this study expands the knowledge of the inputs to the SOC, and has identified one glycinergic and three AMPA/kainate glutamatergic novel inputs to the SOC nuclei.


Learning to conduct good qualitative research passes beyond the acquisition of research knowledge and technical skill. A variety of attributes and abilities are important in the research process such as creativity, flexibility, and inquisitiveness, among others. Quality in qualitative research also requires the development and practice of specific habits. Such habits are likely a taken-for-granted aspect of qualitative inquiry for seasoned researchers; they might not be as obvious for less experienced researchers or students. In this article the author examines the role of habits in and on the practice of qualitative research. To illustrate this topic, he examines how researcher habits can influence the pacing of an inquiry. Qualitative research requires the learned practice of active waiting: striking a balance throughout a research project between moving forward and advancing the research process and, on the other hand, allowing adequate time for the full development of each aspect of the research.


Abstract. New observations of the vertically integrated CO2 mixing ratio, ⟨CO2⟩, from ground-based remote sensing show that variations in CO2⟩ are primarily determined by large-scale flux patterns. They therefore provide fundamentally different information than observations made within the boundary layer, which reflect the combined influence of large-scale and local fluxes. Observations of both ⟨CO2⟩ and CO2 concentrations in the free troposphere show that large-scale spatial gradients induce synoptic-scale temporal variations in ⟨CO2⟩ in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes through horizontal advection. Rather than obscure the signature of surface fluxes on atmospheric CO2, these synoptic-scale variations provide useful information that can be used to reveal the meridional flux distribution. We estimate the meridional gradient in ⟨CO2⟩ from covariations in ⟨CO2⟩ and potential temperature, θ, a dynamical tracer, on synoptic timescales to evaluate surface flux estimates commonly used in carbon cycle models. We find that simulations using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) biospheric fluxes underestimate both the ⟨CO2⟩ seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and the meridional gradient during the growing season. Simulations using CASA net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with increased and phase-shifted boreal fluxes better fit the observations. Our simulations suggest that climatological mean CASA fluxes underestimate boreal growing season NEE (between 45–65° N) by ~40%. We describe the implications for this large seasonal exchange on inference of the net Northern Hemisphere terrestrial carbon sink.


Robot arms are one of many assistive technologies used by people with motor impairments. Assistive robot arms can allow people to perform activities of daily living (ADL) involving grasping and manipulating objects in their environment without the assistance of caregivers. Suitable input devices (e.g., joysticks) mostly have two Degrees of Freedom (DoF), while most assistive robot arms have six or more. This results in time-consuming and cognitively demanding mode switches to change the mapping of DoFs to control the robot. One option to decrease the difficulty of controlling a high-DoF assistive robot arm using a low-DoF input device is to assign different combinations of movement-DoFs to the device's input DoFs depending on the current situation (adaptive control). To explore this method of control, we designed two adaptive control methods for a realistic virtual 3D environment. We evaluated our methods against a commonly used non-adaptive control method that requires the user to switch controls manually. This was conducted in a simulated remote study that used Virtual Reality and involved 39 non-disabled participants. Our results show that the number of mode switches necessary to complete a simple pick-and-place task decreases significantly when using an adaptive control type. In contrast, the task completion time and workload stay the same. A thematic analysis of qualitative feedback of our participants suggests that a longer period of training could further improve the performance of adaptive control methods.


This article deals with the question if and how far religious points of view and messages of churches involved matter in the analysis of the roots of the present global economic crisis, and even more in the discussion about how to overcome the crisis itself. Economic experts such as Stiglitz point to the presence of factors such as greed, fear and utmost selfish behaviour. It inevitably leads to the ethical, but in fact also the religious question of how far people, especially economic agents, can go in the pursuit of their own economic interests without doing harm to others. Jesus asked his disciples to follow him: with Bonhoeffer, we could call that a Way-orientation. Where and how far can a conflict therefore arise between human goal-orientations, on the one hand, and a biblical Way-orientation, on the other hand? And is it indeed relevant when considering our present economic crisis? This article defends the last position, describing some categories (such as the choice of ultimate meaning, the sacro-sanctity of chosen instruments, and the demonisation of opponents) which indicate that the borderline has been passed between responsible and irresponsible goal-orientations. The glorification of greed and the delegation of ultimate power to financial markets indicate that at this moment elements of idolatry (or the obedience to Mammon) are at hand. They are also aggravating the present economic crisis. This implies that returning to the choice for decisive normative Way-orientations in economic life is possibly the only true way out of the present economic crisis.


We aim to clarify the mechanisms of acupuncture in treating mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thirty-six right-handed subjects (8 MCI patients, 14 AD patients, and 14 healthy elders) participated in this study. Clinical and neuropsychological examinations were performed on all the subjects. MRI data acquisition was performed on a SIEMENS verio 3-Tesla scanner. The fMRI study used a single block experimental design. We first acquired the baseline resting state data in the initial 3 minutes; we then acquired the fMRI data during the procession of acupuncture stimulation on the acupoints of Tai chong and Hegu for the following 3 minutes. Last, we acquired fMRI data for another 10 minutes after the needle was withdrawn. The preprocessing and data analysis were performed using the statistical parametric mapping (SPM8) software. Then the two-sample t-tests were performed between each two groups of different states. We found that during the resting state, brain activities in AD and MCI patients were different from those of control subjects. During the acupuncture and the second resting state after acupuncture, when comparing to resting state, there are several regions showing increased or decreased activities in MCI, AD subjects compared to normal subjects. Most of the regions were involved in the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe, which were closely related to the memory and cognition. In conclusion, we investigated the effect of acupuncture in AD and MCI patients by combing fMRI and traditional acupuncture. Our fMRI study confirmed that acupuncture at Tai chong (Liv3) and He gu (LI4) can activate certain cognitive-related regions in AD and MCI patients.


We study the properties of a logconcavity operator on a symmetric, unimodal subset of finite sequences. In doing so we are able to prove that there is a large unbounded region in this subset that is $\infty$-logconcave. This problem was motivated by the conjecture of Boros and Moll that the binomial coefficients are $\infty$-logconcave.


There are two types of field-effect transistors, the Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET) and the "Metal-Oxide Semiconductor" Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), or Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (IGFET). The principles on which these devices operate (current controlled by an electric field) are very similar — the primary difference being in the methods by which the control element is made. This difference, however, results in a considerable difference in device characteristics and necessitates variances in circuit design, which are discussed in this note.


The paper investigates the labor market and social impacts of the global financial and economic crisis in Asia and the Pacific as well as national policy responses to the crisis. It draws on recent macroeconomic, trade, production, investment, and remittances data to assess the employment and social consequences of the crisis, including falling demand for labor, rising vulnerable and informal employment, and falling incomes and their related pressures on the working poor. The paper provides some projections of the impact on unemployment, vulnerable employment, working poverty, and labor productivity in the region in 2009. It demonstrates that labor market recovery is likely to lag behind output growth, based on the experience of Asian labor markets following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The paper underscores some policy options that are likely to have positive outcomes toward generating employment and boosting aggregate demand, improving social protection and welfare on the basis of decent work principles, and promoting a sound and sustainable economic and labor market recovery.


Peirce, L. Big Nate Makes the Grade . Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC, 2012. Print. Nate Wright is back in another dynamic graphic novel by author and illustrator Lincoln Peirce.   For fans of the series, Big Nate Makes the Grade will not disappoint. Readers will find Nate to posses the same mischievous personality that has made him famous. He still holds the school record for detentions and continues to try and outdo his nemesis at every opportunity. In Big Nate Makes the Grade, readers are treated to Nate's old tricks as he tries to navigate through an entire school year at P.S. 38.  An ensemble of middle school characters like Mrs. Godfrey, Principal Nicholas, custodian Emmitt and Nate's buddies are a comical supporting cast. Lincoln Peirce has been drawing the Big Nate comic strip for the past 20 years. A former high school teacher, Peirce knows all about classroom antics. This experience coupled with his passion for cartooning has led to a successful career as an author/cartoonist. Peirce has adopted the traditional comic book storytelling pattern, with sequences of pictures in a four panel format.  He also uses a spattering of less uniformed pages dispersed throughout the book. These pages aid readers in following the storyline as there are no chapter breaks. The purposeful use of font by Peirce supports the humorous overtone of the text and conventional black and white sketches capture the full range of emotion. It would be remiss if I did not mention the misleading nature of the cover. Nate does not in fact receive an A+ on a test at any point throughout the book.  Cautionary note: some of the humour belittles others (name calling etc.). This is a book that will appeal to young readers, especially boys or those reluctant to delve into longer texts. For anyone still needing their "Big Nate" fix, check out www.bignatebooks.com ! Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Kelly Boyd Kelly Boyd is a teacher-librarian and Social Studies teacher at Summerside Intermediate School in Summerside, PEI.  She loves to read and sharing this passion with her students is one of the highlights of her job.  She is excited to make selections and recommend books that will hook reluctant readers and open the world of reading to them.


PART ONE: The Writer as Explorer 1. Thinking as a Writer Explore through writing Understand the process of writing Understand the rhetorical situation Analyze your assignment Think about your genre and medium Think about your topic Think about your audience Think about your credibility 2. Reading to Explore Become a critical reader Look with a critical eye Read actively Recognize fallacies Respond as a reader Move from reading to invention 3. Planning Move from a general topic to a writing plan Narrow your topic Write a thesis Make a plan 4. Drafting Draft with strategies in mind Write a zero draft Draft from a working outline Start fast with an engaging title and opening paragraph Develop paragraphs Conclude with strength Link within and across paragraphs 5. Revising Revising and editing Evaluate your draft Respond to others Pay attention to details last Revise using your instructor's comments PART TWO: The Writer as Guide Writing to Reflect 6. Reflections Writing reflections What makes a good reflection How to read reflections Sue Kunitomi Embrey, Some Lines for a Younger Brother ... David Sedaris, Let it Snow Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez, My Hips, My Caceras Rebecca Solnit, Open Door Amy Tan, Mother Tongue How to write a reflection Student example Janine Carter, The Miracle Quilt Projects Writing to Inform 7. Observations Writing observations What makes a good observation How to read observations Mary Roach, Monster in a Ryokan Sandra Tsing Loh, Coming Home to Van Nuys Kellie Schmitt, The Old Man Isn't There Anymore Ansel Adams, Photographs of Japanese-Americans at Manzanar National Park Service, Yellowstone's Geothermal Resources How to write an observation Student example Sarah Cuellar, Playing in Traffic: How Parallel Play Helps Preschool Children "Merge" into Group Play Projects 8. Informative Essays Reporting information What makes good informative writing How to read informative writing Chip Walter, Affairs of the Lips: Why We Kiss Kheehong Song and Allison Cui, Understanding China's Middle Class Robin Dunbar, Gossip Is Good for You World Wildlife Fund, Measuring Human Demand Christopher McCandless, The Heart Disease Test Madeover How to write to inform Student example Lakshmi Kotra, The Life Cycle of Stars Projects Writing to Analyze 9. Rhetorical, Visual, and Literary Analyses Writing to analyze Analyzing text and context Writing a rhetorical analysis Writing a visual analysis Writing a literary analysis How to read analyses Tim Collins, Straight from the Heart David T. Z. Mindich, The Collapse of Big Media: The Young and the Restless Example for analysis: Volkswagen Beetle Example for analysis: Kate Chopin, The Storm Example for analysis: Dagoberto Gilb, Love in LA Student example Quandre Brown, Fender-bender Romance in Dagoberto Gilb's "Love in LA" How to write an analysis Student example Kelsey Turner, Biting the Hands That Feed America Projects Writing Arguments 10. Causal Arguments Writing a causal argument What makes a good causal argument How to read causal arguments Laura Fraser, The French Paradox Emily Raine, Why Should I Be Nice To You? Coffee Shops and the Politics of Good Service Kay S. Hymowitz, The New Girl Order Malcolm Gladwell, Small Change Clay Shirkey, Gin, Television, and Social Surplus Eduardo Porter, The Price of Crossing Borders How to write a causal argument Student example Armandi Tansel, Modern Warfare: Video Games' Link to Real-World Violence Projects 11. Evaluation Arguments Writing an evaluation argument What makes a good evaluation argument How to read evaluation arguments P. J. O'Rourke, The End of the Affair Editorial. The Worst Policy on Campus Bill McKibben, The Only Way to Have a Cow Jane McGonigal, The Four Secrets to Making Our Own Happiness Stephanie Rosenbloom, The Nitpicking Nation How to write an evaluation Student example Jenna Picchi, Organic Foods Should Come Clean Projects 12. Position Arguments Writing a position argument What makes a good position argument How to read position arguments Ted Koppel, Take My Privacy, Please! Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? Mark Winne, When Handouts Keep Coming, the Food Line Never Ends Michael Pollan, Eat Food, Food Defined David Carr, Why Twitter Will Endure James Paul Gee, Games, Not Schools, Are Teaching Kids to Think Buff Daddy Food Cops Bust Cookie Monster How to write a position argument Student example Patrice Conley, Flagrant Foul: The NCAA's Definition of Student Athletes as Amateurs Projects 13. Proposal Arguments Writing a proposal argument What makes a good proposal argument How to read proposal arguments Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence Richard Nixon, Building the Interstate Highway System San Francisco Bicycle Coalition, Connecting the City Glenn Loury, A Nation of Jailers Peter W. Huber, Bound to Burn Chris Packham and Mark Wright, Should Pandas Be Left to Face Extinction? How to write a proposal argument Student example Kim Lee, Let's Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All Projects PART THREE: The Multimodal Writer 14. Thinking Visually Communicate with visuals and words Know when to use images and graphics Take pictures that aren't boring Compose images Create tables, charts, and graphs 15. Designing Documents Start with your readers Use headings and subheadings effectively Design pages Understand typography Create tables, charts, and graphs 16. Delivering Presentations Plan a presentation Design effective visuals Deliver a successful presentation 17. Writing for Online Courses Keep track of online coursework Participate in online discussions Manage online writing 18. Working as a Team Organize a team Brainstorm as a team Work as a team PART FOUR: The Writer as Researcher Guide to Research 19. Planning Research Analyze the research task Ask a question Determine what you need Draft a working thesis 20. Finding Sources Identify the kinds of sources that you need Search using keywords Find sources in databases Find sources on the Web Find multimedia sources Find print sources Create a working bibliography 21. Evaluating Sources Determine the relevance and quality of sources Determine the kind of source Determine if a source is trustworthy Create an annotated bibliography 22. Exploring in the Field Conduct interviews Administer surveys Make observations 23. Writing the Research Project Write a draft Avoid plagiarism Quote sources without plagiarizing Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing Incorporate quotations Incorporate visuals Review your research project 24. MLA Documentation Elements of MLA documentation Entries in the works-cited list In-text citations in MLA style Books in MLA-style works cited Web sources in MLA-style works cited Other sources in MLA-style works cited Visual sources in MLA-style works cited Sample MLA paper Sarah Picchi, It's Time to Shut Down the Identity Theft Racket 25. APA Documentation APA citations In-text citations in APA style Books in APA-Style references list Periodicals in APA-Style references list Web sources in APA-Style references list Other sources in APA-Style references list Sample APA paper Blair Zacharias, Parking Design Recommendations for Publically Funded Commercial Redevelopment Projects Appendixes: A. Writing Essay Exams B. Creating Portfolios


For nearly 60 years--from its uprising against British rule in the 1950s, to the bloody civil war between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in the 1960s, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in the 1970s, and the United Nation's ongoing 30-year effort to reunite the island--the tiny Mediterranean nation of Cyprus has taken a disproportionate share of the international spotlight. And while it has been often in the news, accurate and impartial information on the conflict has been nearly impossible to obtain. In The Cyprus Problem , James Ker-Lindsay--recently appointed as expert advisor to the UN Secretary-General's Special Advisor on Cyprus--offers an incisive, even-handed account of the conflict. Ker-Lindsay covers all aspects of the Cyprus problem, placing it in historical context, addressing the situation as it now stands, and looking toward its possible resolution. The book begins with the origins of the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities as well as the other indigenous communities on the island (Maronites, Latin, Armenians, and Gypsies). Ker-Lindsay then examines the tensions that emerged between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots after independence in 1960 and the complex constitutional provisions and international treaties designed to safeguard the new state. He pays special attention to the Turkish invasion in 1974 and the subsequent efforts by the UN and the international community to reunite Cyprus. The book's final two chapters address a host of pressing issues that divide the two Cypriot communities, including key concerns over property, refugee returns, and the repatriation of settlers. Ker-Lindsay concludes by considering whether partition really is the best solution, as many observers increasingly suggest. Written by a leading expert, The Cyprus Problem brings much needed clarity and understanding to a conflict that has confounded observers and participants alike for decades.


We analyse an algorithm for finding small dominating sets of $2$-in $2$-out directed graphs using a deprioritised algorithm and differential equations. This deprioritised approach determines an a.a.s. upper bound of $0.39856n$ on the size of the smallest dominating set of a random $2$-in $2$-out digraph on $n$ vertices. Direct expectation arguments determine a corresponding lower bound of $0.3495n$.


Suzette Kelo was just trying to rebuild her life when she purchased a falling down Victorian house perched on the waterfront in New London, CT. The house wasn't particularly fancy but with lots of hard work Suzette turned it into a home that was important to her, a home that represented her new found independence. What she didn't know that the City of New London, desperate to revive its flailing economy, wanted to raze her house and the others like it that sat along the waterfront in order to win a lucrative Pfizer pharmaceutical contract that would bring new business into the city. Kelo and 14 neighbors flat out refused to sell, so the city decided to exercise its power of eminent domain to condemn their homes, launching one of the most extraordinary legal cases of our time, a case that ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court. In Little Pink House, award-winning investigative journalist Jeff Benedict takes us behind the scenes of this case - indeed, Suzette Kelo speaks for the first time about all the details of this inspirational true story as 1 woman led the charge to take on corporate America to save her home.


For large, real-world inductive learning problems, the number of training examples often must be limited due to the costs associated with procuring, preparing, and storing the training examples and/or the computational costs associated with learning from them. In such circumstances, one question of practical importance is: if only n training examples can be selected, in what proportion should the classes be represented? In this article we help to answer this question by analyzing, for a fixed training-set size, the relationship between the class distribution of the training data and the performance of classification trees induced from these data. We study twenty-six data sets and, for each, determine the best class distribution for learning. The naturally occurring class distribution is shown to generally perform well when classifier performance is evaluated using undifferentiated error rate (0/1 loss). However, when the area under the ROC curve is used to evaluate classifier performance, a balanced distribution is shown to perform well. Since neither of these choices for class distribution always generates the best-performing classifier, we introduce a "budget-sensitive" progressive sampling algorithm for selecting training examples based on the class associated with each example. An empirical analysis of this algorithm shows that the class distribution of the resulting training set yields classifiers with good (nearly-optimal) classification performance.


In 2010 there was a contest to discover and recognize the economists who foresaw and warned of the crash that came in 2008. Fred Foldvary foretold the crash exceptionally early and exceptionally precisely, writing in a refereed journal article in 1997: "the next major bust, 18 years after the 1990 downturn, will be around 2008, if there is no major interruption such as a global war." Although Foldvary was nominated for the prize by some thirteen separate individuals, his name was excluded by the prize organizers. Instead the prize went to two of the "family" members of the prize organization, and one other person. I compare the predictions by the prize-winning "family" members to the prediction by Foldvary. The ideas represented by Foldvary's research deserve attention.


Recently the Agency Theory is extensively used in the study of government-university relationship in higher education system. The theory expounds the main concept of information asymmetry and goal conflict in the relationship. In this paper these two concepts are used to explain efforts undertaken by the Malaysian Federal Government to improve the quality of higher education and their struggle to reform the funding system in public universities. This move is parallel to the implementation of National Higher Education Strategic Plan Beyond 2020 which was announced in 2007. Interestingly, this study found that public universities in Malaysia are working positively towards materialising the government objectives regardless of the government funding cuts. Indeed, the government initiative to keep track of the universities performances by using the monitoring, controlling and incentives mechanisms have helped reduce the agency problems in the government-university relationship.


In this article the authors report on an approach that they used to enhance their understanding of the complex nature of doctoral supervision by analyzing e-mail communication within a supervisory relationship. Although some scholars have discussed research supervision, empirical research on the subject is limited, and the authors found no published attempts to explore doctoral supervision through the analysis of e-mail communication. The authors analyze correspondence between one doctoral student and two supervisors using discourse analysis influenced by the Foucauldian notion of disciplinary power. The findings revealed the discourses of unity and detachment operating throughout the course of the doctoral relationship. The authors suggest that research students might be no less detached from their supervisors on completion of their studies than at the beginning of their relationship and argue that understanding the discourses of doctoral supervision can enhance the quality and successful outcome of the experience.


This review of literature assessed the use and effect of technology in the K-12 public school setting. Local, state and federal governments annually invest billions of dollars to purchase technology; yet, there is still a great deal of uncertainty and debate about the ability of technology to improve classroom teaching and learning. Several types of technologies are available to enhance student learning in the classroom. Everything from audio and video content to handheld technologies and notebook computing has been used in classrooms, and new WEB 2.0-based technology such as Wikis and Blogs are emerging. While it is impossible for any one researcher to present information for all technologies in use in public classrooms across the United States, the goal of this review is to show what is available, who is in control of the technology and how it can be used in the classroom to enhance the learning process. A primary issue of concern for administrators and policy makers in determining whether or not to implement technology is the lack of statistically significant data indicating the effectiveness of current technologies. While not measured by quantitative analyses of standardized tests, findings suggest that the positive influences of technology integration are revealed through more qualitative research.


This study observes an approach which is known as explorative because it aims to evaluate and examine online media as a tool for e-CRM. In addition, this involves the approach known as iterative also depends on the data, which is qualitative in congestion with observational information. This study builds on the existing literature and theories within customer relationship marketing (CRM). The subfield to CRM, called e-CRM, is further studied the phenomenon of online marketing and online CRM (customer relationship management) in a banking business context. The study builds upon empirical studies of two banks using online banking on a daily basis. The empirical material was collected through face-to-face interviews in order to gain knowledge and understanding of how corporations use e-CRM. Moreover, observations were conducted in order to gain a deeper understanding of how differently e-CRM was used by the two banks, and to see how customers reacted to their initiatives. e-CRM is a new way to interact, it involves rapid interactions that are spread faster and can be visible to anyone using the Internet. It comes along with many challenges as well as great opportunities. It is vital that managers can direct the employees to use online sources and e-CRM in a correct way in accordance with the brand values to avoid contradicting messages. It needs to be used by employees with social competence, as it involves interaction with customers. Organizations need to be involved in e-CRM and online media to be able to influence what people write about the corporation. It is a valuable channel in order to gain customer knowledge and customers' opinions about the business and their offerings. Its also a way to acknowledge complaints and thus be able to handle them. An adequate complaint handling can in turn enhance customer relationships. As e-CRM is a relatively new and constantly evolving phenomenon, it requires curiosity and courage. Further, it can be used to create emotional bonds with customers by providing a personalization.


Spend your time even for only few minutes to read a book. Reading a book will never reduce and waste your time to be useless. Reading, for some people become a need that is to do every day such as spending time for eating. Now, what about you? Do you like to read a book? Now, we will show you a new book enPDFd work is here to stay alas that can be a new way to explore the knowledge. When reading this book, you can get one thing to always remember in every reading time, even step by step.


Book Citations: Authors, Title, HemaSphere, 2023;7(S3):pages. The individual abstract DOIs can be found at https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/pages/default.aspx. Disclaimer: Articles published in the journal HemaSphere exclusively reflect the opinions of the authors. The authors are responsible for all content in their abstracts including accuracy of the facts, statements, citing resources, etc. 4135 was comparable or even higher than healthy donors. This enhanced immunity could be related to the cancerous process and/or to treatment with immunomodulatory drugs such as lenalidomide that may increase the cytotoxic response. HemaSphere | 2023;7(S3) EHA2023 Hybrid Congress Copyright Information: (Online) ISSN: 2572-9241 © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the European Hematology Association. This is an open access Abstract Book distributed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) which allows third parties to download the articles and share them with others as long as they credit the author and the Abstract Book, but they cannot change the content in any way or use them commercially. Abstract Book Citations: Authors, Title, HemaSphere, 2023;7(S3):pages. The individual abstract DOIs can be found at https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/pages/default.aspx.Book Citations: Authors, Title, HemaSphere, 2023;7(S3):pages. The individual abstract DOIs can be found at https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/pages/default.aspx. Disclaimer: Articles published in the journal HemaSphere exclusively reflect the opinions of the authors. The authors are responsible for all content in their abstracts including accuracy of the facts, statements, citing resources, etc. 4136


We present a variation of James Propp's generalized domino shuffling, which provides an efficient way to obtain perfect matchings of weighted Aztec diamonds. Our modification is specially tailored to deal with cases when some of the weights are zero. This allows us to tile efficiently a large class of planar graphs, by embedding them in a large enough Aztec diamond. We also give a sufficient condition on the size of the latter diamond for the algorithm to succeed.


Objective We hypothesized that individuals with a normal foot posture would be less likely to experience patellar tendon pain and pathology than those with a pronated or supinated foot. Design Observational study. Setting Field-based study among competing athletes. Participants Volleyball players competing in the Victorian State League, Australia. Assessment of Risk Factors Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is common in sports involving running and jumping and can severely limit athletes' ability to compete. Several studies have investigated potential etiological factors for the development of PT, but little is known about the association between PT and foot posture. Main Outcome Measures Static foot posture index (FPI), patellar tendon pain during single-leg decline squatting, and gray scale ultrasound imaging were measured in 78 recreational to elite volleyball players (48 men and 30 women). Results Men with patellar tendon pain were more likely to have a normal foot posture and men without pain were more likely to be pronated according to the FPI (P < 0.05). Women showed no association between FPI and pain or imaging (P > 0.05). Conclusions Men with a normal foot posture were more likely to have PT compared to men with a pronated foot type.


period of surpluses shows that it is very difficult to enforce fiscal discipline within the current budget process. Strong tax revenue growth and falling defense spending during the 1990s resulted in a balanced budget in fiscal year 1998 for the first time in 29 years. But budget balance did not last long because Congress has opened the floodgates to rapid defense and nondefense spending increases in recent years. The war on terrorism has given Congress and the administration political cover to further increase the budget and sidestep needed spending tradeoffs. Large deficits may renew interest in budget process reforms to restrain spending. Indeed, in its latest budget the Bush administration proposed creating a new statutory line item veto that would be linked to deficit reduction. In the 1980s and 1990s, there were repeated efforts to impose greater discipline on the budget process by enacting both a line item veto and a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution. A balanced budget amendment with a supermajority requirement to protect against tax increases would be an effective restraint, but it has so far failed to gain the needed political support. Meanwhile, a statutory line item veto was passed in 1996 but was subsequently struck down by the Supreme Court. This study discusses lessons learned from those past reform efforts and proposes a new "balanced budget veto" mechanism. Under this mechanism, the president would be empowered with an item reduction veto only during sessions of Congress following fiscal years with budget deficits. The item reduction veto would provide the president with a tool to cut spending when Congress has failed to do so. Such a veto power, however, would not enshrine balanced budgets as constitutional doctrine. Instead, it would provide Congress an incentive to curb deficits and regain budgetary power that has been temporarily bestowed on the president. Congress would be institutionally penalized for not limiting spending, and presidents would have a bias against raising taxes so as not to lose their veto power. Congress and the administration need to focus on institutional reforms to mend the broken budget process. They should consider adopting a balanced budget veto as a new tool to encourage fiscal responsibility through spending restraint. The Balanced Budget Veto A New Mechanism to Limit Federal Spending


The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of plant extracts (XTRACT 6930), consisting of 5.4% (wt/wt) carvacrol (oregano), 3.2% cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) and 2.2% capsicum oleoresin (Mexican pepper), on piglet and sow performance when used as dietary supplements to the sows. The experiment was performed on 40 sows, divided into two groups (control and experimental) of 20 sows per group. The study was conducted from day 90 of pregnancy until weaning at day 28. The sows in the control group received the basal diet, and the sows in the experimental group (XT group) received the basal diet, supplemented with 100 mg of XTRACT/kg feed. Backfat thickness of the sows at points P2 and P4 was measured on day 90 of pregnancy and at weaning. Milk samples were collected from each sow on day 15 ± 2 of lactation. The backfat thickness of the sows that received the plant extracts was significantly thicker at weaning than that of the controls, showing less loss of backfat during lactation. The lactose content in the milk of the XTRACT group was higher than that of the control. Piglets of the sows supplemented with the plant extract had a significantly higher average daily gain during the suckling period and a higher body weight at weaning. The mortality of piglets during the suckling period was significantly lower in the XTRACT group than in the control group. The results showed that the plant extract supplementation of sows during late pregnancy and lactation had a beneficial effect on the performance of the sows and piglets. Keywords: XTRACT 6930, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, capsicum oleoresin, sows, piglets


The retreat of BE as perfect auxiliary in the history of English is examined. Corpus data are presented showing that the initial advance of HAVE was most closely connected to a restriction against BE in past counterfactuals. Other factors which have been reported to favor the spread of HAVE are either dependent on the counterfactual effect, or significantly weaker in comparison. It is argued that the effect can be traced to the semantics of the BE perfect, which denoted resultativity rather than anteriority proper. Related data from other older Germanic and Romance languages are presented, and finally implications for existing theories of auxiliary selection stemming from the findings presented are discussed.


Rediscovering the Law of Negligence offers a systematic and theoretical exploration of the law of negligence. Its aim is to re-establish the notion that thinking about the law ought to and can proceed on the basis of principle. As such, it is opposed to the prevalent modern view that the various aspects of the law are and must be based on individual policy decisions and that the task of the judge or commentator is to shape the law in terms of the relevant policies as she sees them. The book, then, is an attempt to re-establish the law of negligence as a body of law rather than as a branch of politics.
The book argues that the law of negligence is best understood in terms of a relatively small set of principles enunciated in a small number of leading cases. It further argues that these principles are themselves best seen in terms of an aspect of morality called corrective justice which, when applied to the most important aspects of the law of negligence reveals that the law - even as it now exists - possesses a far greater degree of conceptual unity than is commonly thought. Using this method the author is able to examine familiar aspects of the law of negligence such as the standard of care; the duty of care; remoteness; misfeasance; economic loss; negligent misrepresentation; the liability of public bodies; wrongful conception; nervous shock; the defences of contributory negligence, voluntary assumption of risk, and illegality; causation; and issues concerning proof, to show that when the principles are applied and the idea of corrective justice is properly understood then the law appears both systematic and conceptually satisfactory. The upshot is a rediscovery of the law of negligence.


While human emotions have been researched for decades, designing authentic emotional behavior for non-human characters has received less attention. However, virtual behavior not only affects game design, but also allows creating authentic avatars or robotic companions. After a discussion of methods to model and recognize emotions, we present three characters with a decreasing level of human features and describe how established design techniques can be adapted for such characters. In a study, 220 participants assess these characters' emotional behavior, focusing on the emotion "anger". We want to determine how reliable users can recognize emotional behavior, if characters increasingly do not look and behave like humans. A secondary aim is determining if gender has an impact on the competence in emotion recognition. The findings indicate that there is an area of insecure attribution of virtual affective behavior not distant but close to human behavior. We also found that at least for anger, men and women assess emotional behavior equally well.


While much Internet research focuses on Internet content and usage, another important set of questions exists at a level of technological design and governance orthogonal to content and therefore generally outside of public view. Internet governance scholars, rather than studying Internet usage at the content level, examine what is at stake in the design, administration, and manipulation of the Internet's actual protocological and material architecture. This architecture is not external to politics and culture but, rather, deeply embeds the values and policy decisions that ultimately structure how we access information, how innovation will proceed, and how we exercise individual freedom online. "Governance" in the Internet governance context requires qualification because relevant actors are not only governments. Governance is usually understood as the efforts of nation states and traditional political structures to govern. Sovereign governments do perform certain Internet governance functions such as regulating computer fraud and abuse, performing antitrust oversight, and responding to Internet security threats. Unfortunately, some governments also use content filtering and blocking techniques for surveillance and censorship of citizens. Many other areas of Internet governance, such as Internet protocol design and coordination of critical Internet resources, have historically not been the exclusive purview of governments but of new transnational institutional forms and of private ordering. Without this qualification, the Internet governance nomenclature might incorrectly convey that this type of scholarship somehow advocates for greater government control of the Internet (Johnson, Crawford, and Palfrey 2004).The study of Internet governance is concerned with a number of overarching questions. How are we to understand the role of private Internet ordering and corporate social responsibility in determining communicative contexts of political and cultural expression? How can conflicting values be balanced: for example, the desire for interoperability versus the need to limit some exchanges based on authentication and trust? How should critical Internet resources be allocated, and by whom, to maximize technical efficiency but also achieve social goals? How do repressive governments "govern" the Internet through filtering, blocking, and other restraints on freedom of expression? What is the appropriate relationship between sovereign nation-state governance and nonterritorial modes of Internet governance? What are the connections between Internet protocol design, innovation, and individual civil liberties? To what extent are the problems of Internet governance creating new global governance institutions and what are the implications? Internet governance research brings these important public interest issues to light and produces the theoretical and applied research that influences some of the most critical policy debates of our time. This paper presents a taxonomy for understanding current themes and controversies in Internet governance, presents a canon of interdisciplinary Internet governance scholarship, and identifies some emerging issues that present a moment of opportunity for new research. The following are the current themes this paper describes: critical Internet resources; Internet protocols; Internet governance-related intellectual property rights; Internet security and infrastructure management; and communication rights. Areas in need of additional research involves the increasing privatization of Internet governance, particularly at the level of infrastructure management. Recommended areas for additional study include: 1) private sector backbone peering agreements at Internet exchange points (IXPs); 2) network management via deep packet inspection; and 3) the increasing use of trade secrecy laws in information intermediation.


The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive indication of the Business Demon Value Added Management (BDVAM) as a form of Politics Governance Responsibility (PGR). This paper is to achieve its objectives by reviewing some relevant literature related to the five main areas of Business Demon Value Added Management (BDVAM) i.e revenue management, cost management, resource management, capital investment management, and sustainability. Through the above critical review of the existing literature, this paper on feature five factors that should be met as a condition for the successful practice of BDVAM, namely:(1) the amount of the commitment of business demon as a minority shareholder to suppress the majority shareholder of the company to solve operational problems, financial, political, social and environment with the help of the media, (2) the strength of militarist paradigm adopted by the business demon, (3) the ability of business demon to do coopetition, which is able to provide added value for shareholders and stakeholders, (4) the ability of business demon meet its working capital with an unlimited source of funds, (5) the ability of business demon builds mutual benefits with government bureaucrats and suppliers. From the previous paper discussed more success in the role of business angel in providing added value for the company. This paper focuses on the business demon by introducing five prepositions that can improve the performance of the company. This literature is limited only to answer five fundamental questions: (1) why the business demon success or failure in applying BDVAM? (2) what are the internal and external factors that are needed to qualify at the time of applying BDVAM, (3) how to improve and discrepancies in stock prices, while the growing political rents, interest in working at the company workeri¯s is reduced because of the inability of the business demon? (4) the opinion of the author, which one is better between business demon and business angel in adding value? (5) how to improve the model BDVAM that this model does not become BDVDM (Business Demon Value Destruction Management), where business demon has dominant rols in setting the companyi¯s stock price. The previous paper discussed more on the role of business angel in providing value added and nothing that specifically addresses the business demon who has political connections with government. The first contribution of this paper to the existing literature can be found that the relationship BDVAM with operational performance, financial, political,social and environment is still not widely studied. Second, this paper adds to the literature on entrepreneurial finance in particular how BDVAM could be an alternative strategy for the business demon in the plan will be to invest in the company. Also in this paper introduces Business Demon Value Destruction Management (BDVDM), which is a management concept that states that the business demon success is providing value to the business angel and other shareholder to buy an existing company or merged with other similar companies, as well as influencing stakdeholders to close the company if there is a discrepancy in a process that could harm customers in the long term.


GUIDELINES Viewpoints, pertaining to issues of general interest, are welcome, even if they are not related to items previously published. Viewpoints may present unique techniques, brief technology updates, technical notes, and so on. Viewpoints will be published on a space-available basis because they are typically less timesensitive than Letters and other types of articles. Please note the following criteria: • Text—maximum of 500 words (not including references) • References—maximum of five • Authors—no more than five • Figures/Tables—no more than two figures and/or one table Authors will be listed in the order in which they appear in the submission. Viewpoints should be submitted electronically via PRS' enkwell, at www.editorialmanager.com/ prs/. We strongly encourage authors to submit figures in color. We reserve the right to edit Viewpoints to meet requirements of space and format. Any financial interests relevant to the content must be disclosed. Submission of a Viewpoint constitutes permission for the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and its licensees and assignees to publish it in the Journal and in any other form or medium. The views, opinions, and conclusions expressed in the Viewpoints represent the personal opinions of the individual writers and not those of the publisher, the Editorial Board, or the sponsors of the Journal. Any stated views, opinions, and conclusions do not reflect the policy of any of the sponsoring organizations or of the institutions with which the writer is affiliated, and the publisher, the Editorial Board, and the sponsoring organizations assume no responsibility for the content of such correspondence.


This is a book that students of architecture will want to keep in the studio and in their backpacks. It is also a book they may want to keep out of view of their professors, for it expresses in clear and simple language things that tend to be murky and abstruse in the classroom. These 101 concise lessons in design, drawing, the creative process, and presentation -- from the basics of "How to Draw a Line" to the complexities of color theory -- provide a much-needed primer in architectural literacy, making concrete what too often is left nebulous or open-ended in the architecture curriculum. Each lesson utilizes a two-page format, with a brief explanation and an illustration that can range from diagrammatic to whimsical. The lesson on "How to Draw a Line" is illustrated by examples of good and bad lines; a lesson on the dangers of awkward floor level changes shows the television actor Dick Van Dyke in the midst of a pratfall; a discussion of the proportional differences between traditional and modern buildings features a drawing of a building split neatly in half between the two. Written by an architect and instructor who remembers well the fog of his own student days, 101 Things I Learned in Architecture School provides valuable guideposts for navigating the design studio and other classes in the architecture curriculum. Architecture graduates -- from young designers to experienced practitioners -- will turn to the book as well, for inspiration and a guide back to basics when solving a complex design problem.


Understanding and exploiting the abilities of the human visual system is an important part of the design of usable user interfaces and information visualizations. Designers traditionally learn qualitative rules of thumb for how to enable quick, easy, and veridical perception of their design. More recently, work in human and computer vision has produced more quantitative models of human perception, which take as input arbitrary, complex images of a design. In this article, we ask whether models of perception aid the design process, using our tool DesignEye as a working example of a perceptual tool incorporating such models. Through a series of interactions with designers and design teams, we find that the models can help, but in somewhat unexpected ways. DesignEye was capable of facilitating A/B comparisons between designs, and judgments about the quality of a design. However, overall "goodness" values were not very useful, showed signs of interfering with a natural process of trading off perceptual vs. other design issues, and would likely interfere with acceptance of a perceptual tool by professional designers. Perhaps most surprisingly, DesignEye, by providing in essence a simple visualization of the design, seemed to facilitate communication about not only perceptual aspects of design, but also about design goals and how to achieve those goals. We discuss resulting design principles for making perceptual tools useful in general.


We investigate Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrants' acquisition of the variable (ing), which occurs in progressive tenses, participles, noun phrases, etc., and which can be pronounced [iŋ] or [In]. A VARBRUL 2 program analysis of native speaker speech shows that the production of (ing) is constrained by phonological, grammatical, stylistic, and social factors. An analysis of the nonnative speakers' acquisition of these norms shows that [In] is more frequent before anterior segments (reflecting ease of articulation), and that males use [In] more frequently than females, especially in monitored speech (perhaps reflecting their desire to accommodate to a male native speaker norm rather than to an overall native speaker norm). The analysis also shows evidence of grammatical constraints which are different from those in the native speakers' speech. This difference may reflect the fact that it is easier to acquire the [In] variant in "frozen forms," such as prepositions, than in productive rules.


A sense of community is very important to an individual, as it helps him/her maintain a sense of belongingness and benefit from the availability of social support. While there is a great deal of research regarding how communities are created and maintained, there is still much more to be done. This article describes an informal investigation into peoples' understanding of community, how they found their social niches, and discussions of the similarities found between different interviewees. The initial approach was to compare and contrast two very different cities: Boston and New York, highlighting the impact the environment has on the ability of one to create his/her social group. However, what was found through conversation was that community is less about the location one is embedded in, and more about lifestyle choices.


A view from West Mountain looking ESE, contains the following landmarks: The Hexagon Hotel (1895-1959) in the upper middle of the picture, and the Chautauqua (1905-1912) in the upper right. One block right (south) and one block this side (west) of the Chautauqua is Crazy Flats Drinking Pavilion (burned in 1925). The Sangura- Sprudel Well and Drinking Pavilion is below and left (one block north and one block west) of The Hexagon. The Fairfield Inn is one block plus north and east (left) of the Hexagon and about half way up East Mountain. The Vichy Well (Later known as The Beach and still later as the Standard Well) is on the right, and across the street from the Hexagon. It was later the location of the USO building in World War II, and is now [2006] the North Oak Community Center.