The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal
cortical activation patterns underlying different stages of humor comprehension (e.g., detection of
incongruity stage, resolution of incongruity stage, and affective stage).
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured when 16 subjects were
apprehending cartoon pictures including humorous, non-humorous and unrelated items.
Results showed that both humorous and unrelated items elicited a more negative
ERP deflection (N500-800) than non-humorous ones between 500 - 800 ms, which might
reflect detection to incongruent element during humor apprehension. Then, both humorous
and non-humorous items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P800-1000) than
unrelated ones between 800 - 1000 ms, which might reflect a classification process
preliminarily evaluating whether there were attainable cues in the pictures
used to form possible association between context and picture (we named it "association
evaluation" stage). Furthermore, humorous items elicited a more
positive slow wave than non-humorous items which also elicited a more positive
wave than unrelated items between 1000 - 1600 ms, during which this component might be involved
in the forming of novel associations (resolution of incongruity). Lastly,
between 1600 - 2000 ms, humorous
items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P1600-2000) than both non-humorous
and unrelated items, which might be related to emotion processing during humor
apprehension. Based on these results, we deeply subdivided the second stage (resolution
of incongruity) into two stages: association evaluation and incongruity
resolution.


The following research investigates the use of citation analysis techniques for relevance ranking in computer-assisted legal research systems. Overviews on information retrieval, legal research, computer-assisted legal research (CALR), and the role of citations in legal research enable the formulation of a proposition: Relevance ranking in contemporary CALR systems could profit from the use of citation analysis techniques. After examining potential previous work in the areas of Web search, legal network analysis, and legal citation analysis, the proposition is further developed into a testable hypothesis: A basic citation-based algorithm, despite all its shortcomings, could be used to significantly improve relevance ranking in computer-assisted legal research. By computing and analysing the distribution of 242,078 headnote citations across 80,195 opinions written by the Austrian Supreme Court of Justice between 1985 and 2008, proof for this hypothesis is presented.


In my doctoral thesis, I present new information about the developmental expression pattern of the potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2 in the rat auditory brain stem and the morphometrical effects caused by KCC2 gene silencing in mice. The thesis is divided into 3 Chapters. Chapter 1 is a general introduction which gives a brief outline of the primary ascending auditory pathway in mammals. Also, it provides information about the presence of a large number of inhibitory inputs in the auditory system and how these inputs develop; the involvement of inhibition in the acoustic processing is mentioned. In addition, the role of the KCC2 cotransporter in the shift of GABA/glycine transmission, and thus, in maintaining the normal level of inhibition in the mature brain, is described. The focus of Chapter 2 was to investigate the KCC2 immunofluorescent signal from postnatal day (P) 0 to P60 in four major nuclei of the rats superior olivary complex (SOC), namely the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN). The lack of a correlation between the continuous presence of KCC2 mRNA/protein in the postnatal rat brain stem on one side, and the shift in GABA/glycinergic polarity (i.e. KCC2 functionality) on the other side, prompted me to search for a specific cellular expression pattern of the KCC2 protein that might correlate with the switch in GABA/glycine signalling. To do so, the KCC2 immunoreactivity was analysed using high-resolution confocal microscopy in three cellular regions of interest: the soma surface, the soma interior, and the neuropil. In the soma surface, I observed an increase of the KCC2 immunofluorescent signal intensity, yet with a moderate magnitude (1.1 to 1.6-fold). Therefore, I conclude that the change in the soma surface signal is only of minor importance and does not explain the change in KCC2 functionality. The KCC2 signal intensity in the soma interior decreased in all nuclei (1.4 to 2-fold) with the exception of the MNTB where no statistically significant change was found. The decrease in the soma interior was probably related to the increase in the soma surface immunoreactivity and the proposed (weak) intracellular trafficking process of the KCC2 protein. The main developmental reorganization (in qualitative as well as in quantitative aspects) of the KCC2 immunofluorescence in the SOC nuclei was observed in the neuropil. The signal changed its pattern from a diffusely stained neuropil early in development (P0-P4) to a crisp and membrane-confined signal later on (P8-P60), with single dendrites becoming apparent. The exception was found in the MNTB, where the neuropil became almost unlabeled. Quantification revealed a statistically significant decrease (2.2 to 3.8-fold) in the neuropil immunoreactivity in all four nuclei, although the remaining KCC2-stained dendrites became thicker and the signal became stronger. I suppose that, at least in part, the neuropil reorganization can be explained by an age-related reduction of dendritic branches via a pruning mechanism and with the absence of an abnormal Cl- load via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. This is consistent with the proposed additional role of KCC2, namely to maintain the cellular ionic homeostasis and to prevent dendritic swelling (Gulyas et al., 2001). In conclusion, neither the increase in the KCC2 soma surface signal intensity, nor the reorganization in the neuropil can be strictly related to the developmental switch in the GABA/glycine polarity and the onset of KCC2 function, although some correlation (the appearance of a specific membrane-confined dendritic pattern) between structure and function was found. Further implication of different molecular methods, regarding the proposed posttranslational modification of KCC2, will shed light upon the question of what leads to the functional activation of the cotransporter. In Chapter 3, the advantage of loss-of-function KCC2 mice made it possible, via manipulating the duration of the depolarizing phase of GABA/glycine transmission, to analyse the effect of disturbed Cl- regulation and, thus, the effect of disrupted GABA/glycine neurotransmission (lack of inhibition). I asked the following question: how important is the Cl- homeostasis to maintain general aspects (brain weight) and specific aspects (nucleus volume, neuron number, and soma cross-sectional area) of brain development? Brain stem slices from KCC2 knock-out animals (-/-), with a trace amount of transporter (~5%), as well as from wild type animals (+/+) at P3 and P12 were stained for Nissl substance and the analyses were performed with the help of basic morphometrical and stereological methods. In KCC2 (-/-) animals, body growth impairment was observed, in part related to the seizure activity preventing normal feeding (Woo et al., 2002). However, their brains, in terms of brain weight, were less affected. Therefore, I conclude that Cl- homeostasis is not essential per se to maintain the brain weight. Four auditory nuclei (MNTB, MSO, LSO, and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN)), were compared with respect to the KCC2 null mutation. The SOC nuclei were not influenced by the lack of KCC2 at P3 considering the morphometric parameters. A difference in the number of neurons occurred in the VCN at P3. I suggest to perform additional immunohistochemical studies of glial presence related to its involvement in the structural and functional support of the neurons and their survival. At P12, the volume of the auditory nuclei in KCC2 (-/-) animals was smaller than in (+/+) animals. However, this is likely to be an epiphenomenon since the brain weight increase was also impaired with the same magnitude. Therefore, I suppose that the Cl- homeostasis is not crucial for the nucleus volume increase in the VCN, the MNTB and the MSO during development. An exception was found for the LSO. Regarding the other morphometric parameters at P12, the four nuclei behaved in a different way: (1) in the VCN, after P3, no parameter underwent a disproportional change due to impaired Cl- homeostasis; (2) the MNTB and the LSO showed less pronounced neuropil in mutants in comparison to age-matched controls and two reasons were proposed: first, the depolarizing GABA/glycine transmission in mutants may contribute to excessive Ca2+ load, excitotoxicity and dendrite damage; second, a decrease of some trophic factors may prevent dendrite development in addition to impaired normal body growth; (3) the MSO neurons in P12 (-/-) animals had smaller soma cross-sectional area than in P12 (+/+) animals. I conclude that the normal Cl- homeostasis is required in the MSO at older ages (P12) to achieve and maintain a proper soma size; (4) the lack of KCC2 did not prevent the process of neuronal differentiation in the VCN and the MNTB during development in both mutant and control animals. In conclusion, the various auditory nuclei have to be discussed independently regarding the influence of Cl- homeostasis on some morphometric parameters. Presumably, this is related to the different time of the shift in the GABA/glycine polarity i.e., the onset of KCC2 function (Srinivasan et al., 2004a). Taken together, my thesis accumulated data about the immunohistological expression pattern of KCC2 in various auditory brain stem nuclei and the influence of impaired Cl- homeostasis on some morphometric features in these nuclei. This information will be helpful for further investigations involved to discover the mechanisms and the events that govern the inhibition and the inhibitory pathway in the central auditory system.


In post-conflict Liberia, the National Health Plan set out a process for transitioning from emergency to sustainability under government leadership. The Liberia Health Sector Pool Fund, which consists of DfID, Irish Aid, UNICEF, and UNHCR, was established to fund this plan and mitigate this transition by increasing institutional capacity, reducing the transaction costs associated with managing multiple donor projects, and fostering the leadership of the Liberian Health Ministry by allocating funds to national priorities. In this paper, we discuss the design of the health pool fund mechanism, assess its functioning, compare the pooled fund to other aid mechanisms used in Liberia, and look into the enabling conditions, opportunities, and challenges of the pool fund.


The theory of cognition of Varela and Maturana differs in specific aspects from constructivist theories and so should not be seen or interpreted as another form of constructivism. To encourage the emergence of a discussion on important differences between both theories, this paper aims at highlighting three of these specific aspects, namely the biological roots of cognition, its phylogenic and ontogenic basis, and the nature of reality and knowledge. In many regards, it is possible that the first two points were seen as extensions of constructivism, and had not been theorized previously as distinctions, as is done in the paper. The third point concerning the ideas of "bringing forth a world" represents a clear conceptual shift from the visions inherent in constructivism, and should not be neglected in discussions on epistemology and the nature of knowledge and reality. This third fundamental point brings us to see Varela and Maturana as being different than constructivists, rather seeing them as "bring forthists."


The EU has set itself ambitious targets with regards to a significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions and has presented roadmaps depicting an overall decarbonisation of its economy by the middle of the century. In this context European policymakers and stakeholders are currently discussing the targets and the level of ambition of the 2030 climate and energy policy framework. The Commission is expected to present its own vision for the further development of the energy and climate policy framework in its White Paper "For a 2030 climate and energy policy framework". At this decisive point in the political debate the Wuppertal Institute presents a brief working paper that analyses some of the analytical work - particularly the underlying energy and GHG emission scenarios - behind the Commission's proposals to be presented in the forthcoming White Paper.


This Article, written for a Symposium in honor of Robert Rabin, argues that some forms of liability imposed in negligence are more like strict liability than negligence. For example, under the objective standard of negligence, liability may be imposed even when the defendant was not capable of exercising what counts as reasonable care. Similarly, under certain circumstances reasonable care requires perfect compliance with precautionary requirements. Finally, the "thin-skull" rule imposes liability on a defendant who negligently risks harm to a foreseeable plaintiff even if the amount of harm this plaintiff suffers is far in excess of what was foreseeable. In the first example the defendant is liable even if he does his best. In the second example the defendant is liable unless he achieves perfect compliance. And in the third example the defendant is liable for something he could not foresee. Imposing liability for negligence in these situations resembles strict liability. At the least, these forms of negligence liability certainly are "stricter" than many others. The Article examines the rights-based and instrumental roles played by these forms of liability in reflecting norms of responsibility, reducing information and error costs, influencing activity levels, and promoting the insurance of losses. The analysis has two implications. The first is that negligence is not the pure type of liability that it is sometimes thought to be. The existence within negligence of several forms of liability that are strict, or at least "stricter" than the core negligence paradigm, weakens the claim that negligence liability may have to moral superiority over strict liability. I argue that part of the reason negligence has maintained its dominance of accident law, and part of the reason strict liability has not become more dominant, is that negligence has incorporated stricter liability within it. The second implication of my analysis is that the normative character of tort liability is more complex, and perhaps more ambiguous, than either rights or instrumental theories standing alone can easily capture. One of the most interesting things about the instances of strict liability in negligence is that, whether we call them strict liability or deny them this status, there seems to be widespread agreement that they are normatively attractive. This confluence of support on the merits for doctrines whose status itself is contested suggests that tort law doctrines may need to satisfy both instrumental and rights-based concerns in order to be stable and persistent. A negligence system that purports to condition liability on the commission of wrongs, but also sometimes imposes stricter liability for conduct that is not so clearly blameworthy, would seem to be influenced in practice by the same instrumental considerations that support the imposition of strict liability. Conversely, instrumental justifications for tort doctrines are likely to be unpersuasive when these doctrines do not also satisfy rights-based concerns. Whether or not our system of accident law has mixed "goals," then, it certainly appears to be subject to mixed side-constraints.


Introduction: Recently it has been demonstrated that chronic pain is associated with structural brain changes. So far there have been no morphometric studies on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Bekkelund et al. [1], used manual tracing methods, and observed larger brain atrophy in patients with long term RA, than in control subjects. Our previous studies demonstrated that there are no cortical changes in RA. We used FIRST, a shape-based morphometric method to compare shape of subcortical grey matter in RA patients versus healthy controls.
Methods: We recruited 31 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, treated with non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and 25 age- and sex- matched healthy controls, free of any chronic pain complaint. High-resolution MP-RAGE images were acquired on a 3T Tim Trio scanner (Siemens, Erlangen). Data were analyzed using FIRST, a shape-based morphometry style analysis [2]. We used age and sex as regressors of no interest. In the patient group, only disease duration was entered into the model together with age and sex to investigate whether any of the structural changes were correlated with the duration of disease.
Results: We observed a larger right caudate nucleus in the patient group. None of the structures was larger in the control group. There were no correlations between the disease duration and shape changes in any of the subcortical structures in the patient group.
Discussion: The observed changes may reflect altered motor feedback related to pain in disability in RA, changes related to activity in the reward system (if we treat pain relief as a reward), finally increase of subcortical grey matter may be associated with alterations in dopaminergic transmission.
Conclusions: We suggest that chronic pain in RA is associated with subcortical structural brain changes reflecting neuroplasticity related to chronic pain or motor changes. In the future, a follow-up study in early RA would help to improve our understanding of these changes.


This six-level series of factual readers allows English language learners to explore a variety of fascinating real-world topics. Each reader has been carefully graded to reinforce the main structures and vocabulary covered in most major language courses. The use of the plus symbol (+) highlights the increased level of challenge in language as compared to a standard reader; reflecting the focus on content learning. Level 1+ Level 2+ Level 3+ Level 4+ Level 5+ Level 6+ Includes a glossary with explanations of key vocabulary Free teaching notes, audio and exercises available at www.macmillanyounglearners.com/readers 20 new titles added for 2013


In today's digital society, technology-based resources are emerging and changing far more rapidly than organizational systems and structures. While information management is critical to strategy at both the formulation and implementation stages, strategic decisions often must be made quickly, and with less rationality than is desirable. This paper provides an analytical framework based on the types of information needed for specific strategic orientations. The proposed framework, or information resource matrix (IRM), integrates the strategy typology of Miles and Snow (1978), the uncertainty dimensions of Milliken (1987), and the decision-making model of Simon (1963). The IRM identifies a firm's information needs for a given strategic orientation. Using the IRM, managers can tailor information systems to fit their strategic information needs.


KDD deals with the ready data, available in all scientific and applied domains. However, some domains with comprehensive and conclusive data have severe data security problems. To exclude the reidentification risk of individual cases, e.g. persons or companies, the access to these data is rigidly restricted, and often KDD applications are not allowed at all. In this paper, we discuss data privacy issues based on our experience with some applications of the discovery system Explora and other data analysis approaches. At first, some examples of applications are presented referring to a simple classification organized according to two dimensions important for the privacy discussion. Then we treat the reidentification risk and discuss anonymization methods to overcome these problems. Aggregation and synthetization methods are discussed in more detail. There is a tradeoff between the reduction of the reidentification risk and the preservation of the statistical content of data. We analyse for some main KDD patterns, how far the statistical content of anonymized data is still sufficient. In principle, KDD needs aggregate events. Since the event space of a dataset is very large, a static precomputation of all possible events is often not viable. We propose an architectural solution of a modular KDD system including a separate data server handling also data security requirements and ensuring that only dynamically aggregated data leave the server and can be analysed by the discovery modules of the KDD system. Finally, some other data privacy aspects are addressed.


Computer training for industry is often not capable of providing advice custom-tailored for a specific student and a specific learning situation. In this paper we describe an intelligent computer-aided system that provides multiple explanations and tutoring facilities tempered to the individual student in an industrial setting. The tutor is based on a mathematically accurate formulation of the kraft recovery boiler and provides an interactive simulation complete with help, hints, explanations, and tutoring. The approach is extensible to a wide variety of engineering and industrial problems in which the goal is to train an operator to control a complex system and to solve difficult "real time" emergencies.


Wind/Pinball includes Haruki Murakami's first two novels, published back-to-back, available for the first time in English outside Japan. With a new introduction by the author. Published as a reversible hardback 'If you're the sort of guy who raids the refrigerators of silent kitchens at three o'clock in the morning, you can only write accordingly. That's who I am.' Hear the Wind Sing and Pinball, 1973 are Haruki Murakami's earliest novels. They follow the fortunes of the narrator and his friend, known only by his nickname, the Rat. In Hear the Wind Sing the narrator is home from college on his summer break. He spends his time drinking beer and smoking in J's Bar with the Rat, listening to the radio, thinking about writing and the women he has slept with, and pursuing a relationship with a girl with nine fingers. Three years later, in Pinball, 1973, he has moved to Tokyo to work as a translator and live with indistinguishable twin girls, but the Rat has remained behind, despite his efforts to leave both the town and his girlfriend. The narrator finds himself haunted by memories of his own doomed relationship but also, more bizarrely, by his short-lived obsession with playing pinball in J's Bar. This sends him on a quest to find the exact model of pinball machine he had enjoyed playing years earlier: the three-flipper Spaceship.


This study examined the perceptions and experiences the parents of elementary school aged children had regarding expanding schooling options within the public educational system and choosing schools using the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) public school choice provision. The NCLB Act of 2001 was the federal government's effort to improve schools and nurture high standards and academic success for all students. Policies intended to encourage greater parent participation in their children's schooling are emphasized, especially when children attend low-performing Title I schools. Parents may use public school choice provisions to transfer their children from struggling schools and enroll them in public schools that met or exceeded the NCLB proficiency benchmark called Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). This study was designed to give insight into parents' experiences in choosing to exercise or not exercise the transfer options in schools that have failed to make AYP. The specific questions explored were: 1. What are the experiences and perceptions of parents/guardians whose children have the opportunity to transfer from an elementary Title I school designated as an underperforming school under NCLB to a presumably higher-performing school? 2. How do parents/guardians describe their children's experiences following the choices that the parents/guardians made to leave one school for another because of NCLB or not to switch schools and to remain at their current low-performing school? 3. How do parents describe their own experience with the school and school district after enrolling their child in the NCLB choice school or having their child remain in the current low-performing school? Phenomenological research methodology was used to investigate parents' experiences, view school choose from the parents' perceptions, and capture parents' voices as they describe their experiences. Two major findings emerged from the data. The majority of the parents perceived that the choice option gave them greater influence and control over their child's education. They perceived it transformed the selection of schools from a passive to an active decision making process. The findings suggest that NCLB's transfer policy would benefit from attention to parents' perceptions and experiences to improve implementation and achieve the goals of the law especially for low-income and minority students.


Bean and tuber extracts of Tylosema esculentum (marama) – an African creeping plant – were obtained using ethanol, methanol and water. Based on information that T. esculentum is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of tuber and bean extracts were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 6538), Mycobacterium terrae (ATCC 15755), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (clinical) and Candida albicans (ATCC 2091). We performed the broth microdilution test for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a method to determine survival of microorganisms after in vitro coincubation with the highest concentrations of T. esculentum extracts, followed by assessment of colony counts. Ethanol and methanol (phenolic) bean extracts exhibited higher potency against bacteria and yeast than aqueous extracts. Marama bean seed coat crude ethanolic extract (MSCE) and seed coat polyphenolic fractions, especially soluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), were highly antimicrobial against M. terrae, C. diphtheriae and C. albicans. All marama bean polyphenolic fractions, namely cotyledon acidified methanol fraction (MCAM), seed coat acidified methanol fraction (MSCAM), cotyledon insoluble-bound fraction (MCIB), seed coat insoluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), cotyledon-free polyphenolic fraction (MCFP) and seed coat free polyphenolic fraction (MSCFP) had high antimicrobial effects as shown by low respective MIC values between 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. These MIC values were comparable to those of control antimicrobials used: amphotericin B (0.5 mg/mL) and cesfulodin (0.1 mg/mL) against C. diphtheriae, streptomycin (1.0 mg/mL) and gentamicin (0.4 mg/mL) against M. terrae, and amphotericin B (0.05 mg/mL) against C. albicans. Marama seed coat soluble-esterified fraction (MSCS) had closer activity to that of cefsulodin against M. terrae. High amounts of phenolic substances, such as gallic acid, especially in the seed coats, as well as high amounts of phytosterols, lignans, certain fatty acids and peptides (specifically protease inhibitors) in the cotyledons contributed to the observed antibacterial and anticandidal activities. Marama extracts, especially phenolic and crude seed coat extracts, had high multispecies antibacterial and anticandidal activities at concentrations comparable to that of some conventional drugs; these extracts have potential use as microbicides.


Electrocardiography (ECG) signal transmitter is the device used to transmit the electrical signals of the heart to the remote machine. These electrical signals are ECG signals caused due to electrical activities in the heart. ECG signals have very low amplitude and frequency; hence amplification of the signals is needed to strengthen the signal. Conversion of the amplified signal into digital information and transmitting that information without losing any data is the key. This information is further used in monitoring the heart.


Master Java EE design pattern implementation to improve your design skills and your applications architecture Professional Java EE Design Patterns is the perfect companion for anyone who wants to work more effectively with Java EE, and the only resource that covers both the theory and application of design patterns in solving real-world problems. The authors guide readers through both the fundamental and advanced features of Java EE 7, presenting patterns throughout, and demonstrating how they are used in day-to-day problem solving. As the most popular programming language in community-driven enterprise software, Java EE provides an API and runtime environment that is a superset of Java SE. Written for the junior and experienced Java EE developer seeking to improve design quality and effectiveness, the book covers areas including: Implementation and problem-solving with design patterns Connection between existing Java SE design patterns and new Java EE concepts Harnessing the power of Java EE in design patterns Individually-based focus that fully explores each pattern Colorful war-stories showing how patterns were used in the field to solve real-life problems Unlike most Java EE books that simply offer descriptions or recipes, this book drives home the implementation of the pattern to real problems to ensure that the reader learns how the patterns should be used and to be aware oftheir pitfalls. For the programmer looking for a comprehensive guide that is actually useful in the everyday workflow, Professional Java EE Design Patterns is the definitive resource on the market.


Style translation is the process of transforming an input motion into a new style while preserving its original content. This problem is motivated by the needs of interactive applications, which require rapid processing of captured performances. Our solution learns to translate by analyzing differences between performances of the same content in input and output styles. It relies on a novel correspondence algorithm to align motions, and a linear time-invariant model to represent stylistic differences. Once the model is estimated with system identification, our system is capable of translating streaming input with simple linear operations at each frame.


In this article we formally describe a declarative approach for encoding plan operatorsin proof planning, the so-called methods. The notion of method evolves from the much studiedconcept tactic and was first used by Bundy. While significant deductive power has been achievedwith the planning approach towards automated deduction, the procedural character of the tacticpart of methods, however, hinders mechanical modification. Although the strength of a proofplanning system largely depends on powerful general procedures which solve a large class ofproblems, mechanical or even automated modification of methods is nevertheless necessary forat least two reasons. Firstly methods designed for a specific type of problem will never begeneral enough. For instance, it is very difficult to encode a general method which solves allproblems a human mathematician might intuitively consider as a case of homomorphy. Secondlythe cognitive ability of adapting existing methods to suit novel situations is a fundamentalpart of human mathematical competence. We believe it is extremely valuable to accountcomputationally for this kind of reasoning.The main part of this article is devoted to a declarative language for encoding methods,composed of a tactic and a specification. The major feature of our approach is that the tacticpart of a method is split into a declarative and a procedural part in order to enable a tractableadaption of methods. The applicability of a method in a planning situation is formulatedin the specification, essentially consisting of an object level formula schema and a meta-levelformula of a declarative constraint language. After setting up our general framework, wemainly concentrate on this constraint language. Furthermore we illustrate how our methodscan be used in a Strips-like planning framework. Finally we briefly illustrate the mechanicalmodification of declaratively encoded methods by so-called meta-methods.


>>> import this Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one -and preferably only one -obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -let's do more of those!


Authors: Jakobsen, Gitte P. Year of Publication: 2009 Series/Report no.: PhD Series 16.2009 Abstract: With the increasing globalization, new organizational structures, and rapid change the leader has been increasingly individualized and personalized. The leader has been put under pressure to reveal a leadership, in which the personality of the individual leader is increasingly important. Moreover, the individual leader has become central for creating and communicating organizational meaning, and the leaders' personal conduct, ethics and identity are taken to be symbolic of the organizational brand. Leaders are increasingly publicly evaluated based on how he "tells the story" of him-self and the organization e.g. the extent to which the leader exemplifies and lives the organizational brand. This is reflected in a growing demand for leader development programs with a personal orientation, and psychological oriented development focused on the individual leaders' personal challenges. Recent theoretical developments in the intersection of critical management studies and narrative identity studies have challenged prior assumptions and approaches, with a departure in social constructivist perspectives leadership is conceived as narrative identity construction embedded in social practice and context. Hence, leader studies turn to investigate the emergence of leaders as processes of identity work in particular contexts, privileging the use of language, social interaction and critical reflexive approaches. This dissertation explores the narrative construction of leader identity in the context of a leader development program, examining the processes and the content of identity work of leaders. Empirically five Danish executives from five different industries have been studied in a three year period, starting with a one-year long leader development program and in two following interviews. The material is analyzed within a theoretical and methodological framework inspired by a combination of social constructivist, discursive, narrative and critical management approaches to identity and leadership research. The narrative analytical framework is based on narrative theory, narrative therapy theorization, and positioning theory, analyzing the thematic, temporal and relational aspects of the five leaders' narrative accounts. Hence, the analytical strategy analyzes the narrative recourses of: problem stories, preferred stories, storylines, and the negotiation of subject positions used by the five leaders in constructing certain situated leader identities Persistent Identifier of the first edition: hdl:10398/7807 ISBN: 9788759383940 Creative Commons License:


Preface to the Technical Series. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Contributors. 1 The Quality of Milk for Cheese Manufacture (T.P. Guinee and B. O'Brien). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Overview of milk composition. 1.3 Principles of cheese manufacture. 1.4 Quality definition of milk. 1.5 Factors affecting the quality of milk for cheese manufacture. 1.6 Strategy for quality milk production. 1.7 Conclusions. References. 2 The Origins, Development and Basic Operations of Cheesemaking Technology (M. Johnson and B.A. Law). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The world market for cheese. 2.3 The fundamentals of cheese technology. 2.4 Basic cheese manufacture. 2.5 The stages of cheesemaking. 2.6 Cheese ripening/maturation. 2.7 Reduced-fat versions of traditional cheeses. 2.8 Whey technology for cheesemakers. 2.9 The role of research and development in the future of cheese technology. 2.10 Acknowledgements. References. 3 The Production, Action and Application of Rennet and Coagulants (M. Harboe, M.L. Broe and K.B. Qvist). 3.1 Historical background and nomenclature. 3.2 Types of rennet and coagulants. 3.3 Molecular aspects of the enzymes in rennet and coagulants. 3.4 Technology of enzymes production. 3.5 Analysis of coagulants. 3.6 Legislation and approvals. 3.7 Physical chemistry and kinetics of enzymatic coagulation of milk. 3.8 Application of rennet and coagulants. 3.9 Conclusions. References. 4 The Formation of Cheese Curd (T. Janhoj and K.B. Qvist). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Chemistry and physics of curd formation. 4.3 Effect of milk composition on curd formation. 4.4 Effects of milk pre-treatment on curd formation. 4.5 Factors controlling curd formation in the vat. 4.6 On-line measurement of curd firmness and syneresis. 4.7 Cheese with reduced-fat content. References. 5 The Production, Application and Action of Lactic Cheese Starter Cultures (E. Hoier, T. Janzen, F. Rattray, K. Sorensen, M.W. Borsting, E. Brockmann and E. Johansen). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Historical background. 5.3 Production of starter cultures. 5.4 Range of LAB used as starter cultures. 5.5 Taxonomy of LAB. 5.6 The types of lactic cultures. 5.7 Modern approaches to the development of new starter cultures. 5.8 Biochemistry of acidification by LAB. 5.9 Proteolysis by LAB. 5.10 Bacteriophage of LAB. 5.11 Development of phage-resistant starters. 5.12 Future perspectives in starter culture development. References. 6 Secondary Cheese Starter Cultures (W. Bockelmann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Surface-ripened cheeses. 6.3 Classification of secondary starter cultures. 6.4 Commercially available secondary cheese starter cultures. 6.5 Surface ripening. 6.6 Development of defined surface starter cultures. 6.7 Proteolysis and lipolysis. 6.8 Aroma. 6.9 Conclusions. References. 7 Cheese-Ripening and Cheese Flavour Technology (B.A. Law). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The breakdown of milk proteins to flavour compounds in cheese. 7.3 Breakdown of milk lipids in cheese. 7.4 Lactose and citrate metabolism in cheese. 7.5 The commercial drive for cheese-ripening and flavour technology. 7.6 Commercial opportunities created by cheese-ripening and flavour technologies. 7.7 Methods for the controlled and accelerated ripening of cheese. 7.8 EMCs and cheese flavour products. 7.9 Acknowledgements. References. 8 Control and Prediction of Quality Characteristics in the Manufacture and Ripening of Cheese (T.P. Guinee and D.J. O'Callaghan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Principles of cheese manufacture. 8.3 Cheese quality characteristics. 8.4 Cheese quality: influence of chemical composition of milk. 8.5 Cheese quality: effect of milk pre-treatments and manufacturing operations. 8.6 Cheese quality: effect of cheese composition. 8.7 Cheese quality: effect of ripening. 8.8 Quality assurance in cheese manufacture. 8.9 Conclusions. References. 9 Technology, Biochemistry and Functionality of Pasta Filata/Pizza Cheese (P.S. Kindstedt, A.J. Hillier and J.J. Mayes). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Measuring functional properties of pizza cheese. 9.3 Manufacture of pizza cheese. 9.4 Microbiological, proteolytic and physicochemical properties. 9.5 Non-traditional methods of manufacture. References. 10 Eye Formation and Swiss-Type Cheeses (A. Thierry, F. Berthier, V. Gagnaire, J.R. Kerjean, C. Lopez and Y. Noel). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Open texture and eye formation. 10.3 Gas formation through propionic fermentation. 10.4 Cheese structure and eye formation. 10.5 Conclusions. References. 11 Microbiological Surveillance and Control in Cheese Manufacture (P. Neaves and A.P. Williams). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Milk for cheese manufacture. 11.3 Heat treatment. 11.4 Cheesemaking. 11.5 Maturation of the curd. 11.6 Specialist cheeses and cheese products. 11.7 Cheese defects. 11.8 Prevention and control. 11.9 End-product testing and environmental monitoring. 11.10 Microbiological techniques. 11.11 Conclusions. References. 12 Packaging Materials and Equipment (Y. Schneider, C. Kluge, U. Weiand H. Rohm). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cutting of the cheese. 12.3 Applications of cutting. 12.4 Packaging of cheeses. 12.5 Packaging machines. 12.6 Conclusion. References. 13 The Grading and Sensory Profiling of Cheese (D.D. Muir). 13.1 Introduction to cheese-grading systems. 13.2 Fundamentals of sensory processing. 13.3 Grading systems: defect versus attribute grading. 13.4 The direct link: cheesemaking to consumer. 13.5 Introduction to sensory profiling of cheese. 13.6 Sensory vocabulary. 13.7 Sample preparation and presentation. 13.8 Assessor selection. 13.9 Integrated design and analysis of data. 13.10 Sensory character of commercial cheese. 13.11 Development of flavour lexicons. 13.12 Overview. 13.13 Acknowledgements. References. Index.


In recent years a troubling trend has emerged within a number of poor, black communities. Termed "Stop Snitching," it has manifested itself in the form community members' refusing to cooperate with police investigations of community crimes. The result of this widespread refusal to cooperate has been a reduced number of crimes solved within these communities; without cooperating witnesses, it has proven exceedingly difficult for police to make criminal cases. Reactions to Stop Snitching have taken two predominant forms, both of which are mistaken. The first, most often attributed to law enforcement officers, is contempt. To them, community members who do not assist in criminal investigations are violating the ethical obligation all citizens have to aid in the arrest and prosecution of criminal actors. The second reaction to Stop Snitching, most often coming from citizens largely isolated from poor, black communities, is confusion. Assuming the police to be allies of the citizenry, they wonder why anyone would even entertain the notion of refusing to help the police solve community crimes. This Article suggests a different understanding of Stop Snitching, arguing that poor, black community members' refusal to cooperate with police investigations should be viewed as neither ethically condemnable nor inexplicable, but rather as a natural extension of the innate human aspiration to be loyal. It does so by situating Stop Snitching within the existing literature on loyalty and asserting that the refusal to cooperate with police represents a privileging of community loyalty over loyalty to the state. Throughout the various strata of contemporary society, such privileging of the familiar over the remote is common, and Stop Snitching is neither puzzling nor reprehensible when viewed as a manifestation of this manner of prioritization. Once Stop Snitching is understood as a reflection of the weak loyalty bonds that exist between police officers and the poor, black communities they serve, it becomes clear that it can only be curtailed and ultimately eliminated through police efforts aimed at strengthening these bonds. This Article closes with a discussion of the steps police should take in order to succeed in this regard.


The Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC is widely considered a major roadblock for campaign finance reform, and particularly for limiting third party spending in federal elections. In response to the decision, commentators, scholars, and activists have outlined a wide range of legislative and regulatory proposals to limit the influence of third party spending, including constitutional amendments, public financing programs, and expanded disclosure rules. To date, however, they have not considered the possibility that third party spending can be restrained by a self-enforcing private contract between the opposing campaigns. This Essay argues that private ordering, rather than public action, is an additional approach for limiting third party campaign spending. It explains the design of a contract between opposing campaigns that is self-enforcing and restricts third party spending; identifies the conditions under which such a contract is likely to be offered and accepted; shows how political dynamics push third parties and campaigns to adhere to the contract's spending restrictions; and discusses possible loopholes and challenges. While private ordering through a self-enforcing contract might seem like wishful thinking, precisely this kind of contract, "The People's Pledge," succeeded in keeping out third party spending on television, radio, and internet advertising in the most expensive Senate race in history, the 2012 Brown-Warren race in Massachusetts. Since then, this kind of contract has been adopted in two other federal congressional races and debated and offered in a wide range of other races. In the context of political gridlock in Congress, the emergence of a private ordering option to achieve campaign finance reform goals is significant. This Essay analyzes the conditions under which private ordering, rather than public law reform, can limit third party spending in elections. It draws on examples, particularly that of the original "People's Pledge," to illustrate the general parameters of these contracts, and it considers the implications of these contracts for election law and policy.


In the decade since it became a priority on the United States' national agenda, the issue of human trafficking has spawned enduring controversy. New legal definitions of "trafficking" were codified in international and U.S. law in 2000, but what conduct qualifies as "trafficking" remains hotly contested. Despite shared moral outrage over the plight of trafficked persons, debates over whether trafficking encompasses voluntary prostitution continue to rend the anti-trafficking advocacy community - and are as intractable as debates over abortion and other similarly contentious social issues. Attempts to equate trafficking with slavery invite both disdain and favor: they are often rejected for their insensitive and legally inaccurate conflation with transatlantic slavery yet simultaneously embraced for capturing the moral urgency of addressing this human rights problem. The anti-trafficking movement itself has been attacked by those who believe it is built on specious statistics concerning the problem's magnitude and by others who think it undermines human rights goals by drawing attention away from migrants' rights and efforts to combat slavery in all its contemporary forms. U.S. law and policy have fueled controversy over anti-trafficking strategies, both at home and abroad. In 2000, the United States led negotiations over a new international law on trafficking, the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (the U.N. Trafficking Protocol). At the same time, the United States enacted a comprehensive domestic law on trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA). Both instruments define trafficking as the movement or recruitment of men, women, or children, using force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary servitude or slavery in one or more of a wide variety of sectors (for example, agriculture, construction, or commercial sex). These legal definitions reflect a concerted effort to move away from traditional perspectives that narrowly defined trafficking as the movement or recruitment of women or girls into the sex sector and toward a broader understanding of the problem as also involving the exploitation of women, men, and children in non-sex sectors. Although trafficking into non-sex sectors arguably accounts for the larger proportion of trafficking activity, anti-trafficking laws and policies - both within the United States and abroad - have nonetheless remained focused on sex-sector trafficking and prostitution. This focus reflects the potent influence of prostitution-reform debates on the anti-trafficking movement. Those debates have embroiled anti-trafficking advocates and policymakers in a struggle over whether prostitution is inherently coercive, and therefore a form of trafficking, or whether the trafficking label should be applied only to instances of forced prostitution. The Bush Administration adopted the former position, marking the increasing influence of the "neo-abolitionists" - an unlikely alliance of feminists, conservatives, and evangelical Christians who have used the anti-trafficking movement to pursue abolition of prostitution around the globe. This Article examines the prostitution-reform debates on U.S. anti-trafficking policy and assesses their effects in the international arena. Part I describes the prostitution-reform debates and their influence on efforts to develop international and U.S. anti-trafficking laws and policies. The discussion spotlights how the prostitution-reform debates have impeded broader efforts by anti-trafficking advocates to prioritize protection of trafficked persons' human rights in the face of the United States' emphasis on an aggressive criminal justice response to trafficking. Part II describes the ways in which the neo-abolitionists have gained dominance during the formative years of global anti-trafficking law and policy development, largely transforming the anti-trafficking movement into an anti-prostitution campaign. The discussion traces how the neo-abolitionists have successfully promoted their anti-prostitution agenda worldwide through targeted legal reforms that condition U.S. financial assistance to governments, NGOs, and government contractors on the recipients' commitment to an anti-prostitution stance. The discussion further illustrates how the neo-abolitionists have shaped common understandings of the problem of human trafficking by deploying a reductive narrative of trafficking that simplistically depicts trafficking as involving women and girls forced into "sexual slavery" by social deviants. This Article argues that this control over the meaning of trafficking has been perhaps the greatest of the neo-abolitionists' gains because it has significantly influenced how anti-trafficking interventions are constructed and implemented on the ground. Part III assesses the consequences of the neo-abolitionists' rise to power in the trafficking field. The discussion highlights how neo-abolitionist legal reforms and the reductive narrative have promoted criminal justice responses that target prostitution and leave unquestioned the exploitative labor practices and migrant abuse that characterize the majority of trafficking cases. Such responses neglect to address the pervasive labor-migration problem resulting from globalization trends that drive lower-income women and men into patterns of risky migration and exploitative informal-sector employment. Moreover, by invoking comparisons to slavery and stereotypes of innocent, naive Third World women, neo-abolitionist discursive practices sustain a crusader impulse that resists a self-critical evaluation and assessment of the effects of neo-abolitionist policymaking on its target populations. In turn, this impulse has allowed ideology to overshadow social science data--both qualitative and quantitative - that call into question the effectiveness of neo-abolitionist strategies in combating prostitution, much less trafficking. This Article does not aim to provide authoritative solutions to the trafficking problem. Nor does it seek to resolve debates over prostitution reform. I share a commitment to ending human trafficking but am suspicious of simple solutions and anti-trafficking policies not supported by empirical evidence. This perspective leaves me at times at odds with both those who believe that all prostitution is necessarily forced and those who believe that prostitution is just like any other form of work. In my view, both perspectives lack an empirical basis and neither provides a solid foundation for effective anti-trafficking policy. Trafficking is a complicated problem, requiring nuanced solutions that will vary depending on context. This Article instead offers a historical account and critical assessment of the prostitution-reform debates' considerable influence on anti-trafficking law and policy development over the last decade. It does so to expose the difficulties of translating ideology - understood here as closely held moral and ethical beliefs - into effective governance strategies. There is an urgent need to adopt and emphasize policies that are guided foremost by a pragmatic, evidence-based approach that grapples with the real-world complexities of human trafficking. This empirical approach requires us to set aside our narrow ideological commitments and to objectively evaluate the actual impact that "anti-trafficking" interventions have both on those they purport to help and on the vulnerable populations they collaterally affect.


In the Supreme Court's recent decision on GPS surveillance, United States v. Jones, five justices authored or joined concurring opinions that applied a new approach to interpreting Fourth Amendment protection. Before Jones, Fourth Amendment decisions had always evaluated each step of an investigation individually. Jones introduced what we might call a "mosaic theory" of the Fourth Amendment, by which courts evaluate a collective sequence of government activity as an aggregated whole to consider whether the sequence amounts to a search.This Article considers the implications of a mosaic theory of the Fourth Amendment. It explores the choices and puzzles that a mosaic theory would raise, and it analyzes the merits of the proposed new method of Fourth Amendment analysis. The Article makes three major points. First, the mosaic theory represents a dramatic departure from the basic building block of existing Fourth Amendment doctrine. Second, adopting the mosaic theory would require courts to answer a long list of novel and challenging questions. Third, courts should reject the theory and retain the traditional sequential approach to Fourth Amendment analysis. The mosaic approach reflects legitimate concerns, but implementing it would be exceedingly difficult in light of rapid technological change. Courts can better respond to the concerns animating the mosaic theory within the traditional parameters of the sequential approach to Fourth Amendment analysis.


Published in 2014 by Wolke Verlag, Different Voices: Irish Music and Music in Ireland provides new insight into contemporary music in Ireland. Through twelve interviews with Irish or Ireland-based composers ranging in age from 26 to 80, the book delves into the compositional and stylistic eclecticism of Irish music. In the Introduction, Benjamin Dwyer overviews music in Ireland from 1700 to the present, exploring how significant historical and socio-political factors such as English colonialism, Irish nationalism, religious and state censorship and globalisation have shaped the trajectory of Irish music.

The interviews raise themes central to the study of Irish music such as the relationship between European and ethnic music traditions, music styles and practices, the notion of "Irish" identity, music's role in society, the role of politics, particularly feminism, and the reception of contemporary music in current Irish and international media. Different Voices: Irish Music and Music in Ireland breaks new ground in the study of contemporary music from Ireland, an important aspect of European culture still largely unexplored.


Little of the work on online credibility assessment has considered how the information-seeking process figures into the final evaluation of content people encounter. Using unique data about how a diverse group of young adults looks for and evaluates Web content, our paper makes contributions to existing literature by highlighting factors beyond site features in how users assess credibility. We find that the process by which users arrive at a site is an important component of how they judge the final destination. In particular, search context, branding and routines, and a reliance on those in one's networks play important roles in online information-seeking and evaluation. We also discuss that users differ considerably in their skills when it comes to judging online content credibility.


Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2012 by IEEE.


Issuing and enforcing prescription drug patents requires courts and legislatures to strike a delicate balance. A patent gives drug manufacturers a legal, if temporary, monopoly on sales of a drug; this encourages manufacturers to engage in costly research and development of new medicines. But not all patents issued by the Patent Office are ultimately deemed valid – generic drug manufacturers can infringe the patent, and, when sued, attack its validity in court on a variety of grounds, including obviousness. In recent years, patent holders have begun to settle these suits (which they initiated) by paying the alleged infringer. Not surprisingly, these reverse payment settlements ("RPSs") have been challenged on antitrust grounds. The federal courts of appeals split over whether this practice is presumptively an illegal restraint of trade, and in December 2012 the Supreme Court agreed to decide the issue, granting a writ of certiorari in FTC v. Watson Pharmaceuticals. In light of the importance of the issue to both drug consumers and manufacturers, it is crucial to understand the economic effects of RPSs. Many courts, including the Second Circuit and the Eleventh Circuit, commentators and scholars have suggested that restricting RPSs would necessarily retard technological progress, by reducing the expected returns of becoming a patentee. In this Article, I show, with the help of a game-theoretical model, that this conclusion is unwarranted. Restricting RPSs has the effect of chilling generic entry when – and only when – the underlying patent is strong, or likely to be held valid and infringed. Therefore, restricting RPSs increases the expected returns of holding a strong patent by eliminating potential payments to generic entrants, while at the same time eliminating the possibility of monopoly profit-splitting between branded and generic manufacturers when the patent is weak. This reward shifting effect implies that restricting the use of RPSs is likely to foster more revolutionary innovations, which lead to stronger patents, while lowering R&D towards relatively obvious inventions, which lead to weaker patents. This reward shifting effect of restrictive rules on RPSs, to the best of my knowledge, has gone unnoticed in the past, and it should play an important role in the Supreme Court's cost benefit analysis.


Two Greek economic analysts explain the Greek financial crisis --from beginning to end. The first section of Greece: From Exit to Recovery? explores the lead up to to Greece's adoption of the euro. Authors Theodore Pelagidis and Michael Mitsopoulos believe that the ensuing challenges were foreseeable. In fact, the authors posit that it was Greece's difficultly in dealing with those challenges that sparked the euro crisis. Section II analyzes discrete sectors of the economy, paying special attention to labor and finance -- and the mistakes creditors made in focusing on reducing Greek incomes -- rather than increasing competitiveness on non-labor costs. Section III investigates why Greek companies spend relatively little on research and development? The authors' analysis indicates that policy decisions largely determine R & D performance in the private sector, and they advance a number of specific policy proposals to improve the situation.


Several reengineering environments have been created to provide for a unified infrastructure in which various approaches can be employed together. While the collaboration between tools is very strong within such environments, currently the inter-environmental collaboration is very weak and happens mainly at the level of data-files exchange. Consequently, the different groups of researchers are only collaborating shallowly via data, rather than at the level of analysis. In this demo, we present NOREX, a distributed reengineering environment that allows different groups of researchers to transparently use and combine existing techniques, and share their own, transcending any parochial barriers (e.g., implementation language or environment).


With changes in weather patterns and intensifying anthropogenic water use, there is an increasing need for spatio-temporal information on water fluxes and stocks in river basins. The assortment of satellite-derived open-access information sources on rainfall (P) and land use/land cover (LULC) is currently being expanded with the application of actual evapotranspiration (ETact) algorithms on the global scale. We demonstrate how global remotely sensed P and ETact datasets can be merged to examine hydrological processes such as storage changes and streamflow prior to applying a numerical simulation model. The study area is the Red River Basin in China in Vietnam, a generally challenging basin for remotely sensed information due to frequent cloud cover. Over this region, several satellite-based P and ETact products are compared, and performance is evaluated using rain gauge records and longer-term averaged streamflow. A method is presented for fusing multiple satellite-derived ETact estimates to generate an ensemble product that may be less susceptible, on a global basis, to errors in individual modeling approaches. Subsequently, monthly satellite-derived rainfall and ETact are combined to assess the water balance for individual subcatchments and types of land use, defined using a global land use classification improved based on auxiliary satellite data. It was found that a combination of TRMM rainfall and the ensemble ETact product is consistent with streamflow records in both space and time. It is concluded that monthly storage changes, multi-annual streamflow and water yield per LULC type in the Red River Basin can be successfully assessed based on currently available global satellite-derived products.


The Article introduces a new concept - "longitudinal guilt" - which invites readers to reconsider basic presuppositions about the way our criminal justice system determines guilt in criminal cases. In short, the idea is that a variety of features of criminal procedure, most importantly, plea bargaining, conspire to change the primary "truthfinding mission" of criminal law from one of adjudicating individual historical cases to one of identifying dangerous "offenders." This change of mission is visible in the lower proof standards we apply to repeat criminal offenders. The first section of this Article explains how plea-bargaining and graduated sentencing systems based on criminal history effectively combine together to lower the standard of proof for repeat criminals. The second section describes several additional procedural and evidentiary rules that further effectively reduce the standard of proof for recidivists. The third section argues that the net effect is a criminal justice system that is primarily focused on the identification of a class of "dangerous offenders" based upon their repeated interactions with the system over time rather than the accurate resolution of specific allegations of wrongdoing in individual cases, as is conventionally supposed. In a phrase, we have moved toward a system that constructs guilt "longitudinally." The Article concludes with a few brief thoughts on the merits and demerits of longitudinal guilt.


As a way to consider the possibility of decolonizing discourses of diaspora, the central question posed in this paper asks not only where do people of the diaspora come from. In North America, nations have been superimposed on Indigenous lands and peoples through colonization and domination. Taking this relation seriously in the context of discourses of race, Indigeneity and diaspora within university classrooms interrupts business as usual and promises a richer analysis of one particular similiarity amongst diasporic, as well as settler, groups in North America with possible implications beyond this context. In short, the author asks each reader to respond to the question, "Whose traditional land are you on?" as a step in the long process of decolonizing our countries and our lives. While part of the focus for this paper is on theorizing diaspora, there are obvious implications for all people living in a colonized country. Drawing primarily on three pedagogical strategies and events arising from them, the author takes up some of the possibilities for theory-building that they suggest. Reflections on courses taught, student feedback and texts from Toni Morrison's to James Clifford's "Indigenous Articulations" ground the discussion.


We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." I suppose we all thought that one way or another.


Call it a control thing, but until recentlyi¾–or, more specifically, until the availability of digital raw camera formatsi¾–you simply weren't ready to make the move to digital photography. Raw formats, however, changed all of that by allowing you to retrieve images before any in-camera processing has been performed. Photoshop's Adobe Camera Raw plug-in makes that process even easier by providing a standardized way of accessing and working with these uncompressed digital negatives in your favorite image-manipulation software. In the first volume devoted exclusively to the topic, best-selling author Bruce Fraser shows you how to take advantage of Adobe Camera Raw to set white balance, optimize contrast and saturation, handle noise, correct tint, and recover lost detail in images before converting them to another format. After learning about the raw formats themselves, you'll discover hands-on techniques for exposing and shooting for digital raw, using Bridge, Adobe's new standalone file browser, to preview images and automate tasks, and building a workflow around the digital raw process.


Judges decide complex cases in rapid succession but are limited by cognitive constraints. Consequently judges cannot allocate equal attention to every aspect of a case. Case outcomes might thus depend on which aspects of a case are particularly salient to the judge. Put simply, a judge focusing on one aspect of a case might reach a different outcome than a judge focusing on another. In this Article, we report the results of a series of studies exploring various ways in which directing judicial attention can shape judicial outcomes. In the first study, we show that judges impose shorter sentences when information concerning the cost of incarceration is made available to them. In the second study, we demonstrate that judges assess the credibility of an expert witnesses more favorably when lawyers present an additional expert with similar, albeit notably weaker, credentials. In the third, we show that the format in which prosecutors present forensic testimony can alter judges' assessments of that testimony's probative value. Finally, we demonstrate that judges' willingness to ignore inadmissible evidence in a criminal case is affected by both the gravity of the crime and the severity of police misconduct. In each of these studies, varying the context in which judges review evidence or altering the form in which that evidence is presented shifts judges' attention and alters their decisions.


Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered one way the p53 gene does what it's known for-stopping the colon cancer cells. Their report was published in the June 8, 2007 issue of Molecular Cell. The research team identified a tiny bit of genetic code, a microRNA called miR-34a that participates in p53's uncanny ability to kill cells likely to become malignant because of damaged genes in their nuclei. MicroRNAs are small chains of ribonucleic acid (RNA) made by the same machinery that produces other types of RNA in the cell, such as the messenger RNAs that carry the instructions to make proteins. Once produced, microRNAs stick to messenger RNAs and, like crumpled paper jammed in a copy machine, prevent proteins from being made. Josh Mendell, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor in the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, suspected that p53 activates microRNAs like miR-34a because a number of studies have demonstrated that these tiny RNA molecules are frequently abnormal in cancer cells. "P53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancers," says Mendell. "And there is now a great deal of evidence that microRNAs themselves can act to either promote cancer or to stop cancer spread." To test their idea, the team first chemically damaged the DNA of two sets of colon cancer cells, one missing p53 and the other containing healthy p53. They then looked for any of the 500 known human microRNAs that are activated only in cells containing p53. It turned out that the miR-34a gene is turned on by p53, and in fact, experiments demonstrated that p53 binds directly to the genetic material near miR-34a to promote its activation. Concluding that p53 controls miR-34a, they next teamed up with Charlie Lowenstein, M.D., and his colleagues in Hopkins's department of medicine to put miR-34a into colon cancer cells. Doing this killed cells that contained p53, but fewer were killed in cells lacking p53, further suggesting that this microRNA gets its kill orders from p53. When researchers examined pancreatic cancer cells known to contain damaged or missing p53, they found that those cells had limited or zero miR-34a. "With no p53 gene or miR-34a to stem tumor development, there's no brake in pancreatic cells and uncontrolled growth leads to cancer," says Anirban Maitra, M.B.B.S., associate professor of pathology, oncology and genetic medicine. Mendell and his team are looking for missing miR-34a in other cancers. If it's a widespread phenomenon, the work could lead to treatments that aim to restore the missing microRNA to cancer cells. The research was funded by a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar Award, the Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, and the National Cancer Institute. Authors on the paper are Tsung-Cheng Chang, Erik Wentzel, Oliver Kent, Kalyani Ramachandran, Michael Mullendore, Kwang Hyuck Lee, Georg Feldmann, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Marcella Ferlito, Charles Lowenstein, Dan Arking, Michael Beer, Anirban Maitra and Mendell, all of Hopkins. For more information contact: Audrey Huang, 410-614-5105, email@example.com; Vanessa Wasta, 410-614-2916, firstname.lastname@example.com; Nick Zagorski; 443-287-2251; email@example.com


The growing centrality of "criminal aliens" to American immigration enforcement is one of the most significant historical shifts in the federal immigration system. However, little is known about how this dramatic restructuring of federal immigration priorities affects local criminal justice systems. Do noncitizens experience the same type of criminal justice as citizens? This Article seeks to answer this question by offering the first empirical study of how local criminal process is organized around immigration enforcement and citizenship status. It accomplishes this task by analyzing the criminal justice systems of the three urban counties that prosecute the highest number of noncitizens: Los Angeles County, California; Harris County, Texas; and Maricopa County, Arizona.Comparative review of law, procedure, and practice in these three counties reveals that immigration's interaction with criminal law has a far more powerful impact on local criminal practice than previously understood. Across all three counties, the practical effects of the federal government's reliance on arrests and convictions in making enforcement decisions are felt at every stage of the criminal process: Immigration status is part of routine booking at local jails, "immigration detainers" impede release on criminal bail, immigration officials encourage criminal prosecutors to secure plea agreements that guarantee removal, and noncitizens are sometimes deported before their criminal cases are completed. Yet, there is surprising variation in how these three counties have structured their criminal practices in light of the consistently deep connections between criminal process and immigration enforcement. As this Article develops, the three jurisdictions have adopted distinct models of noncitizen criminal justice — what I term alienage neutral, illegal-alien punishment, and immigration enforcement. Each model reflects significant agreement across county agencies about the appropriate role of noncitizen status in criminal case adjudication and of local involvement in deportation outcomes. These findings have important implications for the institutional design of both local criminal systems and federal immigration enforcement.


In recent years, aggregate litigation has moved in the direction of multidistrict litigation followed by mass settlement without certification of a class action — a form commonly referred to as the "quasi-class action." Driven by increased restrictions on class certification, the rise of the quasi-class action has been controversial. In particular, critics object that it overempowers lawyers and devalues the consent of individual claimants in the name of achieving "closure" in litigation. This Article presents two claims.First, the debate about the proper scope and form of the quasi-class action too frequently relies on the class action as the touchstone for legitimacy in aggregate litigation. References to the class action, however, are more often misleading than helpful. The basic assumptions behind the class action are different in degree and in kind from the reality of the quasi-class action. Overreliance on the class action as the conceptual framework for aggregation carries the significant risk of unintentionally shackling courts in their attempts to coordinate litigation. The very reason the quasi-class action emerged as a procedural device — the ossification of the class action model of litigation — suggests that courts and commentators should look for another reference model when assessing what is proper or improper in quasi-class actions.Second, bankruptcy serves as a better model for judging when to use, and how to order, non-class aggregation of mass tort litigation. The entirety of bankruptcy practice need not be imported to realize that bankruptcy may provide a useful lens for viewing aggregation more generally. That lens helps to clarify some of the most troubling concerns about the quasi-class action, such as the proper role of lawyers and the place of claimant consent. Bankruptcy serves as a superior reference model because it starts with an assumption that collective resolution is necessary but tempers the collective with individual and subgroup consent as well as with institutional structures to counterbalance excessive power by lawyers or particular claimants.


This thesis shows an approach to combine the advantages of MBS tyre models and FEM models for the use in full vehicle simulations. The procedure proposed in this thesis aims to describe a nonlinear structure with a Finite Element approach combined with nonlinear model reduction methods. Unlike most model reduction methods - as the frequently used Craig-Bampton approach - the method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) offers a projection basis suitable for nonlinear models. For the linear wave equation, the POD method is studied comparing two different choices of snapshot sets. Set 1 consists of deformation snapshots, and set 2 additionally contains velocities and accelerations. An error analysis proves no convergence guarantee for deformations only. For inclusion of derivatives it yields an error bound diminishing for small time steps. The numerical results show a better behaviour for the derivative snapshot method, as long as the sum of the left-over eigenvalues is significant. For the reduction of nonlinear systems - especially when using commercial software - it is necessary to decouple the reduced surrogate system from the full model. To achieve this, a lookup table approach is presented. It makes use of the preceding computation step with the full model necessary to set up the POD basis (training step). The nonlinear term of inner forces and the stiffness matrix are output and stored in a lookup table for the reduced system. Numerical examples include a nonlinear string in Matlab and an airspring computed in Abaqus. Both examples show that effort reductions of two orders of magnitude are possible within a reasonable error tolerance. The lookup approaches perform faster than the Trajectory Piecewise Linear (TPWL) method and produce comparable errors. Furthermore, the Abaqus example shows the influence of training excitation on the quality of the reduced model.


In order to supplement manufacturers' information, this Department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials which supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.


We introduce the concept of streamballs for flow visualization. Streamballs are based upon implicit surface generation techniques adopted from the well-known metaballs. Their property to split or merge automatically in areas of significant divergence or convergence makes them an ideal tool for the visualization of arbitrary complex fields. Using convolution surfaces generated by continuous skeletons for streamball construction offers the possibility to visualize even tensor fields.<<ETX>>


Paraphrasing methods recognize, generate, or extract phrases, sentences, or longer natural language expressions that convey almost the same information. Textual entailment methods, on the other hand, recognize, generate, or extract pairs of natural language expressions, such that a human who reads (and trusts) the first element of a pair would most likely infer that the other element is also true. Paraphrasing can be seen as bidirectional textual entailment and methods from the two areas are often similar. Both kinds of methods are useful, at least in principle, in a wide range of natural language processing applications, including question answering, summarization, text generation, and machine translation. We summarize key ideas from the two areas by considering in turn recognition, generation, and extraction methods, also pointing to prominent articles and resources.


On March 7, 1887, the General Assembly of North Carolina enacted legislation that created the Croatan Normal School, founded to train Native American public school teachers. The school opened with 15 students and one teacher. Until 1953, it was the only state-supported, four-year college for Indians in the nation. The General Assembly changed the name of the institution several times, until, on July 1, 1996, it officially became The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
In recent years the institution has seen phenomenal growth. We have more than 6,000 students and, according to U.S. News and World Report, we are one of the most diverse campuses in the nation. In 2006, UNCP's student body was 47% Caucasian, 20% Native American, 25% African American, 2% Asian, 3% Hispanic, and 3% other. The Sampson-Livermore Library is striving to meet the dynamic needs of a rapidly growing university. The challenge has been to serve the needs of our diverse population while maintaining and honoring our unique history.
As a historically Native American institution, we have acquired a unique and strong collection of American Indian materials, particularly of Southeastern North Carolina tribes. Collection development objectives have focused particularly on the surrounding Lumbee Tribe. Our special collections area reflects this effort. Examples are the Lumbee River Fund, the Lumbee Collection, and numerous other photographs and other important records of our unique history.
Our poster session will demonstrate how we have maintained and continue to develop our unique Native American collection.


Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of measured visual acuity
(VA) both static and dynamic obtained with static and dynamic measuring tests, as well
as, response time to visual stimulus and analysis of its influence on dynamic visual
acuity. The aim was to compare the results gathered for the three age groups and
analyze the possible differences.
Methods
The test groups consisted of 75 subjects between 10 and 60 years old, categorized in
three age groups. The measurements of static and dynamic visual acuity and reaction
time were conducted. The set of nine tests (five with radial magnification speed and four
simulating driving condition at 72 km/h and 130 km/h) was designed in order to measure
dynamic visual acuity and the set of two tests for reaction time measurement.
Results
Compared to static visual acuity in both tests, the results obtained with measurements
of dynamic visual acuity resulted in lower values depending on Landolt ring size and
magnification speed of animation. In average, the dynamic visual acuities in tests with
different magnification speeds were lower than static by 0.4 visual acuity units, or 31%
and the average of dynamic visual acuity after subtracting motoric component (reaction
time) was for 0.2 visual acuity worse than static or 15%. In the second test simulating
driving conditions at 72 km/h the average drop in dynamic visual acuity was 33% while
at 130 km/h average drop for younger and middle age groups was 37% and for older
group was 44% and after subtracting motor component values for 72 km/h speed
simulation average drop in visual acuity values was 23% for all three groups; for 130
km/h speed simulation younger and middle aged group average drop of visual acuity
was 20% and with older group it was 24%.
Conclusion
The tests used in this study were simple and fast and revealed significant difference
between static and dynamic visual acuity and influence of reaction time on dynamic
Natasa Vujko Muždalo Abstract
2
visual acuity values. It is hoped that this thesis will be a positive contribution in testing
and training of dynamic visual and sensory response skill with drivers, sportsmen and
people with visual-motor dysfunction.
Keywords: Dynamic visual acuity (DVA), static visual acuity (SVA), reaction time (RT),
motoric component, dynamic visual acuity test, reaction time test, radial increase in size


It must be considered that there is nothing more diffi cult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all those who profi t by the old order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who would profi t by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the laws in their favour; and partly from the incredulity of mankind, who do not truly believe in anything new until they had actual experience of it.Niccolo Machiavelli,


A group divisible Steiner quadruple system , is a triple $(X, {\cal H}, {\cal B})$ where $X$ is a $v$-element set of points , ${\cal H} = \{H_1,H_2,\ldots,H_r\}$ is a partition of $X$ into holes and ${\cal B}$ is a collection of $4$-element subsets of $X$ called blocks such that every $3$-element subset is either in a block or a hole but not both. In this article we investigate the existence and non-existence of these designs. We settle all parameter situations on at most 24 points, with 6 exceptions. A uniform group divisible Steiner quadruple system is a system in which all the holes have equal size. These were called by Mills G-design s and their existence is completely settled in this article.


An examination of the kinds of questions we ask ourselves provides a window through which to interpret our history and imagine our future. I suggest that there are three kinds of questions—large ones, small ones, and leaky ones. Those that are identified as large and small map onto the value structures we have created for ourselves in higher education. I call these structures caste systems in which some subdisciplines are valued over others, and theoreticians stand above both practitioners and skill teachers. Leaky questions are those that cross boundaries because they cannot be effectively answered by those residing in any one area or at any one level. I argue that leaky questions generate humility, mutual respect, and incentives for collaboration. I trace my own attempts to address all three kinds of questions as a sport philosopher and conclude that our brighter future in kinesiology, including our attempts to address the harms created by the caste system, requires us to see that most of the questions we find interesting are, in fact, leaky in nature.


In this paper, we demonstrate by means of two examples how to work with probability propagation nets (PPNs). The fiirst, which comes from the book by Peng and Reggia [1], is a small example of medical diagnosis. The second one comes from [2]. It is an example of operational risk and is to show how the evidence flow in PPNs gives hints to reduce high losses. In terms of Bayesian networks, both examples contain cycles which are resolved by the conditioning technique [3].


Background Differential expression of genes can be regulated on many different levels. Most global studies of gene regulation concentrate on transcript level regulation, and very few global analyses of differential translational efficiencies exist. The studies have revealed that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, and human cell lines translational regulation plays a significant role. Additional species have not been investigated yet. Particularly, until now no global study of translational control with any prokaryotic species was available. Results A global analysis of translational control was performed with two haloarchaeal model species, Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii. To identify differentially regulated genes, exponentially growing and stationary phase cells were compared. More than 20% of H. salinarum transcripts are translated with non-average efficiencies. By far the largest group is comprised of genes that are translated with above-average efficiency specifically in exponential phase, including genes for many ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerase subunits, enzymes, and chemotaxis proteins. Translation of 1% of all genes is specifically repressed in either of the two growth phases. For comparison, DNA microarrays were also used to identify differential transcriptional regulation in H. salinarum, and 17% of all genes were found to have non-average transcript levels in exponential versus stationary phase. In H. volcanii, 12% of all genes are translated with non-average efficiencies. The overlap with H. salinarum is negligible. In contrast to H. salinarum, 4.6% of genes have non-average translational efficiency in both growth phases, and thus they might be regulated by other stimuli than growth phase. Conclusions For the first time in any prokaryotic species it was shown that a significant fraction of genes is under differential translational control. Groups of genes with different regulatory patterns were discovered. However, neither the fractions nor the identity of regulated genes are conserved between H. salinarum and H. volcanii, indicating that prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes use differential translational control for the regulation of gene expression, but that the identity of regulated genes is not conserved For 70 H. salinarum genes potentiation of regulation was observed, but for the majority of regulated genes either transcriptional or translational regulation is employed.


From the Publisher:
This book introduces the mathematics that supports advanced computer programming and the analysis of algorithms. The primary aim of its well-known authors is to provide a solid and relevant base of mathematical skills - the skills needed to solve complex problems, to evaluate horrendous sums, and to discover subtle patterns in data. It is an indispensable text and reference not only for computer scientists - the authors themselves rely heavily on it! - but for serious users of mathematics in virtually every discipline.

Concrete Mathematics is a blending of CONtinuous and disCRETE mathematics. "More concretely," the authors explain, "it is the controlled manipulation of mathematical formulas, using a collection of techniques for solving problems." The subject matter is primarily an expansion of the Mathematical Preliminaries section in Knuth's classic Art of Computer Programming, but the style of presentation is more leisurely, and individual topics are covered more deeply. Several new topics have been added, and the most significant ideas have been traced to their historical roots. The book includes more than 500 exercises, divided into six categories. Complete answers are provided for all exercises, except research problems, making the book particularly valuable for self-study.

Major topics include:

Sums
Recurrences
Integer functions
Elementary number theory
Binomial coefficients
Generating functions
Discrete probability
Asymptotic methods

This second edition includes important new material about mechanical summation. In response to the widespread use ofthe first edition as a reference book, the bibliography and index have also been expanded, and additional nontrivial improvements can be found on almost every page. Readers will appreciate the informal style of Concrete Mathematics. Particularly enjoyable are the marginal graffiti contributed by students who have taken courses based on this material. The authors want to convey not only the importance of the techniques presented, but some of the fun in learning and using them.


Using experimental data from a study of flow over a wall-mounted square cylinder (h=4d) as a baseline, three Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models are used in a commercial CFD code StarCCM+ to compare the relative accuracy of the tested models. In virtually every standard of comparison applied in this study, the Realizable k − ε with a twolayer treatment proved to be far superior to both the k − ε V2F (All y+ hybrid wall treatment) and the k − ω models. To observe mesh dependence for each of the models, all three were run on three different polyhedral mesh cases. Resulting first prism-layer heights of y≈12, y≈5, and y≈1 allowed comparison of results with the mesh resolved to the buffer layer, the buffer layer/viscous sublayer transformation, and into the viscous sublayer, respectively. In all cases, the Realizable k − ε proved superior. The mesh study also suggests that applying the twolayer treatment to Realizable k − ε allows it to operate well into the viscous sublayer, an area in which k − ε models are traditionally expected to suffer degradation in accuracy. The k − ω scheme, however, does not show improvements with increased mesh quality. In contradiction to the expected results, mesh independence is reached by y≈5 for k − ω in this study.


You will score higher. We guarantee it. Kaplan's "GRE(R) Exam 2003 with CD-ROM" comes complete with a comprehensive review of all the material on the exam, plus Kaplan's test-taking strategies to help maximize your score. This powerful combination makes this book a highly effective way for you to score higher on the GRE(R) -- whether you are taking the test before or after the test changes in October 2002. (See details inside.) Succeed on the computer-adaptive GRE(R) with Kaplan's exclusive computer test-taking strategies. Prepare with hundreds of practice questions to build your skills in the critical content areas of the GRE(R). Practice with 3 full-length computer-adaptive practice tests with explanations for every answer and complete score analysis. Plus an additional paper-based practice exam for even more practice. Score Higher with effective strategies and advice from Kaplan's expert instructors. Plus Special CD-ROM Features, including: 18 section-length practice tests In-depth review of GRE(R) math concepts Personalized study plan More than 700 flashcards 8 question-type tutorials Sign up for the "Graduate School Edge." Tap into Kaplan's expertise with the "Graduate School Edge," our free email newsletter. Filled with admissions tips, the latest test and career news, important deadline reminders, study aids, and more, the "Graduate School Edge" is an excellent resource for critical graduate school admissions information. Sign up today at kaptest.com Test Prep, Admissions and Guidance. For life. Kaplan has helped more than 3 million students achieve their educational and career goals. With 185 centers and more than 1,200classroom locations throughout the U.S. and abroad, Kaplan provides a full range of services, including test prep courses, admissions consulting, programs for international students, professional licensing preparation, and more. For more information, contact us at 1-800-KAP-TEST or visit kaptest.com (AOL Keyword: kaplan).


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We present the current status of hybrid approaches to describe heavy ion collisions and their future challenges and perspectives. First we present a hybrid model combining a Boltzmann transport model of hadronic degrees of freedom in the initial and final state with an optional hydrodynamic evolution during the dense and hot phase. Second, we present a recent extension of the hydrodynamical model to include fluctuations near the phase transition by coupling a chiral field to the hydrodynamic evolution.


The book contains abstracts submitted to 9th International Conference on Applied Economics Contemporary Issues in Economy, 22-23 June 2017. The conference was hosted by The Department of Economics at The Faculty of Economics and Management at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun in Poland and was organized by Polish Economic Society Branch in Torun and Institute of Economic Research in partnership with Brno University of Technology (Czech Republic), Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology (Greece), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Institute of World Economics (Hungary), Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Pablo de Olavide University (Spain), University of Economics in Bratislava (Slovakia) and in cooperation with: Pan-European University (Slovakia), Private Hochschule fur Wirtschaft und Technik (Germany), Riga Technical University (Latvia), Tomas Bata University in Zlin (Czech Republic), University of Economics and Culture (Latvia), University of Entrepreneurship and Law (Czech Republic). European Regional Science Association. Sekcja polska and Slovak Society for Operations Research were international, scientific, institutional partners of the conference. Mayor of Torun Michal Zaleski took honorary patronage of the conference. The conference was especially addressed to economist from all European Union countries and Eastern Europe. Main conference tracks included: a) economics b) finance c) quantitative methods d) entrepreneurship and management.


In a trilogy of books published after September 11, John Yoo has argued that George W. Bush's counter-terrorism efforts were well grounded in both law and policy. As a rhetorical matter, Yoo largely grounds his legal claims in British and American history. But his conclusions are not actually tethered to plausible historical analysis. To demonstrate that fact, this essay focuses on three legal problems presented by the first-term Bush administration: the question of presidential preeminence in conflict with Congress; the question of presidential susceptibility to judicial supervision; and the question of presidential power to start armed hostilities. On each issue, the historical evidence suggests an American constitutional tradition that is wholly at odds with both Yoo's own conclusions and the positions advanced by the Bush administration. Yoo's legal claims therefore depend entirely on an underdeveloped theoretical proposition about national risk tolerance during crisis. This essay does not attempt to resolve the validity of that proposition. But the surviving argument must be recognized for what it is: a first principles assertion about political theory that has little to do with either law qua law or the discipline of history.