The objective of this essay is to propose a cultural history of cosmography and cartography from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It focuses on some of the processes that characterized these fields of knowledge, using mainly western European sources. First, it elucidates the meaning that the term cosmography held during the period under consideration, and the scientific status that this composite field of knowledge enjoyed, pointing to the main processes that structured cosmography between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century. I then move on to expound the circulation of cosmographic knowledge among Portugal, Venice and Lisbon in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This analysis will show how cartography and cosmography were produced at the interface of articulated commercial, diplomatic and scholarly networks; finally, the last part of the essay focuses on the specific and quite distinctive use of cosmography in fifteenth-century European culture: the representation of "geo-political" projects on the world through the reformulation of the very concepts of sea and maritime networks. This last topic will be developed through the study of Fra Mauro's mid-fifteenth-century visionary project about changing the world connectivity through the linking of several maritime and fluvial networks in the Indian Ocean, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean Sea basin, involving the circumnavigation of Africa. This unprecedented project was based on a variety of sources accumulated in the Mediterranean Sea basin as well as in Asia and in the Indian Ocean over the course of several centuries.


Machine learning research is often conducted in vitro, divorced from motivating practical applications. A researcher might develop a new method for the general task of classification, then assess its utility by comparing its performance (such as accuracy or AUC) to that of existing classification models on publicly available datasets. In terms of advancing machine learning as an academic discipline, this approach has thus far proven quite fruitful. However, it is our view that the most interesting open problems in machine learning are those that arise during its application to real-world problems. We illustrate this point by reviewing two of our interdisciplinary collaborations, both of which have posed unique machine learning problems, providing fertile ground for novel research.


Complexity theory offers new concepts such as self-organization and emergence that may assist schools to find more holistic ways to sustain reform and improvement. The article summarizes a qualitative phenomenological study that examined the experiences of the staff of one middle school in order to better understand the phenomena of self-organization and its role in sustaining school improvement. Self-organization and renewal sustain reform and improvement indirectly and are also related to emergence. Leadership supports and sustains the dynamics of self-organization, renewal, and improvement in individual and collective ways. This study suggests that processes of self-organization can help schools to sustain reform and improvement by internalizing purpose and focus.


We consider the problem of utility maximization in online ranking applications while also satisfying a pre-defined fairness constraint. We consider batches of items which arrive over time, already ranked using an existing ranking model. We propose online post-processing for re-ranking these batches to enforce adherence to the pre-defined fairness constraint, while maximizing a specific notion of utility. To achieve this goal, we propose two deterministic re-ranking policies. In addition, we learn a re-ranking policy based on a novel variation of learning to search. Extensive experiments on real world and synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed policies both in terms of adherence to the fairness constraint and utility maximization. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the performance of the proposed policies depends on the original data distribution w.r.t the fairness constraint and the notion of utility.


This paper analyses the degree of competition in the euro area services sector and its effects on labour productivity and relative prices in that sector over the period 1980-2003. The importance of the euro area services sector has significantly increased over time; it now accounts for around 70% of the euro area's total nominal value added and employment. Labour productivity growth across the euro area services industries appears to be characterised by a high degree of diversity and the level of services inflation is on average higher than aggregate inflation. Investigating several proxies of market competition for the non-financial business services, the paper finds that limited competition in services tends to hamper labour productivity growth in the services sector. Moreover, results tend to suggest that measures aimed at increasing services market competition may have a dampening impact on relative price changes in some services sectors and thus temporarily on aggregate inflation. JEL Classification:


This study uses DYNASIM3, the Urban Institute's dynamic microsimulation model, to examine the long-run effects of the Great Recession on the future retirement incomes of working-age individuals in 2008. It compares a baseline scenario that incorporates the historic and projected effects of high unemployment and lower wages from the recession with a no-recession scenario that assumes the recession had not occurred. The results show that the recession will reduce average annual incomes at age 70 by 4.3 percent, or $2,300 per person. This drop results almost entirely from the anemic wage growth that occurred during the recession, which the model assumes will permanently reduce future wages. Employment declines will have little effect on future aggregate retirement incomes because most workers remained employed during the recession and the losses that occurred are generally inconsequential when averaged over an entire career. Retirement incomes will fall most for high-socioeconomic-status groups, who have the most to lose, but relative income losses will not vary much across groups. Those workers who were youngest when the recession began will be hit hard. They are most likely to have lost their jobs and the impact of lower wages will accumulate over much of their working lives. But retirement incomes will also fall substantially for those in their late fifties in 2008, because the drop in the economy-wide average wage will lower the index factor in the Social Security benefit formula, permanently reducing their annual benefits. Also, many workers who lost jobs late in life will never become reemployed.


the boat from Europe, it is the hope he can escape his past. For his cousin, Roman, it is the vision that together they can find fortune in Liberty City, gateway to the land of opportunity. As they slip into debt and are dragged into a criminal underworld by a series of shysters, thieves, and sociopaths, they discover that the reality is very different from the dream in a city that worships money and status and is heaven for those who have them and a living nightmare for those who don't.


Directed by Dr. James M. Benshoff and Dr. Craig S. Cashwell pp. 350 According to Bass' (1990) summary of fifty years of research and nearly thirty dichotomy-based theories, leaders influence people through autocratic use of power (task-oriented) or through democratic use of power (people-oriented). Each style produces unique tensions and tradeoffs, but versatile leaders can incorporate strategies from both sides of the dichotomy, depending on situational needs (Kaplan, 1996). Versatile leaders avoid overusing strengths to the point of weakness--a frequently overlooked leadership flaw (Kaplan & Kaiser, 2006). The versatile leader concept shares much with synergistic supervision, a student affairs supervision model (Winston & Creamer, 1997; 1998). Synergistic supervisors blend strengths from autocratic and democratic approaches, creating synergistic relationships with those they lead (Winston & Creamer, 1997; 1998). Synergy and versatility may be considered different sides of the same coin. Until the Leadership Versatility Index--Student (LVI-S), no quantitative, multi-rater measure of leadership versatility was available for campus leaders. The LVI-S was derived from the executive-focused Leadership Versatility Index® (Kaplan and Kaiser, 2006). Participants were recruited from departments of housing and residence life across seven institutions in the Southeastern United States, including staff from small private colleges through large public universities. Resident Advisor supervisees (n = 262) rated leadership characteristics of their Hall Directors (n = 52); the study averaged 4.9 raters-per-leader. Convergent validity was tested using the Student Leadership Practices Inventory© (SLPI) (Kouzes & Posner, 2003); predictive validity was tested through a global effectiveness measure derived from Tsui's (1984) effectiveness research. LVI-S scale alphas exceeded .80 and scales offered compelling evidence of convergent and predictive validity. A strong predictive relationship was found between versatility and effectiveness (R = .60, Adj. R = .31, F = 7.72, p < .01). Results validated the LVI-S for use in residence life settings and validated behavioral aspects of synergistic supervision. Applications for the LVI-S were discussed as well as avenues for future research.


The wear rates of self-mated alumina couples show that friction as well as wear is largely determined by the above mentioned hydro-thermal conditions. The presence of water and its amount available in the surrounding system either in liquid or in gaseous form plays a key role for friction and wear behavior and can be beneficial for the tribological profile of steam degradation resistant materials. Hot steam enhances the tribo-chemical formations of oxides and hydroxides on MgO-ZrO2, alumina and antimony impregnated carbon.


Peremptory challenges enable litigants to remove otherwise qualified prospective jurors from the jury panel without any showing of cause, and accordingly are often exercised on the basis of race. In Batson v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court tried to remedy the most obvious abuses by requiring that strike proponents give a "race neutral" reason for the strike, and directing trial courts to assess the credibility of the explanation. But the Batson regime has proved spectacularly unsuccessful. It has not ended racial discrimination in jury selection, nor does it adequately safeguard the rights of the excluded jurors. One of the reasons for this failure is that the Batson framework rests on psychologically naive theories of human behavior. These are that (1) considerations of race can be purged from the jury selection process, (2) lawyers will be aware of their motivations for striking particular jurors and will report these reasons honestly, and (3) judges will be able to distinguish between honest and dishonest explanations. But these theories are inconsistent with recent advances in cognitive psychology, which suggest instead that most of us retain implicit biases against racial minorities, even when we believe ourselves unbiased. The other weakness of Batson is that, despite its juror-centered conception of rights, enforcement is overwhelmingly a matter of adversarial preference. Lawyers infrequently raise Batson issues, and even when they do, judges often fail to grant Batson motions because of the implied judgment that the strike's proponent is a racist, a liar, or both. Drawing on empirical studies, psychological research, and the emerging school of behavioral realism, I argue that we need to change our approach. If implicit bias is indeed a pervasive fact, then we need to find effective ways to prevent it from dictating outcomes. I therefore propose that we jettison the inherently unstable framework of Batson and allow peremptory challenges only on consent of both parties, with the challenges waived if no agreement is reached. Some of the benefits of this proposal would be similar to abolition of the peremptory challenge: less litigation, a more robust safeguard against racial discrimination, and potentially broader participation by prospective jurors. But because negotiation could retain the use of peremptory challenges on consent, it would better preserve party autonomy and the acceptability of verdicts. Ultimately, negotiating peremptory challenges could protect the rights of the excluded jurors, preserve the original benefits of the peremptory challenge, and maintain the dignity of all participants.


This study examines one particular example of an illness career in a sociologically important yet understudied population: university students who have been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and certified as eligible for support services by a university clinic. Most adults in America have visited a physician at least once in their lifetime. In our culture this is a regular, taken-for-granted activity for those who feel sick. But how does someone arrive at the decision to seek expert medical help? Sociological researchers have demonstrated that this process is actually quite complex, involving a series of decision-making steps that together can be analyzed as stages in an "illness career." Using qualitative interviews, I examined the experiences and processes that ADHD students pass through. I use the ideas of the sick role, illness career and gatekeeper to inform my results. Through my analysis, I have created a model for the illness career that contrasts with the traditional linear stages by viewing the different aspects of the career as intertwined. Regarding ADHD, I discovered that this disorder shifts from being other-diagnosed to self-diagnosed as a student progresses through the educational system. I also add insight to structural responses, and to the living experience of the ADHD diagnosed individual.


We present a morphological analyzer for Spanish called SMM. SMM is implemented in the grammar development framework Malaga, which is based on the formalism of Left- Associative Grammar. We briefly present the Malaga framework, describe the implementation decisions for some interesting mor- phological phenomena of Spanish, and report on the evaluation results from the analysis of corpora. SMM was originally only designed for analyzing word forms; in this article we outline two approaches for using SMM and the facilities provided by Malaga to also generate verbal paradigms. SMM can also be embedded into applications by making use of the Malaga programming interface; we briefly discuss some application scenarios.


Abstract If it were only so simple! If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart? —Solzhenitsyn


Soils provide numerous essential services in terrestrial ecosystems, ranging from the support of plant growth in agriculture and forestry to moderation of flood risks, water purification, large-scale carbon storage, and support of biodiversity. However, despite soils' essential roles, they are threatened by sealing, compaction, reductions in quality and organic-carbon content, and erosion, and insufficiently included in sustainability planning in the EU. A multidisciplinary group of European experts has examined the implications of recent scientific research for integrated policy solutions towards ensuring the sustainability of Europe's soils, and identified many opportunities for policy-makers to safeguard this valuable resource for the benefit of the EU's citizens.


Until recently, it was customary to regard Kant as the thinker who gave definitive form to the notion of aesthetic judgment and who succeeded in explaining why aesthetic experience is something essentially distinct from other kinds of experience. The postmodern rejection of the practice of aesthetic theory, however, has done much to undermine Kant's position vis-a-vis the arts. This course aims to re-examine Kant's aesthetic theory from the vantage point of the art theoretical literature that preceded it. In an effort to better understand Kant's contribution to the history of thought about art, it will seek to contextualize such "Kantian" themes as judgment, taste, genius, beauty, sublimity and purposiveness. It will also consider to what degree our understanding of Kant has been shaped by later modernist assumptions about the character of his contribution.


This study is an operational and tactical study of a battle fought by the U. S. 1st Marine Division near "the Punchbowl," an extinct volcano of military value in the Taebaek Mountains of Korea, from late August through mid September 1951. That engagement was to be the last 1st Marine Division offensive of the Korean War. This battle, for Yoke and Kanmubong Ridges, has received little coverage from historians. That it is all but forgotten is surprising, since it was one of the hardest fought for United States Marines in the war. The casualties were high, and Americans did not understand why so many had to die for a war that seemed to already be set to conclude by negotiations. This study tells the story of that battle more completely than ever before, and assesses its significance to the course of the Korean War.


Objectives:This study's objective was to assess outcomes in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients starting ART in the Gambia, West Africa. Design:A cohort design was used to estimate survival in ART patients and determine whether survival and time to virologic failure varied across patient subgroups. Methods:Mortality, virologic failures and CD4+ cell recovery were assessed in a clinical cohort of patients from the Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM) clinic of the MRC Laboratories in the Gambia. Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival were determined for mortality and virologic failure. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify baseline demographic, clinical, immunologic and virologic factors associated with increased risk of death. Results:The overall Kaplan–Meier estimate of survival to 36 months was 73.4% (66.5, 80.3). Survival was marginally higher in HIV-2-infected patients compared to HIV-1-infected patients; it was significantly higher in patients with a baseline CD4+ lymphocyte cell count of greater than 50 cells/&mgr;l compared to those with a baseline CD4+ count of less than 50 cells/&mgr;l. CD4+ cell recovery was faster in HIV-1-infected individuals compared to HIV-2-infected patients up to 24 months, although this did not result higher mortality in the latter group. No differences in virologic failure were observed by HIV type. Conclusion:HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients receiving ART in a clinical setting in the Gambia had good survival to 36 months. HIV-2-infected patients did as well as HIV-1-infected patients in terms of long-term immunological and virological responses and overall survival.


The issue of collocation which is carried out on the basis of appropriateness of semantic relationship between the words is a field of study in Linguistics and has a strong relationship with lexicology and semantics.Thorough and comprehensive researches vis-a-vis the fields of syntax have been undertaken and achieved results indicate that not only the meaning of each individual word but also their bond with "their syntagmatic words" is a determining factor in collocational cases. Therefore, it is not possible at all to limit the subject of collocations to a specific framework. The present study seeks to examine and explain the concept of collocation in Persian language and the causes of collocating words from a scientific and etymological perspective. For this reason, lexical collocations are grouped into categories such as collocations with historical and scientific roots, collocations in poets' verses or with Quranic allusion, collocations used together in the same situation, and collocations made of synonyms and antonyms.


Was there a beginning of time? Could time run backwards? Is the universe infinite or does it have boundaries? These are just some of the questions considered in an internationally acclaimed masterpiece by one of the world's greatest thinkers. It begins by reviewing the great theories of the cosmos from Newton to Einstein, before delving into the secrets which still lie at the heart of space and time, from the Big Bang to black holes, via spiral galaxies and strong theory. To this day A Brief History of Time remains a staple of the scientific canon, and its succinct and clear language continues to introduce millions to the universe and its wonders.


TED talks have redefined the elements of a successful presentation and become the gold standard for public speaking around the world. TED and associated Tedx conferences are held in more than 130 countries and are being viewed at a rate of 1.5 million times a day. These are presentations that set the world on fire, and the techniques that top TED speakers use are the same ones that will make any presentation more dynamic, fire up any team, and give anyone the confidence to overcome their fear of public speaking. Communications coach and bestselling author of The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs, Carmine Gallo has broken down the top TED talks and interviewed the most popular TED presenters as well as the top researchers in the fields of psychology communications to get their cutting-edge insights and to reveal the 9 secrets of all successful TED presentations. From 'Unleashing the Master Within' and 'Delivering Jaw Dropping Moments' to 'Sticking to the 18-minute Rule' Gallo provides a step-by-step method that makes it possible for anyone to create, design, and deliver a TED-style presentation that is engaging, persuasive, and memorable. Ideas are the true currency of the 21st century, and Carmine Gallo's Talk Like TED gives readers a way to create presentations around the ideas that matter most to them, presentations that will energize their audiences to spread those ideas, launch new initiatives, and reach their highest goals.


Composite materials are used in many modern tools and engineering applications and
consist of two or more materials that are intermixed. Features like inclusions in a matrix
material are often very small compared to the overall structure. Volume elements that
are characteristic for the microstructure can be simulated and their elastic properties are
then used as a homogeneous material on the macroscopic scale.

Moulinec and Suquet [2] solve the so-called Lippmann-Schwinger equation, a reformulation of the equations of elasticity in periodic homogenization, using truncated
trigonometric polynomials on a tensor product grid as ansatz functions.

In this thesis, we generalize their approach to anisotropic lattices and extend it to
anisotropic translation invariant spaces. We discretize the partial differential equation
on these spaces and prove the convergence rate. The speed of convergence depends on
the smoothness of the coefficients and the regularity of the ansatz space. The spaces of
translates unify the ansatz of Moulinec and Suquet with de la Vallee Poussin means and
periodic Box splines, including the constant finite element discretization of Brisard and
Dormieux [1].

For finely resolved images, sampling on a coarser lattice reduces the computational
effort. We introduce mixing rules as the means to transfer fine-grid information to the
smaller lattice.
Finally, we show the effect of the anisotropic pattern, the space of translates, and the
convergence of the method, and mixing rules on two- and three-dimensional examples.

References

[1] S. Brisard and L. Dormieux. "FFT-based methods for the mechanics of composites:
A general variational framework". In: Computational Materials Science 49.3 (2010),
pp. 663–671. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.06.009.

[2] H. Moulinec and P. Suquet. "A numerical method for computing the overall response
of nonlinear composites with complex microstructure". In: Computer Methods in
Applied Mechanics and Engineering 157.1-2 (1998), pp. 69–94. doi: 10.1016/s00457825(97)00218-1.


Business networks consist of several independent businesses that enter into interrelated contracts, conferring on the parties many of the benefits of co-ordination achieved through vertical integration in a single firm, without creating a single integrated business such as a corporation or partnership. Retail franchises are one such example of a network, but the most common instance is a credit card transaction between a customer, retailer, and the issuer of the card. How should the law analyse this hybrid economic phenomenon? It is neither exactly a market relationship - because that overlooks the co-ordination, relational qualities and interdependence of the contracts - nor is it a type of business association or company, since it lacks a centralised co-ordinating authority that receives the residual profits. This book is a translation of Gunther Teubner's classic work on networks, setting out his novel legal concept of 'connected contracts'. In it he explains how this concept addresses the problems posed by networks, such as the question whether the network as a whole can be held legally responsible for damage that it causes to third parties such as customers. A substantial introduction by Hugh Collins explains the analysis of networks in the context of German law and the systems theory from which Teubner approaches the topic. The introduction also explores how far the concept of connected contracts might assist in the common law world, including the UK and the USA, to address the same problems that arise in cases involving networks. As well as making a contribution to comparative law and legal theory, the book will be of interest to scholars interested in contract law, commercial law and the law of business associations.


"There is ongoing concern regarding the high numbers of students who are either leaving school early or graduating without an adequate education. This problem is closely identified with our nation's children of color and/or those living in poverty. It is vitally important to understand why this is happening within our nation and to identify specific strategies that will alleviate this problem. This research study identified and examined factors that positively affected the academic success rates of at-risk high school students. Certain students, with certain background characteristics or behaviors, have been labeled as "at-risk." These labels were not always fair, and they sometimes resulted in students being treated in ways that made situations worse. Nonetheless, some of the factors that led to the "at-risk" label really did have deleterious effects on students. There are different broad definitions of "at-risk," some focusing on social factors and others focusing on academic factors. Students with social risk factors were defined as underprivileged, disenfranchised, impoverished and language-impaired. The research questions for this study were: (a) Which social and academic factors contribute to the success of at-risk high school students?; (b) How does the student-teacher relationship contribute to or hinder the success of at-risk high school students?; (c) How might we better ensure that at-risk students achieve and maintain high success rates throughout their school experiences on all grade levels?; and (d) What are specific factors and strategies that support high academic and social success levels of at-risk high school students? The methodology of this study utilized a case study design. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and focus groups. Ten high school students from the same school participated in the study. Questions for the study addressed self-identity, support and engaging work for at-risk students. The findings in this study revealed that these at-risk students were able to turn their performance around because of self-identity, support from parents, teachers, role models, and engaging work."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


This investigation discusses the connection between military supply needs, or more specific the navy capability to supply, primarily bread and alcohol, and the transformation from small-scale to large-scale production during the early modern period. Three questions are addressed: the significance of the relationship between burghers and military representatives to this transformation; the significance of military experience, including military techniques, to this transformation; and finally, whether or not early modern military production can be linked to modern industrialization. Together these questions can begin to answer the question about the connection between the nations military past and the shape of the modern industrial and political landscape. The period after the founding of the naval base Karlskrona in the south east of Sweden in the 1680´s was marked by repeated negotiations, disputes and severe production problems. The burghers could not always meet the growing demands of the Navy. This situation is investigated as an incentive for the Navy to begin the production of foodstuffs. In 1752, a Crown bakery could produce 100 000 pieces of so-called "succarie-breds" a day. The creation of a Crown distillery is another example of a state-operated manufacture at the time. Some of the ventures could be described as more successful than others. The Success and failures of these examples is studied in relation to the experience of military administration, the technical skills developed at the Naval base, as well as the importance of an "institution" that could mobilize labour forces and economic resources, to early modern Swedish production. At another level those questions is related to the Navy as a modernization force in confrontation with older forms of production in the hands of the guilds – and the Naval city as a possible "nod" for modernization in general. The connection between the early modern military production pattern and the long-term impact for the modern industrial landscape in the region is discussed in relation to the fact that this region became the leading industrial producer of alcohol and the leading grower of potatoes needed for this industry. Later on the potatoes became the base for the modern starch industry in the region.


Affordable, readable, and indispensable,The United States Constitution: What it Says, What it Means allows you to put the most important document in American history in your back pocket. In conjunction with Justice Learning and The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands and with an introduction written by Caroline Kennedy and an afterword written by David Eisenhower, this pocket guide appeals to the broadest possible audience. Each Article and each Amendment is followed by a clear and concise explanation, in plain English, that is suitable for both middle and high school students. On December 8, 2004 President Bush officially signed Constitution Day into law. The law mandates that each year, on September 17th, schools and colleges that receive federal money are required to teach the Constitution. The new law was championed in Congress by Sen. Robert Byrd who famously carries around a copy of the document in his pocket. Sen. Byrd became increasingly alarmed at the lack of civics education-specifically relating to the Constitution-in our public schools and he wanted to take action. Lightweight, easy to use and easy for everyone to understand The United States Constitution: What it Says, What it Means is an excellent way for students and citizens of all ages to read and completely comprehend the building block of American democracy. Justice Learning (www.justicelearning.org), is a comprehensive on-line resource that offers wide-ranging non-partisan materials relating to civics education.


The New Deal Supreme Court revised a well-known set of constitutional doctrines. Legal scholarship has principally focused on the changes that occurred in three areas — federalism, delegation, and economic liberty. This Article identifies a new and important fourth element of New Deal constitutionalism: a change in the constitutional doctrine of due process notice, the doctrine that specifies the minimum standards for constitutionally adequate notice of the law. The law of due process notice — which includes the doctrines of vagueness, retroactivity, and the rule of lenity — evolved dramatically over the course of the New Deal to permit lesser clarity and to tolerate more retroactivity. The upshot has been the near-total elimination of successful notice-based challenges other than in the limited context of First Amendment vagueness attacks.Unlike the more famous doctrinal changes of this period, changes to due process notice doctrine were not obviously necessary to accommodate the New Deal legislative agenda, either as a matter of jurisprudence or as a matter of politics. Due process notice doctrine nonetheless underwent a radical transformation in this era, as the Court came to regard its broader shift toward deferring to legislative and executive policy decisions as requiring the relaxation of due process notice doctrine. The link forged between deference and notice had significant functional effects on the most important audience for the Court's notice jurisprudence — Congress. By loosening the strictures of due process notice doctrine, the Court lowered sharply the enactment costs of federal legislation and thereby facilitated its proliferation. This is a distinct, and hitherto unacknowledged, mechanism by which the Court in this period enhanced national power and encouraged the flourishing of the emerging administrative state.Like much of the New Deal "settlement," the New Deal reformulation of due process notice doctrine is today the subject of ferment in the courts. Recognizing the New Deal roots of due process notice doctrine is critical for understanding these ongoing judicial debates — and for beginning the conceptual work of mapping the future shape of this vital cluster of doctrines.


A gene implicated in the development of cancer cells can be switched on using drugs, report researchers from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. The finding could lead to a new class of targeted cancer therapies with potential to benefit many different cancer types. Popular new drugs such as Herceptin and Gleevec more effectively treat cancer by targeting genetic mutations that express themselves in large amounts, causing cancer to develop. But cancers also arise because genes that control growth are turned off. While researchers can use these turned-off genes to identify or monitor cancer, currently no treatments actually target these genes. U-M researchers found that a gene called Brahma, or BRM, is silent - but not missing - in some cancer cells. By exposing the BRM protein to an inhibitor drug, the researchers were able to turn the gene back on, allowing BRM to be expressed. The researchers found this gene is turned off in about 15 percent of tumors studied, including cells from lung, esophageal, ovarian, bladder, colon and breast cancers. The researchers were able to use existing drugs, which showed some usefulness in turning on the BRM gene. But new drugs would need to be developed to be more effective in reactivating this gene in cancer cells. Still, researchers are excited about the potential this finding could have in leading to new targets for cancer treatment. "This is a targetable target. We can detect it, but we need to find a better way to turn it back on. No drugs are designed to deal with a gene that's turned off. But it's a straightforward extension of current therapies that target genes that are turned on," says lead study author David Reisman, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of internal medicine at the U-M Medical School. Results of the study appeared in the June 4, 2007 issue of the journal Oncogene. The researchers sought to understand why BRM is not expressed in certain cancer cell lines. They found no mutations to the gene but rather that it was just silent - essentially like a switch that had been turned off. Knowing that a class of drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors, or HDAC inhibitors, can affect gene expression, the researchers applied these drugs to the cells and found the BRM expression could be restored - like flipping the switch back on. While the existing HDAC inhibitors did return BRM expression, the effect was short-lived. Once the drugs were taken away, BRM expression decreased. "The HDAC inhibitors are not the perfect answer, but in principle this tells us we can turn our gene back on. If we can turn the gene back on, it may not be a cure for cancer, but it could slow it down or make it responsive to existing drugs," Reisman says. The researchers targeted lung cancer cell lines in particular, although they found similar results in a variety of other cancer cell lines tested. A potential target to treat lung cancer is particularly crucial as the death rate from lung cancer has not changed in 30 years. Newer treatments are much less toxic and extend lives by months, but the same people who died from lung cancer 30 years ago, would still succumb to this disease today. Targeted therapies have dramatically improved cancer care in recent years, because they thwart the specific genes which drive the development and progress of cancers. They typically have few toxic side effects, unlike traditional chemotherapy, making them more tolerable as a long-term treatment or in combination with other drugs. "Tumors are not the same from one person to the next, and even the cells within a single tumor are not the same. Giving a single drug or drug combination to 500 people is setting ourselves up for failure, much like a one-size-fits- all clothing store would never succeed," Reisman says. "Targeted therapies are now opening the door, because they are essentially given only to those patients who have a high likelihood of response. Their low toxicity means the patient can be treated for long periods of time, which is unlike older and more traditional chemotherapy agents. Even if these new targeted therapies don't cure the cancer, we can at least have long-term survival," he adds. In addition to Reisman, study authors were Selina Glaros, U-M research fellow; Georgina Cirrincione, U-M research technician; Christian Muchardt, M.D., from Expression Genetique et Maladies in France; Celina Kleer, M.D., associate professor of pathology at U-M; and Claire Michael, M.D., associate professor of pathology at U-M. Funding for the study was from the National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute. Written by Nicole Fawcett


Government agencies collect and disseminate data that bear on the most important issues of public interest. Advances in information technology, particularly the Internet, have multiplied the tension between demands for evermore comprehensive databases and demands for the shelter of privacy. In mediating between these two conflicting demands, agencies must address a host of difficult problems. These include providing access to information while protecting confidentiality, coping with health information databases, and ensuring consistency with international standards. The policies of agencies are determined by what is right for them to do, what works for them, and what they are required to do by law. They must interpret and respect the ethical imperatives of democratic accountability, constitutional empowerment, and individual autonomy. They must keep pace with technological developments by developing effective measures for making information available to a broad range of users. They must both abide by the mandates of legislation and participate in the process of developing new legislation that is responsive to changes that affect their domain. In managing confidentiality and data access functions, agencies have two basic tools: techniques for disclosure limitation through restricted data and administrative procedures through restricted access. The technical procedures for disclosure limitation involve a range of mathematical and statistical tools. The administrative procedures can be implemented through a variety of institutional mechanisms, ranging from privacy advocates, through internal privacy review boards, to a data and access protection commission.


A recycling business or a green business which involves micro entrepreneurs is nothing new in Malaysia. Upon the country independence in 1957, green entrepreneurs used to go from house to house with their bicycles or trishaws to buy used bottles as well as cooking utensils (made from copper, aluminium or irons) and old batteries to resell to bigger used items collectors for profits. But in those days, such an entrepreneurship was the last thing thought by ones who wanted to be entrepreneurs because it was considered as a low status business and least profit as well. However, at present this kind of business is steadily growing and profitable enough. As far the environmental management is concerned this kind of entrepreneurship contributes significantly to sustainability as it reduces usage of raw materials as used materials are recycled to produce new products. Notwithstanding with the contribution of this kind of business, there is a dearth of literature of green business in Malaysia as researchers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the country have concentrated their studies in the areas of finance, micro credit, human resource management, strategic management, marketing as well as leadership. Against this background, a study of green entrepreneurship is paramount. In general, amongst important questions sought in this research were: what push and/or pull factors to be green entrepreneurs? what strategies adopted?, what business routines of green entrepreneurs?, what challenges faced by the entrepreneurs?, and what the prospects of green business? This research capitalized a qualitative study where interviews were conducted with two green micro-entrepreneurs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The interviews were conducted at the entrepreneurs' premises at their conveniences and were audio-recorded. The findings from the interviews provided answers to the above-mentioned research questions and to a little extent filled a void in the field of business and natural environment in the country in particular and in developing country in general.


The Klondike goldfi elds of Yukon, Canada, contain a key record of Pleistocene Beringia, the region of Alaska, Siberia, and Yukon that remained largely unglaciated during the late Cenozoic. A concentration of mining exposures, with relict permafrost that is locally more than 700,000 years old, provides exceptional preservation of paleoenvironmental archives and a new perspective on the nature of paleoenvironments during the Pleistocene. A critical feature is the stratigraphic association of distal tephra beds with these paleoenvironmental archives, which facilitates their regional correlation and, in many cases, provides independent ages for the paleoenvironmental assemblages. Paleoenvironmental analyses of fossil arctic ground-squirrel middens and buried vegetation indicate the presence of cryoxerophilous ("steppe-tundra") vegetation growing on well-drained substrates with deep active layers (seasonal thaw depths) during cold intervals of the Pleistocene. Studies of full-glacial paleosols and cryostratigraphic relations of associated ground ice indicate the importance of active loess deposition and surface vegetation cover in maintaining the functionally distinct mammoth-steppe biome, which supported grazing mega-fauna populations, including mammoth, horse,


This chapter considers the pedagogic requirements of entrepreneurial education within one specific context of e-commerce. It documents and evaluates the development of an e-commerce trading simulation "Netrepreneur", which was first introduced in a development stage at the European Association for Education and Research in Commercial Distribution in 2002 and later published in the Journal of Retail and Distribution Management in 2004. Netrepreneur is a virtual world that users can run to learn the general dynamics of business-to-consumer (B2C).

E-commerce venture creation is one of the complex causes of casualties in the online economy. The virtual world is represented by a shopping mall within which entrepreneurs can design and implement Web-based companies to market virtual goods/services online to a large group of users. 'Consumers' then use the site and their behaviour is monitored to form the basis of a future business plan.

The later part of the chapter reviews the finding of a post-evaluation survey that was undertaken with an undergraduate e-enterprise teaching programme of 100 students. The methodology adopted was grounded in the current body of knowledge within the field of 'presence' (Witmer & Singer, 2005) and which was measured by the Presence Questionnaire (PQ). The post evaluation feedback from Netretpreneur demonstrates that a strong sense of presence was experienced by participants and that this plays an important role in the process of the transfer of skills by emulating the behaviour of the practitioners.

Netrepeneur has been used by universities to facilitate undergraduate-level learning. It has also been used by The Retail Enterprise Network, an organisation created under the European EQUAL initiative to develop ways of protecting and promoting diversity within the SME retail sector, in its training programmes for both Spanish and British users.


Background: South Africa has a well-developed and established banking system which compares favourably with those in many developed countries (e.g. USA), but also sets South Africa apart from many other emerging market countries like Egypt and Brazil. Four dominant banks, namely the Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA), Standard Bank, Nedcor and First National Bank (FNB) influence the South African banking environment. Internet banking has slowly been taking off in South Africa since 1996 as consumers are attracted to the convenience, safety and lower costs of doing banking online. Trust is a significant component of Internet banking and online services and products.
Objectives: This article has reported on the results of a survey (a close-ended questionnaire) that was conducted by alumni of the University of Johannesburg (UJ). The research problem for this study has been formulated as 'what are Internet banking customers' perception on information protection when using Internet banking services and products?'
Method: The methodology for this study falls on quantitative research. The research study consisted of a detailed literature review, followed by an empirical component which consisted of a quantitative questionnaire. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of eight sections covering biographical information, financial institution and Internet banking, Internet banking service quality and delivery, Internet banking functionality, Internet banking costs, Internet banking convenience and relationships, Internet banking trust and Internet banking security and information technology (IT).
Results: It was established that the findings of this research could assist financial institutions with fostering and building greater value adding relationships with their customers. These value-adding endeavours will ensure that customers experience and perceive their Internet banking experience to be enriching. Education and awareness campaigns are key focus areas financial institutions should continuously invest in. Information should be easily retrievable and communicated in a manner that makes sense to the diverse customer base, especially within South Africa with its diverse cultures and languages.
Conclusion: The final conclusion that could be reached is that Internet banking products and services will continue to grow across various divides and platforms as the Internet costs decrease in future, the growth of Internet related products and services such as Internet banking will increase.


Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) has been reported to be overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and to be associated with poor survival. This study investigated the feasibility of non-invasive CXCR4-directed imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using the radiolabelled chemokine receptor ligand 68Ga-Pentixafor. 15 patients with clinical suspicion on primary or recurrent glioblastoma (13 primary, 2 recurrent tumors) underwent 68Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT for assessment of CXCR4 expression prior to surgery. O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET/CT images were available in 11/15 cases and were compared visually and semi-quantitatively (SUVmax, SUVmean). Tumor-to-background ratios (TBR) were calculated for both PET probes. 68Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT results were also compared to histological CXCR4 expression on neuronavigated surgical samples. 68Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT was visually positive in 13/15 cases with SUVmean and SUVmax of 3.0±1.5 and 3.9±2.0 respectively. Respective values for 18F-FET were 4.4±2.0 (SUVmean) and 5.3±2.3 (SUVmax). TBR for SUVmean and SUVmax were higher for 68Ga-Pentixafor than for 18F-FET (SUVmean 154.0±90.7 vs. 4.1±1.3; SUVmax 70.3±44.0 and 3.8±1.2, p<0.01), respectively. Histological analysis confirmed CXCR4 expression in tumor areas with high 68Ga-Pentixafor uptake; regions of the same tumor without apparent 68Ga-Pentixafor uptake showed no or low receptor expression. In this pilot study, 68Ga-Pentixafor retention has been observed in the vast majority of glioblastoma lesions and served as readout for non-invasive determination of CXCR4 expression. Given the paramount importance of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in tumor biology, 68Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT might prove a useful tool for sensitive, non-invasive in-vivo quantification of CXCR4 as well as selection of patients who might benefit from CXCR4-directed therapy.


In accordance with Federal law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, political beliefs, or disability. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This material was funded by USDA's Food Stamp Program.


Recently, the amount of data to be processed and the complexity thereof have been increasing due to the devel-opment of information and communication technology, and industry's interest in such big data is increasing day by day. In the shipbuilding and offshore industry also, there is growing interest in the effective utilization of data, since various and vast amounts of data are being generated in the process of design, production, and operation. In order to effectively utilize big data in the shipbuilding and offshore industry, it is necessary to store and process large amounts of data. In this study, it was considered efficient to apply Hadoop and R, which are mostly used in big data related research. Hadoop is a framework for storing and processing big data. It provides the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for storing big data, and the MapReduce function for processing. Meanwhile, R provides various data analysis techniques through the language and environment for statistical calculation and graphics. While Hadoop makes it is easy to handle big data, it is difficult to finely process data; and although R has advanced analysis capability, it is difficult to use to process large data. This study proposes a big data platform based on Hadoop for applications in the shipbuilding and offshore industry. The proposed platform includes the existing data of the shipyard, and makes it possible to manage and process the data. To check the applicability of the platform, it is applied to estimate the weights of offshore structure topsides. In this study, we store data of existing FPSOs in Hadoop-based Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP), and perform regression analysis using RHadoop. We evaluate the effectiveness of large data processing by RHadoop by comparing the results of regression analysis and the processing time, with the results of using the conventional weight estimation program.


I report on my experience over the past few years in introducing automated, model-based diagnostic technologies into industrial settings. In partic-ular, I discuss the competition that this technology has been receiving from handcrafted, rule-based diagnostic systems that has set some high standards that must be met by model-based systems before they can be viewed as viable alternatives. The battle between model-based and rule-based approaches to diagnosis has been over in the academic literature for many years, but the situation is different in industry where rule-based systems are dominant and appear to be attractive given the considerations of efficiency, embeddability, and cost effectiveness. My goal in this article is to provide a perspective on this competition and discuss a diagnostic tool, called DTOOL/CNETS, that I have been developing over the years as I tried to address the major challenges posed by rule-based systems. In particular, I discuss three major features of the developed tool that were either adopted, designed, or innovated to address these challenges: (1) its compositional modeling approach, (2) its structure-based computational approach, and (3) its ability to synthesize embeddable diagnostic systems for a variety of software and hardware platforms.


In a recent study, 65 continuing education instructors each developed, then analyzed metaphors to describe their images of self in their respective contexts of practice. This article details the process developed by Deshler (1990) that was used to lead these educators into creating and critically reflecting on the meanings of their own metaphors, as well as the implications for their continuing reflection about practice. The relationship between metaphors and cognition is examined, and the process of metaphor-making discussed critically, with implications for its use by other educators. The metaphors generated by continuing educators through this process were grouped into four themes: adventure guides, outfitters, firestarters, and caregivers. These are analyzed here for insights about continuing educators' understandings of their teaching practice and the nature of the learning process.


We developed a revoluntionary new inertial navigation system named the "Electro Gyro-Cator" for use in automobiles. The Electro Gyro-Cator allows a driver to monitor his progress, plot and follow courses to a destination, select alternate routes, and drive more safely on unfamiliar roads or at night. Employing a sealed helium gas-rate gyro, the Electro Gyro-Cator offers visual display (CRT display) of a car's present location, direction and route, with overlay maps for fast, simple route selection and monitoring. The primary elements of the unit include trip and direction and route, with overlay maps for fast, simple route selection and monitoring. The primary elements of the unit include trip and direction sensors, a 16-Bit central processing unit, a CRT display screen and a collection of transparent overlay maps fitted to the screen. (Author)


The Modern Corporation and Private Property's most famous passage is its last chapter, entitled "The New Concept of the Corporation." There the shareholder interest, painstakingly protected in most of the book, is trumped by the public interest. This Article reconsiders the last chapter, tracking its later footsteps. The Article first rereads the chapter, separating the message it sent to actors on the political stage in 1932 from a more general message it continues to send today. In the context of 1932 it endorsed corporatist theories and looked to immediate redeployment of corporate power and resources toward social welfare enhancement in a future corporatist state. Today the chapter tells us that corporations, and, by implication, corporate law, come to the wider political economy for instructions respecting the public interest, instructions that will vary across different contexts and times. Public duties can follow for corporate actors, but the initial onus lies squarely on the public and the state to articulate their demands clearly. The chapter, thus read, states no hard-wired, intrinsic connection between corporate power and any particular program of public responsibility. The Article goes on to follow the last chapter's footsteps in later history. Post-war Berle modified the chapter's vision to suit an altered political economy in which corporatism had failed and had been replaced by the regulatory state. There Berle situated corporate power in a state that contained it successfully, making it advantageous for managers to attend to public demands. Despite the change of time and context, managers retained their status as quasi-public servants in a system that required them to attend to public goals.Finally, the Article looks at the world post Berle, where the regulatory state retreats and market-based controls advance, superannuating Berle's political economy. Traces of the last chapter can be found in two distinct locations on this deregulatory landscape. The first is in the employment relationship. There the corporation, as the primary employer of workers, becomes the primary supplier of employee welfare provisions preferred by the state, the two leading examples being corporate offerings of health care insurance and retirement security through private pension plans. At the second location lie new patterns of government-mandated cooperation with societal goals. These new demands devolve on legal compliance. In some cases, as with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the goal is elimination of corporate corruption. In others, as with the anti-money laundering provisions in the Bank Secrecy Act, the corporation serves as the first layer of enforcement against corrupt practices by others. Berle could not have envisioned these developments - the footsteps have veered off onto a new trail. But the track is continuous - today's corporate compliance regime embodies the last chapter's precepts.


Alison LaCroix's new book, "The Ideological Origins of American Federalism," offers an insightful and compelling prehistory of federalism in the American Constitution. LaCroix demonstrates and traces the emergence of an ideology of federalism, an ideology centered around the concept of legitimate multiplicity in governmental authority, beginning with the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act in 1765. However, as LaCroix's narrative progresses, her institutional focus inexplicably narrows. Beginning with the Constitutional Convention and continuing through the 1789 and 1801 Judiciary Acts, LaCroix argues that federalism took a turn toward judicial supremacy. In short, she argues that federalism discourse in the new republic was structured around courts and jurisdiction, rather than legislatures and sovereignty. This Review highlights a number of factors that LaCroix's analysis overlooks - including structural constitutional features like the composition of the Senate and the federal military power, as well as historical controversies like the debate over the Bank of the United States and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - to suggest that the focus on judicial power is more an artifact of LaCroix's choice of evidence than an accurate reflection of the state of federalism discourse. Instead, this Review argues that the Constitution uses separation-of-powers multiplicity in the service of federalism multiplicity. This Review then expands on LaCroix's idea of multiplicity, bringing it to the separation-of-powers context. The final section of the Review begins to develop a theory of multiplicity in the separation-of-powers, focusing on the ways in which constitutional politics affects not only the resolution of substantive issues, but also the institutional site at which those issues are resolved.


Women today are recognized as critical to reducing poverty boosting economic growth and agricultural productivity promoting environmental sustainability and raising healthy and well-educated children -- steps that are imperative to confronting myriad pressing foreign policy challenges around the globe. Investments in international voluntary family planning programs give women the tools to make important decisions about the size of their families and the spacing of their pregnancies better enabling them to be linchpins of positive change in their communities. An increased prioritization of family planning has the additional benefit of strengthening U.S. foreign policy priorities as they relate to economic development international security and environmental sustainability. Given its centrality to many pressing foreign policy issues and its demonstrated high return on investment international family planning is an area of assistance that deserves greater priority. The report recommends that the United States expand its leadership role in creating healthy resilient families in some of the most vulnerable parts of the world as a critical objective of U.S. foreign policy. While there are many important components of that vision international family planning should be a main aspect. The U.S. government should prioritize family planning in U.S. foreign policy increase U.S. funding for voluntary international family planning increase access to family planning services encourage support for womens health within countries receiving aid and expand resources into countries with highest unmet need.


Summary Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment for advanced melanoma, and their use is being increasingly implicated in the development of autoimmune endocrinopathies. We present a case of a 52-year-old man with metastatic melanoma on combination nivolumab and ipilumimab therapy who developed concurrent hypophysitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and diabetes insipidus. He presented prior to third cycle of combination treatment with a headache, myalgias and fatigue. Biochemistry and MRI pituitary confirmed anterior pituitary dysfunction with a TSH: 0.02 mU/L (0.5–5.5 mU/L), fT4: 5.2 pmol/L (11–22 pmol/L), fT3: 4.0 pmol/L (3.2–6.4 pmol/L), cortisol (12:00 h): <9 nmol/L (74–286 nmol/L), FSH: 0.7 IU/L (1.5–9.7 IU/L), LH: <0.1 IU/L (1.8–9.2 IU/L), PRL: 1 mIU/L (90–400 mIU/L), SHBG: 34 nmol/L (19–764 nmol/L) and total testosterone: <0.4 nmol/L (9.9–27.8 nmol/L). High-dose dexamethasone (8 mg) was administered followed by hydrocortisone, thyroxine and topical testosterone replacement. Two weeks post administration of the third cycle, he became unwell with lethargy, weight loss and nocturia. Central diabetes insipidus was diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and sodium of 149 mmol/L (135–145 mmol/L). Desmopressin nasal spray was instituted with symptom resolution and normalization of serum sodium. Three weeks later, he presented again polyuric and polydipsic. His capillary glucose was 20.8 mmol/L (ketones of 2.4 mmol), low C-peptide 0.05 nmol/L (0.4–1.5 nmol/L) and HbA1c of 7.7%. T1DM was suspected, and he was commenced on an insulin infusion with rapid symptom resolution. Insulin antibodies glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulin antibody-2 (IA-2) and zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8) were negative. A follow-up MRI pituitary revealed findings consistent with recovering autoimmune hypophysitis. Immunotherapy was discontinued based on the extent of these autoimmune endocrinopathies. Learning points: The most effective regime for treatment of metastatic melanoma is combination immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilumimab, and this therapy is associated with a high incidence of autoimmune endocrinopathies. Given the high prevalence of immune-related adverse events, the threshold for functional testing should be low. Traditional antibody testing may not be reliable to identify early-onset endocrinopathy. Routine screening pathways have yet to be adequately validated through clinical trials.


Is law an autonomous academic discipline, distinct and isolated from neighboring fields? Or is it merely an object of academic research that borrows its conceptual framework from the humanities or the social sciences? The choice between these two alternatives — and a possible third, middle position — is important both in itself and as the foundation of a critical analysis of specific institutional arrangements concerning such issues as professional associations, specialized journals, and, most notably, advanced legal education. This essay investigates the two extreme alternatives of autonomy and assimilation, and offers a preliminary account of a midway position, claiming that relevant lessons from the social sciences and the humanities are always potentially relevant to law but never exhaust the theoretical inquiry of it. Past as well as current theories of law's autonomy do not fully account for the necessary extra-doctrinal underpinnings of legal materials, nor do they sufficiently appreciate the justificatory burden entailed by the prospective effects of every significant legal pronouncement. These shortcomings, however, do not imply the collapse of law as an academic enterprise robust enough to justify a separate category. Using the theories and methods of other disciplines definitely enriches our understanding of law, but these helpful exercises never suffice because they do not pay appropriate attention to the nature of law as a set of coercive normative institutions and, furthermore, tend to fragment rather than synthesize the interdisciplinary lessons of law. Legal theory compensates for both these limitations by focusing on the work of society's coercive normative institutions and through its synthetic character. Legal theory studies the traditions of these institutions and the craft typical of their members, while continuously challenging their outputs by demonstrating their contingency and testing their desirability. When performing these tasks, legal theory necessarily resorts to law's neighboring disciplines. At its best, however, legal theory is more than a sophisticated synthesis of relevant insights from these friendly neighbors, because legal theory is consciously reflective on persistent jurisprudential questions regarding the nature of law, notably the relationship between law's normativity and its coerciveness, given law's institutional and structural characteristics.


This paper analyses the dynamics of disassembly and reassembly unfolding in selected creative industries through the advent of digital technology. It argues that a full understanding of the much-observed organizational or sectoral lock-in effects on the one hand, and the possibilities for transformation and innovation on the other is only gained by analyzing jointly how institutional logics, business models and creative processes are affected by digital technology and how they interrelate in producing stability or change. These three dimensions provide a framework for reviewing the findings of the papers comprised in the Special Issue and for integrating their insights towards a research agenda. This introduction starts with a reflection on creative industries classification systems and related possibilities for generalization and discusses how digital technology acts as a driver for disassembly and reassembly. It concludes by highlighting three avenues for further research.


Automated theorem proving is a search problem and, by its undecidability, a very difficult one. The challenge in the development of a practically successful prover is the mapping of the extensively developed theory into a program that runs efficiently on a computer. Starting from a level-based system model for automated theorem provers, in this work we present different techniques that are important for the development of powerful equational theorem provers. The contributions can be divided into three areas: Architecture. We present a novel prover architecture that is based on a set-based compression scheme. With moderate additional computational costs we achieve a substantial reduction of the memory requirements. Further wins are architectural clarity, the easy provision of proof objects, and a new way to parallelize a prover which shows respectable speed-ups in practice. The compact representation paves the way to new applications of automated equational provers in the area of verification systems. Algorithms. To improve the speed of a prover we need efficient solutions for the most time-consuming sub-tasks. We demonstrate improvements of several orders of magnitude for two of the most widely used term orderings, LPO and KBO. Other important contributions are a novel generic unsatisfiability test for ordering constraints and, based on that, a sufficient ground reducibility criterion with an excellent cost-benefit ratio. Redundancy avoidance. The notion of redundancy is of central importance to justify simplifying inferences which are used to prune the search space. In our experience with unfailing completion, the usual notion of redundancy is not strong enough. In the presence of associativity and commutativity, the provers often get stuck enumerating equations that are permutations of each other. By extending and refining the proof ordering, many more equations can be shown redundant. Furthermore, our refinement of the unfailing completion approach allows us to use redundant equations for simplification without the need to consider them for generating inferences. We describe the efficient implementation of several redundancy criteria and experimentally investigate their influence on the proof search. The combination of these techniques results in a considerable improvement of the practical performance of a prover, which we demonstrate with extensive experiments for the automated theorem prover Waldmeister. The progress achieved allows the prover to solve problems that were previously out of reach. This considerably enhances the potential of the prover and opens up the way for new applications.


We consider the next random process for generating a maximal $H$-free graph: Given a fixed graph $H$ and an integer $n$, start by taking a uniformly random permutation of the edges of the complete $n$-vertex graph $K_n$. Then, traverse the edges of $K_n$ according to the order imposed by the permutation and add each traversed edge to an (initially empty) evolving $n$-vertex graph - unless its addition creates a copy of $H$. The result of this process is a maximal $H$-free graph ${\Bbb M}_n(H)$. Our main result is a new lower bound on the expected number of edges in ${\Bbb M}_n(H)$, for $H$ that is regular, strictly $2$-balanced. As a corollary, we obtain new lower bounds for Turan numbers of complete, balanced bipartite graphs. Namely, for fixed $r \ge 5$, we show that ex$(n, K_{r,r}) = \Omega(n^{2-2/(r+1)}(\ln\ln n)^{1/(r^2-1)})$. This improves an old lower bound of Erdős and Spencer. Our result relies on giving a non-trivial lower bound on the probability that a given edge is included in ${\Bbb M}_n(H)$, conditioned on the event that the edge is traversed relatively (but not trivially) early during the process.


Since the early twentieth century, federal immigration law has targeted noncitizens believed to engage in excessive alcohol consumption by prohibiting their entry or limiting their ability to obtain citizenship and other benefits. The first specific mention of alcohol-related behavior appeared in the Immigration Act of 1917, which called for the exclusion of "persons with chronic alcoholism" seeking to enter the United States. Several decades later, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 specified that any noncitizen who "is or was . . . a habitual drunkard" was per se lacking in good moral character, and hence ineligible for naturalization. Although the "chronic alcoholism" provision was eventually removed from the grounds of exclusion, the habitual drunkard clause remains part of the statute, vexing both scholars and practitioners, and casting a shadow over many different forms of relief. This Article uncovers the complex history of the habitual drunkard clause and similar alcohol-related norms in U.S. immigration law. In so doing, the Article explores a more transcendent question: how do we explain the preoccupation with noncitizen drunkenness in U.S. immigration law and in the immigration system at large? To guide both inquiries, the Article describes changing perceptions of alcohol use in U.S. history, from colonial times, to the Prohibition Era, to the present. To accompany this historical overview, the Article describes the legal regulation of drunkenness and alcohol-related behavior, uncovering its muddled normative foundations. The Article argues that different iterations of alcohol-related regulation since the nation's founding — including, most notably, the Prohibition Era — have operated as forms of social, economic, and/or political control over noncitizens. Indeed, a complex set of factors has fueled these laws, including entrenched fears and stereotypes about immigrants, the desire to advance particular values and a vision of society, race- and class-based animus, and the simple preservation of power. These subterranean concerns continue to nourish narratives about immigrant alcohol use and its resulting ills — narratives that have captured the public consciousness, but are often untethered from empirical reality. Having detailed the history and complexity of alcohol-related norms in U.S. immigration law, the Article examines the present-day utility of the habitual drunkard clause, a provision that has endured for more than six decades. The Article urges the elimination of the clause in light of contemporary understandings of alcohol use and complementary provisions in immigration law that screen for alcohol dependence and related conduct. This legislative fix, while important, is an initial step in curbing the broader legacy of Prohibition, which persists today in the exercise of discretion in immigration enforcement, adjudication in immigration courts, and in recurring legislative proposals targeting immigrant alcohol use.


In this article, we show that Loday's realization of the associahedron has the the same center of gravity as the permutahedron. This proves an observation made by F. Chapoton. We also prove that this result holds for the associahedron and the cyclohedron as realized by the first author and C. Lange.


From government and philosophy to art drama and culture, the ancient Athenians, as most everyone knows, gave future generations so much. Yet the pinnacle of their artistic achievement, the Parthenon, remains a damaged and incomplete work of art. 2012 marks the two-hundredth anniversary of the last removal of works of art from the Parthenon. That taking was ordered by an English diplomat known to history as Lord Elgin, and it reminds us that cultures create lasting monuments. But not equally. Cultures which remove the artistic achievements of other nations have increasingly been confronted with uncomfortable questions about how these objects were acquired. Nations of origin are increasingly deciding to press claims for repatriation of works taken long ago. They proceed through history mindful of the irresistible genius of their forebears have created and are unwilling to cease their calls for return. The majority of the surviving sculptures from the Parthenon in Greece now are currently on display in the British Museum in London. The Greek government and cultural heritage advocates, have been asking for reunification of these sculptures in the New Acropolis Museum in Athens. Greece has offered a number of concessions, but the British Museum and the British Government have repeatedly refused to seriously discuss reunification. Mounting pressure on the British Museum, and the inescapable fact that the Parthenon was an ancient unified work of art both mean that the Parthenon marbles will either eventually be returned to Greece or subject to an endless repatriation debate. Here I offer a series of principles which the Greeks and the British Museum can take to jointly create a just return. Because the way the British Museum and Greece resolve this argument will have much to say for the future of the management of our collective cultural heritage.


Named one of the "Best Books on Innovation, 2008" by BusinessWeek magazine From the greatest minds in business today comes a groundbreaking new blueprint for executing the next stage of customer-created value. C.K. Prahalad, the world's premier business thinker, and IT scholar M.S. Krishnan unveil the critical missing link in connecting strategy to execution--building organizational capabilities that allow companies to achieve and sustain continuous change and innovation. The New Age of Innovation reveals that the key to creating value and the future growth of every business depends on accessing a global network of resources to co-create unique experiences with customers, one at a time. To achieve this, CEOs, executives, and managers at every level must transform their business processes, technical systems, and supply chain management, implementing key social and technological infrastructure requirements to create an ongoing innovation advantage. In this landmark work, Prahalad and Krishnan explain how to accomplish this shift--one where IT and the management architecture form the corporation's fundamental foundation. This book provides strategies for Redesigning systems to co-create value with customers and connect all parts of a firm to this process Measuring individual behavior through smart analytics Ceaselessly improving the flexibility and efficiency in all customer-facing and back-end processes Treating all involved individuals--customers, employees, investors, suppliers--as unique Working across cultures and time-zones in a seamless global network Building teams that are capable of providing high-quality, low-cost solutions rapidly To successfully compete on the battlefields of 21st-century business, companies must reinvent their processes and culture in order to sustain innovative solutions. The New Age of Innovation is a complete program for achieving this transformation to meet the needs of the end consumer of the future.


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by Birdie McGee McKinley and is addressed to Mary Ann Moore and the White Family. In this letter, Birdie informs her kin of the goings-on in her community. The news includes: details about how they have survived the drought with their well and spring for the stock animals, a discussion about Minnie's visit and their preparation for Minnie's return to Georgia, a dialogue about Birdie's baby who likes to be in her buggy, updates on community news and the well-being of family and friends, a discussion about a boat trip Will took with the boosters, details about some dentistry work Birdie is going to get done, news about their chickens and milk cow surviving the drought, a discussion about the baby and how she wears short dresses now, details about having some Kodak pictures made of the baby, a dialogue about correspondences received including Linnet's postcard, an update about Will's position at Ewing's,and news about Will's aunt passing away. She closes the letter by noting that she hopes to hear from Mary Ann and the white family soon. The envelope is included with the letter.


General-purpose reloadable prepaid cards have been one of the fastest-growing sectors of the consumer payments marketplace in recent years. Their importance has accelerated as a consequence of new regulations enacted in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. This increased use of prepaid cards has also increased angst among regulators, especially regarding the number and size of fees on prepaid cards. State and federal regulators as well as Congress are interested in imposing new regulations on prepaid cards. These calls for regulation, however, have proceeded in a largely fact-free environment. This paper describes the current economic and regulatory landscape for prepaid cards. The market appears to be robustly competitive, as recent years have seen declining costs and increasing functionality as well as entry of major players such as American Express and several large banks. Nor is there any evidence that consumers systematically err in the cards that they choose. Absent a demonstrable competitive market failure or systematic consumer abuse, prescriptive regulation of the terms and substance of prepaid cards would likely have unintended consequences that would exceed the benefits to consumers. On the other hand, there are some regulations that might be enacted that could promote competition and consumer welfare in this rapidly evolving market.


The detrimental effects of dropping out of high school are well established in the
literature. Programs specifically designed to address the needs of at-risk high school are a
targeted intervention to lower the dropout rate. One such program is the High School
Success Classroom (HSSC), a self-contained classroom on the campus of Pressly School
in North Carolina. Pressly School is an alternative school serving students in grades
Kindergarten through 12. The HSSC uses the Teaching Family Model (TFM) of
interaction, which emphasizes clear communication and mutual respect. The primary
mode of instructional delivery is computer-based learning. The theoretical framework
that was utilized in this study is Wehlage's (1989) theory of School Membership (SM),
which is grounded in four concepts explained by Tinto (1975): adjustment, difficulty,
incongruence, and isolation.
One purpose of this case study was to determine the effect of the HSSC at Pressly School
on the graduates. Quantitative data describe how the HSSC affected the outcomes of its
students in comparison with students who did not attend the HSSC. Students within the HSSC were paired for the purpose of comparison with students who were not in the
HSSC but who also entered high school during the 2005-2006 school year. HSSC and
non-HSSC students were paired based on the following factors: socioeconomic status,
eighth grade reading end of grade (EOG) test scale score as a measure of student
achievement, ethnicity, and gender. The groups were compared with each other based on
the following factors: absenteeism, graduation status, and post-graduate intentions. On
average, HSSC students were absent 9 more days than non-HSSC students during the
2009-2010 school year. HSSC students and non-HSSC had the same graduation rate
(98%). HSSC students tended to select employment as their most likely post-graduate
intention while the non-HSSC students selected Community/Technical College most
frequently.
Another purpose of this study was to evaluate how the HSSC assists students in persisting
through graduation. Pressly School HSSC staff and graduates participated in interviews
to describe the factors that led to students' successful completion of high school. The
intertwining factors of the HSSC program, the nurturing influence of the HSSC staff, and
the personal characteristics of the graduates were key in the persistence through
graduation.
The implications for professional practice include school staff members using findings
from the study to meet the needs of marginalized students and the creation of a new track
of student in the graduate-dropout continuum: the state-required credit earning graduate.
The suggestions for future research include setting up focus group interviews for HSSC graduates on the day of graduation as well as a longitudinal follow-up study to determine
the status of HSSC graduates years after they have graduated.


The Philippines is often referred to as a country from which export of services rather than manufactured goods is the principal engine for economic growth, as the share of the service sector in gross domestic product has exceeded that of the industry sector since the mid-1980s. Three major opportunities for leveraging service sector growth stands out. One is expanding the scale and scope of the export and domestic markets for information technology-business process outsourcing and other modern services in urban areas. Second is expanding tourism to foster economic development across social groups and regions including poor and remote rural areas. Third is enhancing the domestic prospects for Filipino technical, managerial, and entrepreneurial talent so they will work in the Philippines rather than overseas. To take advantage of those opportunities, there is a need for concerted efforts to improve infrastructure; logistics; broadband connections; the power supply; and education, healthcare, financial, legal, and public administration services and more generally the overall business environment for foreign investors and local entrepreneurs.


Peer-to-peer overlay networks are distributed systems, without any hierarchical organization or centralized control. Peers form self-organizing overlay networks that are on top of the Internet. Both parts of this thesis deal with peer-to-peer overlay networks, the first part with unstructured ones used to build a large scale Networked Virtual Environment. The second part gives insights on how the users of a real life structured peer-to-peer network behave, and how well the proposed algorithms for publishing and retrieving data work. Moreover we analyze the security (holes) in such a system. Networked virtual environments (NVEs), also known as distributed virtual environments, are computer-generated, synthetic worlds that allow simultaneous interactions of multiple participants. Many efforts have been made to allow people to interact in realistic virtual environments, resulting in the recent boom of Massively Multiplayer Online Games. In the first part of the thesis, we present a complete study of an augmented Delaunay-based overlay for peer-to-peer shared virtual worlds. We design an overlay network matching the Delaunay triangulation of the participating peers in a generalized d-dimensional space. Especially, we describe the self-organizing algorithms for peer insertion and deletion. To reduce the delay penalty of overlay routing, we propose to augment each node of the Delaunay-based overlay with a limited number of carefully selected shortcut links creating a small-world. We show that a small number of shortcuts is sufficient to significantly decrease the delay of routing in the space. We present a distributed algorithm for the clustering of peers. The algorithm is dynamic in the sense that whenever a peer joins or leaves the NVE, the clustering will be adapted if necessary by either splitting a cluster or merging clusters. The main idea of the algorithm is to classify links between adjacent peers into short intracluster and long inter-cluster links. In a structured system, the neighbor relationship between peers and data locations is strictly defined. Searching in such systems is therefore determined by the particular network architecture. Among the strictly structured systems, some implement a distributed hash table (DHT) using different data structures. DHTs have been actively studied in the literature and many different proposals have been made on how to organize peers in a DHT. However, very few DHTs have been implemented in real systems and deployed on a large scale. One exception is KAD, a DHT based on Kademlia, which is part of eDonkey, a peer-to-peer file sharing system with several million simultaneous users. In the second part of this thesis we give a detailed background on KAD, the organization of the peers, the search and the publish operations, and we describe our measurement methodology. We have been crawling KAD continuously for more than a year. We obtained information about geographical distribution of peers, session times, peer availability, and peer lifetime. We found that session times are Weibull distributed and show how this information can be exploited to make the publishing mechanism much more efficient. As we have been studying KAD over the course of the last two years we have been both, fascinated and frightened by the possibilities KAD offers. We show that mounting a Sybil attack is very easy in KAD and allows to compromise the privacy of KAD users, to compromise the correct operation of the key lookup and to mount distributed denial-of-service attacks with very little resources.


We create a broad measure of corporate governance, Gov-Score, based on a new dataset provided by Institutional Shareholder Services. Gov-Score is a composite measure of 51 factors encompassing eight corporate governance categories: audit, board of directors, charter/bylaws, director education, executive and director compensation, ownership, progressive practices, and state of incorporation. We relate Gov-Score to operating performance, valuation, and shareholder payout for 2,327 firms, and we find that better-governed firms are relatively more profitable, more valuable, and pay out more cash to their shareholders. We examine which of the eight categories underlying Gov-Score are most highly associated with firm performance. We show that good governance, as measured using executive and director compensation, is most highly associated with good performance. In contrast, we show that good governance as measured using charter/bylaws is most highly associated with bad performance. We examine which of the 51 factors underlying Gov-Score are most highly associated with firm performance. Some factors representing good governance that are associated with good performance have seldom been examined before (e.g., governance committee meets annually, independence of nominating committee). In contrast, some factors representing good governance that are associated with bad performance have often been examined before (e.g., consulting fees less than audit fees paid to auditors, absence of a staggered board, absence of a poison pill). Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003) created G-Index, an oft-used summary measure of corporate governance. G-Index is based on 24 governance factors provided by Investor Responsibility Research Center. These factors are concentrated mostly in one ISS category, charter/bylaws, which we show is less highly associated with good performance than are any of the other seven categories we examine. We document that Gov-Score is better linked to firm performance than is G-Index.


IMPORTANCE
Although several longitudinal studies have demonstrated an effect of violent video game play on later aggressive behavior, little is known about the psychological mediators and moderators of the effect.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether cognitive and/or emotional variables mediate the effect of violent video game play on aggression and whether the effect is moderated by age, sex, prior aggressiveness, or parental monitoring.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Three-year longitudinal panel study. A total of 3034 children and adolescents from 6 primary and 6 secondary schools in Singapore (73% male) were surveyed annually. Children were eligible for inclusion if they attended one of the 12 selected schools, 3 of which were boys' schools. At the beginning of the study, participants were in third, fourth, seventh, and eighth grades, with a mean (SD) age of 11.2 (2.1) years (range, 8-17 years). Study participation was 99% in year 1.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The final outcome measure was aggressive behavior, with aggressive cognitions (normative beliefs about aggression, hostile attribution bias, aggressive fantasizing) and empathy as potential mediators.

RESULTS
Longitudinal latent growth curve modeling demonstrated that the effects of violent video game play are mediated primarily by aggressive cognitions. This effect is not moderated by sex, prior aggressiveness, or parental monitoring and is only slightly moderated by age, as younger children had a larger increase in initial aggressive cognition related to initial violent game play at the beginning of the study than older children. Model fit was excellent for all models.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Given that more than 90% of youths play video games, understanding the psychological mechanisms by which they can influence behaviors is important for parents and pediatricians and for designing interventions to enhance or mitigate the effects.


In this paper, an artificial neural network is implemented for the sake of predicting the thermal conductivity ratio of TiO2-Al2O3/water nanofluid. TiO2-Al2O3/water in the role of an innovative type of nanofluid was synthesized by the sol–gel method. The results indicated that 1.5 vol.% of nanofluids enhanced the thermal conductivity by up to 25%. It was shown that the heat transfer coefficient was linearly augmented with increasing nanoparticle concentration, but its variation with temperature was nonlinear. It should be noted that the increase in concentration may cause the particles to agglomerate, and then the thermal conductivity is reduced. The increase in temperature also increases the thermal conductivity, due to an increase in the Brownian motion and collision of particles. In this research, for the sake of predicting the thermal conductivity of TiO2-Al2O3/water nanofluid based on volumetric concentration and temperature functions, an artificial neural network is implemented. In this way, for predicting thermal conductivity, SOM (self-organizing map) and BP-LM (Back Propagation-Levenberq-Marquardt) algorithms were used. Based on the results obtained, these algorithms can be considered as an exceptional tool for predicting thermal conductivity. Additionally, the correlation coefficient values were equal to 0.938 and 0.98 when implementing the SOM and BP-LM algorithms, respectively, which is highly acceptable.


The rise in obesity and other food-related chronic diseases has prompted public-health officials of local communities, national governments, and international institutions to pay attention to the regulation of food supply and consumer behavior. A wide range of policy interventions has been proposed and tested since the early 21st century in various countries. The most prominent are food taxation, health education, nutritional labeling, behavioral interventions at point-of-decision, advertising, and regulations of food quality and trade. While the standard neoclassical approach to consumer rationality provides limited arguments in favor of public regulations, the recent development of behavioral economics research extends the scope of regulation to many marketing practices of the food industry. In addition, behavioral economics provides arguments in favor of taxation, easy-to-use front-of-pack labels, and the use of nudges for altering consumer choices. A selective but careful review of the empirical literature on taxation, labeling, and nudges suggests that a policy mixing these tools may produce some health benefits. More specifically, soft-drink taxation, front-of-pack labeling policies, regulations of marketing practices, and eating nudges based on affect or behavior manipulations are often effective methods for reducing unhealthy eating.
 The economic research faces important challenges. First, the lack of a proper control group and exogenous sources of variations in policy variables make evaluation very difficult. Identification is challenging as well, with data covering short time periods over which markets are observed around slowly moving equilibria. In addition, truly exogenous supply or demand shocks are rare events. Second, structural models of consumer choices cannot provide accurate assessment of the welfare benefits of public policies because they consider perfectly rational agents and often ignore the dynamic aspects of food decisions, especially consumer concerns over health. Being able to obtain better welfare evaluation of policies is a priority. Third, there is a lack of research on the food industry response to public policies. Some studies implement empirical industrial organization models to infer the industry strategic reactions from market data. A fruitful avenue is to extend this approach to analyze other key dimensions of industrial strategies, especially decisions regarding the nutritional quality of food. Finally, the implementation of nutritional policies yields systemic consequences that may be underestimated. They give rise to conflicts between public health and trade objectives and alter the business models of the food sector. This may greatly limit the external validity of ex-ante empirical approaches. Future works may benefit from household-, firm-, and product-level data collected in rapidly developing economies where food markets are characterized by rapid transitions, the supply is often more volatile, and exogenous shocks occur more frequently.


The breakthrough was made in the lab of Andrea Alù, director of the ASRC's Photonics Initiative. Alù and his colleagues from The City College of New York, University of Texas at Austin and Tel Aviv University were inspired by the seminal work of three British researchers who won the 2016 Noble Prize in Physics for their work, which teased out that particular properties of matter (such as electrical conductivity) can be preserved in certain materials despite continuous changes in the matter's form or shape. [21] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a new technology for switching heat flows 'on' or 'off'. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18]