Features encapsulate the domain knowledge of a software system and thus are valuable sources of information for a reverse engineer. When analyzing the evolution of a system, we need to know how and which features were modified to recover both the change intention and its extent, namely which source artifacts are affected. Typically, the implementation of a feature crosscuts a number of source artifacts. To obtain a mapping between features to the source artifacts, we exercise the features and capture their execution traces. However this results in large traces that are difficult to interpret. To tackle this issue we compact the traces into simple sets of source artifacts that participate in a feature's runtime behavior. We refer to these compacted traces as feature views. Within a feature view, we partition the source artifacts into disjoint sets of characterized software entities. The characterization defines the level of participation of a source entity in the features. We then analyze the features over several versions of a system and we plot their evolution to reveal how and hich features were affected by changes in the code. We show the usefulness of our approach by applying it to a case study where we address the problem of merging parallel development tracks of the same system.


Deception is a heavily researched and highly contentious area in the field of modern
psychology. A large emphasis has been placed on deception detection, but little is
known about the individual differences of a successful liar. Machiavellianism and
psychopathy are two traits commonly associated with deceptive behavior (Vrij, 2009).
Past research has demonstrated that individuals scoring high on Machiavelliansim were
harder to judge if they were telling the truth and ultimately more successful at telling
believable lies (Geis & Moon, 1981). These traits pertain to abnormal behavior but lying
is part of everyone's life. Therefore, it is important to examine if normal personality
traits influence successful lying. Machiavellianism is not specifically included in the
FFM but research has demonstrated significant negative correlations with the
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness domains of the FFM (Vrij, 2009). The purpose of
the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality and the ability to
tell a successful lie. The M5-120, which is based on the FFM of personality, was used to
gather information on the participants' personality. Pearson correlations were used to
examine the relationship between personality and successful lying. Findings revealed a
significant relationship between successful lying and the Agreeableness domain. Specifically, the modesty and sympathy facets of the Agreeableness domain were
significantly correlated with successful lying. The relationship between successful lying
and the artistic interests facet of the Openness to Experience domain was also revealed to
be significant. An independent t-test revealed no significant relationship between
successful lying and gender. This study suggests that personality may play a role in the
ability to successfully lie but additional research is needed to confirm this relationship.


We propose a method to realistically insert synthetic objects into existing photographs without requiring access to the scene or any additional scene measurements. With a single image and a small amount of annotation, our method creates a physical model of the scene that is suitable for realistically rendering synthetic objects with diffuse, specular, and even glowing materials while accounting for lighting interactions between the objects and the scene. We demonstrate in a user study that synthetic images produced by our method are confusable with real scenes, even for people who believe they are good at telling the difference. Further, our study shows that our method is competitive with other insertion methods while requiring less scene information. We also collected new illumination and reflectance datasets; renderings produced by our system compare well to ground truth. Our system has applications in the movie and gaming industry, as well as home decorating and user content creation, among others.


The most complete guide to Cisco Catalyst(r) switch network design, operation, and configuration * Master key foundation topics such as high-speed LAN technologies, LAN segmentation, bridging, the Catalyst command-line environment, and VLANs * Improve the performance of your campus network by utilizing effective Cisco Catalyst design, configuration, and troubleshooting techniques * Benefit from the most comprehensive coverage of Spanning-Tree Protocol, including invaluable information on troubleshooting common Spanning Tree problems * Master trunking concepts and applications, including ISL, 802.1Q, LANE, and MPOA * Understand when and how to utilize Layer 3 switching techniques for maximum effect * Understand Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching configuration with the Catalyst 6000 family, including coverage of the powerful MSFC Native IOS Mode Cisco LAN Switchingprovides the most comprehensive coverage of the best methods for designing, utilizing, and deploying LAN switching devices and technologies in a modern campus network. Divided into six parts, this book takes you beyond basic switching concepts by providing an array of proven design models, practical implementation solutions, and troubleshooting strategies. Part I discusses important foundation issues that provide a context for the rest of the book, including Fast and Gigabit Ethernet, routing versus switching, the types of Layer 2 switching, the Catalyst command-line environment, and VLANs. Part II presents the most detailed discussion of Spanning-Tree Protocol in print, including common problems, troubleshooting, and enhancements, such as PortFast, UplinkFast, BackboneFast, and PVST+. Part III examines the critical issue of trunk connections, the links used to carry multiple VLANs through campus networks. Entire chapters are dedicated to LANE and MPOA. Part IV addresses advanced features, such as Layer 3 switching, VTP, and CGMP and IGMP. Part V covers real-world campus design and implementation issues, allowing you to benefit from the collective advice of many LAN switching experts. Part VI discusses issues specific to the Catalyst 6000/6500 family of switches, including the powerful Native IOS Mode of Layer 3 switching. Several features in Cisco LAN Switchingare designed to reinforce concepts covered in the book and to help you prepare for the CCIE exam. In addition to the practical discussion of advanced switching issues, this book also contains case studies that highlight real-world design, implementation, and management issues, as well as chapter-ending review questions and exercises. This book is part of the Cisco CCIE Professional Development Series from Cisco Press, which offers expert-level instruction on network design, deployment, and support methodologies to help networking professionals manage complex networks and prepare for CCIE exams.


In many cities, urban wastelands and vacant structures suddenly metamorphose in exuberant places. After city planners and the real estate market have failed in their initial attempts to develop them, these sites become the setting for clubs and bars, start-up firms and art galleries, migrant economies and informal markets, recreational activities and nightlife. Indeed, it is often precisely here that innovative cultural production and a vibrant public sphere are to be found. The Urban Catalyst research team explored these unplanned temporary uses in five European countries over the course of several years, and did far more than merely analyze their hidden logic. Building on the team's own participation in a number of different projects, Urban Catalyst examines various ways in which city planning can incorporate informal processes and describes important lessons architects and city planners can learn from temporary users. Included are seminal contributions by Azra Aksamija, Kees Christiaanse, Margaret Crawford, Jesko Fezer, Florian Rotzer, Saskia Sassen, and others, as well as key projects from European cities such as Amsterdam, Basel, Berlin, London, Rome and Zagreb.


The nature of higher education is changing in the world today. Rising tuition fees, reduced budgets, and an increasing need for distance education (New Media Consortium, 2007) are pushing educational institutions to reinvestigate how education is delivered. In line with this shifting context, e-learning is being practiced more and more frequently in higher education, providing modern and stimulating occasions for not only educational institutions but also students (Wagner, Hassanein and Head, 2008). Despite the relative benefits of e-learning in higher education, there are some challenges for disorganized, technology concentrated institutions, when attemping to put distance learning courses into practice. This article, therefore, aims at defining the concept of e-learning, providing an overview of e-learning in relation to higher education, expounding types of e-learning, listing benefits and drawbacks of e-learning, summarizing e-learning practices in North Cyprus universities and making recommendations for successful implementation of e-learning in North Cyprus higher education context.


"This paper explores the global prevalence of an emerging phenomenon: the coexistence of a stunted child and an overweight mother in the same household. It also tests whether this phenomenon is associated with a country's level of economic development and urbanization. Policy directions for public nutrition are highlighted. Data from 36 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were used (23 in Africa, 8 in Latin America, and 5 in Asia). Stunting was defined as height-for-age 25 kg/m 2 . World Bank and United Nations figures were used for GNP per capita (our indicator of economic development) and for level of urbanization, respectively. Descriptive statistics were derived, and regression analysis was used to model the association between economic development, urbanization, and the prevalence of stunted children and overweight women (SCOWT). The prevalence of SCOWT is generally below 10 percent, except in four countries, of which three are in Latin America. Among our sample of countries, SCOWT is generally more prevalent in Latin America than in Africa, and is below 5 percent in all five Asian countries. Contrary to our expectations, SCOWT is not necessarily more prevalent in urban than rural areas. In fact, when economic development is controlled for, SCOWT is associated with urbanization only in Latin America. In Africa and Asia, SCOWT is associated with economic development, but not urbanization, which suggests that SCOWT may emerge only at levels of economic development and urbanization higher than currently seen in most of the Asian and African countries studied...." from Authors' Abstract


The Standards for Mathematical Practice describe varieties of expertise that mathematics educators at all levels should seek to develop in their students. These practices rest on important "processes and proficiencies" with longstanding importance in mathematics education. The first of these are the NCTM process standards of problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, representation, and connections. The second are the strands of mathematical proficiency specified in the National Research Council's report Adding It Up: adaptive reasoning, strategic competence, conceptual understanding (comprehension of mathematical concepts, operations and relations), procedural fluency (skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently and appropriately), and productive disposition (habitual inclination to see mathematics as sensible, useful, and worthwhile, coupled with a belief in diligence and one's own efficacy).


A half-length studio portrait of a seated young woman wearing a suit and lace blouse. Taken against a plain background. William John Howship (1874-1932) opened a photography studio business in Nunn Street Benalla in April 1904. He expanded the business by selling small format Kodak cameras and providing a 24 hour film processing service as well as the actual photography work, both studio and outdoor. The collection consists of 1250 dry plate glass negative images created by Howship between 1904 and 1931. Images include views of Benalla and surrounding districts, local events such as floods, concerts and military ceremonies and a large body of portrait work.
Inscription: An illegible name: Miss or Mrs .ville [?] is written on the edge of the negative.
Previous Control Number: UMA/I/5126
Previous Control Number: GPNB/419


Now in its third edition, this classic guide to software requirements engineering has been fully updated with new topics, examples, and guidance. Two leaders in the requirements community have teamed up to deliver a contemporary set of practices covering the full range of requirements development and management activities on software projects. Describes practical, effective, field-tested techniques for managing the requirements engineering process from end to end. Provides examples demonstrating how requirements "good practices" can lead to fewer change requests, higher customer satisfaction, and lower development costs. Fully updated with contemporary examples and many new practices and techniques. Describes how to apply effective requirements practices to agile projects and numerous other special project situations. Targeted to business analysts, developers, project managers, and other software project stakeholders who have a general understanding of the software development process. Shares the insights gleaned from the authors extensive experience delivering hundreds of software-requirements training courses, presentations, and webinars. New chapters are included on specifying data requirements, writing high-quality functional requirements, and requirements reuse. Considerable depth has been added on business requirements, elicitation techniques, and nonfunctional requirements. In addition, new chapters recommend effective requirements practices for various special project situations, including enhancement and replacement, packaged solutions, outsourced, business process automation, analytics and reporting, and embedded and other real-time systems projects.


Given a bowtie decomposition of the complete graph $K_v$ admitting an automorphism group $G$ acting transitively on the vertices of the graph, we give necessary conditions involving the rank of the group and the cycle types of the permutations in $G$. These conditions yield non–existence results for instance when $G$ is the dihedral group of order $2v$, with $v\equiv 1, 9\pmod{12}$, or a group acting transitively on the vertices of $K_9$ and $K_{21}$. Furthermore, we have non–existence for $K_{13}$ when the group $G$ is different from the cyclic group of order $13$ or for $K_{25}$ when the group $G$ is not an abelian group of order $25$. Bowtie decompositions admitting an automorphism group whose action on vertices is sharply transitive, primitive or $1$–rotational, respectively, are also studied. It is shown that if the action of $G$ on the vertices of $K_v$ is sharply transitive, then the existence of a $G$–invariant bowtie decomposition is excluded when $v\equiv 9\pmod{12}$ and is equivalent to the existence of a $G$–invariant Steiner triple system of order $v$. We are always able to exclude existence if the action of $G$ on the vertices of $K_v$ is assumed to be $1$–rotational. If, instead, $G$ is assumed to act primitively then existence can be excluded when $v$ is a prime power satisfying some additional arithmetic constraint.


The Upper Triassic Painted Desert Member of the Petrified Forest Formation in north-central New Mexico yields one of the most extensive and significant Revueltian (early-mid Norian) tetrapod faunas known. Particularly significant aspects of this fauna are: (1) its long history of collection and study, including designation of important type specimens; and (2) the richness
of the unit, including no fewer than three major vertebrate quarries (the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries). Beginning with the work of Cope and extending to the present day, the bulk of the Triassic vertebrates recovered from the Chama Basin have been derived from the Painted Desert Member. This includes tetrapod faunas collected at Gallina, Orphan Mesa, and the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries. Although any one of these localities can be exceptionally rich, the Painted Desert Member fauna in the Chama Basin is a relatively low-diversity assemblage dominated by the phytosaur Pseudopalatus and the
aetosaur Typothorax. The vast majority of the known diversity of the unit in the Chama Basin was derived from a single locality, the Snyder quarry. We also review the stratigraphic and biostratigraphic evidence that suggest that this fauna may be slightly younger (Lucianoan) than the type Revueltian (Barrancan) assemblage, although this argument is weakened by the fact that it is based at least in part on the absence of characteristic Revueltian (Barrancan) taxa such as Revueltosaurus callenderi.


This beautifully illustrated book presents 50 highlights from the collections of Durham University's Oriental Museum. Edited by the Museum's curators, and packed with more than 100 stunning photographs, the book features an introduction tracing the history of the Museum's collections and their arrival in Durham. This is followed by 50 short essays written by artists, curators, researchers, students and collectors from the UK and around the world. Each essay offers a different view on an object from this enormously varied and fascinating collection, accompanied by all new colour photography of these stunning objects.


The aim of my research is to observe the variance of energy efficiency of a typical multi-story office building under the exposure of different climatic conditions. Energy efficiency requirements in building codes or energy standards are among the most important single measures for buildings' energy efficiency. Therefore, this study can be set up for a better understanding of how energy efficiency of a building changes under the effect of adverse to moderate climatic conditions which possess a mentionable effect on the operation of a building.
This thesis is structured in three balanced and conceptual steps. Following the aim of the project, the virtual building model is to be analyzed under the effect of seven distinct climatic conditions namely work environment of New Delhi, Mumbai, Berlin, Lisbon, Copenhagen, Dubai and Montreal. Firstly, the task is to do a complete literature research based on the scope of similar researches and studying the problems in detail along with the theoritical background all the concepts which are implemented to get the numerical results. This chapter also comprises a detailed study of the climatic conditions of the above-mentioned cities. Different climatic traits like temperature variations, count of heating and cooling degree days, relative humidity, temperature range and comfort zonal charts for the specified cities are studied in detail. This study helps to understand the effect of these adverse to moderate climates on the operation of the building. On the second step, the virtual building model is prepared on a software platform named Revit Structures. This virtual building model is not necessarily a complete building, but it has the relevant functionalities of a real building. We perform the energy analysis and the heating and cooling analysis on this virtual building model to study the operational outcome of the building under different climatic conditions in detail. By the end of these above two tasks, two scenarios are observed. On one hand, we have a literature research and on the other hand we have the numerical results. Therefore, finally we present a comparative scenario based on the energy efficient performances of the building under such variant climatic conditions. This is followed by the prediction of thermal comfort level inside the building and it based on Fanger's PMV Model. Understanding the literature and the numerical values in detail helps us to predict the index thermal comfort level inside the building.
The conclusion of this master thesis focuses mainly on the scopes of improvement of energy efficiency requirements in energy codes if any, differentiated according to specific locations. The initial aim of my hypothesis which is to study the impacts of climatic variations on the energy efficient performances of a building is fulfilled but as such topics have very deep and broad roots, the scope of further improvements is always predominant.


We investigate co-movements and heterogeneity in inflation dynamics of different regions within and across euro area countries using a novel disaggregate dataset to improve the understanding of inflation differentials in the European Monetary Union. We employ a model where regional inflation dynamics are explained by common euro area and country specific factors as well as an idiosyncratic regional component. Our findings indicate a substantial common area wide component, that can be related to the common monetary policy in the euro area and to external developments, in particular exchange rate movements and changes in oil prices. The effects of the area wide factors differ across regions, however. We relate these differences to structural economic characteristics of the various regions. We also find a substantial national component. Our findings do not differ substantially before and after the formal introduction of the euro in 1999, suggesting that convergence has largely taken place before the mid 90s. Analysing US regional inflation developments yields similar results regarding the relevance of common US factors. Finally, we find that disaggregate regional inflation information, as summarised by the area wide factors, is important in explaining aggregate euro area and US inflation rates, even after conditioning on macroeconomic variables. Therefore, monitoring regional inflation rates within euro area countries can enhance the monetary policy maker's understanding of aggregate area wide inflation dynamics.


Work recently undertaken at the University of Strathclyde, Department of Architecture, is concerned with the articulation of a management system that might support sustainable design. Aligned with the international standard ISO 14001, a system has been piloted in housing development projects around Glasgow, and offers a supporting framework for the implementation of agreed actions and addresses a number of key urban planning and building design tasks incorporating six related themes. This paper will discuss the context and introduce the themes of Human Impact (including consideration of quality of life issues, consultation and social inclusion, development factors, health factors, comfort levels, accessibility, public transportation, facilities for cyclists); Environmental Impact (including consideration of protection of local ecological features/biodiversity, environmental assessment); Pollution Prevention (including consideration of indoor air quality (emissions from equipment, out-gassing of toxins/radiations), elimination of toxins, control of pollutants during constructions); Sustainability Management (including consideration of integrated and systemic approaches e.g. sustainability/environmental performance targets, management systems and procedures, construction management, commissioning, dissemination workshops, post-occupancy feedback visits); Resource Efficiency (including consideration of, lean design, material use and recycling, embodied energy, water consumption and conservation); and Energy Efficiency (including consideration of, targets, benchmarks and best practice energy use, passive solar, renewable energy, thermal modelling, insulation, ventilation, heating, CHP, heat recovery.


Although the role of personality traits in predicting the academic performance has been extensively studied, the relationship between affective factors, extraversion and introversion, and academic writing has been a neglected area of research. In this study, it was tried to examine to what extent these affective factors could foretell academic writing ability. To do so, 30 EFL students participated in the study studying literature in junior level at Ilam University, Iran. The pupils would take the free writing exam and their papers were scored based on Barron's rating criteria (2004). After that, they were divided into two groups of extraverts and introverts through Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The results revealed that there is no significant relation between personality and writing ability. The findings refuted the cliche that the extraverts outperform the introverts in skills like writing.


Age-related changes in the brain can compromise cognitive function. However, in some cases, the brain is able to functionally reorganize to compensate for some of this loss. The present paper reviews the benefits of exercise on executive functions in older adults and discusses a potential mechanism through which exercise may change the way the brain processes information for better cognitive outcomes. Specifically, older adults who are more physically active demonstrate a shift toward local neural processing that is associated with better executive functions. We discuss the use of neural complexity as a sensitive measure of the neural network plasticity that is enhanced through exercise. We conclude by highlighting the future work needed to improve exercise prescriptions that help older adults maintain their cognitive and physical functions for longer into their lifespan.


This work expands of the paper The Three-dimensional Complex Space theory - TCS Theory (Caminoa Lizarralde Daniel E., 2009 and 2010) with the advances obtained in TCS Theory - Planetary Mechanics TCS PM (Caminoa Lizarralde Daniel E., 2011). This research was started almost twenty-four years ago at Buenos Aires. Two experiments were selected on which I carry out interpretations of this new theory. Also, I've added a complete development study on electromagnetic hysteresis, due to it is of primary importance on astronomical research the determination of new electromagnetic spectra that happen on the Cosmos and it is at range of observation. The TCS theory determines an existence of six different quarks (only two of them can be observed with present electromagnetic technologies), as well as three elemental particles components that integrates every known matter and it belongs to three different physical subspaces (even temporal subspace), that makes nine physical dimensions and twelve real dimensions in total.


Virtualization, cloud, containers, server automation, and software-defined networking are meant to simplify IT operations. But many organizations adopting these technologies have found that it only leads to a faster-growing sprawl of unmanageable systems. This is where infrastructure as code can help. With this practical guide, author Kief Morris of Thought Works shows you how to effectively use principles, practices, and patterns pioneered through the DevOps movement to manage cloud age infrastructure. Ideal for system administrators, infrastructure engineers, team leads, and architects, this book demonstrates various tools, techniques, and patterns you can use to implement infrastructure as code. In three parts, youll learn about the platforms and tooling involved in creating and configuring infrastructure elements, patterns for using these tools, and practices for making infrastructure as code work in your environment. Examine the pitfalls that organizations fall into when adopting the new generation of infrastructure technologies Understand the capabilities and service models of dynamic infrastructure platforms Learn about tools that provide, provision, and configure core infrastructure resources Explore services and tools for managing a dynamic infrastructureLearn specific patterns and practices for provisioning servers, building server templates, and updating running servers


[1] A continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) was used to measure ice formation by cloud particle residuals during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment. These measurements were directed toward determining the relative contributions of homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, and secondary ice formation processes to the concentrations of ice crystals in anvil cirrus formed from convection. The CFDC sampled residual particles remaining after evaporation of cloud particles initially collected by a counterflow virtual impactor. This allowed, for the first time, determination of the ice nucleation ability of particles that included the presumed nuclei for cloud-ice formation. The approach proved successful for estimating concentrations of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) transported into anvil clouds, but experimental issues limited measurements of homogeneous freezing and, consequently, in determining the role of secondary ice formation. Results suggest agreement within a factor of 2–3 between CFDC heterogeneous IN concentrations and anvil ice crystal concentrations in the size range above 30 mm. IN concentrations also correlated with ice concentrations inferred from measurements by the FSSP (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe). However, measured IN concentrations were nearly two orders of magnitude lower than FSSP concentrations. This difference may have resulted from homogeneous freezing, secondary ice formation, or other unidentified ice formation processes that were not fully captured by the CFDC. The data suggest that heterogeneous nucleation played a smaller role than homogeneous nucleation in determining anvil ice crystal concentrations, except during periods of strong desert dust ingestion by cumuli. Nevertheless, heterogeneous nucleation may provide the source for larger ice crystals present in anvil regions.


The Department The Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations is a multidisciplinary department comprised of faculty with expertise in the languages, literatures, histories, philosophies, and religions of South Asia. The examination of South Asian texts, broadly defined, is the guiding principle of our Ph.D. degree, and the dissertation itself. This involves acquaintance with a wide range of South Asian texts and their historical contexts, and theoretical reflection on the conditions of understanding and interpreting these texts. These goals are met through departmental seminars and advanced language courses, which lead up to the dissertation project.


Charities must serve public rather than private interests. Much of the enforcement effort in this area of the law tries to ensure that such organizations do not engage in impermissible self-dealing, that is, in providing unreasonable benefits to insiders. That is, limits on self-dealing are crucial to regulation of this section. Both state law and federal tax law include provisions designed to prevent such behavior. These laws, however, often exhibit inefficiencies and differences that impose unnecessary burden on organization seeking to comply with applicable law. State law regulates both trusts and nonprofit corporations. If the organization is formed as a trust, the "no further inquiry rule" of common law applies. Under this rule, a trustee, whether of a charitable trust or a private trust, is per se liable so long as a beneficiary shows that the trustee had a personal interest in the transaction; harm to the trust is irrelevant. If the organization is formed as a corporation, nonprofit corporation statutes generally include requirements as to the procedures for board approval of self-dealing transactions, procedures that, in practice, are usually easy to meet. Tax law supplies self-dealing rules for organizations exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under federal tax law, public charities must satisfy the so-called intermediate sanction rules, which impose excise taxes on transfers between the organization and an insider that confer an "excess benefit" on the insider. Private foundations, which are section 501(c)(3) organizations that, in general, receive their support from a single individual or corporate source or family group and make grants to other charitable organizations, face stricter rules than public charities regarding self-dealing. They face two-tier excise taxes that in practice prohibit transactions between the private foundation and certain specified insiders, even when the transaction would benefit the organization. This article uses both the economic theory of deterrence and norms theory to argue for a change to both state law and federal tax law. Using the California nonprofit corporation statute and the availability of individual exemptions from the prohibited transactions rules of ERISA, it argues for advance approval procedures. Making state and federal self-dealing rules as similar as possible would best carry out the rules' shared purpose. Reconciling these rules would aid nonprofit charitable organizations in adopting a set of operating procedures to ensure compliance with the various laws applicable to them. Similar rules would also render state and federal enforcement easier and more efficient. Part I describes why self-dealing rules are so important in the nonprofit context. Part II details and evaluates the various self-dealing regimes in which nonprofit tax-exempt entities operate. Part III considers how these various approaches could be reconciled with use of administrative advance approval.


In 1935 a federal court judge handed down a ruling that could have been disastrous for Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and all Latinos in the United States. However, in an unprecedented move, the Roosevelt administration wielded the power of "administrative law" to neutralize the decision and thereby dealt a severe blow to the nativist movement. "A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights" recounts this important but little-known story. To the dismay of some nativist groups, the Immigration Act of 1924, which limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted annually, did not apply to immigrants from Latin America. In response to nativist legal maneuverings, the 1935 decision said that the act could be applied to Mexican immigrants. That decision, which ruled that the Mexican petitioners were not "free white person[s]," might have paved the road to segregation for all Latinos. The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), founded in 1929, had worked to sensitize the Roosevelt administration to the tenuous position of Latinos in the United States. Advised by LULAC, the Mexican government, and the US State Department, the administration used its authority under administrative law to have all Mexican immigrants--and Mexican Americans--classified as "white." It implemented the policy when the federal judiciary "acquiesced" to the New Deal, which in effect prevented further rulings. In recounting this story, complete with colorful characters and unlikely bedfellows, Patrick Lukens adds a significant chapter to the racial history of the United States."


In this paper, five ontologies are described, which include the event concepts. The paper provides an overview and comparison of existing event models. The main criteria for comparison are that there should be possibilities to model events with stretch in the time and location and participation of objects; however, there are other factors that should be taken into account as well. The paper also shows an example of using ontologies in complex event processing.


The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires school districts to assess children "in all areas of suspected disability." It further provides that each child's individualized education program (IEP) must contain measurable annual goals designed to "meet each of the child's...educational needs that result from the child's disability," and a statement of special education and related services that will be provided for the child "to advance appropriately toward attaining annual goals." Courts have strictly enforced these requirements in the last several years, remedying violations of IDEA when school districts fail to assess in all areas of suspected disability or do not establish goals and services to meet each of the child's needs resulting from the disability. This Article offers three interpretations of this recent development. First, what the courts are doing may represent an effort to enforce provisions of IDEA that stand apart from the limited reading that a 1982 Supreme Court case placed on the requirement in the statute to provide a free, appropriate public education. Second, the development may signify a different way of looking at special education obligations under the law, one well adapted to the ever-increasing importance attached to providing services in settings that are less restrictive and maintain the greatest inclusion of students with disabilities with nondisabled students. Third, the cases might simply be a reaction to cutbacks on evaluations and services that school districts have imposed because of financial strains brought about by the Great Recession. This Article will not try to declare which of these interpretations is the correct one, and in fact all three may be true. But the Article will conclude that enforcement of these provisions furthers the underlying purposes Congress had in enacting IDEA.


Cocktail ensemble of orange wool with embroidered pattern of small squares of orange and silver novelty thread which form a larger abstract pattern. Ensemble consists of:

A) Cocktail dress. Knee-length, sleeveless dress with rounded neckline edged with gold braid trim accented with gold studs and silver rhinestones. Bodice with princess seaming for fit. Attached belt of same fabric at natural waist edged by bands of same braid as neckline. Skirt gathers at waistline, and has side slit pockets at hips. Hem of skirt trimmed with same braid as neckline. Dress has a center back zipper, and is fully lined in orange acetate.

Retailer's label at neckline to right of zipper: "Balliets / Oklahoma City, Okla."
Size "6" tag at base of zipper.

B) Matching fitted jacket trimmed with same braid at rounded jewel neckline, along the center front zippered opening, natural-waist hem, the cuffs of the long, set-in sleeves, and the upper edges of the two patch pockets at bust. Lined in orange acetate.

Designer's label at left side near zipper: "Oscar de Le Renta"
Retailer's label at center back neckline: "Balliets / Oklahoma City, Okla."


Order a meal in any fast-food restaurant, and you'll likely walk away with a sandwich, fries and a drink. If you had to identify the ingredients of this meal, you might list beef (or chicken), lettuce, tomato, cheese, ketchup, bread, potatoes and soda. Not complicated, right? Wrong. Burger and chicken joints don't think of the building blocks of a menu item as ingredients. They think of them as components, which, are made of ingredients. For example, McDonald's famous Big Mac jingle -"two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun" -suggests the sandwich has seven components. Would you believe it has 67 ingredients? Clearly, fast food is more complicated than it looks. Many menu items contain processed foods, which have been modified from their natural state for safety or convenience. Processed foods tend to have multiple additives to keep them fresher longer. Across an entire fast-food menu, there are thousands of ingredients, ranging from the commonplace (water) to the exotic (xanthan gum). Considering that some of these ingredients have been implicated in serious health issues, it would be good to know which are the most common. We've set out to answer that very question. We started with menus from five popular fastfood chains -McDonald's, Burger King, Taco Bell, KFC and Arby's -did some tallying, then cross-matched our findings with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's list of common food ingredients and colors. The result is the top 10 most common ingredients in fast food, organized by the type of ingredient and what it does.


This short essay, written for a symposium on The Principles and Politics of Aggregate Litigation: CAFA, PSLRA, and Beyond, decouples due process from a proceduralist's intuition and explains why it matters in securities class actions. It begins by exploring several analytical models that shed light on the representative relationship in class actions, including a public law analogy to the administrative state, a private law analogy to corporate law, and another, more modern public law analogy to political governance. After finding that the political-governance model best addresses both sources of inadequate representation in securities class actions — rifts between class members and class counsel, and between class members and their lead plaintiff — this Essay argues that incorporating qualified class members into securities class action governance will improve due process and legitimacy in securities litigation just as it does in the political sphere.


This report describes the strategy for the Miombo Network Initiative, developed at an International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) intercore-project workshop in Malawi in December 1995 and further refined during the Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) Open Science Meeting in January, 1996 and through consultation and review by the LUCC Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). The Miombo Network comprises of an international network of researchers working in concert on a 'community' research agenda developed to address the critical global change research questions for the miombo woodland ecosystems. The network also addresses capacity building and training needs in the Central, Eastern and Southern Africa (SAF) region, of the Global Change System for Analysis Research and Training (START). The research strategy described here provides the basis for a proposed IGBP Terrestrial Transect study of land cover and land use changes in the miombo ecosystems of Central Africa. It therefore resides administratively within the LUCC programme with linkages to other Programme Elements of the IGBP such as Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE). The report provides the framework for research activities aimed at understanding how land use is affecting land cover and associated ecosystem processes; assessing what contribution these changes are making to global change; and predicting what effects global change in turn could have on land use dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. The key issues identified are: patterns, causes and rates of change in land cover in relation to land use; consequences of land-use and land-cover changes on regional climate, natural resources, hydrology, carbon storage and trace gas emissions; determinants of the distribution of species and ecosystems in miombo; and fundamental questions of miombo ecosystem structure and function.


Critics of originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation often focus on the "intolerable" results that originalism would purportedly require. Although originalists have disputed many such claims, one contention that they have been famously unable to answer satisfactorily is the claim that their theory is incapable of justifying the Supreme Court's famous 1954 decision in Bolling v. Sharpe. Decided the same day as Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling is the case that is most closely associated with the Supreme Court's so-called "reverse incorporation" doctrine, which interprets the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment as if it effectively "incorporates" the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause against the federal government. The presumed inability of originalism to justify Bolling and reverse incorporation has left originalists open to the charge that their theory would leave the federal government with unfettered discretion to discriminate against racial minorities or anyone else it chooses.This article challenges the conventional wisdom regarding Bolling's assumed originalist indefensibility by recovering the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause, which declares all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction to be citizens of the United States. Although sometimes viewed by modern commentators as an inconsequential "afterthought," this article contends that the Citizenship Clause was widely perceived by members of the enacting generation as a central focus of the Fourteenth Amendment's Section One and that the provision constitutionalized a longstanding American political and legal tradition linking the status of "citizenship" with the entitlement to equal treatment at the hands of government. Drawing on pre-Fourteenth Amendment understandings of "citizenship," and the conceptions of citizenship reflected in the framing and ratification debates and in early interpretations of the Amendment, this article contends that the Citizenship Clause provides a historically and textually defensible basis for a legally enforceable equality guarantee applicable to federal conduct that is at least as broad as the equality guarantee made applicable to the states by the Equal Protection Clause.


The contribution of heterogeneous ice nucleation to the formation of cirrus cloud ice crystals is still not well quantified. This results in large uncertainties when predicting cirrus radiative effects and their role in Earth's climate system. The goal of this case study is to simulate the composition, and thus activation conditions, of ice nucleating particles (INPs) to evaluate their contribution to heterogeneous cirrus ice formation in relation to homogeneous ice nucleation. For this, the regional model COSMO—Aerosols and Reactive Trace Gases (COSMO-ART) was used to simulate a synoptic cirrus cloud over Texas on 13 April 2011. The simulated INP composition was then compared to measured ice residual particle (IRP) composition from the actual event obtained during the NASA Midlatitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment (MACPEX) aircraft campaign. These IRP measurements indicated that the dominance of heterogeneous ice nucleation was mainly driven by mineral dust with contributions from a variety of other particle types. Applying realistic activation thresholds and concentrations of airborne transported mineral dust and biomass-burning particles, the model implementing the heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterization scheme of Ullrich et al. is able to reproduce the overall dominating ice formation mechanism in contrast to the model simulation with the scheme of Phillips et al. However, the model showed flaws in reproducing the IRP composition.


Biodiversity conservation is often measurable and achievable and has been reasonably successful within the boundaries of national parks. However, the concept of parks providing tangible benefits and hence being seen as 'valuable' to the majority of the nation has been more difficult to define, measure and, importantly, deliver on. This function has traditionally fallen under what is currently known as the People and Conservation Department, which has a rich history in South African National Parks (SANParks) of change and adaptive learning in terms of defining core functions and associated management strategies, spanning from its original inception as the Information Services Department over 80 years ago. Learning from and in some cases, adapting to change, is evident throughout this broad scale national evolution of the department, from an initial focus on information sharing and education in the 1930s, to what we see today. This includes the primary focus areas of cultural resource management and indigenous knowledge, community relations, environmental education, awareness, youth outreach, interpretation and training. At a more local, park scale, there is a current drive to formalise the adaptive management and learning process for the people component of protected areas through the alignment of relevant project, programme and park objectives with those at a corporate or national level. Associated with this is an attempt to further align the associated monitoring, evaluation and reporting processes, thereby completing the formal adaptive management loops in order to facilitate and stimulate co-learning within and between relevant responsible departments within the organisation. Conservation implications: Benefit sharing through biodiversity conservation has been shown to be crucial for the long-term success of protected areas, but the practicalities of implementing this are thwart with challenges. Despite this, SANParks is attempting to facilitate and promote benefits through conservation, specifically in the sense of benefits that support livelihoods whilst reducing vulnerability. With this in mind, we acknowledge the importance of the concepts of scale, resilience, complexity and adaptive learning for, and during, this process.


BACKGROUND
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked with obesity and the prevalence of NAFLD is about 17% to 33% in the Western world. There is a strong association of NAFLD with insulin resistance and, hence, insulin sensitisers have been tried. This systematic review examined the clinical effectiveness of insulin sensitisers in patients with NAFLD, to help decide whether or not a trial or trials of the insulin sensitisers was necessary and also to explore whether or not non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy were available that could be used in a large trial of the insulin sensitisers.

OBJECTIVE
To review the use of insulin sensitisers in the treatment of NAFLD.

REVIEW METHODS
A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of metformin, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone was carried out, including reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Databases searched were MEDLINE, 1950 to June 2010; EMBASE, 1980 to June 2010; Science Citation Index Expanded, June 2010; Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science June 2010; The Cochrane Library 2005-10. Abstracts were screened independently by two researchers. A narrative review of diagnostic methods was conducted.

RESULTS
Clinical effectiveness. We identified 15 RCTs (one available as abstract). Four papers explored efficacy of pioglitazone, one rosiglitazone, eight metformin; two compared metformin and rosiglitazone, although one used both metformin and rosiglitazone. The duration of most trials was between 6 and 12 months. Many trials had a small number of participants and the quality of the studies was mixed. Pioglitazone improved all parameters of liver histology. Metformin showed mixed results, with ultrasound changes in two studies showing some improvement in steatosis, whereas there were no changes in the other two. Metformin, however, showed no improvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) stages. Metformin showed greater reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin (-0.23% to -1.2% vs -0.2% to -0.7%) and fasting plasma glucose (+0.05 to -3.19 mmol/l vs -0.17 to -1.11 mmol/l) compared with pioglitazone. Metformin led to weight reduction (-4.3 to -6.7 kg), whereas participants on pioglitazone gained weight (+2.5 to +4.7 kg). Alanine aminotransferase levels were reduced with both metformin and pioglitazone; however, the reduction in levels with pioglitazone was not different to that caused by vitamin E. Most studies suggested that metformin led to a significant reduction in insulin resistance. Diagnosis. Non-invasive methods of diagnosing NAFLD without liver biopsy, using combinations of clinical history, laboratory tests and ultrasound, have been explored, but so far liver biopsy is the only proven method of distinguishing simple steatosis from NASH. Transient elastography appears useful, but less so in obese individuals. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows promise, but is expensive and not readily available.

LIMITATIONS
Mixed quality of trials, with lack of detail as to how some trials were conducted. Many trials had small numbers of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The main need for drug trials is at the NASH stage. However, at present, any trial in the more advanced forms of NAFLD would have to use liver biopsy. The highest priority for research may, therefore, be in the diagnosis of NAFLD, and the differentiation between steatosis and NASH. The newer agents, the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues such as liraglutide, may be more worthy of a trial.

FUNDING
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.


The infrastructure of modern society is controlled by software systems that are vulnerable to attacks. Many such attacks, launched by "recreational hackers" have already led to severe disruptions and significant cost. It, therefore, is critical that we find ways to protect such systems and to enable them to continue functioning even after a successful attack. This article describes AWDRAT, a prototype middleware system for providing survivability to both new and legacy applications. AWDRAT stands for architectural differencing, wrappers, diagnosis, recovery, adaptive software, and trust modeling. AWDRAT uses these techniques to gain visibility into the execution of an application system and to compare the application's actual behavior to that which is expected. In the case of a deviation, AWDRAT conducts a diagnosis that determines which computational resources are likely to have been compromised and then adds these assessments to its trust model. The trust model in turn guides the recovery process, particularly by guiding the system in its choice among functionally equivalent methods and resources.AWDRAT has been applied to and evaluated on an example application system, a graphical editor for constructing mission plans. We describe a series of experiments that were performed to test the effectiveness of AWDRAT in recognizing and recovering from simulated attacks, and we present data showing the effectiveness of AWDRAT in detecting a variety of compromises to the application system (approximately 90 percent of all simulated attacks are detected, diagnosed, and corrected). We also summarize some lessons learned from the AWDRAT experiments and suggest approaches for comprehensive application protection methods and techniques.


Comparisons of the latest High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) ozone retrievals (v2.04.09) are made with ozonesondes, ground-based lidars, airborne lidar measurements made during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–B, and satellite observations. A large visual obstruction blocking over 80% of the HIRDLS field of view presents significant challenges to the data analysis methods and implementation, to the extent that the radiative properties of the obstruction must be accurately characterized in order to adequately correct measured radiances. The radiance correction algorithms updated as of August 2007 are used in the HIRDLS v2.04.09 data presented here. Comparisons indicate that HIRDLS ozone is recoverable between 1 and 100 hPa at middle and high latitudes and between 1 and 50 hPa at low latitudes. Accuracy of better than 10% is indicated between 1 and 30 hPa (HIRDLS generally low) by the majority of the comparisons with coincident measurements, and 5% is indicated between 2 and 10 hPa when compared with some lidars. Between 50 and 100 hPa, at middle and high latitudes, accuracy is 10–20%. The ozone precision is estimated to be generally 5–10% between 1 and 50 hPa. Comparisons with ozonesondes and lidars give strong indication that HIRDLS is capable of resolving fine vertical ozone features (1–2 km) in the region between 1 and 50 hPa. Development is continuing on the radiance correction and the cloud detection and filtering algorithms, and it is hoped that it will be possible to achieve a further reduction in the systematic bias and an increase in the measurement range downward to lower heights (at pressures greater than 50–100 hPa).


Aerodynamic computational fluid dynamics analysis of a wing glove attached to one wing of a business jet is presented and discussed. A wing glove placed on only one wing will produce asymmetric aerodynamic effects that will result in overall changes in the forces and moments acting on the aircraft. These changes, referred to as deltas, need to be determined and quantified to ensure that the wing glove does not have a significant effect on the aircraft flight characteristics. TRANAIR (Calmar Research Corporation, Cato, New York), a nonlinear full potential solver, and Star-CCM+ (CD-adapco, Melville, New York), a finite volume full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics solver, are used to analyze a full aircraft with and without the glove at a variety of flight conditions, aircraft configurations, and angles of attack and sideslip. Changes in the aircraft lift, drag, and side force along with roll, pitch, and yaw are presented. Span lift and moment distributions are also presented for a more detailed look at the effects of the glove on the aircraft. Aerodynamic flow phenomena due to the addition of the glove are discussed. Results show that the glove produces only small changes in the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the aircraft, most of which are insignificant.


Summary Neonatal hyperkalemia and hyponatremia are medical conditions that require an emergent diagnosis and treatment to avoid morbidity and mortality. Here, we describe the case of a 10-day-old female baby presenting with life-threatening hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis diagnosed as autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1). This report aims to recognize that PHA1 may present with a life-threatening arrhythmia due to severe hyperkalemia and describes the management of such cases in neonates. Learning points PHA1 may present with a life-threatening arrhythmia. Presentation of PHA can be confused with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Timing and appropriate medical management in the critical care unit prevented fatality from severe neonatal PHA.


The global electricity supply from non-hydro renewable energies, such as wind and solar, has being growing at a high rate, and it is expected that this trend persists. In China, Wind power is one of the most mature renewable energy technologies and it is possible to be utilized in large-scale. However, in the long run, the malicious competition will break the rule of the monopoly wind power market under control of electricity utilities in China and prevent the development of Chinese wind power. Reasonable competition of the investment market is a key to promote healthy development of the wind power industries in China. Based on game theory, this paper investigates competitive behavior of the wind-farm investment companies. The competition mechanism and malicious competition behavior of the investment market of the non-asymmetric enterprisers, and the wind-farm investment market are discussed by the Stacklberg model and the Cournot-Nash model, respectively, and moreover, the theoretic analysises are verified to be effective by an example. Furthermore, some policy advices are put forwards to the Chinese wind power investment market.


This is the story of a political miracle -- the perfect match of man and moment. Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in March of 1933 as America touched bottom. Banks were closing everywhere. Millions of people lost everything. The Great Depression had caused a national breakdown. With the craft of a master storyteller, Jonathan Alter brings us closer than ever before to the Roosevelt magic. Facing the gravest crisis since the Civil War, FDR used his cagey political instincts and ebullient temperament in the storied first Hundred Days of his presidency to pull off an astonishing conjuring act that lifted the country and saved both democracy and capitalism. Who was this man? To revive the nation when it felt so hopeless took an extraordinary display of optimism and self-confidence. Alter shows us how a snobbish and apparently lightweight young aristocrat was forged into an incandescent leader by his domineering mother; his independent wife; his eccentric top adviser, Louis Howe; and his ally-turned-bitter-rival, Al Smith, the Tammany Hall street fighter FDR had to vanquish to complete his preparation for the presidency. "Old Doc Roosevelt" had learned at Warm Springs, Georgia, how to lift others who suffered from polio, even if he could not cure their paralysis, or his own. He brought the same talents to a larger stage. Derided as weak and unprincipled by pundits, Governor Roosevelt was barely nominated for president in 1932. As president-elect, he escaped assassination in Miami by inches, then stiffed President Herbert Hoover's efforts to pull him into cooperating with him to deal with a terrifying crisis. In the most tumultuous and dramatic presidential transition in history, the entire banking structure came tumbling down just hours before FDR's legendary "only thing we have to fear is fear itself" Inaugural Address. In a major historical find, Alter unearths the draft of a radio speech in which Roosevelt considered enlisting a private army of American Legion veterans on his first day in office. He did not. Instead of circumventing Congress and becoming the dictator so many thought they needed, FDR used his stunning debut to experiment. He rescued banks, put men to work immediately, and revolutionized mass communications with pioneering press conferences and the first Fireside Chat. As he moved both right and left, Roosevelt's insistence on "action now" did little to cure the Depression, but he began to rewrite the nation's social contract and lay the groundwork for his most ambitious achievements, including Social Security. From one of America's most respected journalists, rich in insights and with fresh documentation and colorful detail, this thrilling story of presidential leadership -- of what government is for -- resonates through the events of today. It deepens our understanding of how Franklin Delano Roosevelt restored hope and transformed America. "The Defining Moment" will take its place among our most compelling works of political history.


For ten years Geordie Greig was among a very small group of friends who regularly met Lucian Freud for breakfast at Clarke's restaurant on Kensington Church Street. Over tea and the morning papers, Freud would recount stories of his past and discuss art. It was, in effect, Freud's private salon. In this kaleidoscopic memoir, Greig remembers Freud's stories: of death threats; escaping from Nazi Germany; falling out with his brother Clement; loathing his mother; painting David Hockney; sleeping with horses; escaping the Krays; painting the Queen; his controversial role as a father; and why Velazquez was the greatest painter. It is revelatory about his art, his lovers, his children, his enemies and his love of gambling. Freud dared never to do dull, speaking candidly of dancing with Garbo as well as painting Kate Moss naked. Those closest to him, after decades of silence and secrecy, have spoken frankly about what life was like living, loving or sitting for the greatest figurative portraitist of the twentieth century. Partly based on hours of taped conversations with the artist and his circle, and drawing on interviews with those who knew Freud intimately - including many girlfriends, models, dealers and bookmakers - "Breakfast with Lucian" is an intimate portrait of the artist as a young and old man. Illustrated with many unseen photographs of Freud, it is a uniquely fascinating, personal and authoritative account of one of the greatest British painters of this century and the last, and a profile of a man who makes everyone else's life seem less lived.


At first glance, American insurance history is Whiggish, the story of self-insured risks slowly becoming managed by intermediaries. A closer look reveals more complexity, many directions of change, and numerous questions of importance today. Why, for example, did mutual life insurers wax and then wane? Why did for-profit corporations supplant non-profit fraternal societies? Why did prepaid physician and hospital plans disappear? To answer those and similar questions, a thorough survey of both traditional branches of the U.S. insurance industry, income (life/health) and property (property, liability, and casualty) insurance, is necessary. Typically, self-insured risks became predominantly intermediary-insured due to improvements in the technology of insurance - the nuts and bolts of setting premiums and selling policies, making appropriate investments, and paying claims - and increases in consumer confidence in insurer solvency and market competition. Competition helped to drive those technological improvements and also ensured provision of the best price and quality available at any given technology frontier. Extant companies, however, sometimes successfully resisted competition with cartels. Sometimes a certain type of intermediary or market dominated because it was the most economically efficient method of managing a particular set of risks. Sometimes, however, government regulation and taxation explain why friendly associations, mutuals, joint-stock companies, or markets dominated the provision of specific areas of risk management. Similarly, political rather than economic realities often best explain the emergence and expansion of government insurance programs.


Abstract. We deployed an extractive electrospray ionization
time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-MS) for airborne measurements of
biomass burning aerosol during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global
Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study onboard the NASA DC-8 research
aircraft. Through optimization of the electrospray working solution, active
control of the electrospray region pressure, and precise control of
electrospray capillary position, we achieved 1 Hz quantitative measurements
of aerosol nitrocatechol and levoglucosan concentrations up to pressure
altitudes of 7 km. The EESI-MS response to levoglucosan and nitrocatechol was
calibrated for each flight, with flight-to-flight calibration variability of
60 % (1σ). Laboratory measurements showed no aerosol size
dependence in EESI-MS sensitivity below particle geometric diameters of 400 nm, covering 82 % of accumulation-mode aerosol mass during FIREX-AQ. We
also present a first in-field intercomparison of EESI-MS with a chemical
analysis of aerosol online proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer
(CHARON PTR-MS) and a high-resolution Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer
(AMS). EESI-MS and CHARON PTR-MS levoglucosan concentrations were well
correlated, with a regression slope of 0.94 (R2=0.77). AMS
levoglucosan-equivalent concentrations and EESI-MS levoglucosan showed
a greater difference, with a regression slope of 1.36 (R2=0.96),
likely indicating the contribution of other compounds to the AMS
levoglucosan-equivalent measurement. The total EESI-MS signal showed correlation
(R2=0.9) with total organic aerosol measured by AMS, and the
EESI-MS bulk organic aerosol sensitivity was 60 % of the sensitivity to
levoglucosan standards.


Being Agileis your roadmap to successfully transforming your organization to an Agile culture. Veteran agile coach Mario Moreira teaches new adopters how to implement a robust Agile framework to derive from it the maximum business benefit in terms of customer value, revenue, and employee engagement. Agile is a ubiquitous watchword in the corporate world, but only a minority of companies understand and practice what they pay lip service to. Too many content themselves with half-baked approximations such as Fragile (fragile Agile), ScrumBut (Scrum but not the practices), and Scrum Fall (mini-waterfalls in the sprints). Moreira shows maturing early adopters how to bridge the chasm between going through the motions of doing Agile and genuinelybeing Agile. After a high-level synopsis of Agiles values and principles, methodologies (including Scrum, Kanban, DSDM, Leam, VFQ, and XP), and roles, Moreira plunges into the nitty-gritty of how to apply the ready, implement, coach, and hone (RICH) deployment model to all phases of a project in such a way as to embody and inculcate agile values and principles at the team level and promote agile transformation across your organization's culture. What youll learnAgile professionals, project managers, and middle, senior, and executive management in software engineering and development divisions and enterprises who read this book will learn how to: Evaluate team candidates for traits, skills, behavior, and attitudes diagnostic of an Agile mindset Set up Agile planning tools and framework Map stakeholder engagement Validate ongoing application of Agile best practices Adapt Scrum teams and techniques for various needs and conditions Who this book is for The primary readership for this book comprises Agile professionals, product managers, and middle, senior, and executive management in software engineering and development divisions and enterprises. The secondary readership includes business analysts agile and software configuration managers. Table of Contents Getting Started Crossing the Agile Chasm Business Benefits of Being Agile Importance of Customer Engagement Importance of Employee Engagement Foundations of Agile Ready, Implement, Coach, Hone (RICH) Deployment Framework Motivations for Moving to an Agile Culture Achieving an Agile Mindset Evaluating Executive Support and Team Willingness Treating Agile as a Transformation Project Adapting to Agile Roles and Responsibilities Evaluating Agile, Engineering, and Team Capability Establishing Agile Measures of Success Constructing a Scalable Agile Framework Establishing an Agile Education Program Creating a Customer Validation Vision Writing User Stories and Grooming the Backlog Working with Story Points, Velocity, and Burndowns Constructing Done Criteria to Promote Quality Considering Agile Tools within an ALM Framework Implementing, Coaching, and Honing Activities Adapting Governance and Performance Reviews Three Case Studies in Adopting Agile


The Supreme Court has repeatedly insisted that standing doctrine is a "bedrock" requirement only of Article III. Accordingly, both jurists and scholars have assumed that the standing of the executive branch and the legislature, like that of other parties, depends solely on Article III. But I argue that these commentators have overlooked a basic constitutional principle: Federal institutions must have affirmative authority for their actions, including the power to bring suit or appeal in federal court. Article III defines the federal "judicial Power" and does not purport to confer any authority on the executive branch or the legislature. Executive and legislative standing instead depend in large part on the provisions conferring power on those institutions ― principally, Article II and Article I. This basic insight has important implications. I argue that the Take Care Clause of Article II helps both to explain the breadth and also to define the limits of executive standing. The executive has standing only insofar as it has an Article II power and duty to enforce and defend federal law on behalf of the federal government. The Take Care Clause does not, however, confer standing when the executive no longer asserts that law enforcement interest ― when it declines to defend a federal law. Article I, for its part, does not confer any power on Congress to enforce or defend federal laws in court. Accordingly, contrary to the assumption of many scholars, Congress lacks standing to represent the United States in place of the executive. The Supreme Court has entirely overlooked these questions of institutional power in considering issues of executive or legislative standing, including most recently in the litigation over the Defense of Marriage Act. Article III cannot confer power on the executive or the legislature that Article II or Article I denies.


Completely updated with new entries and extensive revisions of the previous 1,800, "The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia Of Rock & Roll" is the authoritative volume on the world's music makers from the one-hit wonders to the megastars. In 1983, Rolling Stone Press introduced its first "Rock & Roll Encyclopedia." Almost two decades later, it has become the premier guide to the history of rock & roll, and has been selected by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum as its official source of information. Giving full coverage to all aspects of the rock scene, it tells the story of rock & roll in a clear and easy reference format, including complete discographies, personnel changes for every band, and backstage information like date and place of birth, from Elvis Presley to Eminem. Since the last edition, the music scene has exploded in every area, from boy-bands to hip-hop, electronica to indie rock. Here, the "Encyclopedia" explores them all 'NSync, Notorious B.I.G., Ricky Martin, Radiohead, Britney Spears, Blink-182, Sean Puffy Combs, Portishead, Fatboy Slim, Fiona Apple, Lil' Kim, Limp Bizkit, Oasis, Outkast, Yo La Tengo, TLC, and many, many more. "The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, Third Edition" includes all the facts, phenomena, and flukes that make up the history of rock. Accompanying the biographical and discographical information on the nearly 2,000 artists included in this edition are incisive essays that reveal the performers' musical influences, first breaks, and critical and commercial hits and misses, as well as evaluations of their place in rock history. Filled with hundreds of historical photos, "The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia" is more than just a reference book, it is the bible of rock & roll."


Acidic zeolites like H-Y, H-ZSM-5, H-MCM-22 and H-MOR zeolites were found to be the selective adsorbents for the removal of thiophene from toluene or n-heptane as solvent. The competitive adsorption of toluene is found to influence the adsorption capacity for thiophene and is more predominant when high-alumina zeolites are used as adsorbents. This behaviour is also reflected by the results of the adsorption of thiophene on H-ZSM-5 zeolites with varied nSi/nAl ratios (viz. 13, 19 and 36) from toluene and n-heptane as solvents, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopic results show that the oligomerization of thiophene leads to the formation of dimers and trimers on these zeolites. The oligomerization in acid zeolites is regarded to be dependent on the geometry of the pore system of the zeolites. The sulphur-containing compounds with more than one ring viz. benzothiophene, which are also present in substantial amounts in certain hydrocarbon fractions, are not adsorbed on H-ZSM-5 zeolites. This is obvious, as the diameter of the pore aperture of zeolite H-ZSM-5 is smaller than the molecular size of benzothiophene. Metal ion-exchanged FAU-type zeolites are found to be promising adsorbents for the removal of sulphur-containing compounds from model solutions. The introduction of Cu+-, Ni2+-, Ce3+-, La3+- and Y3+- ions into zeolite Na+-Y by aqueous ion-exchange substantially improves the adsorption capacity for thiophene from toluene or n-heptane as solvent. More than the absolute content of Cu+-ions, the presence of Cu+-ions at the sites exposed to supercages is believed to influence the adsorption of thiophene on Cu+-Y zeolite. It was shown experimentally for the case of Cu+-Y and Ce3+-Y that the supercages present in the FAU zeolite allow for an access of bulkier sulphur-containing compounds (viz. benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and dimethyl dibenzothiophene). The presence of these bulkier compounds compete with thiophene and are preferentially adsorbed on Cu+-Y zeolite. IR spectroscopic results revealed that the adsorption of thiophene on Na+-Y, Cu+-Y and Ni2+-Y is primarily a result of the interaction of thiophene via pi-complexation between C=C double bond (of thiophene) and metal ions (in the zeolite framework). A different mode of interaction of thiophene with Ce3+-, La3+- and Y3+-metal ions was observed in the IR spectra of thiophene adsorbed on Ce3+-Y, La3+-Y and Y3+-Y zeolites, respectively. On these adsorbents, thiophene is believed to interact via a lone electron pair of the sulphur atom with metal ions present in the adsorbent (M-S interaction). The experimental results show that there is a large difference in the thiophene adsorption capacities of pi-complexation adsorbents (like Cu+-Y, Ni2+-Y) between the model solution with toluene as solvent and the model solution with n-heptane as solvent. The lower capacity of these zeolites for the adsorption of thiophene from toluene than from n-heptane as solvent is the clear indication of competition of toluene in interating with adsorbent in a way similar to thiophene. The difference in thiophene adsorption capacities is very low in the case of adsorbents Ce3+-Y, La3+-Y and Y3+-Y, which are believed to interact with thiophene predominantly by direct M3+-S bond (thiophene interacting with metal ion via a lone pair of electrons). TG-DTA analysis was used to study the regeneration behaviour of the adsorbents. Acid zeolites can be regenerated by simply heating at 400 °C in a flow of nitrogen whereas thiophene is chemically adsorbed on the metal ion. By contrast, it is not possible to regenerate by heating under idle inert gas flow. The only way to regenerate these adsorbents is to burn off the adsorbate, which eventually brings about an undesired emission of SOx. The exothermic peaks appeared at different temperatures in the heat flow profiles of Cu+-Y, Ce3+-Y, La3+-Y and Y3+-Y are also indicating that two different types of interaction are present as revealed by IR spectroscopy, too. One major difficulty in reducing the sulphur content in fuels to value below 10 ppm is the inability in removing alkyl dibenzothiophenes, viz. 4,6 dimethyl dibenzothiophene, by the existing catalytic hydrodesulphurization technique. Cu+-Y and Ce3+-Y were found in the present study to adsorb this compound from toluene to a certain extent. To meet the stringent regulations on sulphur content, selective adsorption by zeolites could be a valuable post-purification method after the catalytic hydrodesulphurization unit.


Studying social capital is widely spread and the concept entered almost each and every field of the social sciences in the last decade. An overview of the available research strategies and empirical approaches of social capital is presented here. Surprisingly, the conceptual heterogenuity is much less reflected in operational and empirical heterogenuity than expected. The field is characterized by several orthodoxies, mainly related to the dominant position of polling methods and the use of straightforward survey questions. Available alternative approaches are limited to the use of official statistics as inverse indicators and to some experiments. The major pitfalls in empirical research on social capital are discussed. Urgently needed are multi-method and multi-level strategies in order to strengthen the role of empirical evidence in the debates on social capital, civil society, and citizenship.


The thesis is concerned with multiscale approximation by means of radial basis functions on hierarchically structured spherical grids. A new approach is proposed to construct a biorthogonal system of locally supported zonal functions. By use of this biorthogonal system of locally supported zonal functions, a spherical fast wavelet transform (SFWT) is established. Finally, based on the wavelet analysis, geophysically and geodetically relevant problems involving rotation-invariant pseudodifferential operators are shown to be efficiently and economically solvable.


At the 1900 International Congress of Mathematicians, held that year in Paris, the German mathematician David Hilbert put forth a list of 23 unsolved problems that he saw as being the greatest challenges for twentieth-century mathematics. Hilbert's 10th problem, to find a method (what we now call an algorithm) for deciding whether a Diophantine equation has an integral solution, was solved by Yuri Matiyasevich in 1970. Proving the undecidability of Hilbert's 10th problem is clearly one of the great mathematical results of the century.This book presents the full, self-contained negative solution of Hilbert's 10th problem. In addition it contains a number of diverse, often striking applications of the technique developed for that solution (scattered previously in journals), describes the many improvements and modifications of the original proof - since the problem was "unsolved" 20 years ago, and adds several new, previously unpublished proofs.Included are numerous exercises that range in difficulty from the elementary to small research problems, open questions,and unsolved problems. Each chapter concludes with a commentary providing a historical view of its contents. And an extensive bibliography contains references to all of the main publications directed to the negative solution of Hilbert's 10th problem as well as the majority of the publications dealing with applications of the solution.Intended for young mathematicians, Hilbert's 10th Problem requires only a modest mathematical background. A few less well known number-theoretical results are presented in the appendixes. No knowledge of recursion theory is presupposed. All necessary notions are introduced and defined in the book, making it suitable for the first acquaintance with this fascinating subject.Yuri Matiyasevich is Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Logic, Steklov Institute of Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg.


Normal depth is an important parameter for the design of channels and canals. For rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular channel sections it is possible to express normal depth by a trial-and-error procedure or analytically. However, the effects of free-surface on the design charts for determination of the normal depth are not investigated. In this paper, graphical solutions of normal depth for the rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular cross-sections have been obtained in the non-dimensional form. To evaluate the resistance effects of the free-surface in the calculation of the normal depth, the dimensionless-form of Manning's equation with free-surface weight factor is introduced herein. The design charts reported previously were modified. Keywords: Open-channel flow; normal depth; free-surface effect


Innovation does happen--even in government! Despite all the news about government scandals and failures, public officials are innovative. This book analyzes numerous examples of ingenious problem solving--in education in California, in the Department of Juvenile Justice in New York City, in government operations in Minnesota, in human service programs across the country. All organizations, both public and private, need innovation, but making innovation work in government is a greater challenge than doing so in business. This book identifies a number of dilemmas that complicate the process of innovating in American government. For example, there is the " trust dilemma" Innovation may be necessary to establish public faith in the ability of government agencies to perform, but before the public grants agencies a license to be truly innovative, it needs to be convinced that these same agencies have the ability to perform. The contributors to this book analyze a number of issues raised by the task of innovation, including: Who is responsible for innovating? How can innovative individuals and teams be held accountable? What kinds of organizational arrangements beget the most innovation? How can innovation be fostered in agencies devoted to routinization? How should innovative ideas be disseminated? And what exactly is an " innovation" anyway? The contributors gathered data for this book from winners and finalists in the Ford Foundation's Innovations Awards program, as well as from other innovators and innovations. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Babak J. Armajani, Michael Barzelay, W. Lance Bennett, Paul Berman, Richard F. Elmore, Robert M. Entman, Lee S.Friedman, Thomas N. Gilmore, Olivia Golden, James Krantz, Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Mark H. Moore, Beryl Nelson, Ellen Schall, Malcolm Sparrow, William Spelman, Deborah A. Stone, and Marc D. Zegans.


From the Publisher:
GNU Emacs is the most popular and widespread of the Emacs family of editors. It is also the most powerful and flexible. Unlike all other text editors, GNU Emacs is a complete working environment -- you can stay within Emacs all day without leaving. The GNU Emacs Pocket Reference is a companion volume to O'Reilly's Learning GNU Emacs, which tells you how to get started with the GNU Emacs editor and, as you become more proficient, it will help you learn how to use Emacs more effectively.
This small book, covering Emacs version 20, is a handy reference guide to the basic elements of this powerful editor, presenting the Emacs commands in an easy-to-use tabular format.


ABSTRACT The rac mutant of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthii is impaired in adventitious root formation. The objective of the present study was to determine whether or not the root induction phase occurs in the rac mutant, and if so, to determine what causes the induced cells to become incapable of organising root primordia. To this end, rac and wild-type shoots were cultured in vitro for 7 days under conditions suitable for obtaining roots in the wild-type (i.e., exposure to 5 µM indole-3-butyric acid for 4 h, and then transfer to hormone-free medium), and then histologically and biochemically analysed during culture. The variations in peroxidase activity, and in cellular levels of auxins and polyamines revealed that the induction phase occurs in rac shoots, although it lasts longer than in the wild-type ones. Furthermore, both auxin and polyamines were consistently higher in rac shoots compared to the wild-type. After induction, auxin and putrescine levels abruptly decreased in the wild-type shoots, whereas they decreased much more slowly in the rac mutant. The histological analysis of the wild-type shoots showed that the abrupt decrease in auxin and polyamine levels were correlated with a normal initiation phase. In fact, wild-type shoots showed cell divisions in the procambium already at day 2, resulting in the formation of root primordia at day 4, and in root emergence between days 5 and 7. In rac shoots, despite the fact that the procambium cells were activated to undergo cell division, the initiation phase was highly perturbed, and the procambial cells developed tracheary elements instead of adventitious roots. The different morphogenic responses of the two genotypes are discussed in the light of the differences in auxin content after the induction phase.


This manuscript traces the evolution of the estate tax since its enactment. It provides a brief legislative history and description of the structure and features of the tax through 2013. Next it reviews the fiscal contribution of each of the estate and gift taxes through the turbulent recent years. In addition, it provides trends on the number of individuals and households touched by the tax as reflected by the number of returns filed over time through 2012. Furthermore, it also provides a comprehensive review of the behavioral effects of the tax. Estate and gift taxes may have considerable implications for economic behavior. The latter include the effects on saving, labor supply, charitable giving, migration, capital gains realizations, and timing of transfers among others.The estate tax is the only wealth tax levied by the Federal government. It was enacted in 1916, and its scope was expanded to encompass gifts as well. It evolved over the years into the current Unified Transfer Tax which consists of the estate, gift, and generation skipping transfers taxes. The major features of the tax in effect in 2013 reflect a maximum tax rate of 40 percent and an indexed exemption of $5,000,000, with a full exemption for spousal and charitable bequests. The tax provides for a deduction for state death taxes, which replaces the more generous pre-2002 credit for such taxes.The revised text expands on previous drafts by covering recent changes in the estate tax as well as documenting their consequences.


Professor Brian Tamanaha's book, Failing Law Schools, usefully collects in one place the recent critiques of law schools for reacting excessively to U.S. News rankings, manipulating admissions data, spending excessive amounts of money to hire "star" professors and to circulate glossy brochures and magazines, and in some cases, falsifying graduates' employment statistics. But Tamanaha's main argument is that law school has become unaffordable for most applicants, because it will saddle them with debt that they cannot afford to repay on the incomes that they can reasonably expect. His thesis is based on a misunderstanding of student loan repayment methods. In particular, he erroneously assumes that the only proper way to repay student loans is through so-called "standard" repayment (over a ten year period). Actually, many law graduates will find typically law school debt manageable if they repay federal student loans through income-based repayment plans, particularly the new Pay As You Earn (PAYE) plan. Tamanaha disparages income-based repayment, however, because he incorrectly believes that total debt, rather than the ratio of current repayment obligations to current income, primarily determines a borrower's credit-worthiness for mortgages and other large loans.Based on his belief that law school is no longer affordable for most students, Tamanaha offers several radical proposals, such as amending accreditation standards to permit a two-tier system, in which only a few expensive law schools would continue as research institutions offering three-year degrees, while most would offer law degrees after two years of classroom study and a year of some sort of lightly-supervised apprenticeship. He would also do away with the standard that requires schools to put most faculty members on tenure tracks and to support faculty research. This review essay questions the need for those far-reaching changes in legal education and concludes with the suggestion that Tamanaha focus his considerable critical skills on the problems not of law students, but of lower-income clients who are unable to obtain the legal services that they need.


The style of the Associated Press is the gold standard for news writing. With The AP Stylebook in hand, you can learn how to write and edit with the clarity and professionalism for which they are famous. Fully revised and updated, this new edition contains more than 3,000 A to Z entries-including more than 200 new ones-detailing the AP's rules on grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, abbreviation, and word and numeral usage. You'll find answers to such wide-ranging questions as: * When should the names of government bodies be spelled out and when should they be abbreviated?* What are the general definitions of the major religious movements?* Which companies do the big media conglomerates own?* Who are all the members of the British Commonwealth?* How should box scores for baseball games be filed?* What constitutes "fair use"?* What exactly does the Freedom of Information Act cover? With invaluable additional sections on the unique guidelines for business and sports reporting and on how you can guard against libel and copyright infringement, The AP Stylebook is the one reference that all writers, editors, and students cannot afford to be without.


Accepted methods of analysis might be viewed as inadequate for analytical work on field notes and interview transcriptions when the aim is to analyze these as a complete body of material. The purpose of this article is to present a new method for systematic data integration in which the key component is the interweaving of observation data and interview data derived from sequences of interactive situations. The method has been developed in a study where groups of user representatives and professionals collaborated for some time on planning, implementing, and evaluating patient education programmes. The article briefly presents the study on which the method is based, after which the Systematic Data Integration method is introduced with examples from the study. The method entails analytical work on field notes and interview transcriptions, during which raw data and preliminary analysis results are integrated. It will be argued that interweaving the data clarifies the complementarity of the types of data and increases transparency for further theoretical analyses and interpretation. In addition, the interweaving contributes to ensuring quality in choosing quotations used to illustrate and emphasize the study's findings.


This paper deals with new infinite families of small dense sets in desarguesian projective planes $PG(2,q)$. A general construction of dense sets of size about $3q^{2/3}$ is presented. Better results are obtained for specific values of $q$. In several cases, an improvement on the best known upper bound on the size of the smallest dense set in $PG(2,q)$ is obtained.


This paper investigates the extent to which the microfinance sector should be influenced by risk management policies from the banking industry. The increasing commercialisation of microfinance is resulting in a greater impetus to implement formal risk policies and practices. Such actions, if conceived with due care and attention to the purpose of microfinance, could be an important step for the industry. However, there is a danger that generic procedures of risk assessment and management, particularly those adapted from purely for-profit industries, could impede this relatively young industry, or subvert its mission. The discussion centres around a survey of public opinion on the riskiness of a range of investment options and the factors that influence investment decisions, seeking to determine whether the public's perception of the riskiness might be affected by qualitative factors, such as societal benefits. The survey finds no relationship between overall risk perception and the qualitative factors tested, but does suggest that investment decisions can be explained by two opposing dimensions: social and financial. This leads to a number of implications for the evolution of risk management within the microfinance industry, and highlights dangers of focusing purely on technical risk.


This article examines, whether contemporary teaching culture and the teaching profession are being transformed as a result of demands for evaluation and visibility, and what the consequences of this may be. We identify dominant education policy discourses that impact teachers and teaching, following which we show how the concept of 'quality assurance' has shaped contemporary evaluation demands. The paper then argues that we must challenge existing worries that evaluation initiatives have instrumental and mechanical consequences for teaching practices. Inspired by existing research and building upon empirical studies of Danish educational practices (upper secondary schools and universities), we show that indirect, so-called performance paradoxes may occur. This is because the effort to make one thing visible, often renders other aspects difficult to access. From these considerations, we discuss, which impact evaluation and visibility demands may have on the teacher profession and teaching culture. The article only points out tendencies, wherefore, we argue the need for more knowledge about how various evaluation demands impact teaching practices.


Elizabeth Blackadder has been respected as a printmaker for over four decades and, during that time, has experimented with a range of diverse media including lithography, etching, aquatint, drypoint, woodcut and screenprint. Christopher Allan examines these media one by one to reveal how Blackadder has successfully exploited the characteristics of each printmaking method to create a range of original prints. Blackadder first experimented with printmaking during her student days in the early 1950s and her first prints were published in 1958. From these beginnings, Blackadder has worked with a range of studios and publishers, including Curwen Studio, The Mercury Gallery, Peacock Printers and, most extensively, the Glasgow Print Studio. Her work is presented thematically and this approach reveals her constant interest in still-life composition, and her interpretations of the natural world, from landscapes to animals. The broad chronological approach of the introductory essays charts her progress in printmaking. This book is the first to illustrate and catalogue every published print made by Blackadder from the 1950s to the present day.


With proven pedagogy that emphasizes critical-thinking, problem-solving, and in-depth coverage, New Perspectives helps students develop the Microsoft Office 2013 skills they need to be successful in college and beyond. Updated with all new case-based tutorials, New Perspectives Microsoft Office 2013 continues to engage students in applying skills to real-world situations, making concepts relevant. A new Troubleshoot case problem enhances critical thinking, and a new tutorial on Managing Your Files helps students navigate Windows 8. As always, New Perspectives improves learning outcomes and transference of skills by helping students understand why what they're learning is important.


We present a set of low-cost architectural enhancements to accelerate the execution of certain arithmetic operations common in cryptographic applications on an extensible embedded processor core. The proposed enhancements are generic in the sense that they can be beneficially applied in almost any RISC processor. We implemented the enhance- ments in form of a cryptographic unit (CU) that offers the programmer an extended instruction set. The CU features a 128-bit wide register file and datapath, which enables it to process 128-bit words and perform 128-bit loads/stores. We analyze the speed-up factors for some arithmetic operations and public-key cryptographic algorithms obtained through these enhancements. In addition, we evaluate the hardware overhead (i.e. silicon area) of integrating the CU into an embedded RISC processor. Our experimental results show that the proposed architectural enhancements allow for a significant performance gain for both RSA and ECC at the expense of an acceptable increase in silicon area. We also demonstrate that the proposed enhancements facilitate the protection of cryptographic algorithms against certain types of side-channel attacks and present an AES implementation hardened against cache-based attacks as a case study.